ester thereof evaluated: Topics by Science.gov

Sample records for ester thereof evaluated

Boron-based dual imaging probes, compositions and methods for rapid aqueous F-18 labeling, and imaging methods using same

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Zibo; Gabbai, Francois P.; Conti, Peter S.

A composition useful as a PET and/or fluorescence imaging probe a compound a compound of Formula I, including salts, hydrates and solvates thereof: ##STR00001## wherein R.sub.1-R.sub.7 may be independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, nitro, substituted and unsubstituted amino, cycloalkyl, carboxy, carboxylic acids and esters thereof, cyano, haloalkyl, aryl, X is selected from the group consisting of C and N; and A is selected of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, nitro, substituted and unsubstituted amino, alkyl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, carboxylic acids and esters thereof, cyano, haloalkyl, aryl, including phenyl and aminophenyl, and heteroaryl.
Preparation of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acids and esters

DOEpatents

Gogate, Makarand Ratnakar; Spivey, James Jerry; Zoeller, Joseph Robert

1998-01-01

Disclosed is a process for the preparation of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acids and esters thereof which comprises contacting formaldehyde or a source of formaldehyde with a carboxylic acid, ester or anhydride in the presence of a catalyst comprising an oxide of niobium.
Preparation of {alpha},{beta}-unsaturated carboxylic acids and esters

DOEpatents

Gogate, M.R.; Spivey, J.J.; Zoeller, J.R.

1998-09-15

Disclosed is a process for the preparation of {alpha},{beta}-unsaturated carboxylic acids and esters thereof which comprises contacting formaldehyde or a source of formaldehyde with a carboxylic acid, ester or anhydride in the presence of a catalyst comprising an oxide of niobium.
Methods of refining and producing dibasic esters and acids from natural oil feedstocks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Snead, Thomas E.; Cohen, Steven A.; Gildon, Demond L.

Methods and systems for making dibasic esters and/or dibasic acids using metathesis are generally disclosed. In some embodiments, the methods comprise reacting a terminal olefin ester with an internal olefin ester in the presence of a metathesis catalyst to form a dibasic ester and/or dibasic acid. In some embodiments, the terminal olefin ester or the internal olefin ester are derived from a renewable feedstock, such as a natural oil feedstock. In some such embodiments, the natural oil feedstock, or a transesterified derivative thereof, is metathesized to make the terminal olefin ester or the internal olefin ester.
Halogenated solvent remediation

DOEpatents

Sorenson, Jr., Kent S.

2008-11-11

Methods for enhancing bioremediation of ground water contaminated with nonaqueous halogenated solvents are disclosed. An illustrative method includes adding an electron donor for microbe-mediated anaerobic reductive dehalogenation of the halogenated solvents, which electron donor enhances mass transfer of the halogenated solvents from residual source areas into the aqueous phase of the ground water. Illustrative electron donors include C.sub.2-C.sub.4 carboxylic acids and hydroxy acids, salts thereof, esters of C.sub.2-C.sub.4 carboxylic acids and hydroxy acids, and mixtures thereof, of which lactic acid, salts of lactic acid--such as sodium lactate, lactate esters, and mixtures thereof are particularly illustrative. The microbes are either indigenous to the ground water, or such microbes can be added to the ground water in addition to the electron donor.
Halogenated solvent remediation

DOEpatents

Sorenson, Kent S.

2004-08-31

Methods for enhancing bioremediation of ground water contaminated with nonaqueous halogenated solvents are disclosed. A preferred method includes adding a composition to the ground water wherein the composition is an electron donor for microbe-mediated reductive dehalogenation of the halogenated solvents and enhances mass transfer of the halogenated solvents from residual source areas into the aqueous phase of the ground water. Illustrative compositions effective in these methods include surfactants such as C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 carboxylic acids and hydroxy acids, salts thereof, esters of C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 carboxylic acids and hydroxy acids, and mixtures thereof. Especially preferred compositions for use in these methods include lactic acid, salts of lactic acid, such as sodium lactate, lactate esters, and mixtures thereof. The microbes are either indigenous to the ground water, or such microbes can be added to the ground water in addition to the composition.
Method for separating mono- and di-octylphenyl phosphoric acid esters

DOEpatents

Arnold, Jr., Wesley D.

1977-01-01

A method for separating mono-octylphenyl phosphoric acid ester and di-octylphenyl phosphoric acid ester from a mixture thereof comprises reacting the ester mixture with a source of lithium or sodium ions to form a mixture of the phosphate salts; contacting the salt mixture with an organic solvent which causes the dioctylphenyl phosphate salt to be dissolved in the organic solvent phase and the mono-octylphenyl phosphate salt to exist in a solid phase; separating the phases; recovering the phosphate salts from their respective phases; and acidifying the recovered salts to form the original phosphoric acid esters.
Ultraviolet absorbing copolymers

DOEpatents

Gupta, Amitava; Yavrouian, Andre H.

1982-01-01

Photostable and weather stable absorping copolymers have been prepared from acrylic esters such as methyl methacrylate containing 0.1 to 5% of an 2-hydroxy-allyl benzophenone, preferably the 4,4' dimethoxy derivative thereof. The pendant benzophenone chromophores protect the acrylic backbone and when photoexcited do not degrade the ester side chain, nor abstract hydrogen from the backbone.
21 CFR 178.3450 - Esters of stearic and palmitic acids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... stearate or mixtures thereof may be safely used as adjuvants in food-packaging materials when used in... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Esters of stearic and palmitic acids. 178.3450 Section 178.3450 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES...
Water-soluble polymers and compositions thereof

DOEpatents

Smith, B.F.; Robison, T.W.; Gohdes, J.W.

1999-04-06

Water-soluble polymers including functionalization from the group of amino groups, carboxylic acid groups, phosphonic acid groups, phosphonic ester groups, acylpyrazolone groups, hydroxamic acid groups, aza crown ether groups, oxy crown ethers groups, guanidinium groups, amide groups, ester groups, aminodicarboxylic groups, permethylated polyvinylpyridine groups, permethylated amine groups, mercaptosuccinic acid groups, alkyl thiol groups, and N-alkylthiourea groups are disclosed.
Water-soluble polymers and compositions thereof

DOEpatents

Smith, Barbara F.; Robison, Thomas W.; Gohdes, Joel W.

2002-01-01

Water-soluble polymers including functionalization from the group of amino groups, carboxylic acid groups, phosphonic acid groups, phosphonic ester groups, acylpyrazolone groups, hydroxamic acid groups, aza crown ether groups, oxy crown ethers groups, guanidinium groups, amide groups, ester groups, aminodicarboxylic groups, permethylated polvinylpyridine groups, permethylated amine groups, mercaptosuccinic acid groups, alkyl thiol groups, and N-alkylthiourea groups are disclosed.
Water-soluble polymers and compositions thereof

DOEpatents

Smith, Barbara F.; Robison, Thomas W.; Gohdes, Joel W.

1999-01-01

Water-soluble polymers including functionalization from the group of amino groups, carboxylic acid groups, phosphonic acid groups, phosphonic ester groups, acylpyrazolone groups, hydroxamic acid groups, aza crown ether groups, oxy crown ethers groups, guanidinium groups, amide groups, ester groups, aminodicarboxylic groups, permethylated polyvinylpyridine groups, permethylated amine groups, mercaptosuccinic acid groups, alkyl thiol groups, and N-alkylthiourea groups are disclosed.
Methods for suppressing isomerization of olefin metathesis products

DOEpatents

Firth, Bruce E.; Kirk, Sharon E.; Gavaskar, Vasudeo S.

2015-09-22

A method for suppressing isomerization of an olefin metathesis product produced in a metathesis reaction includes adding an isomerization suppression agent to a mixture that includes the olefin metathesis product and residual metathesis catalyst from the metathesis reaction under conditions that are sufficient to passivate at least a portion of the residual metathesis catalyst. The isomerization suppression agent is phosphorous acid, a phosphorous acid ester, phosphinic acid, a phosphinic acid ester or combinations thereof. Methods of refining natural oils are described.
Synthesis of an acid addition salt of delta-aminolevulinic acid from 5-bromo levulinic acid esters

DOEpatents

Moens, Luc

1999-01-01

A process of preparing an acid addition salt of delta-aminolevulinic acid comprising: dissolving a lower alkyl 5-bromolevulinate and an alkali metal diformylamide in an organic solvent selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile, methanol, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and methylformate or mixtures thereof to form a suspension of an alkyl 5-(N,N-diformylamino) levulinate ester; and hydrolyzing said alkyl 5-(N,N-diformylamino) levulinate with an inorganic acid to form an acid addition salt of delta-amino levulinic acid.
Two Dimensional Polyamides Prepared From Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids And Amines.

DOEpatents

McDonald, William F.; Huang, Zhi Heng; Wright, Stacy C.; Danzig, Morris; Taylor, Andrew C.

2002-07-17

A polyamide and a process for preparing the polyamide are disclosed. The process comprises reacting in a reaction mixture a monomer selected from unsaturated carboxylic acids, esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids, anhydrides of unsaturated carboxylic acids, and mixtures thereof, and a first amine to form an intermediate reaction product in the reaction mixture, wherein the first amine is selected from RR.sub.1 NH, RNH.sub.2, RR.sub.1 NH.sub.2.sup.+, RNH.sub.3.sup.+ and mixtures thereof, wherein R and R.sub.1 can be the same or different and each contain between about 1 and 50 carbon atoms and are optionally substituted with heteroatoms oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus and combinations thereof, and reacting the intermediate reaction product and a second amine to form a polyamide, wherein the second amine is selected from R.sub.2 R.sub.3 NH, R.sub.2 NH.sub.2, R.sub.2 R.sub.3 NH.sub.2.sup.+, R.sub.2 NH.sub.3.sup.+ and mixtures thereof wherein R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 can be the same or different and each contain between about 1 and 50 carbon atoms and are optionally substituted with heteroatoms oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus and combinations thereof, wherein multiple of the R, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 are in vertically aligned spaced relationship along a backbone formed by the polyamide. In one version of the invention, the monomer is selected from maleic anhydride, maleic acid esters, and mixtures thereof. In another version of the invention, the first amine is an alkylamine, such as tetradecylamine, and the second amine is a polyalkylene polyamine, such as pentaethylenehexamine. In yet another version of the invention, the first amine and the second amine are olefinic or acetylenic amines, such as the reaction products of an alkyldiamine and an acetylenic carboxylic acid. The first amine and the second amine may be the same or different depending on the desired polyamide polymer structure.
Methods of refining natural oils and methods of producing fuel compositions

DOEpatents

Firth, Bruce E; Kirk, Sharon E; Gavaskar, Vasudeo S

2015-11-04

A method of refining a natural oil includes: (a) providing a feedstock that includes a natural oil; (b) reacting the feedstock in the presence of a metathesis catalyst to form a metathesized product that includes olefins and esters; (c) passivating residual metathesis catalyst with an agent selected from the group consisting of phosphorous acid, phosphinic acid, and a combination thereof; (d) separating the olefins in the metathesized product from the esters in the metathesized product; and (e) transesterifying the esters in the presence of an alcohol to form a transesterified product and/or hydrogenating the olefins to form a fully or partially saturated hydrogenated product. Methods for suppressing isomerization of olefin metathesis products produced in a metathesis reaction, and methods of producing fuel compositions are described.
Method of CO and/or CO.sub.2 hydrogenation using doped mixed-metal oxides

DOEpatents

Shekhawat, Dushyant; Berry, David A.; Haynes, Daniel J.; Abdelsayed, Victor; Smith, Mark W.; Spivey, James J.

2015-10-06

A method of hydrogenation utilizing a reactant gas mixture comprising a carbon oxide and a hydrogen agent, and a hydrogenation catalyst comprising a mixed-metal oxide containing metal sites supported and/or incorporated into the lattice. The mixed-metal oxide comprises a perovskite, a pyrochlore, a fluorite, a brownmillerite, or mixtures thereof doped at the A-site or the B-site. The metal site may comprise a deposited metal, where the deposited metal is a transition metal, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or mixtures thereof. Contact between the carbon oxide, hydrogen agent, and hydrogenation catalyst under appropriate conditions of temperature, pressure and gas flow rate generate a hydrogenation reaction and produce a hydrogenated product made up of carbon from the carbon oxide and some portion of the hydrogen agent. The carbon oxide may be CO, CO.sub.2, or mixtures thereof and the hydrogen agent may be H.sub.2. In a particular embodiment, the hydrogenated product comprises an alcohol, an olefin, an aldehyde, a ketone, an ester, an oxo-product, or mixtures thereof.
Process for the generation of .alpha., .beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acids and esters using niobium catalyst

DOEpatents

Gogate, Makarand Ratnakav; Spivey, James Jerome; Zoeller, Joseph Robert

1999-01-01

A process using a niobium catalyst includes the step of reacting an ester or carboxylic acid with oxygen and an alcohol in the presence a niobium catalyst to respectively produce an .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ester or carboxylic acid. Methanol may be used as the alcohol, and the ester or carboxylic acid may be passed over the niobium catalyst in a vapor stream containing oxygen and methanol. Alternatively, the process using a niobium catalyst may involve the step of reacting an ester and oxygen in the presence the niobium catalyst to produce an .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acid. In this case the ester may be a methyl ester. In either case, niobium oxide may be used as the niobium catalyst with the niobium oxide being present on a support. The support may be an oxide selected from the group consisting of silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide and mixtures thereof. The catalyst may be formed by reacting niobium fluoride with the oxide serving as the support. The niobium catalyst may contain elemental niobium within the range of 1 wt % to 70 wt %, and more preferably within the range of 10 wt % to 30 wt %. The process may be operated at a temperature from 150 to 450.degree. C. and preferably from 250 to 350.degree. C. The process may be operated at a pressure from 0.1 to 15 atm. absolute and preferably from 0.5-5 atm. absolute. The flow rate of reactants may be from 10 to 10,000 L/kg.sub.(cat) /h, and preferably from 100 to 1,000 L/kg.sub.(cat) /h.
Carotenoids and Carotenoid Esters of Red and Yellow Physalis (Physalis alkekengi L. and P. pubescens L.) Fruits and Calyces.

PubMed

Wen, Xin; Hempel, Judith; Schweiggert, Ralf M; Ni, Yuanying; Carle, Reinhold

2017-08-02

Carotenoid profiles of fruits and calyces of red (Physalis alkekengi L.) and yellow (P. pubescens L.) Physalis were characterized by HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS n . Altogether 69 carotenoids were detected in red Physalis, thereof, 45 were identified. In yellow Physalis, 40 carotenoids were detected and 33 were identified. Zeaxanthin esters with various fatty acids were found to be the most abundant carotenoids in red Physalis, accounting for 51-63% of total carotenoids, followed by β-cryptoxanthin esters (16-24%). In yellow Physalis, mainly free carotenoids such as lutein and β-carotene were found. Total carotenoid contents ranged between 19.8 and 21.6 mg/100 g fresh red Physalis fruits and 1.28-1.38 mg/100 g fresh yellow Physalis fruits, demonstrating that Physalis fruits are rich sources of dietary carotenoids. Yellow Physalis calyces contained only 153-306 μg carotenoids/g dry weight, while those of red Physalis contained substantially higher amounts (14.6-17.6 mg/g dry weight), thus possibly exhibiting great potential as a natural source for commercial zeaxanthin extraction.
Inhibitors of glycogen synthase 3 kinase

DOEpatents

Schultz, Peter; Ring, David B.; Harrison, Stephen D.; Bray, Andrew M.

2000-01-01

Compounds of formula 1: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl, substituted with 0-3 substituents selected from lower alkyl, halo, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkyl-amino, and nitro; R.sub.2 is hydroxy, amino, or lower alkoxy; R.sub.3 is H, lower alkyl, lower acyl, lower alkoxy-acyl, or amnino-acyl; R.sub.4 is H or lower alkyl; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof; are effective inhibitors of GSK3.

Inhibitors of glycogen synthase 3 kinase

DOEpatents

Schultz, Peter; Ring, David B.; Harrison, Stephen D.; Bray, Andrew M.

2006-05-30

Compounds of formula 1: ##STR00001## wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl, substituted with 0 3 substituents selected from lower alkyl, halo, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkyl-amino, and nitro; R.sub.2 is hydroxy, amino, or lower alkoxy; R.sub.3 is H, lower alkyl, lower acyl, lower alkoxy-acyl, or amino-acyl; R.sub.4 is H or lower alkyl; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof; are effective inhibitors of GSK3.
Antimocrobial Polymer

DOEpatents

McDonald, William F.; Huang, Zhi-Heng; Wright, Stacy C.

2005-09-06

A polymeric composition having antimicrobial properties and a process for rendering the surface of a substrate antimicrobial are disclosed. The composition comprises a crosslinked chemical combination of (i) a polymer having amino group-containing side chains along a backbone forming the polymer, (ii) an antimicrobial agent selected from quaternary ammonium compounds, gentian violet compounds, substituted or unsubstituted phenols, biguanide compounds, iodine compounds, and mixtures thereof, and (iii) a crosslinking agent containing functional groups capable of reacting with the amino groups. In one embodiment, the polymer is a polyamide formed from a maleic anhydride or maleic acid ester monomer and alkylamines thereby producing a polyamide having amino substituted alkyl chains on one side of the polyamide backbone; the crosslinking agent is a phosphine having the general formula (A)3P wherein A is hydroxyalkyl; and the antimicrobial agent is chlorhexidine, dimethylchlorophenol, cetyl pyridinium chloride, gentian violet, triclosan, thymol, iodine, and mixtures thereof.
Antimicrobial Polymer

DOEpatents

McDonald, William F.; Wright, Stacy C.; Taylor, Andrew C.

2004-09-28

A polymeric composition having antimicrobial properties and a process for rendering the surface of a substrate antimicrobial are disclosed. The polymeric composition comprises a crosslinked chemical combination of (i) a polymer having amino group-containing side chains along a backbone forming the polymer, (ii) an antimicrobial agent selected from metals, metal alloys, metal salts, metal complexes and mixtures thereof, and (iii) a crosslinking agent containing functional groups capable of reacting with the amino groups. In one example embodiment, the polymer is a polyamide formed from a maleic anhydride or maleic acid ester monomer and alkylamines thereby producing a polyamide having amino substituted alkyl chains on one side of the polyamide backbone; the crosslinking agent is a phosphine having the general formula (A).sub.3 P wherein A is hydroxyalkyl; and the metallic antimicrobial agent is selected from chelated silver ions, silver metal, chelated copper ions, copper metal, chelated zinc ions, zinc metal and mixtures thereof.
Production of chemicals and fuels from biomass

DOEpatents

Qiao, Ming; Woods, Elizabeth; Myren, Paul; Cortright, Randy; Kania, John

2018-01-23

Methods, reactor systems, and catalysts are provided for converting in a continuous process biomass to fuels and chemicals, including methods of converting the water insoluble components of biomass, such as hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, to volatile C.sub.2+O.sub.1-2 oxygenates, such as alcohols, ketones, cyclic ethers, esters, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and mixtures thereof. In certain applications, the volatile C.sub.2+O.sub.1-2 oxygenates can be collected and used as a final chemical product, or used in downstream processes to produce liquid fuels, chemicals and other products.
Discovery of 1-((2R,4aR,6R,7R,7aR)-2-Isopropoxy-2-oxidodihydro-4H,6H-spiro[furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-7,2'-oxetan]-6-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (JNJ-54257099), a 3'-5'-Cyclic Phosphate Ester Prodrug of 2'-Deoxy-2'-Spirooxetane Uridine Triphosphate Useful for HCV Inhibition.

PubMed

Jonckers, Tim H M; Tahri, Abdellah; Vijgen, Leen; Berke, Jan Martin; Lachau-Durand, Sophie; Stoops, Bart; Snoeys, Jan; Leclercq, Laurent; Tambuyzer, Lotke; Lin, Tse-I; Simmen, Kenny; Raboisson, Pierre

2016-06-23

JNJ-54257099 (9) is a novel cyclic phosphate ester derivative that belongs to the class of 2'-deoxy-2'-spirooxetane uridine nucleotide prodrugs which are known as inhibitors of the HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). In the Huh-7 HCV genotype (GT) 1b replicon-containing cell line 9 is devoid of any anti-HCV activity, an observation attributable to inefficient prodrug metabolism which was found to be CYP3A4-dependent. In contrast, in vitro incubation of 9 in primary human hepatocytes as well as pharmacokinetic evaluation thereof in different preclinical species reveals the formation of substantial levels of 2'-deoxy-2'-spirooxetane uridine triphosphate (8), a potent inhibitor of the HCV NS5B polymerase. Overall, it was found that 9 displays a superior profile compared to its phosphoramidate prodrug analogues (e.g., 4) described previously. Of particular interest is the in vivo dose dependent reduction of HCV RNA observed in HCV infected (GT1a and GT3a) human hepatocyte chimeric mice after 7 days of oral administration of 9.
NSAID-derived γ-secretase modulation requires an acidic moiety on the carbazole scaffold.

PubMed

Zall, Andrea; Kieser, Daniel; Höttecke, Nicole; Naumann, Eva C; Thomaszewski, Binia; Schneider, Katrin; Steinbacher, Dirk T; Schubenel, Robert; Masur, Stefan; Baumann, Karlheinz; Schmidt, Boris

2011-08-15

Modulation of γ-secretase activity holds potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Most NSAID-derived γ-secretase modulators feature a carboxylic acid, which may impair blood-brain barrier permeation. The structure activity relationship of 33 carbazoles featuring diverse carboxylic acid isosteres or metabolic precursors thereof was established in a cellular amyloid secretion assay. The modulatory activity was observed for acidic moieties and metabolically labile esters only, which supports our hypothesis of an acid-lysine interaction to be relevant for this type of γ-secretase modulators. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Production of chemicals and fuels from biomass

DOEpatents

Woods, Elizabeth; Qiao, Ming; Myren, Paul; Cortright, Randy D.; Kania, John

2015-12-15

Described are methods, reactor systems, and catalysts for converting biomass to fuels and chemicals in a batch and/or continuous process. The process generally involves the conversion of water insoluble components of biomass, such as hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, to volatile C.sub.2+O.sub.1-2 oxygenates, such as alcohols, ketones, cyclic ethers, esters, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and mixtures thereof. In certain applications, the volatile C.sub.2+O.sub.1-2 oxygenates can be collected and used as a final chemical product, or used in downstream processes to produce liquid fuels, chemicals and other products.
Thermally stable surfactants and compositions and methods of use thereof

DOEpatents

Chaiko, David J [Woodridge, IL

2008-09-02

There are provided novel thermally stable surfactants for use with fillers in the preparation of polymer composites and nanocomposites. Typically, surfactants of the invention are urethanes, ureas or esters of thiocarbamic acid having a hydrocarbyl group of from 10 to 50 carbons and optionally including an ionizable or charged group (e.g., carboxyl group or quaternary amine). Thus, there are provided surfactants having Formula I: ##STR00001## wherein the variables are as defined herein. Further provided are methods of making thermally stable surfactants and compositions, including composites and nanocomposites, using fillers coated with the surfactants.
Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE); comparative accumulation in human and guinea pig hair as a biomarker for prenatal alcohol exposure.

PubMed

Kulaga, Vivian; Caprara, Daniela; Iqbal, Umar; Kapur, Bhushan; Klein, Julia; Reynolds, James; Brien, James; Koren, Gideon

2006-01-01

To compare the incorporation rate (ICR) of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) in hair between guinea pigs and humans, and to assess the relationship between ethanol exposure and FAEE concentrations in hair. Published data from pregnant guinea pigs, including maximum blood ethanol concentration (BEC), dosage regimen, and total hair FAEE concentration, were compared with published data from alcoholic patients, where dose of ethanol consumed and total hair FAEE concentration were reported. Mean values of ethanol Vmax for pregnant guinea pigs and humans were obtained from published data (26.2 and 24 mg/dl/h, respectively). Total and individual FAEE ICRs, defined as the ratio of hair FAEE to the area under the BEC-time curve (total systemic ethanol exposure), were found to be on average an order of magnitude lower in the guinea pig than in the human. The profiles of ester incorporation also differed slightly between species, with ethyl stearate being highly incorporated in guinea pig hair and less so in human hair. The results may reflect in the human greater FAEE production, greater FAEE deposition in hair, slower FAEE catabolism, differential sebum production and composition, or a combination thereof. Also, ethyl oleate was found to correlate with total systemic ethanol exposure for both guinea pigs and humans, correlation coefficients equalling 0.67 (P < 0.05) and 0.49 (P < 0.05), respectively. No other ethyl esters, nor total FAEE, were found to correlate with systemic ethanol exposure. When extrapolating FAEE concentrations in hair from guinea pigs to humans, an order of magnitude difference should be considered, with humans incorporating more FAEE per unit of ethanol exposure. Also, the results suggest caution should be taken when interpreting values of single esters because of their differential incorporation among species. Lastly, our findings suggest ethyl oleate may be of keen interest in FAEE hair analysis, particularly across species.
Preparation and Evaluation of Jojoba Oil Methyl Ester as Biodiesel and as Blend Components in Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The jojoba plant (Simmondsia chinensis L.) produces seeds that contain around 50 to 60 weight percent of inedible long-chain wax esters that are suitable as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. A Jojoba oil methyl ester (JME) was prepared in effort to evaluate an important fuel propertie...
Exposure assessment of 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol esters from edible oils and fats in China.

PubMed

Li, Chang; Nie, Shao-Ping; Zhou, Yong-Qiang; Xie, Ming-Yong

2015-01-01

3-monochoropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD) esters from edible oils are considered to be a possible risk factor for adverse effects in human. In the present study, the exposure assessment of 3-MCPD esters to Chinese population was performed. A total of 143 edible oil and fat samples collected from Chinese markets were determined for the concentrations of 3-MCPD esters. The concentration data together with the data of fats consumed were analyzed by the point evaluation and probabilistic assessment for the exposure assessment. The point evaluation showed that the mean daily intake (DI) of 3-MCPD esters were lower than the value of provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 3-MCPD (2 µg/kg BW/d). The mean DI values in different age groups obtained from probabilistic assessment were similar to the results of the point evaluation. However, in high percentiles (95th, 97.5th, 99th), the DI values in all age groups were undesirably higher than the value of PMTDI. Overall, the children and adolescents exposed more to 3-MCPD esters than the adults. Uncertainty was also analyzed for the exposure assessment. Decreasing the level of 3-MCPD esters in edible oils and consuming less oil were top priority to minimize the risk of 3-MCPD esters. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The ‘LipoYeasts’ project: using the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica in combination with specific bacterial genes for the bioconversion of lipids, fats and oils into high‐value products

PubMed Central

Sabirova, Julia S.; Haddouche, R.; Van Bogaert, I. N.; Mulaa, F.; Verstraete, W.; Timmis, K. N.; Schmidt‐Dannert, C.; Nicaud, J. M.; Soetaert, W.

2011-01-01

Summary The oleochemical industry is currently still dominated by conventional chemistry, with biotechnology only starting to play a more prominent role, primarily with respect to the biosurfactants or lipases, e.g. as detergents, or for biofuel production. A major bottleneck for all further biotechnological applications is the problem of the initial mobilization of cheap and vastly available lipid and oil substrates, which are then to be transformed into high‐value biotechnological, nutritional or pharmacological products. Under the EU‐sponsored LipoYeasts project we are developing the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica into a versatile and high‐throughput microbial factory that, by use of specific enzymatic pathways from hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, efficiently mobilizes lipids by directing its versatile lipid metabolism towards the production of industrially valuable lipid‐derived compounds like wax esters (WE), isoprenoid‐derived compounds (carotenoids, polyenic carotenoid ester), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and free hydroxylated fatty acids (HFAs). Different lipid stocks (petroleum, alkane, vegetable oil, fatty acid) and combinations thereof are being assessed as substrates in combination with different mutant and recombinant strains of Y. lipolytica, in order to modulate the composition and yields of the produced added‐value products. PMID:21255371
Evaluation of certain food additives.

PubMed

2009-01-01

This report represents the conclusions of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee convened to evaluate the safety of various food additives, including flavouring agents, with a view to recommending acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) and to preparing specifications for identity and purity. The first part of the report contains a general discussion of the principles governing the toxicological evaluation and assessment of intake of food additives (in particular, flavouring agents). A summary follows of the Committee's evaluations of technical, toxicological and intake data for certain food additives (asparaginase from Aspergillus niger expressed in A. niger, calcium lignosulfonate (40-65), ethyl lauroyl arginate, paprika extract, phospholipase C expressed in Pichia pastoris, phytosterols, phytostanols and their esters, polydimethylsiloxane, steviol glycosides and sulfites [assessment of dietary exposure]) and 10 groups of related flavouring agents (aliphatic branched-chain saturated and unsaturated alcohols, aldehydes, acids and related esters; aliphatic linear alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, acids and related alcohols, acetals and esters; aliphatic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters; alkoxy-substituted allylbenzenes present in foods and essential oils and used as flavouring agents; esters of aliphatic acyclic primary alcohols with aliphatic linear saturated carboxylic acids; furan-substituted aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and related esters, sulfides, disulfides and ethers; miscellaneous nitrogen-containing substances; monocyclic and bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters; hydroxy- and alkoxy-substituted benzyl derivatives; and substances structurally related to menthol). Specifications for the following food additives were revised: canthaxanthin; carob bean gum and carob bean gum (clarified); chlorophyllin copper complexes, sodium and potassium salts; Fast Green FCF; guar gum and guar gum (clarified); iron oxides; isomalt; monomagnesium phosphate; Patent Blue V; Sunset Yellow FCF; and trisodium diphosphate. Re-evaluation of flavouring agents for which estimated intake was based on anticipated poundage data was carried out for 2-isopropyl- N,2,3-trimethylbutyramide (No. 1595) and L-monomenthyl glutarate (No. 1414). Annexed to the report are tables summarizing the Committee's recommendations for intakes and toxicological evaluations of the food additives considered.
Production of wax esters via microbial oil synthesis from food industry waste and by-product streams.

PubMed

Papadaki, Aikaterini; Mallouchos, Athanasios; Efthymiou, Maria-Nefeli; Gardeli, Chryssavgi; Kopsahelis, Nikolaos; Aguieiras, Erika C G; Freire, Denise M G; Papanikolaou, Seraphim; Koutinas, Apostolis A

2017-12-01

The production of wax esters using microbial oils was demonstrated in this study. Microbial oils produced from food waste and by-product streams by three oleaginous yeasts were converted into wax esters via enzymatic catalysis. Palm oil was initially used to evaluate the influence of temperature and enzyme activity on wax ester synthesis catalysed by Novozyme 435 and Lipozyme lipases using cetyl, oleyl and behenyl alcohols. The highest conversion yields (up to 79.6%) were achieved using 4U/g of Novozyme 435 at 70°C. Transesterification of microbial oils to behenyl and cetyl esters was achieved at conversion yields up to 87.3% and 69.1%, respectively. Novozyme 435 was efficiently reused for six and three cycles during palm esters and microbial esters synthesis, respectively. The physicochemical properties of microbial oil derived behenyl esters were comparable to natural waxes. Wax esters from microbial oils have potential applications in cosmetics, chemical and food industries. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
18F-labeled Rhodamines as Potential Myocardial Perfusion Agents: Comparison of Pharmacokinetic Properties of Several Rhodamines

PubMed Central

Bartholoma, Mark D.; Zhang, Shaohui; Akurathi, Vamsidhar; Pacak, Christina A.; Dunning, Patricia; Fahey, Frederic H.; Cowan, Douglas B.; Treves, S. Ted; Packard, Alan B.

2015-01-01

Introduction We recently reported the development of the [18F]fluorodiethylene glycol ester of rhodamine B as a potential positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). This compound was developed by optimizing the ester moiety on the rhodamine B core, and its pharmacokinetic properties were found to be superior to those of the prototype ethyl ester. The goal of the present study was to optimize the rhodamine core while retaining the fluorodiethyleneglycol ester prosthetic group. Methods A series of different rhodamine cores (rhodamine 6G, rhodamine 101, and tetramethylrhodamine) were labeled with 18F using the corresponding rhodamine lactones as the precursors and [18F]fluorodiethylene glycol ester as the prosthetic group. The compounds were purified by semipreparative HPLC, and their biodistribution was measured in rats. Additionally, the uptake of the compounds was evaluated in isolated rat cardiomyocytes. Results As was the case with the different prosthetic groups, we found that the rhodamine core has a significant effect on the in vitro and in vivo properties of this series of compounds. Of the rhodamines evaluated to date, the pharmacologic properties of the 18F-labeled diethylene glycol ester of rhodamine 6G are superior to those of the 18F-labeled diethylene glycol esters of rhodamine B, rhodamine 101, and tetramethylrhodamine. As with 18F-labeled rhodamine B, [18F]rhodamine 6G was observed to localize in the mitochondria of isolated rat cardiomyocytes. Conclusions Based on these results, the 18F-labeled diethylene glycol ester of rhodamine 6G is the most promising potential PET MPI radiopharmaceutical of those that have been evaluated to date, and we are now preparing to carry out first-in-human clinical studies with this compound. PMID:26205075
(18)F-labeled rhodamines as potential myocardial perfusion agents: comparison of pharmacokinetic properties of several rhodamines.

PubMed

Bartholomä, Mark D; Zhang, Shaohui; Akurathi, Vamsidhar; Pacak, Christina A; Dunning, Patricia; Fahey, Frederic H; Cowan, Douglas B; Treves, S Ted; Packard, Alan B

2015-10-01

We recently reported the development of the [(18)F]fluorodiethylene glycol ester of rhodamine B as a potential positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). This compound was developed by optimizing the ester moiety on the rhodamine B core, and its pharmacokinetic properties were found to be superior to those of the prototype ethyl ester. The goal of the present study was to optimize the rhodamine core while retaining the fluorodiethyleneglycol ester prosthetic group. A series of different rhodamine cores (rhodamine 6G, rhodamine 101, and tetramethylrhodamine) were labeled with (18)F using the corresponding rhodamine lactones as the precursors and [(18)F]fluorodiethylene glycol ester as the prosthetic group. The compounds were purified by semipreparative HPLC, and their biodistribution was measured in rats. Additionally, the uptake of the compounds was evaluated in isolated rat cardiomyocytes. As was the case with the different prosthetic groups, we found that the rhodamine core has a significant effect on the in vitro and in vivo properties of this series of compounds. Of the rhodamines evaluated to date, the pharmacologic properties of the (18)F-labeled diethylene glycol ester of rhodamine 6G are superior to those of the (18)F-labeled diethylene glycol esters of rhodamine B, rhodamine 101, and tetramethylrhodamine. As with (18)F-labeled rhodamine B, [(18)F]rhodamine 6G was observed to localize in the mitochondria of isolated rat cardiomyocytes. Based on these results, the (18)F-labeled diethylene glycol ester of rhodamine 6G is the most promising potential PET MPI radiopharmaceutical of those that have evaluated to date, and we are now preparing to carry out first-in-human clinical studies with this compound. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of arctigenin ester and ether derivatives as activators of AMPK.

PubMed

Shen, Sida; Zhuang, Jingjing; Chen, Yijia; Lei, Min; Chen, Jing; Shen, Xu; Hu, Lihong

2013-07-01

A series of new arctigenin and 9-deoxy-arctigenin derivatives bearing different ester and ether side chains at the phenolic hydroxyl positions are designed, synthesized, and evaluated for activating AMPK potency in L6 myoblasts. Initial biological evaluation indicates that some alkyl ester and phenethyl ether arctigenin derivatives display potential activities in AMPK phosphorylation improvement. Further structure-activity relationship analysis shows that arctigenin ester derivatives 3a, 3h and 9-deoxy-arctigenin phenethyl ether derivatives 6a, 6c, 6d activate AMPK more potently than arctigenin. Moreover, the 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl ether moiety of 6c has been demonstrated as a potential functional group to improve the effect of AMPK phosphorylation. The structural optimization of arctigenin leads to the identification of 6c as a promising lead compound that exhibits excellent activity in AMPK activation. Copyright © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
Enzymatic Preparation of a Homologous Series of Long-Chain 6- O-Acylglucose Esters and Their Evaluation as Emulsifiers.

PubMed

Liang, Min-Yi; Chen, Yongsheng; Banwell, Martin G; Wang, Yong; Lan, Ping

2018-04-18

Sugar fatty acid esters are nonionic surfactants that are widely exploited in the food and cosmetics industries, as well as in the oral care and medical supply fields. Accordingly, new methods for their selective synthesis and the "tuning" of their emulsifying properties are of considerable interest. Herein we report simple and irreversible enzymatic esterifications of d-glucose with seven fatty acid vinyl esters. The foaming and emulsifying effects of the resulting 6- O-acylglucose esters were then evaluated. In accord with expectations, when the length of the alkyl side chain associated with the 6- O-acylglucose esters increases, then their hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values decrease, while the stabilities of the derived emulsions improve. In order to maintain good foaming properties, alkyl side chains of at least 9 to 11 carbons in length are required. In the first such assays on 6- O-acylglucose esters, most of those described herein are shown to be nontoxic to the HepG2, MCF-7, LNacp, SW549, and LO-2 cell lines.
Volatile profiles of members of the USDA Geneva Malus Core Collection: utility in evaluation of a hypothesized biosynthetic pathway for esters derived from 2-methylbutanoate and 2-methylbutan-1-ol.

PubMed

Sugimoto, Nobuko; Forsline, Philip; Beaudry, Randolph

2015-02-25

The volatile ester and alcohol profiles of ripening apple fruit from 184 germplasm lines in the USDA Malus Germplasm Repository at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, NY, USA, were evaluated. Cluster analysis suggested biochemical relationships exist between several ester classes. A strong linkage was revealed between 2-methylbutanoate, propanoate, and butanoate esters, suggesting the influence of the recently proposed "citramalic acid pathway" in apple fruit. Those lines with a high content of esters formed from 2-methylbutan-1-ol and 2-methylbutanoate (2MB) relative to straight-chain (SC) esters (high 2MB/SC ratio) exhibited a marked increase in isoleucine and citramalic acid during ripening, but those lines with a low content did not. Thus, the data were consistent with the existence of the hypothesized citramalic acid pathway and suggest that the Geneva Malus Germplasm Repository, appropriately used, could be helpful in expanding our understanding of mechanisms for fruit volatile synthesis and other aspects of secondary metabolism.
Synthesis of novel naphthoquinone aliphatic amides and esters and their anticancer evaluation.

PubMed

Kongkathip, Boonsong; Akkarasamiyo, Sunisa; Hasitapan, Komkrit; Sittikul, Pichamon; Boonyalai, Nonlawat; Kongkathip, Ngampong

2013-02-01

Fourteen new naphthoquinone aliphatic amides and seventeen naphthoquinone aliphatic esters were synthesized in nine to ten steps from 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid with 9-25% overall yield for the amides, and 16-21% overall yield for the esters. The key step of the amide synthesis is a coupling reaction between amine and various aliphatic acids using 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMTMM) as a coupling agent while for the ester synthesis, DCC/DMAP or CDI was used as the coupling reagent between aliphatic acids and naphthoquinone alcohol. Both naphthoquinone amides and esters were evaluated for their anticancer activity against KB cells. It was found that naphthoquinone aliphatic amides showed stronger anticancer activity than those of the esters when the chains are longer than 7-carbon atoms. The optimum chain of amides is expected to be 16-carbon atoms. In addition, naphthoquinone aliphatic esters with α-methyl on the ester moiety possessed much stronger anticancer activity than the straight chains. Decatenation assay revealed that naphthoquinone amide with 16-carbon atoms chain at 15 μM and 20 μM can completely inhibit hTopoIIα activity while at 10 μM the enzyme activity was moderately inhibited. Molecular docking result also showed the same trend as the cytotoxicity and decatenation assay. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Convenient synthesis of 6-nor-9,10-dihydrolysergic acid methyl ester.

PubMed

Crider, A M; Grubb, R; Bachmann, K A; Rawat, A K

1981-12-01

6-Nor-9,10-dihydrolysergic acid methyl ester (IV) was prepared by demethylation of 9,10-dihydrolysergic acid methyl ester (II) with 2,2,2-trichloroethyl chloroformate, followed by reduction of the intermediate carbamate (III) with zinc in acetic acid. The 6-ethyl-V and 6-n-propyl-VI derivatives were prepared by alkylation of IV with the appropriate halide. All of the ergoline derivatives were evaluated for stereotyped behavior in rats, with 6-nor-6-ethyl-9,10-dihydrolysergic acid methyl ester (V) being active but much less potent than apomorphine. Compound VI was evaluated for its effect on blood pressure; at a dose of 30 mg/kg ip, it significantly lowered, diastolic pressure in normotensive rats.
Fatty acid alkyl esters as solvents: An evaluation of the kauri-butanol value. Comparison to hydrocarbons, dimethyl diesters and other oxygenates

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Esters, most commonly methyl esters, of vegetable oils or animal fats or other lipid feedstocks have found increasing use as an alternative diesel fuel known as biodiesel. However, biodiesel also has good solvent properties, a feature rendered additionally attractive by its biodegradability, low tox...
Development of high temperature liquid lubricants for low-heat rejection heavy duty diesel engines

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wiczynski, T.A.; Marolewski, T.A.

1993-03-01

Objective was to develop a liquid lubricant that will allow advanced diesel engines to operate at top ring reversal temperatures approaching 500 C and lubricant sump temperatures approaching 250 C. Base stock screening showed that aromatic esters and diesters has the lowest deposit level, compared to polyol esters, poly-alpha-olefins, or refined mineral oil of comparable viscosity. Classical aryl and alkyl ZDP antiwear additives are ineffective in reducing wear with aromatic esters; the phosphate ester was a much better antiwear additive, and polyol esters are more amenable to ZDP treatment. Zeolites and clays were evaluated for filtration.
Thioesters for the in vitro evaluation of agents to image brain cholinesterases.

PubMed

Macdonald, Ian R; Jollymore, Courtney T; Reid, G Andrew; Pottie, Ian R; Martin, Earl; Darvesh, Sultan

2013-06-01

Cholinesterases are associated with pathology characteristic of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and are therefore, considered targets for neuroimaging. Ester derivatives of N-methylpiperidinol are promising potential imaging agents; however, methodology is lacking for evaluating these compounds in vitro. Here, we report the synthesis and evaluation of a series of N-methylpiperidinyl thioesters, possessing comparable properties to their corresponding esters, which can be directly evaluated for cholinesterase kinetics and histochemical distribution in human brain tissue. N-methylpiperidinyl esters and thioesters were synthesized and they demonstrated comparable cholinesterase kinetics. Furthermore, thioesters were capable, using histochemical method, to visualize cholinesterase activity in human brain tissue. N-methylpiperidinyl thioesters can be rapidly evaluated for cholinesterase kinetics and visualization of enzyme distribution in brain tissue which may facilitate development of cholinesterase imaging agents for application to conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.
Lysis of Bacillus subtilis Cells by Glycerol and Sucrose Esters of Fatty Acids

PubMed Central

Tsuchido, Tetsuaki; Ahn, Yung-Hoon; Takano, Mitsuo

1987-01-01

The lytic action of glycerol and sucrose esters of fatty acids with different carbon chain lengths on the exponentially growing cells of Bacillus subtilis 168 was investigated. Of each series of esters, glycerol dodecanoate and sucrose hexadecanoate were the most active. Lysis at 1 h after the addition of 0.1 mM glycerol dodecanoate or 20 μg of sucrose hexadecanoate per ml was 81 or 79%, respectively, as evaluated by the reduction in optical density. During this treatment a great loss of viability occurred that preceded lysis. The results that were obtained suggest that autolysis is induced by these esters. The esters caused morphological changes in the cells, but a seeming adaptation of the cells to esters was seen. Images PMID:16347300
Analysis of the physicochemical properties of post-manufacturing waste derived from production of methyl esters from rapeseed oil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kachel-Jakubowska, Magdalena; Matwijczuk, Arkadiusz; Gagoś, Mariusz

2017-04-01

The technology of transesterification of biodiesel obtained from many agricultural products, which are often referred to as renewable resources, yields substantial amounts of by-products. They exhibit various properties that prompt scientific research into potential application thereof. Various spectroscopic methods, e.g. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, are being increasingly used in the research. In this paper, we present the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectroscopy analyses of technical glycerine, distilled glycerine, and matter organic non glycerol, i.e. by-products of biodiesel production. To facilitate the spectroscopic analysis, a number of parameters were determined for all the materials, e.g. the calorific value, water content, sulphated ash content, methanol content, acidity, as well as the contents of esters, heavy metals, aldehydes, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The results indicate that the analysed products are characterised by a comparable calorific value in the range from 11.35 to 16.05 MJ kg-1 in the case of matter organic non glycerol and technical glycerine. Observation of changes in the position of selected peaks in the range of 3700-650 cm-1 in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy method facilitates determination of the level of degradation of the analysed material. Changes in the wavelength ranges can be used for monitoring the formation of secondary oxidation products containing carbonyl groups.
Evaluation of bisphenol E cyanate ester for the resin-injection repair of advanced composites

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lio, Wilber Yaote

2009-12-01

This thesis is a compilation of a general introduction and literature review that ties together the subsequent chapters which consist of two journal articles that have yet to be submitted for publication. The overall topic relates to the evaluation and application of a new class of cyanate ester resin with unique properties that lend it applicable to use as a resin for injection repair of high glass transition temperature polymer matrix composites. The first article (Chapter 2) details the evaluation and optimization of adhesive properties of this cyanate ester and alumina nanocomposites under different conditions. The second article (Chapter 3)more » describes the development and evaluation of an injection repair system for repairing delaminations in polymer matrix composites.« less
Synthesis and evaluation of odour-active methionyl esters of fatty acids via esterification and transesterification of butter oil.

PubMed

Li, Cheng; Sun, Jingcan; Fu, Caili; Yu, Bin; Liu, Shao Quan; Li, Tianhu; Huang, Dejian

2014-02-15

Methionol-derived fatty acid esters were synthesised by both chemical and lipase catalysed esterification between fatty acids and methionol. Beneficial effects of both methods were compared qualitatively and quantitatively by GC-MS/GC-FID results. And the high acid and heat stability of our designed methionyl esters meet the requirement of the food industry. Most importantly, the sensory test showed that fatty acid carbon-chain length had an important effect on the flavour attributes of methionyl esters. Moreover, through Lipozyme TL IM-mediated transesterification, valuable methionol-derived esters were synthesised from the readily available natural material butter oil as the fatty acid source. The conversion of methionol and yield of each methionyl ester were also elucidated by GC-MS-FID. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from hazelnut, high-oleic peanut and walnut oils and evaluation as biodiesel

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Hazelnut, walnut and high-oleic peanut oils were converted into fatty acid methyl esters using catalytic sodium methoxide and evaluated as potential biodiesel fuels. These feedstocks were of interest due to their adaptability to marginal lands and their lipid production potentials (780-1780 L ha-1 y...
Emissive sensors and devices incorporating these sensors

DOEpatents

Swager, Timothy M; Zhang, Shi-Wei

2013-02-05

The present invention generally relates to luminescent and/or optically absorbing compositions and/or precursors to those compositions, including solid films incorporating these compositions/precursors, exhibiting increased luminescent lifetimes, quantum yields, enhanced stabilities and/or amplified emissions. The present invention also relates to sensors and methods for sensing analytes through luminescent and/or optically absorbing properties of these compositions and/or precursors. Examples of analytes detectable by the invention include electrophiles, alkylating agents, thionyl halides, and phosphate ester groups including phosphoryl halides, cyanides and thioates such as those found in certain chemical warfare agents. The present invention additionally relates to devices and methods for amplifying emissions, such as those produced using the above-described compositions and/or precursors, by incorporating the composition and/or precursor within a polymer having an energy migration pathway. In some cases, the compositions and/or precursors thereof include a compound capable of undergoing a cyclization reaction.
The effects of egg and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides addition on gluten-free sorghum bread quality

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The impact of whole egg addition (as is) at 20, 25, or 30% (flour basis) on sorghum bread quality was evaluated. The use of the antistaling agent diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides (DATEM) at 0.5% (flour basis) at each of the egg addition levels was also studied. Evaluated quality facto...
Wax ester profiling of seed oil by nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Wax esters are highly hydrophobic neutral lipids that are major constituents of the cutin and suberin layer. Moreover they have favorable properties as a commodity for industrial applications. Through transgenic expression of wax ester biosynthetic genes in oilseed crops, it is possible to achieve high level accumulation of defined wax ester compositions within the seed oil to provide a sustainable source for such high value lipids. The fatty alcohol moiety of the wax esters is formed from plant-endogenous acyl-CoAs by the action of fatty acyl reductases (FAR). In a second step the fatty alcohol is condensed with acyl-CoA by a wax synthase (WS) to form a wax ester. In order to evaluate the specificity of wax ester biosynthesis, analytical methods are needed that provide detailed wax ester profiles from complex lipid extracts. Results We present a direct infusion ESI-tandem MS method that allows the semi-quantitative determination of wax ester compositions from complex lipid mixtures covering 784 even chain molecular species. The definition of calibration prototype groups that combine wax esters according to their fragmentation behavior enables fast quantitative analysis by applying multiple reaction monitoring. This provides a tool to analyze wax layer composition or determine whether seeds accumulate a desired wax ester profile. Besides the profiling method, we provide general information on wax ester analysis by the systematic definition of wax ester prototypes according to their collision-induced dissociation spectra. We applied the developed method for wax ester profiling of the well characterized jojoba seed oil and compared the profile with wax ester-accumulating Arabidopsis thaliana expressing the wax ester biosynthetic genes MaFAR and ScWS. Conclusions We developed a fast profiling method for wax ester analysis on the molecular species level. This method is suitable to screen large numbers of transgenic plants as well as other wax ester samples like cuticular lipid extracts to gain an overview on the molecular species composition. We confirm previous results from APCI-MS and GC-MS analysis, which showed that fragmentation patterns are highly dependent on the double bond distribution between the fatty alcohol and the fatty acid part of the wax ester. PMID:23829499
Safety and tolerance of ester-C compared with regular ascorbic acid.

PubMed

Gruenwald, Joerg; Graubaum, Hans-Joachim; Busch, Regina; Bentley, Christine

2006-01-01

The goal of this randomized, double-blind crossover clinical trial in 50 healthy volunteers sensitive to acidic foods was to evaluate whether Ester-C calcium ascorbate causes fewer epigastric adverse effects than are produced by regular ascorbic acid (AA). Volunteers were randomly separated into 2 groups of 25. The study comprised an observation period of 9 days (phase 1 medication for 3 consecutive days, washout phase for 3 consecutive days, phase 2 medication for 3 consecutive days). Participants took 1000 mg vitamin C as Ester-C during phase 1 of the study followed by 1000 mg of vitamin C as AA during phase 2, or vice versa. During the course of the study, 3 examinations for the evaluation of epigastric adverse effects were performed (on days 0, 3, and 9). Participants used a diary to record epigastric adverse effects on a daily basis. In total, 28 (56%) of 50 participants reported 88 epigastric adverse effects of mild to moderate intensity. Of these 88 adverse effects, 33 (37.5%) occurred after intake of Ester-C and 55 (62.5%) were noted after intake of AA. The tolerability of Ester-C was rated "very good" by 72% of participants, whereas AA was rated "very good" by only 54%. This difference is statistically significant (P<.05). Investigators concluded that Ester-C compared with AA caused significantly fewer epigastric adverse effects in participants sensitive to acidic foods and that Ester-C is much better tolerated.
Evaluation of certain food additives. Seventy-first report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.

PubMed

2010-01-01

This report represents the conclusions of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee convened to evaluate the safety of various food additives, with a view to recommending acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) and to preparing specifications for identity and purity. The first part of the report contains a general discussion of the principles governing the toxicological evaluation and assessment of intake of food additives. A summary follows of the Committee's evaluations of technical, toxicological and intake data for certain food additives: branching glycosyltransferase from Rhodothermus obamensis expressed in Bacillus subtilis, cassia gum, cyclamic acid and its salts (dietary exposure assessment), cyclotetraglucose and cyclotetraglucose syrup, ferrous ammonium phosphate, glycerol ester of gum rosin, glycerol ester of tall oil rosin, lycopene from all sources, lycopene extract from tomato, mineral oil (low and medium viscosity) class II and class III, octenyl succinic acid modified gum arabic, sodium hydrogen sulfate and sucrose oligoesters type I and type II. Specifications for the following food additives were revised: diacetyltartaric acid and fatty acid esters of glycerol, ethyl lauroyl arginate, glycerol ester of wood rosin, nisin preparation, nitrous oxide, pectins, starch sodium octenyl succinate, tannic acid, titanium dioxide and triethyl citrate. Annexed to the report are tables summarizing the Committee's recommendations for intakes and toxicological evaluations of the food additives considered.
Evaluation of certain food additives.

PubMed

2015-01-01

This report represents the conclusions of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee convened to evaluate the safety of various food additives, including flavouring agents, and to prepare specifications for identity and purity. The first part of the report contains a general discussion of the principles governing the toxicological evaluation of and assessment of dietary exposure to food additives, including flavouring agents. A summary follows of the Committee's evaluations of technical, toxicological and dietary exposure data for eight food additives (Benzoe tonkinensis; carrageenan; citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol; gardenia yellow; lutein esters from Tagetes erecta; octenyl succinic acid-modified gum arabic; octenyl succinic acid-modified starch; paprika extract; and pectin) and eight groups of flavouring agents (aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons; aliphatic and aromatic ethers; ionones and structurally related substances; miscellaneous nitrogen-containing substances; monocyclic and bicyclic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters; phenol and phenol derivatives; phenyl-substituted aliphatic alcohols and related aldehydes and esters; and sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds). Specifications for the following food additives were revised: citric acid; gellan gum; polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate; potassium aluminium silicate; and Quillaia extract (Type 2). Annexed to the report are tables summarizing the Committee's recommendations for dietary exposures to and toxicological evaluations of all of the food additives and flavouring agents considered at this meeting.
Aroma enhancement and enzymolysis regulation of grape wine using β-glycosidase

PubMed Central

Zhu, Feng-Mei; Du, Bin; Li, Jun

2014-01-01

Adding β-glycosidase into grape wine for enhancing aroma was investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Kramer sensory evaluation. Compared with the extract from control wines, the extract from enzyme-treated wines increased more aromatic compounds using steam distillation extraction (SDE) and GC-MS analyses. Theses aromatic compounds were as follows: 3-methyl-1-butanol formate, 3-pentanol, furfural, 3-methyl-butanoic acid, 2-methyl-butanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-butanoic acid ethyl ester, hexanoic acid, hexanoic acid ethyl ester, benzyl alcohol, octanoic acid, octanoic acid ethyl ester, dodecanoic acid, and ethyl ester. The enzymolysis regulation conditions, including enzymolysis temperature, enzymolysis time, and enzyme amount, were optimized through L9(34) orthogonal test. Kramer sensory evaluation was performed by an 11-man panel of judges. The optimum enzymolysis regulation conditions were found to be temperature of 45°C, enzymolysis time of 90 min, and enzyme amount of 58.32 U/mL grape wine, respectively. The Kramer sensory evaluation supported that the enzyme-treated wines produced a stronger fragrance. PMID:24804072
Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor-promoting, and cytotoxic activities of constituents of marigold (Calendula officinalis) flowers.

PubMed

Ukiya, Motohiko; Akihisa, Toshihiro; Yasukawa, Ken; Tokuda, Harukuni; Suzuki, Takashi; Kimura, Yumiko

2006-12-01

Ten oleanane-type triterpene glycosides, 1-10, including four new compounds, calendulaglycoside A 6'-O-methyl ester (2), calendulaglycoside A 6'-O-n-butyl ester (3), calendulaglycoside B 6'-O-n-butyl ester (5), and calendulaglycoside C 6'-O-n-butyl ester (8), along with five known flavonol glycosides, 11-15, were isolated from the flowers of marigold (Calendula officinalis). Upon evaluation of compounds 1-9 for inhibitory activity against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation (1 microg/ear) in mice, all of the compounds, except for 1, exhibited marked anti-inflammatory activity, with ID50 values of 0.05-0.20 mg per ear. In addition, when 1-15 were evaluated against the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by TPA, compounds 1-10 exhibited moderate inhibitory effects (IC50 values of 471-487 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA). Furthermore, upon evaluation of the cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines in vitro in the NCI Developmental Therapeutics Program, two triterpene glycosides, 9 and 10, exhibited their most potent cytotoxic effects against colon cancer, leukemia, and melanoma cells.
Evaluation of diclofenac prodrugs for enhancing transdermal delivery.

PubMed

Lobo, Shabbir; Li, Henan; Farhan, Nashid; Yan, Guang

2014-03-01

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the approach of using diclofenac acid (DA) prodrugs for enhancing transdermal delivery. Methanol diclofenac ester (MD), ethylene glycol diclofenac ester (ED), glycerol diclofenac ester (GD) and 1,3-propylene glycol diclofenac ester (PD) were synthesized and evaluated for their physicochemical properties such as solubilities, octanol/water partition coefficients, stratum corneum/water partition coefficients, hydrolysis rates and bioconversion rates. In vitro fluxes across human epidermal membrane (HEM) in the Franz diffusion cell were determined on DA-, MD-, ED-, GD- and PD-saturated aqueous solutions. The formation of GD and ED led to the prodrugs with higher aqueous solubilities and lower partition coefficients than those of the parent drug. Prodrugs with improved aqueous solubility showed better fluxes across HEM in aqueous solution than that of the parent drug, with GD showing the highest aqueous solubility and also the highest flux. There is a linear relationship between the aqueous solubility and flux for DA, ED and PD, but GD and MD deviated from the linear line. Diclofenac prodrugs with improved hydrophilicity than the parent drug could be utilized for enhancing transdermal diclofenac delivery.
Kapok oil methyl esters

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The increased need for biodiesel feedstocks has caused various vegetable oils to be examined for this purpose. In the present work, the methyl esters of kapok (Ceiba pentandra) oil were prepared. The essential fuel properties were comprehensively determined and evaluated in comparison to specificati...
Chlorzoxazone esters of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAI) carboxylic acids as mutual prodrugs: design, synthesis, pharmacological investigations and docking studies.

PubMed

Abdel-Azeem, Ahmed Z; Abdel-Hafez, Atef A; El-Karamany, Gamal S; Farag, Hassan H

2009-05-15

The discovery of the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX-2) spurred the search for anti-inflammatory agents devoid of the undesirable effects associated with classical NSAIDs. New chlorzoxazone ester prodrugs (6-8) of some acidic NSAIDs (1-3) were designed, synthesized and evaluated as mutual prodrugs with the aim of improving the therapeutic potency and retard the adverse effects of gastrointestinal origin. The structure of the synthesized mutual ester prodrugs (6-8) were confirmed by IR, (1)H NMR, mass spectroscopy (MS) and their purity was ascertained by TLC and elemental analyses. In vitro chemical stability revealed that the synthesized ester prodrugs (6-8) are chemically stable in hydrochloric acid buffer pH 1.2 as a non-enzymatic simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 as non-enzymatic simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). In 80% human plasma, the mutual prodrugs were found to be susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis at relatively faster rate (t(1/2) approximately 37 and 34 min for prodrugs 6 and 7, respectively). Mutual ester prodrugs (6-8) were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and muscle relaxation activities. Scanning electromicrographs of the stomach showed that the ester prodrugs induced very little irritancy in the gastric mucosa of rats after oral administration for 4days. In addition, docking of the mutual ester prodrugs (6-8) into COX-2 active site was conducted in order to predict the affinity and orientation of these prodrugs at the enzyme active site.

Comparative assay of antioxidant packages for dimer of estolide esters

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

A series of 26 different antioxidants and commercial antioxidant packages, containing both natural and synthetic-based materials, were evaluated with dimeric coconut-oleic estolide 2-ethylhexyl ester. The different antioxidants were broken down into different classes of materials: phenolic, aminic, ...
Detached rock evaluation device

DOEpatents

Hanson, David R.

1986-01-01

A rock detachment evaluation device (10) having an energy transducer unit 1) for sensing vibrations imparted to a subject rock (172) for converting the sensed vibrations into electrical signals, a low band pass filter unit (12) for receiving the electrical signal and transmitting only a low frequency segment thereof, a high band pass filter unit (13) for receiving the electrical signals and for transmitting only a high frequency segment thereof, a comparison unit (14) for receiving the low frequency and high frequency signals and for determining the difference in power between the signals, and a display unit (16) for displaying indicia of the difference, which provides a quantitative measure of rock detachment.
Studies on performance evaluation of a green plasticizer made by enzymatic esterification of furfuryl alcohol and castor oil fatty acid.

PubMed

Mukherjee, Sohini; Ghosh, Mahua

2017-02-10

The esterification of furfuryl alcohol (FA) and castor oil fatty acid (COFA) at 3:1 molar ratio, by immobilized Candida antarctica Lipase B (NS 435 from Novozyme) in a solvent free system gave a maximum yield of 88.64% (%w/w) at 5h. Performance of the FA-COFA ester plasticized Ethyl Cellulose (EC) films were evaluated by surface morphologies, XRD analysis, mechanical properties,thermal properties, water vapor permeability and migration stability test. It was an effective plasticizer with better mechanical properties and thermal stability at the increasing concentration of FA-COFA ester (15-25%) containing EC film, than the traditional plasticizer, i.e; dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in producing good quality films. Chemical structure and the intermolecular interactions between FA-COFA ester and ethyl cellulose chains were the causative agents of these outstanding performances. Therefore, this FA-COFA ester, with significant plasticizing property, at a certain concentration, can be a substitute of DBP. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Evaluation of Beer Fermentation with a Novel Yeast Williopsis saturnus.

PubMed

Liu, Shao-Quan; Quek, Althea Ying Hui

2016-12-01

The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of a novel yeast Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii NCYC 500 to produce fruity beer. Fermentation performance of W. mrakii and beer volatile composition were compared against that fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safale US-05. o Brix, sugar and pH differed significantly between the two types of beer. A total of 8 alcohols, 11 acids, 41 esters, 9 aldehydes, 8 ketones, 21 terpenes and terpenoids, 5 Maillard reaction products and 2 volatile phenolic compounds were detected. Yeast strain Safale US-05 was more capable of producing a wider range of ethyl and other esters, while yeast strain NCYC 500 produced significantly higher amounts of acetate esters. Strain NCYC 500 retained more terpenes and terpenoids, suggesting that the resultant beer could possess more of the aromatic hint of hops. This study showed that W. saturnus var. mrakii NCYC 500 could ferment wort to produce low-alcohol beer with higher levels of acetate esters, terpenes and terpenoids than yeast S. cerevisiae Safale US-05.
Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants.

PubMed

2011-01-01

This report represents the conclusions of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee convened to evaluate the safety of various food additives, with a view to recommending acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) and to preparing specifications for identity and purity. The Committee also evaluated the risk posed by two food contaminants, with the aim of deriving tolerable intakes where appropriate and advising on risk management options for the purpose of public health protection. The first part of the report contains a general discussion of the principles governing the toxicological evaluation of and assessment of dietary exposure to food additives and contaminants. A summary follows of the Committee's evaluations of technical, toxicological and dietary exposure data for certain food additives (aluminium-containing food additives, Benzoe Tonkinensis, glycerol ester of gum rosin, glycerol ester of tall oil rosin, glycerol ester of wood rosin, octenyl succinic acid modified gum arabic, polydimethyl siloxane, Ponceau 4R, pullulan, pullulanase from Bacillus deromificans expressed in Bacillus licheniformis, Quinoline Yellow and Sunset Yellow FCF) and two food contaminants (cyanogenic glycosides and fumonisins). Specifications for the following food additives were revised: aluminium lakes of colouring matters; beta-apo-8'-carotenal; beta-apo-8'-carotenoic acid ethyl ester; beta-carotene, synthetic; hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose; magnesium silicate, synthetic; modified starches; nitrous oxide; sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; and sucrose monoesters of lauric, palmitic or stearic acid. Annexed to the report are tables summarizing the Committee's recommendations for dietary exposures to and toxicological evaluations of the food additives and contaminants considered.
AN ASSESSMENT OF PHTHALATE ESTER TOXICITY TO FRESHWATER BENTHOS: 2. SEDIMENT EXPOSURES

EPA Science Inventory

Seven phthalate esters were evaluated for their stability and 10-d acute toxicity to the freshwater invertebrates Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans following incorporation into sediment. The chemicals were diethyl (DEP), di-n-butyl (DBP), di-n-hyxyl (DHP), di-[2-ethylhexyl] ...
Experimental Investigations on Diesel engine using Methyl esters of Jatropha oil and fish oil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karthikeyan, A.; Jayaprabakar, J.; Dude Williams, Richard

2017-05-01

The aim of the study is to use fish oil methyl ester (FME) and Jatropha oil methyl ester (JME) as a substitute for diesel in compression ignition engine. Experiments were conducted when the engine was fuelled with Diesel, Fish oil methyl ester and Jatropha oil methyl ester. The experiment covered a range of loads. An AVL smoke meter was used to measure the smoke density in HSU (Hatridge Smoke Unit). The exhaust emissions were measured using exhaust gas analyzer. High volume sampler was employed to measure the particulate matter in exhaust. The performance of the engine was evaluated in terms of brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency. The combustion characteristics of the engine were studied in terms of cylinder pressure with respect to crank angle. The emissions of the engine were studied in terms of concentration of CO, NOx, particulate matter and smoke density. The results obtained for Fish oil methyl ester, Jatropha oil methyl ester, were compared with the results of diesel. Bio-diesel, which can be used as an alternate diesel fuel, is made from vegetable oil and animal fats. It is renewable, non-toxic and possesses low emission profiles.
Degradation of Jatropha curcas phorbol esters derived from Jatropha oil cake and their tumor-promoting activity.

PubMed

Nakao, Motoyuki; Hasegawa, Go; Yasuhara, Tadashi; Ishihara, Yoko

2015-04-01

Large amount of oil cake is generated during biodiesel production from Jatropha seeds. Although Jatropha oil cake is rich in plant nutrients, presence of toxic phorbol esters restricts the usage of oil cake as a fertilizer. The objective of this study is to evaluate the components and tumor promoting activity of phorbol esters in Jatropha oil cake-supplemented soil and plants grown in the treated soil. Contents and their biological activity of Jatropha phorbol esters in soil and plants were sequentially analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and in vitro cell transformation assay, respectively. Disappearance of Jatropha phorbol-ester-specific peaks were followed with HPLC during incubation of Jatropha oil cake with soil for five weeks. Along with the degradation of Jatropha phorbol ester in soil, tumor-promoting activity in the sample was also attenuated and ultimately disappeared. Jatropha phorbol esters and tumor promoting activity were not detected from mustard spinach grown in the Jatropha oil cake-supplemented soil. In addition, the esterase KM109 degrades DHPB (see definition below; Jatropha phorbol ester) and reduced its tumor-promoting activity. From these data, we conclude: (1) components and tumor promoting activity of Jatropha phorbol esters in the oil cake disappeared completely by incubation with soil for five-week, (2) Jatropha phorbol esters did not transfer into plants grown in the Jatropha oil cake-supplemented soil, and (3) DHPB can be degraded by esterase from soil bacterium. These observations are useful for utilization of Jatropha oil cake as a fertilizer. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
[Development of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for determination of fatty acid esters of chloropropanols in milk powder and the pollution level of infant formula].

PubMed

Li, Shan; Miao, Hong; Cui, Xia; Zhao, Yunfeng; Wu, Yongning

2015-06-01

To establish a method for determination of fatty acid esters of chloropropanols (chloropropanols esters) in milk powder by isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and to acquire the pollution level of chloropropanols esters in infant formula and evaluate the dietary exposure risk of chloropropanols esters in infant formula for infants. A total of 111 infant formula samples were collected from supermarkets in Beijing, and the infant formula with no chloropropanols esters detected was served as the blank sample. The samples were ultrasonically extracted with hexane, followed by ester-bond cleavage reaction with sodium methylate-methanol and purification by matrix solid-supported liquid-liquid extraction, then being derivatived with heptafluoro butyrylimidazol. After extracted by sodium chloride solution, the derivatives were determined by GC-MS. The concentration of chloropropanols esters were quantified using the deuterium chloropropanols esters as the internal standards. The accuracy of the method was assessed by the recoveries of the blank spiked samples, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) of the recoveries represent the precision of the method. The contamination level of chloropropanols esters and the intake amount of the infant formula of the 6-month infant were used to estimate the dietary exposure assessment, and x (95% CI) and P97.5 of the contamination level of chloropropanols esters were used to represent the average dietary exposure and the high-end dietary exposure. The satisfied linear correlations in the range of 0.010-0.800 mg/L was acquired for 3-MCPD esters, 2-MCPD esters, 1,3-DCP esters and 2,3-DCP esters with coefficient correlations of 0.999 9, 0.999 8, 0.999 5 and 0.999 6, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) for 3-MCPD esters, 2-MCPD esters, 1,3-DCP esters and 2,3-DCP esters were 0.005, 0.005, 0.015, 0.015 mg/kg, and 0.015, 0.015, 0.045, 0.045 mg/kg. The average recoveries of the four chloropropanols esters spiked at 0.025, 0.050 and 0.100 mg/kg in blank matrix were in a range from 80.3% to 111.9%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) less than 11.4%. Of the 111 infant formula samples, the detection rates and the contamination levels of 3-MCPD esters and 2-MCPD esters were 77.5% (86/111), 11.7% (13/111) with the contamination levels in the range of ND-0.230 mg/kg and ND-0.039 mg/kg, respectively, and χ (95% CI) and P97.5 of 3-MCPD esters and 2-MCPD esters were 0.020 (0.003-0.113) and 0.006 (0.005-0.025) mg/kg, 0.113 and 0.025 mg/kg, respectively. 1,3-DCP esters and 2,3-DCP esters were not detected in the 111 samples. x (95% CI) and P75 of the six-month old infants to 3-MCPD esters were 0.304 (0.038-1.735) and 1.735 µg · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹, respectively, which accounted for 15.2% and 86.7% of the PMTDI (2 µg · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹) of 3-MCPD. This GC-MS method was accurate and rugged for the determination of chloropropanols esters in milk powder. Based on the exposure assessment results, the health risk of chloropropanols esters for infants caused by the intake of infant formula was acceptable.
Preparation of Jojoba Oil Ester Derivatives for Biodiesel Evaluation

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

As a result of the increase in commodity vegetable oil prices, it is imperative that non-food oils should be considered as alternative feedstocks for biodiesel production. Jojoba oil is unusual in that it is comprised of wax esters as opposed to the triglycerides found in typical vegetable oils. A...
Circulating plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity and blood pressure tracking in the community

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Clinical trials using cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors to raise high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations reported an 'off-target' blood pressure (BP) raising effect. We evaluated the relations of baseline plasma CETP activity and longitudinal BP change. One tho...
Enzymatic synthesis of 1,3-dihydroxyphenylacetoyl-sn-glycerol: Optimization by response surface methodology and evaluation of its antioxidant and antibacterial activities.

PubMed

Kharrat, Nadia; Aissa, Imen; Dgachi, Youssef; Aloui, Fatma; Chabchoub, Fakher; Bouaziz, Mohamed; Gargouri, Youssef

2017-12-01

In this study, the enzymatic synthesis of phenylacetoyl glycerol ester was carried out as a response to the increasing consumer demand for natural compounds. 1,3-dihydroxyphenylacetoyl-sn-Glycerol (1,3-di-HPA-Gly), labeled as "natural" compound with interesting biological properties, has been successfully synthesized for the first time in good yield by a direct esterification of glycerol (Gly) with p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (p-HPA) using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase as a biocatalyst. Spectroscopic analyses of purified esters showed that the glycerol was mono- or di-esterified on the primary hydroxyl group. These compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activity using two different tests. The glycerol di-esters (1,3-di-HPA-Gly) showed a higher antiradical capacity than that of the butyl hydroxytoluene. Furthermore, compared to the p-HPA, synthesized ester (1,3-di-HPA-Gly) exhibited the most antibacterial effect mainly against Gram + bacteria. Among synthesized esters the 1,3-di-HPA-Gly was most effective as antioxidant and antibacterial compound. These findings could be the basis for a further exploitation of the new compound, 1,3-di-HPA-Gly, as antioxidant and antibacterial active ingredient in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.
EVALUATION OF OXYGEN-ENRICHED MSW/SEWAGE SLUDGE CO-INCINERATION DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM

EPA Science Inventory

This report provides an evaluation of a two-phased demonstration program conducted for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Municipal Solid Waste Innovative Technology Evaluation Program, and the results thereof, of a recently developed method of sewage sludge managemen...
A New Supramolecular Route for Using Rod-Coil Block Copolymers in Photovoltaic Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mezzenga, Raffaele; Sary, Nicolas; Richard, Fanny; Brochon, Cyril; Leclerc, Nicolas; Leveque, Patrick; Audinot, Jean Nicolas; Heiser, Thomas; Hadziioannou, Georges; Berson, Solenn

2010-03-01

We propose a new supramolecular strategy to blend together rod-coil poly(3-hexylthiophene)-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P3HTP4VP) block copolymers and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The P4VP and PCBM are mixed together by weak supramolecular interactions, and the resulting materials exhibit microphase separated morphologies of electron-donor and electron-acceptor rich domains. The microphase segregated P3HT-rod domains act as electron-donating species and the homogeneous P4VP block:PCBM blend acts as the electron-acceptor domain. We describe the photovoltaic performance of standard and inverted devices whose active layer is composed thereof and show the effect of finely engineering the interfacial properties of the active layer to obtain competitive photovoltaic performance with superior thermal stability. (1) N. Sary, F. Richard, C. Brochon, N. Leclerc, P. Leveque, JN Audinot, S. Berson, T. Heiser, G. Hadziioannou, R. Mezzenga, Adv. Mater. in Press (2010)
Pretreatment of industrial wastewater containing phthalate esters by centrifugation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Petrosky, C.J.; Vidic, R.D.

1996-11-01

In this study, a full-scale commercial centrifuge was used to treat, on a continuous basis, the entire wastewater stream generated by a chemical manufacturing facility which produces a variety of phthalate, adipate, maleate, and trimellitate esters. The wastewater from this facility is comprised of process water, equipment was water, and rain water runoff containing varying concentrations of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DNBP) esters in addition to mono-ester salts and alcohols. The wastewater is discharged to the local Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) under pretreatment regulations which specify an effluent limitation of 5.0 mg/L on themore » total toxic organic (TTO) concentration which can be placed on the combined BEHP, DNOP, and DNBP ester concentration. Various esters and long chain alcohols present in the wastewater have very low water solubilities and are considered immiscible. They form a dispersed phase in the wastewater that has a specific gravity in the range of 0.88 to 0.93. Separation of the dispersed phase containing the regulated esters from the heavier water phase to consistently below 5.0 mg/L poses a challenge due to the stability of this colloidal suspension. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of centrifugation in meeting the 5.0 mg/L effluent limit on the total BEHP, DNOP, and DNBP ester concentration.« less
Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from Osage orange (Maclura pomifera) oil and evaluation as biodiesel

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared in high yield by transesterification of Osage orange (Maclura pomifera) oil. Extracted using supercritical CO2, the crude oil was initially treated with mineral acid and methanol to lower its content of free fatty acids, thus rendering it amenable to homogeneou...
Evaluation of Beer Fermentation with a Novel Yeast Williopsis saturnus

PubMed Central

Quek, Althea Ying Hui

2016-01-01

Summary The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of a novel yeast Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii NCYC 500 to produce fruity beer. Fermentation performance of W. mrakii and beer volatile composition were compared against that fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safale US-05. oBrix, sugar and pH differed significantly between the two types of beer. A total of 8 alcohols, 11 acids, 41 esters, 9 aldehydes, 8 ketones, 21 terpenes and terpenoids, 5 Maillard reaction products and 2 volatile phenolic compounds were detected. Yeast strain Safale US-05 was more capable of producing a wider range of ethyl and other esters, while yeast strain NCYC 500 produced significantly higher amounts of acetate esters. Strain NCYC 500 retained more terpenes and terpenoids, suggesting that the resultant beer could possess more of the aromatic hint of hops. This study showed that W. saturnus var. mrakii NCYC 500 could ferment wort to produce low-alcohol beer with higher levels of acetate esters, terpenes and terpenoids than yeast S. cerevisiae Safale US-05. PMID:28115897
50 CFR 10.12 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... any part, product, egg, or offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils... offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils), whether or not included in a... part, product, egg, or offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils...
50 CFR 10.12 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... any part, product, egg, or offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils... offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils), whether or not included in a... part, product, egg, or offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils...
50 CFR 10.12 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... any part, product, egg, or offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils... offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils), whether or not included in a... part, product, egg, or offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils...

50 CFR 10.12 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... any part, product, egg, or offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils... offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils), whether or not included in a... part, product, egg, or offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils...
50 CFR 10.12 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... any part, product, egg, or offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils... offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils), whether or not included in a... part, product, egg, or offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils...
Sugar fatty acid esters inhibit biofilm formation by food-borne pathogenic bacteria

PubMed Central

Furukawa, Soichi; Akiyoshi, Yuko; O’Toole, George A.; Ogihara, Hirokazu; Morinaga, Yasushi

2010-01-01

Effects of food additives on biofilm formation by food-borne pathogenic bacteria were investigated. Thirty-three potential food additives and 3 related compounds were added to the culture medium at concentrations from 0.001 to 0.1% (w/w), followed by inoculation and cultivation of five biofilm-forming bacterial strains for the evaluation of biofilm formation. Among the tested food additives, 21 showed inhibitory effects of biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and in particular, sugar fatty acid esters showed significant anti-biofilm activity. Sugar fatty acid esters with long chain fatty acid residues (C14-16) exerted their inhibitory effect at the concentration of 0.001%(w/w), but bacterial growth was not affected at this low concentration. Activities of the sugar fatty acid esters positively correlated with the increase of the chain length of the fatty acid residues. Sugar fatty acid esters inhibited the initial attachment of the Staphylococcus aureus cells to the abiotic surface. Sugar fatty acid esters with long chain fatty acid residues (C14-16) also inhibited biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans and Listeria monocytogenes at 0.01%(w/w), while the inhibition of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa required the addition of a far higher concentration (0.1%(w/w)) of the sugar fatty acid esters. PMID:20089325
41 CFR 101-8.313 - Self-evaluation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE 8.3-Discrimination Prohibited on the Basis of Handicap § 101-8.313 Self-evaluation. (a..., evaluate, with the assistance of interested persons, including handicapped persons or organizations representing handicapped persons, its current policies and practices and the effects thereof that do not or may...
41 CFR 101-8.313 - Self-evaluation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE 8.3-Discrimination Prohibited on the Basis of Handicap § 101-8.313 Self-evaluation. (a..., evaluate, with the assistance of interested persons, including handicapped persons or organizations representing handicapped persons, its current policies and practices and the effects thereof that do not or may...
41 CFR 101-8.313 - Self-evaluation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE 8.3-Discrimination Prohibited on the Basis of Handicap § 101-8.313 Self-evaluation. (a..., evaluate, with the assistance of interested persons, including handicapped persons or organizations representing handicapped persons, its current policies and practices and the effects thereof that do not or may...
Evaluation of Zygosaccharomyces bailii BCV 08 as a co-starter in wine fermentation for the improvement of ethyl esters production.

PubMed

Garavaglia, Juliano; Schneider, Rosana de Cassia de Souza; Camargo Mendes, Sandra Denise; Welke, Juliane Elisa; Zini, Cláudia Alcaraz; Caramão, Elina Bastos; Valente, Patrícia

2015-04-01

Zygosaccharomyces bailii BCV 08, a yeast isolated from red wine barrels in Brazil, was evaluated as co-starter in fermentations with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Z. bailii BCV 08 was preliminarily shown to produce high levels of esters, and the production was optimized in bench and bioreactor scales using grape must. White wine vinifications were conducted with mixed cultures containing different proportions of Z. bailii BCV 08 and an enological strain of S. cerevisiae. In all trials that contained Z. bailii BCV 08, the production of ethyl esters was enhanced in comparison to the vinification control. Our results clearly show the potential of Z. bailii BCV 08 as a mixed starter with S. cerevisiae in order to increase the aromatic complexity of wine. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier GmbH.
Synthesis, Aqueous Reactivity, and Biological Evaluation of Carboxylic Acid Ester-Functionalized Platinum–Acridine Hybrid Anticancer Agents

PubMed Central

Graham, Leigh A.; Suryadi, Jimmy; West, Tiffany K.; Kucera, Gregory L.; Bierbach, Ulrich

2012-01-01

The synthesis of platinum–acridine hybrid agents containing carboxylic acid ester groups is described. The most active derivatives and the unmodified parent compounds showed up to 6-fold higher activity in ovarian cancer (OVCAR-3) and breast cancer (MCF-7, MDA-MB-23) cell lines than cisplatin. Inhibition of cell proliferation at nanomolar concentrations was observed in pancreatic (PANC-1) and non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC, NCI-H460) of 80- and 150-fold, respectively. Introduction of the ester groups did not affect the cytotoxic properties of the hybrids, which form the same monofunctional–intercalative DNA adducts as the parent compounds, as demonstrated in a plasmid unwinding assay. In-line high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESMS) shows that the ester moieties undergo platinum-mediated hydrolysis in a chloride concentration-dependent manner to form carboxylate chelates. Potential applications of the chloride-sensitive ester hydrolysis as a self-immolative release mechanism for tumor-selective delivery of platinum–acridines are discussed. PMID:22871158
Triterpene Esters and Biological Activities from Edible Fruits of Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard, Sapotaceae

PubMed Central

Fernandes, Caio P.; Corrêa, Arthur L.; Lobo, Jonathas F. R.; Caramel, Otávio P.; de Almeida, Fernanda B.; Castro, Elaine S.; Souza, Kauê F. C. S.; Burth, Patrícia; Amorim, Lidia M. F.; Santos, Marcelo G.; Ferreira, José Luiz P.; Falcão, Deborah Q.; Carvalho, José C. T.; Rocha, Leandro

2013-01-01

Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard (Sapotaceae) is popularly known in Brazil as “guracica.” Studies with Manilkara spp indicated the presence of triterpenes, saponins, and flavonoids. Several activities have been attributed to Manilkara spp such as antimicrobial, antiparasitic and antitumoral, which indicates the great biological potential of this genus. In all, 87.19% of the hexanic extract from fruits relative composition were evaluated, in which 72.81% were beta- and alpha-amyrin esters, suggesting that they may be chemical markers for M. subsericea. Hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, (E)-9-octadecenoic acid ethyl ester, and octadecanoic acid ethyl ester were also identified. Ethanolic crude extracts from leaves, stems, and hexanic extract from fruits exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923. These extracts had high IC50 values against Vero cells, demonstrating weak cytotoxicity. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that beta- and alpha-amyrin caproates and caprylates are described for Manilkara subsericea. PMID:23509702
Melanogenesis-inhibitory saccharide fatty acid esters and other constituents of the fruits of Morinda citrifolia (noni).

PubMed

Akihisa, Toshihiro; Tochizawa, Shun; Takahashi, Nami; Yamamoto, Ayako; Zhang, Jie; Kikuchi, Takashi; Fukatsu, Makoto; Tokuda, Harukuni; Suzuki, Nobutaka

2012-06-01

Five new saccharide fatty acid esters, named nonioside P (3), nonioside Q (4), nonioside R (8), nonioside S (10), and nonioside T (14), and one new succinic acid ester, butyl 2-hydroxysuccinate (=4-butoxy-3-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid) (31), were isolated, along with 26 known compounds, including eight saccharide fatty acid esters, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, and 13, three hemiterpene glycosides, 15, 17, and 18, six iridoid glycosides, 21-25, and 27, and nine other compounds, 20, 28, 29, and 32-37, from a MeOH extract of the fruit of Morinda citrifolia (noni). Upon evaluation of these and five other glycosidic compounds, 11, 16, 19, 26, and 30, from M. citrifolia fruit extract for their inhibitory activities against melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells induced with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), most of the saccharide fatty acid esters, hemiterpene glycosides, and iridoid glycosides showed inhibitory effects with no or almost no toxicity to the cells. These compounds were further evaluated with respect to their cytotoxic activities against two human cancer cell lines (HL-60 and AZ521) and their inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in Raji cells. Copyright © 2012 Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta AG, Zürich.
Phthalate esters in main source water and drinking water of Zhejiang Province (China): Distribution and health risks.

PubMed

Wang, Xiaofeng; Lou, Xiaoming; Zhang, Nianhua; Ding, Gangqiang; Chen, Zhijian; Xu, Peiwei; Wu, Lizhi; Cai, Jianmin; Han, Jianlong; Qiu, Xueting

2015-10-01

To evaluate the distributions and health risks of phthalate esters in the main source water and corresponding drinking water of Zhejiang Province, the concentrations of 16 phthalate esters in water samples from 19 sites were measured from samples taken in the dry season and wet season. The concentration of the total phthalate ester congeners in source water ranged from 1.07 μg/L to 7.12 μg/L in the wet season, from 0.01 μg/L to 1.58 μg/L in the dry season, from 1.18 μg/L to 15.28 μg/L from drinking water in the wet season, and from 0.16 μg/L to 1.86 μg/L from drinking water in the dry season. Of the 16 phthalate esters, dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, di-(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate, di-iso-butyl phthalate, bis-2-n-butoxyethyl phthalate, and dicyclohexyl phthalate were present in the samples analyzed, dominated by di-iso-butyl phthalate and di-(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate. The concentrations of phthalate esters in the wet season were all relatively higher than those in the dry season, and the drinking water had higher concentrations of phthalate esters than source water. The phthalate ester congeners studied pose little health risk to nearby citizens. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2205-2212. © 2015 SETAC. © 2015 SETAC.
USE OF LINEAR FREE ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS AND AN EVALUATIVE MODEL TO ASSESS THE FATE AND TRANSPORT OF PHTHALATE ESTERS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

EPA Science Inventory

Linear free energy relationships for selected phthalate esters were used to estimate the rate constants for hydrolysis, biolysis, sediment-water partition coefficients, and biosorption required for modeling. The fate and transport behavior of dimethyl, diethyl, di-n-butyl, di-n-o...
Evaluating dispensers loaded with codlemone and pear ester for disruption of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Polyvinyl chloride polymer (pvc) dispensers loaded with ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) plus the sex pheromone, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), were compared with similar dispensers and a commercial dispenser (Isomate®-C Plus) loaded with codle...
Biodegradation tests of mercaptocarboxylic acids, their esters, related divalent sulfur compounds and mercaptans.

PubMed

Rücker, Christoph; Mahmoud, Waleed M M; Schwartz, Dirk; Kümmerer, Klaus

2018-04-17

Mercaptocarboxylic acids and their esters, a class of difunctional compounds bearing both a mercapto and a carboxylic acid or ester functional group, are industrial chemicals of potential environmental concern. Biodegradation of such compounds was systematically investigated here, both by literature search and by experiments (Closed Bottle Test OECD 301D and Manometric Respirometry Test OECD 301F). These compounds were found either readily biodegradable or at least biodegradable to a significant extent. Some related compounds of divalent sulfur were tested for comparison (mercaptans, sulfides, disulfides). For the two relevant monofunctional compound classes, carboxylic acids/esters and mercaptans, literature data were compiled, and by comparison with structurally similar compounds without these functional groups, the influence of COOH/COOR' and SH groups on biodegradability was evaluated. Thereby, an existing rule of thumb for biodegradation of carboxylic acids/esters was supported by experimental data, and a rule of thumb could be formulated for mercaptans. Concurrent to biodegradation, abiotic processes were observed in the experiments, rapid oxidative formation of disulfides (dimerisation of monomercaptans and cyclisation of dimercaptans) and hydrolysis of esters. Some problems that compromise the reproducibility of biodegradation test results were discussed.
Evaluation of salicylic acid fatty ester prodrugs for UV protection.

PubMed

Im, Jong Seob; Balakrishnan, Prabagar; Oh, Dong Hoon; Kim, Jung Sun; Jeon, Eun-Mi; Kim, Dae-Duk; Yong, Chul Soon; Choi, Han-Gon

2011-07-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and in vitro evaluation of fatty ester prodrugs of salicylic acid for ultraviolet (UV) protection. The physicochemical properties such as lipophilicity, chemical stability and enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated with the following fatty ester prodrugs of salicylic acid: octanoyl (C8SA), nonanoyl (C9SA), decanoyl (C10SA), lauroyl (C12SA), myristoyl (C14SA) and palmitoyl oxysalicylate (C16SA). Furthermore, their skin permeation and accumulation were evaluated using a combination of common permeation enhancing techniques such as the use of a lipophilic receptor solution, removal of stratum corneum and delipidization of skin. Their k' values were proportional to the degree of carbon-carbon saturation in the side chain. All these fatty esters were highly stable in 2-propanol, acetonitrile and glycerin, but unstable in methanol and ethanol. They were relatively unstable in liver and skin homogenates. In particular, C16SA was mostly hydrolyzed to its parent compound in hairless mouse liver and skin homogenates, suggesting that it might be converted to salicylic acid after its topical administration. In the skin permeation and accumulation study, C16SA showed the poorest permeation in all skins, suggesting that it could not be permeated in the skin. Furthermore, C14SA and C16SA were less accumulated in delipidized skin compared with normal skin or stripped skin, suggesting that these esters had relatively strong affinities for lipids compared with the other prodrugs in the skin. C16SA showed significantly higher dermal accumulation in all skins compared with its parent salicylic acid. Thus, the palmitoyl oxysalicylate (C16SA) might be a potential candidate for UV protection due to its absence of skin permeation, smaller uptake in the lipid phase and relatively lower skin accumulation.
Antioxidant effect of mono- and dihydroxyphenols in sunflower oil with different levels of naturally present tocopherols

PubMed Central

Hrádková, Iveta; Merkl, Roman; Šmidrkal, Jan; Kyselka, Jan; Filip, Vladimír

2013-01-01

Antioxidant properties of mono- and dihydroxyphenolic acids and their alkyl esters were examined, with emphasis on the relationship between their molecular structure and antioxidant activity. Test media with different tocopherol level were used for determining the oxidative stability: original refined sunflower oil (total tocopherols 149.0 mg/kg), partially tocopherol-stripped sunflower oil (total tocopherols 8.7 mg/kg) and distilled fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) as a tocopherol-free medium. The chemical reaction of tocopherols with diazomethane tested for the purpose to eliminate their antioxidant activity failed due to the negligible degree of methylation of hydroxyl group in the tocopherol molecule. Caffeic acid and protocatechuic acid (3,4-dihydroxyphenolic acids) and their alkyl esters were found to be more active antioxidants than monohydroxyphenolic acid (p-hydroxybenzoic acid), 2,5-dihydroxyphenolic acid (gentisic acid), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenolic acids (vanillic and ferulic acids) and their corresponding alkyl esters. Naturally present tocopherols in refined sunflower oil proved to have a synergistic effect on gentisic acid but not on its alkyl esters. In contrast, tocopherols showed an antagonistic effect on alkyl esters of caffeic acid, because their protection factors decreased with increasing level of tocopherols in the test medium. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of these alkyl esters decreased with increasing length of their alkyl chain in conformity with the polar paradox hypothesis. Practical applications: Tocopherols as naturally present antioxidants influence considerably the antioxidant activity of other antioxidants added to plant oils used as a test medium. Distilled fatty acid methyl esters prepared from refined sunflower oil may serve as an optimal tocopherol-free test medium. Some alkyl esters of phenolic acids were evaluated to be applicable as natural more lipophilic antioxidants in comparison with phenolic acids. PMID:23997655
Inhibitory effect of aromatic geranyl derivatives isolated from Heliotropium filifolium on infectious pancreatic necrosis virus replication.

PubMed

Modak, Brenda; Sandino, Ana María; Arata, Loredana; Cárdenas-Jirón, Gloria; Torres, René

2010-02-24

Infectious pancreatic necrosis is a disease caused by a birnavirus affecting several wild and commercial aquatic organisms. This infectious disease results in significant losses in the farming industry and therefore effective therapeutic agents are needed to control outbreaks caused by this pathogen. Our goal was to evaluate in vitro antiviral effect of a group of natural compounds (geranyl aromatic derivatives) isolated from the resinous exudate of the plant Heliotropium filifolium (Heliotropiaceae), semi-synthetics compounds obtained from them, and the resinous exudate, on CHSE-214 cell line infected with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) using a virus plaque inhibition assay at various concentrations. The compound ester filifolinyl senecionate was the best antiviral with EC(50) 160 microg/mL and a cytotoxic concentration required to reduce cell viability by 50% up to 400 microg/mL. In order to obtain information about the mechanism of the antiviral action, was evaluated the influence of ester filifolinyl senecionate on the viral RNA synthesis. This compound produced inhibition of the synthesis of viral genomic RNA, suggesting that the ester could be interacting with the viral RNA during the viral cycle. Additionally, a preliminary study of the interaction between ester and a sample of single-stranded RNA was studied at the level of theory Restricted Hartree Fock PM3 method. The results showed that the ester formed hydrogen bonds mainly with nitrogenous bases but not with ribose and phosphate. These results allow propose that the ester filifolinyl senecionate is a good candidate for used as antiviral therapy for IPN virus in salmon fry. Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A Comparison Study: The New Extended Shelf Life Isopropyl Ester PMR Technology versus The Traditional Methyl Ester PMR Approach

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alston, William B.; Scheiman, Daniel A.; Sivko, Gloria S.

2005-01-01

Polymerization of Monomeric Reactants (PMR) monomer solutions and carbon cloth prepregs of PMR II-50 and VCAP-75 were prepared using both the traditional limited shelf life methanol based PMR approach and a novel extended shelf life isopropanol based PMR approach. The methyl ester and isopropyl ester based PMR monomer solutions and PMR prepregs were aged for up to four years at freezer and room temperatures. The aging products formed were monitored using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The composite processing flow characteristics and volatile contents of the aged prepregs were also correlated versus room temperature storage time. Composite processing cycles were developed and six ply cloth laminates were fabricated with prepregs after various extended room temperature storage times. The composites were then evaluated for glass transition temperature (Tg), thermal decomposition temperature (Td), initial flexural strength (FS) and modulus (FM), long term (1000 hours at 316 C) thermal oxidative stability (TOS), and retention of FS and FM after 1000 hours aging at 316 C. The results for each ester system were comparable. Freezer storage was found to prevent the formation of aging products for both ester systems. Room temperature storage of the novel isopropyl ester system increased PMR monomer solution and PMR prepreg shelf life by at least an order of magnitude while maintaining composite properties.
Evaluation of nitrate-substituted pseudocholine esters of aspirin as potential nitro-aspirins.

PubMed

Gilmer, John F; Moriarty, Louise M; Clancy, John M

2007-06-01

Herein we explore some designs for nitro-aspirins, compounds potentially capable of releasing both aspirin and nitric oxide in vivo. A series of nitrate-bearing alkyl esters of aspirin were prepared based on the choline ester template preferred by human plasma butyrylcholinesterase. The degradation kinetics of the compounds were followed in human plasma solution. All compounds underwent hydrolysis rapidly (t(1/2) approximately 1min) but generating exclusively the corresponding nitro-salicylate. The one exception, an N-propyl, N-nitroxyethyl aminoethanol ester produced 9.2% aspirin in molar terms indicating that the nitro-aspirin objective is probably achievable if due cognisance can be paid to the demands of the activating enzyme. Even at this low level of aspirin release, this compound is the most successful nitro-aspirin reported to date in the key human plasma model.
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanki, Aditya K.; Boucau, Julie; Umesiri, Francis E.

Peptide-based 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds have emerged as potent inhibitors for serine proteases. Herein, we have designed and synthesized D-arabinose and D-trehalose-based esters, {alpha}-ketoesters and {alpha}-ketoamides, and evaluated their inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigen 85C (ag85C), an acyltransferase in the serine hydrolase superfamily. In addition the compounds were evaluated for the ability to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 14468, a non-pathogenic surrogate for Mtb. Among the synthetic analogs evaluated only the methyl ester1 derived from D-arabinose was found to inhibit the acyltransferase activity of ag85C (IC{sub 50} = 25 mM). Based on this weak inhibitory activity it wasmore » not surprising that none of the compounds inhibits the growth of M. smegmatis. In spite of the weak inhibitory activity of 1, X-ray crystallography on crystals of ag85C soaked with 1 suggested the formation of a covalent ester adduct between 1 and the Ser124 side chain hydroxyl moiety found within the catalytic site of ag85C; however, some of the active site electron density appears to result from bound glycerol. The lack of activity associated with the {alpha}-ketoester and {alpha}-ketoamide derivatives of D-trehalose may be the result of intramolecular cyclization of the {alpha}-keto moiety with the nearby C-4/4' hydroxyls leading to the formation of stable bicyclo-ester and amide derivatives.« less

Remote hydrogen sensing techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Perry, Cortes L.

1992-01-01

The objective of this project is to evaluate remote hydrogen sensing methodologies utilizing metal oxide semi-conductor field effect transistors (MOS-FET) and mass spectrometric (MS) technologies and combinations thereof.
Adding microencapsulated pear ester to insecticides for control of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) in apple

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

We evaluated whether the efficacy of various insecticides for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), could be improved with the addition of a microencapsulated formulation of pear ester, ethyl (2E, 4Z)-2,4-decadienoate (PE-MEC, 5% AI), in field trials from 2005 to 2009. The addition of PE-MEC (< 3.0 g ...
Evaluating the Intoxicating Degree of Liquor Products with Combinations of Fusel Alcohols, Acids, and Esters.

PubMed

Xie, Jia; Tian, Xiao-Fei; He, Song-Gui; Wei, Yun-Lu; Peng, Bin; Wu, Zhen-Qiang

2018-05-23

To investigate the effects of fusel alcohols on the intoxicating degree of liquor products, formulated liquors (FLs) were prepared by blending 1-propanol, isobutanol, and isoamyl alcohol with ethanol, organic acids, and corresponding ethyl esters to simulate the formula of traditional Chinese liquors. The prepared FLs were submitted for evaluation of their intoxicating degree (ID). The results showed that the fusel alcohols had a biphasic effect on the IDs of the FLs, depending on the comprehensive coordination of the characteristic minor components. The importance of the suitable ratio of alcohols/acids/esters (RAAE) on the IDs was also revealed. Under an optimal ratio level, the fusel alcohols exhibited negligible effects on the IDs of the FLs. Moreover, the ratio of isoamyl alcohol to isobutanol (IA/IB) showed a strong positive correlation to the IDs of the FLs. This study lays a foundation for the potential application in producing low-ID liquor.
The transition from linear to highly branched poly(β-amino ester)s: Branching matters for gene delivery

PubMed Central

Zhou, Dezhong; Cutlar, Lara; Gao, Yongsheng; Wang, Wei; O’Keeffe-Ahern, Jonathan; McMahon, Sean; Duarte, Blanca; Larcher, Fernando; Rodriguez, Brian J.; Greiser, Udo; Wang, Wenxin

2016-01-01

Nonviral gene therapy holds great promise but has not delivered treatments for clinical application to date. Lack of safe and efficient gene delivery vectors is the major hurdle. Among nonviral gene delivery vectors, poly(β-amino ester)s are one of the most versatile candidates because of their wide monomer availability, high polymer flexibility, and superior gene transfection performance both in vitro and in vivo. However, to date, all research has been focused on vectors with a linear structure. A well-accepted view is that dendritic or branched polymers have greater potential as gene delivery vectors because of their three-dimensional structure and multiple terminal groups. Nevertheless, to date, the synthesis of dendritic or branched polymers has been proven to be a well-known challenge. We report the design and synthesis of highly branched poly(β-amino ester)s (HPAEs) via a one-pot “A2 + B3 + C2”–type Michael addition approach and evaluate their potential as gene delivery vectors. We find that the branched structure can significantly enhance the transfection efficiency of poly(β-amino ester)s: Up to an 8521-fold enhancement in transfection efficiency was observed across 12 cell types ranging from cell lines, primary cells, to stem cells, over their corresponding linear poly(β-amino ester)s (LPAEs) and the commercial transfection reagents polyethyleneimine, SuperFect, and Lipofectamine 2000. Moreover, we further demonstrate that HPAEs can correct genetic defects in vivo using a recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa graft mouse model. Our findings prove that the A2 + B3 + C2 approach is highly generalizable and flexible for the design and synthesis of HPAEs, which cannot be achieved by the conventional polymerization approach; HPAEs are more efficient vectors in gene transfection than the corresponding LPAEs. This provides valuable insight into the development and applications of nonviral gene delivery and demonstrates great prospect for their translation to a clinical environment. PMID:27386572
Evidence that two alkyl ester quaternary ammonium compounds lack substantial human skin-sensitizing potential.

PubMed

Jowsey, Ian R; Kligman, Albert M; White, Ian R; Goossens, An; Basketter, David A

2007-03-01

Alkyl ester quaternary ammonium compounds (ester quats) are used extensively in fabric rinse conditioners. It is important to document in the literature the outcome of historical studies that were performed to assess the risk of adverse skin effects associated with their use. (1) To document the outcomes of historical studies performed to evaluate the skin sensitizing potential of two ester quats (the di-[hardened tallow fatty acid] ester of 2,3-dihydroxypropyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride [HEQ] and the dialkyl ester of triethanol ammonium methyl sulfate [TEA-Quat]) and (2) to demonstrate that these ester quats lack marked skin-sensitizing potential in humans, such that they do not present a risk of contact allergy for consumers who use fabric rinse conditioners. Each material was assessed in the human maximization test in a panel of 25 volunteers. Diagnostic patch testing was also performed with each material in a population of 239 patients undergoing routine patch testing for suspected allergic contact dermatitis. These data are also considered in the context of an exposure-based quantitative risk assessment. Neither HEQ nor TEA-Quat was found to cause skin sensitization under the conditions of the human maximization test. No evidence of contact allergy to the materials was found among the relatively small population assessed by diagnostic patch testing. This study provides evidence that HEQ and TEA-Quat lack substantial skin-sensitizing potential in humans. Taken together with similar data for other ester quats, it suggests that compounds in this class are unlikely to be significant human contact allergens.
[An integrated model for examination of aphasic patients and evaluation of treatment results].

PubMed

Ansink, B J; Vanneste, J A; Endtz, L J

1980-02-01

This article is an overview of the literature on integrated, multidisciplinar examination of aphasic patients, its consequences for treatment and the evaluation of the results thereof; the need of virtually standardized methods of investigation for each language is stressed.
Experimental studies on natural aspirated diesel engine fuelled with corn seed oil methyl ester as a bio-diesel.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rama Krishna Reddy, E.; Dhana Raju, V.

2018-03-01

This paper evaluates the possibilities of using corn seed oil methyl ester as a fuel for compression ignition engines. The biodiesels are contained high oxygen content, and high Cetane number, due to this properties efficiency of biodiesel is higher than diesel fuel. The experiments were conducted with different biodiesel blends of (B10, B15, B20 and B25) corn seed oil on single cylinder four stroke natural aspirated diesel engines. Performance parameters and exhaust emissions are investigated in this experimental with the blends of the corn seed oil methyl ester and diesel fuel. The test results showed that the bio-diesel blends gives improved results for brake thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption when compared with the diesel fuel. The emissions of corn seed methyl esters follow the same trend of diesel but the smoke opacity was reduces for all blends. From the investigation, corn seed methyl ester is also having the properties similar to diesel fuel; it is biodegradable and renewable fuel, so it will be used as an alternative for diesel fuel.
Synthesis of Amide and Ester Derivatives of Cinnamic Acid and Its Analogs: Evaluation of Their Free Radical Scavenging and Monoamine Oxidase and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activities.

PubMed

Takao, Koichi; Toda, Kazuhiro; Saito, Takayuki; Sugita, Yoshiaki

2017-01-01

A series of cinnamic acid derivatives, amides (1-12) and esters (13-22), were synthesized, and structure-activity relationships for antioxidant activity, and monoamine oxidases (MAO) A and B, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities were analyzed. Among the synthesized compounds, compounds 1-10, 12-18, and rosmarinic acid (23), which contained catechol, o-methoxyphenol or 5-hydroxyindole moieties, showed potent 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. Compounds 9-11, 15, 17-22 showed potent and selective MAO-B inhibitory activity. Compound 20 was the most potent inhibitor of MAO-B. Compounds 18 and 21 showed moderate BChE inhibitory activity. In addition, compound 18 showed potent antioxidant activity and MAO-B inhibitory activity. In a comparison of the cinnamic acid amides and esters, the amides exhibited more potent DPPH free radical scavenging activity, while the esters showed stronger inhibitory activities against MAO-B and BChE. These results suggested that cinnamic acid derivatives such as compound 18, p-coumaric acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester, and compound 20, p-coumaric acid phenethyl ester, may serve as lead compounds for the development of novel MAO-B inhibitors and candidate lead compounds for the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Collaborative Study of an Indirect Enzymatic Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and Glycidyl Esters in Edible Oils.

PubMed

Koyama, Kazuo; Miyazaki, Kinuko; Abe, Kousuke; Egawa, Yoshitsugu; Kido, Hirotsugu; Kitta, Tadashi; Miyashita, Takashi; Nezu, Toru; Nohara, Hidenori; Sano, Takashi; Takahashi, Yukinari; Taniguchi, Hideji; Yada, Hiroshi; Yamazaki, Kumiko; Watanabe, Yomi

2016-07-01

A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate an indirect enzymatic method for the analysis of fatty acid esters of 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD), 2-monochloro-1,3-propanediol (2-MCPD), and glycidol (Gly) in edible oils and fats. The method is characterized by the use of Candida rugosa lipase, which hydrolyzes the esters at room temperature in 30 min. Hydrolysis and bromination steps convert esters of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and glycidol to free 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and 3-monobromo-1,2-propanediol, respectively, which are then derivatized with phenylboronic acid, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In a collaborative study involving 13 laboratories, liquid palm, solid palm, rapeseed, and rice bran oils spiked with 0.5-4.4 mg/kg of esters of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and Gly were analyzed in duplicate. The repeatability (RSDr) were < 5% for five liquid oil samples and 8% for a solid oil sample. The reproducibility (RSDR) ranged from 5% to 18% for all oil samples. These RSDR values were considered satisfactory because the Horwitz ratios were ≤ 1.3% for all three analytes in all oil samples. This method is applicable to the quantification of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and Gly esters in edible oils.
Identification of ester metabolites from petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation in groundwater using GC×GC-TOFMS.

PubMed

O'Reilly, Kirk T; Mohler, Rachel E; Zemo, Dawn A; Ahn, Sungwoo; Tiwary, Asheesh K; Magaw, Renae I; Devine, Catalina Espino; Synowiec, Karen A

2015-09-01

In an effort to understand the nature and toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbon degradation metabolites, 2-dimensional gas chromatography linked to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC×GC-TOFMS) was used to conduct nontargeted analysis of the extracts of 61 groundwater samples collected from 10 fuel release sites. An unexpected result was the tentative identification of 197 unique esters. Although esters are known to be part of specific hydrocarbon degradative pathways, they are not commonly considered or evaluated in field studies of petroleum biodegradation. In addition to describing the compounds identified, the present study discusses the role for nontargeted analysis in environmental studies. Overall, the low toxicological profile of the identified esters, along with the limited potential for exposure, renders them unlikely to pose any significant health risk. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., on behalf of SETAC.
Evaluation of peanut fatty acid methyl ester sprays, combustion, and emissions, for use in an indirect injection diesel engine

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The paper provides an analysis of 100% peanut fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and peanut FAME/ULSD#2 blends (P20, P35, and P50) in an indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine (for auxiliary power unit applications) in comparison to ultralow sulfur diesel no. 2 (ULSD#2) at various speeds and 100% load...
Evaluation of certain food additives.

PubMed

2017-01-01

This report represents the conclusions of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee convened to evaluate the safety of various food additives, including flavouring agents, with a view to concluding as to safety concerns and to preparing specifications for identity and purity. The first part of the report contains a general discussion of the principles governing the toxicological evaluation of and assessment of dietary exposure to food additives, including flavouring agents. A summary follows of the Committee’s evaluations of technical, toxicological and dietary exposure data for 10 food additives (Allura Red AC; carob bean gum; lutein esters from Tagetes erecta; octenyl succinic acid (OSA)– modified gum arabic; pectin; Quinoline Yellow; rosemary extract; steviol glycosides; tartrazine; and xanthan gum) and five groups of flavouring agents (alicyclic, alicyclic-fused and aromatic-fused ring lactones; aliphatic and aromatic amines and amides; aliphatic secondary alcohols, ketones and related esters; cinnamyl alcohol and related substances; and tetrahydrofuran and furanone derivatives). Specifications for the following food additives were revised: aspartame; cassia gum; citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol (CITREM); modified starches; octanoic acid; starch sodium octenyl succinate; and total colouring matters. Annexed to the report are tables summarizing the Committee’s recommendations for dietary exposures to and toxicological evaluations of all of the food additives, including flavouring agents, considered at this meeting.
Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants.

PubMed

2013-01-01

This report represents the conclusions of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee convened to evaluate the safety of various food additives and a food contaminant with a view to concluding as to safety concerns and to preparing specifications for identity and purity. The first part of the report contains a general discussion of the principles governing the toxicological evaluation of and assessment of dietary exposure to food additives. A summary follows of the Committee's evaluations of technical, toxicological and dietary exposure data for seven food additives (advantame; glucoamylase from Trichoderma reesei expressed in Trichoderma reesei; glycerol ester of gum rosin; glycerol ester of tall oil rosin; glycerol ester of wood rosin; nisin; and octenyl succinic acid modified gum arabic) and an assessment of dietary exposure to cadmium from cocoa and cocoa products. Specifications for the following food additives were revised: annatto extracts (solvent-extracted bixin and solvent-extracted norbixin); Benzoe tonkinensis; food additives containing aluminium and/or silicon; mineral oil (medium viscosity); modified starches; paprika extract; phosphates (analytical methods for the determination of phosphorus and revision of specifications); 3-phytase from Aspergillus niger expressed in Aspergillus niger; potassium aluminium silicate; and potassium aluminium silicate-based pearlescent pigments. Annexed to the report are tables summarizing the Committee's recommendations for dietary exposures to and toxicological evaluations of the food additives and contaminant considered.
Quantitative method of determining beryllium or a compound thereof in a sample

DOEpatents

McCleskey, T. Mark; Ehler, Deborah S.; John, Kevin D.; Burrell, Anthony K.; Collis, Gavin E.; Minogue, Edel M.; Warner, Benjamin P.

2006-10-31

A method of determining beryllium or a beryllium compound thereof in a sample, includes providing a sample suspected of comprising beryllium or a compound thereof, extracting beryllium or a compound thereof from the sample by dissolving in a solution, adding a fluorescent indicator to the solution to thereby bind any beryllium or a compound thereof to the fluorescent indicator, and determining the presence or amount of any beryllium or a compound thereof in the sample by measuring fluorescence.
Quantitative method of determining beryllium or a compound thereof in a sample

DOEpatents

McCleskey, T. Mark; Ehler, Deborah S.; John, Kevin D.; Burrell, Anthony K.; Collis, Gavin E.; Minogue, Edel M.; Warner, Benjamin P.

2010-08-24

A method of determining beryllium or a beryllium compound thereof in a sample, includes providing a sample suspected of comprising beryllium or a compound thereof, extracting beryllium or a compound thereof from the sample by dissolving in a solution, adding a fluorescent indicator to the solution to thereby bind any beryllium or a compound thereof to the fluorescent indicator, and determining the presence or amount of any beryllium or a compound thereof in the sample by measuring fluorescence.
Redox-silent tocotrienol esters as breast cancer proliferation and migration inhibitors.

PubMed

Behery, Fathy A; Elnagar, Ahmed Y; Akl, Mohamed R; Wali, Vikram B; Abuasal, Bilal; Kaddoumi, Amal; Sylvester, Paul W; El Sayed, Khalid A

2010-11-15

Tocotrienols are vitamin E members with potent antiproliferative activity against preneoplastic and neoplastic mammary epithelial cells with little or no effect on normal cell growth or functions. However, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties greatly limit their use as therapeutic agents. Tocotrienols' chemical instability, poor water solubility, NPC1L1-mediated transport, and rapid metabolism are examples of such obstacles which hinder the therapeutic use of these valuable natural products. Vitamin E esters like α-tocopheryl succinate were prepared to significantly improve chemical and metabolic stability, water solubility, and potency. Thus, 12 semisynthetic tocotrienol ester analogues 4-15 were prepared by direct esterification of natural tocotrienol isomers with various acid anhydrides or chlorides. Esters 4-15 were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the proliferation and migration of the mammary tumor cells +SA and MDA-MB-231, respectively. Esters 5, 9, and 11 effectively inhibited the proliferation of the highly metastatic +SA rodent mammary epithelial cells with IC(50) values of 0.62, 0.51, and 0.86μM, respectively, at doses that had no effect on immortalized normal mouse CL-S1 mammary epithelial cells. Esters 4, 6, 8-10, and 13 inhibited 50% of the migration of the human metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells at a single 5μM dose in wound-healing assay. The most active ester 9 was 1000-fold more water-soluble and chemically stable versus its parent α-tocotrienol (1). These findings strongly suggest that redox-silent tocotrienol esters may provide superior therapeutic forms of tocotrienols for the control of metastatic breast cancer. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Optimization of an Indirect Enzymatic Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and Glycidyl Esters in Edible Oils.

PubMed

Koyama, Kazuo; Miyazaki, Kinuko; Abe, Kousuke; Ikuta, Keiich; Egawa, Yoshitsugu; Kitta, Tadashi; Kido, Hirotsugu; Sano, Takashi; Takahashi, Yukinari; Nezu, Toru; Nohara, Hidenori; Miyashita, Takashi; Yada, Hiroshi; Yamazaki, Kumiko; Watanabe, Yomi

2015-01-01

We developed a novel, indirect enzymatic method for the analysis of fatty acid esters of 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD), 2-monochloro-1,3-propanediol (2-MCPD), and glycidol (Gly) in edible oils and fats. Using this method, the ester analytes were rapidly cleavaged by Candida rugosa lipase at room temperature for 0.5 h. As a result of the simultaneous hydrolysis and bromination steps, 3-MCPD esters, 2-MCPD esters, and glycidyl esters were converted to free 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and 3-monobromo-1,2-propanediol (3-MBPD), respectively. After the addition of internal standards, the mixtures were washed with hexane, derivatized with phenylboronic acid, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The analytical method was evaluated in preliminary and feasibility studies performed by 13 laboratories. The preliminary study from 4 laboratories showed the reproducibility (RSD R ) of < 10% and recoveries in the range of 102-111% for the spiked 3-MCPD and 2-MCPD in extra virgin olive (EVO) oil, semi-solid palm oil, and solid palm oil. However, the RSDR and recoveries of Gly in the palm oil samples were not satisfactory. The Gly content of refrigerated palm oil samples decreased whereas the samples at room temperature were stable for three months, and this may be due to the depletion of Gly during cold storage. The feasibility studies performed by all 13 laboratories were conducted based on modifications of the shaking conditions for ester cleavage, the conditions of Gly bromination, and the removal of gel formed by residual lipase. Satisfactory RSDR were obtained for EVO oil samples spiked with standard esters (4.4% for 3-MCPD, 11.2% for 2-MCPD, and 6.6% for Gly).
Clonidine as adjuvant for oxybuprocaine, bupivacaine or dextrorphan has a significant peripheral action in intensifying and prolonging analgesia in response to local dorsal cutaneous noxious pinprick in rats.

PubMed

Chen, Yu-Wen; Chu, Chin-Chen; Chen, Yu-Chung; Hung, Ching-Hsia; Hsueh, Meng-I; Wang, Jhi-Joung

2011-06-08

The aim of the study was to evaluate co-administration of clonidine with oxybuprocaine (ester type), bupivacaine (amide type) or dextrorphan (non-ester or non-amide type) and to see whether it could have a peripheral action in enhancing local anesthesia on infiltrative cutaneous analgesia in rats. Cutaneous analgesia was evaluated by a block of the cutaneous trunci muscle reflex (CTMR) in response to local dorsal cutaneous noxious pinprick in rats. The analgesic effect of the addition of clonidine with oxybuprocaine, bupivacaine or dextrorphan by subcutaneous injection was evaluated. On an ED(50) basis, the rank of drug potency was oxybuprocaine>bupivacaine>dextrorphan (P<0.01). Mixtures of clonidine (0.12μmol) with oxybuprocaine, bupivacaine or dextrorphan (ED(50) or ED(95)) extended the duration of action and increased the potency on infiltrative cutaneous analgesia. Among these drugs, the addition of clonidine to bupivacaine (amide type) elicits the most effective cutaneous analgesia. Clonidine at the dose of 0.12 and 0.24μmol did not produce cutaneous analgesia. Oxybuprocaine showed more potent cutaneous analgesia than bupivacaine or dextrorphan in rats. Co-administration of oxybuprocaine, bupivacaine or dextrorphan with clonidine increased the potency and duration on infiltrative cutaneous analgesia. The addition of clonidine to bupivacaine (amide type) elicits more effective cutaneous analgesia than oxybuprocaine (ester type) or dextrorphan (non-ester or non-amide type). Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
New fluoroprostaglandin F(2alpha) derivatives with prostanoid FP-receptor agonistic activity as potent ocular-hypotensive agents.

PubMed

Nakajima, Tadashi; Matsugi, Takeshi; Goto, Wakana; Kageyama, Masaaki; Mori, Nobuaki; Matsumura, Yasushi; Hara, Hideaki

2003-12-01

To find new prostanoid FP-receptor agonists possessing potent ocular-hypotensive effects with minimal side effects, we evaluated the agonistic activities of newly synthesized prostaglandin F(2alpha) derivatives for the prostanoid FP-receptor both in vitro and in vivo. The iris constrictions induced by the derivatives and their effects on melanin content were examined using cat isolated iris sphincters and cultured B16 melanoma cells, respectively. The effects of derivative ester forms on miosis and intraocular pressure (IOP) were evaluated in cats and cynomolgus monkeys, respectively. Of these derivatives, 6 out of 12 compounds were more potent iris constrictors, with EC(50) values of 0.6 to 9.4 nM, than a carboxylic acid of latanoprost (EC(50)=13.6 nM). A carboxylic acid of latanoprost (100 microM) significantly increased the melanin content of cultured B16 melanoma cells, but some 15,15-difluoro derivatives, such as AFP-157 and AFP-172, did not. Topically applied AFP-168, AFP-169 and AFP-175 (isopropyl ester, methyl ester and ethyl ester forms, respectively, of AFP-172) induced miosis in cats more potently than latanoprost. AFP-168 (0.0005%) reduced IOP to the same extent as 0.005% latanoprost (for at least 8 h). These findings indicate that 15,15-difluoroprostaglandin F(2alpha) derivatives, especially AFP-168, have more potent prostanoid FP-receptor agonistic activities than latanoprost. Hence, AFP-168 may be worthy of further evaluation as an ocular-hypotensive agent.
Controlled method of reducing electrophoretic mobility of various substances

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vanalstine, James M. (Inventor)

1989-01-01

A method of reducing electrophoretic mobility of macromolecules, particles, cells, and the like is provided. The method comprises interacting the particles or cells with a polymer-linked affinity compound composed of: a hydrophilic neutral polymer such as polyethylene glycol, and an affinity component consisting of a hydrophobic compound such as a fatty acid ester, an immunocompound such as an antibody or active fragment thereof or simular macromolecule, or other ligands. The reduction of electrophoretic mobility achieved is directly proportional to the concentration of the polymer-linked affinity compound employed, and the mobility reduction obtainable is up to 100 percent for particular particles and cells. The present invention is advantageous in that analytical electrophoretic separation can not be achieved for macromolecules, particles, and cells whose native surface charge structure had prevented them from being separated by normal electrophoretic means. Depending on the affinity component utilized, separation can be achieved on the basis of specific/irreversible, specific/reversible, semi-specific/reversible, relatively nonspecific/reversible, or relatively nonspecific/irreversible ligand-substance interactions. The present method is also advantageous in that it can be used in a variety of standard laboratory electrophoresis equipment.

Realizing Serine/Threonine Ligation: Scope and Limitations and Mechanistic Implication Thereof

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wong, Clarence; Li, Tianlu; Lam, Hiu Yung; Zhang, Yinfeng; LI, Xuechen

2014-05-01

Serine/Threonine ligation (STL) has emerged as an alternative tool for protein chemical synthesis, bioconjugations as well as macrocyclization of peptides of various sizes. Owning to the high abundance of Ser/Thr residues in natural peptides and proteins, STL is expected to find a wide range of applications in chemical biology research. Herein, we have fully investigated the compatibility of the serine/threonine ligation strategy for X-Ser/Thr ligation sites, where X is any of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. Our studies have shown that 17 amino acids are suitable for ligation, while Asp, Glu, and Lys are not compatible. Among the working 17 C-terminal amino acids, the retarded reaction resulted from the bulky β-branched amino acid (Thr, Val and Ile) is not seen under the current ligation condition. We have also investigated the chemoselectivity involving the amino group of the internal lysine which may compete with the N-terminal Ser/Thr for reaction with the C-terminal salicylaldehyde (SAL) ester aldehyde group. The result suggested that the free internal amino group does not adversely slow down the ligation rate.
Saponification of esters of chiral alpha-amino acids anchored through their amine function on solid support.

PubMed

Cantel, Sonia; Desgranges, Stéphane; Martinez, Jean; Fehrentz, Jean-Alain

2004-06-01

Anchoring an alpha-amino acid residue by its amine function onto a solid support is an alternative to develop chemistry on its carboxylic function. This strategy can involve the use of amino-acid esters as precursors of the carboxylic function. A complete study on the Wang-resin was performed to determine the non racemizing saponification conditions of anchored alpha-amino esters. The use of LiOH, NaOH, NaOSi(Me)3, various solvents and temperatures were tested for this reaction. After saponification and cleavage from the support, samples were examined through their Marfey's derivatives by reversed phase HPLC to evaluate the percentage of racemization.
Control and monitoring of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in walnut orchards treated with novel high-load, low-density “meso” dispensers of sex pheromone and pear ester

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Novel low-density per ha “meso” dispensers loaded with both pear ester, ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate, kairomone and codlemone, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, the sex pheromone of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L)., were evaluated versus meso dispensers loaded with pheromone-alone for their mating disru...
Solid dispersions of the penta-ethyl ester prodrug of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA): Formulation design and optimization studies

PubMed Central

Yang, Yu-Tsai; Di Pasqua, Anthony J.; Zhang, Yong; Sueda, Katsuhiko; Jay, Michael

2015-01-01

The penta-ethyl ester prodrug of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), which exists as an oily liquid, was incorporated into a solid dispersion for oral administration by the solvent evaporation method using blends of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Eudragit® RL PO and α-tocopherol. D-optimal mixture design was used to optimize the formulation. Formulations that had a high concentration of both Eudragit® RL PO and α-tocopherol exhibited low water absorption and enhanced stability of the DTPA prodrug. Physicochemical properties of the optimal formulation were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In vitro release of the prodrug was evaluated using the USP Type II apparatus dissolution method. DSC studies indicated that the matrix had an amorphous structure, while FTIR spectrometry showed that DTPA penta-ethyl ester and excipients did not react with each other during formation of the solid dispersion.. Dissolution testing showed that the optimized solid dispersion exhibited a prolonged release profile, which could potentially result in a sustained delivery of DTPA penta-ethyl to enhance bioavailability. In conclusion, DTPA penta-ethyl ester was successfully incorporated into a solid matrix with high drug loading and improved stability compared to prodrug alone. PMID:24047113
Graphene oxide based sol-gel stainless steel fiber for the headspace solid-phase microextraction of organophosphate ester flame retardants in water samples.

PubMed

Jin, Tingting; Cheng, Jing; Cai, Cuicui; Cheng, Min; Wu, Shiju; Zhou, Hongbin

2016-07-29

In this paper, graphene oxide was coated onto a stainless steel wire through sol-gel technique and it was used as a solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber. The prepared fiber was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which displayed that the fiber had crinkled surface and porous structure The application of the fiber was evaluated through the headspace SPME of nine organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) with different characteristics in water samples followed by gas chromatography and nitrogen-phosphorous detector (GC/NPD). The major factors influencing the extraction efficiency, including the extraction and desorption conditions, were studied and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the proposed method was evaluated, and applied to the analysis of organophosphate ester flame retardants in real environmental water samples. The results demonstrated the HS-SPME method based on GO sol-gel fiber had good linearity (R>0.9928), and limits of detection (1.4-135.6ngL(-1)), high repeatability (RSD<9.8%) and good recovery (76.4-112.4%). The GO based sol-gel fiber displayed bigger extraction capability than the commercial PDMS fiber and the pure sol-gel fiber for both polar and apolar organophosphate esters, especially for the OPFRs containing benzene rings. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Dietary exposure and human risk assessment of phthalate esters based on total diet study in Cambodia

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cheng, Zhang; Li, Han-Han

Phthalate esters are used in a wide variety of consumer products, and human exposure to this class of compounds is widespread. Nevertheless, studies on dietary exposure of human to phthalates are limited. In this study, to assess the daily intakes of phthalate esters and the possible adverse health impacts, different food samples were collected from three areas of Cambodia, one of the poorest countries in the world. The ∑phthalate ester concentrations in Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal provinces ranged from 0.05 to 2.34 (median 0.88) μg g{sup −1}, 0.19–1.65 (median 0.86) μg g{sup −1} and 0.24–3.05 (median 0.59) μg g{supmore » −1} wet weight (ww), respectively. Di-2-Ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) were the predominant compounds among all foodstuffs. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of phthalate esters for the general population in Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal was 34.3, 35.6 and 35.8 μg kg{sup −1} bw d{sup −1}, respectively. The dietary daily intake of DEHP, benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal were below the tolerable daily intakes (TDI) imposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and reference doses (RfD) imposed by The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Rice contributed the greatest quantity of DEHP to the daily intake in Cambodia so may deserve further exploration. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the occurrence and the daily intakes of phthalate esters in Cambodia. - Highlights: • Phthalate esters concentration in daily foodstuffs collected from Cambodia. • Investigate the bioaccessbility of phthalate esters via the foodstuffs consumption. • Health risk evaluation of dietary exposure to phthalate esters.« less
Evaluation of certain contaminants in food.

PubMed

2017-01-01

This report represents the conclusions of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee convened to evaluate the safety of various contaminants or groups of contaminants in food. The first part of the report contains a brief description of general considerations addressed at the meeting, including updates on matters of interest to the work of the Committee. A summary follows of the Committee’s evaluations of technical, toxicological and/or dietary exposure data for six contaminants or groups of contaminants (aflatoxins, 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, fumonisins, glycidyl esters, 3-MCPD esters and 3-MCPD, sterigmatocystin) as well as an evaluation of co-exposure of fumonisins with aflatoxins. Annexed to the report is a summary of the toxicological and dietary exposure information as well as the Committee’s recommendations on the contaminants and groups of contaminants considered at this meeting.
High-level accumulation of oleyl oleate in plant seed oil by abundant supply of oleic acid substrates to efficient wax ester synthesis enzymes.

PubMed

Yu, Dan; Hornung, Ellen; Iven, Tim; Feussner, Ivo

2018-01-01

Biotechnology enables the production of high-valued industrial feedstocks from plant seed oil. The plant-derived wax esters with long-chain monounsaturated acyl moieties, like oleyl oleate, have favorite properties for lubrication. For biosynthesis of wax esters using acyl-CoA substrates, expressions of a fatty acyl reductase (FAR) and a wax synthase (WS) in seeds are sufficient. For optimization of the enzymatic activity and subcellular localization of wax ester synthesis enzymes, two fusion proteins were created, which showed wax ester-forming activities in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . To promote the formation of oleyl oleate in seed oil, WSs from Acinetobactor baylyi ( Ab WSD1) and Marinobacter aquaeolei ( Ma WS2), as well as the two created fusion proteins were tested in Arabidopsis to evaluate their abilities and substrate preference for wax ester production. The tested seven enzyme combinations resulted in different yields and compositions of wax esters. Expression of a FAR of Marinobacter aquaeolei ( Ma FAR) with Ab WSD1 or Ma WS2 led to a high incorporation of C 18 substrates in wax esters. The Ma FAR/TM Mm AWAT2- Ab WSD1 combination resulted in the incorporation of more C 18:1 alcohol and C 18:0 acyl moieties into wax esters compared with Ma FAR/ Ab WSD1. The fusion protein of a WS from Simmondsia chinensis ( Sc WS) with MaFAR exhibited higher specificity toward C 20:1 substrates in preference to C 18:1 substrates. Expression of Ma FAR/ Ab WSD1 in the Arabidopsis fad2 fae1 double mutant resulted in the accumulation of oleyl oleate (18:1/18:1) in up to 62 mol% of total wax esters in seed oil, which was much higher than the 15 mol% reached by Ma FAR/ Ab WSD1 in Arabidopsis Col-0 background. In order to increase the level of oleyl oleate in seed oil of Camelina , lines expressing Ma FAR/ Sc WS were crossed with a transgenic high oleate line. The resulting plants accumulated up to >40 mg g seed -1 of wax esters, containing 27-34 mol% oleyl oleate. The overall yields and the compositions of wax esters can be strongly affected by the availability of acyl-CoA substrates and to a lesser extent, by the characteristics of wax ester synthesis enzymes. For synthesis of oleyl oleate in plant seed oil, appropriate wax ester synthesis enzymes with high catalytic efficiency and desired substrate specificity should be expressed in plant cells; meanwhile, high levels of oleic acid-derived substrates need to be supplied to these enzymes by modifying the fatty acid profile of developing seeds.
Evaluation of substituted ebselen derivatives as potential trypanocidal agents.

PubMed

Gordhan, Heeren M; Patrick, Stephen L; Swasy, Maria I; Hackler, Amber L; Anayee, Mark; Golden, Jennifer E; Morris, James C; Whitehead, Daniel C

2017-02-01

Human African trypanosomiasis is a disease of sub-Saharan Africa, where millions are at risk for the illness. The disease, commonly referred to as African sleeping sickness, is caused by an infection by the eukaryotic pathogen, Trypanosoma brucei. Previously, a target-based high throughput screen revealed ebselen (EbSe), and its sulfur analog, EbS, to be potent in vitro inhibitors of the T. brucei hexokinase 1 (TbHK1). These molecules also exhibited potent trypanocidal activity in vivo. In this manuscript, we synthesized a series of sixteen EbSe and EbS derivatives bearing electron-withdrawing carboxylic acid and methyl ester functional groups, and evaluated the influence of these substituents on the biological efficacy of the parent scaffold. With the exception of one methyl ester derivative, these modifications ablated or blunted the potent TbHK1 inhibition of the parent scaffold. Nonetheless, a few of the methyl ester derivatives still exhibited trypanocidal effects with single-digit micromolar or high nanomolar EC 50 values. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Evaluation of additive effects of hydrolyzed jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) esters and glycerol: a preliminary study.

PubMed

Meyer, Jaimi; Marshall, Brooke; Gacula, Maximo; Rheins, Lawrence

2008-12-01

Glycerol has long served the topical prescriptive and personal care industry as a versatile and functional active and inactive ingredient. In skin care products, it acts primarily as an emollient, softening the skin through robust humectant hydration action. Hydrolyzed Jojoba Esters K-20W (K-20W) have been shown to increase skin hydration and improve sensory skin "feel" when included in a variety of skin, hair, and nail care cosmetic/personal care formulations. The addition of glycerol and hydrolyzed jojoba esters provides a substantial long-acting 24 h (moisturizing) skin hydration effect for topical products. A small pilot study was conducted to support the "proof of concept" that an enhanced, additive role exists between these two ingredients resulting in a long-term (24 h) skin moisturization effect. Topical treatments were applied to the skin (lower leg) of subjects, and evaluations were made at baseline and 8- to 24-h post-application. Skin hydration data were obtained via bio-instrumental transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements and expert clinical skin grading, including standardized digital clinical photography. Clinical skin grading evaluations and TEWL measurements found that significantly lower evaporative (P < 0.05) TEWL values occurred in the topical formulations containing 3.75% glycerol and 1.25% K-20W (hydrolyzed jojoba esters) than with glycerol alone in a standard base skin care lotion at 8 and 24 h posttreatment. This preliminary data "proof of concept" supports the position that glycerol and hydrolyzed jojoba esters work in tandem to enhance skin moisturization for at least 24 h. This unique moisturizing potential may prove valuable in the future development of cosmetic and over-the-counter/prescriptive topical products, including new medicaments containing botanicals. This fact is further reinforced with the recent greater commercial use and demand for defined safe botanicals in cosmetic as well as pharmaceutical topical formulations. Additional mechanistic studies are underway.
Bioactivity and structure-activity relationship of cinnamic acid derivatives and its heteroaromatic ring analogues as potential high-efficient acaricides against Psoroptes cuniculi.

PubMed

Chen, Dong-Dong; Zhang, Bing-Yu; Liu, Xiu-Xiu; Li, Xing-Qiang; Yang, Xin-Juan; Zhou, Le

2018-04-01

A series of cinnamic acid derivatives and its heteroaromatic ring analogues were synthesized and evaluated for acaricidal activity in vitro against Psoroptes cuniculi, a mange mite. Among them, eight compounds showed the higher activity with median lethal concentrations (LC 50 ) of 0.36-1.07mM (60.4-192.1µg/mL) and great potential for the development of novel acaricidal agent. Compound 40 showed both the lowest LC 50 value of 0.36mM (60.4µg/mL) and the smallest median lethal time (LT 50 ) of 2.6h at 4.5mM, comparable with ivermectin [LC 50 =0.28mM (247.4µg/mL), LT 50 =8.9h], an acaricidal drug standard. SAR analysis showed that the carbonyl group is crucial for the activity. The type and chain length of the alkoxy in the ester moiety and the steric hindrance near the ester group significantly influence the activity. The esters were more active than the corresponding thiol esters, amides, ketones or acids. Replacement of the phenyl group of cinnamic esters with α-pyridyl or α-furanyl significantly increase the activity. Thus, a series of cinnamic esters and its heteroaromatic ring analogues with excellent acaricidal activity emerged. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Evaluation of TER-SYSTEM resist for 193-nm imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Johnson, Donald W.; Egbe, Matthew I.; Chen, Cindy X.; Lin, Lin; Liao, Yihua; Bukasa, Ngalula C.; Suzuki, Yasuhiro

1997-07-01

Exposures leading to 0.18 micrometer or better resolution are now being demanded by IC development. Photolithography using 193 nm exposure tools is the leading technology for the development of these next generation of devices. We are reporting on our development efforts on the TER resist system, which is a single layer resist designed for image evaluation applications at 193 nm exposure wavelengths. The TER-system has been developed to allow equipment manufacturers to evaluate their equipment, to provide R&D lithographers with materials to qualify their 193 nm equipment and to determine process control parameters. The TER-system is a chemically amplified methacrylate resist terpolymer. It is composed of methyl methacrylate (MMA), methacrylic acid (MAA) and an acid labile acrylic ester. We have evaluated different leaving groups as the acid labile component and we report on the initial results of several. We also examined different onium salts as the PAG component. One such example is di(t- butylphenyl)-iodonium p-toluenesulfonate and we report on other examples which were used. We evaluated the thermal stability of the resins and thermal analysis showed they start to decompose at about 125 degrees Celsius when tetrahydropyranyl methacrylate is used. Other more thermally stable systems were also evaluated. Post apply bake (PAB) temperatures of 100 - 125 degrees Celsius were preferably used with the tetrahydropyranyl ester. Other more thermally stable esters, such as tetrahydro-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-pyran-4-yl methacrylate (mevalonic lactone), ethoxy-ethyl methacrylate and 3-oxo-cyclohexyl methacrylate, also are described. Exposures in the range of 5 - 50 mJ/cm2 were typical and varied depending on the ester, the PAG, and other processing parameters. The acid catalyzed reaction rates after exposure were observed to be rapid. In all cases, post exposure bake (PEB) was typically carried out at 10 degrees Celsius or lower. Initial exposure evaluations at 193 nm and 248 nm show good resolution and image fidelity. The TER-system produced better than 0.225 micrometer resolution using 248 nm exposure equipment (NA equals 0.55) suggesting that better than 0.18 micrometer resolution is possible with 193 nm exposures. Results of resist synthesis, formulation and evaluation are presented.
78 FR 17940 - Certain Computerized Orthopedic Surgical Devices, Software, Implants, and Components Thereof...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-25

..., Software, Implants, and Components Thereof; Notice of Receipt of Complaint; Solicitation of Comments... Certain Computerized Orthopedic Surgical Devices, Software, Implants, and Components Thereof, DN 2945; the... importation of certain computerized orthopedic surgical devices, software, implants, and components thereof...
30 CFR 27.39 - Tests to determine resistance to vibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., EVALUATION, AND APPROVAL OF MINING PRODUCTS METHANE-MONITORING SYSTEMS Test Requirements § 27.39 Tests to... to verify the reliability and durability of a methane-monitoring system or component(s) thereof where...
75 FR 34482 - Certain Biometric Scanning Devices, Components Thereof, Associated Software, and Products...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-17

..., Components Thereof, Associated Software, and Products Containing the Same; Notice of Investigation AGENCY: U... scanning devices, components thereof, associated software, and products containing the same by reason of... after importation of certain biometric scanning devices, components thereof, associated software, or...
[Quality assessment of sulfur-fumigated paeoniae alba radix].

PubMed

Wang, Zhao; Chen, Yu-Wu; Wang, Qiong; Sun, Lei; Xu, Wei-Yi; Jin, Hong-Yu; Ma, Shuang-Cheng

2014-08-01

The samples of sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Alba Radix acquired both by random spot check from domestic market and self-production by the research group in the laboratory were used to evaluate the effects of sulphur fumigation on the quality of Paeoniae Alba Radix by comparing sulfur-fumigated degree and character, the content of paeoniflorin and paeoniflorin sulfurous acid ester, and changes of the fingerprint. We used methods in Chinese Pharmacopeia to evaluate the character of sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Alba Radix and determinate the content of aulfur-fumigated paeoniflorin. LC-MS method was used to analyze paeoniflorin-converted products. HPLC fingerprint methods were established to evaluate the differences on quality by similarity. Results showed that fumigated Paeoniae Alba Radix became white and its unique fragrance disappeared, along with the production of pungent sour gas. It also had a significant effect on paeoniflorin content. As sulfur smoked degree aggravated, paeoniflorin content decreased subsequently, some of which turned into paeoniflorin sulfurous acid ester, and this change was not reversible. Fingerprint also showed obvious changes. Obviously, sulfur fumigation had severe influence on the quality of Paeoniae Alba Radix, but we can control the quality of the Paeoniae Alba Radix by testing the paeoniflorin sulfurous acid ester content.
Spectroscopy reveals that ethyl esters interact with proteins in wine.

PubMed

Di Gaspero, Mattia; Ruzza, Paolo; Hussain, Rohanah; Vincenzi, Simone; Biondi, Barbara; Gazzola, Diana; Siligardi, Giuliano; Curioni, Andrea

2017-02-15

Impairment of wine aroma after vinification is frequently associated to bentonite treatments and this can be the result of protein removal, as recently demonstrated for ethyl esters. To evaluate the existence of an interaction between wine proteins and ethyl esters, the effects induced by these fermentative aroma compounds on the secondary structure and stability of VVTL1, a Thaumatin-like protein purified from wine, was analyzed by Synchrotron Radiation Circular Dichroism (SRCD) spectroscopy. The secondary structure of wine VVTL1 was not strongly affected by the presence of selected ethyl esters. In contrast, VVTL1 stability was slightly increased by the addition of ethyl-octanoate, -decanoate and -dodecanoate, but decreased by ethyl-hexanoate. This indicates the existence of an interaction between VVTL1 and at least some aroma compounds produced during fermentation. The data suggest that proteins removal from wine by bentonite can result in indirect removal of at least some aroma compounds associated with them. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Development of solvent-free offset ink using vegetable oil esters and high molecular-weight resin.

PubMed

Park, Jung Min; Kim, Young Han; Kim, Sung Bin

2013-01-01

In the development of solvent-free offset ink, the roles of resin molecular weight and used solvent on the ink performance were evaluated by examining the relationship between the various properties of resin and solvent and print quality. To find the best performing resin, the soy-oil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was applied to the five modified-phenolic resins having different molecular weights. It is found from the experimental results that the ink made of higher molecular weight and better solubility resin gives better printability and print quality. It is because larger molecular weight resin with better solubility gives higher rate of ink transfer. From the ink application of different esters to high molecular weight resin, the best printing performance was yielded from the soy-oil fatty acid butyl ester (FABE). It is due to its high kinematic viscosity resulting in the smallest change of ink transfer weight upon multiple number of printing, which improves the stability of ink quality.
Soybean biodiesel methyl esters, free glycerin and acid number quantification by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

PubMed

Coral, Natasha; Rodrigues, Elizabeth; Rumjanek, Victor; Zamian, José Roberto; da Rocha Filho, Geraldo Narciso; da Costa, Carlos Emmerson Ferreira

2013-02-01

Production of alternative fuels, such as biodiesel, from transesterification of vegetable oil driven by heterogeneous catalysts is a promising alternative to fossil diesel. However, achieving a successful substitution for a new renewable fuel depends on several quality parameters. (1)H NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the amount of methyl esters, free glycerin and acid number in the transesterification of soybean oil with methanol in the presence of hydrotalcite-type catalyst to produce biodiesel. Reaction parameters, such as temperature and time, were used to evaluate soybean oil methyl esters rate conversion. Temperatures of 100 to 180 °C and times of 20 to 240 min were tested on a 1 : 12 molar ratio soybean oil/methanol reaction. At 180 °C/240 min conditions, a rate of 94.5 wt% of methyl esters was obtained, where free glycerin and free fatty acids were not detected. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and 3D QSAR study of 2-methyl-4-oxo-3-oxetanylcarbamic acid esters as N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) inhibitors.

PubMed

Ponzano, Stefano; Berteotti, Anna; Petracca, Rita; Vitale, Romina; Mengatto, Luisa; Bandiera, Tiziano; Cavalli, Andrea; Piomelli, Daniele; Bertozzi, Fabio; Bottegoni, Giovanni

2014-12-11

N-(2-Oxo-3-oxetanyl)carbamic acid esters have recently been reported to be noncompetitive inhibitors of the N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) potentially useful for the treatment of pain and inflammation. In the present study, we further explored the structure-activity relationships of the carbamic acid ester side chain of 2-methyl-4-oxo-3-oxetanylcarbamic acid ester derivatives. Additional favorable features in the design of potent NAAA inhibitors have been found together with the identification of a single digit nanomolar inhibitor. In addition, we devised a 3D QSAR using the atomic property field method. The model turned out to be able to account for the structural variability and was prospectively validated by designing, synthesizing, and testing novel inhibitors. The fairly good agreement between predictions and experimental potency values points to this 3D QSAR model as the first example of quantitative structure-activity relationships in the field of NAAA inhibitors.

Flavour production by Saprochaete and Geotrichum yeasts and their close relatives.

PubMed

Grondin, Eric; Shum Cheong Sing, Alain; James, Steve; Nueno-Palop, Carmen; François, Jean Marie; Petit, Thomas

2017-12-15

In this study, a total of 30 yeast strains belonging to the genera Dipodascus, Galactomyces, Geotrichum, Magnusiomyces and Saprochaete were investigated for volatile organic compound production using HS-SPME-GC/MS analysis. The resulting flavour profiles, including 36 esters and 6 alcohols compounds, were statistically evaluated by cluster and PCA analysis. Two main groups of strains were extracted from this analysis, namely a group with a low ability to produce flavour and a group producing mainly alcohols. Two other minor groups of strains including Saprochaete suaveolens, Geotrichum marinum and Saprochaete gigas were diverging significantly from the main groups precisely because they showed a good ability to produce a large diversity of esters. In particular, we found that the Saprochaete genus (and their closed relatives) was characterized by a high production of unsaturated esters arising from partial catabolism of branched chain amino-acids. These esters were produced by eight phylogenetically related strains of Saprochaete genus. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
76 FR 70164 - Certain Devices With Secure Communication Capabilities, Components Thereof, and Products...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-10

... capabilities, components thereof, and products containing the same. The complaint names Apple Inc. of Cupertino..., Components Thereof, and Products Containing the Same; Receipt of Complaint; Solicitation of Comments Relating... Certain Devices with Secure Communication Capabilities, Components Thereof, and Products Containing the...
78 FR 14357 - Certain Compact Fluorescent Reflector Lamps, Products Containing Same and Components Thereof...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-05

... Reflector Lamps, Products Containing Same and Components Thereof; Institution of Investigation AGENCY: U.S... fluorescent reflector lamps, products containing same and components thereof by reason of infringement of... compact fluorescent reflector lamps, products containing same and components thereof by reason of...
75 FR 8399 - In the Matter of Certain Mobile Communications and Computer Devices and Components Thereof...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-24

... Communications and Computer Devices and Components Thereof; Notice of Investigation AGENCY: U.S. International... States after importation of certain mobile communications and computer devices and components thereof by... importation of certain mobile communications or computer devices or components thereof that infringe one or...
16 CFR 303.24 - Pile fabrics and products composed thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Pile fabrics and products composed thereof... CONGRESS RULES AND REGULATIONS UNDER THE TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION ACT § 303.24 Pile fabrics and products composed thereof. The fiber content of pile fabrics or products composed thereof may be...
76 FR 39896 - In the Matter of Certain GPS Navigation Products, Components Thereof, and Related Software...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-07

... Products, Components Thereof, and Related Software; Notice of Institution of Investigation; Institution of... importation of certain GPS navigation products, components thereof, and related software by reason of... importation of certain GPS navigation products, components thereof, and related software that infringe one or...
77 FR 35427 - Certain Mobile Devices, Associated Software, and Components Thereof Final Determination of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-13

... Software, and Components Thereof Final Determination of Violation; Issuance of a Limited Exclusion Order... importation of certain mobile devices, associated software, and components thereof by reason of infringement... importation of certain mobile devices, associated software, and components thereof containing same by reason...
77 FR 4059 - Certain Electronic Devices for Capturing and Transmitting Images, and Components Thereof; Receipt...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-26

... Images, and Components Thereof; Receipt of Complaint; Solicitation of Comments Relating to the Public... Devices for Capturing and Transmitting Images, and Components Thereof, DN 2869; the Commission is... importation of certain electronic devices for capturing and transmitting images, and components thereof. The...
Synthesis and antimalarial testing of neocryptolepine analogues: addition of ester function in SAR study of 2,11-disubstituted indolo[2,3-b]quinolines.

PubMed

Lu, Wen-Jie; Wicht, Kathryn J; Wang, Li; Imai, Kento; Mei, Zhen-Wu; Kaiser, Marcel; El Sayed, Ibrahim El Tantawy; Egan, Timothy J; Inokuchi, Tsutomu

2013-06-01

This report describes the synthesis, and in vitro and in vivo antimalarial evaluations of certain ester-modified neocryptolepine (5-methyl-5H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline) derivatives. The modifications were carried out by introducing ester groups at the C2 and/or C9 position on the neocryptolepine core and the terminal amino group of the 3-aminopropylamine substituents at the C11 position with a urea/thiourea unit. The antiplasmodial activities of our derivative agents against two different strains (CQS: NF54, and CQR: K1) and the cytotoxic activity against normal L6 cells were evaluated. The test results showed that the ester modified neocryptolepine derivatives have higher antiplasmodial activities against both strains and a low cytotoxic activity against normal cells. The best results were achieved by compounds 9c and 12b against the NF54 strain with the IC50/SI value as 2.27 nM/361 and 1.81 nM/321, respectively. While against K1 strain, all the tested compounds showed higher activity than the well-known antimalarial drug chloroquine. Furthermore, the compounds were tested for β-haematin inhibition and 12 were found to be more active than chloroquine (IC50 = 18 μM). Structure activity relationship studies exposed an interesting linear correlation between polar surface area of the molecule and β-haematin inhibition for this series. In vivo testing of compounds 7 and 8a against NF54 strain on Plasmodium berghei female mice showed that the introduction of the ester group increased the antiplasmodial activity of the neocryptolepine core substantially. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Monitoring codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in sex phermone-treated orchards with (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene or pear ester in combination with codlemone and acetic acid

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Traps baited with ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) or (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) in two- or three-way combinations with the sex pheromone (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) and acetic acid (AA) were evaluated for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.). All studies were conduct...
77 FR 51572 - Certain Wireless Consumer Electronics Devices and Components Thereof; Institution of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-24

... Electronics Devices and Components Thereof; Institution of Investigation Pursuant to 19 U.S.C. 1337 AGENCY: U... importation of certain wireless consumer electronics devices and components thereof by reason of infringement... wireless consumer electronics devices and components thereof that infringe one or more of claims 1, 6, 7, 9...
16 CFR 300.26 - Pile fabrics and products composed thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Pile fabrics and products composed thereof... CONGRESS RULES AND REGULATIONS UNDER THE WOOL PRODUCTS LABELING ACT OF 1939 Labeling § 300.26 Pile fabrics and products composed thereof. The fiber content of pile fabrics or products made thereof may be...
9 CFR 316.12 - Marking of equine carcasses and parts thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Marking of equine carcasses and parts thereof. 316.12 Section 316.12 Animals and Animal Products FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT... equine carcasses and parts thereof. (a) All inspected and passed equine carcasses and parts thereof...
76 FR 585 - In the Matter of Certain Handbags, Luggage, Accessories and Packaging Thereof; Notice of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-05

..., Accessories and Packaging Thereof; Notice of Investigation AGENCY: U.S. International Trade Commission. ACTION... packaging thereof by reason of infringement of U.S. Trademark Registration No. 297,594 (``the `594 trademark... certain handbags, luggage, accessories and packaging thereof that infringe the `594 trademark; the `625...
Vitamin E Nicotinate

PubMed Central

Duncan, Kimbell R.; Suzuki, Yuichiro J.

2017-01-01

Vitamin E refers to a family of compounds that function as lipid-soluble antioxidants capable of preventing lipid peroxidation. Naturally occurring forms of vitamin E include tocopherols and tocotrienols. Vitamin E in dietary supplements and fortified foods is often an esterified form of α-tocopherol, the most common esters being acetate and succinate. The vitamin E esters are hydrolyzed and converted into free α-tocopherol prior to absorption in the intestinal tract. Because its functions are relevant to many chronic diseases, vitamin E has been extensively studied in respect to a variety of diseases as well as cosmetic applications. The forms of vitamin E most studied are natural α-tocopherol and the esters α-tocopheryl acetate and α-tocopheryl succinate. A small number of studies include or focus on another ester form, α-tocopheryl nicotinate, an ester of vitamin E and niacin. Some of these studies raise the possibility of differences in metabolism and in efficacy between vitamin E nicotinate and other forms of vitamin E. Recently, through metabolomics studies, we identified that α-tocopheryl nicotinate occurs endogenously in the heart and that its level is dramatically decreased in heart failure, indicating the possible biological importance of this vitamin E ester. Since knowledge about vitamin E nicotinate is not readily available in the literature, the purpose of this review is to summarize and evaluate published reports, specifically with respect to α-tocopheryl nicotinate with an emphasis on the differences from natural α-tocopherol or α-tocopheryl acetate. PMID:28335380
New prodrugs of two pyrimidine acyclic nucleoside phosphonates: Synthesis and antiviral activity.

PubMed

Krečmerová, Marcela; Dračínský, Martin; Snoeck, Robert; Balzarini, Jan; Pomeisl, Karel; Andrei, Graciela

2017-09-01

New 2,4-diamino-6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethoxy]pyrimidine (PMEO-DAPy) and 1-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]-5-azacytosine (PME-5-azaC) prodrugs were prepared with a pro-moiety consisting of carbonyloxymethyl esters (POM, POC), alkoxyalkyl esters, amino acid phosphoramidates and/or tyrosine. The activity of the prodrugs was evaluated in vitro against different virus families. None of the synthesized prodrugs demonstrated activity against RNA viruses but some of them proved active against herpesviruses [including herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)]. The bis(POC) and the bis(amino acid) phosphoramidate prodrugs of PMEO-DAPy inhibited herpesvirus replication at lower doses than the parent compound although the selectivity against HSV and VZV was only slightly improved compared to PMEO-DAPy. The mono-octadecyl ester of PME-5-azaC emerged as the most potent and selective PME-5-azaC prodrug against HSV, VZV and HCMV with EC 50 's of 0.15-1.12µM while PME-5-azaC only had marginal anti-herpesvirus activity. Although the bis(hexadecylamido-l-tyrosyl) and the bis(POM) esters of PME-5-azaC were also very potent anti-herpesvirus drugs, these were less selective than the mono-octadecyl ester prodrug. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Compositions containing borane or carborane cage compounds and related applications

DOEpatents

Bowen, III, Daniel E; Eastwood, Eric A

2013-05-28

Compositions comprising a polymer-containing matrix and a filler comprising a cage compound selected from borane cage compounds, carborane cage compounds, metal complexes thereof, residues thereof, mixtures thereof, and/or agglomerations thereof, where the cage compound is not covalently bound to the matrix polymer. Methods of making and applications for using such compositions are also disclosed.
7 CFR 1230.110 - Assessments on imported pork and pork products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Processed hams and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.12.1020 Processed shoulders and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.12.9010 Other hams and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.12.9020 Other shoulders and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.19.2010 Processed spare ribs .23...
7 CFR 1230.110 - Assessments on imported pork and pork products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Processed hams and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.12.1020 Processed shoulders and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.12.9010 Other hams and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.12.9020 Other shoulders and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.19.2010 Processed spare ribs .23...
7 CFR 1230.110 - Assessments on imported pork and pork products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Processed hams and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.12.1020 Processed shoulders and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.12.9010 Other hams and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.12.9020 Other shoulders and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.19.2010 Processed spare ribs .23...

7 CFR 1230.110 - Assessments on imported pork and pork products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Processed hams and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.12.1020 Processed shoulders and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.12.9010 Other hams and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.12.9020 Other shoulders and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.19.2010 Processed spare ribs .23...
7 CFR 1230.110 - Assessments on imported pork and pork products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Processed hams and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.12.1020 Processed shoulders and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.12.9010 Other hams and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.12.9020 Other shoulders and cuts thereof, with bone in .20 .440920 0203.19.2010 Processed spare ribs .23...
78 FR 9674 - Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof From Germany: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-11

... Thereof From Germany: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and Partial Rescission... antidumping duty order on ball bearings and parts thereof from Germany. The period of review (POR) is May 1... bearings and parts thereof from Germany as the conclusion of a sunset review. See Ball Bearings and Parts...
77 FR 25136 - Hand Trucks and Certain Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China; Extension of Time...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-27

... Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China; Extension of Time Limit for Final Results of..., U.S. Department of Commerce, 14th Street and Constitution Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20230... certain parts thereof from the People's Republic of China. See Hand Trucks and Certain Parts Thereof from...
76 FR 11511 - In the Matter of Certain Set-Top Boxes, and Hardware and Software Components Thereof; Notice of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-02

... Hardware and Software Components Thereof; Notice of Investigation AGENCY: U.S. International Trade... boxes, and hardware and software components thereof by reason of infringement of certain claims of U.S... after importation of certain set-top boxes, and hardware and software components thereof that infringe...
Compositions containing borane or carborane cage compounds and related applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bowen, III, Daniel E; Eastwood, Eric A

2014-11-11

Compositions comprising a polymer-containing matrix and a filler comprising a cage compound selected from borane cage compounds, carborane cage compounds, metal complexes thereof, residues thereof, mixtures thereof, and/or agglomerations thereof, where the cage compound is not covalently bound to the matrix polymer. Methods of making and applications for using such compositions are also disclosed.
Compositions containing borane or carborane cage compounds and related applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bowen, III, Daniel E.; Eastwood, Eric A.

2015-09-15

Compositions comprising a polymer-containing matrix and a filler comprising a cage compound selected from borane cage compounds, carborane cage compounds, metal complexes thereof, residues thereof, mixtures thereof, and/or agglomerations thereof, where the cage compound is not covalently bound to the matrix polymer. Methods of making and applications for using such compositions are also disclosed.
77 FR 34063 - Certain Electronic Devices, Including Mobile Phones and Tablet Computers, and Components Thereof...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-08

... Phones and Tablet Computers, and Components Thereof Institution of Investigation AGENCY: U.S... computers, and components thereof by reason of infringement of certain claims of U.S. Patent No. 5,570,369... mobile phones and tablet computers, and components thereof that infringe one or more of claims 1-3 and 5...
75 FR 81212 - Floor-Standing Metal-Top Ironing Tables and Certain Parts Thereof from the People's Republic of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-27

... Ironing Tables and Certain Parts Thereof from the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time Limit for... parts thereof from the People's Republic of China. See Floor-Standing, Metal-Top Ironing Tables and Certain Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty...
77 FR 1455 - Floor-Standing, Metal-Top Ironing Tables and Certain Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-10

... Ironing Tables and Certain Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time Limit for... parts thereof from the People's Republic of China. See Floor-Standing, Metal-Top Ironing Tables and Certain Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty...
76 FR 28731 - Hand Trucks and Certain Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China; Extension of Time...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-18

... Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China; Extension of Time Limit for Final Results of...- 2009 administrative review of the antidumping duty order on hand trucks and certain parts thereof from the People's Republic of China. See Hand Trucks and Certain Parts Thereof from the People's Republic...
Materials for the General Aviation Industry: Effect of Environment on Mechanical Properties of Glass Fabric/Rubber Toughened Vinyl Ester Laminates

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

McBride, Timothy M.

1995-01-01

A screening evaluation is being conducted to determine the performance of several glass fabric/vinyl ester composite material systems for use in primary General Aviation aircraft structures. In efforts to revitalize the General Aviation industry, the Integrated Design and Manufacturing Work Package for General Aviation Airframe and Propeller Structures is seeking to develop novel composite materials and low-cost manufacturing methods for lighter, safer and more affordable small aircraft. In support of this Work Package, this study is generating material properties for several glass fabric/rubber toughened vinyl ester composite systems and investigates the effect of environment on property retention. All laminates are made using the Seemann Composites Resin Infusion Molding Process (SCRIMP), a potential manufacturing method for the General Aviation industry.
Release of superoxide and change in morphology by neutrophils in response to phorbol esters: antagonism by inhibitors of calcium-binding proteins

PubMed Central

1985-01-01

The ability of phorbol derivatives to function as stimulating agents for superoxide (O2-) release by guinea pig neutrophils has been evaluated and compared to the known ability of each compound to activate protein kinase C. Those that activate the kinase also stimulate O2- release, while those that are inactive with respect to the kinase have no effect on O2- release. The same correlation was observed with respect to the ability of phorbol esters to induce morphological changes in neutrophils, i.e., vesiculation and reduction in granule content. Certain phenothiazines and naphthalene sulfonamides that are known antagonists of calcium-binding proteins blocked both phorbol ester-induced O2- release and morphological changes in these cells. PMID:2993312
Encapsulating fatty acid esters of bioactive compounds in starch

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lay Ma, Ursula Vanesa

Interest in the use of many bioactive compounds in foods is growing in large part because of the apparent health benefits of these molecules. However, many of these compounds can be easily degraded during processing, storage, or their passage through the gastrointestinal tract before reaching the target site. In addition, they can be bitter, acrid, or astringent, which may negatively affect the sensory properties of the product. Encapsulation of these molecules may increase their stability during processing, storage, and in the gastrointestinal tract, while providing controlled release properties. The ability of amylose to form inclusion complexes and spherulites while entrapping certain compounds has been suggested as a potential method for encapsulation of certain molecules. However, complex formation and spherulitic crystallization are greatly affected by the type of inclusion molecules, type of starch, and processing conditions. The objectives of the present investigation were to: (a) study the effect of amylose, amylopectin, and intermediate material on spherulite formation and its microstructure; (b) investigate the formation of amylose and high amylose starch inclusion complexes with ascorbyl palmitate, retinyl palmitate, and phytosterol esters; (c) evaluate the ability of spherulites to form in the presence of fatty acid esters and to entrap ascorbyl palmitate, retinyl palmitate, and phytosterol esters; and (d) evaluate the effect of processing conditions on spherulite formation and fatty acid ester entrapment. Higher ratios of linear to branched molecules resulted in the formation of more and rounder spherulites with higher heat stability. In addition to the presence of branches, it appears that spherulitic crystallization is also affected by other factors, such as degree of branching, chain length, and chain length distribution. Amylose and Hylon VII starch formed inclusion complexes with fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid, retinol, or phytosterols. However, only retinyl palmitate formed a complex with amylopectin. In general, ascorbyl palmitate resulted in the highest complexation, followed by retinyl palmitate and phytosterol ester. The presence of native lipids in Hylon VII starch did not inhibit complex formation. On the contrary, native lipids appear to increase the complexation yield and thermal stability of the starch-fatty acid ester inclusion complexes, possibly due to the formation of ternary complexes. From the three fatty acid esters studied, only ascorbyl palmitate was entrapped in starch spherulites. Various structures including round spherulites, various sizes of torus-shape spherulites, non-spherulitic birefringent and non-birefringent particles, "balloon" morphologies, and gel-like material were formed depending on processing conditions. However, only the torus-shape spherulites, and some non-spherulitic birefringent and non-birefringent particles showed ascorbyl palmitate entrapment. The % yield of the precipitate increased with higher % of added Hylon VII, and decreased with higher heating temperature and faster cooling rates. The amount of entrapped ascorbyl palmitate in the starch precipitate seems to be governed by the amount of this compound added during processing. This study showed that starch can form inclusion complexes with fatty acid esters which may be used for the delivery of certain bioactive molecules. In addition, encapsulation of fatty acid esters in starch spherulites may be a good potential delivery system for water soluble bioactive molecules. However, further research is necessary to gain a better understanding of the type of molecules that can be entrapped in starch spherulites, and the factors affecting spherulitic crystallization and bioactive compound entrapment.
Development and Preliminary Evaluation of Aryl Ester Boundary Additives for Perfluoropolyethers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Williams, John R.; Feuchter, Debra K.; Jones, William R., Jr.

1994-01-01

A series of additives were developed for evaluation as boundary lubrication enhancers for perfluoropolyethers. They are composed of a hydrocarbon aryl component (for lubrication improvement) and a fluorinated side chain (for solubility enhancement). The two moieties are joined by an ester linkage. Five boundary additives were evaluated in a perfluoropolyether basestock (Fomblin Z25) using a specially designed four-ball apparatus. Additives were evaluated at a one wt percent concentration. Conditions included: an atmosphere of dry air at atmospheric pressure, a 200N load, a speed of 100 rpm, room temperature, and 440C stainless steel specimens. Two monoesters, 2,4,6-trimethyl E2 and H5PDFO yielded wear rate reductions of approximately 60 and 35 percent, respectively. One diester, H4(E2)(sub 2), had no activity, while two other diesters (a diester of bisphenol A and H4(E4)(sub 2)) were pro-wear.
Evaluation of inter-laminar shear strength of GFRP composed of bonded glass/polyimide tapes and cyanate-ester/epoxy blended resin for ITER TF coils

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hemmi, T.; Matsui, K.; Koizumi, N.

2014-01-27

The insulation system of the ITER TF coils consists of multi-layer glass/polyimide tapes impregnated a cyanate-ester/epoxy resin. The ITER TF coils are required to withstand an irradiation of 10 MGy from gamma-ray and neutrons since the ITER TF coils is exposed by fast neutron (>0.1 MeV) of 10{sup 22} n/m{sup 2} during the ITER operation. Cyanate-ester/epoxy blended resins and bonded glass/polyimide tapes are developed as insulation materials to realize the required radiation-hardness for the insulation of the ITER TF coils. To evaluate the radiation-hardness of the developed insulation materials, the inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS) of glass-fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) fabricatedmore » using developed insulation materials is measured as one of most important mechanical properties before/after the irradiation in a fission reactor of JRR-3M. As a result, it is demonstrated that the GFRPs using the developed insulation materials have a sufficient performance to apply for the ITER TF coil insulation.« less
In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation of Novel Curcumin-Loaded Excipient for Buccal Delivery.

PubMed

Laffleur, Flavia; Schmelzle, Franziska; Ganner, Ariane; Vanicek, Stefan

2017-08-01

This study aimed to develop a mucoadhesive polymeric excipient comprising curcumin for buccal delivery. Curcumin encompasses broad range of benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemotherapeutic activity. Hyaluronic acid (HA) as polymeric excipient was modified by immobilization of thiol bearing ligands. L-Cysteine (SH) ethyl ester was covalently attached via amide bond formation between cysteine and the carboxylic moiety of hyaluronic acid. Succeeded synthesis was proved by H-NMR and IR spectra. The obtained thiolated polymer hyaluronic acid ethyl ester (HA-SH) was evaluated in terms of stability, safety, mucoadhesiveness, drug release, and permeation-enhancing properties. HA-SH showed 2.75-fold higher swelling capacity over time in comparison to unmodified polymer. Furthermore, mucoadhesion increased 3.4-fold in case of HA-SH and drug release was increased 1.6-fold versus HA control, respectively. Curcumin-loaded HA-SH exhibits a 4.4-fold higher permeation compared with respective HA. Taking these outcomes in consideration, novel curcumin-loaded excipient, namely thiolated hyaluronic acid ethyl ester appears as promising tool for pharyngeal diseases.
Opiate receptor binding properties of morphine-, dihydromorphine-, and codeine 6-O-sulfate ester congeners.

PubMed

Crooks, Peter A; Kottayil, Santosh G; Al-Ghananeem, Abeer M; Byrn, Stephen R; Butterfield, D Allan

2006-08-15

A series of 3-O-acyl-6-O-sulfate esters of morphine, dihydromorphine, N-methylmorphinium iodide, codeine, and dihydrocodeine were prepared and evaluated for their ability to bind to mu-, delta-, kappa(1)-, kappa(2)-, and kappa(3)-opiate receptors. Several compounds exhibited good affinity for the mu-opiate receptor. Morphine-3-O-propionyl-6-O-sulfate had four times greater affinity than morphine at the mu-opiate receptor and was the most selective compound at this receptor subtype.
19 CFR 12.27 - Importation or exportation of wild animals or birds, or the dead bodies thereof illegally...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... birds, or the dead bodies thereof illegally captured or killed, etc. 12.27 Section 12.27 Customs Duties... animals or birds, or the dead bodies thereof illegally captured or killed, etc. Customs officers shall... or exportation of wild animals or birds, or the dead bodies thereof, or the eggs of such birds...
19 CFR 12.27 - Importation or exportation of wild animals or birds, or the dead bodies thereof illegally...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... birds, or the dead bodies thereof illegally captured or killed, etc. 12.27 Section 12.27 Customs Duties... animals or birds, or the dead bodies thereof illegally captured or killed, etc. Customs officers shall... or exportation of wild animals or birds, or the dead bodies thereof, or the eggs of such birds...

19 CFR 12.27 - Importation or exportation of wild animals or birds, or the dead bodies thereof illegally...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... birds, or the dead bodies thereof illegally captured or killed, etc. 12.27 Section 12.27 Customs Duties... animals or birds, or the dead bodies thereof illegally captured or killed, etc. Customs officers shall... or exportation of wild animals or birds, or the dead bodies thereof, or the eggs of such birds...
75 FR 68379 - In the Matter of: Certain Mobile Devices, Associated Software, and Components Thereof; Notice of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-05

..., Associated Software, and Components Thereof; Notice of Investigation AGENCY: U.S. International Trade..., associated software, and components thereof by reason of infringement of certain claims of U.S. Patent No. 5..., associated software, and components thereof that infringe one or more of claims 1-4, 22, 26, 31, and 36 of...
77 FR 16537 - Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof from France, Germany, and Italy: Extension of Time Limit for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-21

... Bearings and Parts Thereof from France, Germany, and Italy: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results... ball bearings and parts thereof from France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom for the... Revocation in Part, 76 FR 37781 (June 28, 2011). See also Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof From Japan and the...
77 FR 20788 - Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the Republic of Korea and the People's Republic of China...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-06

... and Parts Thereof From the Republic of Korea and the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time... Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time Limit for Final... sawblades and parts thereof (diamond sawblades) from the Republic of Korea (Korea) and the People's Republic...
Pharmacokinetics of amino acid ester prodrugs of Acyclovir after oral administration: Interaction with the transporters on Caco-2 cells

PubMed Central

Katragadda, Suresh; Jain, Ritesh; Kwatra, Deep; Hariharan, Sudharshan; Mitra, Ashim K.

2008-01-01

In vivo systemic absorption of the amino acid prodrugs of acyclovir (ACV) after oral administration was evaluated in rats. Stability of the prodrugs, L-Alanine-ACV (AACV), L-Serine-ACV (SACV), L-Isoleucine-ACV (IACV), γ-Glutamate-ACV (EACV) and L-Valine-ACV (VACV) was evaluated in various tissues. Interaction of these prodrugs with the transporters on Caco-2 cells was studied. In vivo systemic bioavailability of these prodrugs upon oral administration was evaluated in jugular vein cannulated rats. The amino acid ester prodrugs showed affinity towards various amino acid transporters as well as the peptide transporter on the Caco-2 cells. In terms of stability, EACV was most enzymatically stable compared to other prodrugs especially in liver homogenate. In oral absorption studies, ACV and AACV showed high terminal elimination rate constants (λz). SACV and VACV exhibited approximately five fold increase in area under the curve (AUC) values relative to ACV (p<0.05). Cmax(T) (maximum concentration) of SACV was observed to be 39 ± 22 µM in plasma which is 2 times better than VACV and 15 times better than ACV. Clast(T) (concentration at the last time point) of SACV was observed to be 0.18 ± 0.06 µM in plasma which is 2 times better than VACV and 3 times better than ACV. Amino acid ester prodrugs of ACV were absorbed at varying amounts (Cmax) and eliminated at varying rates (λz) thereby leading to varying extents (AUC). The amino acid ester prodrug SACV owing to its enhanced stability, higher AUC and better concentration at last time point seems to be a promising candidate for the oral treatment of herpes infections. PMID:18638532
Chemical and sensorial aroma characterization of freshly distilled Calvados. 1. Evaluation of quality and defects on the basis of key odorants by olfactometry and sensory analysis.

PubMed

Guichard, Hugues; Lemesle, Stéphane; Ledauphin, Jérôme; Barillier, Daniel; Picoche, Bernard

2003-01-15

Eight freshly distilled samples of Calvados, a fermented and distilled apple juice, were analyzed by sensory evaluation and direct injection GC to determine the composition of higher alcohols, esters, and aldehydes. The composition determined by direct injection was tentatively related to sensory descriptors. Esters have a probable maximum level around 500 g/hl of pure alcohol (PA). This level also corresponds to the threshold of the main ester constituent, ethyl acetate. A high ratio of esters to ethyl acetate seems to be of prime importance for good quality. Total aldehydes, with a maximum level between 8 and 11 g/hl of PA and mainly comprising acetal (maximum between 5 and 9 g/hl of PA), were related to a "green" descriptor. Higher alcohols do not have a direct impact on quality, but other volatile compounds with a positive impact on flavor should probably be present at a high level. As overall quality was not well related to sensory quality, it was necessary to perform more a precise analysis to determine the key odorants. The Calvados samples were thus extracted using pentane. Gas chromatography, employing both a flame ionization detector and an olfactometry port, was used to analyze the obtained extracts. Seventy-one odors were detected and distributed according to Calvados quality determined by sensory evaluation. Nineteen odors common to all Calvados samples constituted the "skeleton" of the aroma. Twenty-eight odors were specific to a quality class: 6 for good quality, 4 for neutral, and 18 for defective. Twenty-four other odors had either too low an odor impact or no evident specificity.
Comparative antimicrobial activity, in vitro and in vivo, of soft N-chloramine systems and chlorhexidine.

PubMed Central

Selk, S H; Pogány, S A; Higuchi, T

1982-01-01

Antimicrobial activity of the following four new N-chloramine compounds was evaluated: two chlorinated simple amino acids, a chlorinated half-ester of succinic acid, and a chlorinated half-ester of glutaric acid. For comparison, the known bactericidal agents 3-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone and chlorhexidine were evaluated by the same procedure. The contact germicidal efficiency screen was used to examine the in vitro bactericidal activity of all six compounds in the absence and presence of 5% horse serum or 5% Triton X-100. The four new compounds were found to have greater germicidal activity than the other compounds tested and to exhibit low toxicity and skin irritation values. The in vivo bactericidal activity was evaluated in two studies. In the occlusion test, three of the four new compounds plus chlorhexidine diacetate were tested. The N-chloramines were significantly superior to chlorhexidine in preventing the expansion of the normal flora under occlusion. In the scrub test, a gloved-hand wash method was used to compare the antimicrobial effect of a 1% solution of the chlorinated half-ester of succinic acid in triacetin with that of a commercial germicidal hand wash containing 4% chlorhexidine gluconate. The two preparations exhibited essentially the same hand-degerming activity. PMID:6805433
46 CFR 67.200 - Instruments eligible for filing and recording.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., satisfactions, and releases thereof; (d) Preferred mortgages and assignments, assumptions, supplements, amendments, subordinations, satisfactions, and releases thereof; (e) Interlender agreements affecting..., amendments, and satisfactions and releases thereof. ...
Esters of Quinoxaline 1ˏ4-Di-N-oxide with Cytotoxic Activity on Tumor Cell Lines Based on NCI-60 Panel

PubMed Central

Rivera, Gildardo; Ahmad Shah, Syed Shoaib; Arrieta-Baez, Daniel; Palos, Isidro; Mongue, Antonio; Sánchez-Torres, Luvia Enid

2017-01-01

Quinoxalines display diverse and interesting pharmacological activities as antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic and anticancer agents. Particularly, their 1ˏ4-di-N-oxide derivatives have proved to be cytotoxic agents that are active under hypoxic conditions as that of solid tumours. A new series of quinoxaline 1ˏ4-di-N-oxide substitutes at 7-position with esters group were synthetized and characterized by infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Seventeen derivatives (M1-M3, E1-E8, P1-P3 and DR1-DR3) were selected and evaluated for antitumor activities using the NCI-60 human tumor cell lines screen. Results showed that E7, P3 and E6 were the most active compounds against the cell lines tested. Substitutions at 7-position with esters group not necessarily affect the biological activity, but the nature of the esters group could exert an influence on the selectivity. Additionally, substitutions at 2-position influenced the cytotoxic activity of the compounds. PMID:29201086
Esters of Quinoxaline 1`4-Di-N-oxide with Cytotoxic Activity on Tumor Cell Lines Based on NCI-60 Panel.

PubMed

Rivera, Gildardo; Ahmad Shah, Syed Shoaib; Arrieta-Baez, Daniel; Palos, Isidro; Mongue, Antonio; Sánchez-Torres, Luvia Enid

2017-01-01

Quinoxalines display diverse and interesting pharmacological activities as antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic and anticancer agents. Particularly, their 1`4-di- N -oxide derivatives have proved to be cytotoxic agents that are active under hypoxic conditions as that of solid tumours. A new series of quinoxaline 1`4-di- N -oxide substitutes at 7-position with esters group were synthetized and characterized by infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR), spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Seventeen derivatives (M1-M3, E1-E8, P1-P3 and DR1-DR3) were selected and evaluated for antitumor activities using the NCI-60 human tumor cell lines screen. Results showed that E7, P3 and E6 were the most active compounds against the cell lines tested. Substitutions at 7-position with esters group not necessarily affect the biological activity, but the nature of the esters group could exert an influence on the selectivity. Additionally, substitutions at 2-position influenced the cytotoxic activity of the compounds.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of new creatine fatty esters revealed dodecyl creatine ester as a promising drug candidate for the treatment of the creatine transporter deficiency.

PubMed

Trotier-Faurion, Alexandra; Dézard, Sophie; Taran, Frédéric; Valayannopoulos, Vassili; de Lonlay, Pascale; Mabondzo, Aloïse

2013-06-27

The creatine transporter deficiency is a neurological disease caused by impairment of the creatine transporter SLC6A8, resulting in mental retardation associated with a complete absence of creatine within the brain and cellular energy perturbation of neuronal cells. One of the therapeutic hypotheses was to administer lipophilic creatine derivatives which are (1) thought to have better permeability through the cell membrane and (2) would not rely on the activity of SLC6A8 to penetrate the brain. Here, we synthesized creatine fatty esters through original organic chemistry process. A screening on an in vitro rat primary cell-based blood-brain barrier model and on a rat primary neuronal cells model demonstrated interesting properties of these prodrugs to incorporate into endothelial, astroglial, and neuronal cells according to a structure-activity relationship. Dodecyl creatine ester showed then a 20-fold increase in creatine content in pathological human fibroblasts compared with the endogenous creatine content, stating that it could be a promising drug candidate.
Phytochemical composition and effects of commercial enzymes on the hydrolysis of gallic acid glycosides in mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. 'Keitt') pulp.

PubMed

Krenek, Kimberly A; Barnes, Ryan C; Talcott, Stephen T

2014-10-01

A detailed characterization of mango pulp polyphenols and other minor phytochemicals was accomplished for the first time in the cultivar 'Keitt' whereby the identification and semiquantification of five hydroxybenzoic acids, four cinnamic acids, two flavonoids, and six apocarotenoids was accomplished. Among the most abundant compounds were two monogalloyl glucosides (MGG) identified as having an ester- or ether-linked glucose, with the ester-linked moiety present in the highest concentration among nontannin polyphenolics. Additionally, the impact of side activities of three commercial cell-wall degrading enzymes during 'Keitt' mango pulp processing was evaluated to determine their role on the hydrolysis of ester- and ether-linked phenolic acids. The use of Crystalzyme 200XL reduced the concentration of ester-linked MGG by 66%, and the use of Rapidase AR 2000 and Validase TRL completely hydrolyzed ether-linked MGG after 4 h of treatment at 50 °C. Fruit quality, in vivo absorption rate, and bioactivity of mango phytochemicals rely on their chemical characterization, and characterizing changes in composition is critical for a complete understanding of in vivo mechanisms.
Cyanate Ester and Phthalonitrile Impregnated Carbon Ablative TPS

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boghozian, Tane; Stackpoole, Margaret M.; Gasch, Matt

2016-01-01

Phenolic resin has extensive heritage as a TPS (Thermal Protection Systems) material, however, alternative resin systems such as Cyanate Ester and Phthalonitrile may offer improved performance compared to state-of-the-art phenolic resin. These alternative resin systems may have higher char yield, higher char strength, lower thermal conductivity and improved mechanical properties. In current work at NASA Ames alternative resin systems were uniformly infused into fibrous substrates and preliminary properties characterized. The density of the cyanate ester infused in fibrous substrate ranged from 0.25-0.3 grams per cubic centimeter compared to PICA (Phenolic resin impregnated carbon ablative) having a density of approximately 0.25 grams per cubic centimeter. The density of Phthalonitrile varies from 0.22-0.25 grams per cubic centimeter. Initial formulations of these new resin systems were recently tested at the LARC HyMETs (Hypersonic Materials Environmental Test System) facility to evaluate their performance and data such as back face temperature, char yield, and recession are compared to PICA. Cyanate Ester and Phthalonitrile impregnated carbon ablative samples showed comparable performance to phenolic resin impregnated carbon ablative samples.
In vitro digestion of citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides (CITREM) and CITREM-containing infant formula/emulsions.

PubMed

Amara, Sawsan; Patin, Amaury; Giuffrida, Francesca; Wooster, Tim J; Thakkar, Sagar K; Bénarouche, Anaïs; Poncin, Isabelle; Robert, Sylvie; Point, Vanessa; Molinari, Sacha; Gaussier, Hélène; Diomande, Sadia; Destaillats, Frédéric; Cruz-Hernandez, Cristina; Carrière, Frédéric

2014-07-25

CITREM is an emulsifier used in the food industry and contains citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides (GCFE). It is generally recognized as safe but no publication on its digestibility under gastrointestinal conditions and impact on fat digestion was available. It was shown here that fatty acids are released from CITREM by gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic-lipase-related protein 2 and carboxyl ester hydrolase. A two-step in vitro digestion model mimicking lipolysis in the stomach and upper small intestine of term and preterm infants was then used to evaluate the digestibility of CITREM alone, CITREM-containing infant formula and fat emulsions, and isolated GCFE fractions. Overall, it was shown that fat digestion is not significantly changed by the presence of CITREM, and fatty acids contained in CITREM compounds are released to a large extent by lipases. Nevertheless, undigestible water-soluble compounds containing glycerol and citric acid units were identified, indicating that the ester bond between citric acid and glycerol is not fully hydrolyzed throughout the proposed digestion.
Lipophilization of ascorbic acid: a monolayer study and biological and antileishmanial activities.

PubMed

Kharrat, Nadia; Aissa, Imen; Sghaier, Manel; Bouaziz, Mohamed; Sellami, Mohamed; Laouini, Dhafer; Gargouri, Youssef

2014-09-17

Ascorbyl lipophilic derivatives (Asc-C2 to Asc-C(18:1)) were synthesized in a good yield using lipase from Staphylococcus xylosus produced in our laboratory and immobilized onto silica aerogel. Results showed that esterification had little effect on radical-scavenging capacity of purified ascorbyl esters using DPPH assay in ethanol. However, long chain fatty acid esters displayed higher protection of target lipids from oxidation. Moreover, compared to ascorbic acid, synthesized derivatives exhibited an antibacterial effect. Furthermore, ascorbyl derivatives were evaluated, for the first time, for their antileishmanial effects against visceral (Leishmania infantum) and cutaneous parasites (Leishmania major). Among all the tested compounds, only Asc-C10, Asc-C12, and Asc-C(18:1) exhibited antileishmanial activities. The interaction of ascorbyl esters with a phospholipid monolayer showed that only medium and unsaturated long chain (Asc-C10 to Asc-C(18:1)) derivative esters were found to interact efficiently with mimetic membrane of leishmania. These properties would make ascorbyl derivatives good candidates to be used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical lipophilic formulations.
Assessment of the hydrolysis process for the determination of okadaic acid-group toxin ester: presence of okadaic acid 7-O-acyl-ester derivates in Spanish shellfish.

PubMed

Villar-González, A; Rodríguez-Velasco, M L; Ben-Gigirey, B; Yasumoto, T; Botana, L M

2008-04-01

The contamination of different types of shellfish by okadaic acid (OA)-group toxin esters is an important problem that presents serious risk for human health. During previous investigations carried out in our laboratory by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), the occurrence of a high percentage of esters in relation to the total OA equivalents has been observed in several shellfish species. The determination of these kinds of toxins using LC/MS or other chemical methods requires a hydrolysis step in order to convert the sterified compounds into the parent toxins, OA, dinophysistoxins-1 (DTX-1) and dinophysistoxins-2 (DTX-2). Most of the hydrolysis procedures are based on an alkaline hydrolysis reaction. However, despite hydrolysis being a critical step within the analysis, it has not been studied in depth up to now. The present paper reports the results obtained after evaluating the hydrolysis process of an esterified form of OA by using a standard of 7-O-acyl ester with palmitoyl as the fatty acid (palOA). Investigations were focused on checking the effectiveness of the hydrolysis for palOA using methanol as solvent standard and matrices matched standards. From the results obtained, no matrix influence on the hydrolysis process was observed and the quantity of palOA converted into OA was always above 80%. The analyses of different Spanish shellfish samples showed percentages of palOA in relation to the total OA esters ranging from 27% to 90%, depending on the shellfish specie.
Preparation of five 3-MCPD fatty acid esters, and the effects of their chemical structures on acute oral toxicity in Swiss mice.

PubMed

Liu, Man; Liu, Jie; Wu, Yizhen; Gao, Boyan; Wu, Pingping; Shi, Haiming; Sun, Xiangjun; Huang, Haiqiu; Wang, Thomas Ty; Yu, Liangli Lucy

2017-02-01

3-monochloro-1, 2-propanediol fatty acid esters (3-MCPDEs) comprise a group of food toxicants formed during food processing. 3-MCPDEs have received increasing attention concerning their potential negative effects on human health. However, reports on the toxicity of 3-MCPD esters are still limited. To determine the effects of fatty acid substitutions on the toxicity of their esters, 1-stearic, 1-oleic, 1-linoleic, 1-linoleic-2-palmitic and 1-palmitic-2-linoleic acid esters of 3-MCPD were synthesized and evaluated with respect to their acute oral toxicities in Swiss mice. 3-MCPDEs were obtained through the reaction of 3-MCPD and fatty acid chlorides, and their purities and structures were characterized by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), infrared, 1 H and 13 C spectroscopic analyses. Medial lethal doses of 1-stearic, 1-oleic, 1-linoleic, 1-linoleic-2-palmitic and 1-palmitic-2-linoleic acid esters were 2973.8, 2081.4, 2016.3, 5000 and > 5000 mg kg -1 body weight. For the first time, 3-MCPDEs were observed for their toxic effects in the thymus and lung. In addition, major histopathological changes, as well as blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, were examined for mice fed the five 3-MCPDEs. The results from the present study suggest that the degree of unsaturation, chain length, number of substitution and relative substitution locations of fatty acids might alter the toxicity of 3-MCPDEs. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of non-hemiacetal ester derivatives of artemisinin.

PubMed

Zuma, Nonkululeko H; Smit, Frans J; de Kock, Carmen; Combrinck, Jill; Smith, Peter J; N'Da, David D

2016-10-21

In an attempt to improve the efficacy and stability of current, clinically used artemisinins, a series non-hemiacetal ester derivatives of artemisinin were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antiplasmodial and anticancer activities as well as cytotoxicities. These esters were synthesized through the reaction of acid anhydrides, or acid chlorides with artemisinin derived alcohol. In vitro antiplasmodial activity assessments were conducted against intraerythrocytic NF54 and Dd2 Plasmodium falciparum strains. Cytotoxicities were assessed, using normal human fetal lung fibroblast (WI-38) and Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) mammalian cell lines, while anticancer activities were tested by using panels with three cell lines, consisting of renal (TK10), melanoma (UACC62) and breast (MCF7) cancer cells. Most compounds were found active against the breast cancer cell line. Since antiplasmodial activities for most compounds were found comparable only to that of artesunate, this study did not yield any esters with significantly improved antimalarial efficacies, nor did it deliver any promising antitumor hits. However, from the outcomes of this study, compounds with good safety profiles and increased thermal stabilities, compared to the clinically used artemisinins, were identified. The benzoate derivative 11 was found to have antimalarial activity, comparable to that of dihydroartemisinin and was it subsequently identified as a candidate for further investigation in the urgent search for new, safe and effective antimalarial drugs. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Preclinical studies of steroid-linked nitrosoureas in murine pancreatic adenocarcinoma PANO2.

PubMed

Papageorgiou, A; Lialiaris, Th; Stergiou, E; Stergiou, I; Tsigris, C; Kourti, A; Geromichalos, G; Stravoravdi, P; Trafalis, D; Athanassiou, A E; Pitsas, A; Camoutsis, Ch

2008-01-01

In earlier studies, this laboratory carried out research on the synthesis and anticancer evaluation of hybrid compounds, which combine two molecules in one such as homo-aza-steroidal esters (HASE) of carboxylic derivatives of N, N-bis (2-chloroethyl) aniline. In this combination, steroidal hormones are employed as carriers for transporting the alkylating agents to specific targeted tissues. Aiming to continue our research, we used alkylating agents, as nitrosoureas, instead of nitrogen mustards. In this work the N-[N- (2-chloroethyl)-N-nitroso-carbomoyl]-L-alanine (CNC-ala) has been used and was bound to 7 newly synthesized modified steroidal esters (carrier molecule) of nitrosourea and the hybrid molecules were tested for antitumor activity against PANO2 murine pancreatic adenocarcinoma. PANO2 adenocarcinoma was used in this study. C57Bl mice were used for chemotherapy evaluation. The activity was assessed from the inhibition of tumor growth and the oncostatic parameter T/C %. The antitumor activity displayed by 7 hybrid steroidal esters of nitrosourea was quite interesting. It was able to discern 4 of 7 compounds that exhibited considerable antitumor activity, increasing the lifespan of the tumor-bearing mice by inhibiting the tumor growth. The comparative study of 7 newly synthesized hybrid steroidal esters of nitrosourea shows that the antitumor effects of compound 7, which has an enlarged (7 carbon atoms) A-lactamic ring and nitrosourea esterified at the position 17, which seems to be the most appropriate for the connection of a DNA cross-linking amino acid derivative is superior.
30 CFR 36.6 - Application procedures and requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... diesel engine, including joints and gaskets; the turbulence or precombustion chamber, if applicable; injector assembly and nozzle details; and any surfaces that form the combustion chamber or part thereof..., EVALUATION, AND APPROVAL OF MINING PRODUCTS APPROVAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PERMISSIBLE MOBILE DIESEL-POWERED...

28 CFR 22.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., evaluate, or otherwise advance the state of knowledge in a particular area. The term does not include “intelligence” or other information-gathering activities in which information pertaining to specific individuals... individual having possession, knowledge, or control thereof. (e) Information identifiable to a private person...
28 CFR 22.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., evaluate, or otherwise advance the state of knowledge in a particular area. The term does not include “intelligence” or other information-gathering activities in which information pertaining to specific individuals... individual having possession, knowledge, or control thereof. (e) Information identifiable to a private person...
28 CFR 22.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., evaluate, or otherwise advance the state of knowledge in a particular area. The term does not include “intelligence” or other information-gathering activities in which information pertaining to specific individuals... individual having possession, knowledge, or control thereof. (e) Information identifiable to a private person...
Polybasic esters: Novel synthetic lubricants designed for use in HFC compressors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lilje, K.C.; Sabahi, M.; Hamid, S.

1995-12-31

The replacement of ozone-depleting refrigerants with ozone-friendly hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) requires the use of lubricants that have not historically been used in refrigeration compressors and systems. Polyalkylene glycol (PAG) and polyol ester (POE) lubricants have been extensively evaluated in various refrigeration applications and are being used commercially. Novel synthetic lubricants have been developed based on polybasic esters (PBEs) resulting from malonate-acrylate Michael adducts. These lubricants were designed to address problems encountered in current HFC systems. PBE-based fluids show desired miscibility with R-134a and other HFC blends, excellent hydrolytic stability, no copper plating (even in wet systems), and excellent lubricity. All ofmore » these properties are obtained without the use of performance-enhancing additives. Key physical property data, bench and compressor test results, and compatibility study results will be presented.« less
Kinetics of the hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-l-serine methyl ester catalysed by bromelain and by papain. Analysis of modifier mechanisms by lattice nomography, computational methods of parameter evaluation for substrate-activated catalyses and consequences of postulated non-productive binding in bromelain- and papain-catalysed hydrolyses

PubMed Central

Wharton, Christopher W.; Cornish-Bowden, Athel; Brocklehurst, Keith; Crook, Eric M.

1974-01-01

1. N-Benzoyl-l-serine methyl ester was synthesized and evaluated as a substrate for bromelain (EC 3.4.22.4) and for papain (EC 3.4.22.2). 2. For the bromelain-catalysed hydrolysis at pH7.0, plots of [S0]/vi (initial substrate concn./initial velocity) versus [S0] are markedly curved, concave downwards. 3. Analysis by lattice nomography of a modifier kinetic mechanism in which the modifier is substrate reveals that concave-down [S0]/vi versus [S0] plots can arise when the ratio of the rate constants that characterize the breakdown of the binary (ES) and ternary (SES) complexes is either less than or greater than 1. In the latter case, there are severe restrictions on the values that may be taken by the ratio of the dissociation constants of the productive and non-productive binary complexes. 4. Concave-down [S0]/vi versus [S0] plots cannot arise from compulsory substrate activation. 5. Computational methods, based on function minimization, for determination of the apparent parameters that characterize a non-compulsory substrate-activated catalysis are described. 6. In an attempt to interpret the catalysis by bromelain of the hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-l-serine methyl ester in terms of substrate activation, the general substrate-activation model was simplified to one in which only one binary ES complex (that which gives rise directly to products) can form. 7. In terms of this model, the bromelain-catalysed hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-l-serine methyl ester at pH7.0, I=0.1 and 25°C is characterized by Km1 (the dissociation constant of ES)=1.22±0.73mm, k (the rate constant for the breakdown of ES to E+products, P)=1.57×10−2±0.32×10−2s−1, Ka2 (the dissociation constant that characterizes the breakdown of SES to ES and S)=0.38±0.06m, and k′ (the rate constant for the breakdown of SES to E+P+S)=0.45±0.04s−1. 8. These parameters are compared with those in the literature that characterize the bromelain-catalysed hydrolysis of α-N-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester and of α-N-benzoyl-l-arginine amide; Km1 and k for the serine ester hydrolysis are somewhat similar to Km and kcat. for the arginine amide hydrolysis and Kas and k′ for the serine ester hydrolysis are somewhat similar to Km and kcat. for the arginine ester hydrolysis. 9. A previous interpretation of the inter-relationships of the values of kcat. and Km for the bromelain-catalysed hydrolysis of the arginine ester and amide substrates is discussed critically and an alternative interpretation involving substantial non-productive binding of the arginine amide substrate to bromelain is suggested. 10. The parameters for the bromelain-catalysed hydrolysis of the serine ester substrate are tentatively interpreted in terms of non-productive binding in the binary complex and a decrease of this type of binding by ternary complex-formation. 11. The Michaelis parameters for the papain-catalysed hydrolysis of the serine ester substrate (Km=52±4mm, kcat.=2.80±0.1s−1 at pH7.0, I=0.1, 25.0°C) are similar to those for the papain-catalysed hydrolysis of methyl hippurate. 12. Urea and guanidine hydrochloride at concentrations of 1m have only small effects on the kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of the serine ester substrate catalysed by bromelain and by papain. PMID:4455211
Transport of hop aroma compounds across Caco-2 monolayers.

PubMed

Heinlein, A; Metzger, M; Walles, H; Buettner, A

2014-11-01

Although being reported and used as a sedative remedy for several years, the bioactive principle of hop preparations is still not decisively clarified. Understanding absorption and transformation processes of potential physiologically active constituents is essential to evaluate the likeliness of biological effects on humans. Therefore, single hop aroma compounds as well as digestive transformation products thereof have been investigated in view of their human intestinal absorption, applying Caco-2 transport experiments as well as investigations on potential biotransformation processes. Selective and sensitive identification and quantification were thereby achieved by application of two-dimensional high resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in conjunction with stable isotope dilution analysis, leading to the determination of apparent permeability values by different mathematical approaches considering sink and non-sink conditions. Overall, calculated permeability values ranged from 2.6 × 10(-6) to 1.8 × 10(-4) cm s(-1) with all mathematical approaches, indicating high absorption potential and almost complete bioavailability for all tested compounds with hydroxyl-functionalities. Considering this high permeability together with the high lipophilicity of these substances, a passive transcellular uptake route can be speculated. Investigated sesquiterpenes and β-myrcene showed flat absorption profiles while the investigated esters showed decreasing profiles. In view of the lipophilic and volatile nature of the investigated substances, special attention was paid to recovery and mass balance determination. Furthermore, in the course of the transport experiments of 1-octen-3-ol and 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, additional biotransformation products were observed, namely 3-octanone and 3-methyl-2-butenal, respectively. The absence of these additional substances in control experiments strongly indicates an intestinal first-pass metabolism of the α,β-unsaturated alcohols 1-octen-3-ol and 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol in Caco-2 cells.
Production and Quality Evaluation of Pineapple Fruit Wine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qi, Ningli; Ma, Lina; Li, Liuji; Gong, Xiao; Ye, Jianzhi

2017-12-01

The fermentation process of pineapple fruit wine was studied. The juice was inoculated with 5% (v/v) active yeast and held at 20 °C for 7 days. Total sugar and pH decreased while the alcoholic strength increased with increasing length of fermentation. The fermented fruit wine contains 2.29 g/L total acid, 10.2 % (v/v) alcohol, 5.4 °Brix soluble solids, pH 3.52. Pineapple wine detected 68 kinds of aroma components, including 34 esters, 13 alcohols. The ester material accounted for 52.25% of the main aroma components. The quality and sensory evaluation results indicated that pineapple fruit wine belongs to a kind of low alcohol wine, so it is easy to be accepted by the public.
Drinking-water-criteria document for phthalic acid esters (PAES). Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1991-08-01

The document provides the health effects basis to be considered in establishing the MCLG. To achieve the objective, data on pharmacokinetics human exposure, acute and chronic toxicity to animals and humans, epidemiology and mechanisms of toxicity are evaluated for phthalic acid esters. Specific emphasis is placed on literature data providing dose-response information. Thus, while the literature search and evaluation performed in support of the document has been comprehensive, only the reports considered most pertinent in the derivation of the MCLG are cited in the document. The comprehensive literature data base in support of the document includes information published up tomore » 1986; however, more recent data may have been added during the review process.« less
Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of ester-linked 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles with a furyl/thienyl moiety.

PubMed

Kaushik, C P; Luxmi, Raj; Singh, Dharmendra; Kumar, Ashwani

2017-02-01

Twenty ester-linked 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles having a furyl/thienyl moiety have been synthesized from heteroaryl prop-2-yn-1-yl carboxylate and aromatic azides via a Cu(I) catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, [Formula: see text]H NMR, [Formula: see text]C NMR spectroscopy and HRMS. Synthesized triazoles were tested in vitro for antimicrobial evaluation against Gram-negative bacteria-Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae; Gram-positive bacteria-Staphylococcus aureus and two fungal strains-Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, reflecting moderate to good activity. The structure of compound 6f was also confirmed by X-ray crystallography (CCDC 1469326).
Regioselective synthesis of 7-O-esters of the flavonolignan silibinin and SARs lead to compounds with overadditive neuroprotective effects.

PubMed

Schramm, Simon; Huang, Guozheng; Gunesch, Sandra; Lang, Florian; Roa, Judit; Högger, Petra; Sabaté, Raimon; Maher, Pamela; Decker, Michael

2018-02-25

A series of neuroprotective hybrid compounds was synthesized by conjugation of the flavonolignan silibinin with natural phenolic acids, such as ferulic, cinnamic and syringic acid. Selective 7-O-esterfication without protection groups was achieved by applying the respective acyl chlorides. Sixteen compounds were obtained and SARs were established by evaluating antioxidative properties in the physicochemical FRAP assay, as well as in a cell-based neuroprotection assay using murine hippocampal HT-22 cells. Despite weak activities in the FRAP assay, esters of the α,β-unsaturated acids showed pronounced overadditive effects at low concentrations greatly exceeding the effects of equimolar mixtures of silibinin and the respective acids in the neuroprotection assay. Cinnamic and ferulic acid esters (5a and 6a) also showed overadditive effects regarding inhibition of microglial activation, PC12 cell differentiation, in vitro ischemia as well as anti-aggregating abilities against Aβ42 peptide and τ protein. Remarkably, the esters of ferulic acid with silybin A and silybin B (11a and 11b) showed a moderate but significant difference in both neuroprotection and in their anti-aggregating capacities. The results demonstrate that non-toxic natural antioxidants can be regioselectively connected as esters with medium-term stability exhibiting very pronounced overadditive effects in a portfolio of biological assays. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Combining mass spectrometry diagnostic and density functional theory calculations for a better understanding of the plasma polymerization of ethyl lactate.

PubMed

Ligot, S; Guillaume, M; Gerbaux, P; Thiry, D; Renaux, F; Cornil, J; Dubois, P; Snyders, R

2014-04-17

The focus of this work is on the growth mechanism of ethyl lactate-based plasma polymer film (ELPPF) that could be used as barrier coatings. In such an application, the ester density of the plasma polymer has to be controlled to tune the degradation rate of the material. Our strategy consists of correlating the plasma chemistry evaluated by RGA mass spectrometry and understanding, via DFT calculations, the chemistry of the synthesized thin films. The theoretical calculations helped us to understand the plasma chemistry in plasma ON and OFF conditions. From these data it is unambiguously shown that the signal m/z 75 can directly be correlated with the precursor density in the plasma phase. The combination of XPS and chemical derivatization experiments reveal that the ester content in the ELPFF can be tailored from 2 to 18 at. % by decreasing the RF power, which is perfectly correlated with the evolution of the plasma chemistry. Our results also highlight that the ELPPF chemistry, especially the ester content, is affected by the plasma mode of operation (continuous or pulsed discharge, at similar injected mean power) for similar ester content in the plasma. This could be related to different energy conditions at the interface of the growing films that could affect the sticking coefficient of the ester-bearing fragments.
Method of bonding metals to ceramics

DOEpatents

Maroni, Victor A.

1991-01-01

A ceramic or glass having a thin layer of silver, gold or alloys thereof at the surface thereof. A first metal is bonded to the thin layer and a second metal is bonded to the first metal. The first metal is selected from the class consisting of In, Ga, Sn, Bi, Zn, Cd, Pb, Tl and alloys thereof, and the second metal is selected from the class consisting of Cu, Al, Pb, An and alloys thereof.
Use of Li.sub.2[B.sub.12H.sub.12] salt to absorb water into polymers

DOEpatents

Eastwood, Eric A.; Bowen, III, Daniel E.

2016-08-30

Methods of adjusting the properties of a composition are provided. The compositions comprise a polymer-containing matrix and a filler comprising a hygroscopic salt. Preferred such salts comprise a cage compound selected from the group consisting of borane cage compounds, carborane cage compounds, metal complexes thereof, residues thereof, mixtures thereof, and/or agglomerations thereof, where the cage compound is not covalently bound to the matrix polymer.
Effect of plant sterols on the lipid profile of patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Randomised, experimental study

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background Studies have been conducted on supplementing the daily diet with plant sterol ester-enriched milk derivatives in order to reduce LDL-cholesterol levels and, consequently, cardiovascular risk. However, clinical practice guidelines on hypercholesterolaemia state that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend their use in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia. The main objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of the intake of 2 g of plant sterol esters a day in lowering LDL-cholesterol levels in patients diagnosed with hypercholesterolaemia. The specific objectives are: 1) to quantify the efficacy of the daily intake of plant sterol esters in lowering LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and cardiovascular risk in patients with hypercholesterolaemia; 2) to evaluate the occurrence of adverse effects of the daily intake of plant sterol esters; 3) to identify the factors that determine a greater reduction in lipid levels in subjects receiving plant sterol ester supplements. Methods/Design Randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled experimental trial carried out at family doctors' surgeries at three health centres in the Health Area of Albacete (Spain). The study subjects will be adults diagnosed with "limit" or "defined" hypercholesterolaemia and who have LDL cholesterol levels of 130 mg/dl or over. A dairy product in the form of liquid yoghurt containing 2 g of plant sterol ester per container will be administered daily after the main meal, for a period of 24 months. The control group will receive a daily unit of yogurt not supplemented with plant sterol esters that has a similar appearance to the enriched yoghurt. The primary variable is the change in lipid profile at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. The secondary variables are: change in cardiovascular risk, adherence to the dairy product, adverse effects, adherence to dietary recommendations, frequency of food consumption, basic physical examination data, health problems, lipid-lowering medication, physical activity, smoking habits and socio-demographic variables. Discussion If plant sterol ester supplements were effective a sounder recommendation for the consumption of plant sterols in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia could be made. Trial Registration Current Controlled Trials NCT01406106. PMID:21910898
Synthesis and odor evaluation of five new sulfur-containing ester flavor compounds from 4-ethyloctanoic acid.

PubMed

Liu, Yuping; Chen, Haitao; Yin, Decai; Sun, Baoguo

2010-07-29

Five sulfur-containing flavor compounds were synthesized for the first time by the reaction of 4-ethyloctanoyl chloride with sulfur-containing alcohols or mercaptans. The synthesized compounds are 3-(methylthio)propyl 4-ethyloctanoate, 2-methyl-3-tetrahydro-furanthiol 4-ethyloctanoate, 4-methyl-5-thiazoleethanol 4-ethyloctanoate, 2-furan-methanethiol 4-ethyloctanoate and 2-methyl-3-furanthiol 4-ethyloctanoate. These five synthetic sulfur-containing ester flavor compounds all have meaty odor and might be used in foods if approved for this purpose in the future.
Evaluation of Synthetic Fuel for Army Ground Applications: Tasks 2-6

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-29

Additive Description HFRR, microns SLBOCLE, g Neat S-8 None 795 1050 04-865 03-POSF-452 5 Unpurified phthalic acid monoester 760 1450 04-866 02...POSF-414 7 Alkoxyl proponic acid 710 2100 04-867 02-POSF-4145 Alcohol glyceryl ester 740 1650 04-868 02-POSF-4146 Alcohol succinic mono ester 780 1650...The 35°C temperature is where the fast-id le and cold s tart advance disengages. The 54°C temperatu re is where the glow plugs controller is
Analysis of the constituents in jojoba wax used as a food additive by LC/MS/MS.

PubMed

Tada, Atsuko; Jin, Zhe-Long; Sugimoto, Naoki; Sato, Kyoko; Yamazaki, Takeshi; Tanamoto, Kenichi

2005-10-01

Jojoba wax is a natural gum base used as a food additive in Japan, and is obtained from jojoba oil with a characteristically high melting point. Although the constituents of jojoba oil have been reported, the quality of jojoba wax used as a food additive has not yet been clarified. In order to evaluate its quality as a food additive and to obtain basic information useful for setting official standards, we investigated the constituents and their concentrations in jojoba wax. LC/MS analysis of the jojoba wax showed six peaks with [M+H]+ ions in the range from m/z 533.6 to 673.7 at intervals of m/z 28. After isolation of the components of the four main peaks by preparative LC/MS, the fatty acid and long chain alcohol moieties of the wax esters were analyzed by methanolysis and hydrolysis, followed by GC/MS. The results indicated that the main constituents in jojoba wax were various kinds of wax esters, namely eicosenyl octadecenoate (C20:1-C18:1) (1), eicosenyl eicosenoate (C20:1-C20:1) (II), docosenyl eicosenoate (C22:1-C20:1) (III), eicosenyl docosenoate (C20:1-C22:1) (IV) and tetracosenyl eiosenoate (C24:1-C20:1) (V). To confirm and quantify the wax esters in jojoba wax directly, LC/MS/MS analysis was performed. The product ions corresponding to the fatty acid moieties of the wax esters were observed, and by using the product ions derived from the protonated molecular ions of wax esters the fatty acid moieties were identified by MRM analysis. The concentrations of the wax esters I, II and III, in jojoba wax were 5.5, 21.4 and 37.8%, respectively. In summary, we clarified the main constituents of jojoba wax and quantified the molecular species of the wax esters without hydrolysis by monitoring their product ions, using a LC/MS/MS system.
Method of bonding metals to ceramics

DOEpatents

Maroni, V.A.

1991-04-23

A ceramic or glass having a thin layer of silver, gold or alloys thereof at the surface thereof is disclosed. A first metal is bonded to the thin layer and a second metal is bonded to the first metal. The first metal is selected from the class consisting of In, Ga, Sn, Bi, Zn, Cd, Pb, Tl and alloys thereof, and the second metal is selected from the class consisting of Cu, Al, Pb, Au and alloys thereof. 3 figures.
Method for forming nuclear fuel containers of a composite construction and the product thereof

DOEpatents

Cheng, Bo-Ching; Rosenbaum, Herman S.; Armijo, Joseph S.

1984-01-01

An improved method for producing nuclear fuel containers of a composite construction having components providing therein a barrier system for resisting destructive action by volatile fission products or impurities and also interdiffusion of metal constituents, and the product thereof. The composite nuclear fuel containers of the method comprise a casing of zirconium or alloy thereof with a layer of copper overlying an oxidized surface portion of the zirconium or alloy thereof.
76 FR 57019 - Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof From France, Germany and Italy: Final Results of Sunset Reviews...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-15

... with integral shafts, ball bearings (including radial ball bearings) and parts thereof, and housed or... thereof (inner race, outer race, cage, rollers, balls, seals, shields, etc.) outlined above with certain...

Increase of fruity aroma during mixed T. delbrueckii/S. cerevisiae wine fermentation is linked to specific esters enhancement.

PubMed

Renault, Philippe; Coulon, Joana; de Revel, Gilles; Barbe, Jean-Christophe; Bely, Marina

2015-08-17

The aim of this work was to study ester formation and the aromatic impact of Torulaspora delbrueckii when used in association with Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the alcoholic fermentation of must. In order to evaluate the influence of the inoculation procedure, sequential and simultaneous mixed cultures were carried out and compared to pure cultures of T. delbrueckii and S. cerevisiae. Our results showed that mixed inoculations allowed the increase, in comparison to S. cerevisiae pure culture, of some esters specifically produced by T. delbrueckii and significantly correlated to the maximal T. delbrueckii population reached in mixed cultures. Thus, ethyl propanoate, ethyl isobutanoate and ethyl dihydrocinnamate were considered as activity markers of T. delbrueckii. On the other hand, isobutyl acetate and isoamyl acetate concentrations were systematically increased during mixed inoculations although not correlated with the development of either species but were rather due to positive interactions between these species. Favoring T. delbrueckii development when performing sequential inoculation enhanced the concentration of esters linked to T. delbrueckii activity. On the contrary, simultaneous inoculation restricted the growth of T. delbrueckii, limiting the production of its activity markers, but involved a very important production of numerous esters due to more important positive interactions between species. These results suggest that the ester concentrations enhancement via interactions during mixed modalities was due to S. cerevisiae production in response to the presence of T. delbrueckii. Finally, sensory analyses showed that mixed inoculations between T. delbrueckii and S. cerevisiae allowed to enhance the complexity and fruity notes of wine in comparison to S. cerevisiae pure culture. Furthermore, the higher levels of ethyl propanoate, ethyl isobutanoate, ethyl dihydrocinnamate and isobutyl acetate in mixed wines were found responsible for the increase of fruitiness and complexity. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Substituent effects and pH profiles for stability constants of arylboronic acid diol esters.

PubMed

Martínez-Aguirre, Mayte A; Villamil-Ramos, Raul; Guerrero-Alvarez, Jorge A; Yatsimirsky, Anatoly K

2013-05-17

Stability constants of boronic acid diol esters in aqueous solution have been determined potentiometrically for a series of meta-, para-substituted phenylboronic acids and diols of variable acidity. The constants β(11-1) for reactions between neutral forms of reactants producing the anionic ester plus proton follow the Hammett equation with ρ depending on pKa of diol and varying from 2.0 for glucose to 1.29 for 4-nitrocatechol. Observed stability constants (K(obs)) measured by UV-vis and fluorometric titrations at variable pH for esters of 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonate (Tiron) generally agree with those expected on the basis of β(11-1) values, but the direct fitting of K(obs) vs pH profiles gives shifted pKa values both for boronic acids and diol as a result of significant interdependence of fitting parameters. The subsituent effects on absorption and fluorescence spectra of Tiron arylboronate esters are characterized. The K(obs) for Tiron determined by (11)B NMR titrations are approximately 1 order of magnitude smaller than those determined by UV-vis titrations under identical conditions. A general equation, which makes possible an estimate of β(11-1) for any pair of boronic acid and diol from their pKa values, is proposed on the basis of established Brönsted-type correlation of Hammett parameters for β(11-1) with acidity of diols. The equation allows one to calculate stability constants expected only on basis of acid-base properties of the components, thus permitting more strict evaluation of contributions of additional factors such as steric or charge effects to the ester stability.
Plasticization effect of triacetin on structure and properties of starch ester film.

PubMed

Zhu, Jie; Li, Xiaoxi; Huang, Chen; Chen, Ling; Li, Lin

2013-05-15

The aim of this work was to evaluate the plasticizing effect of triacetin on the structure and properties of starch ester film and further establish the structure-property relationships. The presence of triacetin resulted in multiple structure changes of the film. The mobility of macromolecular chain was increased to form scattered crystallite during the film formation process. The amorphous region was enlarged to contain more triacetin squeezed from crystalline region. The plasticization of triacetin and restriction of crystallite oppositely influenced the mobility of macromolecular chains in different regions. The thermal stability of triacetin changed along with its fluctuant interaction with macromolecules. Comparatively, the enhanced ether bond and the restriction from crystalline regions on the mobility of the amorphous chain consequently improved the thermal stability of the film matrix. The interaction between triacetin and starch ester was essential to film forming but unexpectedly lowered the triacetin stability. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Production of Biodiesel from Thespesiapopulnea seed oil through rapid in situ transesterification - an optimization study and assay of fuel properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bhargavi, G.; Nageswara Rao, P.; Renganathan, S.

2018-03-01

Biodiesel production was carried out from Thespesia populnea seed oil through rapid insitu transesterification. Influence of reaction parameters such as catalyst type and concentration, methanol to biomass ratio, co-solvent volume, temperature and agitation speed on conversion of oil into methyl esters was investigated. The effect of different co-solvents on conversion was evaluated. Optimum methyl ester conversion of 97.80% was achieved at 1.5wt% of KOH catalyst, 5.5:1 (v/w) methanol to biomass ratio, 25vol%tetrahydrofuranco-solvent, 60°C and 500 rpm within 120min of reaction time. Fuel properties of produced methyl esters were well fitted within the limits of ASTMD 6751 standards. Considering the properties of produced biodiesel, Thespesia populnea seed derived biodiesel can be used as potential alternate to fossil diesel fuel.
77 FR 32996 - Certain Handheld Electronic Computing Devices, Related Software, and Components Thereof...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-04

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-769] Certain Handheld Electronic Computing Devices, Related Software, and Components Thereof; Termination of the Investigation Based on... electronic computing devices, related software, and components thereof by reason of infringement of certain...
Fibrous microcapsules and methods of assembly and use thereof

DOEpatents

Stupp, Samuel; Rozkiewicz, Dorota

2015-01-27

The present invention relates to assembly of peptide amphiphiles and biopolymers into fibrous microcapsules, and uses thereof. In particular, the present invention provides devices, compositions, and methods for interfacial self-assembly of peptide amphiphiles and biopolyments into fibrous microcapsules, and uses thereof.
76 FR 54252 - In the Matter of Certain Wireless Devices With 3G Capabilities and Components Thereof; Notice of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-31

... With 3G Capabilities and Components Thereof; Notice of Institution of Investigation Institution of... States after importation of certain wireless devices with 3G capabilities and components thereof by... after [[Page 54253
A kinetic study on the Novozyme 435-catalyzed esterification of free fatty acids with octanol to produce octyl esters.

PubMed

Chowdhury, Avisha; Mitra, Debarati

2015-01-01

Octyl esters can serve as an important class of biolubricant components replacing their mineral oil counterparts. The purpose of the current work was to investigate the enzymatic esterification reaction of free fatty acids (FFA, from waste cooking oil) with octanol in a solvent-free system using a commercial lipase Novozyme 435. It was found that the esterificaton reaction followed the Ping-pong bi-bi kinetics with no inhibition by substrates or products within the studied concentration range. The maximum reaction rate was estimated to be 0.041 mol L(-1) g(-1) h(-1) . Additionally, the stability of Novozyme 435 in the current reaction system was studied by determining its activity and final conversion of FFA to esters after 12 successive utilizations. Novozyme 435 exhibited almost 100% enzyme activity up to 7 cycles of reaction and gradually decreased (by 5%) thereafter. The kinetic parameters evaluated from the study shall assist in the design of reactors for large-scale production of octyl esters from a cheap biomass source. The enzyme reusability data can further facilitate mass production by curtailing the cost of expensive enzyme consumption. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
Quantitative analysis of fatty-acid-based biofuels produced by wild-type and genetically engineered cyanobacteria by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Guan, Wenna; Zhao, Hui; Lu, Xuefeng; Wang, Cong; Yang, Menglong; Bai, Fali

2011-11-11

Simple and rapid quantitative determination of fatty-acid-based biofuels is greatly important for the study of genetic engineering progress for biofuels production by microalgae. Ideal biofuels produced from biological systems should be chemically similar to petroleum, like fatty-acid-based molecules including free fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acid ethyl esters, fatty alcohols and fatty alkanes. This study founded a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for simultaneous quantification of seven free fatty acids, nine fatty acid methyl esters, five fatty acid ethyl esters, five fatty alcohols and three fatty alkanes produced by wild-type Synechocystis PCC 6803 and its genetically engineered strain. Data obtained from GC-MS analyses were quantified using internal standard peak area comparisons. The linearity, limit of detection (LOD) and precision (RSD) of the method were evaluated. The results demonstrated that fatty-acid-based biofuels can be directly determined by GC-MS without derivation. Therefore, rapid and reliable quantitative analysis of fatty-acid-based biofuels produced by wild-type and genetically engineered cyanobacteria can be achieved using the GC-MS method founded in this work. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A novel liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based bioanalytical method for quantification of ethyl esters of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and its application in pharmacokinetic study.

PubMed

Viswanathan, Sekarbabu; Verma, P R P; Ganesan, Muniyandithevar; Manivannan, Jeganathan

2017-07-15

Omega-3 fatty acids are clinically useful and the two marine omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are prevalent in fish and fish oils. Omega-3 fatty acid formulations should undergo a rigorous regulatory step in order to obtain United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) approval as prescription drug. In connection with that, despite quantifying EPA and DHA fatty acids, there is a need for quantifying the level of ethyl esters of them in biological samples. In this study, we make use of reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-MS)technique for the method development. Here, we have developed a novel multiple reaction monitoring method along with optimized parameters for quantification of EPA and DHA as ethyl esters. Additionally, we attempted to validate the bio-analytical method by conducting the sensitivity, selectivity, precision accuracy batch, carryover test and matrix stability experiments. Furthermore, we also implemented our validated method for evaluation of pharmacokinetics of omega fatty acid ethyl ester formulations. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Formation of 3-MCPD Fatty Acid Esters from Monostearoyl Glycerol and the Thermal Stability of 3-MCPD Monoesters.

PubMed

Zhao, Yue; Zhang, Yaqiong; Zhang, Zhongfei; Liu, Jie; Wang, Yi-Lin; Gao, Boyan; Niu, Yuge; Sun, Xiangjun; Yu, Liangli

2016-11-23

Formation of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) esters from monostearoyl glycerol (MSG) was investigated under high temperature and low moisture conditions. Different organic and inorganic chlorides, including lindane, KCl, CaCl 2 , NaCl, MgCl 2 , AlCl 3 , CuCl 2 , MnCl 2 , SnCl 2 , ZnCl 2 , and FeCl 3 , were evaluated for their potential to react with MSG to form 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters at 120 and 240 °C using a UPLC-Q-TOF MS analysis. The results indicated that different chlorine compounds differed in their capacity to react with MSG and formed different products including 3-MCPD mono- and diesters, distearoylglycerol, and glycidyl esters. According to electron spin resonance (ESR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies, free radical mediated formation mechanisms involving either five-membered or six-membered cyclic acyloxonium free radicals (CAFR) from monoacylglycerol (MAG) were proposed. Tandem quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q-TOF) MS and MS/MS analyses confirmed the free radical mechanisms. In addition, the results from the present study showed that 3-MCPD monoester could be degraded upon thermal treatment and suggested a possible catalytic role of Fe 3+ under the experimental conditions.
Sucrose esters from Physalis peruviana calyces with anti-inflammatory activity.

PubMed

Franco, Luis A; Ocampo, Yanet C; Gómez, Harold A; De la Puerta, Rocío; Espartero, José L; Ospina, Luis F

2014-11-01

Physalis peruviana is a native plant from the South American Andes and is widely used in traditional Colombian medicine of as an anti-inflammatory medicinal plant, specifically the leaves, calyces, and small stems in poultice form. Previous studies performed by our group on P. peruviana calyces showed potent anti-inflammatory activity in an enriched fraction obtained from an ether total extract. The objective of the present study was to obtain and elucidate the active compounds from this fraction and evaluate their anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro. The enriched fraction of P. peruviana was purified by several chromatographic methods to obtain an inseparable mixture of two new sucrose esters named peruviose A (1) and peruviose B (2). Structures of the new compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic methods and chemical transformations. The anti-inflammatory activity of the peruvioses mixture was evaluated using λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and lipopolysaccharide-activated peritoneal macrophages. Results showed that the peruvioses did not produce side effects on the liver and kidneys and significantly attenuated the inflammation induced by λ-carrageenan in a dosage-dependent manner, probably due to an inhibition of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, which was demonstrated in vitro. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of sucrose esters in P. peruviana that showed a potent anti-inflammatory effect. These results suggest the potential of sucrose esters from the Physalis genus as a novel natural alternative to treat inflammatory diseases. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.
77 FR 16562 - Certain Navigation Products, Components Thereof, and Related Software; Determination Not To...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-21

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-810] Certain Navigation Products, Components Thereof, and Related Software; Determination Not To Review an Initial Determination Granting a... United States after importation of certain navigation products, components thereof, and related software...
78 FR 52563 - Certain Sleep-Disordered Breathing Treatment Systems and Components Thereof; Notice of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-23

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-890] Certain Sleep-Disordered Breathing... certain sleep- disordered breathing treatment systems and components thereof by reason of infringement of... after importation of certain sleep- disordered breathing treatment systems and components thereof that...
77 FR 13350 - Certain Automotive GPS Navigation Systems, Components Thereof, and Products Containing Same...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-06

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-814] Certain Automotive GPS Navigation Systems, Components Thereof, and Products Containing Same; Determination Not To Review Initial... importation of certain automotive GPS navigation systems, components thereof, and products containing the same...
78 FR 16531 - Certain Electronic Devices for Capturing and Transmitting Images, and Components Thereof...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-15

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-831] Certain Electronic Devices for Capturing and Transmitting Images, and Components Thereof; Commission Determination Not To Review an Initial... certain electronic devices for capturing and transmitting images, and components thereof. The complaint...
Synthesis and biological evaluation of amino acid methyl ester conjugates of 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid against the production of nitric oxide (NO).

PubMed

Onyango, Evans O; Fu, Liangfeng; Cao, Martine; Liby, Karen T; Sporn, Michael B; Gribble, Gordon W

2014-01-15

2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO, 2) was condensed with various amino acid methyl esters at the C-28 carboxylic acid. The new amide conjugates were evaluated for their inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with interferon-γ (IFNγ). Of these new compounds, CDDO conjugates with alanine, valine, and serine are nearly equipotent to CDDO-ethyl amide (4), a triterpenoid with promising biological activity in numerous disease models. Some of these conjugates also induce the in vitro expression of heme oxygenase-1, and inhibit the proliferation of Panc-1343 pancreatic cells. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Synthesis of Antiproliferative Cephalotaxus Esters and Their Evaluation against Several Human Hematopoietic and Solid Tumor Cell Lines: Uncovering Differential Susceptibilities to Multidrug Resistance

PubMed Central

Eckelbarger, Joseph D.; Wilmot, Jeremy T.; Epperson, Matthew T.; Thakur, Chandar S.; Shum, David; Antczak, Christophe; Tarassishin, Leonid; Djaballah, Hakim; Gin, David Y.

2008-01-01

Deoxyharringtonine (2), homoharringtonine (3), homodeoxyharringtonine (4), and anhydroharringtonine (5) are reported to be among the most potent members of the antileukemia alkaloids isolated from the Cephalotaxus genus. Convergent syntheses of these four natural products are described, each involving novel synthetic methods and strategies. These syntheses enabled evaluation of several advanced natural and non-natural compounds against an array of human hematopoietic and solid tumor cells. Potent cytotoxicity was observed in several cell lines previously not challenged with these alkaloids. Variations in the structure of the ester chain within this family of alkaloids confer differing activity profiles against vincristine-resistant HL-60/RV+, signalling new avenues for molecular design of these natural products to combat multi-drug resistance. PMID:18366032
Methods of refining and producing isomerized fatty acid esters and fatty acids from natural oil feedstocks

DOEpatents

Snead, Thomas E.; Cohen, Steven A.; Gildon, Demond L.; Beltran, Leslie V.; Kunz, Linda A.; Pals, Tessa M.; Quinn, Jordan R; Behrends, Jr., Raymond T.; Bernhardt, Randal J.

2016-07-05

Methods are provided for refining natural oil feedstocks and producing isomerized esters and acids. The methods comprise providing a C4-C18 unsaturated fatty ester or acid, and isomerizing the fatty acid ester or acid in the presence of heat or an isomerization catalyst to form an isomerized fatty ester or acid. In some embodiments, the methods comprise forming a dibasic ester or dibasic acid prior to the isomerizing step. In certain embodiments, the methods further comprise hydrolyzing the dibasic ester to form a dibasic acid. In certain embodiments, the olefin is formed by reacting the feedstock in the presence of a metathesis catalyst under conditions sufficient to form a metathesized product comprising olefins and esters, separating the olefins from the esters in the metathesized product, and transesterifying the esters in the presence of an alcohol to form a transesterified product having unsaturated esters.
Temperature-enhanced alumina HPLC method for the analysis of wax esters, sterol esters, and methyl esters.

PubMed

Moreau, Robert A; Kohout, Karen; Singh, Vijay

2002-12-01

Previous attempts at separating nonpolar lipid esters (including wax esters, sterol esters, and methyl esters) have achieved only limited success. Among the several normal-phase methods tested, a single recent report of a method employing an alumina column at 30 degrees C with a binary gradient system was the most promising. In the current study, modification of the alumina method by increasing the column temperature to 75 degrees C improved the separation of standards of wax esters and sterol esters. Elevated column temperature also enhanced the separation of FAME with differing degrees of unsaturation. Evidence was also presented to indicate that the method similarly separated phytosterol esters, based on their levels of unsaturation. With the increased interest in phytosterol- and phytostanol-ester enriched functional foods, this method should provide a technique to characterize and compare these products.

EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR THE ISOLATION OR CONCENTRATION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES FROM WATER USING XAD-4 QUATERNARY RESIN

EPA Science Inventory

A synthetic resin (Amberlite XAD-4 Quaternary in the OH- form) was evaluated as an adsorption medium for the concentration/isolation of acids, amines, aldehydes, carbohydrates, chlorobiphenyls, esters, hydrocarbons, ketones, phenols, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and trihalo...
alpha,beta-Dehydrophenylalanine choline esters, a new class of reversible inhibitors of human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase.

PubMed

Grigoryan, Hasmik A; Hambardzumyan, Artur A; Mkrtchyan, Marina V; Topuzyan, Vigen O; Halebyan, Ghukas P; Asatryan, Ruben S

2008-01-10

Our goal was to design, synthesize, and evaluate new cholinesterase inhibitors. Fourteen dehydroamino acids esterified to choline and to its ternary analog were synthesized by a new method that gave a yield of 84-93%. The potency of the amino acid ester derivatives was tested by measuring K(i) values for inhibition of human red cell acetylcholinesterase and human plasma butyrylcholinesterase. The most potent compound was a choline ester of dehydrophenylalanine where the amine group of the amino acid was derivatized with a benzoyl group containing a methoxy in the 2-position, CH(3)O(C(6)H(4))CONHC(CHC(6)H(5))COOCH(2)CH(2)N(+)(CH(3))(3). This compound was a strong inhibitor of both human acetylcholinesterase and human butyrylcholinesterase, with K(i) values of 10 microM and 0.08 microM, respectively. These K(i) values are comparable to that of Rivastigmine. Docking of the most potent compound into the active site of human butyrylcholinesterase showed that the lowest energy model had two benzene rings oriented towards Trp 82 and Tyr 332 whereas the positively charged nitrogen group was stabilized by Trp 231. This orientation placed the ester group 3.89 A from the active site Ser 198, a distance too far for covalent bonding, explaining why the esters are inhibitors rather than substrates. This class of anticholinesterase agents has the potential for therapeutic utility in the treatment of disorders of the cholinergic system.
Biocompatible microemulsions of a model NSAID for skin delivery: A decisive role of surfactants in skin penetration/irritation profiles and pharmacokinetic performance.

PubMed

Todosijević, Marija N; Savić, Miroslav M; Batinić, Bojan B; Marković, Bojan D; Gašperlin, Mirjana; Ranđelović, Danijela V; Lukić, Milica Ž; Savić, Snežana D

2015-12-30

To elaborate the decisive role of surfactants in promotion of aceclofenac' skin absorption, potentially avoiding irritation, we developed non-ionic microemulsions varying natural or synthetic surfactants: sucrose esters (laurate or myristate) vs. polysorbate 80. A comprehensive physicochemical characterization indicated no significant influence of the solubilized nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug on the bicontinuous structure of blank formulations. To evaluate skin tolerability of isopropyl alcohol, a sucrose ester-based microemulsion containing transcutol P as a cosurfactant was also developed. The measured skin parameters strongly depended on the (co)surfactant type, showing higher compatibility of the microemulsions containing sucrose ester and isopropyl alcohol. In vitro release results, in vivo tape stripping and pharmacokinetics in rats confirmed superiority of the sucrose ester- over polysorbate-based microemulsions (total amounts of aceclofenac penetrated 60.81±5.97 and 60.86±3.67 vs. 27.00±5.09μg/cm(2), and its maximum plasma concentrations 275.57±109.49 and 281.31±76.76 vs. 150.23±69.74ng/ml for sucrose laurate- and myristate- vs. polysorbate 80-based microemulsions, respectively). Hence, sugar-based excipients increased delivery of aceclofenac through stratum corneum by increasing its fluidity, showing overall more satisfying safety profiles. In conclusion, sucrose ester-based microemulsions proved to be promising carriers for dermal/transdermal aceclofenac delivery. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
77 FR 24738 - Certain Wireless Communication Devices and Systems, Components Thereof, and Products Containing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-25

... Devices and Systems, Components Thereof, and Products Containing Same; Notice of Commission Determination... certain wireless communication devices and systems, components thereof, and products containing the same..., California; Apple Inc. of Cupertino, California; Aruba Networks, Inc. of Sunnyvale, California; Meru Networks...
76 FR 69285 - Certain Game Devices, Components Thereof, and Products Containing the Same; Determination Not To...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-08

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-757] Certain Game Devices, Components Thereof, and Products Containing the Same; Determination Not To Review An Initial Determination Granting... the United States after importation of certain game devices, components thereof, and products...
14 CFR 21.33 - Inspection and tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) No aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or part thereof may be presented to the Administrator for... aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or part thereof; and (2) No change may be made to an aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or part thereof between the time that compliance with paragraphs (b)(2) through...
78 FR 32689 - Certain Portable Electronic Communications Devices, Including Mobile Phones and Components...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-31

..., Including Mobile Phones and Components Thereof Notice of Receipt of Complaint; Solicitation of Comments... Certain Portable Electronic Communications Devices, Including Mobile Phones and Components Thereof, DN... mobile phones and components thereof. The complaint names as respondents HTC Corporation of China and HTC...
75 FR 43205 - Enforcement Proceeding: In the Matter of: Certain Voltage Regulators, Components Thereof and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-23

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Inv. No. 337-TA-564] Enforcement Proceeding: In the Matter of: Certain Voltage Regulators, Components Thereof and Products Containing Same; Notice of Final Determination... the United States after importation of certain voltage regulators, components thereof and products...
78 FR 19311 - Certain Radio Frequency Identification (“RFID”) Products And Components Thereof; Institution of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-29

... Identification (``RFID'') Products And Components Thereof; Institution of Investigation Pursuant to 19 U.S.C... sale within the United States after importation of certain radio frequency identification (``RFID... after importation of certain radio frequency identification (``RFID'') products and components thereof...
77 FR 22802 - Certain Handbags, Luggage, Accessories, and Packaging Thereof; Determination Not To Review an...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-17

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-754] Certain Handbags, Luggage, Accessories, and Packaging Thereof; Determination Not To Review an Initial Determination Granting Complainant... importation of certain handbags, luggage, accessories, and packaging thereof by reason of infringement of U.S...
77 FR 26041 - Certain Computers and Computer Peripheral Devices and Components Thereof and Products Containing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-02

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Inv. No. 337-TA-841] Certain Computers and Computer Peripheral... after importation of certain computers and computer peripheral devices and components thereof and... computers and computer peripheral devices and components thereof and products containing the same that...
Textbook Utilization in a Broadcast Journalism Emphasis.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reppert, James E.

Do textbooks matter in an ever-changing field of broadcast journalism? Are some teaching materials irrelevant or out of touch with equipment needs, or lack thereof, at small institutions? Noting that these questions need to be considered when evaluating broadcast or mass communication writing and production textbooks by national companies, this…
Fundamental Characterization of the Micellar Self-Assembly of Sophorolipid Esters.

PubMed

Koh, Amanda; Todd, Katherine; Sherbourne, Ezekiel; Gross, Richard A

2017-06-13

Surfactants are ubiquitous constituents of commercial and biological systems that function based on complex structure-dependent interactions. Sophorolipid (SL) n-alkyl esters (SL-esters) comprise a group of modified naturally derived glycolipids from Candida bombicola. Herein, micellar self-assembly behavior as a function of SL-ester chain length was studied. Surface tensions as low as 31.2 mN/m and critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) as low as 1.1 μM were attained for diacetylated SL-decyl ester (dASL-DE) and SL-octyl ester, respectively. For deacetylated SL-esters, CMC values reach a lower limit at SL-ester chains above n-butyl (SL-BE, 1-3 μM). This behavior of SL-esters with increasing hydrophobic tail length is unlike other known surfactants. Diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) and T 1 relaxation NMR experiments indicate this behavior is due to a change in intramolecular interactions, which impedes the self-assembly of SL-esters with chain lengths above SL-BE. This hypothesis is supported by micellar thermodynamics where a disruption in trends occurs at n-alkyl ester chain lengths above those of SL-BE and SL-hexyl ester (SL-HE). Diacetylated (dA) SL-esters exhibit an even more unusual trend in that CMC increases from 1.75 to 815 μM for SL-ester chain lengths of dASL-BE and dASL-DE, respectively. Foaming studies, performed to reveal the macroscopic implications of SL-ester micellar behavior, show that the observed instability in foams formed using SL-esters are due to coalescence, which highlights the importance of understanding intermicellar interactions. This work reveals that SL-esters are an important new family of green high-performing surfactants with unique structure-property relationships that can be tuned to optimize micellar characteristics.
Evaluation of certain food additives.

PubMed

2012-01-01

This report represents the conclusions of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee convened to evaluate the safety of various food additives, including flavouring agents, with a view to concluding as to safety concerns and to preparing specifications for identity and purity. The first part of the report contains a general discussion of the principles governing the toxicological evaluation of and assessment of dietary exposure to food additives, including flavouring agents. A summary follows of the Committee's evaluations of technical, toxicological and dietary exposure data for five food additives (magnesium dihydrogen diphosphate; mineral oil (medium and low viscosity) classes II and III; 3-phytase from Aspergillus niger expressed in Aspergillus niger; serine protease (chymotrypsin) from Nocardiopsis prasina expressed in Bacillus licheniformis; and serine protease (trypsin) from Fusarium oxysporum expressed in Fusarium venenatum) and 16 groups of flavouring agents (aliphatic and aromatic amines and amides; aliphatic and aromatic ethers; aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and related esters, sulfides, disulfides and ethers containing furan substitution; aliphatic linear alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, acids and related alcohols, acetals and esters; amino acids and related substances; epoxides; furfuryl alcohol and related substances; linear and branched-chain aliphatic, unsaturated, unconjugated alcohols, aldehydes, acids and related esters; miscellaneous nitrogen-containing substances; phenol and phenol derivatives; pyrazine derivatives; pyridine, pyrrole and quinoline derivatives; saturated aliphatic acyclic branched-chain primary alcohols, aldehydes and acids; simple aliphatic and aromatic sulfides and thiols; sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds; and sulfur-substituted furan derivatives). Specifications for the following food additives were revised: ethyl cellulose, mineral oil (medium viscosity), modified starches and titanium dioxide. Annexed to the report are tables summarizing the Committee's recommendations for dietary exposures to and toxicological evaluations of the food additives and flavouring agents considered.
77 FR 58577 - Certain Video Game Systems and Wireless Controllers and Components Thereof; Notice of Request for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-21

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-770] Certain Video Game Systems and Wireless Controllers and Components Thereof; Notice of Request for Statements on the Public Interest AGENCY... desist order against certain video game systems and wireless controllers and components thereof, imported...
78 FR 68091 - Certain Marine Sonar Imaging Devices, Products Containing the Same, and Components Thereof...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-13

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-898] Certain Marine Sonar Imaging Devices... importation of certain marine sonar imaging devices, products containing the same, and components thereof by... marine sonar imaging devices, products containing the same, and components thereof by reason of...
75 FR 3444 - Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof From Germany: Initiation of Antidumping Duty Changed...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-21

... Thereof From Germany: Initiation of Antidumping Duty Changed-Circumstances Review AGENCY: Import... bearings and parts thereof from Germany with respect to myonic GmbH. DATES: Effective Date: January 21... Germany on May 15, 1989. See Antidumping Duty Orders: Ball Bearings, Cylindrical Roller Bearings, and...
77 FR 27078 - Certain Electronic Devices, Including Mobile Phones and Tablet Computers, and Components Thereof...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-08

... Phones and Tablet Computers, and Components Thereof; Notice of Receipt of Complaint; Solicitation of... entitled Certain Electronic Devices, Including Mobile Phones and Tablet Computers, and Components Thereof... the United States after importation of certain electronic devices, including mobile phones and tablet...
76 FR 12994 - In the Matter of Certain Digital Televisions and Components Thereof, and Certain Electronic...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-09

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Inv. No. 337-TA-764] In the Matter of Certain Digital Televisions and Components Thereof, and Certain Electronic Devices Having a Blu-Ray Disc Player and Components Thereof; Notice of Investigation AGENCY: U.S. International Trade Commission. ACTION: Institution of...
77 FR 14423 - Certain Food Containers, Cups, Plates, Cutlery, and Related Items, and Packaging Thereof; Notice...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-09

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [DN 2883] Certain Food Containers, Cups, Plates, Cutlery, and... Containers, Cups, Plates, Cutlery, and Related Items, and Packaging Thereof, DN 2883; the Commission is... importation of certain food containers, cups, plates, cutlery, and related items, and packaging thereof. The...

25 CFR 307.12 - Certificates, dating, and signing thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Certificates, dating, and signing thereof. 307.12 Section 307.12 Indians INDIAN ARTS AND CRAFTS BOARD, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NAVAJO ALL-WOOL WOVEN FABRICS; USE OF GOVERNMENT CERTIFICATE OF GENUINENESS § 307.12 Certificates, dating, and signing thereof. When...
78 FR 36572 - Certain Crawler Cranes and Components Thereof Notice of Receipt of Complaint; Solicitation of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-18

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Docket No. 2960] Certain Crawler Cranes and Components Thereof... Trade Commission has received a complaint entitled Certain Crawler Cranes and Components Thereof, DN...) of the Commission's Rules of Practice and Procedure filed on behalf of Manitowoc Cranes, LLC on June...
76 FR 69284 - Certain Integrated Solar Power Systems and Components Thereof: Notice of Institution of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-08

... the United States after importation of certain integrated solar power systems and components thereof... certain integrated solar power systems and components thereof that infringe one or more of claims 6 and 10... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-811] Certain Integrated Solar Power...
77 FR 39736 - Certain Integrated Solar Power Systems and Components Thereof; Notice of Termination of the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-05

... certain integrated solar power systems and components thereof by reason of infringement of certain claims... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-811] Certain Integrated Solar Power Systems and Components Thereof; Notice of Termination of the Investigation Based on Settlement AGENCY: U.S...
77 FR 26041 - Certain Cameras and Mobile Devices, Related Software and Firmware, and Components Thereof and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-02

... Software and Firmware, and Components Thereof and Products Containing the Same; Institution of..., related software and firmware, and components thereof and products containing the same by reason of... after importation of certain cameras and mobile devices, related software and firmware, and components...
77 FR 22611 - Certain Set-Top Boxes, and Hardware and Software Components Thereof; Determination Not To Review...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-16

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-761] Certain Set-Top Boxes, and Hardware and Software Components Thereof; Determination Not To Review Initial Determination Terminating... certain set-top boxes, and hardware and software components thereof by reason of infringement of various...
77 FR 20417 - Certain Cameras and Mobile Devices, Related Software and Firmware, and Components Thereof and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-04

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [DN 2891] Certain Cameras and Mobile Devices, Related Software and... complaint entitled Certain Cameras and Mobile Devices, Related Software and Firmware, and Components Thereof... cameras and mobile devices, related software and firmware, and components thereof and products containing...
77 FR 16860 - Certain GPS Navigation Products, Components Thereof, and Related Software; Termination of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-22

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-783] Certain GPS Navigation Products, Components Thereof, and Related Software; Termination of Investigation on the Basis of Settlement AGENCY: U.S... GPS navigation products, components thereof, and related software, by reason of the infringement of...
76 FR 39895 - In the Matter of Certain Microprocessors, Components Thereof, and Products Containing Same...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-07

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Inv. No. 337-TA-781] In the Matter of Certain Microprocessors... importation of certain microprocessors, components thereof, and products containing same by reason of... microprocessors, components thereof, and products containing same that infringe one or more of claims 11-16, 41...
76 FR 55944 - In the Matter of Certain Electronic Devices With Image Processing Systems, Components Thereof...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-09

... With Image Processing Systems, Components Thereof, and Associated Software; Notice of Commission... importation of certain electronic devices with image processing systems, components thereof, and associated... direct infringement is asserted and the accused article does not meet every limitation of the asserted...
Synthetic substrates for enzyme analysis

DOEpatents

Bissell, Eugene R.; Mitchell, Alexander R.; Pearson, Karen W.; Smith, Robert E.

1983-01-01

Synthetic substrates are provided which may be represented as A-D. The A moiety thereof includes an amino acid, polypeptide, or derivative thereof. The D moiety thereof includes 7-amino coumarin derivatives having an electron withdrawing substituent group at the 3 position carbon or fused between the 3 and 4 position carbons.
21 CFR 501.22 - Animal foods; labeling of spices, flavorings, colorings, and chemical preservatives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy products, or fermentation products thereof. Artificial flavor includes... products, or fermentation products thereof, whose significant function in food is flavoring rather than... or retard deterioration thereof, but does not include common salt, sugars, vinegars, spices, or oils...
75 FR 65656 - In the Matter of: Certain Notebook Computer Products and Components Thereof; Notice of Commission...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-26

... States after importation of certain notebook computer products and components thereof by reason of... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-705] In the Matter of: Certain Notebook Computer Products and Components Thereof; Notice of Commission Determination Not To Review an Initial...
78 FR 55294 - Certain Wireless Devices With 3G Capabilities and Components Thereof Commission Determination To...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-10

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-800] Certain Wireless Devices With 3G Capabilities and Components Thereof Commission Determination To Review the Final Initial Determination Finding... importation of certain wireless devices with 3G capabilities and components thereof by reason of infringement...
CVD apparatus and process for the preparation of fiber-reinforced ceramic composites

DOEpatents

Caputo, A.J.; Devore, C.E.; Lowden, R.A.; Moeller, H.H.

1990-01-23

An apparatus and process for the chemical vapor deposition of a matrix into a preform having circumferentially wound ceramic fibers, comprises heating one surface of the preform while cooling the other surface thereof. The resulting product may have fibers that are wound on radial planes or at an angle from the radial planes. The fibers can also be precoated with pyrolytic carbon before application of the matrix. The matrix is applied by passing reactant gas through the preform thereof to the other side thereof for the initial deposition of matrix near such other surface of the preform. The matrix fills in the preform from the other side surface thereof to the surface of the side of application thereof until a desired amount of matrix has been deposited. 6 figs.
CVD apparatus and process for the preparation of fiber-reinforced ceramic composites

DOEpatents

Caputo, Anthony J.; Devore, Charles E.; Lowden, Richard A.; Moeller, Helen H.

1990-01-01

An apparatus and process for the chemical vapor deposition of a matrix into a preform having circumferentially wound ceramic fibers, comprises heating one surface of the preform while cooling the other surface thereof. The resulting product may have fibers that are wound on radial planes or at an angle from the radial planes. The fibers can also be precoated with pyrolytic carbon before application of the matrix. The matrix is applied by passing reactant gas through the preform thereof to the other side thereof for the initial deposition of matrix near such other surface of the preform. The matrix fills in the preform from the other side surface thereof to the surface of the side of application thereof until a desired amount of matrix has been deposited.
In vitro antifungal activity of fatty acid methyl esters of the seeds of Annona cornifolia A.St.-Hil. (Annonaceae) against pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.

PubMed

Lima, Luciana Alves Rodrigues dos Santos; Johann, Susana; Cisalpino, Patrícia Silva; Pimenta, Lúcia Pinheiro Santos; Boaventura, Maria Amélia Diamantino

2011-01-01

Fatty acids are abundant in vegetable oils. They are known to have antibacterial and antifungal properties. Antifungal susceptibility was evaluated by broth microdilution assay following CLSI (formerly the NCCLS) guidelines against 16 fungal strains of clinical interest. In this work, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) was able to inhibit 12 clinical strains of the pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and were also active in the bioautographic assay against Cladosporium sphaerospermum. FAME was a more potent antifungal than trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole against P. brasiliensis under the experimental conditions tested.
Direct Determination of MCPD Fatty Acid Esters and Glycidyl Fatty Acid Esters in Vegetable Oils by LC–TOFMS

PubMed Central

Haines, Troy D.; Adlaf, Kevin J.; Pierceall, Robert M.; Lee, Inmok; Venkitasubramanian, Padmesh

2010-01-01

Analysis of MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in vegetable oils using the indirect method proposed by the DGF gave inconsistent results when salting out conditions were varied. Subsequent investigation showed that the method was destroying and reforming MCPD during the analysis. An LC time of flight MS method was developed for direct analysis of both MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in vegetable oils. The results of the LC–TOFMS method were compared with the DGF method. The DGF method consistently gave results that were greater than the LC–TOFMS method. The levels of MCPD esters and glycidyl esters found in a variety of vegetable oils are reported. MCPD monoesters were not found in any oil samples. MCPD diesters were found only in samples containing palm oil, and were not present in all palm oil samples. Glycidyl esters were found in a wide variety of oils. Some processing conditions that influence the concentration of MCPD esters and glycidyl esters are discussed. PMID:21350591
75 FR 36677 - In the Matter of Certain Inkjet Ink Cartridges With Printheads and Components Thereof; Notice of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-28

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-711] In the Matter of Certain Inkjet Ink Cartridges With Printheads and Components Thereof; Notice of a Commission Determination Not To Review an... importation of certain inkjet ink cartridges with printheads and components thereof by reason of infringement...
76 FR 51055 - In the Matter of Certain Inkjet Ink Cartridges with Printheads and Components Thereof; Notice of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-17

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-723] In the Matter of Certain Inkjet Ink... importation of certain inkjet ink cartridges with printheads and components thereof by reason of infringement... importation of the accused inkjet ink cartridges with printheads and components thereof. Regarding...

78 FR 56245 - Certain Wireless Consumer Electronics Devices and Components Thereof; Notice of Request for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-12

... Electronics Devices and Components Thereof; Notice of Request for Statements on the Public Interest AGENCY: U... wireless consumer electronics devices and components thereof imported by respondents Acer, Inc. of Taipei... Communications, Inc. of San Diego, California; LG Electronics, Inc. of Seoul, Korea; LG Electronics U.S.A., Inc...
76 FR 41523 - In the Matter of Certain Mobile Communications and Computer Devices and Components Thereof...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-14

... Communications and Computer Devices and Components Thereof; Notice of Commission Determination Not To Review an... in its entirety Inv. No. 337-TA-704, Certain Mobile Communications and Computer Devices and... importation of certain mobile communications and computer devices and components thereof by reason of...
76 FR 5206 - In the Matter of Certain Game Devices, Components Thereof, and Products Containing the Same...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-28

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Inv. No. 337-TA-757] In the Matter of Certain Game Devices... importation of certain game devices, components thereof, and products containing the same by reason of... certain game devices, components thereof, and products containing the same that infringe one or more of...
14 CFR 21.33 - Inspection and tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...— (1) No aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or part thereof may be presented to the FAA for test..., aircraft engine, propeller, or part thereof; and (2) No change may be made to an aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or part thereof between the time that compliance with paragraphs (b)(2) through (b)(4) of this...
14 CFR 21.33 - Inspection and tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...— (1) No aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or part thereof may be presented to the FAA for test..., aircraft engine, propeller, or part thereof; and (2) No change may be made to an aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or part thereof between the time that compliance with paragraphs (b)(2) through (b)(4) of this...
14 CFR 21.33 - Inspection and tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...— (1) No aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or part thereof may be presented to the FAA for test..., aircraft engine, propeller, or part thereof; and (2) No change may be made to an aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or part thereof between the time that compliance with paragraphs (b)(2) through (b)(4) of this...
77 FR 5275 - Certain Ink Application Devices and Components Thereof and Methods of Using the Same; Receipt of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-02

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [DN 2874] Certain Ink Application Devices and Components Thereof... the U.S. International Trade Commission has received a complaint entitled In Re Certain Ink... United States after importation of certain ink application devices and components thereof and methods of...
76 FR 68504 - Advisory Opinion Proceeding; Certain Coaxial Cable Connectors and Components Thereof and Products...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-04

... Coaxial Cable Connectors and Components Thereof and Products Containing Same; Determination To Institute... coaxial cable connectors and components thereof and products containing the same by reason of infringement... under Commission Rule 210.79 (19 CFR 210.79) that would declare that its coaxial cable connectors...
75 FR 20861 - Certain Digital Set-Top Boxes and Components Thereof; Notice of Investigation

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-21

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Inv. No. 337-TA-712] Certain Digital Set-Top Boxes and Components... the United States after importation of certain digital set-top boxes and components thereof that... after importation of certain digital set- top boxes and components thereof that infringe one or more of...
77 FR 14043 - Certain Mobile Devices, Associated Software, and Components Thereof; Determination To Review...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-08

... Software, and Components Thereof; Determination To Review Final Initial Determination AGENCY: U.S..., and the sale within the United States after importation of certain mobile devices, associated software... software, and components thereof containing same by reason of infringement of one or more of claims 1, 2, 5...
75 FR 38118 - In the Matter of Certain Electronic Devices With Image Processing Systems, Components Thereof...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-01

... With Image Processing Systems, Components Thereof, and Associated Software; Notice of Investigation..., and associated software by reason of infringement of certain claims of U.S. Patent Nos. 7,043,087... processing systems, components thereof, and associated software that infringe one or more of claims 1, 6, and...
75 FR 80843 - In the Matter of Certain Gaming and Entertainment Consoles, Related Software, and Components...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-23

... Entertainment Consoles, Related Software, and Components Thereof; Notice of Investigation AGENCY: U.S..., related software, and components thereof by reason of infringement of certain claims of U.S. Patent No. 5... gaming and entertainment consoles, related software, and components thereof that infringe one or more of...
75 FR 36632 - Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof from the People's Republic of China: Initiation of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-28

... Thereof from the People's Republic of China: Initiation of Antidumping Duty New Shipper Review AGENCY... new shipper review (``NSR'') of the antidumping duty order on diamond sawblades and parts thereof... statutory and regulatory requirements for initiation. The period of review (``POR'') for the NSR is January...
76 FR 775 - Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Initiation of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-06

... Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Initiation of Antidumping Duty New Shipper Review AGENCY... new shipper review (``NSR'') of the antidumping duty order on diamond sawblades and parts thereof... the statutory and regulatory requirements for initiation. The period of review (``POR'') for this NSR...
9 CFR 319.703 - Rendered animal fat or mixture thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Rendered animal fat or mixture thereof... INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION DEFINITIONS AND STANDARDS OF IDENTITY OR COMPOSITION Fats, Oils, Shortenings § 319.703 Rendered animal fat or mixture thereof. “Rendered Animal Fat,” or any mixture of fats...
9 CFR 319.703 - Rendered animal fat or mixture thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Rendered animal fat or mixture thereof... INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION DEFINITIONS AND STANDARDS OF IDENTITY OR COMPOSITION Fats, Oils, Shortenings § 319.703 Rendered animal fat or mixture thereof. “Rendered Animal Fat,” or any mixture of fats...
9 CFR 319.703 - Rendered animal fat or mixture thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Rendered animal fat or mixture thereof... INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION DEFINITIONS AND STANDARDS OF IDENTITY OR COMPOSITION Fats, Oils, Shortenings § 319.703 Rendered animal fat or mixture thereof. “Rendered Animal Fat,” or any mixture of fats...
49 CFR 510.3 - Compulsory process, the service thereof, claims for confidential treatment, and terms of compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Compulsory process, the service thereof, claims... OF TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION GATHERING POWERS § 510.3 Compulsory process, the service thereof... description of the documents or things to be produced. (c) Service of the compulsory processes specified in...
16 CFR 1605.3 - Compulsory processes and the service thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Compulsory processes and the service thereof... Investigations, Inspections and Inquiries § 1605.3 Compulsory processes and the service thereof. (a) In addition... inquired of. (c) The date of service of any form of compulsory process shall be the date on which the...
76 FR 41761 - Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof From Japan and the United Kingdom: Revocation of Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-15

... Parts Thereof From Japan and the United Kingdom: Revocation of Antidumping Duty Orders AGENCY... Japan and the United Kingdom. DATES: Effective Date: July 16, 2011. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT... thereof from Japan and the United Kingdom (collectively, the orders) in the Federal Register. See...

40 CFR 80.1403 - Which fuels are not subject to the 20% GHG thresholds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... construction after December 19, 2007, and are fired with natural gas, biomass, or a combination thereof, the... are fired with natural gas, biomass, or a combination thereof at all times the facility operated... produced through processes fired with natural gas, biomass, or any combination thereof. (e) The annual...
75 FR 47027 - In the Matter of: Certain Devices Having Elastomeric Gel and Components Thereof; Notice of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-04

... Elastomeric Gel and Components Thereof; Notice of Investigation AGENCY: U.S. International Trade Commission... importation, and the sale within the United States after importation of certain devices having elastomeric gel... after importation of certain devices having elastomeric gel and components thereof that infringe one or...
76 FR 59737 - In the Matter of Certain Digital Photo Frames and Image Display Devices and Components Thereof...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-27

... Frames and Image Display Devices and Components Thereof; Notice of Institution of Investigation... United States after importation of certain digital photo frames and image display devices and components... certain digital photo frames and image display devices and components thereof that infringe one or more of...
75 FR 17437 - In the Matter of Certain Notebook Computer Products and Components Thereof; Notice of Commission...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-06

... importation of certain notebook computer products and components thereof by reason of infringement of the '693... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-705] In the Matter of Certain Notebook Computer Products and Components Thereof; Notice of Commission Decision Not To Review an Initial...
75 FR 8400 - In the Matter of Certain Notebook Computer Products and Components Thereof; Notice of Investigation

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-24

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Inv. No. 337-TA-705] In the Matter of Certain Notebook Computer... United States after importation of certain notebook computer products and components thereof by reason of... after importation of certain notebook computer products or components thereof that infringe one or more...
76 FR 64896 - Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time Limit...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-19

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-900] Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of... sawblades and parts thereof from the People's Republic of China for the period January 23, 2009, through...
76 FR 41759 - Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time Limit...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-15

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-900] Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of... sawblades and parts thereof from the People's Republic of China for the period January 23, 2009, through...
77 FR 26788 - Certain Wireless Devices With 3G Capabilities and Components Thereof Determination Not To Review...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-07

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-800] Certain Wireless Devices With 3G Capabilities and Components Thereof Determination Not To Review Initial Determination To Amend the Notice of... importation of certain wireless devices with 3G capabilities and components thereof by reason of infringement...
Methods of refining and producing dibasic esters and acids from natural oil feedstocks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Snead, Thomas E; Cohen, Steven A; Gildon, Demond L

2015-04-07

Methods are provided for refining natural oil feedstocks and producing dibasic esters and/or dibasic acids. The methods comprise reacting a terminal olefin with an internal olefin in the presence of a metathesis catalyst to form a dibasic ester and/or dibasic acid. In certain embodiments, the olefin esters are formed by reacting the feedstock in the presence of a metathesis catalyst under conditions sufficient to form a metathesized product comprising olefins and esters, separating the olefins from the esters in the metathesized product, and transesterifying the esters in the presence of an alcohol to form a transesterified product having olefin esters.
Methods of refining and producing dibasic esters and acids from natural oil feedstocks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Snead, Thomas E.; Cohen, Steven A.; Gildon, Demond L.

2016-03-15

Methods are provided for refining natural oil feedstocks and producing dibasic esters and/or dibasic acids. The methods comprise reacting a terminal olefin with an internal olefin in the presence of a metathesis catalyst to form a dibasic ester and/or dibasic acid. In certain embodiments, the olefin esters are formed by reacting the feedstock in the presence of a metathesis catalyst under conditions sufficient to form a metathesized product comprising olefins and esters, separating the olefins from the esters in the metathesized product, and transesterifying the esters in the presence of an alcohol to form a transesterified product having olefin esters.
System and method for detecting cells or components thereof

DOEpatents

Porter, Marc D [Ames, IA; Lipert, Robert J [Ames, IA; Doyle, Robert T [Ames, IA; Grubisha, Desiree S [Corona, CA; Rahman, Salma [Ames, IA

2009-01-06

A system and method for detecting a detectably labeled cell or component thereof in a sample comprising one or more cells or components thereof, at least one cell or component thereof of which is detectably labeled with at least two detectable labels. In one embodiment, the method comprises: (i) introducing the sample into one or more flow cells of a flow cytometer, (ii) irradiating the sample with one or more light sources that are absorbed by the at least two detectable labels, the absorption of which is to be detected, and (iii) detecting simultaneously the absorption of light by the at least two detectable labels on the detectably labeled cell or component thereof with an array of photomultiplier tubes, which are operably linked to two or more filters that selectively transmit detectable emissions from the at least two detectable labels.
Safety evaluation of phytosterol-esters. Part 9: Results of a European post-launch monitoring programme.

PubMed

Lea, L J; Hepburn, P A

2006-08-01

Phytosterol-esters were developed by Unilever as a cholesterol lowering novel food ingredient for use initially in vegetable oil spreads. In addition to an extensive package of safety studies and clinical studies a programme of post-launch monitoring (PLM) was developed. PLM was used to address the following questions: (a) Is the product use as predicted/recommended? (b) Are the known effects as predicted? (c) Does the product cause unexpected health effects? The overall conclusions from the PLM programme were: the product is being bought by the target population but intakes are less than the original assumptions made in the risk assessment; long-term use of phytosterol-ester enriched spreads results in a reduction in the serum levels of the most lipophilic carotenoids but at current levels of intake this is unlikely to result in reductions in carotenoids that are of biological significance; evaluation of health related consumer complaints have not indicated any unexpected health effects associated with the use of the product in the marketplace. As part of the European approval under Regulation (EC) No. 258/97 on Novel Foods and Food Ingredients the results of the PLM programme had to be submitted to the European Commission (EC) and reviewed by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF). They concluded that the study provided valuable information, which complemented the pre-market safety evaluation studies, and that the EC mandatory requirement had been met.
Glycophenotype evaluation in cutaneous tumors using lectins labeled with acridinium ester.

PubMed

Lima, Luiza Rayanna Amorim; Bezerra, Matheus Filgueira; Almeida, Sinara Mônica Vitalino; Silva, Lúcia Patrícia Bezerra Gomes; Beltrão, Eduardo Isidoro Carneiro; Carvalho Júnior, Luiz Bezerra

2013-01-01

Tumor cells show alterations in their glycosylation patterns when compared to normal cells. Lectins can be used to evaluate these glycocode changes. Chemiluminescence assay is an effective technique for quantitative analysis of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and rapid testing. To use histochemiluminescence based on lectin conjugated to acridinium ester (AE) for the investigation of glycophenotype changes in cutaneous tumors. Concanavalin A (Con A), Peanut agglutinin (PNA), Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I (UEA-I), and Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA) were conjugated to acridinium ester. Biopsies of cutaneous tumors and normal skin were incubated with the lectins-AE, and chemiluminescence was quantified and expressed as Relative Light Units (RLU). Results. Actinic keratosis (AK), keratoacanthoma (KA), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) showed lower expression of α -D-glucose/mannose and α -L-fucose residues compared to normal tissue. Cutaneous tumors displayed higher expression of Gal- β (1-3)-GalNAc residues than normal tissue. AK and SCC exhibited higher expression of Neu5Ac- α (2,3)Gal residues than normal epidermis. KA and BCC showed equivalent RLU values compared to normal tissue. Lectin histochemiluminescence allowed quantitative assessment of the carbohydrate expression in cutaneous tissues, contributing to eliminate the subjectivity of conventional techniques used in the histopathological diagnosis.
Estimation of hydrolysis rate constants for carbamates ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Cheminformatics based tools, such as the Chemical Transformation Simulator under development in EPA’s Office of Research and Development, are being increasingly used to evaluate chemicals for their potential to degrade in the environment or be transformed through metabolism. Hydrolysis represents a major environmental degradation pathway; unfortunately, only a small fraction of hydrolysis rates for about 85,000 chemicals on the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) inventory are in public domain, making it critical to develop in silico approaches to estimate hydrolysis rate constants. In this presentation, we compare three complementary approaches to estimate hydrolysis rates for carbamates, an important chemical class widely used in agriculture as pesticides, herbicides and fungicides. Fragment-based Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSARs) using Hammett-Taft sigma constants are widely published and implemented for relatively simple functional groups such as carboxylic acid esters, phthalate esters, and organophosphate esters, and we extend these to carbamates. We also develop a pKa based model and a quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) model, and evaluate them against measured rate constants using R square and root mean square (RMS) error. Our work shows that for our relatively small sample size of carbamates, a Hammett-Taft based fragment model performs best, followed by a pKa and a QSPR model. This presentation compares three comp
Insights into the Tunnel Mechanism of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein through All-atom Molecular Dynamics Simulations

DOE PAGES

Lei, Dongsheng; Rames, Matthew; Zhang, Xing; ...

2016-05-03

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) mediates cholesteryl ester (CE) transfer from the atheroprotective high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol to the atherogenic low density lipoprotein cholesterol. In the past decade, this property has driven the development of CETP inhibitors, which have been evaluated in large scale clinical trials for treating cardiovascular diseases. Despite the pharmacological interest, little is known about the fundamental mechanism of CETP in CE transfer. Recent electron microscopy (EM) experiments have suggested a tunnel mechanism, and molecular dynamics simulations have shown that the flexible N-terminal distal end of CETP penetrates into the HDL surface and takes up amore » CE molecule through an open pore. However, it is not known whether a CE molecule can completely transfer through an entire CETP molecule. Here, we used all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate this possibility. The results showed that a hydrophobic tunnel inside CETP is sufficient to allow a CE molecule to completely transfer through the entire CETP within a predicted transfer time and at a rate comparable with those obtained through physiological measurements. Analyses of the detailed interactions revealed several residues that might be critical for CETP function, which may provide important clues for the effective development of CETP inhibitors and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.« less
High provitamin A carotenoid serum concentrations, elevated retinyl esters, and saturated retinol-binding protein in Zambian preschool children are consistent with the presence of high liver vitamin A stores.

PubMed

Mondloch, Stephanie; Gannon, Bryan M; Davis, Christopher R; Chileshe, Justin; Kaliwile, Chisela; Masi, Cassim; Rios-Avila, Luisa; Gregory, Jesse F; Tanumihardjo, Sherry A

2015-08-01

Biomarkers of micronutrient status are needed to best define deficiencies and excesses of essential nutrients. We evaluated several supporting biomarkers of vitamin A status in Zambian children to determine whether any of the biomarkers were consistent with high liver retinol stores determined by using retinol isotope dilution (RID). A randomized, placebo-controlled, biofortified maize efficacy trial was conducted in 140 rural Zambian children from 4 villages. A series of biomarkers were investigated to better define the vitamin A status of these children. In addition to the assessment of total-body retinol stores (TBSs) by using RID, tests included analyses of serum carotenoids, retinyl esters, and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) by using high-pressure liquid chromatography, retinol-binding protein by using ELISA, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity by using a colorimetric assay. Children (n = 133) were analyzed quantitatively for TBSs by using RID. TBSs, retinyl esters, some carotenoids, and PLP differed by village site. Serum carotenoids were elevated above most nonintervened reference values for children. α-Carotene, β-carotene, and lutein values were >95th percentile from children in the US NHANES III, and 13% of children had hypercarotenemia (defined as total carotenoid concentration >3.7 μmol/L). Although only 2% of children had serum retinyl esters >10% of total retinol plus retinyl esters, 16% of children had >5% as esters, which was consistent with high liver retinol stores. Ratios of serum retinol to retinol-binding protein did not deviate from 1.0, which indicated full saturation. ALT activity was low, which was likely due to underlying vitamin B-6 deficiency, which was confirmed by very low serum PLP concentrations. The finding of hypervitaminosis A in Zambian children was supported by high circulating concentrations of carotenoids and mildly elevated serum retinyl esters. ALT-activity assays may be compromised with co-existing vitamin B-6 deficiency. Nutrition education to improve intakes of whole grains and animal-source foods may enhance vitamin B-6 status in Zambians. © 2015 American Society for Nutrition.
The Phorbol Ester Fraction from Jatropha curcas Seed Oil: Potential and Limits for Crop Protection against Insect Pests

PubMed Central

Ratnadass, Alain; Wink, Michael

2012-01-01

The physic nut shrub, Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae), has been considered as a “miracle tree”, particularly as a source of alternate fuel. Various extracts of the plant have been reported to have insecticidal/acaricidal or molluscicidal/anthelminthic activities on vectors of medical or veterinary interest or on agricultural or non-agricultural pests. Among those extracts, the phorbol ester fraction from seed oil has been reported as a promising candidate for use as a plant-derived protectant of a variety of crops, from a range of pre-harvest and post-harvest insect pests. However, such extracts have not been widely used, despite the “boom” in the development of the crop in the tropics during recent years, and societal concerns about overuse of systemic chemical pesticides. There are many potential explanations to such a lack of use of Jatropha insecticidal extracts. On the one hand, the application of extracts potentially harmful to human health on stored food grain, might not be relevant. The problem of decomposition of phorbol esters and other compounds toxic to crop pests in the field needing further evaluation before such extracts can be widely used, may also be a partial explanation. High variability of phorbol ester content and hence of insecticidal activity among physic nut cultivars/ecotypes may be another. Phytotoxicity to crops may be further limitation. Apparent obstacles to a wider application of such extracts are the costs and problems involved with registration and legal approval. On the other hand, more studies should be conducted on molluscicidal activity on slugs and land snails which are major pests of crops, particularly in conservation agriculture systems. Further evaluation of toxicity to natural enemies of insect pests and studies on other beneficial insects such as pollinators are also needed. PMID:23203190
The phorbol ester fraction from Jatropha curcas seed oil: potential and limits for crop protection against insect pests.

PubMed

Ratnadass, Alain; Wink, Michael

2012-11-30

The physic nut shrub, Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae), has been considered as a "miracle tree", particularly as a source of alternate fuel. Various extracts of the plant have been reported to have insecticidal/acaricidal or molluscicidal/anthelminthic activities on vectors of medical or veterinary interest or on agricultural or non-agricultural pests. Among those extracts, the phorbol ester fraction from seed oil has been reported as a promising candidate for use as a plant-derived protectant of a variety of crops, from a range of pre-harvest and post-harvest insect pests. However, such extracts have not been widely used, despite the "boom" in the development of the crop in the tropics during recent years, and societal concerns about overuse of systemic chemical pesticides. There are many potential explanations to such a lack of use of Jatropha insecticidal extracts. On the one hand, the application of extracts potentially harmful to human health on stored food grain, might not be relevant. The problem of decomposition of phorbol esters and other compounds toxic to crop pests in the field needing further evaluation before such extracts can be widely used, may also be a partial explanation. High variability of phorbol ester content and hence of insecticidal activity among physic nut cultivars/ecotypes may be another. Phytotoxicity to crops may be further limitation. Apparent obstacles to a wider application of such extracts are the costs and problems involved with registration and legal approval. On the other hand, more studies should be conducted on molluscicidal activity on slugs and land snails which are major pests of crops, particularly in conservation agriculture systems. Further evaluation of toxicity to natural enemies of insect pests and studies on other beneficial insects such as pollinators are also needed.
Characterizing and quantifying the shrinkage resistance of alkali-activated (cement-free) concrete and evaluating potential methods for reducing early-age cracking in pavements and bridges.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-12-01

This report summarizes the findings of an experimental investigation into shrinkage, and the mitigation thereof, in alkali-activated : fly ash and slag binders and concrete. The early-age (chemical and autogenous) and later-age (drying and : carbonat...
Catalytic pyrolysis-gc/ms of spirulina: evaluation of a highly proteinaceous biomass source for production of fuels and chemicals

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Pyrolysis of microalgae offers a pathway towards the production of compounds derived from the thermal decomposition of triglycerides, proteins as well as lignocelluloses and their combinations thereof. When catalytically induced, this could lead to the production of fuels and chemicals including aro...

Magnetic N-doped mesoporous carbon as an adsorbent for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of phthalate esters from soft drinks.

PubMed

Li, Menghua; Jiao, Caina; Yang, Xiumin; Wang, Chun; Wu, Qiuhua; Wang, Zhi

2017-04-01

A new kind of magnetic N-doped mesoporous carbon was prepared by the one-step carbonization of a hybrid precursor (glucose, melamine, and iron chloride) in a N 2 atmosphere with a eutectic salt (KCl/ZnCl 2 ) as the porogen. The obtained magnetic N-doped mesoporous carbon showed excellent characteristics, such as strong magnetic response, high surface area, large pore volume, and abundant π-electron system, which endow it with a great potential as a magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent. To evaluate its adsorption performance, the magnetic N-doped mesoporous carbon was used for the extraction of three phthalate esters from soft drink samples followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Under the optimum conditions, the developed method showed a good linearity (1.0-120.0 ng/mL), low limit of detection (0.1-0.3 ng/mL, S/N = 3), and good recoveries (83.2-119.0%) in soft drink samples. The results indicated that the magnetic N-doped mesoporous carbon has an excellent adsorption capacity for phthalate esters and the present method is simple, accurate, and highly efficient for the extraction and determination of phthalate esters in complex matrix samples. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Degradable poly(anhydride ester) implants: effects of localized salicylic acid release on bone.

PubMed

Erdmann, L; Macedo, B; Uhrich, K E

2000-12-01

Degradable poly(anhydride ester) implants in which the polymer backbone breaks down into salicylic acid (SA) were investigated. In this preliminary work, local release of SA from the poly(anhydride esters), thus classified as 'active polymers', on healthy bone and tissue was evaluated in vivo using a mouse model. Degradable polyanhydrides that break down into inactive by-products were used as control membranes because of their chemical similarity to the active polymers. Small polymer squares were inserted over the exposed palatal bone adjacent to the maxillary first molars. Active polymer membranes were placed on one side of the mouth, control polymers placed on the contra lateral side. Intraoral clinical examination showed that active polymer sites were less swollen and inflamed than control polymer sites. Histopathological examination at day 1 showed essentially no difference between control and active polymers. After 4 days, active polymer sites showed epithelial proliferation to a greater extent than the polyanhydride controls. After 20 days, active polymer sites showed greater thickness of new palatal bone and no resorptive areas, while control polymer sites showed less bone thickness as well as resorption including lacunae involving cementum and dentine. From these preliminary studies, we conclude that active polymers, namely poly(anhydride esters), stimulated new bone formation.
Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 8. Lack of genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity with phytosterol oxides.

PubMed

Lea, L J; Hepburn, P A; Wolfreys, A M; Baldrick, P

2004-05-01

Vegetable oil spreads containing phytosterol-esters are marketed as a cholesterol-lowering functional food in more than 20 countries worldwide. An extensive package of safety data has shown phytosterol-esters to be safe for human use. However, even though phytosterols are very stable molecules, oxidation may occur at low levels under extreme heating conditions, resulting in phytosterol oxides. As there is some suggestion of adverse biological effects in the literature for the related cholesterol oxidation products, safety data have been generated for phytosterol oxides. A phytosterol oxide concentrate (POC) was generated by prolonged heating of phytosterol-esters in the presence of oxygen. The genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity of this mixture was assessed in a series of in vitro genotoxicity assays (bacterial mutation, chromosome aberration and micronucleus) and a subchronic feeding study in the rat. Results showed that a phytosterol oxide concentrate containing approximately 30% phytosterol oxides did not possess genotoxic potential and no obvious evidence of toxicity when administered in the diet of the rat for 90 consecutive days. In the latter study, a NOEL was established at an estimated dietary level of phytosterol oxides of 128 mg/kg/day for males and 144 mg/kg/day for females. In conclusion, these materials have been shown to raise no obvious concerns for human safety.
Presence of phthalate esters in intravenous solution evaluated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method.

PubMed

Strac, Ivona Vidić; Pušić, Maja; Gajski, Goran; Garaj-Vrhovac, Vera

2013-03-01

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer widely used in the production of poly-(vinyl) chloride (PVC) materials. It is a reproductive and developmental toxicant in animals and a suspected endocrine modulator in humans. DEHP is not covalently bound within the PVC molecule, which is why migration into a suitable medium can be expected. Since application of infusion solutions is one of the most common medical treatments, the objective of this study was to determine the migration of phthalates from softened PVC storage bags into infusion solution in different time periods within one year from date of production using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. The measured values of DEHP ranged between 0.22 and 14.00 µg l(-1) , but the unexpected presence of other phthalate esters was also detected. It was concluded that values obtained in infusion solutions match the reference data and represent a minor risk for the patient. The presence of other phthalate esters leads to the conclusion that the pharmacopeic requirement for polymer cleanness was not fully met. Since phthalate esters are among the most extensively used industrial chemicals and are widely distributed in the environment, special precautions and further monitoring should be conducted to minimize any possible health risks. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the Properties of the Esters of Neopentyl Glycol,

DTIC Science & Technology

The esters of neopentyl glycol and monocarboxylic acids of normal and isomeric structure were synthesized. The esters are characterized by higher...indices of viscosity and solidification temperatures than the esters of the acids of isomeric structure. The esters of neopentyl glycol and industrial
Palladium-Catalyzed α-Arylation of Zinc Enolates of Esters: Reaction Conditions and Substrate Scope

PubMed Central

Hama, Takuo; Ge, Shaozhong; Hartwig, John F.

2013-01-01

The intermolecular α-arylation of esters by palladium-catalyzed coupling of aryl bromides with zinc enolates of esters is reported. Reactions of three different types of zinc enolates have been developed. α-Arylation of esters occurs in high yields with isolated Reformatsky reagents, with Reformatsky reagents generated from α-bromo esters and activated zinc, and with zinc enolates generated by quenching lithium enolates of esters with zinc chloride. The use of zinc enolates, instead of alkali metal enolates, greatly expands the scope of the arylation of esters. The reactions occur at room temperature or at 70 °C with bromoarenes containing cyano, nitro, ester, keto, fluoro, enolizable hydrogen, hydroxyl or amino functionality and with bromopyridines. The scope of esters encompasses acyclic acetates, propionates, and isobutyrates, α-alkoxyesters, and lactones. The arylation of zinc enolates of esters was conducted with catalysts bearing the hindered pentaphenylferrocenyl di-tert-butylphosphine (Q-phos) or the highly reactive dimeric Pd(I) complex {[P(t-Bu)3]PdBr}2. PMID:23931445
Comparative study of the antioxidant activities of some lipase-catalyzed alkyl dihydrocaffeates synthesized in ionic liquid.

PubMed

Gholivand, Somayeh; Lasekan, Ola; Tan, Chin Ping; Abas, Faridah; Wei, Leong Sze

2017-06-01

The solubility limitations of phenolic acids in many lipidic environments are now greatly improved by their enzymatic esterification in ionic liquids (ILs). Herein, four different ILs were tested for the esterification of dihydrocaffeic acid with hexanol and the best IL was selected for the synthesis of four other n-alkyl esters with different chain-lengths. The effect of alkyl chain length on the anti-oxidative properties of the resulted purified esters was investigated using β-carotene bleaching (BCB) and free radical scavenging method DPPH and compared with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as reference compound. All four esters (methyl, hexyl, dodecyl and octadecyl dihydrocaffeates) exhibited relatively strong radical scavenging abilities. The scavenging activity of the test compounds was in the following order: methyl ester>hexyl ester⩾dodecyl ester>octadecyl ester>BHT while the order for the BCB anti-oxidative activity was; BHT>octadecyl ester>dodecyl ester>hexyl ester>methyl ester. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
78 FR 34985 - Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts Thereof, Finished and Unfinished From the People's Republic of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-11

... Parts Thereof, Finished and Unfinished From the People's Republic of China: Rescission, in Part, of... parts thereof, finished and unfinished (TRBs) from the People's Republic of China (PRC) covering the... section 771(9)(A) of the Act, as amended, Dana Off Highway Products, LLC, for the company Timken de Mexico...
26 CFR 1.1335-1 - Elective method; time and manner of making election and effect thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Elective method; time and manner of making election and effect thereof. (a) In general. If the taxpayer... election and effect thereof. 1.1335-1 Section 1.1335-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE... election to all taxable years of the taxpayer beginning after December 31, 1941. Thus, the taxpayer need...
76 FR 36083 - Hand Trucks and Certain Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Final Results and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-21

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-891] Hand Trucks and Certain... review of the antidumping duty order on hand trucks and certain parts thereof from the People's Republic of China (PRC). See Hand Trucks and Certain Parts Thereof from the People's Republic of China...
77 FR 41744 - Hand Trucks and Certain Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Final Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-16

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-891] Hand Trucks and Certain... order on hand trucks and certain parts thereof from the People's Republic of China (PRC).\\1\\ Based upon...\\ See Hand Trucks and Certain Parts Thereof from the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of...
76 FR 60871 - Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof From France, Germany, and Italy; Termination of Five-Year Reviews

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-30

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation Nos. 731-TA-391A-393A (Third Review)] Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof From France, Germany, and Italy; Termination of Five-Year Reviews AGENCY: United... parts thereof from France, Germany, and Italy would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of...
77 FR 2031 - Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts Thereof, Finished and Unfinished From the People's Republic of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-13

... Parts Thereof, Finished and Unfinished From the People's Republic of China: Extension of the Time Limit..., International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 14th Street and Constitution Avenue NW..., finished and unfinished from the People's Republic of China. See Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts Thereof...
75 FR 60480 - In the Matter of Certain Bulk Welding Wire Containers and Components Thereof and Welding Wire...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-30

... Welding Wire Containers and Components Thereof and Welding Wire; Notice of Commission Determination To... within the United States after importation of certain bulk welding wire containers, components thereof, and welding wire by reason of infringement of certain claims of United States Patent Nos. 6,260,781; 6...
76 FR 22918 - In the Matter of Certain Handheld Electronic Computing Devices, Related Software, and Components...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-25

... Computing Devices, Related Software, and Components Thereof; Notice of Investigation AGENCY: U.S... devices, related software, and components thereof by reason of infringement of certain claims of U.S... devices, related software, and components thereof that infringe one or more of claims 1 and 5 of the '372...
76 FR 68209 - Certain Navigation Products, Components Thereof, and Related Software; Institution of Investigation

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-03

..., Components Thereof, and Related Software; Institution of Investigation AGENCY: U.S. International Trade... navigation products, components thereof, and related software by reason of infringement of certain claims of... related software that infringe one or more of claims 1, 2, 11, and 16 of the '565 patent; claim 1 of the...
78 FR 36573 - Certain Digital Media Devices, Including Televisions, Blu-Ray Disc Players, Home Theater Systems...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-18

... Thereof and Associated Software AGENCY: U.S. International Trade Commission. ACTION: Notice, Institution... thereof and associated software, by reason of infringement of U.S. Patent No. 8,028,323 (``the `323 patent... mobile phones, components thereof and associated software by reason of infringement of one or more of...
7 CFR 160.87 - Prohibited use of word “turpentine” or derivatives thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Prohibited use of word âturpentineâ or derivatives... use of word “turpentine” or derivatives thereof. It shall be deemed unlawful to use in commerce the word “turpentine” or a compound, derivative or imitation thereof, or any word or combination of words...
76 FR 4634 - Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China (PRC): Rescission of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-26

... Thereof From the People's Republic of China (PRC): Rescission of Antidumping Duty New-Shipper Review... (the Department) initiated a new-shipper review of the antidumping duty order on diamond sawblades and parts thereof from the People's Republic of China (PRC) covering the period January 23, 2009, through...
77 FR 53844 - Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof From France and Italy: Rescission of Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-04

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-475-801, A-427-801] Ball Bearings and... antidumping duty orders on ball bearings and parts thereof from France and Italy. The period of review is May... the antidumping duty orders on ball bearings and parts thereof from France and Italy in accordance...

78 FR 16707 - Certain Digital Photo Frames and Image Display Devices and Components Thereof; Issuance of a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-18

... Image Display Devices and Components Thereof; Issuance of a Limited Exclusion Order and Cease and Desist... within the United States after importation of certain digital photo frames and image display devices and...: (1) The unlicensed entry of digital photo frames and image display devices and components thereof...
78 FR 11818 - Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the Republic of Korea: Final Results of Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-20

..., 2010. For the final results, we continue to find that the companies covered by the review made sales of... Thereof From the Republic of Korea: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 2009-2010... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on diamond sawblades and parts thereof (diamond sawblades...
78 FR 36524 - Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the Republic of Korea: Final Results of Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-18

..., we were unable to conduct a sales below cost investigation for Hyosung. Final Results of the Review... Thereof From the Republic of Korea: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 2010-2011... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on diamond sawblades and parts thereof (diamond sawblades...
75 FR 51980 - Hand Trucks and Certain Parts Thereof from the People's Republic of China; Extension of Time...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-24

... Parts Thereof from the People's Republic of China; Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of... review of the antidumping duty order on hand trucks and certain parts thereof from the People's Republic... Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews and Request for Revocation in Part, and Deferral of...
75 FR 2108 - Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof from France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-14

...-804, A-412-801] Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof from France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Reviews AGENCY... reviews of the antidumping duty orders on ball bearings and parts thereof from France, Germany, Italy...
77 FR 14733 - Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time Limit...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-13

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-900] Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time Limit for Final Results of Antidumping Duty... order on diamond sawblades and parts thereof from the People's Republic of China for the period January...
77 FR 2511 - Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof From France, Germany, and Italy: Extension of Time Limit for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-18

... Bearings and Parts Thereof From France, Germany, and Italy: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results... ball bearings and parts thereof from France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom for the... Administrative Reviews and Request for Revocation in Part, 76 FR 37781 (June 28, 2011).\\1\\ The preliminary...
76 FR 50455 - Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time Limit...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-15

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-900] Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time Limit for Final Results of the Antidumping... parts thereof from the People's Republic of China.\\1\\ Subsequent to the publication of the Preliminary...
76 FR 2647 - Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof From France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-14

...-804, A-412-801] Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof From France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Reviews AGENCY... administrative reviews of the antidumping duty orders on ball bearings and parts thereof from France, Germany...
76 FR 59111 - Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time Limit...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-23

... Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time Limit for Final Results... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-900] Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time Limit for Final Results of the Antidumping...
76 FR 69241 - Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts Thereof, Finished or Unfinished, From the People's Republic of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-08

... Parts Thereof, Finished or Unfinished, From the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time Limit for... and parts thereof, finished or unfinished, (``TRBs'') from the People's Republic of China (``PRC... Revocation in Part, 75 FR 44224 (July 28, 2010). On July 13, 2011, the Department published the preliminary...
76 FR 40324 - Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the Republic of Korea: Extension of Time Limit for the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-08

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-580-855] Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the Republic of Korea: Extension of Time Limit for the Preliminary Results of the Antidumping... antidumping duty order on diamond sawblades and parts thereof from the Republic of Korea, covering the period...
Improving the Cold Temperature Properties of Tallow-Based Methyl Ester Mixtures Using Fractionation, Blending, and Additives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elwell, Caleb

Beef tallow is a less common feedstock source for biodiesel than soy or canola oil, but it can have economic benefits in comparison to these traditional feedstocks. However, tallow methyl ester (TME) has the major disadvantage of poor cold temperature properties. Cloud point (CP) is an standard industry metric for evaluating the cold temperature performance of biodiesel and is directly related to the thermodynamic properties of the fuel's constituents. TME has a CP of 14.5°C compared with 2.3°C for soy methyl ester (SME) and -8.3°C for canola methyl ester (CME). In this study, three methods were evaluated to reduce the CP of TME: fractionation, blending with SME and CME, and using polymer additives. TME fractionation (i.e. removal of specific methyl ester constituents) was simulated by creating FAME mixtures to match the FAME profiles of fractionated TME. The fractionation yield was found to be highest at the eutectic point of methyl palmitate (MP) and methyl stearate (MS), which was empirically determined to be at a MP/(MP+MS) ratio of approximately 82%. Since unmodified TME has a MP/(MP+MS) ratio of 59%, initially only MS should be removed to produce a ratio closer to the eutectic point to reduce CP and maximize yield. Graphs relating yield (with 4:1 methyl stearate to methyl oleate carryover) to CP were produced to determine the economic viability of this approach. To evaluate the effect of blending TME with other methyl esters, SME and CME were blended with TME at blend ratios of 0 to 100%. Both the SME/TME and CME/TME blends exhibited decreased CPs with increasing levels of SME and CME. Although the CP of the SME/TME blends varied linearly with SME content, the CP of the CME/TME blends varied quadratically with CME content. To evaluate the potential of fuel additives to reduce the CP of TME, 11 different polymer additives were tested. Although all of these additives were specifically marketed to enhance the cold temperature properties of petroleum diesel or biodiesel, only two of the additives had any significant effect on TME CP. The additive formulated by Meat & Livestock Australia (MLA) outperformed Evonik's Viscoplex 10-530. The MLA additive was investigated further and its effect on CP was characterized in pure TME and in CME/TME blends. When mixed in CME/TME blends, the MLA additive had a synergistic effect and produced lower CPs than the addition of mixing MLA in TME and blending CME with TME. To evalulate the cold temperature properties of TME blended with petroleum diesel, CPs of TME/diesel blends from 0 to 100% were measured. The TME/diesel blends were treated with the MLA additives to determine the effects of the additives under these blend conditions. The MLA additive also had a synergistic effect when mixed in TME/diesel blends. Finally, all three of the TME CP reduction methods were evaluated in an economic model to determine the conditions under which each method would be economically viable. Each of the CP reduction methods were compared using a common metric based on the cost of reducing the CP of 1 gallon of finished biodiesel by 1°C (i.e. $/gal/°C). Since the cost of each method is dependent on varying commodity prices, further development of the economic model (which was developed and tested with 2012 prices) to account for stochastic variation in commodity prices is recommended.
Development of a quantitative GC-FID method for the determination of sucrose mono- and diesters in foods.

PubMed

Cucu, Tatiana; De Meulenaer, Bruno

2015-01-01

Sucrose esters (E 473) are emulsifiers used in foods to improve different technological properties. They should conform to the specifications laid down in Commission Regulation No. 231/2012 and be used at amounts not exceeding the maximal ones set by Commission Regulation No. 1129/2011. In order to be able to characterise commercial sucrose ester formulations and to evaluate whether they are used correctly by the food industry, a quantitative GC-FID method was developed. Standards of monoesters and diesters were isolated from commercial additive preparations because no commercial ones were available. Commercial sucrose monolaureate and in-house-synthesised sucrose diarachidonate were used as internal standards. The method showed limits of detection and quantification of 2.9 and 5.7 µg ml(-1) respectively for the monoesters and 42.8 and 129.7 µg ml(-1) respectively for the diesters. The analysed commercial additive formulations contained mainly mono- and diesters of palmitic and stearic acid with low amounts of free fatty acid and sucrose. Different food matrices were incurred with commercial sucrose esters formulations and recoveries ranged between 92% and 118% for the monoesters and between 77% and 120% for the diesters. Recovery of sucrose monoesters in cake was around 34% when no enzymatic treatment was applied, and about 64% when enzymatic treatment with Clara-Diastase was applied. This indicated that sucrose esters can interact strongly with the matrix during food production and that treatment with enzymes is essential to determine the esters' content accurately in some classes of food products.
Evaluation of HDPE water sample bottles and PVC sampler tubing used in herbicide dissipation studies.

Treesearch

J. B. Fischer; J. L. Michael; H. L. Gibbs

2009-01-01

The recovery of six herbicides (triclopyr, triclopyr ester, sulfometuron methyl, metsulfuron methyl, imazapyr, and hexazinone) was evaluated in two stream water samples, one from Weogufka Creek in the Alabama Piedmont and one from a stagnant stream in the Escambia Experimental Forest near Florida. Simulated field study conditions were...
Cermet electrode

DOEpatents

Maskalick, Nicholas J.

1988-08-30

Disclosed is a cermet electrode consisting of metal particles of nickel, cobalt, iron, or alloys or mixtures thereof immobilized by zirconia stabilized in cubic form which contains discrete deposits of about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of praseodymium, dysprosium, terbium, or a mixture thereof. The solid oxide electrode can be made by covering a substrate with particles of nickel, cobalt, iron, or mixtures thereof, growing a stabilized zirconia solid oxide skeleton around the particles thereby immobilizing them, contacting the skeleton with a compound of praseodymium, dysprosium, terbium, or a mixture thereof, and heating the skeleton to a temperature of at least 500.degree. C. The electrode can also be made by preparing a slurry of nickel, cobalt, iron, or mixture and a compound of praseodymium, dysprosium, terbium, or a mixture thereof, depositing the slurry on a substrate, heating the slurry to dryness, and growing a stabilized zirconia skeleton around the metal particles.
Analyses of chlorogenic acids and related cinnamic acid derivatives from Nicotiana tabacum tissues with the aid of UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based on the in-source collision-induced dissociation method.

PubMed

Ncube, Efficient N; Mhlongo, Msizi I; Piater, Lizelle A; Steenkamp, Paul A; Dubery, Ian A; Madala, Ntakadzeni E

2014-01-01

Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) are a class of phytochemicals that are formed as esters between different derivatives of cinnamic acid and quinic acid molecules. In plants, accumulation of these compounds has been linked to several physiological responses against various stress factors; however, biochemical synthesis differs from one plant to another. Although structurally simple, the analysis of CGA molecules with modern analytical platforms poses an analytical challenge. The objective of the study was to perform a comparison of the CGA profiles and related derivatives from differentiated tobacco leaf tissues and undifferentiated cell suspension cultures. Using an UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS fingerprinting method based on the in-source collision induced dissociation (ISCID) approach, a total of 19 different metabolites with a cinnamic acid core moiety were identified. These metabolites were either present in both leaf tissue and cell suspension samples or in only one of the two plant systems. Profile differences point to underlying biochemical similarities or differences thereof. Using this method, the regio- and geometric-isomer profiles of chlorogenic acids of the two tissue types of Nicotiana tabacum were achieved. The method was also shown to be applicable for the detection of other related molecules containing a cinnamic acid core.
Yeast diversity of sourdoughs and associated metabolic properties and functionalities.

PubMed

De Vuyst, Luc; Harth, Henning; Van Kerrebroeck, Simon; Leroy, Frédéric

2016-12-19

Together with acidifying lactic acid bacteria, yeasts play a key role in the production process of sourdough, where they are either naturally present or added as a starter culture. Worldwide, a diversity of yeast species is encountered, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida humilis, Kazachstania exigua, Pichia kudriavzevii, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, and Torulaspora delbrueckii among the most common ones. Sourdough-adapted yeasts are able to withstand the stress conditions encountered during their growth, including nutrient starvation as well as the effects of acidic, oxidative, thermal, and osmotic stresses. From a technological point of view, their metabolism primarily contributes to the leavening and flavour of sourdough products. Besides ethanol and carbon dioxide, yeasts can produce metabolites that specifically affect flavour, such as organic acids, diacetyl, higher alcohols from branched-chain amino acids, and esters derived thereof. Additionally, several yeast strains possess functional properties that can potentially lead to nutritional and safety advantages. These properties encompass the production of vitamins, an improvement of the bioavailability of phenolic compounds, the dephosphorylation of phytic acid, the presence of probiotic potential, and the inhibition of fungi and their mycotoxin production. Strains of diverse species are new candidate functional starter cultures, offering opportunities beyond the conventional use of baker's yeast. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Condensation Reactions and Formation of Amides, Esters, and Nitriles Under Hydrothermal Conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rushdi, Ahmed I.; Simoneit, Bernd R. T.

2004-06-01

Hydrothermal pyrolysis experiments were performed to assess condensation (dehydration) reactions to amide, ester, and nitrile functionalities from lipid precursors. Beside product formation, organic compound alteration and stability were also evaluated. Mixtures of nonadecanoic acid, hexadecanedioic acid, or hexadecanamide with water, ammonium bicarbonate, and oxalic acid were heated at 300°C for 72 h. In addition, mixtures of ammonium bicarbonate and oxalic acid solutions were used to test the abiotic formation of organic nitrogen compounds at the same temperature. The resulting products were condensation compounds such as amides, nitriles, and minor quantities of N-methylalkyl amides, alkanols, and esters. Mixtures of alkyl amide in water or oxalic acid yielded mainly hydrolysis and dehydration products, and with ammonium bicarbonate and oxalic acid the yield of condensation products was enhanced. The synthesis experiments with oxalic acid and ammonium bicarbonate solutions yielded homologous series of alkyl amides, alkyl amines, alkanes, and alkanoic acids, all with no carbon number predominances. These organic nitrogen compounds are stable and survive under the elevated temperatures of hydrothermal fluids.
Schistosomicidal Activity of Dihydrobenzofuran Neolignans.

PubMed

Dias, Herbert J; Patrocínio, Andressa B; Pagotti, Mariana C; Fukui, Murilo J; Rodrigues, Vanderlei; Magalhães, Lizandra G; Crotti, Antônio E M

2018-05-13

We have evaluated the antischistosomal activity of synthetic dihydrobenzofuran neolignans (DBNs) derived from (±)-trans-dehydrodicoumarate dimethyl ester (1) and (±)-trans-dehydrodiferulate dimethyl ester (2) against adult Schistosoma mansoni worms in vitro. Compound 4 ((±)-4-O-acetyl-trans-dehydrodiferulate dimethyl ester) displays the most promising activity; at 200 μM, it kills 100±0% of worms after 24 h, which resembles the result achieved with praziquantel (positive control) at 1.56 μM. Hydrogenation of the double bond between C7' and C8', introduction of an additional methyl group at C3', and a double bond between C7 and C8 decreases the schistosomicidal activity of DBNs. On the other hand, the presence of the acetoxy group at C4 plays an interesting role in this activity. These results demonstrate the interesting schistosomicidal potential of DBNs, which could be further exploited. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

21 CFR 172.854 - Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids. 172.854... HUMAN CONSUMPTION Multipurpose Additives § 172.854 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids. Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, up to and including the decaglycerol esters, may be safely used in food in...
Variability of some diterpene esters in coffee beverages as influenced by brewing procedures.

PubMed

Moeenfard, Marzieh; Erny, Guillaume L; Alves, Arminda

2016-11-01

Several coffee brews, including classical and commercial beverages, were analyzed for their diterpene esters content (cafestol and kahweol linoleate, oleate, palmitate and stearate) by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) combined with spectral deconvolution. Due to the coelution of cafestol and kahweol esters at 225 nm, HPLC-DAD did not give accurate quantification of cafestol esters. Accordingly, spectral deconvolution was used to deconvolve the co-migrating profiles. Total cafestol and kahweol esters content of classical coffee brews ranged from 5-232 to 2-1016 mg/L, respectively. Commercial blends contained 1-54 mg/L of total cafestol esters and 2-403 mg/L of total kahweol esters. Boiled coffee had the highest diterpene esters content, while filtered and instant brews showed the lowest concentrations. However, individual diterpene esters content was not affected by brewing procedure as in terms of kahweol esters, kahweol palmitate was the main compound in all samples, followed by kahweol linoleate, oleate and stearate. Higher amounts of cafestol palmitate and stearate were also observed compared to cafestol linoleate and cafestol oleate. The ratio of diterpene esters esterified with unsaturated fatty acids to total diterpene esters was considered as measure of their unsaturation in analyzed samples which varied from 47 to 52%. Providing new information regarding the diterpene esters content and their distribution in coffee brews will allow a better use of coffee as a functional beverage.
Origin of estradiol fatty acid esters in human ovarian follicular fluid.

PubMed

Pahuja, S L; Kim, A H; Lee, G; Hochberg, R B

1995-03-01

The estradiol fatty acid esters are the most potent of the naturally occurring steroidal estrogens. These esters are present predominantly in fat, where they are sequestered until they are hydrolyzed by esterases. Thus they act as a preformed reservoir of estradiol. We have previously shown that ovarian follicular fluid from patients undergoing gonadotropin stimulation contains very high amounts of estradiol fatty acid esters (approximately 10(-7) M). The source of these esters is unknown. They can be formed by esterification of estradiol in the follicular fluid by lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), or in the ovary by an acyl coenzyme A:acyltransferase. In order to determine which of these enzymatic processes is the source of the estradiol esters in the follicular fluid, we incubated [3H]estradiol with follicular fluid and cells isolated from human ovarian follicular fluid and characterized the fatty acid composition of the [3H]estradiol esters biosynthesized in each. In addition, we characterized the endogenous estradiol fatty acid esters in the follicular fluid and compared them to the biosynthetic esters. The fatty acid composition of the endogenous esters was different than those synthesized by the cellular acyl coenzyme A:acyltransferase, and the same as the esters synthesized by LCAT, demonstrating that the esters are produced in situ in the follicular fluid. Although the role of these estradiol esters in the ovary is not known, given their remarkable estrogenic potency it is highly probable that they have an important physiological role.
Identification of the 11-cis-specific retinyl-ester synthase in retinal Müller cells as multifunctional O-acyltransferase (MFAT)

PubMed Central

Kaylor, Joanna J.; Cook, Jeremy D.; Makshanoff, Jacob; Bischoff, Nicholas; Yong, Jennifer; Travis, Gabriel H.

2014-01-01

Absorption of a photon by a rhodopsin or cone-opsin pigment isomerizes its 11-cis-retinaldehyde (11-cis-RAL) chromophore to all-trans-retinaldehyde (all-trans-RAL), which dissociates after a brief period of activation. Light sensitivity is restored to the resulting apo-opsin when it recombines with another 11-cis-RAL. Conversion of all-trans-RAL to 11-cis-RAL is carried out by an enzyme pathway called the visual cycle in cells of the retinal pigment epithelium. A second visual cycle is present in Müller cells of the retina. The retinol isomerase for this noncanonical pathway is dihydroceramide desaturase (DES1), which catalyzes equilibrium isomerization of retinol. Because 11-cis-retinol (11-cis-ROL) constitutes only a small fraction of total retinols in an equilibrium mixture, a subsequent step involving selective removal of 11-cis-ROL is required to drive synthesis of 11-cis-retinoids for production of visual chromophore. Selective esterification of 11-cis-ROL is one possibility. Crude homogenates of chicken retinas rapidly convert all-trans-ROL to 11-cis-retinyl esters (11-cis-REs) with minimal formation of other retinyl-ester isomers. This enzymatic activity implies the existence of an 11-cis-specific retinyl-ester synthase in Müller cells. Here, we evaluated multifunctional O-acyltransferase (MFAT) as a candidate for this 11-cis-RE-synthase. MFAT exhibited much higher catalytic efficiency as a synthase of 11-cis-REs versus other retinyl-ester isomers. Further, we show that MFAT is expressed in Müller cells. Finally, homogenates of cells coexpressing DES1 and MFAT catalyzed the conversion of all-trans-ROL to 11-cis-RP, similar to what we observed with chicken-retina homogenates. MFAT is therefore an excellent candidate for the retinyl-ester synthase that cooperates with DES1 to drive synthesis of 11-cis-retinoids by mass action. PMID:24799687
7 CFR 160.87 - Prohibited use of word “turpentine” or derivatives thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... use of word “turpentine” or derivatives thereof. It shall be deemed unlawful to use in commerce the word “turpentine” or a compound, derivative or imitation thereof, or any word or combination of words which are a part of a United States Standard for any kind of spirits of turpentine, to describe in any...
7 CFR 160.87 - Prohibited use of word “turpentine” or derivatives thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... use of word “turpentine” or derivatives thereof. It shall be deemed unlawful to use in commerce the word “turpentine” or a compound, derivative or imitation thereof, or any word or combination of words which are a part of a United States Standard for any kind of spirits of turpentine, to describe in any...
7 CFR 160.87 - Prohibited use of word “turpentine” or derivatives thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... use of word “turpentine” or derivatives thereof. It shall be deemed unlawful to use in commerce the word “turpentine” or a compound, derivative or imitation thereof, or any word or combination of words which are a part of a United States Standard for any kind of spirits of turpentine, to describe in any...
7 CFR 160.87 - Prohibited use of word “turpentine” or derivatives thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... use of word “turpentine” or derivatives thereof. It shall be deemed unlawful to use in commerce the word “turpentine” or a compound, derivative or imitation thereof, or any word or combination of words which are a part of a United States Standard for any kind of spirits of turpentine, to describe in any...
78 FR 28801 - Hand Trucks and Certain Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Final Results of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-16

... Parts Thereof From the People's Republic of China: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative... of China (PRC).\\2\\ The period of review (POR) is December 1, 2010, through November 30, 2011. We gave... China, 69 FR 70122 (December 2, 2004). \\2\\ See Hand Trucks and Certain Parts Thereof From the People's...
19 CFR 12.27 - Importation or exportation of wild animals or birds, or the dead bodies thereof illegally...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... birds, or the dead bodies thereof illegally captured or killed, etc. 12.27 Section 12.27 Customs Duties... SPECIAL CLASSES OF MERCHANDISE Wild Animals, Birds, and Insects § 12.27 Importation or exportation of wild animals or birds, or the dead bodies thereof illegally captured or killed, etc. Customs officers shall...
19 CFR 12.27 - Importation or exportation of wild animals or birds, or the dead bodies thereof illegally...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... birds, or the dead bodies thereof illegally captured or killed, etc. 12.27 Section 12.27 Customs Duties... SPECIAL CLASSES OF MERCHANDISE Wild Animals, Birds, and Insects § 12.27 Importation or exportation of wild animals or birds, or the dead bodies thereof illegally captured or killed, etc. Customs officers shall...
75 FR 9391 - Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts Thereof, Finished or Unfinished, from the People's Republic of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-02

... Parts Thereof, Finished or Unfinished, from the People's Republic of China: Extension of Time Limit for... review of the antidumping duty order on tapered roller bearings and parts thereof, finished or unfinished... March 9, 2010. Statutory Time Limits Section 751(a)(3)(A) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (``the...
Larval salivary glands are a source of primer and releaser pheromone in honey bee ( Apis mellifera L.)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Conte, Yves Le; Bécard, Jean-Marc; Costagliola, Guy; de Vaublanc, Gérard; Maâtaoui, Mohamed El; Crauser, Didier; Plettner, Erika; Slessor, Keith N.

2006-05-01

A brood pheromone identified in honeybee larvae has primer and releaser pheromone effects on adult bees. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to evaluate fatty acid esters—the pheromonal compounds—in different parts of the larvae, we have localized the source of the esters as the larval salivary glands. A histochemical study describes the glands and confirms the presence of lipids in the glands. Epithelial cells of the gland likely secrete the fatty acids into the lumen of the gland. These results demonstrate the salivary glands to be a reservoir of esters, components of brood pheromone, in honeybee larvae.
Ortho Group Activation of a Bromopyrrole Ester in Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions: Application to the Synthesis of New Microtubule Depolymerizing Agents with Potent Cytotoxic Activities

PubMed Central

Gupton, John T.; Yeudall, Scott; Telang, Nakul; Hoerrner, Megan; Huff, Ellis; Crawford, Evan; Lounsbury, Katie; Kimmel, Michael; Curry, William; Harrison, Andrew; Juekun, Wen; Shimozono, Alex; Ortolani, Joe; Lescalleet, Kristin; Patteson, Jon; Moore-Stoll, Veronica; Rohena, Cristina C.; Mooberry, Susan L.; Obaidullah, Ahmad J.; Kellogg, Glen E.; Sikorski, James A.

2017-01-01

New microtubule depolymerizing agents with potent cytotoxic activities have been prepared with a 5-cyano or 5-oximino group attached to a pyrrole core. The utilization of ortho activation of a bromopyrrole ester to facilitate successful Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions was a key aspect of the synthetic methodology. This strategy allows for control of regiochemistry with the attachment of four completely different groups at the 2, 3, 4 and 5 positions of the pyrrole scaffold. Biological evaluations and molecular modeling studies are reported for these examples. PMID:28433513
Characterization of Wax Esters by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Double Bond Effect and Unusual Product Ions

PubMed Central

Chen, Jianzhong; Green, Kari B; Nichols, Kelly K

2015-01-01

A series of different types of wax esters (represented by RCOOR′) were systematically studied by using electrospray ionization (ESI) collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) along with pseudo MS3 (in-source dissociation combined with MS/MS) on a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer. The tandem mass spectra patterns resulting from dissociation of ammonium/proton adducts of these wax esters were influenced by the wax ester type and the collision energy applied. The product ions [RCOOH2]+, [RCO]+ and [RCO – H2O]+ that have been reported previously were detected; however, different primary product ions were demonstrated for the three wax ester types including: 1) [RCOOH2]+ for saturated wax esters, 2) [RCOOH2]+, [RCO]+ and [RCO – H2O]+ for unsaturated wax esters containing only one double bond in the fatty acid moiety or with one additional double bond in the fatty alcohol moiety, and 3) [RCOOH2]+ and [RCO]+ for unsaturated wax esters containing a double bond in the fatty alcohol moiety alone. Other fragments included [R′]+ and several series of product ions for all types of wax esters. Interestingly, unusual product ions were detected, such as neutral molecule (including water, methanol and ammonia) adducts of [RCOOH2]+ ions for all types of wax esters and [R′ – 2H]+ ions for unsaturated fatty acyl-containing wax esters. The patterns of tandem mass spectra for different types of wax esters will inform future identification and quantification approaches of wax esters in biological samples as supported by a preliminary study of quantification of isomeric wax esters in human meibomian gland secretions. PMID:26178197
Characterization of Wax Esters by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Double Bond Effect and Unusual Product Ions.

PubMed

Chen, Jianzhong; Green, Kari B; Nichols, Kelly K

2015-08-01

A series of different types of wax esters (represented by RCOOR') were systematically studied by using electrospray ionization (ESI) collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) along with pseudo MS(3) (in-source dissociation combined with MS/MS) on a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer. The tandem mass spectra patterns resulting from dissociation of ammonium/proton adducts of these wax esters were influenced by the wax ester type and the collision energy applied. The product ions [RCOOH2](+), [RCO](+) and [RCO-H2O](+) that have been reported previously were detected; however, different primary product ions were demonstrated for the three wax ester types including: (1) [RCOOH2](+) for saturated wax esters, (2) [RCOOH2](+), [RCO](+) and [RCO-H2O](+) for unsaturated wax esters containing only one double bond in the fatty acid moiety or with one additional double bond in the fatty alcohol moiety, and (3) [RCOOH2](+) and [RCO](+) for unsaturated wax esters containing a double bond in the fatty alcohol moiety alone. Other fragments included [R'](+) and several series of product ions for all types of wax esters. Interestingly, unusual product ions were detected, such as neutral molecule (including water, methanol and ammonia) adducts of [RCOOH2](+) ions for all types of wax esters and [R'-2H](+) ions for unsaturated fatty acyl-containing wax esters. The patterns of tandem mass spectra for different types of wax esters will inform future identification and quantification approaches of wax esters in biological samples as supported by a preliminary study of quantification of isomeric wax esters in human meibomian gland secretions.
Regulatory link between steryl ester formation and hydrolysis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PubMed

Ploier, Birgit; Korber, Martina; Schmidt, Claudia; Koch, Barbara; Leitner, Erich; Daum, Günther

2015-07-01

Steryl esters and triacylglycerols are the major storage lipids of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Steryl esters are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum by the two acyl-CoA:sterol acyltransferases Are1p and Are2p, whereas steryl ester hydrolysis is catalyzed by the three steryl ester hydrolases Yeh1p, Yeh2p and Tgl1p. To shed light on the regulatory link between steryl ester formation and hydrolysis in the maintenance of cellular sterol and free fatty acid levels we employed yeast mutants which lacked the enzymes catalyzing the degradation of steryl esters. These studies revealed feedback regulation of steryl ester formation by steryl ester hydrolysis although in a Δtgl1Δyeh1Δyeh2 triple mutant the gene expression levels of ARE1 and ARE2 as well as protein levels and stability of Are1p and Are2p were not altered. Nevertheless, the capacity of the triple mutant to synthesize steryl esters was significantly reduced as shown by in vitro and in vivo labeling of lipids with [(14)C]oleic acid and [(14)C]acetate. Enzymatic analysis revealed that inhibition of steryl ester formation occurred at the enzyme level. As the amounts and the formation of sterols and fatty acids were also decreased in the triple mutant we concluded that defects in steryl ester hydrolysis also caused feedback inhibition on the formation of sterols and fatty acids which serve as precursors for steryl ester formation. In summary, this study demonstrates a regulatory link within the steryl ester metabolic network which contributes to non-polar lipid homeostasis in yeast cells. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Dendritic polyglycerol sulfate as a novel platform for paclitaxel delivery: pitfalls of ester linkage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sousa-Herves, Ana; Würfel, Patrick; Wegner, Nicole; Khandare, Jayant; Licha, Kai; Haag, Rainer; Welker, Pia; Calderón, Marcelo

2015-02-01

In this study, dendritic polyglycerol sulfate (dPGS) is evaluated as a delivery platform for the anticancer, tubulin-binding drug paclitaxel (PTX). The conjugation of PTX to dPGS is conducted via a labile ester linkage. A non-sulfated dendritic polyglycerol (dPG) is used as a control, and the labeling with an indocarbocyanine dye (ICC) renders multifunctional conjugates that can be monitored by fluorescence microscopy. The conjugates are characterized by 1H NMR, UV-vis measurements, and RP-HPLC. In vitro cytotoxicity of PTX and dendritic conjugates is evaluated using A549 and A431 cell lines, showing a reduced cytotoxic efficacy of the conjugates compared to PTX. The study of uptake kinetics reveals a linear, non saturable uptake in tumor cells for dPGS-PTX-ICC, while dPG-PTX-ICC is hardly taken up. Despite the marginal uptake of dPG-PTX-ICC, it prompts tubulin polymerization to a comparable extent as PTX. These observations suggest a fast ester hydrolysis and premature drug release, as confirmed by HPLC measurements in the presence of plasma enzymes.In this study, dendritic polyglycerol sulfate (dPGS) is evaluated as a delivery platform for the anticancer, tubulin-binding drug paclitaxel (PTX). The conjugation of PTX to dPGS is conducted via a labile ester linkage. A non-sulfated dendritic polyglycerol (dPG) is used as a control, and the labeling with an indocarbocyanine dye (ICC) renders multifunctional conjugates that can be monitored by fluorescence microscopy. The conjugates are characterized by 1H NMR, UV-vis measurements, and RP-HPLC. In vitro cytotoxicity of PTX and dendritic conjugates is evaluated using A549 and A431 cell lines, showing a reduced cytotoxic efficacy of the conjugates compared to PTX. The study of uptake kinetics reveals a linear, non saturable uptake in tumor cells for dPGS-PTX-ICC, while dPG-PTX-ICC is hardly taken up. Despite the marginal uptake of dPG-PTX-ICC, it prompts tubulin polymerization to a comparable extent as PTX. These observations suggest a fast ester hydrolysis and premature drug release, as confirmed by HPLC measurements in the presence of plasma enzymes. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: 1H NMR spectra of the conjugates, HPLC chromatograms, internalization images of dPGS-PTX-ICC (5), elimination kinetics of dPGS-PTX-ICC (5) and dPGS-ICC (7), comparison of IC50 values of PTX and dPGS-PTX (3) in A431 and A549 cell lines and cell viability of dPGS amine (1). See DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04428b
21 CFR 172.854 - Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids. 172.854 Section... HUMAN CONSUMPTION Multipurpose Additives § 172.854 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids. Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, up to and including the decaglycerol esters, may be safely used in food in...
Synthesis and low temperature characterization of iso-oleic ester derivatives

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Three new iso-oleic ester derivatives (i.e., isopropyl esters (IOA-iPrE), n-butyl esters (IOA-n-BuE), and 2-ethylhexyl esters (IOA-2-EHE)) were synthesized from iso-oleic acid (IOA) using a standard esterification method. These esterified alcohols were chosen because of their bulky and branched-cha...

21 CFR 172.816 - Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester. 172.816... § 172.816 Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester. Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester may be safely used in food in accordance with the following conditions: (a) It is the methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester...
Fully convergent chemical synthesis of ester insulin: determination of the high resolution X-ray structure by racemic protein crystallography.

PubMed

Avital-Shmilovici, Michal; Mandal, Kalyaneswar; Gates, Zachary P; Phillips, Nelson B; Weiss, Michael A; Kent, Stephen B H

2013-02-27

Efficient total synthesis of insulin is important to enable the application of medicinal chemistry to the optimization of the properties of this important protein molecule. Recently we described "ester insulin"--a novel form of insulin in which the function of the 35 residue C-peptide of proinsulin is replaced by a single covalent bond--as a key intermediate for the efficient total synthesis of insulin. Here we describe a fully convergent synthetic route to the ester insulin molecule from three unprotected peptide segments of approximately equal size. The synthetic ester insulin polypeptide chain folded much more rapidly than proinsulin, and at physiological pH. Both the D-protein and L-protein enantiomers of monomeric DKP ester insulin (i.e., [Asp(B10), Lys(B28), Pro(B29)]ester insulin) were prepared by total chemical synthesis. The atomic structure of the synthetic ester insulin molecule was determined by racemic protein X-ray crystallography to a resolution of 1.6 Å. Diffraction quality crystals were readily obtained from the racemic mixture of {D-DKP ester insulin + L-DKP ester insulin}, whereas crystals were not obtained from the L-ester insulin alone even after extensive trials. Both the D-protein and L-protein enantiomers of monomeric DKP ester insulin were assayed for receptor binding and in diabetic rats, before and after conversion by saponification to the corresponding DKP insulin enantiomers. L-DKP ester insulin bound weakly to the insulin receptor, while synthetic L-DKP insulin derived from the L-DKP ester insulin intermediate was fully active in binding to the insulin receptor. The D- and L-DKP ester insulins and D-DKP insulin were inactive in lowering blood glucose in diabetic rats, while synthetic L-DKP insulin was fully active in this biological assay. The structural basis of the lack of biological activity of ester insulin is discussed.
Fully Convergent Chemical Synthesis of Ester Insulin: Determination of the High Resolution X-ray Structure by Racemic Protein Crystallography

PubMed Central

Avital-Shmilovici, Michal; Mandal, Kalyaneswar; Gates, Zachary P.; Phillips, Nelson B.; Weiss, Michael A.; Kent, Stephen B.H.

2013-01-01

Efficient total synthesis of insulin is important to enable the application of medicinal chemistry to the optimization of the properties of this important protein molecule. Recently we described ‘ester insulin’ – a novel form of insulin in which the function of the 35 residue C-peptide of proinsulin is replaced by a single covalent bond – as a key intermediate for the efficient total synthesis of insulin. Here we describe a fully convergent synthetic route to the ester insulin molecule from three unprotected peptide segments of approximately equal size. The synthetic ester insulin polypeptide chain folded much more rapidly than proinsulin, and at physiological pH. Both the D-protein and L-protein enantiomers of monomeric DKP ester insulin (i.e. [AspB10, LysB28, ProB29]ester insulin) were prepared by total chemical synthesis. The atomic structure of the synthetic ester insulin molecule was determined by racemic protein X-ray crystallography to a resolution of 1.6 Å. Diffraction quality crystals were readily obtained from the racemic mixture of {D-DKP ester insulin + L-DKP ester insulin}, whereas crystals were not obtained from the L-ester insulin alone even after extensive trials. Both the D-protein and L-protein enantiomers of monomeric DKP ester insulin were assayed for receptor binding and in diabetic rats, before and after conversion by saponification to the corresponding DKP insulin enantiomers. L-DKP ester insulin bound weakly to the insulin receptor, while synthetic L-DKP insulin derived from the L-DKP ester insulin intermediate was fully active in binding to the insulin receptor. The D- and L-DKP ester insulins and D-DKP insulin were inactive in lowering blood glucose in diabetic rats, while synthetic L-DKP insulin was fully active in this biological assay. The structural basis of the lack of biological activity of ester insulin is discussed. PMID:23343390
Petrophysical evaluation of subterranean formations

DOEpatents

Klein, James D; Schoderbek, David A; Mailloux, Jason M

2013-05-28

Methods and systems are provided for evaluating petrophysical properties of subterranean formations and comprehensively evaluating hydrate presence through a combination of computer-implemented log modeling and analysis. Certain embodiments include the steps of running a number of logging tools in a wellbore to obtain a variety of wellbore data and logs, and evaluating and modeling the log data to ascertain various petrophysical properties. Examples of suitable logging techniques that may be used in combination with the present invention include, but are not limited to, sonic logs, electrical resistivity logs, gamma ray logs, neutron porosity logs, density logs, NRM logs, or any combination or subset thereof.
Condensation of anhydrides or dicarboxylic acids with compounds containing active methylene groups. Part 1: Condensation of phthalic anhydride with acetoacetic and malonic ester

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oshkaya, V. P.; Vanag, G. Y.

1985-01-01

Phthalic anhydride was condensed with acetoacetic ester in acetic anhydride and triethylamine solution, and when phthalyl chloride was reacted with sodium acetoacetic ester compounds were formed of the phthalide and indandione series: phthalylacetoacetic ester and a derivative of indan-1,3-dione which after boiling with hydrochloric acid yielded indan-1,3-dione. Phthalylmalonic ester was obtained from phthalic anhydride and malonic ester in the presence of triethylamine.
Injection repair of carbon fiber/bismaleimide composite panels with bisphenol E cyanate ester resin

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thunga, Mahendra; Bauer, Amy; Obusek, Kristine

2014-08-01

Resin injection of bisphenol E cyanate ester, a low viscosity resin that cures into a high temperature thermoset polymer, is investigated as a reliable repair method to restore strength and stiffness in delaminated carbon fiber/bismaleimide composites used in aircraft panels. The influence of temperature on the viscosity of the uncured resin was measured to optimize the injection conditions for high resin infiltration into the delaminations. The repair efficiency of the resin was evaluated by varying the panel thickness and the method by which the delamination damage was created in the composite specimens. Ultrasonic scanning (C-scan), flash thermography images, and cross-sectionmore » analysis of repaired panels revealed excellent resin infiltration into the damaged region. Evaluation of mechanical repair efficiency using both bending stiffness and in-plain compressive strength of the composite panels as the repair metrics showed values exceeding 100%.« less
21 CFR 172.852 - Glyceryl-lacto esters of fatty acids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Glyceryl-lacto esters of fatty acids. 172.852... HUMAN CONSUMPTION Multipurpose Additives § 172.852 Glyceryl-lacto esters of fatty acids. Glyceryl-lacto esters of fatty acids (the lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides) may be safely used in food in...
Information System Design Methodology Based on PERT/CPM Networking and Optimization Techniques.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bose, Anindya

The dissertation attempts to demonstrate that the program evaluation and review technique (PERT)/Critical Path Method (CPM) or some modified version thereof can be developed into an information system design methodology. The methodology utilizes PERT/CPM which isolates the basic functional units of a system and sets them in a dynamic time/cost…
On Levels of Awareness of Objects in Infants and Students Thereof.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gratch, Gerald

This paper describes a series of longitudinal experiments which dealt with the development of object awareness in infants, ages 6-18 months. The experiments were designed to document and evaluate Piaget's account of this development. The studies focused on two types of phenomena: (1) when infants first find an object hidden in one place, they will…
The Impact of Acquisition Issues and Training on Test and Evaluation

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-01-01

feedback on the OT results before a milestone review and then delivering the OT report, with surprises, virtually at the review. Test Realism There...of the R3D/100 Chip Set and Simulation Heritage. MLRS WE’RE IN THE ARMY NOW TE 14(1 Video, 15 Mins) Cinematics - LTV Aerospace & Defense
Myo-inositol esters of indole-3-acetic acid are endogenous components of Zea mays L. shoot tissue

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chisnell, J. R.

1984-01-01

Indole-3-acetyl-myo-inositol esters have been demonstrated to be endogenous components of etiolated Zea mays shoots tissue. This was accomplished by comparison of the putative compounds with authentic, synthetic esters. The properties compared were liquid and gas-liquid chromatographic retention times and the 70-ev mass spectral fragmentation pattern of the pentaacetyl derivative. The amount of indole-3-acetyl-myo-inositol esters in the shoots was determined to be 74 nanomoles per kilogram fresh weight as measured by isotope dilution, accounting for 19% of the ester indole-3-acetic acid of the shoot. This work is the first characterization of an ester conjugate of indole-3-acetate acid from vegetative shoot tissue using multiple chromatographic properties and mass spectral identification. The kernel and the seedling shoot both contain indole-3-acetyl-myo-inositol esters, and these esters comprise approximately the same percentage of the total ester content of the kernel and of the shoot.
[Development of the determination methods of fatty acid esters of chloropropanediols in fat-rich foods].

PubMed

Yan, Xiaobo; Wu, Shaoming; Li, Nan; Lü, Huadong; Fu, Wusheng

2013-02-01

Fatty acid esters of chloropropanediols are a kinds of newly emerged food contaminants, especially 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters that have been detected in many foodstuffs such as infant formula and edible oils at relatively high levels. Based on the Tolerable Dose Intake (TDI) of 3-MCPD, the intake of 3-MCPD from 3-MCPD esters may cause the health risk to human beings. The researches for the analysis of 3-MCPD esters have been carried out in some institutes abroad, but there were only a few in China. This paper reviews the methods for the determination of 3-MCPD esters in fat-rich foods, including the extraction, hydrolysis, the derivatization of 3-MCPD esters, the total amount of 3-MCPD esters and the amounts of monoesters and diesters of 3-MCPD.
Increased production of wax esters in transgenic tobacco plants by expression of a fatty acid reductase:wax synthase gene fusion.

PubMed

Aslan, Selcuk; Hofvander, Per; Dutta, Paresh; Sun, Chuanxin; Sitbon, Folke

2015-12-01

Wax esters are hydrophobic lipids consisting of a fatty acid moiety linked to a fatty alcohol with an ester bond. Plant-derived wax esters are today of particular concern for their potential as cost-effective and sustainable sources of lubricants. However, this aspect is hampered by the fact that the level of wax esters in plants generally is too low to allow commercial exploitation. To investigate whether wax ester biosynthesis can be increased in plants using transgenic approaches, we have here exploited a fusion between two bacterial genes together encoding a single wax ester-forming enzyme, and targeted the resulting protein to chloroplasts in stably transformed tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) plants. Compared to wild-type controls, transgenic plants showed both in leaves and stems a significant increase in the total level of wax esters, being eight-fold at the whole plant level. The profiles of fatty acid methyl ester and fatty alcohol in wax esters were related, and C16 and C18 molecules constituted predominant forms. Strong transformants displayed certain developmental aberrations, such as stunted growth and chlorotic leaves and stems. These negative effects were associated with an accumulation of fatty alcohols, suggesting that an adequate balance between formation and esterification of fatty alcohols is crucial for a high wax ester production. The results show that wax ester engineering in transgenic plants is feasible, and suggest that higher yields may become achieved in the near future.
An Evaluation of Fracture Toughness of Vinyl Ester Composites Cured under Microwave Conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ku, H.; Chan, W. L.; Trada, M.; Baddeley, D.

2007-12-01

The shrinkage of vinyl ester particulate composites has been reduced by curing the resins under microwave conditions. The reduction in the shrinkage of the resins by microwaves will enable the manufacture of large vinyl ester composite items possible (H.S. Ku, G. Van Erp, J.A.R. Ball, and S. Ayers, Shrinkage Reduction of Thermoset Fibre Composites during Hardening using Microwaves Irradiation for Curing, Proceedings, Second World Engineering Congress, Kuching, Malaysia, 2002a, 22-25 July, p 177-182; H.S. Ku, Risks Involved in Curing Vinyl Ester Resins Using Microwaves Irradiation. J. Mater. Synth. Proces. 2002b, 10(2), p 97-106; S.H. Ku, Curing Vinyl Ester Particle Reinforced Composites Using Microwaves. J. Comp. Mater., (2003a), 37(22), p 2027-2042; S.H. Ku and E. Siores, Shrinkage Reduction of Thermoset Matrix Particle Reinforced Composites During Hardening Using Microwaves Irradiation, Trans. Hong Kong Inst. Eng., 2004, 11(3), p 29-34). In tensile tests, the yield strengths of samples cured under microwave conditions obtained are within 5% of those obtained by ambient curing; it is also found that with 180 W microwave power, the tensile strengths obtained for all duration of exposure to microwaves are also within the 5% of those obtained by ambient curing. While, with 360 W microwave power, the tensile strengths obtained for all duration of exposure to microwaves are 5% higher than those obtained by ambient curing. Whereas, with 540 W microwave power, the tensile strengths obtained for most samples are 5% below those obtained by ambient curing (H. Ku, V.C. Puttgunta, and M. Trada, Young’s Modulus of Vinyl Ester Composites Cured by Microwave Irradiation: Preliminary Results, J. Electromagnet. Waves Appl., 2007, 20(14), p. 1911-1924). This project, using 33% by weight fly ash reinforced vinyl ester composite [VE/FLYSH (33%)], is to further investigate the difference in fracture toughness between microwave cured vinyl ester particulate composites and those cured under ambient conditions. Higher power microwaves, 540 and 720 W with shorter duration of exposure are used to cure the composites. Short-bar method of fracture toughness measurement was used to perform the tests. Plastic (PVC) re-usable molds were designed and manufactured for producing the test samples. The results show that the fracture toughness of specimens cured by microwave conditions are generally higher than those cured under ambient conditions, provided the power level and duration of microwave irradiation are properly and optimally selected.
Wind turbine with automatic pitch and yaw control

DOEpatents

Cheney, Jr., Marvin Chapin; Spierings, Petrus A. M.

1978-01-01

A wind turbine having a flexible central beam member supporting aerodynamic blades at opposite ends thereof and fabricated of uni-directional high tensile strength material bonded together into beam form so that the beam is lightweight, and has high tensile strength to carry the blade centrifugal loads, low shear modulus to permit torsional twisting thereof for turbine speed control purposes, and adequate bending stiffness to permit out-of-plane deflection thereof for turbine yard control purposes. A selectively off-set weighted pendulum member is pivotally connected to the turbine and connected to the beam or blade so as to cause torsional twisting thereof in response to centrifugal loading of the pendulum member for turbine speed control purposes.
System for determining aerodynamic imbalance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Churchill, Gary B. (Inventor); Cheung, Benny K. (Inventor)

1994-01-01

A system is provided for determining tracking error in a propeller or rotor driven aircraft by determining differences in the aerodynamic loading on the propeller or rotor blades of the aircraft. The system includes a microphone disposed relative to the blades during the rotation thereof so as to receive separate pressure pulses produced by each of the blades during the passage thereof by the microphone. A low pass filter filters the output signal produced by the microphone, the low pass filter having an upper cut-off frequency set below the frequency at which the blades pass by the microphone. A sensor produces an output signal after each complete revolution of the blades, and a recording display device displays the outputs of the low pass filter and sensor so as to enable evaluation of the relative magnitudes of the pressure pulses produced by passage of the blades by the microphone during each complete revolution of the blades.
Optimization of esterification of oleic acid and trimethylolpropane (TMP) and pentaerythritol (PE)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mahmud, Hamizah Ammarah; Salimon, Jumat

Vegetable oil (VO) is the most potential alternative to replace mineral oil for lubricant due to better lubricating properties and great physicochemical properties. Chemical modification has to be done to overcome low temperature performance and low oxidation instability due to the presence of β-hydrogen atoms of glycerol molecule. The optimization of esterification of oleic acid and polyhydric alcohol with sulfuric acid catalyst was carried out to find the optimum conditions with the highest yield. Reeaction variables such as; molar ratio, temperature, duration and catalyst concentration. Two types of polyhydric alcohol have been used; TMP and PE. The optimum results showedmore » oleic acid successfully converted 91.2% ester TMP and 92.7% ester PE at duration: 5 hours (Ester TMP), 6 hours (Ester PE); temperature: 150°C (ester TMP), 180°C (Ester PE); catalyst concentration: 1.5% (w/w); and mol ratio: 3.9:1 (ester TMP), 4.9:1 (ester PE). From the data obtained, mole ratio showed most influenced factors to the increasing yields of ester conversions.. The TMP/PE ester was confirmed using gas chromatography (GC-FID), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)« less
Uses of monoclonal antibody 8H9

DOEpatents

Cheung, Nai-Kong V

2013-08-06

This invention provides a composition comprising an effective amount of monoclonal antibody 8H9 or a derivative thereof and a suitable carrier. This invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of monoclonal antibody 8H9 or a derivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. This invention also provides an antibody other than the monoclonal antibody 8H9 comprising the complementary determining regions of monoclonal antibody 8H9 or a derivative thereof, capable of binding to the same antigen as the monoclonal antibody 8H9. This invention provides a substance capable of competitively inhibiting the binding of monoclonal antibody 8H9. This invention also provides an isolated scFv of monoclonal antibody 8H9 or a derivative thereof. This invention also provides the 8H9 antigen. This invention also provides a method of inhibiting the growth of tumor cells comprising contacting said tumor cells with an appropriate amount of monoclonal antibody 8H9 or a derivative thereof.
Uses of monoclonal antibody 8H9

DOEpatents

Cheung, Nai-Kong V.

2010-06-15

This invention provides a composition comprising an effective amount of monoclonal antibody 8H9 or a derivative thereof and a suitable carrier. This invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of monoclonal antibody 8H9 or a derivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. This invention also provides an antibody other than the monoclonal antibody 8H9 comprising the complementary determining regions of monoclonal antibody 8H9 or a derivative thereof, capable of binding to the same antigen as the monoclonal antibody 8H9. This invention provides a substance capable of competitively inhibiting the binding of monoclonal antibody 8H9. This invention also provides an isolated scFv of monoclonal antibody 8H9 or a derivative thereof. This invention also provides the 8H9 antigen. This invention also provides a method of inhibiting the growth of tumor cells comprising contacting said tumor cells with an appropriate amount of monoclonal antibody 8H9 or a derivative thereof.
Uses of monoclonal antibody 8H9

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cheung, Nai-Kong V.

This invention provides a composition comprising an effective amount of monoclonal antibody 8H9 or a derivative thereof and a suitable carrier. This invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of monoclonal antibody 8H9 or a derivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. This invention also provides an antibody other than the monoclonal antibody 8H9 comprising the complementary determining regions of monoclonal antibody 8H9 or a derivative thereof, capable of binding to the same antigen as the monoclonal antibody 8H9. This invention provides a substance capable of competitively inhibiting the binding of monoclonal antibody 8H9. This invention also providesmore » an isolated scFv of monoclonal antibody 8H9 or a derivative thereof. This invention also provides the 8H9 antigen. This invention also provides a method of inhibiting the growth of tumor cells comprising contacting said tumor cells with an appropriate amount of monoclonal antibody 8H9 or a derivative thereof.« less

Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of fatty acid short- and branched-chain alkyl esters biodiesel.

PubMed

Teo, Wei Suong; Ling, Hua; Yu, Ai-Qun; Chang, Matthew Wook

2015-01-01

Biodiesel is a mixture of fatty acid short-chain alkyl esters of different fatty acid carbon chain lengths. However, while fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters are useful biodiesel produced commercially, fatty acid esters with branched-chain alcohol moieties have superior fuel properties. Crucially, this includes improved cold flow characteristics, as one of the major problems associated with biodiesel use is poor low-temperature flow properties. Hence, microbial production as a renewable, nontoxic and scalable method to produce fatty acid esters with branched-chain alcohol moieties from biomass is critical. We engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce fatty acid short- and branched-chain alkyl esters, including ethyl, isobutyl, isoamyl and active amyl esters using endogenously synthesized fatty acids and alcohols. Two wax ester synthase genes (ws2 and Maqu_0168 from Marinobacter sp.) were cloned and expressed. Both enzymes were found to catalyze the formation of fatty acid esters, with different alcohol preferences. To boost the ability of S. cerevisiae to produce the aforementioned esters, negative regulators of the INO1 gene in phospholipid metabolism, Rpd3 and Opi1, were deleted to increase flux towards fatty acyl-CoAs. In addition, five isobutanol pathway enzymes (Ilv2, Ilv5, Ilv3, Aro10, and Adh7) targeted into the mitochondria were overexpressed to enhance production of alcohol precursors. By combining these engineering strategies with high-cell-density fermentation, over 230 mg/L fatty acid short- and branched-chain alkyl esters were produced, which is the highest titer reported in yeast to date. In this work, we engineered the metabolism of S. cerevisiae to produce biodiesels in the form of fatty acid short- and branched-chain alkyl esters, including ethyl, isobutyl, isoamyl and active amyl esters. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the production of fatty acid isobutyl and active amyl esters in S. cerevisiae. Our findings will be useful for engineering S. cerevisiae strains toward high-level and sustainable biodiesel production.
Role of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA esters in the regulation of metabolism and in cell signalling.

PubMed Central

Faergeman, N J; Knudsen, J

1997-01-01

The intracellular concentration of free unbound acyl-CoA esters is tightly controlled by feedback inhibition of the acyl-CoA synthetase and is buffered by specific acyl-CoA binding proteins. Excessive increases in the concentration are expected to be prevented by conversion into acylcarnitines or by hydrolysis by acyl-CoA hydrolases. Under normal physiological conditions the free cytosolic concentration of acyl-CoA esters will be in the low nanomolar range, and it is unlikely to exceed 200 nM under the most extreme conditions. The fact that acetyl-CoA carboxylase is active during fatty acid synthesis (Ki for acyl-CoA is 5 nM) indicates strongly that the free cytosolic acyl-CoA concentration is below 5 nM under these conditions. Only a limited number of the reported experiments on the effects of acyl-CoA on cellular functions and enzymes have been carried out at low physiological concentrations in the presence of the appropriate acyl-CoA-buffering binding proteins. Re-evaluation of many of the reported effects is therefore urgently required. However, the observations that the ryanodine-senstitive Ca2+-release channel is regulated by long-chain acyl-CoA esters in the presence of a molar excess of acyl-CoA binding protein and that acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the AMP kinase kinase and the Escherichia coli transcription factor FadR are affected by low nanomolar concentrations of acyl-CoA indicate that long-chain acyl-CoA esters can act as regulatory molecules in vivo. This view is further supported by the observation that fatty acids do not repress expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase or Delta9-desaturase in yeast deficient in acyl-CoA synthetase. PMID:9173866
Metabolic pathway engineering for fatty acid ethyl ester production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using stable chromosomal integration.

PubMed

de Jong, Bouke Wim; Shi, Shuobo; Valle-Rodríguez, Juan Octavio; Siewers, Verena; Nielsen, Jens

2015-03-01

Fatty acid ethyl esters are fatty acid derived molecules similar to first generation biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters; FAMEs) which can be produced in a microbial cell factory. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a suitable candidate for microbial large scale and long term cultivations, which is the typical industrial production setting for biofuels. It is crucial to conserve the metabolic design of the cell factory during industrial cultivation conditions that require extensive propagation. Genetic modifications therefore have to be introduced in a stable manner. Here, several metabolic engineering strategies for improved production of fatty acid ethyl esters in S. cerevisiae were combined and the genes were stably expressed from the organisms' chromosomes. A wax ester synthase (ws2) was expressed in different yeast strains with an engineered acetyl-CoA and fatty acid metabolism. Thus, we compared expression of ws2 with and without overexpression of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH2), acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALD6) and acetyl-CoA synthetase (acs SE (L641P) ) and further evaluated additional overexpression of a mutant version of acetyl-CoA decarboxylase (ACC1 (S1157A,S659A) ) and the acyl-CoA binding protein (ACB1). The combined engineering efforts of the implementation of ws2, ADH2, ALD6 and acs SE (L641P) , ACC1 (S1157A,S659A) and ACB1 in a S. cerevisiae strain lacking storage lipid formation (are1Δ, are2Δ, dga1Δ and lro1Δ) and β-oxidation (pox1Δ) resulted in a 4.1-fold improvement compared with sole expression of ws2 in S. cerevisiae.
Simultaneous determination of 11 phthalate esters in bottled beverages by graphene oxide coated hollow fiber membrane extraction coupled with supercritical fluid chromatography.

PubMed

Lou, Chaoyan; Guo, Dandan; Zhang, Kai; Wu, Can; Zhang, Peimin; Zhu, Yan

2018-05-12

Phthalate esters (PAEs) are a group of serious environmental pollutants, which lead to carcinogenicity or tumorigenicity in human body. In this study, a rapid, sensitive and green method by graphene oxide coated hollow fiber membrane extraction (GO-HFME) coupled with supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was proposed for the determination of 11 phthalate esters in bottled beverages. Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared and coated onto a porous hollow fiber membrane (HFM) to reinforce the efficiency of membrane extraction. The modified hollow fiber membrane was employed for the extraction of phthalate esters from bottled beverages prior to the determination by the supercritical fluid chromatography with UV detection. To achieve the maximum extraction efficiency, several parameters were investigated including GO concentration, extraction time, desorption solution and desorption time. SFC variables including stationary phase, modifier composition and percentage, column temperature, flow rate and backpressure were studied to improve the separation conditions. Under these optimized conditions, all the studied 11 phthalate esters were well separated and simultaneously determined in 7 min by SFC. The performance of the developed method was evaluated. Good linearity was observed (R ≥ 0.999) in the range of 0.02-10.0 μg/mL with limit of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) ranging from 1.5 to 3.0 ng/mL. Recoveries of all the PAEs for the spiked samples were between 92.1% and 99.3% with satisfactory relative standard deviations (RSD) less than 5.9%. The proposed method is time-saving, green, simple and robust, which will be an alternative way to the analysis of PAEs in real samples. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Success, Failure, and Transparency in Biomarker-Based Drug Development: A Case Study of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitors.

PubMed

Hey, Spencer Phillips; Franklin, Jessica M; Avorn, Jerry; Kesselheim, Aaron S

2017-06-01

Although biomarkers are used as surrogate measures for drug targeting and approval and are generally based on plausible biological hypotheses, some are found to not correlate well with clinical outcomes. Over-reliance on inadequately validated biomarkers in drug development can lead to harm to trial subjects and patients and to research waste. To shed greater light on the process and ethics of biomarker-based drug development, we conducted a systematic portfolio analysis of cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors, a drug class designed to improve lipid profiles and prevent cardiovascular events. Despite years of development, no cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitor has yet been approved for clinical use. We searched PubMed and Clinicaltrials.gov for clinical studies of 5 known cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors: anacetrapib, dalcetrapib, evacetrapib, TA-8995, and torcetrapib. Published reports and registration records were extracted for patient demographic characteristics and study authors' recommendations of clinical usage or further testing. We used Accumulating Evidence and Research Organization graphing to depict the portfolio of research activities and a Poisson model to examine trends. We identified 100 studies for analysis that involved 96 944 human subjects. The data from only 41 201 (42%) of the human subjects had been presented in a published report. For the 3 discontinued cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors, we found a pattern of consistently positive results on lipid-modification end points followed by negative results using clinical end points. Inefficiencies and harms can arise if a biomarker hypothesis continues to drive trials despite successive failures. Regulators, research funding bodies, and public policy makers may need to play a greater role in evaluating and coordinating biomarker-driven research programs. © 2017 American Heart Association, Inc.
78 FR 45558 - Western Gulf of Mexico Planning Area (WPA) Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Oil and Gas Lease Sale...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-29

... meters Initial period 0 to $25.00 per acre or fraction thereof for blocks in water depths less than 400 meters $100.00 per acre or fraction thereof for blocks in water depths of 400 meters or deeper BOEM will... specified minimum bid of $25.00 per acre or fraction thereof for blocks in water depths less than 400 meters...
Nonlinear Optical Acrylic Polymers and Use Thereof in Optical and Electro-Optic Devices

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-07

COVERED 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Nonlinear Optical Acrylic Polymers and Use Thereof in Optical and Electro - Optic Devices 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT...generators, computational devices and the like. 15. SUBJECT TERMS optical devices, electro - optical devices, optical signal processing...THEREOF IN OPTICAL AND ELECTRO - OPTIC DEVICES [75] Inventors: Le*lie H. Sperling, Bethlehem; Clarence J. Murphy, Stroudsburg; Warren A. Rosen
Water-soluble luminescent quantum dots and biomolecular conjugates thereof and related compositions and methods of use

DOEpatents

Nie, Shuming; Chan, Warren C. W.; Emory, Stephen

2007-03-20

The present invention provides a water-soluble luminescent quantum dot, a biomolecular conjugate thereof and a composition comprising such a quantum dot or conjugate. Additionally, the present invention provides a method of obtaining a luminescent quantum dot, a method of making a biomolecular conjugate thereof, and methods of using a biomolecular conjugate for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection in vitro and in vivo.
Compounds, compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of use

DOEpatents

Hammond, Gerald B.; Jin, Zhuang; Bates, Paula J.; Reyes-Reyes, Elsa Merit

2016-11-15

Certain embodiments of the invention include compositions comprising a compound of Formula (I), and salts, isomers, and derivatives thereof. Pharmaceutical compositions of some embodiments of the present invention comprise a compound of Formula (I), and salts, isomers, and derivatives thereof. Other embodiments of this invention include methods for treating disease (e.g., cancer) and methods for administering a compound of Formula (I), and salts, isomers, and derivatives thereof.
Water-soluble luminescent quantum dots and biomolecular conjugates thereof and related compositions and method of use

DOEpatents

Nie, Shuming; Chan, Warren C. W.; Emory, Steven R.

2002-01-01

The present invention provides a water-soluble luminescent quantum dot, a biomolecular conjugate thereof and a composition comprising such a quantum dot or conjugate. Additionally, the present invention provides a method of obtaining a luminescent quantum dot, a method of making a biomolecular conjugate thereof, and methods of using a biomolecular conjugate for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection in vitro and in vivo.
Composite construction for nuclear fuel containers

DOEpatents

Cheng, Bo-Ching [Fremont, CA; Rosenbaum, Herman S [Fremont, CA; Armijo, Joseph S [Saratoga, CA

1987-01-01

An improved method for producing nuclear fuel containers of a composite construction having components providing therein a barrier system for resisting destructive action by volatile fission products or impurities and also interdiffusion of metal constituents, and the product thereof. The composite nuclear fuel containers of the method comprise a casing of zirconium or alloy thereof with a layer of copper overlying an oxidized surface portion of the zirconium or alloy thereof.
Self-assembly modes of glycyrrhetinic acid esters in view of the crystal packing of related triterpene molecules.

PubMed

Langer, Dominik; Wicher, Barbara; Szczołko, Wojciech; Gdaniec, Maria; Tykarska, Ewa

2016-08-01

The crystal structures of three ester derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid (GE) are reported. X-ray crystallography revealed that despite differences in the size of the ester substituents (ethyl, isopropyl and 2-morpholinoethyl) the scheme of molecular self-assembly is similar in all three cases but differs significantly from that observed in other known GE esters. According to our analysis, the two basic patterns of self-assembly of GE esters observed in their unsolvated crystals correspond to two distinct orientations of the ester groups relative to the triterpene backbone. Moreover, comparison of the self-assembly modes of GE esters in their unsolvated forms with the supramolecular organization of GE and carbenoxolone in their solvated crystals revealed that ester substituents replace solvent molecules hydrogen bonded to the COOH group at the triterpene skeleton, resulting in similar packing arrangements of these compounds.
In vitro evaluation of dendrimer prodrugs for oral drug delivery.

PubMed

Najlah, Mohammad; Freeman, Sally; Attwood, David; D'Emanuele, Antony

2007-05-04

Dendrimer-based prodrugs were used to enhance the transepithelial permeability of naproxen, a low solubility model drug. The stability of the dendrimer-naproxen link was assessed. Naproxen was conjugated to G0 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers either by an amide bond or an ester bond. The stability of G0 prodrugs was evaluated in 80% human plasma and 50% rat liver homogenate. The cytotoxicity of conjugates towards Caco-2 cells was determined and the transport of the conjugates across Caco-2 monolayers (37 degrees C) was reported. In addition, one lauroyl chain (L) was attached to the surface group of G0 PAMAM dendrimer of the diethylene glycol ester conjugate (G0-deg-NAP) to enhance permeability. The lactic ester conjugate, G0-lact-NAP, hydrolyzed slowly in 80% human plasma and in 50% rat liver homogenate (t(1/2)=180 min). G0-deg-NAP was hydrolyzed more rapidly in 80% human plasma (t(1/2)=51 min) and was rapidly cleaved in 50% liver homogenate (t(1/2)=4.7 min). The conjugates were non-toxic when exposed to Caco-2 cells for 3h. Permeability studies showed a significant enhancement in the transport of naproxen when conjugated to dendrimers; L-G0-deg-NAP yielding the highest permeability. Dendrimer-based prodrugs with appropriate linkers have potential as carriers for the oral delivery of low solubility drugs such as naproxen.
Glycophenotype Evaluation in Cutaneous Tumors Using Lectins Labeled with Acridinium Ester

PubMed Central

Lima, Luiza Rayanna Amorim; Almeida, Sinara Mônica Vitalino; Silva, Lúcia Patrícia Bezerra Gomes; Beltrão, Eduardo Isidoro Carneiro; Carvalho Júnior, Luiz Bezerra

2013-01-01

Background. Tumor cells show alterations in their glycosylation patterns when compared to normal cells. Lectins can be used to evaluate these glycocode changes. Chemiluminescence assay is an effective technique for quantitative analysis of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and rapid testing. Objective. To use histochemiluminescence based on lectin conjugated to acridinium ester (AE) for the investigation of glycophenotype changes in cutaneous tumors. Methods. Concanavalin A (Con A), Peanut agglutinin (PNA), Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I (UEA-I), and Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA) were conjugated to acridinium ester. Biopsies of cutaneous tumors and normal skin were incubated with the lectins-AE, and chemiluminescence was quantified and expressed as Relative Light Units (RLU). Results. Actinic keratosis (AK), keratoacanthoma (KA), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) showed lower expression of α-D-glucose/mannose and α-L-fucose residues compared to normal tissue. Cutaneous tumors displayed higher expression of Gal-β(1-3)-GalNAc residues than normal tissue. AK and SCC exhibited higher expression of Neu5Ac-α(2,3)Gal residues than normal epidermis. KA and BCC showed equivalent RLU values compared to normal tissue. Conclusions. Lectin histochemiluminescence allowed quantitative assessment of the carbohydrate expression in cutaneous tissues, contributing to eliminate the subjectivity of conventional techniques used in the histopathological diagnosis. PMID:24167360
Phorbin steryl esters in Black Sea sediment traps and sediments: A preliminary evaluation of their paleooceanographic potential

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

King, Linda L.; Repeta, Daniel J.

1994-10-01

The distributions of pyropheophorbide- a steryl esters in one-year deployments of sediment traps at two locations in the Black Sea are described. In nearly all our trap samples, phorbin steryl esters (PSEs) contribute a significant portion of the total phorbin flux. The relative abundances of sterols esterified to pyropheophorbide- a varied throughout the year, and we suggest these changes result from the observed seasonal variation of phytoplankton species in the overlying water column. The distribution of free sterols in a one-year composite sediment trap sample closely approximates the distribution of sterols derived from the hydrolysis of sedimentary PSEs collected at an adjacent site. From these results, we suggest that the distribution of sedimentary PSE sterols provides a record of sterol deposition to the sediment-water interface. Esterification of sterols to pyropheophorbide- a apparently prevents the preferential removal of 4-desmethyl sterols relative to 4-methyl sterols, and the reduction of stenols to stanols during degradation. Analysis of PSEs in a gravity core covering the last 8-10 Kyr shows that the abundance and distribution of PSEs change with downcore variations in sedimentology. Detailed analysis of PSEs in sediments may, therefore, provide a means to evaluate paleooceanographic changes in phytoplankton community structure and sterol early diagenesis. The synthesis, NMR, CI-MS, and visible spectroscopic properties of four abundant PSEs found in the Black Sea are also described.
Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine aminobenzoic acid derivatives for their antimicrobial activity.

PubMed

Al-Zaydi, Khadijah M; Khalil, Hosam H; El-Faham, Ayman; Khattab, Sherine N

2017-05-10

Replacement of chloride ions in cyanuric chloride give several variants of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives which were investigated as biologically active small molecules. These compounds exhibit antimalarial, antimicrobial, anti-cancer and anti-viral activities, among other beneficial properties. On the other hand, treatment of bacterial infections remains a challenging therapeutic problem because of the emerging infectious diseases and the increasing number of multidrug-resistant microbial pathogens. As multidrug-resistant bacterial strains proliferate, the necessity for effective therapy has stimulated research into the design and synthesis of novel antimicrobial molecules. 1,3,5-Triazine 4-aminobenzoic acid derivatives were prepared by conventional method or by using microwave irradiation. Using microwave irradiation gave the desired products in less time, good yield and higher purity. Esterification of the 4-aminobenzoic acid moiety afforded methyl ester analogues. The s-triazine derivatives and their methyl ester analogues were fully characterized by FT-IR, NMR ( 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR), mass spectra and elemental analysis. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. Some tested compounds showed promising activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Three series of mono-, di- and trisubstituted s-triazine derivatives and their methyl ester analogues were synthesized and fully characterized. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. Compounds (10), (16), (25) and (30) have antimicrobial activity against S. aureus comparable to that of ampicillin, while the activity of compound (13) is about 50% of that of ampicillin. Compounds (13) and (14) have antimicrobial activity against E. coli comparable to that of ampicillin, while the activity of compounds (9-12) and (15) is about 50% of that of ampicillin. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory concentrations values for clinical isolates of compounds (10), (13), (14), (16), (25) and (30) were measured. Compounds (10) and (13) were more active against MRSA and E. coli than ampicillin. Invitro cytotoxicity results revealed that compounds (10) and (13) were nontoxic up to 250 µg/mL (with SI = 10) and 125 µg/mL (with SI = 5), respectively. Graphical abstract Three series of mono-, di- and trisubstituted s-triazine derivatives and their methyl ester analogues were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. Several compounds have antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli comparable to that of ampicillin.
21 CFR 172.225 - Methyl and ethyl esters of fatty acids produced from edible fats and oils.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Methyl and ethyl esters of fatty acids produced... Methyl and ethyl esters of fatty acids produced from edible fats and oils. Methyl esters and ethyl esters of fatty acids produced from edible fats and oils may be safely used in food, subject to the...
21 CFR 172.225 - Methyl and ethyl esters of fatty acids produced from edible fats and oils.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Methyl and ethyl esters of fatty acids produced... Methyl and ethyl esters of fatty acids produced from edible fats and oils. Methyl esters and ethyl esters of fatty acids produced from edible fats and oils may be safely used in food, subject to the...
An evidence of C16 fatty acid methyl esters extracted from microalga for effective antimicrobial and antioxidant property.

PubMed

Davoodbasha, MubarakAli; Edachery, Baldev; Nooruddin, Thajuddin; Lee, Sang-Yul; Kim, Jung-Wan

2018-02-01

Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) derived from lipids of microalgae is known to have wide bio-functional materials including antimicrobials. FAME is an ideal super-curator and superior anti-pathogenic. The present study evaluated the efficiency of FAME extracted from microalgae Scenedesmus intermedius as an antimicrobial agent against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Bacillus cereus) Gram negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria and Fungi (Aspergillus parasiticus and Candida albicans). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the gram negative bacteria was determined as 12-24 μg mL -1 , whereas MIC for gram positive bacteria was 24-48 μg mL -1 . MIC for the fungi was as high as 60-192 μg mL -1 . The FAME profiles determined by gas chromatography showed 18 methyl esters. Among them, pharmacologically active FAME such as palmitic acid methyl ester (C16:0) was detected at high percentage (23.08%), which accounted for the bioactivity. FAME obtained in this study exhibited a strong antimicrobial activity at the lowest MIC than those of recent reports. This result clearly indicated that FAME of S. intermedius has a strong antimicrobial and antioxidant property and that could be used as an effective resource against microbial diseases. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Changes in volatile profile of soybean residue (okara) upon solid-state fermentation by yeasts.

PubMed

Vong, Weng Chan; Liu, Shao-Quan

2017-01-01

Soybean residue (okara), a by-product of soymilk, is produced in large volumes by the soy food industry and is often discarded due to its undesirable flavour. As it contains a considerable amount of protein and fats, biotransformation of okara to improve its flavour presents an opportunity for alternative utilisation. This paper evaluated 10 yeasts in the solid-state fermentation of okara based on their volatile profiles as analysed with HS-SPME GC-MS/FID. Four 'dairy yeasts' (Geotrichum candidum, Yarrowia lipolytica, Debaryomyces hansenii and Kluyveromyces lactis) and six 'wine yeasts' (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lachancea thermotolerans, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Pichia kluyveri, Torulaspora delbrueckii, and Williopsis saturnus) were studied. The main off-odourants in okara, hexanal and trans-2-hexenal, significantly decreased after fermentation due to their bioconversion into methyl ketones and/or esters. The okara fermented by dairy yeasts contained greater proportions of methyl ketones, while that by wine yeasts contained more ethyl and acetyl esters. Notably, the okara fermented by W. saturnus contained 13 esters and the total GC-FID peak area of esters was about 380 times that in fresh okara, leading to a perceptible fruity note. Okara can be exploited as an inexpensive substrate for bioflavour extraction and/or a more pleasant food ingredient via yeast fermentation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Critical aggregates concentration of fatty esters present in biodiesel determined by turbidity and fluorescence.

PubMed

Froehner, Sandro; Sánez, Juan; Dombroski, Luiz Fernando; Gracioto, Maria Paula

2017-09-01

Biodiesel for combustible engine is available as mixture of fossil diesel and fatty esters obtained by transesterification of vegetable oils. The use of biodiesel reduces the amount of SO x , mainly. However, it was already observed that biodiesel has a different behavior in environment in cases of accidental spill and groundwater contamination. It was noticed that the biodegradation of hydrocarbons (cyclic and aliphatic) in the presence of biodiesel are speeded, although the mechanism is still unclear. Considering the chemical structure of fatty esters, it was investigated the formation of aggregates in water solution by fatty esters present in commercial biodiesel. In Brazil, biodiesel is composed by 95% of fossil diesel and 5% of fatty esters mixture. In this work, fatty esters were treated as neutral surfactant, i.e., it was treated as a molecule with polar and non-polar part. Turbidity and fluorescence were used to determine the critical aggregates concentration (CAC). Water solutions containing fatty esters were examined exploiting changes in turbidity and fluorescence intensity of pyrene. Abrupt changes were attributed to aggregates formation, following the same behavior of traditional amphiphilic compounds. It was determined the CAC for ethyl palmitate, ethyl stearate, ethyl oleate, and ethyl linoleate. The values of CAC for fatty esters varied from 1.91 to 4.27 μmol/L, while CAC for the mixture of esters (biodiesel) was 2.01 for methyl esters and 1.19 for ethyl esters, both prepared using soybean oil. The aggregates formation was also determined by fluorescence measurements considering the changes in intensity of peaks I and III of pyrene. Pyrene senses the changes in environment polarity. The values found of CAC by fluorescence for individual ethyl esters varied from 1.85 to 3.21 μmol/L, while mixtures of ethyl esters was 2.23 and 2.07 μmol/L for mixture of methyl esters. The results clearly showed that fatty esters form aggregates and might be responsible for speed degradation of compounds by accommodation of them in inner part of aggregates.
Separator for alkaline batteries and method of making same

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hoyt, H. E.; Pfluger, H. L. (Inventor)

1970-01-01

The preparation of membranes suitable for use as separators in concentrated alkaline battery cells by selective solvolysis of copolymers of methacrylate esters with acrylate esters followed by addition of a base and to the resultant products is described. The method of making copolymers by first copolymerizing a methacrylate ester (or esters) with a more readily hydrolyzable ester, followed by a selective saponification whereby the methacrylate ester moieties remain essentially intact and the readily hydrolyzable ester moiety is suponified and to the partial or complete neutralization of the relatively brittle copolymer acid with a base to make membranes which are sufficiently flexible in the dry state so that they may be wrapped around electrodes without damage by handling is described.
Engineering modular ester fermentative pathways in Escherichia coli.

PubMed

Layton, Donovan S; Trinh, Cong T

2014-11-01

Sensation profiles are observed all around us and are made up of many different molecules, such as esters. These profiles can be mimicked in everyday items for their uses in foods, beverages, cosmetics, perfumes, solvents, and biofuels. Here, we developed a systematic 'natural' way to derive these products via fermentative biosynthesis. Each ester fermentative pathway was designed as an exchangeable ester production module for generating two precursors- alcohols and acyl-CoAs that were condensed by an alcohol acyltransferase to produce a combinatorial library of unique esters. As a proof-of-principle, we coupled these ester modules with an engineered, modular, Escherichia coli chassis in a plug-and-play fashion to create microbial cell factories for enhanced anaerobic production of a butyrate ester library. We demonstrated tight coupling between the modular chassis and ester modules for enhanced product biosynthesis, an engineered phenotype useful for directed metabolic pathway evolution. Compared to the wildtype, the engineered cell factories yielded up to 48 fold increase in butyrate ester production from glucose. Copyright © 2014 International Metabolic Engineering Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Screening for toxic phorbol esters in jerky pet treat products using LC-MS.

PubMed

Nishshanka, Upul; Jayasuriya, Hiranthi; Chattopadhaya, Chaitali; Kijak, Philip J; Chu, Pak-Sin; Reimschuessel, Renate; Tkachenko, Andriy; Ceric, Olgica; De Alwis, Hemakanthi G

2016-05-01

Since 2007, the U.S. FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) has been investigating reports of pets becoming ill after consuming jerky pet treats. Jerky used in pet treats contains glycerin, which can be made from vegetable oil or as a byproduct of biodiesel production. Because some biodiesel is produced using oil from Jatropha curcas, a plant that contains toxic compounds including phorbol esters, CVM developed a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) screening method to evaluate investigational jerky samples for the presence of these toxins. Results indicated that the samples analyzed with the new method did not contain Jatropha toxins at or above the lowest concentration tested. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Three new amino acid derivatives from edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus.

PubMed

Lu, Xiao-Jie; Feng, Bao-Min; Chen, Shao-Fei; Zhao, Dan; Chen, Gang; Wang, Hai-Feng; Pei, Yue-Hu

2017-12-01

Three new amino acid derivatives, oxalamido-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (1), oxalamido-L-leucine methyl ester (2), and lumichrome hydrolyzate (3), together with nine known compounds (4-12), were isolated from the solid culture of edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were established by the chiral synthesis and confirmed by circular dichroism (CD) analysis of their total synthesis products and natural isolates. All new compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant effects, antimicrobial activities, and cytotoxic activity. Compounds 1-3 showed weak antifungal activities against Candida albicans with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 500 μg/ml.
Evaluation of PS 212 Coatings Under Boundary Lubrication Conditions with an Ester-based Oil to 300 C

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sliney, Harold E.; Loomis, William R.; Dellacorte, Christopher

1994-01-01

High friction and wear of turbine engine components occur during high temperature excursions above the oxidation threshold of the liquid lubricant. This paper reports on research to study the use of a high temperature self lubricating coating, PS 212 for back-up lubrication in the event of failure of the liquid lubricant. Pin on disk tests were performed under dry and boundary-lubricated conditions at disk temperatures up to 300 C. The liquid lubricant was a formulated polyol ester qualified under MIL L-23699. At test temperatures above the oil's thermal degradation level, the use of PS 212 reduced wear, providing a back-up lubricant effect.
Antiproliferative activity and SARs of caffeic acid esters with mono-substituted phenylethanols moiety.

PubMed

Xie, Jin; Yang, Fengzhi; Zhang, Man; Lam, Celine; Qiao, Yixue; Xiao, Jia; Zhang, Dongdong; Ge, Yuxuan; Fu, Lei; Xie, Dongsheng

2017-01-15

A series of CAPE derivatives with mono-substituted phenylethanols moiety were synthesized and evaluated by MTT assay on growth of 4 human cancer cell lines (Hela, DU-145, MCF-7 and ECA-109). The substituent effects on the antiproliferative activity were systematically investigated for the first time. It was found that electron-donating and hydrophobic substituents at 2'-position of phenylethanol moiety could significantly enhance CAPE's antiproliferative activity. 2'-Propoxyl derivative, as a novel caffeic acid ester, exhibited exquisite potency (IC 50 =0.4±0.02 & 0.6±0.03μM against Hela and DU-145 respectively). Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cobalt-catalyzed hydrogenation of esters to alcohols: unexpected reactivity trend indicates ester enolate intermediacy.

PubMed

Srimani, Dipankar; Mukherjee, Arup; Goldberg, Alexander F G; Leitus, Gregory; Diskin-Posner, Yael; Shimon, Linda J W; Ben David, Yehoshoa; Milstein, David

2015-10-12

The atom-efficient and environmentally benign catalytic hydrogenation of carboxylic acid esters to alcohols has been accomplished in recent years mainly with precious-metal-based catalysts, with few exceptions. Presented here is the first cobalt-catalyzed hydrogenation of esters to the corresponding alcohols. Unexpectedly, the evidence indicates the unprecedented involvement of ester enolate intermediates. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Critical Involvement of Environmental Carbon Dioxide Fixation to Drive Wax Ester Fermentation in Euglena

PubMed Central

Nishio, Kazuki; Nakazawa, Masami; Nakamoto, Masatoshi; Okazawa, Atsushi; Kanaya, Shigehiko; Arita, Masanori

2016-01-01

Accumulation profiles of wax esters in Euglena gracilis Z were studied under several environmental conditions. The highest amount of total wax esters accumulated under hypoxia in the dark, and C28 (myristyl-myristate, C14:0-C14:0) was prevalent among all conditions investigated. The wax ester production was almost completely suppressed under anoxia in the light, and supplying exogenous inorganic carbon sources restored wax ester fermentation, indicating the need for external carbon sources for the wax ester fermentation. 13C-labeling experiments revealed specific isotopic enrichment in the odd-numbered fatty acids derived from wax esters, indicating that the exogenously-supplied CO2 was incorporated into wax esters via the propionyl-CoA pathway through the reverse tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The addition of 3-mercaptopicolinic acid, a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) inhibitor, significantly affected the incorporation of 13C into citrate and malate as the biosynthetic intermediates of the odd-numbered fatty acids, suggesting the involvement of PEPCK reaction to drive wax ester fermentation. Additionally, the 13C-enrichment pattern of succinate suggested that the CO2 assimilation might proceed through alternative pathways in addition to the PEPCK reaction. The current results indicate that the mechanisms of anoxic CO2 assimilation are an important target to reinforce wax ester fermentation in Euglena. PMID:27669566
Impact of thermooxidation of phytosteryl and phytostanyl fatty acid esters on cholesterol micellarization in vitro.

PubMed

Scholz, Birgit; Weiherer, Renate; Engel, Karl-Heinz

2017-09-01

The effects of thermooxidation of a phytosteryl/-stanyl and a phytostanyl fatty acid ester mixture on cholesterol micellarization were investigated using an in vitro digestion model simulating enzymatic hydrolysis by cholesterol esterase and subsequent competition of the liberated phytosterols/-stanols with cholesterol for incorporation into mixed micelles. As a first step, relationships between different doses of the ester mixtures and the resulting micellarized cholesterol were established. Subsequent subjection of the thermooxidized ester mixtures to the in vitro digestion model resulted in three principal observations: (i) thermal treatment of the ester mixtures led to substantial decreases of the intact esters, (ii) in vitro digestion of cholesterol in the presence of the thermooxidized ester mixtures resulted in significant increases of cholesterol micellarization, and (iii) the extents of the observed effects on cholesterol micellarization were strongly associated to the remaining contents of intact esters. The loss of efficacy to inhibit cholesterol micellarization due to thermally induced losses of intact esters corresponded to a loss of efficacy that would have been induced by an actual removal of these amounts of esters prior to the in vitro digestion. The obtained results suggest that in particular oxidative modifications of the fatty acid moieties might be responsible for the observed increases of cholesterol micellarization. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Composite construction for nuclear fuel containers

DOEpatents

Cheng, B. C.; Rosenbaum, H. S.; Armijo, J. S.

1987-04-21

Disclosed is an improved method for producing nuclear fuel containers of a composite construction having components providing therein a barrier system for resisting destructive action by volatile fission products or impurities and also interdiffusion of metal constituents, and the product thereof. The composite nuclear fuel containers of the method comprise a casing of zirconium or alloy thereof with a layer of copper overlying an oxidized surface portion of the zirconium or alloy thereof. 1 fig.
Method for the determination of natural ester-type gum bases used as food additives via direct analysis of their constituent wax esters using high-temperature GC/MS.

PubMed

Tada, Atsuko; Ishizuki, Kyoko; Yamazaki, Takeshi; Sugimoto, Naoki; Akiyama, Hiroshi

2014-07-01

Natural ester-type gum bases, which are used worldwide as food additives, mainly consist of wax esters composed of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain fatty alcohols. There are many varieties of ester-type gum bases, and thus a useful method for their discrimination is needed in order to establish official specifications and manage their quality control. Herein is reported a rapid and simple method for the analysis of different ester-type gum bases used as food additives by high-temperature gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). With this method, the constituent wax esters in ester-type gum bases can be detected without hydrolysis and derivatization. The method was applied to the determination of 10 types of gum bases, including beeswax, carnauba wax, lanolin, and jojoba wax, and it was demonstrated that the gum bases derived from identical origins have specific and characteristic total ion chromatogram (TIC) patterns and ester compositions. Food additive gum bases were thus distinguished from one another based on their TIC patterns and then more clearly discriminated using simultaneous monitoring of the fragment ions corresponding to the fatty acid moieties of the individual molecular species of the wax esters. This direct high-temperature GC/MS method was shown to be very useful for the rapid and simple discrimination of varieties of ester-type gum bases used as food additives.
Method for the determination of natural ester-type gum bases used as food additives via direct analysis of their constituent wax esters using high-temperature GC/MS

PubMed Central

Tada, Atsuko; Ishizuki, Kyoko; Yamazaki, Takeshi; Sugimoto, Naoki; Akiyama, Hiroshi

2014-01-01

Natural ester-type gum bases, which are used worldwide as food additives, mainly consist of wax esters composed of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain fatty alcohols. There are many varieties of ester-type gum bases, and thus a useful method for their discrimination is needed in order to establish official specifications and manage their quality control. Herein is reported a rapid and simple method for the analysis of different ester-type gum bases used as food additives by high-temperature gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). With this method, the constituent wax esters in ester-type gum bases can be detected without hydrolysis and derivatization. The method was applied to the determination of 10 types of gum bases, including beeswax, carnauba wax, lanolin, and jojoba wax, and it was demonstrated that the gum bases derived from identical origins have specific and characteristic total ion chromatogram (TIC) patterns and ester compositions. Food additive gum bases were thus distinguished from one another based on their TIC patterns and then more clearly discriminated using simultaneous monitoring of the fragment ions corresponding to the fatty acid moieties of the individual molecular species of the wax esters. This direct high-temperature GC/MS method was shown to be very useful for the rapid and simple discrimination of varieties of ester-type gum bases used as food additives. PMID:25473499
SUPERCRITICAL WATER OXIDATION MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR SELECTED EPA PRIORITY POLLUTANTS

EPA Science Inventory

Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) evaluated for five compounds: acetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, pyridine, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (methyl ester). inetic models were developed for acetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and pyridine. he test compounds were e...
Methods of making organic compounds by metathesis

DOEpatents

Abraham, Timothy W.; Kaido, Hiroki; Lee, Choon Woo; Pederson, Richard L.; Schrodi, Yann; Tupy, Michael John

2015-09-01

Described are methods of making organic compounds by metathesis chemistry. The methods of the invention are particularly useful for making industrially-important organic compounds beginning with starting compositions derived from renewable feedstocks, such as natural oils. The methods make use of a cross-metathesis step with an olefin compound to produce functionalized alkene intermediates having a pre-determined double bond position. Once isolated, the functionalized alkene intermediate can be self-metathesized or cross-metathesized (e.g., with a second functionalized alkene) to produce the desired organic compound or a precursor thereto. The method may be used to make bifunctional organic compounds, such as diacids, diesters, dicarboxylate salts, acid/esters, acid/amines, acid/alcohols, acid/aldehydes, acid/ketones, acid/halides, acid/nitriles, ester/amines, ester/alcohols, ester/aldehydes, ester/ketones, ester/halides, ester/nitriles, and the like.
Northeastern FIA Tree Taper Study: Current Status and Future Work

Treesearch

James A. Westfall; Charles T. Scott

2005-01-01

The northeastern unit of the Forest Inventory and Analysis program (NE-FIA) is engaged in an ongoing project to develop regionwide tree taper equations. Sampling intensity is based on NE-FIA plot data and is stratified by species, diameter class, and height class. To date, modeling research has been aimed largely at evaluating existing model forms (and hybrids thereof...
77 FR 32522 - Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts Thereof, Finished and Unfinished From the People's Republic of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-01

... is renumbered as 8708.99.8180; see Id. Bona Fides Sale Analysis For this review, consistent with the... POR. In evaluating whether or not a sale in a new shipper review is commercially reasonable, and... Shipper Review, 67 FR 11283 (March 13, 2002)). The Department preliminarily finds that the sales of...
Retinol esterification in bovine retinal pigment epithelium: reversibility of lecithin:retinol acyltransferase.

PubMed Central

Saari, J C; Bredberg, D L; Farrell, D F

1993-01-01

Esterification of all-trans-retinol is a key reaction of the vertebrate visual cycle, since it produces an insoluble, relatively non-toxic, form of the vitamin for storage and supplies substrate for the isomerization reaction. CoA-dependent and -independent pathways have been described for retinol esterification in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The CoA-independent reaction, catalysed by lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) was examined in more detail in this study. Addition of retinol to RPE microsomes results in a burst of retinyl ester synthesis, followed by a rapid apparent cessation of the reaction. However, [3H]retinol, added when retinyl ester synthesis has apparently ceased, is rapidly incorporated into retinyl ester without a net increase in the amount of ester. The specific radioactivities of [3H]retinol and [3H]retinyl ester reach the same value. [14C]Palmitate from palmitoyl-CoA is incorporated into preexisting retinyl ester in the absence of net ester synthesis, too. These exchange reactions suggest that the reaction has reached equilibrium at the plateau of the progress curve and that only the accumulation of retinyl ester, and not its synthesis, has stopped during this phase of the reaction. Studies with geometrical isomers of retinol revealed that the rate of exchange of all-trans-retinol with all-trans-retinyl esters was about 6 times more rapid than exchange of 11-cis-retinol with 11-cis-retinyl ester. This is the first demonstration of the reversibility of LRAT and the first example of stereospecificity of retinyl ester synthesis in the visual system. Reversal of the LRAT reaction could contribute to the mobilization of 11-cis-retinol from 11-cis-retinyl ester pools. Images Figure 3 PMID:8489497
Analysis of methyloxime derivatives of intact esters of testosterone and boldenone in equine plasma using ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Gray, Bobby P; Teale, Phil; Pearce, Clive M

2011-04-01

Analysis of equine plasma samples to detect the abuse of anabolic steroids can be complicated when the parent steroid is endogenous to the animal. Anabolic steroids are usually administered intramuscularly as synthetic esters and therefore detection of the exogenous esters provides unequivocal proof of illegal administration. An ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC-MSMS) method for the analysis of esters of testosterone (propionate, phenylpropionate, isocaproate, and decanoate) and boldenone (undecylenate) in equine plasma has been developed. Esters were extracted from equine plasma using a mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate and treated with methoxyamine hydrochloride to form methyloxime derivatives. Metenolone enanthate was used as an internal standard. After chromatographic separation, the derivatized steroid esters were quantified using selected reaction monitoring (SRM). The limit of detection for all of the steroid esters, based on a signal to noise ratio (S/N) of 3:1, was 1-3 pg/mL. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for the all of the steroid esters was 5 pg/mL when 2 mL of plasma was extracted. Recovery of the steroid esters was 85-97% for all esters except for testosterone decanoate which was recovered at 62%. The intra-day coefficient of variation (CV) for the analysis of plasma quality control (QC) samples was less than 9.2% at 40 pg/mL and less than 6.0% at 400 pg/mL. The developed assay was used to successfully confirm the presence of intact testosterone esters in equine plasma samples following intramuscular injection of Durateston® (mixed testosterone esters). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive analysis of beer quality by correlating sensory evaluation with higher alcohol and ester production using multivariate statistics methods.

PubMed

Dong, Jian-Jun; Li, Qing-Liang; Yin, Hua; Zhong, Cheng; Hao, Jun-Guang; Yang, Pan-Fei; Tian, Yu-Hong; Jia, Shi-Ru

2014-10-15

Sensory evaluation is regarded as a necessary procedure to ensure a reproducible quality of beer. Meanwhile, high-throughput analytical methods provide a powerful tool to analyse various flavour compounds, such as higher alcohol and ester. In this study, the relationship between flavour compounds and sensory evaluation was established by non-linear models such as partial least squares (PLS), genetic algorithm back-propagation neural network (GA-BP), support vector machine (SVM). It was shown that SVM with a Radial Basis Function (RBF) had a better performance of prediction accuracy for both calibration set (94.3%) and validation set (96.2%) than other models. Relatively lower prediction abilities were observed for GA-BP (52.1%) and PLS (31.7%). In addition, the kernel function of SVM played an essential role of model training when the prediction accuracy of SVM with polynomial kernel function was 32.9%. As a powerful multivariate statistics method, SVM holds great potential to assess beer quality. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed direct cross-aza-benzoin reaction: Efficient synthesis of α-amino-β-keto esters.

PubMed

Uno, Takuya; Kobayashi, Yusuke; Takemoto, Yoshiji

2012-01-01

An efficient catalytic synthesis of α-amino-β-keto esters has been newly developed. Cross-coupling of various aldehydes with α-imino ester, catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbene, leads chemoselectively to α-amino-β-keto esters in moderate to good yields with high atom efficiency. The reaction mechanism is discussed, and it is proposed that the α-amino-β-keto esters are formed under thermodynamic control.
Multi residue screening of intact testosterone esters and boldenone undecylenate in bovine hair using liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Nielen, Michel W F; Lasaroms, Johan J P; Mulder, Patrick P J; Van Hende, Johan; van Rhijn, J Hans A; Groot, Maria J

2006-01-02

The abuse of esters of natural androgenic steroids in cattle fattening and sports is hard to control via routine urine testing. The esters are rapidly hydrolysed in vivo into substances which are also endogenously present in urine. In veterinary control strange findings of 17beta-testosterone and 17alpha-testosterone in urine are often ignored because of the lack of statistically sound reference data of naturally occurring levels. An interesting alternative for inconclusive urine analyses in veterinary control can be provided by the analysis of the administered steroids themselves, i.e. the analysis of intact steroid esters in hair. Unfortunately, the analysis of intact steroid esters is complicated not only by the vulnerability of the esters which precludes alkaline hydrolysis of the hair, but also by the wide polarity range of short and long-chain esters yielding very poor recoveries for either the one or the other. In this study, a multi-steroid esters LC/MS/MS screening method is presented for trace analysis of the synthetic intact esters of 17beta-testosterone and the undecylenate ester of 17beta-boldenone in bovine hair. The method, requiring only 200 mg of pulverised hair, features a mild digestion procedure using tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) and the use of four deuterium-labelled steroid esters as internal standards covering the wide polarity range of the analytes. In spiked hair samples for most of the analytes the limit of detection and the accuracy using isotope dilution were 2-5 ng/g and 97-105%, respectively. The applicability was demonstrated using hair samples from a controlled experiment in which six bovines were injected intramuscularly with two different doses of two commercial mixtures of testosterone esters, and with two different doses of boldenone undecylenate. Depending on the dose all administered testosterone- and boldenone esters were found to be incorporated in bovine hair following a single intramuscular injection, except testosterone propionate which dose might have been too low.
40 CFR 721.10125 - Alkenedioic acid, dialkyl ester, reaction products with polyaminocarbomonocycle and alkenoic acid...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., reaction products with polyaminocarbomonocycle and alkenoic acid alkyl ester (generic). 721.10125 Section... Substances § 721.10125 Alkenedioic acid, dialkyl ester, reaction products with polyaminocarbomonocycle and.... (1) The chemical substances identified generically as alkenedioic acid, dialkyl ester, reaction...
40 CFR 721.10125 - Alkenedioic acid, dialkyl ester, reaction products with polyaminocarbomonocycle and alkenoic acid...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., reaction products with polyaminocarbomonocycle and alkenoic acid alkyl ester (generic). 721.10125 Section... Substances § 721.10125 Alkenedioic acid, dialkyl ester, reaction products with polyaminocarbomonocycle and.... (1) The chemical substances identified generically as alkenedioic acid, dialkyl ester, reaction...
Ethyl ester formation is enhanced by ethanol addition in mini Swiss cheese with and without added propionibacteria.

PubMed

Thierry, Anne; Maillard, Marie-Bernadette; Richoux, Romain; Lortal, Sylvie

2006-09-06

Esters are important contributors to cheese flavor, but their mechanisms of synthesis in cheese are largely unknown. This study aimed to determine whether ethanol concentration limits the formation of ethyl esters in cheese. Mini Swiss cheeses were manufactured with (E) or without (C) the addition of ethanol to cheese milk. Ethanol concentrations (enzymatic analysis) were 64 +/- 17 and 330 +/- 82 microg g(-1), respectively, in C and E cheeses. E cheeses also contained 5.4 +/- 2.3 times more of the five ethyl esters quantified than C cheeses, regardless of the concentrations of esters in C cheeses (range 1-128 ng g(-1)). Furthermore, the presence of propionibacteria added as acid-producing secondary starters was associated with greater concentrations of esters, due to the increase in acid concentrations that propionibacteria induced and/or to an involvement of propionibacteria enzymes in ester synthesis. This study demonstrates that ethanol is the limiting factor of ethyl ester synthesis in Swiss cheese.
Synthesis of TMP-ester biolubricant basestock from palm stearin fatty acids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fadzel, Fatimatuzzahraa Mohd; Salimon, Jumat; Derawi, Darfizzi

2018-04-01

A potential biolubricant; TMP-ester was produced via esterification of fatty acids (FA) from palm stearin (PS) with trimethylolpropane (TMP). The synthesis was conducted at four conditions; temperature, time, molar ratio of FA:TMP and H2SO4 as catalyst (by percent based on the weight of FA and TMP) that are 150 °C, 2 hours, 4:1 and 1% of H2SO4 respectively. The composition of ester produced was determined using gas chromatography (GC-FID). The presence of ester group was confirmed by the means of FTIR by the existence of strong carboxyl band of ester, v(C=O) at 1746cm-1 and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy shows the chemical shift, δ of ester, C=O at 2.27-2.31 ppm and 173.45 ppm accordingly. From the esterification reaction, 95% product of TMP-ester was formed. The thermal and oxidative stability of TMP-ester is 200°C.
Asymmetric homologation of boronic esters bearing azido and silyloxy substituents.

PubMed

Singh, R P; Matteson, D S

2000-10-06

In the asymmetric homologation of boronic esters with a (dihalomethyl)lithium, substituents that can bind metal cations tend to interfere. Accordingly, we undertook the introduction of weakly basic oxygen and nitrogen substituents into boronic esters in order to maximize the efficiency of multistep syntheses utilizing this chemistry. Silyloxy boronic esters cannot be made efficiently by direct substitution, but a (hydroxymethyl)boronic ester has been silylated in the usual manner. Conversion of alpha-halo boronic esters to alpha-azido boronic esters has been carried out with sodium azide and a tetrabutylammonium salt as phase-transfer catalyst in a two-phase system with water and either nitromethane or ethyl acetate. These are safer solvents than the previously used dichloromethane, which can form an explosive byproduct with azide ion. Boronic esters containing silyloxy or alkoxy and azido substituents have been shown to react efficiently with (dihalomethyl)lithiums, resulting in efficient asymmetric insertion of the halomethyl group into the carbon-boron bond.
Acidic electrolyzed water efficiently improves the flavour of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Mopan) wine.

PubMed

Zhu, Wanqi; Zhu, Baoqing; Li, Yao; Zhang, Yanyan; Zhang, Bolin; Fan, Junfeng

2016-04-15

The ability of acidic (AcW) and alkaline electrolyzed waters (AlW) to improve the flavour of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) wine was evaluated. Wines made with AcW (WAcW) were significantly better than wines made with AlW or pure water (PW) in aroma, taste, and colour. Volatile analysis showed that WAcW has high alcohol and ester contents, including 2-phenylethanol, isopentanol, isobutanol, ethyl dodecanoate, phenethyl acetate, and butanedioic acid diethyl ester. The total amino acid content of persimmon slurry soaked with AcW reached 531.2 mg/l, which was much higher than those of the slurries soaked in AlW (381.3 mg/l) and PW (182.7 mg/l). The composition of major amino acids in the AcW-soaked slurry may contribute to the strong ester flavour of WAcW. This is the first report to suggest that electrolyzed functional water (EFW) can be used to improve wine flavour, leading to the possible use of EFW in food processing. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Amino Acid Derivatives as Palmitoylethanolamide Prodrugs: Synthesis, In Vitro Metabolism and In Vivo Plasma Profile in Rats

PubMed Central

Vacondio, Federica; Bassi, Michele; Silva, Claudia; Castelli, Riccardo; Carmi, Caterina; Scalvini, Laura; Lodola, Alessio; Vivo, Valentina; Flammini, Lisa; Barocelli, Elisabetta; Mor, Marco; Rivara, Silvia

2015-01-01

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has antinflammatory and antinociceptive properties widely exploited in veterinary and human medicine, despite its poor pharmacokinetics. Looking for prodrugs that could progressively release PEA to maintain effective plasma concentrations, we prepared carbonates, esters and carbamates at the hydroxyl group of PEA. Chemical stability (pH 7.4) and stability in rat plasma and liver homogenate were evaluated by in vitro assays. Carbonates and carbamates resulted too labile and too resistant in plasma, respectively. Ester derivatives, prepared by conjugating PEA with various amino acids, allowed to modulate the kinetics of PEA release in plasma and stability in liver homogenate. L-Val-PEA, with suitable PEA release in plasma, and D-Val-PEA, with high resistance to hepatic degradation, were orally administered to rats and plasma levels of prodrugs and PEA were measured at different time points. Both prodrugs showed significant release of PEA, but provided lower plasma concentrations than those obtained with equimolar doses of PEA. Amino-acid esters of PEA are a promising class to develop prodrugs, even if they need further chemical optimization. PMID:26053855
Synthesis, Formulation, and Adjuvanticity of Monodesmosidic Saponins with Olenanolic Acid, Hederagenin and Gypsogenin Aglycones, and some C‐28 Ester Derivatives†

PubMed Central

Greatrex, Ben W.; Daines, Alison M.; Hook, Sarah; Lenz, Dirk H.; McBurney, Warren; Rades, Thomas

2015-01-01

Abstract In an attempt to discover a new synthetic vaccine adjuvant, the glycosylation of hederagenin, gypsogenin, and oleanolic acid acceptors with di‐ and trisaccharide donors to generate a range of mimics of natural product QS‐21 was carried out. The saponins were formulated with phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, and the structures analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. 3‐O‐(Manp(1→3)Glcp)hederagenin was found to produce numerous ring‐like micelles when formulated, while C‐28 choline ester derivatives preferred self‐assembly and did not interact with the liposomes. When alone and in the presence of cholesterol and phospholipid, the choline ester derivatives produced nanocrystalline rods or helical micelles. The effects of modifying sugar stereochemistry and the aglycone on the immunostimulatory effects of the saponins was then evaluated using the activation markers MHC class II and CD86 in murine bone marrow dendritic cells. The most active saponin, 3‐O‐(Manp(1→3)Glcp)hederagenin, was stimulatory at high concentrations in cell culture, but this did not translate to strong responses in vivo. PMID:27308200
Heat flux limiting sleeves

DOEpatents

Harris, William G.

1985-01-01

A heat limiting tubular sleeve extending over only a portion of a tube having a generally uniform outside diameter, the sleeve being open on both ends, having one end thereof larger in diameter than the other end thereof and having a wall thickness which decreases in the same direction as the diameter of the sleeve decreases so that the heat transfer through the sleeve and tube is less adjacent the large diameter end of the sleeve than adjacent the other end thereof.
40 CFR 721.3800 - Formaldehyde, condensated polyoxyethylene fatty acid, ester with styrenated phenol, ethylene...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... polyoxyethylene fatty acid, ester with styrenated phenol, ethylene oxide adduct. 721.3800 Section 721.3800... Formaldehyde, condensated polyoxyethylene fatty acid, ester with styrenated phenol, ethylene oxide adduct. (a... generically as formaldehyde, condensated polyoxyethylene fatty acid, ester with styrenated phenol, ethylene...
40 CFR 721.2950 - Carboxylic acid glycidyl esters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Carboxylic acid glycidyl esters. 721... Substances § 721.2950 Carboxylic acid glycidyl esters. (a) Chemical substances and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified generically as carboxylic acid glycidyl ester...
Enzymatic Synthesis of Glyserol-Coconut Oil Fatty Acid and Glycerol-Decanoic Acis Ester as Emulsifier and Antimicrobial Agents Using Candida rugosa Lipase EC 3.1.1.3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Handayani, Sri; Putri, Ayu Tanissa Tamara; Setiasih, Siswati; Hudiyono, Sumi

2018-01-01

In this research, enzymatic esterification was carried out between glycerol and fatty acid from coconut oil and decanoic acid using n-hexane as solvent. In this reaction Candida rugosa lipase was used as biocatalyst. Optimization esterification reaction was carried out for parameter of the substrate ratio. The mmol ratio between fatty acid and glycerol were used are 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1: 4. The highest conversion percentage obtained at the mole ratio of 1: 4 with the value of 78.5% for the glycerol-decanoic acid ester and 55.4% for the glycerol coconut oil fatty acid ester. Esterification products were characterized by FT-IR. The FT-IR spectrum showed that the ester bond was formed as indicated by the wave number 1750-1739 cm-1. The esterification products were then examined by simple emulsion test and was proved to be an emulsifier. The glycerol-coconut oil fatty acid ester produced higher stability emulsion compare with glycerol decanoic ester. The antimicrobial activity assay using disc diffusion method showed that both glycerol-coconut oil fatty acid ester and glycerol-decanoic ester had the ability inhibiting the growth of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Glycerol-decanoic ester shows higher antimicrobial activity than glycerol-coconut oil fatty acid ester.
Chemical and physical analyses of wax ester properties

PubMed Central

Patel, Sejal; Nelson, Dennis R.; Gibbs, Allen G.

2001-01-01

Wax esters are major constituents of the surface lipids in many terrestrial arthropods, but their study is complicated by their diversity. We developed a procedure for quantifying isomers in mixtures of straight-chain saturated and unsaturated wax esters having the same molecular weights, using single-ion monitoring of the total ion current data from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We examined the biological consequences of structural differences by measuring the melting temperatures, Tm, of >60 synthetic wax esters, containing 26–48 carbon atoms. Compounds containing saturated alcohol and acid moieties melted at 38–73°C. The main factor affecting Tm was the total chain length of the wax ester, but the placement of the ester bond also affected Tm. Insertion of a double bond into either the alcohol or acid moiety decreased Tm by ∼30°C. Simple mixtures of wax esters with n-alkanes melted several °C lower than predicted from the melting points of the component lipids. Our results indicate that the wax esters of primary alcohols that are most typically found on the cuticle of terrestrial arthropods occur in a solid state under physiological conditions, thereby conferring greater waterproofing. Wax esters of secondary alcohols, which occur on melanopline grasshoppers, melted >60°C below primary esters of the same molecular weight and reduced Tm of the total surface lipids to environmental values. PMID:15455064
Synthesis and amphiphilic properties of decanoyl esters of tri- and tetraethylene glycol.

PubMed

Zhu, Ying; Molinier, Valérie; Queste, Sébastien; Aubry, Jean-Marie

2007-08-15

Well-defined decanoyl triethylene glycol ester and decanoyl tetraethylene glycol ester were synthesized and compared to their ether counterparts (C(10)E(4) and C(10)E(3)). Their physicochemical properties i.e. critical micelle concentrations (CMC), cloud points, and equilibrium surface tensions were determined. Binary water-surfactant phase behavior was also studied by polarized optical microscopy. The stability of the ester bond was determined by investigating alkaline hydrolysis of the compounds. It was found that CMC, cloud point and equilibrium surface tension are roughly the same for corresponding ethers and esters. In the binary diagram, the esters form only lamellar phases, the area of which is smaller than that of the ether counterparts. These different behaviors can be related to the modification of the molecular conformation induced by the replacement of the ether group by the ester group.
Ethers and esters derived from apocynin avoid the interaction between p47phox and p22phox subunits of NADPH oxidase: evaluation in vitro and in silico.

PubMed

Macías-Pérez, Martha Edith; Martínez-Ramos, Federico; Padilla-Martínez, Itzia Irene; Correa-Basurto, José; Kispert, Lowell; Mendieta-Wejebe, Jessica Elena; Rosales-Hernández, Martha Cecilia

2013-08-02

NOX (NADPH oxidase) plays an important role during several pathologies because it produces the superoxide anion (O2•-), which reacts with NO (nitric oxide), diminishing its vasodilator effect. Although different isoforms of NOX are expressed in ECs (endothelial cells) of blood vessels, the NOX2 isoform has been considered the principal therapeutic target for vascular diseases because it can be up-regulated by inhibiting the interaction between its p47phox (cytosolic protein) and p22phox (transmembrane protein) subunits. In this research, two ethers, 4-(4-acetyl-2-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid (1) and 4-(4-acetyl-2-methoxy-phenoxy)-butyric acid (2) and two esters, pentanedioic acid mono-(4-acetyl-2-methoxy-phenyl) ester (3) and heptanedioic acid mono-(4-acetyl-2-methoxy-phenyl) ester (4), which are apocynin derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as NOX inhibitors by quantifying O2•- production using EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) measurements. In addition, the antioxidant activity of apocynin and its derivatives were determined. A docking study was used to identify the interactions between the NOX2's p47phox subunit and apocynin or its derivatives. The results showed that all of the compounds exhibit inhibitory activity on NOX, being 4 the best derivative. However, neither apocynin nor its derivatives were free radical scavengers. On the other hand, the in silico studies demonstrated that the apocynin and its derivatives were recognized by the polybasic SH3A and SH3B domains, which are regions of p47phox that interact with p22phox. Therefore this experimental and theoretical study suggests that compound 4 could prevent the formation of the complex between p47phox and p22phox without needing to be activated by MPO (myeloperoxidase), this being an advantage over apocynin.
Evaluation of polymeric gene delivery nanoparticles by nanoparticle tracking analysis and high-throughput flow cytometry.

PubMed

Shmueli, Ron B; Bhise, Nupura S; Green, Jordan J

2013-03-01

Non-viral gene delivery using polymeric nanoparticles has emerged as an attractive approach for gene therapy to treat genetic diseases(1) and as a technology for regenerative medicine(2). Unlike viruses, which have significant safety issues, polymeric nanoparticles can be designed to be non-toxic, non-immunogenic, non-mutagenic, easier to synthesize, chemically versatile, capable of carrying larger nucleic acid cargo and biodegradable and/or environmentally responsive. Cationic polymers self-assemble with negatively charged DNA via electrostatic interaction to form complexes on the order of 100 nm that are commonly termed polymeric nanoparticles. Examples of biomaterials used to form nanoscale polycationic gene delivery nanoparticles include polylysine, polyphosphoesters, poly(amidoamines)s and polyethylenimine (PEI), which is a non-degradable off-the-shelf cationic polymer commonly used for nucleic acid delivery(1,3) . Poly(beta-amino ester)s (PBAEs) are a newer class of cationic polymers(4) that are hydrolytically degradable(5,6) and have been shown to be effective at gene delivery to hard-to-transfect cell types such as human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs)(7), mouse mammary epithelial cells(8), human brain cancer cells(9) and macrovascular (human umbilical vein, HUVECs) endothelial cells(10). A new protocol to characterize polymeric nanoparticles utilizing nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) is described. In this approach, both the particle size distribution and the distribution of the number of plasmids per particle are obtained(11). In addition, a high-throughput 96-well plate transfection assay for rapid screening of the transfection efficacy of polymeric nanoparticles is presented. In this protocol, poly(beta-amino ester)s (PBAEs) are used as model polymers and human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) are used as model human cells. This protocol can be easily adapted to evaluate any polymeric nanoparticle and any cell type of interest in a multi-well plate format.
Regioselective Synthesis of Cellulose Ester Homopolymers

Treesearch

Daiqiang Xu; Kristen Voiges; Thomas Elder; Petra Mischnick; Kevin J. Edgar

2012-01-01

Regioselective synthesis of cellulose esters is extremely difficult due to the small reactivity differences between cellulose hydroxyl groups, small differences in steric demand between acyl moieties of interest, and the difficulty of attaching and detaching many protecting groups in the presence of cellulose ester moieties without removing the ester groups. Yet the...
40 CFR 721.3140 - Vinyl epoxy ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Vinyl epoxy ester. 721.3140 Section... Substances § 721.3140 Vinyl epoxy ester. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance vinyl epoxy ester (PMN P-85-527) is subject to reporting under this...

40 CFR 721.3140 - Vinyl epoxy ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Vinyl epoxy ester. 721.3140 Section... Substances § 721.3140 Vinyl epoxy ester. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance vinyl epoxy ester (PMN P-85-527) is subject to reporting under this...
40 CFR 721.3140 - Vinyl epoxy ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Vinyl epoxy ester. 721.3140 Section... Substances § 721.3140 Vinyl epoxy ester. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance vinyl epoxy ester (PMN P-85-527) is subject to reporting under this...
40 CFR 721.3140 - Vinyl epoxy ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Vinyl epoxy ester. 721.3140 Section... Substances § 721.3140 Vinyl epoxy ester. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance vinyl epoxy ester (PMN P-85-527) is subject to reporting under this...
40 CFR 721.3140 - Vinyl epoxy ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Vinyl epoxy ester. 721.3140 Section... Substances § 721.3140 Vinyl epoxy ester. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance vinyl epoxy ester (PMN P-85-527) is subject to reporting under this...
21 CFR 175.210 - Acrylate ester copolymer coating.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Acrylate ester copolymer coating. 175.210 Section... COATINGS Substances for Use as Components of Coatings § 175.210 Acrylate ester copolymer coating. Acrylate...) The acrylate ester copolymer is a fully polymerized copolymer of ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate...
21 CFR 175.260 - Partial phosphoric acid esters of polyester resins.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Partial phosphoric acid esters of polyester resins... of polyester resins. Partial phosphoric acid esters of polyester resins identified in this section... prescribed conditions: (a) For the purpose of this section, partial phosphoric acid esters of polyester...
40 CFR 721.10548 - Mixed alkyl phosphate esters alkoxylated (generic).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Mixed alkyl phosphate esters... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.10548 Mixed alkyl phosphate esters alkoxylated (generic). (a) Chemical... as mixed alkyl phosphate esters alkoxylated (PMN P-04-624) is subject to reporting under this section...
40 CFR 721.10685 - Phosphoric acid, mixed esters (generic).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Phosphoric acid, mixed esters (generic... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.10685 Phosphoric acid, mixed esters (generic). (a) Chemical substance... phosphoric acid, mixed esters (PMN P-13-170) is subject to reporting under this section for the significant...
40 CFR 721.10548 - Mixed alkyl phosphate esters alkoxylated (generic).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Mixed alkyl phosphate esters... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.10548 Mixed alkyl phosphate esters alkoxylated (generic). (a) Chemical... as mixed alkyl phosphate esters alkoxylated (PMN P-04-624) is subject to reporting under this section...
ESTIMATION OF HYDROLYSIS RATE CONSTANTS OF CARBOXYLIC ACID ESTER AND PHOSPHATE ESTER COMPOUNDS IN AQUEOUS SYSTEMS FROM MOLECULAR STRUCTURE BY SPARC

EPA Science Inventory

SPARC (SPARC Performs Automated Reasoning in Chemistry) chemical reactivity models were extended to calculate hydrolysis rate constants for carboxylic acid ester and phosphate ester compounds in aqueous non- aqueous and systems strictly from molecular structure. The energy diffe...
40 CFR 721.1579 - 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid, tris [4-(ethenyloxy) butyl] ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... [4-(ethenyloxy) butyl] ester. 721.1579 Section 721.1579 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...-(ethenyloxy) butyl] ester. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid, tris [4-(ethenyloxy) butyl] ester (PMN P...
40 CFR 721.1579 - 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid, tris [4-(ethenyloxy) butyl] ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... [4-(ethenyloxy) butyl] ester. 721.1579 Section 721.1579 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...-(ethenyloxy) butyl] ester. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid, tris [4-(ethenyloxy) butyl] ester (PMN P...
40 CFR 721.3085 - Brominated phthalate ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Brominated phthalate ester. 721.3085... Substances § 721.3085 Brominated phthalate ester. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified generically as brominated phthalate ester (PMN P-90-581) is...
40 CFR 721.3085 - Brominated phthalate ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Brominated phthalate ester. 721.3085... Substances § 721.3085 Brominated phthalate ester. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified generically as brominated phthalate ester (PMN P-90-581) is...
40 CFR 721.3085 - Brominated phthalate ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Brominated phthalate ester. 721.3085... Substances § 721.3085 Brominated phthalate ester. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified generically as brominated phthalate ester (PMN P-90-581) is...
40 CFR 721.6110 - Alkyldi(alkyloxyhydroxypropyl) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts. 721.6110 Section 721.6110 Protection of Environment...) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject...) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts (PMN P-91-818) is subject to reporting under this section...
40 CFR 721.6110 - Alkyldi(alkyloxyhydroxypropyl) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts. 721.6110 Section 721.6110 Protection of Environment...) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject...) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts (PMN P-91-818) is subject to reporting under this section...
40 CFR 721.6110 - Alkyldi(alkyloxyhydroxypropyl) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts. 721.6110 Section 721.6110 Protection of Environment...) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject...) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts (PMN P-91-818) is subject to reporting under this section...
40 CFR 721.6110 - Alkyldi(alkyloxyhydroxypropyl) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts. 721.6110 Section 721.6110 Protection of Environment...) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject...) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts (PMN P-91-818) is subject to reporting under this section...
40 CFR 721.10136 - 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, reaction products with hexakis(alkoxyalkyl...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...-hydroxyethyl ester, reaction products with hexakis(alkoxyalkyl)melamine (generic). 721.10136 Section 721.10136... 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, reaction products with hexakis(alkoxyalkyl... substance identified generically as 2-propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, reaction products...

40 CFR 721.10136 - 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, reaction products with hexakis(alkoxyalkyl...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...-hydroxyethyl ester, reaction products with hexakis(alkoxyalkyl)melamine (generic). 721.10136 Section 721.10136... 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, reaction products with hexakis(alkoxyalkyl... substance identified generically as 2-propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, reaction products...
40 CFR 721.6110 - Alkyldi(alkyloxyhydroxypropyl) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts. 721.6110 Section 721.6110 Protection of Environment...) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject...) derivative, phosphoric acid esters, potassium salts (PMN P-91-818) is subject to reporting under this section...
40 CFR 721.1732 - Nitrobenzoic acid octyl ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Nitrobenzoic acid octyl ester. 721... Substances § 721.1732 Nitrobenzoic acid octyl ester. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as nitrobenzoic acid octyl ester (PMN P-93-343...
Development of sampling and analytical methods for concerted determination of commonly used chloroacetanilide, chlorotriazine, and 2,4-D herbicides in hand-wash, dermal-patch, and air samples.

PubMed

Tucker, S P; Reynolds, J M; Wickman, D C; Hines, C J; Perkins, J B

2001-06-01

Sampling and analytical methods were developed for commonly used chloroacetanilide, chlorotriazine, and 2,4-D herbicides in hand washes, on dermal patches, and in air. Eight herbicides selected for study were alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), metolachlor, simazine, and two esters of 2,4-D, the 2-butoxyethyl ester (2,4-D, BE) and the 2-ethylhexyl ester (2,4-D, EH). The hand-wash method consisted of shaking the worker's hand in 150 mL of isopropanol in a polyethylene bag for 30 seconds. The dermal-patch method entailed attaching a 10-cm x 10-cm x 0.6-cm polyurethane foam (PUF) patch to the worker for exposure; recovery of the herbicides was achieved by extraction with 40 mL of isopropanol. The air method involved sampling with an OVS-2 tube (which contained an 11-mm quartz fiber filter and two beds of XAD-2 resin) and recovery with 2 mL of 10:90 methanol:methyl t-butyl ether. Analysis of each of the three sample types was performed by gas chromatography with an electron-capture detector. Diazomethane in solution was employed to convert 2,4-D as the free acid to the methyl ester in each of the three methods for ease of gas chromatography. Silicic acid was added to sample solutions to quench excess diazomethane. Limits of detection for all eight herbicides were matrix-dependent and, generally, less than 1 microgram per sample for each matrix. Sampling and analytical methods met NIOSH evaluation criteria for all herbicides in hand-wash samples, for seven herbicides in air samples (all herbicides except cyanazine), and for six herbicides in dermal-patch samples (all herbicides except cyanazine and 2,4-D). Speciation of 2,4-D esters and simultaneous determination of 2,4-D acid were possible without losses of the esters or of other herbicides (acetanilides and triazines) being determined.
Method of making a cyanate ester foam

DOEpatents

Celina, Mathias C.; Giron, Nicholas Henry

2014-08-05

A cyanate ester resin mixture with at least one cyanate ester resin, an isocyanate foaming resin, other co-curatives such as polyol or epoxy compounds, a surfactant, and a catalyst/water can react to form a foaming resin that can be cured at a temperature greater than 50.degree. C. to form a cyanate ester foam. The cyanate ester foam can be heated to a temperature greater than 400.degree. C. in a non-oxidative atmosphere to provide a carbonaceous char foam.
Devices and methods of operation thereof for providing stable flow for centrifugal compressors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Skoch, Gary J. (Inventor); Stevens, Mark A. (Inventor); Jett, Thomas A. (Inventor)

2008-01-01

Centrifugal compressor flow stabilizing devices and methods of operation thereof are disclosed that act upon the flow field discharging from the impeller of a centrifugal compressor and modify the flow field ahead of the diffuser vanes such that flow conditions contributing to rotating stall and surge are reduced or even eliminated. In some embodiments, shaped rods and methods of operation thereof are disclosed, whereas in other embodiments reverse-tangent air injection devices and methods are disclosed.
Host cells and methods for producing 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) and/or a DXP derived compound

DOEpatents

Kirby, James; Fortman, Jeffrey L.; Nishimoto, Minobu; Keasling, Jay D.

2017-05-02

The present invention provides for a genetically modified host cell capable of producing 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate or 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) (12), and optionally one or more DXP derived compounds, comprising: (a) a mutant RibB, or functional variant thereof, capable of catalyzing xylulose 5-phoshpate and/or ribulose 5-phospate to DXP, or (b) a YajO, or functional variant thereof, and a XylB, or functional variant thereof.
Host cells and methods for producing 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) and/or a DXP derived compound

DOEpatents

Kirby, James; Fortman, Jeffrey L.; Nishimoto, Minobu; Keasling, Jay D.

2016-07-05

The present invention provides for a genetically modified host cell capable of producing 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate or 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) (12), and optionally one or more DXP derived compounds, comprising: (a) a mutant RibB, or functional variant thereof, capable of catalyzing xylulose 5-phosphate and/or ribulose 5-phosphate to DXP, or (b) a YajO, or functional variant thereof, and a XylB, or functional variant thereof.
Switchgrass ubiquitin promoter (PVUBI2) and uses thereof

DOEpatents

Stewart, C. Neal; Mann, David George James

2013-12-10

The subject application provides polynucleotides, compositions thereof and methods for regulating gene expression in a plant. Polynucleotides disclosed herein comprise novel sequences for a promoter isolated from Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) that initiates transcription of an operably linked nucleotide sequence. Thus, various embodiments of the invention comprise the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or fragments thereof comprising nucleotides 1 to 692 of SEQ ID NO: 2 that are capable of driving the expression of an operably linked nucleic acid sequence.
Isolation and Characterization of Esters of Indole-3-Acetic Acid from the Liquid Endosperm of the Horse Chestnut (Aesculus species) 1

PubMed Central

Domagalski, Wojciech; Schulze, Aga; Bandurski, Robert S.

1987-01-01

Esters of indole-3-acetic acid were extracted and purified from the liquid endosperm of immature fruits of various species of the horse chestnut (Aesculus parviflora, A. baumanni, A.pavia rubra, and A. pavia humulis). The liquid endosperm contained, at least 12 chromatographically distinct esters. One of these compounds was purified and characterized as an ester of indole-3-acetic acid and myo-inositol. A second compound was found to be an ester of indole-3-acetic acid and the disaccharide rutinose (glucosyl-rhamnose). A third compound was partially characterized as an ester of indole-3-acetic acid and a desoxyaminohexose. PMID:11539676
Isolation and characterization of esters of indole-3-acetic acid from the liquid endosperm of the horse chestnut (Aesculus species)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Domagalski, W.; Schulze, A.; Bandurski, R. S.

1987-01-01

Esters of indole-3-acetic acid were extracted and purified from the liquid endosperm of immature fruits of various species of the horse chestnut (Aesculus parviflora, A. baumanni, A. pavia rubra, and A. pavia humulis). The liquid endosperm contained, at least 12 chromatographically distinct esters. One of these compounds was purified and characterized as an ester of indole-3-acetic acid and myo-inositol. A second compound was found to be an ester of indole-3-acetic acid and the disaccharide rutinose (glucosyl-rhamnose). A third compound was partially characterized as an ester of indole-3-acetic acid and a desoxyaminohexose.
Mung bean nuclease: mode of action and specificity vs synthetic esters of 3′-nucleotides

PubMed Central

Kole, R.; Sierakowska, Halina; Szemplińska, Halina; Shugar, D.

1974-01-01

Mung bean nuclease hydrolyzes synthetic esters of 3′-nucleotides to nucleosides and phosphate esters; esters of 2′-nucleotides, and 2′→ 5′ internucleotide linkages, are resistant. Esters of ribonucleotides are cleaved at 100-fold the rate for deoxyribonucleotides, the increased rate being due to presence of the 2′-hydroxyl and not to differences in conformation. Introduction of a 5′-substituent leads to a 3-fold increase in rate. The rates of hydrolysis vary up to 10-fold with the nature of the base, in the order adenine > hypoxanthine > uracil; and up to 6-fold with the nature of the ester radical. This form of cleavage of esters of 3′-nucleotides is also characteristic for nuclease-3′-nucleotidase activities from potato tubers and wheat, suggesting that one type of enzyme is responsible for all these activities. PMID:10793750
Method of making alkyl esters

DOEpatents

Elliott, Brian

2010-09-14

Methods of making alkyl esters are described herein. The methods are capable of using raw, unprocessed, low-cost feedstocks and waste grease. Generally, the method involves converting a glyceride source to a fatty acid composition and esterifying the fatty acid composition to make alkyl esters. In an embodiment, a method of making alkyl esters comprises providing a glyceride source. The method further comprises converting the glyceride source to a fatty acid composition comprising free fatty acids and less than about 1% glyceride by mass. Moreover, the method comprises esterifying the fatty acid composition in the presence of a solid acid catalyst at a temperature ranging firm about 70.degree. C. to about 120.degree. C. to produce alkyl esters, such that at least 85% of the free fatty acids are converted to alkyl esters. The method also incorporates the use of packed bed reactors for glyceride conversion and/or fatty acid esterification to make alkyl esters.
The electron transport mechanism in ester and its influence on bioactivity in the anticancer drug N-(6-ferrocenyl-2-naphthoyl)-L-alanine-glycine ethyl ester(FNLAGEE)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sudhi, Geethu; Rajina, S. R.; Praveen, S. G.; Xavier, T. S.; Kenny, Peter T. M.; Binoy, J.

2018-05-01

The reactivity of ester group plays key role in inducing bioactivity of many ferrocenyl biconjugated compounds. The ester reactivity can be explained, based on electron transport mechanism using vibrational spectroscopy, aided by DFT simulation. The FT IR and FT Raman spectral measurements have been carried out for N-(6-ferrocenyl-2-naphthoyl)-L-alanine-glycine ethyl ester (FNLAGEE) and the optimized geometry and vibrational spectra have been computed using DFT method, at B3LYP/LANL2DZ level of theory. The cis conformation of ester and electron transport mechanism, thus analyzed, has been correlated to the geometry and the spectral characteristics of ester. To investigate the bioactivity and binding interactions of the molecule, molecular docking simulations and UV-Vis absorption studies of FNLAGEE with BSA and DNA has been performed.
Formation and reduction of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters in peanut oil during physical refining.

PubMed

Li, Chang; Li, Linyan; Jia, Hanbing; Wang, Yuting; Shen, Mingyue; Nie, Shaoping; Xie, Mingyong

2016-05-15

In the present study, lab-scale physical refining processes were investigated for their effects on the formation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters. The potential precursors, partial acylglycerols and chlorines were determined before each refining step. 3-MCPD esters were not detected in degummed and bleached oil when the crude oils were extracted by solvent. While in the hot squeezed crude oils, 3-MCPD esters were detected with low amounts. 3-MCPD esters were generated with maximum values in 1-1.5h at a certain deodorizing temperature (220-260°C). Chlorine seemed to be more effective precursor than partial acylglycerol. By washing bleached oil before deodorization with ethanol solution, the precursors were removed partially and the content of 3-MCPD esters decreased to some extent accordingly. Diacetin was found to reduce 3-MCPD esters effectively. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
7 CFR 301.52-5 - Compliance agreements; and cancellation thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DOMESTIC QUARANTINE NOTICES Pink Bollworm Quarantine and Regulations § 301.52-5 Compliance agreements; and cancellation thereof. (a) Any person engaged...
7 CFR 301.52-5 - Compliance agreements; and cancellation thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DOMESTIC QUARANTINE NOTICES Pink Bollworm Quarantine and Regulations § 301.52-5 Compliance agreements; and cancellation thereof. (a) Any person engaged...
50 CFR 14.24 - Scientific specimens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... or 23 of this subchapter, dead, preserved, dried, or embedded scientific specimens or parts thereof... international mail system. Provided, that this exception will not apply to any specimens or parts thereof taken...
50 CFR 14.24 - Scientific specimens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... or 23 of this subchapter, dead, preserved, dried, or embedded scientific specimens or parts thereof... international mail system. Provided, that this exception will not apply to any specimens or parts thereof taken...
50 CFR 14.24 - Scientific specimens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... or 23 of this subchapter, dead, preserved, dried, or embedded scientific specimens or parts thereof... international mail system. Provided, that this exception will not apply to any specimens or parts thereof taken...

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