Cobalt(II) chloride adducts with acetonitrile, propan-2-ol and tetrahydrofuran: considerations on nuclearity, reactivity and synthetic applications.

PubMed

Stinghen, Danilo; Rüdiger, André Luis; Giese, Siddhartha O K; Nunes, Giovana G; Soares, Jaísa F; Hughes, David L

2017-02-01

High-spin cobalt(II) complexes are considered useful building blocks for the synthesis of single-molecule magnets (SMM) because of their intrinsic magnetic anisotropy. In this work, three new cobalt(II) chloride adducts with labile ligands have been synthesized from anhydrous CoCl 2 , to be subsequently employed as starting materials for heterobimetallic compounds. The products were characterized by elemental, spectroscopic (EPR and FT-IR) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. trans-Tetrakis(acetonitrile-κN)bis(tetrahydrofuran-κO)cobalt(II) bis[(acetonitrile-κN)trichloridocobaltate(II)], [Co(C 2 H 3 N) 4 (C 4 H 8 O) 2 ][CoCl 3 (C 2 H 3 N)] 2 , (1), comprises mononuclear ions and contains both acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran (thf) ligands, The coordination polymer catena-poly[[tetrakis(propan-2-ol-κO)cobalt(II)]-μ-chlorido-[dichloridocobalt(II)]-μ-chlorido], [Co 2 Cl 4 (C 3 H 8 O) 4 ], (2'), was prepared by direct reaction between anhydrous CoCl 2 and propan-2-ol in an attempt to rationalize the formation of the CoCl 2 -alcohol adduct (2), probably CoCl 2 (HO i Pr) m . The binuclear complex di-μ-chlorido-1:2κ 4 Cl:Cl-dichlorido-2κ 2 Cl-tetrakis(tetrahydrofuran-1κO)dicobalt(II), [Co 2 Cl 4 (C 4 H 8 O) 4 ], (3), was obtained from (2) after recrystallization from tetrahydrofuran. All three products present cobalt(II) centres in both octahedral and tetrahedral environments, the former usually less distorted than the latter, regardless of the nature of the neutral ligand. Product (2') is stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen-bond network that appears to favour a trans arrangement of the chloride ligands in the octahedral moiety; this differs from the cis disposition found in (3). The expected easy displacement of the bound solvent molecules from the metal coordination sphere makes the three compounds good candidates for suitable starting materials in a number of synthetic applications.

Facile O-atom insertion into CC and CH bonds by a trinuclear copper complex designed to harness a singlet oxene

PubMed Central

Chen, Peter P.-Y.; Yang, Richard B.-G.; Lee, Jason C.-M.; Chan, Sunney I.

2007-01-01

Two trinuclear copper [CuICuICuI(L)]1+ complexes have been prepared with the multidentate ligands (L) 3,3′-(1,4-diazepane-1,4-diyl)bis(1-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)(methyl)amino)propan-2-ol) (7-Me) and (3,3′-(1,4-diazepane-1,4-diyl)bis(1-((2-(diethylamino) ethyl)(ethyl) amino)propan-2-ol) (7-Et) as models for the active site of the particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO). The ligands were designed to form the proper spatial and electronic geometry to harness a “singlet oxene,” according to the mechanism previously suggested by our laboratory. Consistent with the design strategy, both [CuICuICuI(L)]1+ reacted with dioxygen to form a putative bis(μ3-oxo)CuIICuIICuIII species, capable of facile O-atom insertion across the central CC bond of benzil and 2,3-butanedione at ambient temperature and pressure. These complexes also catalyze facile O-atom transfer to the CH bond of CH3CN to form glycolonitrile. These results, together with our recent biochemical studies on pMMO, provide support for our hypothesis that the hydroxylation site of pMMO contains a trinuclear copper cluster that mediates CH bond activation by a singlet oxene mechanism. PMID:17804786

The influence of cosolvent and heat on the solubility and reactivity of organophosphorous pesticide DNAPL alkaline hydrolysis.

PubMed

Muff, Jens; MacKinnon, Leah; Durant, Neal D; Bennedsen, Lars Frausing; Rügge, Kirsten; Bondgaard, Morten; Pennell, Kurt

2016-11-01

The presented research concerned the compatibility of cosolvents with in situ alkaline hydrolysis (ISAH) for treatment of organophosphorous (OPP) pesticide contaminated sites. In addition, the influence of moderate temperature heat increments was studied as a possible enhancement method. A complex dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) of primarily parathion (~50 %) and methyl parathion (~15 %) obtained from the Danish Groyne 42 site was used as a contaminant source, and ethanol and propan-2-ol (0, 25, and 50 v/v%) was used as cosolvents in tap water and 0.34 M NaOH. Both cosolvents showed OPP solubility enhancement at 50 v/v% cosolvent content, with slightly higher OPP concentrations reached with propan-2-ol. Data on hydrolysis products did not show a clear trend with respect to alkaline hydrolysis reactivity in the presence of cosolvents. Results indicated that the hydrolysis rate of methyl-parathion (MP3) decreased with addition of cosolvent, whereas the hydrolysis rate of ethyl-parathion (EP3) remained constant, and overall indications were that the hydrolysis reactions were limited by the rate of hydrolysis rather than NAPL dissolution. In addition to cosolvents, the influence of low-temperature heating on ISAH was studied. Increasing reaction temperature from 10 to 30 °C provided an average rate of hydrolysis enhancement by a factor of 1.4-4.8 dependent on the base of calculation. When combining 50 v/v% cosolvent addition and heating to 30 °C, EP3 solubility was significantly enhanced and results for O,O-diethyl-thiophosphoric acid (EP2 acid) showed a significant enhancement of hydrolysis as well. However, this could not be supported by para-nitrophenol (PNP) data indicating the instability of this product in the presence of cosolvent.

Condensed tannins: The formation of a diarylpropanol-catechinic acid dimer from base-catalyzed reactions of (+)-catechin

Treesearch

Seiji Ohara; Richard W. Hemingway

1991-01-01

Reaction of (+ )-catechin at pH 12 and 40 DC results in the stereoselective (if not stereospecific) formation of an enolic form of 1-[6-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxybicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,4,9-trione-3-yl]-1-(3,4-dihyroxyphenyl)-3-(2,-4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-propan-2-ol. The n.m.r. chemical shift assignments determined by a variety of two-dimensional...

Condensed tannins: Base-catalysed reactions of polymeric procyanidins with toluene-α-thiol, liability of the interflavanoid bond and pyran ring

Treesearch

Peter E. Laks; Richard W. Hemingway

1987-01-01

Reaction of polymeric procyanidins (condensed tannins) with toluene-α-thiol at pH 12.0 and 23°C gave predominantly one stereoisomer of 1.3-bisbenzylthio-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl) propan-2-ol (10) by stereoselective reaction at C-4 and C-2 of the Quinone methide derived from the upper 2,3-cis procyanidin units....

Catalytic dehydration of biomass derived 1-propanol to propene over M-ZSM-5 (M = H, V, Cu, or Zn)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lepore, Andrew W.; Li, Zhenglong; Davison, Brian H.

Here, the impetus to explore biomass derived chemicals arises from a desire to enable renewable and sustainable commodity chemicals. To this end, we report catalytic production of propene, a building-block molecule, from 1-propanol. We found that zeolite catalysts are quite versatile and can produce propene at or below 230 C with high selectivity. Increasing the reaction temperature above 230 C shifted product selectivity towards C4+ hydrocarbons. Cu-ZSM-5 was found to exhibit a broader temperature window for high propene selectivity and could function at higher 1-propanol space velocities than H-ZSM-5. A series of experiments with 1-propan(ol-D) showed deuterium incorporation in themore » hydrocarbon product stream including propene suggesting that hydrocarbon pool type pathway might be operational concurrent with dehydration to produce C4+ hydrocarbons. Diffuse reflectance infra-red spectroscopy of 1-propanol and 1-propan(ol-D) over Cu-ZSM-5 in combination with deuterium labeling experiments suggest that deuterium incorporation occurs in two steps. Incorporation of deuterium occurs post dehydration via exchange with the partially deuterated catalyst surface.« less

Catalytic dehydration of biomass derived 1-propanol to propene over M-ZSM-5 (M = H, V, Cu, or Zn)

DOE PAGES

Lepore, Andrew W.; Li, Zhenglong; Davison, Brian H.; ...

2017-04-03

Here, the impetus to explore biomass derived chemicals arises from a desire to enable renewable and sustainable commodity chemicals. To this end, we report catalytic production of propene, a building-block molecule, from 1-propanol. We found that zeolite catalysts are quite versatile and can produce propene at or below 230 C with high selectivity. Increasing the reaction temperature above 230 C shifted product selectivity towards C4+ hydrocarbons. Cu-ZSM-5 was found to exhibit a broader temperature window for high propene selectivity and could function at higher 1-propanol space velocities than H-ZSM-5. A series of experiments with 1-propan(ol-D) showed deuterium incorporation in themore » hydrocarbon product stream including propene suggesting that hydrocarbon pool type pathway might be operational concurrent with dehydration to produce C4+ hydrocarbons. Diffuse reflectance infra-red spectroscopy of 1-propanol and 1-propan(ol-D) over Cu-ZSM-5 in combination with deuterium labeling experiments suggest that deuterium incorporation occurs in two steps. Incorporation of deuterium occurs post dehydration via exchange with the partially deuterated catalyst surface.« less

Maxwell-Stefan diffusion coefficient estimation for ternary systems: an ideal ternary alcohol system.

PubMed

Allie-Ebrahim, Tariq; Zhu, Qingyu; Bräuer, Pierre; Moggridge, Geoff D; D'Agostino, Carmine

2017-06-21

The Maxwell-Stefan model is a popular diffusion model originally developed to model diffusion of gases, which can be considered thermodynamically ideal mixtures, although its application has been extended to model diffusion in non-ideal liquid mixtures as well. A drawback of the model is that it requires the Maxwell-Stefan diffusion coefficients, which are not based on measurable quantities but they have to be estimated. As a result, numerous estimation methods, such as the Darken model, have been proposed to estimate these diffusion coefficients. However, the Darken model was derived, and is only well defined, for binary systems. This model has been extended to ternary systems according to two proposed forms, one by R. Krishna and J. M. van Baten, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2005, 44, 6939-6947 and the other by X. Liu, T. J. H. Vlugt and A. Bardow, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2011, 50, 10350-10358. In this paper, the two forms have been analysed against the ideal ternary system of methanol/butan-1-ol/propan-1-ol and using experimental values of self-diffusion coefficients. In particular, using pulsed gradient stimulated echo nuclear magnetic resonance (PGSTE-NMR) we have measured the self-diffusion coefficients in various methanol/butan-1-ol/propan-1-ol mixtures. The experimental values of self-diffusion coefficients were then used as the input data required for the Darken model. The predictions of the two proposed multicomponent forms of this model were then compared to experimental values of mutual diffusion coefficients for the ideal alcohol ternary system. This experimental-based approach showed that the Liu's model gives better predictions compared to that of Krishna and van Baten, although it was only accurate to within 26%. Nonetheless, the multicomponent Darken model in conjunction with self-diffusion measurements from PGSTE-NMR represents an attractive method for a rapid estimation of mutual diffusion in multicomponent systems, especially when compared to exhaustive MD simulations.

On the role of organic adlayers in the anomalous water sorptivity of Lépine limestone.

PubMed

Ioannou, Ioannis; Hoff, William D; Hall, Christopher

2004-11-01

Sorptivity data are reported for the capillary absorption of water, ethanol, propan-2-ol, and n-heptane by the calcitic limestone Lépine (Lavoux à grain). The data confirm that the water sorptivity is anomalously low, an indication of partial wetting by water. Results are expressed in terms of a wetting index. The water sorptivity increases after heat treatment and chemical oxidation by hydrogen peroxide bleaching, while the sorptivity with organic liquids is unchanged. These treatments, therefore, increase the water wetting index. The results provide strong evidence that the presence of a natural organic adlayer is responsible for the anomalously low water sorptivity of this particular limestone. This natural water repellency effect may be exploited in developing chemical treatments to modify the water transport properties of stone.

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for trace multi-element determination in vegetable oils, margarine and butter after stabilization with propan-1-ol and water

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Souza, Roseli M.; Mathias, Bárbara M.; da Silveira, Carmem Lúcia P.; Aucélio, Ricardo Q.

2005-06-01

The quantitative evaluation of trace elements in foodstuffs is of considerable interest due to the potential toxicity of many elements, and because the presence of some metallic species might affect the overall quality (flavor and stability) of these products. In the present work, an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method has been developed for the determination of six elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Mn) in olive oil, soy oil, margarine and butter. Organic samples (oils and fats) were stabilized using propan-1-ol and water, which enabled long-time sample dispersion in the solution. This simple sample preparation procedure, together with an efficient sample introduction strategy (using a Meinhard K3 nebulizer and a twister cyclonic spray chamber), facilitated the overall analytical procedure, allowing quantification using calibration curves prepared with inorganic standards. Internal standardization (Sc) was used for correction of matrix effects and signal fluctuations. Good sensitivities with limits of detection in the ng g -1 range were achieved for all six elements. These sensitivities were appropriate for the intended application. The method was tested through the analysis of laboratory-fortified samples with good recoveries (between 91.3% and 105.5%).

[Cochinchinenin--a new chalcone dimer from the Chinese dragon blood].

PubMed

Zhou, Z H; Wang, J L; Yang, C R

2001-03-01

To study the active constituents of Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C. Chen. in the commercial dragon blood. Various column chromatographies with Sephadex L-20 gel, MCI gel and silica gel were employed for the isolation and purification. The structures of compounds were elucidated by spectral analysis. Nine chalcones were isolated from the commercial dragon's blood which was made of D. cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C. Chen.. By means of spectral data, they were identified as 1-[5-(2,4,4'-trihydroxydihydrochalconyl)]-1- (p-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propane (1), 2'-methoxysocotrin-5'-ol (2), socotrin-4'-ol (3), 2-methoxy-4, 4'-dihydroxydihydrochalcone (4), 2, 4, 4'-trihydroxy-dihydrochalcone (5), 2, 4, 4'-trihydroxy-6-methoxydihydrochalcone (6), 2', 4', 4-trihydroxychalcone (7), 2-methoxy-4, 4'-dihydroxychalcone (8) and 2'-methoxy-4', 4-dihydroxychalcone (9). Compound 1 is a new chalcone dimer and named as cochinchinenin. Compounds 2-9 were isolated from D. cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C. Chen. for the first time.

Isolation and antiproliferative activity of chemical constituents from Asystasia buettneri Lindau.

PubMed

Hamid, Abdulmumeen A; Aiyelaagbe, Olapeju O; Negi, Arvind S; Luqman, Suaib; Kaneez, Fatima

2017-08-03

N-hexane and methanol extracts of Asystasia buettneri Lindau aerial parts exhibited antiproliferative activity on leukaemia blood carcinoma, K-562. Hexadecane (1), 1,3-propan-2-ol (9Z,12'Z,15″Z)-bis(doeicos-9,12,15-trienoate) (2), hydrocarbon, 2,3,3,10,23-pentamethyl tetraeicos-10,13,16-trien-1-ol (3), hexadecanoic acid (4) and taraxerol (5) were isolated from n-hexane extract; stigmasterol (6) and (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid (7) were isolated from ethyl acetate extract; while unsaturated hydrocarbons, octadecene (8), 8-methyl tetradec-6-ene (9) and 19-methyl eicos-1-ene (10), fatty acids, (Z)-5-hexadecenoic acid (11), 11,22-dimethyl ethyltrieicos-11-enoate (12) and taraxasterol (13) were isolated from methanol extract of the plant. Compounds 4, 5, 7, 11, 12 and 13 exhibited antiproliferative activity against K-562, while compounds 5, 6, 7 and 9 revealed antiproliferative activity by inhibiting hepatic liver (WRL68) cell lines.

A Phos-tag-based magnetic-bead method for rapid and selective separation of phosphorylated biomolecules.

PubMed

Tsunehiro, Masaya; Meki, Yuma; Matsuoka, Kanako; Kinoshita-Kikuta, Emiko; Kinoshita, Eiji; Koike, Tohru

2013-04-15

A simple and efficient method based on magnetic-bead technology has been developed for the separation of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated low-molecular-weight biomolecules, such as nucleotides, phosphorylated amino acids, or phosphopeptides. The phosphate-binding site on the bead is an alkoxide-bridged dinuclear zinc(II) complex with 1,3-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)propan-2-olate (Phos-tag), which is linked to a hydrophilic cross-linked agarose coating on a magnetic core particle. All steps for the phosphate-affinity separation are conducted in buffers of neutral pH with 50 μL of the magnetic beads in a 1.5-mL microtube. The entire separation protocol for phosphomonoester-type compounds, from addition to elution, requires less than 12 min per sample if the buffers and the zinc(II)-bound Phos-tag magnetic beads have been prepared in advance. The phosphate-affinity magnetic beads are reusable at least 15 times without a decrease in their phosphate-binding ability and they are stable for three months in propan-2-ol. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[Dichlorido (2-(2-(1H-benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)hydrazono)propan-1-ol) Cu(II)]: Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and correlation of its ESI-MS behavior with [Dichlorido 3-(hydroxyimino)-2-butanone-2-(1H-benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)hydrazone Cu(II)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kamat, Vinayak; Kumara, Karthik; Naik, Krishna; Kotian, Avinash; Netalkar, Priya; Shivalingegowda, Naveen; Neratur, Krishnappagowda Lokanath; Revankar, Vidyanand

2017-12-01

In the present work, Cu(II) complexes of 2-(2-benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)hydrazono)propan-1-ol (L1) and 3-(hydroxyimino)-2-butanone-2-(1H-benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)hydrazone (L2) are synthesized and characterized by various spectro-analytical techniques. The structure of Cu(II) complex of L1 i.e., [CuL1Cl2], is unambiguously determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction method. While similar efforts were unsuccessful in the case of Cu(II) complex of L2 i.e., [CuL2Cl2]. Hence, to avail the structural facts, various cationic/anionic fragments or adducts formed during positive/negative mode electrospray ionization (ESI) of CuL1Cl2 and CuL2Cl2 have been identified with the help of their charge, monoisotopic masses and isotopic distributions. The similarity in the ESI behavior of two complexes has inferred their structural resemblance, which is further supported by DFT optimized structures, EPR spectral studies and analytical measurements. The EPR spectral behavior (g|| > g⊥ > 2.02) of the complexes are attributed to an axial symmetry with the dx2-y2 ground state having square pyramidal Cu(II) ion. CuL1Cl2 has crystallized in monoclinic crystal system in P21/c space group. The molecular complex has ring-metal (Cg-Me) interactions of the type Cg···>Cu, which contributes to the crystal packing. The Cl⋯H (30.6%) interactions have the major contribution among all intermolecular contacts and have played a vital role in the stabilization of the molecular structure, which is extended to 3D network through Csbnd H···Cg and Cg-Cg interactions.

Solar Heating of Buildings and Domestic Hot Water. Revision.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-05-01

trrladb kfl a’herk Problems Slar. ,rVT urf rfain ol r e luv I Seifae GXJ.roundr pit io of0f’ Coi llecto ma wE cjT’inad akilovrTe F~igure 2-2 3...propane, butane = 95,500 Btu/gal Bituminous coal = 2.46 x 107 Btu/short ton Purchased steam = 1,390 Btu/lb 114 i Oil , No. 2 = 140,000 Btii/gal: 5.84 x 106...may e improved hY t1%111g different Ti anti T. for each month. jl 143 r- --V. -- --... WORKSIII< 1)- I MONTIl I.Y SOLAR ( OIL (TION P.\\RA\\lI- I ’[ , JoIA

New copper complexes with bipyrazolic ligands: Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the antibacterial and catalytic properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harit, Tarik; Abouloifa, Houssam; Tillard, Monique; Eddike, Driss; Asehraou, Abdeslam; Malek, Fouad

2018-07-01

The synthesis of new bipyrazolic ligands functionalized by carboxyl groups, namely 3-Bis(3‧-carboxyl-5‧-methyl-l'-pyrazolyl) propan-2-ol (L1) and 1,3-Bis(3‧-carboxyl-5‧-methyl-l '-pyrazolyl),2-methyl propane (L2) is reported. Their corresponding [C13H15CuN4O5] (CuL1) and [C14H16CuN4O4] (CuL2) copper (II) complexes are also elaborated and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR an UV-visible spectroscopy. The crystal structure of the CuL1 complex confirms that copper atom is 4-coordinated, in a distorted square planar geometry within the molecule, and achieves its coordination through weak intermolecular interactions leading to two dimensional slabs. This geometry is in agreement with UV-visible results which also evidence that structure of complexes are affected in DMSO in contrast to methanol. No antibacterial activity against all the tested bacterial strains has been found for the Cu (II) complexes. By contrast, CuL1 is characterized with good catalytic properties in the air-oxidation of catechol substrate to quinone.

Studies of Partial Molar Volumes of Some Narcotic-Analgesic Drugs in Aqueous-Alcoholic Mixtures at 25°C

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharma, Poonam; Chauhan, S.; Syal, V. K.; Chauhan, M. S.

2008-04-01

Partial molar volumes of the drugs Parvon Spas, Parvon Forte, Tramacip, and Parvodex in aqueous mixtures of methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), and propan-1-ol (1-PrOH) have been determined. The data have been evaluated using the Masson equation. The parameters, apparent molar volumes {(φ_v)}, partial molar volumes {(φ_v0)}, and S v values (experimental slopes) have been interpreted in terms of solute solvent interactions. In addition, these studies have also been extended to determine the effect of these drugs on the solvation behavior of an electrolyte (sodium chloride), a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate), and a non-electrolyte (sucrose). It can be inferred from these studies that all drug cations can be regarded as structure makers/promoters due to hydrophobic hydration. Furthermore, the results are correlated to understand the solution behavior of drugs in aqueous-alcoholic systems, as a function of the nature of the alcohol and solutes.

Surface-sampling and analysis of TATP by swabbing and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Romolo, Francesco Saverio; Cassioli, Luigi; Grossi, Silvana; Cinelli, Giuseppe; Russo, Mario Vincenzo

2013-01-10

The method of sample recovery for trace detection and identification of explosives plays a critical role in several criminal investigations. After bombing, there can be difficulties in sending big objects to a laboratory for analysis. Traces can also be searched for on large surfaces, on hands of suspects or on surfaces where the explosive was placed during preparatory phases (e.g. places where an IED was assembled, vehicles used for transportation, etc.). In this work, triacetone triperoxide (TATP) was synthesized from commercial precursors following reported methods. Several portions of about 6mg of TATP were then spread on different surfaces (e.g. floors, tables, etc.) or used in handling tests. Three different swabbing systems were used: a commercial swab, pre-wetted with propan-2-ol (isopropanol) and water (7:3), dry paper swabs, and cotton swabs wetted with propan-2-ol. Paper and commercial swabs were also used to sample a metal plate, where a small charge of about 4g of TATP was detonated. Swabs were sealed in small glass jars with screw caps and Parafilm(®) M and sent to the laboratory for analysis. Swabs were extracted and analysed several weeks later by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. All the three systems gave positive results, but wetted swabs collected higher amounts of TATP. The developed procedure showed its suitability for use in real cases, allowing TATP detection in several simulations, including a situation in which people wash their hands after handling the explosive. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Interstellar Aldehydes and their corresponding Reduced Alcohols: Interstellar Propanol?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Etim, Emmanuel; Chakrabarti, Sandip Kumar; Das, Ankan; Gorai, Prasanta; Arunan, Elangannan

2016-07-01

There is a well-defined trend of aldehydes and their corresponding reduced alcohols among the known interstellar molecules; methanal (CH_2O) and methanol (CH_3OH); ethenone (C_2H_2O) and vinyl alcohol (CH_2CHOH); ethanal (C_2H_4O) and ethanol(C_2H_5OH); glycolaldehyde (C_2H_4O_2) and ethylene glycol(C_2H_6O_2). The reduced alcohol of propanal (CH_3CH_2CHO) which is propanol (CH_3CH_2CH_2OH) has not yet been observed but its isomer; ethyl methyl ether (CH_3CH_2OCH_3) is a known interstellar molecule. In this article, different studies are carried out in investigating the trend between aldehydes and their corresponding reduced alcohols and the deviation from the trend. Kinetically and with respect to the formation route, alcohols could have been produced from their corresponding reduced aldehydes via two successive hydrogen additions. This is plausible because of (a) the unquestionable high abundance of hydrogen, (b) presence of energy sources within some of the molecular clouds and (c) the ease at which successive hydrogen addition reaction occurs. In terms of stability, the observed alcohols are thermodynamically favorable as compared to their isomers. Regarding the formation process, the hydrogen addition reactions are believed to proceed on the surface of the interstellar grains which leads to the effect of interstellar hydrogen bonding. From the studies, propanol and propan-2-ol are found to be more strongly attached to the surface of the interstellar dust grains which affects its overall gas phase abundance as compared to its isomer ethyl methyl ether which has been observed.

[Studies on the chemical constituents of the volatiles of Clerodendron bungei].

PubMed

Yu, Ai-nong

2004-02-01

To analyse chemical constituents of the volatiles of Clerodendron bungei. The volatiles of C. bungei were extracted through steam distillation, and then the constituents were separated by GC and identified by MS. 33 Compounds were identified. The principal chemical constituents of the volatiles of C. bungei are ethanol, acetone, 1-penten-3-ol,2-pentanol, (Z)-2-penten-1-ol, 3-furaldehyde, 3-hexen-1-ol, 4-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanol, benzenemethanol, linal-ool oxide, trans-Linalool oxide, linalool,2,5-dimethylcyclohexanol, phenylethyl alcohol, etc.

Metallohydrolase biomimetics with catalytic and structural flexibility.

PubMed

Mendes, Luisa L; Englert, Daniel; Fernandes, Christiane; Gahan, Lawrence R; Schenk, Gerhard; Horn, Adolfo

2016-11-22

The structural and functional properties of zinc(ii) complexes of two nitrogen rich polydentate ligands, HTPDP = 1,3-bis(bis-pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)propan-2-ol and HTPPNOL = N,N,N'-tris-(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol, are compared. HTPDP is a hepta-dentate ligand with four pyridyl groups attached to a 1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol backbone while HTPPNOL contains only three pyridyl groups. In reactions with Zn(ClO 4 ) 2 , HTPDP forms a dinuclear zinc compound [Zn 2 (TPDP)(OAc)](ClO 4 ) 2 , 1. On the other hand, mononuclear [Zn(HTPPNOL)](ClO 4 ) 2 , 2, and tetranuclear [Zn 4 (TPPNOL) 2 (OAc) 3 ](ClO 4 ) 3 , 3, complexes were isolated with the ligand HTPPNOL. Kinetic measurements with the substrate bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)phosphate (BDNPP) revealed that compound 1 (k cat = 31.4 × 10 -3 min -1 ) is more reactive than 3 (k cat = 7.7 × 10 -3 min -1 ) at pH = 8.5, whilst the mononuclear compound 2 is inactive. Compound 1 displays a typical steady-state kinetic behaviour, while compound 3 exhibits steady-state behaviour only ∼120 s after starting the reaction, preceded by a burst-phase. 31 P NMR studies confirm that 1 can promote the hydrolysis of both ester bonds in BDNPP, generating the monoester DNPP and inorganic phosphate in the process. In contrast, DNPP is not a substrate for 3. The crystal structure of the complex formed by 3 and DNPP reveals the formation of a tetranuclear zinc complex [Zn 4 (TPPNOL) 2 (DNPP) 2 ](ClO 4 ) 2 , 4, in which the phosphate moiety of DNPP adopts an unusual tridentate μ-η 1 :η 1 :η 1 coordination mode.

Identification of minor secondary metabolites from the latex of Croton lechleri (Muell-Arg) and evaluation of their antioxidant activity.

PubMed

De Marino, Simona; Gala, Fulvio; Zollo, Franco; Vitalini, Sara; Fico, Gelsomina; Visioli, Francesco; Iorizzi, Maria

2008-06-01

Dragon's blood (Sangre de drago), a viscous red sap derived from Croton lechleri Muell-Arg (Euphorbiaceae), is extensively used by indigenous cultures of the Amazonian basin for its wound healing properties. The aim of this study was to identify the minor secondary metabolites and test the antioxidant activity of this sustance. A bioguided fractionation of the n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol, and aqueous extracts led to the isolation of 15 compounds: three megastigmanes, four flavan-3-ols, three phenylpropanoids, three lignans, a clerodane, and the alkaloid taspine. In addition to these known molecules, six compounds were isolated and identified for the first time in the latex: blumenol B, blumenol C, 4,5-dihydroblumenol A, erythro-guaiacyl-glyceryl-beta-O-4'- dihydroconiferyl ether, 2-[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy]-propane-1,3-diol and floribundic acid glucoside. Combinations of spectroscopic methods ((1)H-, (13)C- NMR and 2D-NMR experiments), ESI-MS, and literature comparisons were used for compound identification. In vitro antioxidant activities were assessed by DPPH, total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation assays. Flavan-3-ols derivatives (as major phenolic compounds in the latex) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity.

Colonic fermentation of polyphenols from Chilean currants (Ribes spp.) and its effect on antioxidant capacity and metabolic syndrome-associated enzymes.

PubMed

Burgos-Edwards, Alberto; Jiménez-Aspee, Felipe; Theoduloz, Cristina; Schmeda-Hirschmann, Guillermo

2018-08-30

The Chilean wild currants Ribes magellanicum and R. punctatum are a good source of polyphenols. Polyphenolic-enriched extracts (PEEs) from both species were submitted to in vitro colonic fermentation to assess the changes in phenolic composition, antioxidant capacity and inhibition of metabolic syndrome-associated enzymes. The phenolic profiles of the fermented samples showed significant changes after 24 h incubation. Nine metabolites, derived from the microbial fermentation, were tentatively identified, including dihydrocaffeic acid, dihydrocaffeoyl-, dihydroferuloylquinic acid, 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)propan-2-ol (3,4-diHPP-2-ol), among others. The content of anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acids was most affected by simulated colonic conditions, with a loss of 71-92% and 90-100% after 24 h incubation, respectively. The highest antioxidant capacity values (ORAC) were reached after 8 h incubation. The inhibitory activity against the enzyme α-glucosidase was maintained after the fermentation process. Our results show that simulated colonic fermentation exerts significant changes on the polyphenolic composition of these berries, modifying their health-promoting properties. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dihydroconiferyl alcohol - A cell division factor from Acer species.

PubMed

Lee, T S; Purse, J G; Pryce, R J; Horgan, R; Wareing, P F

1981-10-01

A compound that stimulated growth of soybean callus was isolated from spring sap of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). Insufficient compound was isolated to permit it to be characterised. A compound with identical properties was isolated from commercial maple syrup, the concentrated spring sap of Acer saccharum L. The compound was identified as 3-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-ol (dihydroconiferyl alcohol, DCA). DCA was also active in the tobacco callus and radish leaf senescence assays, but was inactive in four other tests for cytokinin activity. DCA acted synergistically with kinetin to promote soybean callus growth. It is concluded that DCA has properties distinct from those of purine cytokinins.

Optimization of a reversed-phase-high-performance thin-layer chromatography method for the separation of isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampicin and pyrazinamide in fixed-dose combination antituberculosis tablets.

PubMed

Shewiyo, D H; Kaale, E; Risha, P G; Dejaegher, B; Smeyers-Verbeke, J; Vander Heyden, Y

2012-10-19

This paper presents the development of a new RP-HPTLC method for the separation of pyrazinamide, isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol in a four fixed-dose combination (4 FDC) tablet formulation. It is a single method with two steps in which after plate development pyrazinamide, isoniazid and rifampicin are detected at an UV wavelength of 280 nm. Then ethambutol is derivatized and detected at a VIS wavelength of 450 nm. Methanol, ethanol and propan-1-ol were evaluated modifiers to form alcohol-water mobile phases. Systematic optimization of the composition of each alcohol in the mobile phase was carried out using the window diagramming concept to obtain the best separation. Examination of the Rf distribution of the separated compounds showed that separation of the compounds with the mobile phase containing ethanol at the optimal fraction was almost situated within the optimal Rf-values region of 0.20-0.80. Therefore, ethanol was selected as organic modifier and the optimal mobile phase composition was found to be ethanol, water, glacial acetic acid (>99% acetic acid) and 37% ammonia solution (70/30/5/1, v/v/v/v). The method is new, quick and cheap compared to the actual method in the International Pharmacopoeia for the assay of the 4 FDC tablets, which involves the use of two separate HPLC methods. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Comparison of chiral electrophoretic separation methods for phenethylamines and application on impurity analysis.

PubMed

Borst, Claudia; Holzgrabe, Ulrike

2010-12-15

A chiral microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography method has been developed for the separation of the enantiomers of the phenethylamines ephedrine, N-methylephedrine, norephedrine, pseudoephedrine, adrenaline (epinephrine), 2-amino-1-phenylethanol, diethylnorephedrine, and 2-(dibutylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanol, respectively. The separations were achieved using an oil-in-water microemulsion consisting of the oil-component ethyl acetate, the surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate, the cosurfactant 1-butanol, the organic modifier propan-2-ol and 20mM phosphate buffer pH 2.5 as aqueous phase. For enantioseparation sulfated beta-cyclodextrin was added. The method was compared to an already described CZE method, which made use of heptakis(2,3-di-O-diacetyl-6-O-sulfo)-beta-cyclodextrin (HDAS) as chiral selector. Additionally, the developed method was successfully applied to the related substances analysis of noradrenaline, adrenaline, dipivefrine, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine monographed in the European Pharmacopoeia 6. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Properties of ZnO nanocrystals prepared by radiation method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Čuba, Václav; Gbur, Tomáš; Múčka, Viliam; Nikl, Martin; Kučerková, Romana; Pospíšil, Milan; Jakubec, Ivo

2010-01-01

Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by irradiation of aqueous solutions containing zinc(II) ions, propan-2-ol, polyvinyl alcohol, and hydrogen peroxide. Zinc oxide was found in solid phase either directly after irradiation, or after additional heat treatment. Various physicochemical parameters, including scintillation properties of prepared materials, were studied. After decomposition of impurities and annealing of oxygen vacancies, the samples showed intensive emission in visible spectral range and well-shaped exciton luminescence at 390-400 nm. The best scintillating properties had zinc oxide prepared from aqueous solutions containing zinc formate as initial precursor and hydrogen peroxide. Size of the crystalline particles ranged from tens to hundreds nm, depending on type of irradiated solution and post-irradiation thermal treatment.

Quantification of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal adducts to lysine residues in native and oxidized human low-density lipoprotein.

PubMed Central

Requena, J R; Fu, M X; Ahmed, M U; Jenkins, A J; Lyons, T J; Baynes, J W; Thorpe, S R

1997-01-01

Malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) are major end-products of oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and are frequently measured as indicators of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in vivo. MDA forms Schiff-base adducts with lysine residues and cross-links proteins in vitro; HNE also reacts with lysines, primarily via a Michael addition reaction. We have developed methods using NaBH4 reduction to stabilize these adducts to conditions used for acid hydrolysis of protein, and have prepared reduced forms of lysine-MDA [3-(N epsilon-lysino)propan-1-ol (LM)], the lysine-MDA-lysine iminopropene cross-link [1,3-di(N epsilon-lysino)propane (LML)] and lysine-HNE [3-(N epsilon-lysino)-4-hydroxynonan-l-ol (LHNE)]. Gas chromatography/MS assays have been developed for quantification of the reduced compounds in protein. RNase incubated with MDA or HNE was used as a model for quantification of the adducts by gas chromatography/MS. There was excellent agreement between measurement of MDA bound to RNase as LM and LML, and as thiobarbituric acid-MDA adducts measured by HPLC; these adducts accounted for 70-80% of total lysine loss during the reaction with MDA. LM and LML (0.002-0.12 mmol/ mol of lysine) were also found in freshly isolated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from healthy subjects. LHNE was measured in RNase treated with HNE, but was not detectable in native LDL. LM, LML and LHNE increased in concert with the formation of conjugated dienes during the copper-catalysed oxidation of LDL, but accounted for modification of < 1% of lysine residues in oxidized LDL. These results are the first report of direct chemical measurement of MDA and HNE adducts to lysine residues in LDL. LM, LML and LHNE should be useful as biomarkers of lipid peroxidative modification of protein and of oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. PMID:9078279

Neurochemical binding profiles of novel indole and benzofuran MDMA analogues.

PubMed

Shimshoni, Jakob A; Winkler, Ilan; Golan, Ezekiel; Nutt, David

2017-01-01

3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in numerous clinical trials. In the present study, we have characterized the neurochemical binding profiles of three MDMA-benzofuran analogues (1-(benzofuran-5-yl)-propan-2-amine, 5-APB; 1-(benzofuran-6-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine, 6-MAPB; 1-(benzofuran-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine, 5-MAPB) and one MDMA-indole analogue (1-(1H-indol-5-yl)-2-methylamino-propan-1-ol, 5-IT). These compounds were screened as potential second-generation anti-PTSD drugs, against a battery of human and non-human receptors, transporters, and enzymes, and their potencies as 5-HT 2 receptor agonist and monoamine uptake inhibitors determined. All MDMA analogues displayed high binding affinities for 5-HT 2a,b,c and NE α2 receptors, as well as significant 5-HT, DA, and NE uptake inhibition. 5-APB revealed significant agonist activity at the 5-HT 2a,b,c receptors, while 6-MAPB, 5-MAPB, and 5-IT exhibited significant agonist activity at the 5-HT 2c receptor. There was a lack of correlation between the results of functional uptake and the monoamine transporter binding assay. MDMA analogues emerged as potent and selective monoamine oxidase A inhibitors. Based on 6-MAPB favorable pharmacological profile, it was further subjected to IC 50 determination for monoamine transporters. Overall, all MDMA analogues displayed higher monoamine receptor/transporter binding affinities and agonist activity at the 5-HT 2a,c receptors as compared to MDMA.

Lignans from the stems and leaves of Brandisia hancei and their effects on VEGF-induced vascular permeability and migration of HRECs and DLAV formation in zebrafish.

PubMed

Lee, Ik-Soo; Kim, Young Sook; Jung, Seung-Hyun; Yu, Song Yi; Kim, Joo-Hwan; Sun, Hang; Kim, Jin Sook

2015-01-01

In our continuing search for novel antiangiogenic agents, a new lignan glycoside, (7R,8R)-1-(4-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-{2-methoxy-4-[1-(E)-propene-3-ol]-phenoxyl}-propane-1,3-diol (1), along with three known lignans (2-4), were isolated from the 80% EtOH extract of Brandisia hancei stems and leaves. These isolates (1-4) were subjected to an in vitro bioassay to evaluate their effects on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced vascular permeability and migration of human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs). Of the compounds tested, compound 1 resulted in the greatest reduction in VEGF-induced vascular permeability by about 31.5% at 10 μM compared to the VEGF-treated control. In the migration assay, compounds 1 and 2 significantly decreased VEGF-induced HREC migration. Furthermore, zebrafish embryos treated with compounds 1 and 2 showed mild reductions of dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessel (DLAV) formation.

Volatile constituents of Trichothecium roseum.

PubMed

Vanhaelen, M; Vanhaelen-Fastre, R; Geeraerts, J

1978-06-01

In the course of investigation of Trichothecium roseum (Fungi Imperfecti) for its attractancy against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (cheese mite), the twenty following volatile compounds produced at a very low concentration by the microfungus were identified by gc, gc/ms, gc/c.i.ms and tlc: 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-octanone, 1-octen-3-one, 3-octanol, octa-1,5-dien-3 one, 1-octen-3-ol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, octa-1,5-dien-3 ol, furfural, linalool, linalyl acetate, terpineol (alpha and beta) citronellyl acetate, nerol, citronellol, phenylacetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol geranyl acetate, 1-phenyl ethanol and nerolidol. Octa-1,5-dien-3-ol and octa-1,5-dien-3-one have not been previously isolated from fungi; octa-1,5-dien-3-ol is the most potent attractant amount the volatile compounds detected by gc.

A low volume 3D-printed temperature-controllable cuvette for UV visible spectroscopy.

PubMed

Pisaruka, Jelena; Dymond, Marcus K

2016-10-01

We report the fabrication of a 3D-printed water-heated cuvette that fits into a standard UV visible spectrophotometer. Full 3D-printable designs are provided and 3D-printing conditions have been optimised to provide options to print the cuvette in either acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or polylactic acid polymers, extending the range of solvents that are compatible with the design. We demonstrate the efficacy of the cuvette by determining the critical micelle concentration of sodium dodecyl sulphate at 40 °C, the molar extinction coefficients of cobalt nitrate and dsDNA and by reproducing the thermochromic UV visible spectrum of a mixture of cobalt chloride, water and propan-2-ol. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Enantioseparation of dopa and related compounds by cyclodextrin-modified microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography.

PubMed

Borst, Claudia; Holzgrabe, Ulrike

2008-09-19

A chiral microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography method has been developed for the enantiomeric separation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa), its precursors phenylalanine and tyrosine, and the structurally related substance methyldopa. The separations were achieved using an oil-in-water microemulsion, which consisted of the oil-compound ethyl acetate, the surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), the co-surfactant 1-butanol, the organic modifier propan-2-ol and 20mM phosphate buffer pH 2.5 or 2.0 as aqueous phase. For enantioseparation sulfated beta-cyclodextrin was added. The resolution of each racemate was optimized by varying the concentration of the buffer and all components of the microemulsion. Enantioseparation could be achieved for dl-dopa, dl-phenylalanine and dl-tyrosine within 13 min with a resolution of 4.3, 3.1 and 3.3, respectively, and for methyldopa in 17 min (Rs: 1.4). The established methods allowed the detection of dopa, phenylalanine, tyrosine and methyldopa with a limit at 0.5, 1.0, 0.2 and 2.0 microg/ml.

Combustion performance and heat transfer characterization of LOX/hydrocarbon type propellants

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Michel, R. W.

1983-01-01

An evaluation liquid oxygen (LOX) and various hydrocarbon fuels as low cost alternative propellants suitable for future space transportation system applications was done. The emphasis was directed toward low earth orbit maneuvering engine and reaction control engine systems. The feasibility of regeneratively cooling an orbit maneuvering thruster was analytically determined over a range of operating conditions from 100 to 1000 psia chamber pressure and 1000 to 10,000-1bF thrust, and specific design points were analyzed in detail for propane, methane, RP-1, ammonia, and ethanol; similar design point studies were performed for a film-cooled reaction control thruster. Heat transfer characteristics of propane were experimentally evaluated in heated tube tests. Forced convection heat transfer coefficients were determined. Seventy-seven hot firing tests were conducted with LOX/propane and LOX/ethanol, for a total duration of nearly 1400 seconds, using both heat sink and water-cooled calorimetric chambers. Combustion performance and stability and gas-side heat transfer characteristics were evaluated.

Fuel Cell Power Plants Renewable and Waste Fuels

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-13

of FuelCell Energy, Inc. Fuels Resources for DFC • Natural Gas and LNG • Propane • Biogas (by Anaerobicnaerobic Digestion) - Municipal Waste...FUEL RESOURCES z NATURAL GAS z PROPANE z DFC H2 (50-60%) z ETHANOL zWASTE METHANE z BIOGAS z COAL GAS Diversity of Fuels plus High Efficiency...trademarks (®) of FuelCell Energy, Inc. DFC Advantages for Biogas • More power for given amount of biogas : Higher efficiency than

A novel piperazine linked β-amino alcohols bearing a benzosuberone scaffolds as anti-proliferative agents.

PubMed

Vanguru, Sowmya; Jilla, Lavanya; Sajja, Yasodakrishna; Bantu, Rajashaker; Nagarapu, Lingaiah; Nanubolu, Jagadeesh Babu; Bhaskar, Bala; Jain, Nishant; Sivan, Sreekanth; Manga, Vijjulatha

2017-02-15

A new series of 1-((9-chloro-2,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[7]annulen-8-yl)methoxy)-3-(4-phenylpiperzin-1-yl) propan-2-ols (6a-k) have been designed, synthesized and their structures were established by spectroscopic data (FT-IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, HRMS) and further confirmed by X-ray analysis. The newly synthesized compounds 6a-k were evaluated for their in vitro anti-proliferative activity against four cancer cell lines such as HeLa (cervical), MDA-MB-231 (breast), A549 (lung) and MIAPACA (pancreatic). Among the compounds tested, the compound 6e displayed most potent activity against four cancer cell lines with GI 50 values ranging from 0.010 to 0.097μM. The structure and anti-proliferative activity relationship was further supported by in silico molecular docking study of the active compounds against Colchicine binding site of β-tubulin. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An Aminopropyl Carbazole Derivative Induces Neurogenesis by Increasing Final Cell Division in Neural Stem Cells.

PubMed

Shin, Jae-Yeon; Kong, Sun-Young; Yoon, Hye Jin; Ann, Jihyae; Lee, Jeewoo; Kim, Hyun-Jung

2015-07-01

P7C3 and its derivatives, 1-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-(p-tolylamino)propan-2-ol (1) and N-(3-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-hydroxypropyl)-N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (2), were previously reported to increase neurogenesis in rat neural stem cells (NSCs). Although P7C3 is known to increase neurogenesis by protecting newborn neurons, it is not known whether its derivatives also have protective effects to increase neurogenesis. In the current study, we examined how 1 induces neurogenesis. The treatment of 1 in NSCs increased numbers of cells in the absence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), while not affecting those in the presence of growth factors. Compound 1 did not induce astrocytogenesis during NSC differentiation. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) pulsing experiments showed that 1 significantly enhanced BrdU-positive neurons. Taken together, our data suggest that 1 promotes neurogenesis by the induction of final cell division during NSC differentiation.

Hydrogen ADPs with Cu Kα data? Invariom and Hirshfeld atom modelling of fluconazole.

PubMed

Orben, Claudia M; Dittrich, Birger

2014-06-01

For the structure of fluconazole [systematic name: 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,3-bis(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol] monohydrate, C13H12F2N6O·H2O, a case study on different model refinements is reported, based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction data measured at 100 K with Cu Kα radiation to a resolution of sin θ/λ of 0.6 Å(-1). The structure, anisotropic displacement parameters (ADPs) and figures of merit from the independent atom model are compared to `invariom' and `Hirshfeld atom' refinements. Changing from a spherical to an aspherical atom model lowers the figures of merit and improves both the accuracy and the precision of the geometrical parameters. Differences between results from the two aspherical-atom refinements are small. However, a refinement of ADPs for H atoms is only possible with the Hirshfeld atom density model. It gives meaningful results even at a resolution of 0.6 Å(-1), but requires good low-order data.

Synthesis, characterization, X-ray crystal structure and conductometry studying of a number of new Schiff base complexes; a new example of binuclear square pyramidal geometry of Cu(II) complex bridged with an oxo group

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Golbedaghi, Reza; Alavipour, Ehsan

2015-11-01

Three new binuclear Cu(II), Mn(II), Co(II) complexes [Cu2(L) (ClO4)](ClO4)2 (1), [Mn2(L) (ClO4)](ClO4)2 (2), and [Co2(L) (ClO4)](ClO4)2 (3), {L = 1,3-bis(2-((Z)-(2-aminopropylimino)methyl)phenoxy)propan-2-ol} have been synthesized. Single crystal X-ray structure analysis of complex 1 showed that the complex is binuclear and all nitrogen and oxygen atoms of ligand (N4O3) are coordinated to two Cu(II) center ions. In addition, the crystal structure studying shows, a perchlorate ion has been bridged to the Cu(II) metal centers. However, two distorted square pyramidal Cu(II) ions are bridged asymmetrically by a perchlorate ion and oxygen of hydroxyl group of Schiff base ligand. In addition, the conductometry behaviors of all complexes were studied in acetonitrile solution.

Synthesis of deuterium-labelled analogues of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950.

PubMed

Salla, Manohar; Butler, Mark S; Massey, Nicholas L; Reid, Janet C; Cooper, Matthew A; Robertson, Avril A B

2018-02-15

This study describes the syntheses of di, tetra and hexa deuterated analogues of the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome inhibitor MCC950. In di and tetra deuterated analogues, deuteriums were incorporated into the 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene moiety, whereas in the hexa deuterated MCC950 deuteriums were incorporated into the 2-(furan-3-yl)propan-2-ol moiety. The di deuterated MCC950 analogue was synthesised from 4-amino-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-1(2H)-one 5. Tetra deuterated analogues were synthesised in 10 chemical steps starting with 5-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one 9, whereas the hexa deuterated analogue was synthesised in four chemical steps starting with ethyl-3-furoate 24. All of the compounds exhibited similar activity to MCC950 (IC 50  = 8 nM). These deuterated analogues are useful as internal standards in LC-MS analyses of biological samples from in vivo studies. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Correlation Analysis of Reactivity in the Photo- and Electro-Reduction of Cobalt(III) Complexes in Binary Organic Solvent/Water Mixtures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sivaraj, Kumarasamy; Elango, Kuppanagounder P.

2008-08-01

The photo- and electro-reduction of a series of cobalt(III) complexes of the type cis-β - [Co(trien)(RC6H4NH2)Cl]Cl2 with R = H, p-OMe, p-OEt, p-Me, p-Et, p-F, and m-Me has been studied in binary propan-2-ol/water mixtures. The redox potential (E1/2) and photo-reduction quantum yield (ΦCo(II)) data were correlated with solvent and structural parameters with the aim to shed some light on the mechanism of these reactions. The correlation of E1/2 and ΦCo(II) with macroscopic solvent parameters, viz. relative permittivity, indicated that the reactivity is influenced by both specific and non-specific solute-solvent interactions. The Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic comparison method was used to separate and quantify these effects: An increase in the percentage of organic cosolvent in the medium enhances both reduction processes, and there exists a good linear correlation between E1/2 and ΦCo(II), suggesting a similar solvation of the participants in these redox processes.

Cycloartane triterpenes from marine green alga Cladophora fascicularis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Xinping; Zhu, Xiaobin; Deng, Liping; Deng, Zhiwei; Lin, Wenhan

2006-12-01

Six cycloartanes were isolated from ethanol extract of marine green alga Cladophora fascicularis by column chromatography. Procedure of isolation and description of these compounds are given in this paper. The structures were elucidated as (1). 24-hydroperoxycycloart-25- en-3β-ol; (2). cycloart-25-en-3β 24-diol; (3). 25-hydroperoxycycloart-23-en-3β-ol; (4). cycloart-23-en-3β, 25-diol; (5). cycloart-23, 25-dien-3β-ol; and (6). cycloart-24-en-3β-ol by spectroscopic (MS, ID and 2D NMR) data analysis. Cycloartane derivatives are widely distributed in terrestrial plants, but only few were obtained in the alga. All these compounds that have been isolated from terrestrial plants, were found in the marine alga for the first time.

40 CFR 721.8145 - Propane,1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-3-methoxy-.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT SIGNIFICANT NEW USES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Significant New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.8145 Propane,1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-3-methoxy-. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as propane,1...

Characterization of the key aroma compounds in beef and pork vegetable gravies á la chef by application of the aroma extract dilution analysis.

PubMed

Christlbauer, Monika; Schieberle, Peter

2009-10-14

By application of the aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) on an aroma distillate isolated from a freshly prepared, stewed beef/vegetable gravy, 52 odor-active compounds were detected in the flavor dilution (FD) factor range of 4-4096. On the basis of high FD factors in combination with the results of the identification experiments, 3-(methylthio)propanal (cooked potato), 3-mercapto-2-methylpentan-1-ol (gravy-like), (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (deep-fried, fatty), 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone (lovage-like), vanillin (vanilla-like), (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal (deep-fried), and (E)-2-undecenal (metallic) are suggested as key contributors to the aroma of the gravy. To get an insight into the role of the vegetables as sources of gravy odorants, a beef gravy was prepared without vegetables. The AEDA results revealed that, in particular, onions and leek are important sources of gravy aroma compounds, adding particularly the very potent, gravy-like smelling 3-mercapto-2-methylpentan-1-ol to the overall aroma profile. Further compounds that were clearly derived from the vegetables and, thus, are important modifiers of the overall aroma were 4-vinyl-2-methoxyphenol, (E)-beta-damascenone, beta-ionone, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, and 2-(sec-butyl)-3-methoxypyrazine. Interestingly, none of the key odorants detected in the gravy can be assumed to be formed from a reaction between beef and vegetable constituents. A comparison of the odorants in the beef/vegetable gravy with a gravy prepared according to the same procedure, but substituting beef by pork meat, indicated that most of the aroma compounds were identical-although different in FD factors-but the tallowy smelling 12-methyltridecanal was detected as key odorant only in the beef/vegetable gravy.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Production and Distribution

Science.gov Websites

produced from liquid components recovered during natural gas processing. These components include ethane & Incentives Propane Production and Distribution Propane is a by-product of natural gas processing distribution showing propane originating from three sources: 1) gas well and gas plant, 2) oil well and

Time-Resolved Laser Fluorescence Spectroscopy Study of the Coordination Chemistry of a Hydrophilic CHON [1,2,3-Triazol-4-yl]pyridine Ligand with Cm(III) and Eu(III).

PubMed

Wagner, Christoph; Mossini, Eros; Macerata, Elena; Mariani, Mario; Arduini, Arturo; Casnati, Alessandro; Geist, Andreas; Panak, Petra J

2017-02-20

The complexation of Cm(III) and Eu(III) with the novel i-SANEX complexing agent 2,6-bis[1-(propan-1-ol)-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]pyridine (PTD) was studied by time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). The formation of 1:3, 1:2, and 1:1 metal/ligand complexes was identified upon increasing PTD concentration in 10 -3 mol/L HClO 4 and in 0.44 mol/L HNO 3 solutions. For all these complexes, stability constants were determined at different acid concentrations. Though under the extraction conditions proposed for an An/Ln separation process, that is, for 0.08 mol/L PTD in 0.44 mol/L HNO 3 , 1:3 complexes represent the major species, a significant fraction of 1:2 complexes was found. This is caused by ligand protonation, and results in lower Eu(III)/Am(III) separation factors compared to SO 3 -Ph-BTP, until now considered the i-SANEX reference ligand. Focused extraction studies performed at lower proton concentration, where the 1:3 complex is formed exclusively, confirm this assumption.

Oxidative metabolism of 1-nitropyrene by rabbit liver microsomes and purified microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes.

PubMed

Howard, P C; Reed, K A; Koop, D R

1988-08-01

Rabbit liver (male) microsomal metabolism of 10 microM [4,5,9,10-3H]-1-nitropyrene (1NP) was investigated. The total metabolism was not appreciably different with rates of 4.44 +/- 0.45, 3.98 +/- 0.19, 3.90 +/- 0.16, and 3.75 +/- 0.27 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for microsomes from phenobarbital, Aroclor-1254, ethanol-treated, and untreated rabbits. However, a more noticeable difference was found in the formation of specific metabolites. Phenobarbital treatment induced changes which favored 1-nitropyrene-3-ol formation, and Aroclor-1254 and ethanol-induced changes which favored 1-nitropyren-6-ol and 1-nitropyren-8-ol formation. 1NP was incubated with untreated microsomes and alpha-naphthoflavone, an inhibitor of rabbit cytochrome P-450 form 6 at low concentrations (less than 1 microM), and an activator of form 3c at high concentrations. The presence of alpha-naphthoflavone changed the profile of metabolites while not affecting the total metabolism. Using purified isozymes of rabbit P-450, we found the constitutive form 3b metabolized 1NP at the highest rate with a catalytic activity of 26.8 nmol/min/nmol P-450. Forms 2 and 6 exhibited rates of 2 and 2.2 nmol/min/nmol P-450. Forms 3a, 3c, and 4 had rates about 50- to 300-fold lower than form 3b. High performance liquid chromatography was used to identify the metabolites when the incubations were carried out in the presence of purified rabbit epoxide hydrolase. With form 6, 54% of the metabolites were accounted for as 1-nitropyren-3-ol, while with form 3b, 73% of the metabolites were 1-nitropyren-6-ol and 1-nitropyren-8-ol. The K-region dihydrodiols were formed by forms 2 and 3b, but not by forms 3c or 6. These results demonstrate that 1NP is a preferential substrate for form 3b, and that a preponderance of the metabolism with untreated rabbit liver microsomes can be attributed to this isozyme.

Insights into Mechanistic Models for Evaporation of Organic Liquids in the Environment Obtained by Position-Specific Carbon Isotope Analysis.

PubMed

Julien, Maxime; Nun, Pierrick; Robins, Richard J; Remaud, Gérald S; Parinet, Julien; Höhener, Patrick

2015-11-03

Position-specific isotope effects (PSIEs) have been measured by isotope ratio monitoring (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry during the evaporation of 10 liquids of different polarities under 4 evaporation modes (passive evaporation, air-vented evaporation, low pressure evaporation, distillation). The observed effects are used to assess the validity of the Craig-Gordon isotope model for organic liquids. For seven liquids the overall isotope effect (IE) includes a vapor-liquid contribution that is strongly position-specific in polar compounds but less so in apolar compounds and a diffusive IE that is not position-specific, except in the alcohols, ethanol and propan-1-ol. The diffusive IE is diminished under forced evaporation. The position-specific isotope pattern created by liquid-vapor IEs is manifest in five liquids, which have an air-side limitation for volatilization. For the alcohols, undefined processes in the liquid phase create additional PSIEs. Three other liquids with limitations on the liquid side have a lower, highly position-specific, bulk diffusive IE. It is concluded that evaporation of organic pollutants creates unique position-specific isotope patterns that may be used to assess the progress of remediation or natural attenuation of pollution and that the Craig-Gordon isotope model is valid for the volatilization of nonpolar organic liquids with air-side limitation of the volatilization rate.

Experimental investigations about the effect of trace amount of propane on the formation of mixed hydrates of methane and propane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cai, W.; Lu, H.; Huang, X.

2016-12-01

In natural gas hydrates, some heavy hydrocarbons are always detected in addition to methane. However, it is still not well understood how the trace amount of heavy gas affect the hydrate properties. Intensive studies have been carried out to study the thermodynamic properties and structure types of mixed gases hydrates, but comparatively few investigations have been carried out on the cage occupancies of guest molecules in mixed gases hydrates. For understanding how trace amount of propane affects the formation of mixed methane-propane hydrates, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and gas chromatography were applied to the synthesized mixed methane-propane hydrate specimens, to get their structural characteristics (structure type, structural parameters, cage occupancy, etc.) and gas compositions. The mixed methane-propane hydrates were prepared by reacting fine ice powders with various gas mixtures of methane and propane. When the propane content was below 0.4%, the hydrates synthesized were found containing both sI methane hydrate and sII methane-propane hydrate; while the hydrates were found always sII when propane was over certain content. Detail studies about the cage occupancies of propane and methane in sII hydrate revealed that: 1) with the increase in propane content of methane-propane mixture, the occupancy of propane in large cage increased as accompanied with the decrease in methane occupancy in large cage, however the occupancy of methane in small cage didn't experience significant change; 2) temperature and pressure seemed no obvious influence on cage occupancy.

Selective bio-oxidation of propane to acetone using methane-oxidizing Methylomonas sp. DH-1.

PubMed

Hur, Dong Hoon; Nguyen, Thu Thi; Kim, Donghyuk; Lee, Eun Yeol

2017-07-01

Propane is the major component of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Nowadays, the use of LPG is decreasing, and thus utilization of propane as a chemical feedstock is in need of development. An efficient biological conversion of propane to acetone using a methanotrophic whole cell as the biocatalyst was proposed and investigated. A bio-oxidation pathway of propane to acetone in Methylomonas sp. DH-1 was analyzed by gene expression profiling via RNA sequencing. Propane was oxidized to 2-propanol by particulate methane monooxygenase and subsequently to acetone by methanol dehydrogenases. Methylomonas sp. DH-1 was deficient in acetone-converting enzymes and thus accumulated acetone in the absence of any enzyme inhibition. The maximum accumulation, average productivity and specific productivity of acetone were 16.62 mM, 0.678 mM/h and 0.141 mmol/g cell/h, respectively, under the optimized conditions. Our study demonstrates a novel method for the bioconversion of propane to acetone using methanotrophs under mild reaction condition.

40 CFR 86.101 - General applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... procedures. For example, if you are testing an ethanol-fueled vehicle, perform diagnostics in your evaporative emission enclosure with ethanol and propane. (9) For exhaust emission testing with ethanol-gasoline blends that have less than 25% ethanol by volume, if you use NMHC-to-NMOG conversion factors...

High rates of anaerobic oxidation of methane, ethane and propane coupled to thiosulphate reduction.

PubMed

Suarez-Zuluaga, Diego A; Weijma, Jan; Timmers, Peer H A; Buisman, Cees J N

2015-03-01

Anaerobic methane oxidation coupled to sulphate reduction and the use of ethane and propane as electron donors by sulphate-reducing bacteria represent new opportunities for the treatment of streams contaminated with sulphur oxyanions. However, growth of microbial sulphate-reducing populations with methane, propane or butane is extremely slow, which hampers research and development of bioprocesses based on these conversions. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that the growth rate with possible alternative terminal electron acceptors such as thiosulphate and elemental sulphur may be higher, which would facilitate future research. Here, we investigate the use of these electron acceptors for oxidation of methane, ethane and propane, with marine sediment as inoculum. Mixed marine sediments originating from Aarhus Bay (Denmark) and Eckernförde Bay (Germany) were cultivated anaerobically at a pH between 7.2 and 7.8 and a temperature of 15 °C in the presence of methane, ethane and propane and various sulphur electron acceptors. The sulphide production rates in the conditions with methane, ethane and propane with sulphate were respectively 2.3, 2.2 and 1.8 μmol S L(-1) day(-1). For sulphur, no reduction was demonstrated. For thiosulphate, the sulphide production rates were up to 50 times higher compared to those of sulphate, with 86.2, 90.7 and 108.1 μmol S L(-1) day(-1) for methane, ethane and propane respectively. This sulphide production was partly due to disproportionation, 50 % for ethane but only 7 and 14 % for methane and propane respectively. The oxidation of the alkanes in the presence of thiosulphate was confirmed by carbon dioxide production. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of thiosulphate use as electron acceptor with ethane and propane as electron donors. Additionally, these results indicate that thiosulphate is a promising electron acceptor to increase start-up rates for sulphate-reducing bioprocesses coupled to short-chain alkane oxidation.

Functional characterization of propane-enhanced N-nitrosodimethylamine degradation by two actinomycetales.

PubMed

Sharp, Jonathan O; Sales, Christopher M; Alvarez-Cohen, Lisa

2010-12-15

Propane-induced cometabolic degradation of n-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by two propanotrophs is characterized through kinetic, gene presence, and expression studies. After growth on propane, resting cells of Rhodococcus sp. RR1 possessed a maximum transformation rate (v(max,n)) of 44 ± 5 µg NDMA (mg protein)(-1) h(-1); the rate for Mycobacterium vaccae (austroafricanum) JOB-5 was modestly lower with v(max,n) of 28 ± 3 µg NDMA (mg protein)(-1) h(-1). Both strains were capable of degrading environmentally relevant, trace quantities of NDMA to below the experimental limit of detection, calculated as 20 ng NDMA L(-1). However, a comparison of half saturation constants (K(s,n)) and NDMA degradation in the presence of propane revealed pronounced differences between the strains. The K(s,n) for strain RR1 was 36 ± 10 µg NDMA L(-1) while the propane concentration needed to inhibit NDMA rates by 50% (K(inh)) occurred at 7,700 µg propane L(-1) (R(2) = 0.9669). In contrast, strain JOB-5 had a markedly lower affinity for NDMA verses propane with a calculated K(s,n) of 2,200 ± 1,000 µg NDMA L(-1) and K(inh) of 120 µg propane L(-1) (R(2) = 0.9895). Genomic and transcriptional investigations indicated that the functional enzymes involved in NDMA degradation and propane metabolism are different for each strain. For Rhodococcus sp. RR1, a putative propane monooxygenase (PrMO) was identified and implicated in NDMA oxidation. In contrast, JOB-5 was not found to possess a PrMO homologue and two functionally analogous alkane monoxygenases (AlkMOs) were not induced by growth on propane. Differences between the PrMO in this Rhodococcus and the unidentified enzyme(s) in the Mycobacterium may explain differences in NDMA degradation and inhibition kinetics between these strains. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The Millimeter-Wave Spectrum of Propanal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zingsheim, Oliver; Müller, Holger S. P.; Lewen, Frank; Schlemmer, Stephan

2017-06-01

The microwave spectrum of propanal, also known as propionaldehyde, CH_3CH_2CHO, has been investigated in the laboratory already since 1964^1 and has also been detected in space^2. Recently, propanal was detected with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), Protostellar Interferometric Line Survey (PILS)^3. The high sensitivity and resolution of ALMA indicated small discrepancies between observed and predicted rotational spectra of propanal. As higher accuracies are desired the spectrum of propanal was measured up to 500 GHz with the Cologne (Sub-)Millimeter spectrometer. Propanal has two stable conformers, syn and gauche, which differ mainly in the rotation of the aldehyd group with respect to the rigid C-atom framework of the molecule. We extensively studied both of them. The lower syn-conformer shows small splittings caused by the internal rotation of the methyl group, whereas the spectrum of gauche-propanal is complicated due to the tunneling rotation interaction from two stable degenerate conformers. Additionally, we analyzed vibrationally excited states. ^1 Butcher et al., J. Chem. Phys. 40 6 (1964) ^2 Hollis et al., Astrophys. J. 610 L21 (2004) ^3 Lykke et al., A&A 597 A53 (2017)

Spatial variations in the occurrence of potentially genotoxic disinfection by-products in drinking water distribution systems in China.

PubMed

Li, Chunmei; Wang, Donghong; Xu, Xiong; Xu, Meijia; Wang, Zijian

2017-12-01

We investigated the occurrence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) with genotoxic potential in plant effluent and distribution water samples from four drinking water treatment plants in two Chinese cities using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry. We tested the samples for 37 DBPs with genotoxic potential, which we had previously identified and prioritized in water under controlled laboratory conditions. Thirty of these DBPs were found in the water samples at detection frequencies of between 10% and 100%, and at concentrations between 3.90 and 1.77 × 10 3  ng/L. Of the DBPs detected, the concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloropropan-2-one were highest, and ranged from 299 to 1.77 × 10 3  ng/L with an average of 796 ng/L. The concentrations of 6-chloro-2-N-propan-2-yl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine and 2,6-ditert-butylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione were also much higher, and ranged from 107 to 721 ng/L, and from 152 to 504 ng/L, respectively. Concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloropropan-2-one, 2-chloro-1-phenylethanone, 2,2-dichloro-1-phenylethanone and 6-chloro-2-N-propan-2-yl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine were highest at or near the treatment plants and decreased with increasing distance from the plants. Patterns in the concentrations of benzaldehyde, 2-phenylpropan-2-ol, and 1-methylnaphthalene differed between plants. The levels of DBPs such as 4-ethylbenzaldehyde, (E)-non-2-enal, and 1-phenylethanone were relatively constant within the distribution systems, even at the furthest sampling points (20 km < d < 30 km). A risk assessment showed that there was no risk to human health. It is, however, important to note that, because of limited availability of toxicity data, only five DBPs were evaluated in this study. The risks to health associated with exposure to the target potentially genotoxic DBPs should not be ignored because of their prolonged existence in drinking water. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Influence of processing on the volatile profile of strawberry spreads made with isomaltulose.

PubMed

Peinado, I; Rosa, E; Heredia, A; Escriche, I; Andrés, A

2013-05-01

A new strawberry spread formulated with fructose and isomaltulose (replacing sucrose partially or totally) and a high percentage of fruit was developed in line with the new trend of healthier products. This work studies the influence of some process variables (percentage of sugar, pectin and citric acid, and time of thermal treatment) on the volatile profile of these spreads with different formulations. The ripeness of the raw strawberries influences the concentrations of some of the compounds in the spreads, such as isobutyl acetate, butyl butyrate, 3-hexen-1-yl acetate or propan-2-ol. The process conditions have an important effect on the volatile profiles. Most of the esters and alcohols decreased whereas 13 new compounds appear, mostly furans (furfural, 2-acetylfurane, 5-methyl furfural, mesifurane) and aldehydes (octanal, nonanal, decanal and benzaldeyhde). In general, the spreads formulated with sucrose-isomaltulose that contained higher levels of pectin and citric acid gave better results in the preservation of the original aromatic compounds in raw strawberries. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reaction of propane with the ordered NiO/Rh(1 1 1) studied by XPS and LEISS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Hong; Wang, Wenyi; Chen, Mingshu; Wan, Huilin

2018-05-01

Nickel oxide has been reported to be an efficient catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODP) to propene at low temperature. In this paper, ultrathin NiO films with various thickness were prepared on a Rh(1 1 1) surface and characterized by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and Low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEISS). Results show that NiO forms a two-dimensional (2D) network with a O-Ni-O structure at submonolayer coverages, and a bulk-like NiO at multilayer coverages. The submonolayer NiO films are less stable than the thick ones when annealed in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) due to the strong interaction with the Rh substrate. Propane was dosed onto the model surfaces at different temperatures to investigate the activation of propane and reactivity of NiO films with propane. The reactions of propane with the thin and thick NiO films are significantly different. Propane activates on the O defect sites for the thick NiO films, whereas activation occurs on the interface of nickel oxide and substrate for the thin films with a higher activity.

Characterization of the Major Odor-Active Compounds in the Leaves of the Curry Tree Bergera koenigii L. by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis.

PubMed

Steinhaus, Martin

2015-04-29

Curry leaves are a popular seasoning herb with a pronounced sulfury and burnt odor, the molecular background of which was yet unclear. Application of an aroma extract dilution analysis to the volatile fraction of curry leaves isolated by solvent extraction and solvent-assisted flavor evaporation afforded 23 odor-active compounds with flavor dilution (FD) factors ranging from 1 to 8192. On the basis of the comparison of their retention indices, mass spectra, and odor properties with data of reference compounds, the structures of 22 odorants could be assigned, 15 of which had not been reported in curry leaves before. Odorants with high FD factors included 1-phenylethanethiol (FD factor 8192), linalool (4096), α-pinene (2048), 1,8-cineole (1024), (3Z)-hex-3-enal (256), 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanal (128), myrcene (64), (3Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol (32), and (2E,6Z)-nona-2,6-dienal (32). The unique sulfury and burnt odor exhibited by 1-phenylethanethiol in combination with its high FD factor suggested that it constitutes the character impact compound of fresh curry leaf aroma.

The extraction and purification of a cysteine transfer ribonucleic acid from baker's yeast.

PubMed Central

Holness, N J; Atfield, G

1976-01-01

1. A modification of the RPC 1 system of A.D. Kelmers, G.D. Novelli & M.P. Stulberg (1965) (J. Biol. Chem. 240, 3979-3983) is described in which the support medium is a Celite of narrow range particle size treated with dichlorodimethylsilane. 2. By using this system an apparently pure preparation of tRNA Cys was isolated from baker's yeast tRNA. 3. This preparation accepted at least 60% of the theoretical quantity of [3-14C]cysteine in a conventional assay and failed to accept isoleucine, phenylalanine, proline, serine or tyrosine. 4. A theoretical countercurrent-distribution curve calculated by assuming a distribution coefficient K of 2.03 was in excellent agreement with the profiles of E260 and cysteine-acceptor ability after 537 transfers in the 1.85 M-phosphate/formamide/propan-2-ol system of C.M. Connelly & B.P. Doctor (1965) (J. Biol. Chem. 241, 715-719). 5. Chromatography of tRNA Cys on Bio-Gel P100 polyacrylamide beads afforded two components one of which was far less efficient than the other in accepting cysteine. The base compositions of the two were similar. PMID:776175

Approaches of aroma extraction dilution analysis (AEDA) for headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-olfactometry (HS-SPME-GC-O): Altering sample amount, diluting the sample or adjusting split ratio?

PubMed

Feng, Yunzi; Cai, Yu; Sun-Waterhouse, Dongxiao; Cui, Chun; Su, Guowan; Lin, Lianzhu; Zhao, Mouming

2015-11-15

Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) is widely used for the screening of aroma-active compounds in gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). In this study, three aroma dilution methods, (I) using different test sample volumes, (II) diluting samples, and (III) adjusting the GC injector split ratio, were compared for the analysis of volatiles by using HS-SPME-AEDA. Results showed that adjusting the GC injector split ratio (III) was the most desirable approach, based on the linearity relationships between Ln (normalised peak area) and Ln (normalised flavour dilution factors). Thereafter this dilution method was applied in the analysis of aroma-active compounds in Japanese soy sauce and 36 key odorants were found in this study. The most intense aroma-active components in Japanese soy sauce were: ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, ethyl 4-methylpentanoate, 3-(methylthio)propanal, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-methoxyphenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 2-phenylethanol, and 4-hydroxy-5-ethyl-2-methyl-3(2H)-furanone. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Site-Specific Hydrogen Isotope Composition of Propane: Mass spectrometric methods, equilibrium temperature dependence, and kinetics of exchange

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, H.; Ponton, C.; Kitchen, N.; Lloyd, M. K.; Lawson, M.; Formolo, M. J.; Eiler, J. M.

2016-12-01

Intramolecular isotope ordering can constrain temperatures of synthesis, mechanisms of formation, and/or source substrates of organic compounds. Here we explore site-specific hydrogen isotope variations of propane. Statistical thermodynamic models predict that at equilibrium methylene hydrogen (-CH2-) in propane will be 10's of per mil higher in D/H ratio than methyl hydrogen (-CH3) at geologically relevant temperatures, and that this difference is highly temperature dependent ( 0.5-1 ‰/°C). Chemical-kinetic controls on site-specific D/H in propane could constrain the mechanisms, conditions and extents of propane synthesis or destruction. We have developed a method for measuring the difference in D/H ratio between methylene and methyl hydrogen in propane by gas source mass spectrometry. The data were measured using the Thermo Fisher Double Focusing Sector high resolution mass spectrometer (DFS), and involve comparison of the D/H ratios of molecular ion (C3H8+) and the ethyl fragmental ion (C2H5+). We demonstrate the accuracy and precision of this method through analysis of D-labeled and independently analyzed propanes. In the exchange experiments, propane was heated (100-200 oC) either alone or in the presence of D-enriched water (δD=1,1419 ‰ SMOW), with or without one of several potentially catalytic substrates for hours to weeks. Propane was found to exchange hydrogen with water vigorously at 200 °C in the presence of metal catalysts. In the presence of Ni catalyst, methylene hydrogen exchanges 2.5 times faster than methyl hydrogen. Hydrogen exchange in the presence of Pd catalyst is more effective and can equilibrate hydrogen isotope distribution on propane on the order of 7 days. Isotopic exchange in the presence of natural materials have also been tested, but is only measurable in the methylene group at 200 °C. High catalytic activity of Pd permits attainment of a bracketed, time-invariant equilibrium state that we use to calibrate the site-specific thermometer; these experiments also provide a reference frame for reporting mass spectrometric data. Differential H-exchange rates of the two molecular sites in propane could be a new tool to constrain thermal history of sub-surface propane. Our experimental and mass spectrometric approaches should be generalizable to other hydrocarbon compounds.

77 FR 2293 - AmeriGas Propane, L.P., AmeriGas Propane, Inc., Energy Transfer Partners, L.P., and Energy...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-17

... GP in which AmeriGas proposed to acquire ETP's Heritage Propane business through the approximately $2..., Titan Energy Partner, L.P., and Titan Energy GP, L.L.C. ETP's Heritage Propane business includes Heritage Propane Express, an entity that is engaged in the business of preparing, filling, distributing and...

An Inducible Propane Monooxygenase Is Responsible for N-Nitrosodimethylamine Degradation by Rhodococcus sp. Strain RHA1▿

PubMed Central

Sharp, Jonathan O.; Sales, Christopher M.; LeBlanc, Justin C.; Liu, Jie; Wood, Thomas K.; Eltis, Lindsay D.; Mohn, William W.; Alvarez-Cohen, Lisa

2007-01-01

Rhodococci are common soil heterotrophs that possess diverse functional enzymatic activities with economic and ecological significance. In this study, the correlation between gene expression and biological removal of the water contaminant N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is explored. NDMA is a hydrophilic, potent carcinogen that has gained recent notoriety due to its environmental persistence and emergence as a widespread micropollutant in the subsurface environment. In this study, we demonstrate that Rhodococcus sp. strain RHA1 can constitutively degrade NDMA and that activity toward this compound is enhanced by approximately 500-fold after growth on propane. Transcriptomic analysis of RHA1 and reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR assays demonstrate that growth on propane elicits the upregulation of gene clusters associated with (i) the oxidation of propane and (ii) the oxidation of substituted benzenes. Deletion mutagenesis of prmA, the gene encoding the large hydroxylase component of propane monooxygenase, abolished both growth on propane and removal of NDMA. These results demonstrate that propane monooxygenase is responsible for NDMA degradation by RHA1 and explain the enhanced cometabolic degradation of NDMA in the presence of propane. PMID:17873074

Optical properties of Na2O-TiO2-SiO2 glass films prepared by the sol-gel method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barton, Ivo; Matejec, Vlastimil; Mrazek, Jan; Predoana, Luminita; Zaharescu, Maria

2017-12-01

Layers based on TiO2-SiO2 systems fabricated by sol-gel method have been investigated for the preparation of planar waveguides, antireflective coatings, Bragg mirrors, etc. However, at high titania contents such materials exhibit high viscosities and tendency to phase separation. In this paper we present optical properties of films containing TiO2 which are prepared via a novel approach sol-gel on the basis of ternary Na2O-TiO2-SiO2 glasses and which can exhibit lower viscosities. Films of Na2O-TiO2-SiO2 systems were prepared from input sols mixed of silica, titania and sodium oxide sols. The silica sol was prepared from tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), ethanol, hydrochloric acid and water, with a TEOS c= 2 mol/l and water/alkoxide ratio 1.75. The titania sol was mixed from titanium tetraisopropoxide (TiPr), propan-2-ol, nitric acid and water, c= 0.5 mol/l, RW= 0.42. The sodium oxide sols with c= 0.474 mol/l were prepared from sodium ethoxide and ethanol. Input sols were prepared by mixing the silica and titania sols first and then the sodium sol was added. The input sols were aged for one hour. Stable input sols were obtained. The input sols were deposited on glass and silica slides by dip-coating technique at a withdrawing speeds of 200 mm/min. Applied gel layers were thermally treated at temperatures of 450 and 900°C. Layers containing sodium oxide and titania in concentration ranges of 0-20 mol.% and 0-30 mol.% respectively have been fabricated. Optical properties of layers were determined by UV-VIS-NIR transmission and reflection spectrophotometry. Refractive indices of layers were determined by spectral ellipsometry and from transmission spectra. Optical properties were correlated with results of XRD spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Transparent homogenous films with a maximum refractive index of 1.61 at a wavelength of 600 nm have been obtained.

A Genomic DNA Reporter Screen Identifies Squalene Synthase Inhibitors That Act Cooperatively with Statins to Upregulate the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor

PubMed Central

Kerr, Alastair G.; Tam, Lawrence C. S.; Hale, Ashley B.; Cioroch, Milena; Douglas, Gillian; Agkatsev, Sarina; Hibbitt, Olivia; Mason, Joseph; Holt-Martyn, James; Bataille, Carole J. R.; Wynne, Graham M.; Channon, Keith M.; Russell, Angela J.

2017-01-01

Hypercholesterolemia remains one of the leading risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease. Many large double-blind studies have demonstrated that lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol using a statin can reduce the risk of having a cardiovascular event by approximately 30%. However, despite the success of statins, some patient populations are unable to lower their LDL cholesterol to meet the targeted lipid levels, due to compliance or potency issues. This is especially true for patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia who may require additional upregulation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) to reduce LDL cholesterol levels below those achievable with maximal dosing of statins. Here we identify a series of small molecules from a genomic DNA reporter screen that upregulate the LDLR in mouse and human liver cell lines at nanomolar potencies (EC50 = 39 nM). Structure-activity relationship studies carried out on the lead compound, OX03771 [(E)-N,N-dimethyl-3-(4-styrylphenoxy)propan-1-amine], led to the identification of compound OX03050 [(E)-3-(4-styrylphenoxy)propan-1-ol], which had similar potency (EC50 = 26 nM) but a much-improved pharmacokinetic profile and showed in vivo efficacy. Compounds OX03050 and OX03771 were found to inhibit squalene synthase, the first committed step in cholesterol biosynthesis. These squalene synthase inhibitors were shown to act cooperatively with statins to increase LDLR expression in vitro. Overall, we demonstrated here a novel series of small molecules with the potential to be further developed to treat patients either alone or in combination with statins. PMID:28360334

Alternative Fuels

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Alternative fuels include gaseous fuels such as hydrogen, natural gas, and propane; alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, and butanol; vegetable and waste-derived oils; and electricity. Overview of alternative fuels is here.

Supercritical CO(2) and subcritical propane extraction of pungent paprika and quantification of carotenoids, tocopherols, and capsaicinoids.

PubMed

Gnayfeed, M H; Daood, H G; Illés, V; Biacs, P A

2001-06-01

Ground paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) and subcritical propane at different conditions of pressure and temperature to estimate the yield and variation in carotenoid, tocopherol, and capsaicinoid contents and composition. The yield of paprika extract was found to be affected by the extraction conditions with SC-CO(2) but fairly constant at different conditions with subcritical propane. The maximum yields of oleoresin were 7.9 and 8.1% of ground paprika by SC-CO(2) and subcritical propane, respectively. The quantitative distribution of carotenoids, tocopherols, and capsaicinoids between paprika extract and powder was influenced by extraction conditions. SC-CO(2) was inefficient in the extraction of diesters of xanthophylls even at 400 bar and 55 degrees C, whereas tocopherols and capsaicinoids were easy to extract at these conditions. Under mild conditions subcritical propane was superior to SC-CO(2) in the extraction of carotenoids and tocopherols but less efficient in the extraction of capsaicinoids.

Mononuclear Ni(II) complexes of Schiff base ligands formed from unsymmetrical tripodal amines of differing arm lengths: Spectral, X-ray crystal structural, antimicrobial and DNA cleavage activity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keypour, Hassan; Shayesteh, Maryam; Rezaeivala, Majid; Dhers, Sébastien; Küp, Fatma Öztürk; Güllü, Mithat; Ng, Seikweng

2017-11-01

The synthesis of two unsymmetrical N-capped tripodal amines, 2-((4-aminobutyl)(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)ethanol (3) and 3-((2-aminoethyl)(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)propan-1-ol (4) is reported. They feature a longer, 3-hydroxypropyl or butylamino arm than that in the analogues previously employed. All four tripodal amines, 1-4, are equipped with a 2-methylpyridyl-arm, and either an ethylamino-arm (1 and 4), propylamino-arm (2) or butylamino-arm (3). The amines, 3 and 4, have been employed in one pot condensation reactions with salicylaldehyde and its derivatives in the presence of Ni(II) metal ion. A series of new mononuclear complexes, [NiIILaldi](ClO4) or [NiIILaldi(solvent)](ClO4) with different geometry, of Schiff base ligands were generated. X-ray crystal structure determinations of [NiIILOMe3(H2O)](ClO4)·2H2O and [NiIILOMe4](ClO4) revealed them to be mononuclear. The Ni(II) ion in [NiIILOMe4](ClO4) complex is in a distorted square-planar environment whilst this ion is in distorted octahedral environment in [NiIILOMe3(H2O)](ClO4)·2H2O complex despite the longer arm length of L3. While, in related systems in our previous work, they had led to dimeric complexes. These results clearly showed that the variation of the arm lengths of the ligands and metal ions has a remarkable impact on the formation and structure of the complexes. The cleavage of DNA by all synthesised complexes was examined using gel electrophoresis experiments. Also, the antibacterial effects of components were determined against the three Gram-positive bacteria, and against the three Gram-negative bacteria and against the three yeast Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida krusei ATCC 1424 and Candida tropicalis ATCC 13803.

An In-Situ XAS Study of the Structural Changes in a CuO-CeO2/Al2O3 Catalyst during Total Oxidation of Propane

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Silversmith, Geert; Poelman, Hilde; Poelman, Dirk

2007-02-02

A CuOx-CeOx/Al2O3 catalyst was studied with in-situ transmission Cu K XAS for the total oxidation of propane as model reaction for the catalytic elimination of volatile organic compounds. The local Cu structure was determined for the catalyst as such, after pre-oxidation and after reduction with propane. The catalyst as such has a local CuO structure. No structural effect was observed upon heating in He up to 600 deg. C or after pre-oxidation at 150 deg. C. A full reduction of the Cu2+ towards metallic Cu0 occurred, when propane was fed to the catalyst. The change in local Cu structure duringmore » propane reduction was followed with a time resolution of 1 min. The {chi}(k) scans appeared as linear combinations of start and end spectra, CuO and Cu structure, respectively. However, careful examination of the XANES edge spectra indicates the presence of a small amount of additional Cu1+ species.« less

Marine microbes rapidly adapt to consume ethane, propane, and butane within the dissolved hydrocarbon plume of a natural seep

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mendes, Stephanie D.; Redmond, Molly C.; Voigritter, Karl; Perez, Christian; Scarlett, Rachel; Valentine, David L.

2015-03-01

Simple hydrocarbon gases containing two to four carbons (ethane, propane, and butane) are among the most abundant compounds present in petroleum reservoirs, and are introduced into the ocean through natural seepage and industrial discharge. Yet little is known about the bacterial consumption of these compounds in ocean waters. To assess the timing by which microbes metabolize these gases, we conducted a three-phase study that tested and applied a radiotracer-based method to quantify the oxidation rates of ethane, propane, and butane in fresh seawater samples. Phase 1 involved the synthesis of tritiated ethane, propane, and butane using Grignard reagents and tritiated water. Phase 2 was a systematic assessment of experimental conditions, wherein the indigenous microbial community was found to rapidly oxidize ethane, propane, and butane. Phase 3 was the application of this tritium method near the Coal Oil Point seeps, offshore California. Spatial and temporal patterns of ethane, propane, and butane oxidation down current from the hydrocarbon seeps demonstrated that >99% of these gases are metabolized within 1.3 days following initial exposure. The oxidation of ethane outpaced oxidation of propane and butane with patterns indicating the microbial community responded to these gases by rapid adaptation or growth. Methane oxidation responded the slowest in plume waters. Estimates based on the observed metabolic rates and carbon mass balance suggest that ethane, propane, and butane-consuming microorganisms may transiently account for a majority of the total microbial community in these impacted waters.

In situ epoxide generation by dimethyldioxirane oxidation and the use of epichlorohydrin in the flow synthesis of a library of β-amino alcohols.

PubMed

Cossar, Peter J; Baker, Jennifer R; Cain, Nicholas; McCluskey, Adam

2018-04-01

The flow coupling of epichlorohydrin with substituted phenols, while efficient, limits the nature of the epoxide available for the development of focused libraries of β-amino alcohols. This limitation was encountered in the production of analogues of 1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-3-((2-((4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)ethyl)amino)propan-2-ol 1 , a potential antibiotic lead. The in situ (flow) generation of dimethyldoxirane (DMDO) and subsequent flow olefin epoxidation abrogates this limitation and afforded facile access to structurally diverse β-amino alcohols. Analogues of 1 were readily accessed either via (i) a flow/microwave hybrid approach, or (ii) a sequential flow approach. Key steps were the in situ generation of DMDO, with olefin epoxidation in typically good yields and a flow-mediated ring opening aminolysis to form an expanded library of β-amino alcohols 1 and 10a - 18g , resulting in modest ( 11a , 21%) to excellent ( 12g , 80%) yields. Alternatively flow coupling of epichlorohydrin with phenols 4a - 4m (22%-89%) and a Bi(OTf) 3 catalysed microwave ring opening with amines afforded a select range of β-amino alcohols, but with lower levels of aminolysis regiocontrol than the sequential flow approach.

In situ epoxide generation by dimethyldioxirane oxidation and the use of epichlorohydrin in the flow synthesis of a library of β-amino alcohols

PubMed Central

Cossar, Peter J.; Baker, Jennifer R.; Cain, Nicholas

2018-01-01

The flow coupling of epichlorohydrin with substituted phenols, while efficient, limits the nature of the epoxide available for the development of focused libraries of β-amino alcohols. This limitation was encountered in the production of analogues of 1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-3-((2-((4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)ethyl)amino)propan-2-ol 1, a potential antibiotic lead. The in situ (flow) generation of dimethyldoxirane (DMDO) and subsequent flow olefin epoxidation abrogates this limitation and afforded facile access to structurally diverse β-amino alcohols. Analogues of 1 were readily accessed either via (i) a flow/microwave hybrid approach, or (ii) a sequential flow approach. Key steps were the in situ generation of DMDO, with olefin epoxidation in typically good yields and a flow-mediated ring opening aminolysis to form an expanded library of β-amino alcohols 1 and 10a–18g, resulting in modest (11a, 21%) to excellent (12g, 80%) yields. Alternatively flow coupling of epichlorohydrin with phenols 4a–4m (22%–89%) and a Bi(OTf)3 catalysed microwave ring opening with amines afforded a select range of β-amino alcohols, but with lower levels of aminolysis regiocontrol than the sequential flow approach. PMID:29765627

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

vehicles altered to operate on propane, natural gas, methane gas, ethanol, or electricity are classified as information about vehicle conversion certification requirements, see the Alternative Fuels Data Center's

Integration and Penetration Opportunities of Alternative Energy, Fuels, and Technologies within Military Systems, Logistics, and Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

Emerging Biodiesel, Electricity, Ethanol, Hydrogen, Methanol, Natural Gas, Propane, Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Biobutanol, Biogas , Biomass-to- Liquids...Ethanol Corn grain (starch), sugar cane (sugar), (cellulosic) grass, wood, crop residues, newspapers Biogas Animal manure, sewage, and municipal...Electric 7 Radio Frequency 2 Biofuel 5 Electric 3 Nuclear 9 Waste 6 Biobutanol 3 Generators Wood Derived Fuels 5 Biogas 3 Petroleum

Compression Ratio and Catalyst Aging Effects on Aqueous Ethanol Ignition (Year 2) : Part 2 Catalyst Aging and Effects of Water on Ignition

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-09-01

A tubular plug-flow reactor under low Reynolds Numbers Re flow regimes, along with a 127 um diameter coiled platinum (Pt) wire, were used to study catalytic surface reactions of nonflammable, fuel-lean mixtures of propane, oxygen, and water vapor dil...

Melt Transport and Mantle Assimilation at Atlantis Massif (IODP Site U1309): Evidence from Chemical Profiles along Olivine Crystallographic Axes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferrando, C.; Godard, M.; Ildefonse, B.; Rampone, E.

2017-12-01

Olivine-rich troctolites (Ol > 70%, Ol T) indicate that extensive melt impregnation of preexisting Ol rich lithologies participate to the building of slow spread crust. To constrain their origin and their impact on the structure and geochemistry of oceanic crust, we realized a multi-scale petro-structural, geochemical, and numerical modelling study of Ol T drilled at IODP Hole U1309D (Atlantis Massif, Exp. 304/305). Ol T display deformed (high temperature imprint) corroded coarse grained to undeformed fine grained Ol embayed in poikilitic Cpx and Plg. Ol crystallographic preferred orientations show [001] cluster suggesting formation after impregnation and assimilation of a deformed Ol rich matrix at high melt/rock ratios. Ol have variable major and minor element compositions, but similar fractionated REE (DyN/YbN = 0.04 - 0.11). Chemical traverses along principal crystallographic axes of Ol are flat suggesting local equilibrium between Ol and neighboring phases. 3 types of Ol T were distinguished. Ol T 1 - 2 display sharp contacts. Ol T 1 has Ol <75% (single grains) and primitive compositions (Mg# = 85-86; Ni = 1870-2840 ppm, Mn = 1570-1950 ppm; Li = 1.2 - 2.7 ppm). Ol T 2 have high Ol ( > 75%, dominantly aggregates) yet more evolved composition (Mg# = 83-84, Ni = 1790 - 2510 ppm, Mn = 1760 - 1990 ppm, Li = 1.5 - 3.9 ppm) in contrast to modal and composition trends predicted by MORB crystallization. Ol T 3 has diffusive contacts with gabbroic veins, variable modal Ol with the most evolved compositions and record late stages of Ol-T formation. Ol T compositions are best modelled assuming percolation of primitive MORB melts into Hole U1309B harzburgite, triggering Opx dissolution, followed by Ol assimilation and Plg + Cpx crystallization. Modelling shows that Ol Ni variations at constant Mg# in Ol T are mantle inherited. Ol T 1 compositions were fitted assuming higher Ol assimilation (Ma = 0.06 - 0.13) in contrast to Ol T 2 -3 (Ma = 0.01 - 0.02). Ol T 3 was `buffered' by more evolved melts and shows cooling of reacted melts. We interpret the 3 Ol T types as resulting from initial local spatial variations in mantle permeability (pyroxene distribution?) which in turn controlled melt transport and mantle-melt interactions. We expect that such reactive percolation processes will shift MORB compositions to apparent high pressure fractionation.

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

mixture containing at least 85% methanol, denatured ethanol, or other alcohols; natural gas, propane , hydrogen, or coal derived liquid fuels; or fuels derived from biological materials. PEVs are defined as

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Fueling Stations

Science.gov Websites

Fueling Station Locations by State More Propane Data | All Maps & Data Case Studies Michigan School Prisons Adopt Propane, Establish Fuel Savings for Years to Come More Propane Case Studies | All Case Studies Publications The Growing Presence of Propane in Pupil Transportation Costs Associated With Propane

Combustion performance and heat transfer characterization of LOX/hydrocarbon type propellants, volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Michel, R. W.

1983-01-01

A program to evaluate liquid oxygen and various hydrocarbon fuel as low cost alternative propellants suitable for future space transportation system applications is discussed. The emphasis of the program is directed toward low earth orbit maneuvering engine and reaction control engine systems. The feasibility of regeneratively cooling an orbit maneuvering thruster was analytically determined over a range of operating conditions from 100 to 1000 psia chamber pressure and 1000 to 10,000-1bF thrust, and specific design points were analyzed in detail for propane, methane, RP-1, ammonia, and ethanol; similar design point studies were performed for a filmcooled reaction control thruster. Heat transfer characteristics of propate were experimentally evaluated in heated tube tests. Forced convection heat transfer coefficients were determined over the range of fluid conditions encompassed by 450 to 1800 psia, -250 to +250 F, and 50 to 150 ft/sec, with wall temperatures from ambient to 1200 F. Seventy-seven hot firing tests were conducted with LOX/propane and LOC/ethanol, for a total duration of nearly 1400 seconds, using both heat sink and water-cooled calorimetric chambers.

40 CFR 180.1086 - 3,7,11-Trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatriene-1-ol and 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatriene-3-ol...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 23 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false 3,7,11-Trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatriene-1-ol and 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatriene-3-ol; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance. 180....1086 3,7,11-Trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatriene-1-ol and 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatriene-3-ol; exemption...

Biotechnological methods for chalcone reduction using whole cells of Lactobacillus, Rhodococcus and Rhodotorula strains as a way to produce new derivatives.

PubMed

Stompor, Monika; Kałużny, Mateusz; Żarowska, Barbara

2016-10-01

Microbial strains of the genera Dietzia, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Gordonia, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Penicillium, Rhodotorula and Lactobacillus were screened for the ability to convert chalcones. Synthesis of chalcones was performed by the Claisen-Schmidt reaction. There were three groups of chalcones obtained as the products, which included the derivatives containing 4-substituted chalcone, 2'-hydroxychalcone and 4'-methoxychalcone. The B ring of the chalcones was substituted in the para position with different groups, such as halide, hydroxyl, nitro, methyl, ethyl and ethoxy one. The structure-activity relationship of the tested chalcones in biotransformation processes was studied. It has been proven that Gram-positive bacterial strains Rhodococcus and Lactobacillus catalyzed reduction of C=C bond in the chalcones to give respective dihydrochalcones. The strain Rhodotorula rubra AM 82 transformed chalcones into dihydrochalcones and respective secondary alcohols. These results suggest that the probiotic strain of Lactobacillus can be used for biotransformations of chalcones, which has not been described before. The structure of new metabolites 14a and 15b were established as 4-ethoxy-4'-methoxydihydrochalcone and 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(4'-O-methylphenyl)-2-propan-1-ol, respectively, which was confirmed by (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR analysis.

Epoxidation of Short-Chain Alkenes by Resting-Cell Suspensions of Propane-Grown Bacteria

PubMed Central

Hou, Ching T.; Patel, Ramesh; Laskin, Allen I.; Barnabe, Nancy; Barist, Irene

1983-01-01

Sixteen new cultures of propane-utilizing bacteria were isolated from lake water from Warinanco Park, Linden, N.J. and from lake and soil samples from Bayway Refinery, Linden, N.J. In addition, 19 known cultures obtained from culture collections were also found to be able to grow on propane as the sole carbon and energy source. In addition to their ability to oxidize n-alkanes, resting-cell suspensions of both new cultures and known cultures grown on propane oxidize short-chain alkenes to their corresponding 1,2-epoxides. Among the substrate alkenes, propylene was oxidized at the highest rate. In contrast to the case with methylotrophic bacteria, the product epoxides are further metabolized. Propane and other gaseous n-alkanes inhibit the epoxidation of propylene. The optimum conditions for in vivo epoxidation are described. Results from inhibition studies indicate that a propane monooxygenase system catalyzes both the epoxidation and hydroxylation reactions. Experiments with cell-free extracts show that both hydroxylation and epoxidation activities are located in the soluble fraction obtained after 80,000 × g centrifugation. PMID:16346338

Research on propane leak detection system and device based on mid infrared laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Meng; Wang, Xuefeng; Wang, Junlong; Wang, Yizhao; Li, Pan; Feng, Qiaoling

2017-10-01

Propane is a key component of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and crude oil volatile. This issue summarizes the recent progress of propane detection technology. Meanwhile, base on the development trend, our latest progress is also provided. We demonstrated a mid infrared propane sensor system, which is based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) technique with a CW interband cascade laser (ICL) emitting at 3370.4nm. The ICL laser scanned over a sharp feature in the broader spectrum of propane, and harmonic signals are obtained by lock-in amplifier for gas concentration deduction. The surrounding gas is extracted into the fine optical absorption cell through the pump to realize online detection. The absorption cell is designed in mid infrared windows range. An example experimental setup is shown. The second harmonic signals 2f and first harmonic signals1f are obtained. We present the sensor performance test data including dynamic precision and temperature stability. The propane detection sensor system and device is portable can carried on the mobile inspection vehicle platforms or intelligent robot inspection platform to realize the leakage monitoring of whole oil gas tank area.

[Chemical constituents of leaves of Psidium guajava].

PubMed

Shao, Meng; Wang, Ying; Jian, Yu-Qing; Sun, Xue-Gang; Huang, Xiao-Jun; Zhang, Xiao-Qi; Ye, Wen-Cai

2014-03-01

To study the chemical constituents of the 95% ethanol extract of Psidium guajava. Compounds were separated by using a combination of various chromatographic methods including silica gel, D101 macroporous resin, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties and spectral data Eighteen compounds were isolated and identified as (+) -globulol (1), clovane-2beta, 9alpha-diol (2), 2beta-acetoxyclovan-9alpha-ol (3), (+) -caryolane-1 ,9beta-diol (4), ent-T-muurolol (5), clov-2-ene-9alpha-ol (6), isophytol (7), tamarixetin (8), gossypetin (9), quercetin (10), kaempferol (11), guajaverin (12), avicularin (13), chrysin 6-C-glucoside (14), 3'-O-methyl-3, 4-methylenedioxyellagic acid 4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (15), p-hydroxy-benzoic acid (16), guavinoside A (17) and guavinoside B (18). Compounds 2-9 and 14-16 were isolated from this plant for the first time. The ethanol extract showed 61.3% inhibition against the proliferation of colon cancer cell line SW480.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Basics

Science.gov Websites

released, the liquid propane vaporizes and turns into gas that is used in combustion. An odorant, ethyl petroleum gas (LPG) or propane autogas, propane is a cleaner-burning alternative fuel that's been used for decades to power light-, medium- and heavy-duty propane vehicles. Propane is a three-carbon alkane gas

Origins and trends in ethane and propane in the United Kingdom from 1993 to 2012

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Derwent, R. G.; Field, R. A.; Dumitrean, P.; Murrells, T. P.; Telling, S. P.

2017-05-01

Continuous, high frequency in situ observations of ethane and propane began in the United Kingdom in 1993 and have continued through to the present day at a range of kerbside, urban background and rural locations. Whilst other monitored C2 - C8 hydrocarbons have shown dramatic declines in concentrations by close to or over an order of magnitude, ethane and propane levels have remained at or close to their 1993 values. Urban ethane sources appear to be dominated by natural gas leakage. Background levels of ethane associated with long range transport are rising. However, natural gas leakage is not the sole source of urban propane. Oil and gas operations lead to elevated propane levels in urban centres when important refinery operations are located nearby. Weekend versus weekday average diurnal curves for ethane and propane at an urban background site in London show the importance of natural gas leakage for both ethane and propane, and road traffic sources for propane. The road traffic source of propane was tentatively identified as arising from petrol-engined motor vehicle refuelling and showed a strong downwards trend at the long-running urban background and rural sites. The natural gas leakage source of ethane and propane in the observations exhibits an upwards trend whereas that in the UK emission inventory trends downwards. Also, inventory emissions for natural gas leakage appeared to be significantly underestimated compared with the observations. In addition, the observed ethane to propane ratio found here for natural gas leakage strongly disagreed with the inventory ratio.

Demonstration of a Fast, Precise Propane Measurement Using Infrared Spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zahniser, M. S.; Roscioli, J. R.; Nelson, D. D.; Herndon, S. C.

2016-12-01

Propane is one of the primary components of emissions from natural gas extraction and processing activities. In addition to being an air pollutant, its ratio to other hydrocarbons such as methane and ethane can serve as a "fingerprint" of a particular facility or process, aiding in identifying emission sources. Quantifying propane has typically required laboratory analysis of flask samples, resulting in low temporal resolution and making plume-based measurements infeasible. Here we demonstrate fast (1-second), high precision (<300 ppt) measurements of propane using high resolution mid-infrared spectroscopy at 2967 wavenumbers. In addition, we explore the impact of nearby water and ethane absorption lines on the accuracy and precision of the propane measurement. Finally, we discuss development of a dual-laser instrument capable of simultaneous measurements of methane, ethane, and propane (the C1-C3 compounds), all within a small spatial package that can be easily deployed aboard a mobile platform.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Methanol

Science.gov Websites

(CH3OH), also known as wood alcohol, is considered an alternative fuel under the Energy Policy Act of 1992. As an engine fuel, methanol has chemical and physical fuel properties similar to ethanol Ethanol Hydrogen Natural Gas Propane Emerging Fuels Fuel Prices Conserve Fuel Idle Reduction Parts &

SMALL-SCALE FUEL ALCOHOL PRODUCTION TO MEET UNIVERSITY VEHICLE FUEL NEEDS AND PROMOTE REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

EPA Science Inventory

1. The small scale sweet sorghum ethanol production system in Iowa has good potential for development based on an economic analysis with rates of return ranging from 12% to 32 % for ethanol prices ranging from $1.66/gal to $2.20/gal. A scale of 300 acres (121 ha) for produ...

2. Studying the internal ballistics of a combustion-driven potato cannon using high-speed video

   NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

   Courtney, E. D. S.; Courtney, M. W.

   2013-07-01

   A potato cannon was designed to accommodate several different experimental propellants and have a transparent barrel so the movement of the projectile could be recorded on high-speed video (at 2000 frames per second). Five experimental propellants were tested: propane (C3H8), acetylene (C2H2), ethanol (C2H6O), methanol (CH4O) and butane (C4H10). The quantity of each experimental propellant was calculated to approximate a stoichometric mixture and considering the upper and lower flammability limits, which in turn were affected by the volume of the combustion chamber. Cylindrical projectiles were cut from raw potatoes so that there was an airtight fit, and each weighed 50 (± 0.5) g. For each trial, position as a function of time was determined via frame-by-frame analysis. Five trials were made for each experimental propellant and the results analyzed to compute velocity and acceleration as functions of time. Additional quantities, including force on the potato and the pressure applied to the potato, were also computed. For each experimental propellant average velocity versus barrel position curves were plotted. The most effective experimental propellant was defined as that which accelerated the potato to the highest muzzle velocity. The experimental propellant acetylene performed the best on average (138.1 m s-1), followed by methanol (48.2 m s-1), butane (34.6 m s-1), ethanol (33.3 m s-1) and propane (27.9 m s-1), respectively.

3. Experimental and analytical study of nitric oxide formation during combustion of propane in a jet-stirred combustor

   NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

   Wakelyn, N. T.; Jachimowski, C. J.; Wilson, C. H.

   1978-01-01

   A jet-stirred combustor, constructed of castable zirconia and with an Inconel injector, was used to study nitric oxide formation in propane-air combustion with residence times in the range from 3.2 to 3.3 msec and equivalence ratios varying from 0.7 to 1.4. Measurements were made of combustor operating temperature and of nitric oxide concentration. Maximum nitric oxide concentrations of the order of 55 ppm were found in the range of equivalence ratio from 1.0 to 1.1. A finite-rate chemical kinetic mechanism for propane combustion and nitric oxide formation was assembled by coupling an existing propane oxidation mechanism with the Zeldovich reactions and reactions of molecular nitrogen with hydrocarbon fragments. Analytical studies using this mechanism in a computer simulation of the experimental conditions revealed that the hydrocarbon-fragment-nitrogen reactions play a significant role in nitric oxide formation during fuel-rich combustion.

4. Characterization of Emissions from Liquid Fuel and Propane Open Burns.

   PubMed

   Aurell, Johanna; Hubble, David; Gullett, Brian K; Holder, Amara; Washburn, Ephraim; Tabor, Dennis

   2017-11-07

   The effect of accidental fires are simulated to understand the response of items such as vehicles, fuel tanks, and military ordnance and to remediate the effects through re-design of the items or changes in operational procedures. The comparative combustion emissions of using jet propellant (JP-5) liquid fuel pools or a propane manifold grid to simulate the effects of accidental fires was investigated. A helium-filled tethered aerostat was used to maneuver an instrument package into the open fire plumes to measure CO, CO 2 , fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and elemental/organic/total carbon (EC/OC/TC). The results showed that all emissions except CO 2 were significantly higher from JP-5 burns than from propane. The major portion of the PM mass from fires of both fuels was less than 1 μm in diameter and differed in carbon content. The PM 2.5 emission factor from JP-5 burns (129 ± 23 g/kg Fuel c ) was approximately 150 times higher than the PM 2.5 emission factor from propane burns (0.89 ± 0.21 g/kg Fuel c ). The PAH emissions as well as some VOCs were more than one hundred times higher for the JP-5 burns than the propane burns. Using the propane test method to study flammability responses, the environmental impact of PM 2.5 , PAHs, and VOCs would be reduced by 2300, 700, and 100 times per test, respectively.

5. Gas Phase UTE MRI of Propane and Propene

   PubMed Central

   Kovtunov, Kirill V.; Romanov, Alexey S.; Salnikov, Oleg G.; Barskiy, Danila A.; Chekmenev, Eduard Y.; Koptyug, Igor V.

   2016-01-01

   1H MRI of gases can potentially enable functional lung imaging to probe gas ventilation and other functions. In this work, 1H MR images of hyperpolarized and thermally polarized propane gas were obtained using UTE (ultrashort echo time) pulse sequence. A 2D image of thermally polarized propane gas with ~0.9×0.9 mm2 spatial resolution was obtained in less than 2 seconds, demonstrating that even non-hyperpolarized hydrocarbon gases can be successfully utilized for conventional proton MRI. The experiments were also performed with hyperpolarized propane gas and demonstrated acquisition of high-resolution multi-slice FLASH 2D images in ca. 510 s and non slice-selective 2D UTE MRI images in ca. 2 s. The UTE approach adopted in this study can be potentially used for medical lung imaging. Furthermore, the possibility to combine UTE with selective suppression of 1H signals from one of the two gases in a mixture is demonstrated in this MRI study. The latter can be useful for visualizing industrially important processes where several gases may be present, e.g., gas-solid catalytic reactions. PMID:27478870

6. Hexagonal boron nitride catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor for exothermic propane oxidation dehydrogenation

   DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

   Tian, Jinshu; Lin, Jinhan; Xu, Mingliang

   Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) with high thermal conductivity is potentially an effective catalyst for highly exothermic propane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reaction. Here, we report our experimental and theoretic studies of such a catalyst for propane ODH in a fixed-bed reactor. Based on the computational fluid dynamics calculation (CFD) results, the catalyst bed temperature increases by less than 1°C in the h-BN catalyst bed which is much smaller than that (8°C) in the VO x/γ-Al 2O 3 catalyst bed at a similar propane conversion (25%) using a micro-tubular reactor with a diameter of 6 mm. Even in an industrially relevant reactormore » with an inner diameter of 60 mm, a uniform temperature profile can still be maintained using the h-BN catalyst bed due to its excellent thermal conductivity as opposed to a temperature gradient of 47°C in the VO x/γ-Al 2O 3 catalyst bed. The results reported here provide useful information for potential application of h-BN catalyst in propane ODH.« less

7. Hexagonal boron nitride catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor for exothermic propane oxidation dehydrogenation

   DOE PAGES

   Tian, Jinshu; Lin, Jinhan; Xu, Mingliang; ...

   2018-04-17

   Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) with high thermal conductivity is potentially an effective catalyst for highly exothermic propane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reaction. Here, we report our experimental and theoretic studies of such a catalyst for propane ODH in a fixed-bed reactor. Based on the computational fluid dynamics calculation (CFD) results, the catalyst bed temperature increases by less than 1°C in the h-BN catalyst bed which is much smaller than that (8°C) in the VO x/γ-Al 2O 3 catalyst bed at a similar propane conversion (25%) using a micro-tubular reactor with a diameter of 6 mm. Even in an industrially relevant reactormore » with an inner diameter of 60 mm, a uniform temperature profile can still be maintained using the h-BN catalyst bed due to its excellent thermal conductivity as opposed to a temperature gradient of 47°C in the VO x/γ-Al 2O 3 catalyst bed. The results reported here provide useful information for potential application of h-BN catalyst in propane ODH.« less

8. Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Benefits

   Science.gov Websites

   Benefits to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Benefits on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Benefits on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Benefits on Google Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Benefits on Delicious

9. Alternative Fuels Data Center

   Science.gov Websites

   Propane Education, Research, and Training The Propane Education and Research Act of 1996 established the Propane Education and Research Council (PERC) to develop programs education and training efforts to promote the use of propane as an alternative fuel. The Propane Education and Research

10. Price-skid boosts propane sales

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ellis, P.

    1979-02-05

    Lower propane costs have prompted industrial users to switch from natural gas, although dealers are cautioning that they are gambling on an unstable price competition. Analysis of price and use trends indicates that the propane market is growing where users have relied on the interstate gas market, which will be experiencing incremental price increases. Those buying propane on the spot market will get the best prices because the propane market is now glutted as a result of conservation and large gas supplies. A further drop in propane price is not anticipated because producers would lack incentive to extract propane frommore » higher-priced natural gas unless it becomes justified by demand for unleaded gas, of which propane is a by-product.« less

11. Phase behavior and crystal structure of 3-(1-naphthyloxy)- and 3-(4-indolyloxy)-propane-1,2-diol, synthetic precursors of chiral drugs propranolol and pindolol

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bredikhin, Alexander A.; Gubaidullin, Aidar T.; Bredikhina, Zemfira A.; Fayzullin, Robert R.; Samigullina, Aida I.; Zakharychev, Dmitry V.

    2013-08-01

    Valuable precursors of popular chiral drugs propranolol and pindolol, 3-(1-naphthyloxy)-propane-1,2-diol 3 and 3-(4-indolyloxy)-propane-1,2-diol 4 were investigated by IR spectroscopy, DSC, and X-ray diffraction methods. Both compounds, crystallizing from enantiopure feed material, form "guaifenesin-like" crystal packing in which the classic H-bonded bilayers, framed in both sides by hydrophobic fragments of the molecules, acts as the basic crystal-forming motif. Diol 4 prone to spontaneous resolution and conserves its packing pattern crystallizing from racemate. Under the same conditions, diol 3 forms weakly stable solid racemic compound. Some reasons for such a behavior are identified and discussed.

12. Host cells and methods for producing 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, and 3-methyl-butan-1-ol

    DOEpatents

    Chou, Howard H [Berkeley, CA; Keasling, Jay D [Berkeley, CA

    2011-07-26

    The invention provides for a method for producing a 5-carbon alcohol in a genetically modified host cell. In one embodiment, the method comprises culturing a genetically modified host cell which expresses a first enzyme capable of catalyzing the dephosphorylation of an isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) or dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), such as a Bacillus subtilis phosphatase (YhfR), under a suitable condition so that 5-carbon alcohol is 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol and/or 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol is produced. Optionally, the host cell may further comprise a second enzyme capable of reducing a 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol to 3-methyl-butan-1-ol, such as a reductase.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Laws and Incentives

Science.gov Websites

Propane Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Laws and Incentives to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Laws and and Incentives on Digg Find More places to share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Laws and

Phytochemical profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) fruit using compressed propane and supercritical CO2.

PubMed

Fernandes, Ciro E F; Scapinello, Jaqueline; Bohn, Aline; Boligon, Aline A; Athayde, Margareth L; Magro, Jacir Dall; Palliga, Marshall; Oliveira, J Vladimir; Tres, Marcus V

2017-01-01

Traditionally, Ilex paraguariensis leaves are consumed in tea form or as typical drinks like mate and terere, while the fruits are discarded processing and has no commercial value. The aim of this work to evaluate phytochemical properties, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts of Ilex paraguariensis fruits obtained from supercritical CO 2 and compressed propane extraction. The extraction with compressed propane yielded 2.72 wt%, whereas with supercritical CO 2 1.51 wt% was obtained. The compound extracted in larger amount by the two extraction solvents was caffeine, 163.28 and 54.17 mg/g by supercritical CO 2 and pressurized propane, respectively. The antioxidant activity was more pronounced for the supercritical CO 2 extract, with no difference found in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration for Staphylococcus aureus for the two extracts and better results observed for Escherichia coli when using supercritical CO 2 .

Propane poisoning

MedlinePlus

Propane is a colorless and odorless flammable gas that can turn into liquid under very cold temperatures. This article discusses the harmful effects from breathing in or swallowing propane. Breathing in or swallowing propane can be ...

78 FR 17648 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Representative Average Unit Costs of Energy

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-22

... electricity, natural gas, No. 2 heating oil, propane, and kerosene. DATES: The representative average unit... for electricity, natural gas, No. 2 heating oil, and propane are based on simulations used to produce... required by test procedure Electricity $35.46 12.1[cent]/kWh 2 3..... $0.121/kWh Natural Gas 10.87 $1.087...

Comparison of combustion characteristics of ASTM A-1, propane, and natural-gas fuels in an annular turbojet combustor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wear, J. D.; Jones, R. E.

1973-01-01

The performance of an annular turbojet combustor using natural-gas fuel is compared with that obtained using ASTM A-1 and propane fuels. Propane gas was used to simulate operation with vaporized kerosene fuels. The results obtained at severe operating conditions and altitude relight conditions show that natural gas is inferior to both ASTM A-1 and propane fuels. Combustion efficiencies were significantly lower and combustor pressures for relight were higher with natural-gas fuel than with the other fuels. The inferior performance of natural gas is shown to be caused by the chemical stability of the methane molecule.

Self-limiting atomic layer deposition of conformal nanostructured silver films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Golrokhi, Zahra; Chalker, Sophia; Sutcliffe, Christopher J.; Potter, Richard J.

2016-02-01

The controlled deposition of ultra-thin conformal silver nanoparticle films is of interest for applications including anti-microbial surfaces, plasmonics, catalysts and sensors. While numerous techniques can produce silver nanoparticles, few are able to produce highly conformal coatings on high aspect ratio surfaces, together with sub-nanometre control and scalability. Here we develop a self-limiting atomic layer deposition (ALD) process for the deposition of conformal metallic silver nanoparticle films. The films have been deposited using direct liquid injection ALD with ((hexafluoroacetylacetonato)silver(I)(1,5-cyclooctadiene)) and propan-1-ol. An ALD temperature window between 123 and 128 °C is identified and within this range self-limiting growth is confirmed with a mass deposition rate of ∼17.5 ng/cm2/cycle. The effects of temperature, precursor dose, co-reactant dose and cycle number on the deposition rate and on the properties of the films have been systematically investigated. Under self-limiting conditions, films are metallic silver with a nano-textured surface topography and nanoparticle size is dependent on the number of ALD cycles. The ALD reaction mechanisms have been elucidated using in-situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements, showing chemisorption of the silver precursor, followed by heterogeneous catalytic dehydrogenation of the alcohol to form metallic silver and an aldehyde.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Yellow Cab Converts Taxis to Propane in

Science.gov Websites

electric car. College Students Engineer Efficient Vehicles in EcoCAR 2 Competition Aug. 2, 2014 Photo of a Columbus, OhioA> Yellow Cab Converts Taxis to Propane in Columbus, Ohio to someone by E-mail how Yellow Cab is overhauling their fleet in Columbus, Ohio, with propane power. For information about

Novel Acetone Metabolism in a Propane-Utilizing Bacterium, Gordonia sp. Strain TY-5▿

PubMed Central

Kotani, Tetsuya; Yurimoto, Hiroya; Kato, Nobuo; Sakai, Yasuyoshi

2007-01-01

In the propane-utilizing bacterium Gordonia sp. strain TY-5, propane was shown to be oxidized to 2-propanol and then further oxidized to acetone. In this study, the subsequent metabolism of acetone was studied. Acetone-induced proteins were found in extracts of cells induced by acetone, and a gene cluster designated acmAB was cloned on the basis of the N-terminal amino acid sequences of acetone-induced proteins. The acmA and acmB genes encode a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) and esterase, respectively. The BVMO encoded by acmA was purified from acetone-induced cells of Gordonia sp. strain TY-5 and characterized. The BVMO exhibited NADPH-dependent oxidation activity for linear ketones (C3 to C10) and cyclic ketones (C4 to C8). Escherichia coli expressing the acmA gene oxidized acetone to methyl acetate, and E. coli expressing the acmB gene hydrolyzed methyl acetate. Northern blot analyses revealed that polycistronic transcription of the acmAB gene cluster was induced by propane, 2-propanol, and acetone. These results indicate that the acmAB gene products play an important role in the metabolism of acetone derived from propane oxidation and clarify the propane metabolism pathway of strain TY-5 (propane → 2-propanol → acetone → methyl acetate → acetic acid + methanol). This paper provides the first evidence for BVMO-dependent acetone metabolism. PMID:17071761

Complex chemical composition of colored surface films formed from reactions of propanal in sulfuric acid at upper troposphere/lower stratosphere aerosol acidities.

PubMed

Van Wyngarden, A L; Pérez-Montaño, S; Bui, J V H; Li, E S W; Nelson, T E; Ha, K T; Leong, L; Iraci, L T

Particles in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) consist mostly of concentrated sulfuric acid (40-80 wt %) in water. However, airborne measurements have shown that these particles also contain a significant fraction of organic compounds of unknown chemical composition. Acid-catalyzed reactions of carbonyl species are believed to be responsible for significant transfer of gas phase organic species into tropospheric aerosols and are potentially more important at the high acidities characteristic of UT/LS particles. In this study, experiments combining sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) with propanal and with mixtures of propanal with glyoxal and/or methylglyoxal at acidities typical of UT/LS aerosols produced highly colored surface films (and solutions) that may have implications for aerosol properties. In order to identify the chemical processes responsible for the formation of the surface films, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies were used to analyze the chemical composition of the films. Films formed from propanal were a complex mixture of aldol condensation products, acetals and propanal itself. The major aldol condensation products were the dimer (2-methyl-2-pentenal) and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene that was formed by cyclization of the linear aldol condensation trimer. Additionally, the strong visible absorption of the films indicates that higher-order aldol condensation products must also be present as minor species. The major acetal species were 2,4,6-triethyl-1,3,5-trioxane and longer-chain linear polyacetals which are likely to separate from the aqueous phase. Films formed on mixtures of propanal with glyoxal and/or methylglyoxal also showed evidence of products of cross-reactions. Since cross-reactions would be more likely than self-reactions under atmospheric conditions, similar reactions of aldehydes like propanal with common aerosol organic species like glyoxal and methylglyoxal have the potential to produce significant organic aerosol mass and therefore could potentially impact chemical, optical and/or cloud-forming properties of aerosols, especially if the products partition to the aerosol surface.

Complex chemical composition of colored surface films formed from reactions of propanal in sulfuric acid at upper troposphere/lower stratosphere aerosol acidities

PubMed Central

Van Wyngarden, A. L.; Pérez-Montaño, S.; Bui, J. V. H.; Li, E. S. W.; Nelson, T. E.; Ha, K. T.; Leong, L.; Iraci, L. T.

2016-01-01

Particles in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) consist mostly of concentrated sulfuric acid (40–80 wt %) in water. However, airborne measurements have shown that these particles also contain a significant fraction of organic compounds of unknown chemical composition. Acid-catalyzed reactions of carbonyl species are believed to be responsible for significant transfer of gas phase organic species into tropospheric aerosols and are potentially more important at the high acidities characteristic of UT/LS particles. In this study, experiments combining sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with propanal and with mixtures of propanal with glyoxal and/or methylglyoxal at acidities typical of UT/LS aerosols produced highly colored surface films (and solutions) that may have implications for aerosol properties. In order to identify the chemical processes responsible for the formation of the surface films, attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies were used to analyze the chemical composition of the films. Films formed from propanal were a complex mixture of aldol condensation products, acetals and propanal itself. The major aldol condensation products were the dimer (2-methyl-2-pentenal) and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene that was formed by cyclization of the linear aldol condensation trimer. Additionally, the strong visible absorption of the films indicates that higher-order aldol condensation products must also be present as minor species. The major acetal species were 2,4,6-triethyl-1,3,5-trioxane and longer-chain linear polyacetals which are likely to separate from the aqueous phase. Films formed on mixtures of propanal with glyoxal and/or methylglyoxal also showed evidence of products of cross-reactions. Since cross-reactions would be more likely than self-reactions under atmospheric conditions, similar reactions of aldehydes like propanal with common aerosol organic species like glyoxal and methylglyoxal have the potential to produce significant organic aerosol mass and therefore could potentially impact chemical, optical and/or cloud-forming properties of aerosols, especially if the products partition to the aerosol surface. PMID:27212937

THE ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF POSITRONS IN $pi$$sup +$-$mu$$sup +$-e$sup +$ DECAY IN PROPANE (in Russian)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Alikhanyan, A.I.; Kirillov-Ugryumov, V.G.; Kotenko, L.P.

1958-01-01

In consideration of the wide use of propane bubble cameras, investigations were made of the angular distribution of electrons from pi /sup +/ -- mu /sup +/--e/sup +/ decay in propane to determine the possibility of using propane in angular correlation measurements of processes simlar to mu --e decay. The scheme of the experiment made with a bubble chamber of (7.2 x 6.5 x 16)cm/ dmensions bombarded by a 175-Mev pi -meson beam from a phasotron is described. (R.V.J.)

beta-Adrenoceptor blockers protect against staurosporine-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.

PubMed

Mikami, Maya; Goubaeva, Farida; Song, Joseph H; Lee, H T; Yang, Jay

2008-07-28

The beta-adrenoceptor blockers exhibit a well-characterized anti-apoptotic property in the heart and kidney while less is known about the effect of this class of drugs on neuronal apoptosis. We studied the effects of three beta-adrenoceptor blockers propranolol (1-(isoproplyamino)-3-(naphthalene-1-yloxy)propan-2-ol), atenolol (2-[4-[2-hydroxy-3-(1-methylethylamino)propoxyl]phenyl]ehanamide), and ICI 118551 (1-[2,3-(dihydro-7-methyl-1H-iden-4-yl)oxy]-3-[(1-methylethyl)amino]-2-butanol), against staurosporine-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Staurosporine increased caspase 3-like activity, DNA fragmentation, PARP cleavage, and the number of TUNEL positive cells consistent with the induction of apoptosis. Propranolol and ICI 118551, but not atenolol, demonstrated a concentration-dependent inhibition of caspase 3-like activity. Propranolol and ICI 118551 directly inhibited the enzymatic activity of recombinant caspase 9 while atenolol did not; however, none of the beta-adrenoceptor blockers that were examined directly blocked caspases 2 or 3 activity. In isolated mitochondria, propranolol and ICI 118551 inhibited staurosporine-induced cytochrome c release while atenolol did not. We conclude that propranolol and ICI 118551 protect SH-SY5Y cells against staurosporine-induced apoptosis through a dual action on the mitochondria and on caspase 9 in a cell type and an apoptotic paradigm where the conventional inhibitors of mitochondrial permeability transition such as cyclosporin A and bongkrekic acid demonstrate no protection.

Evaluation of various models of propane-powered mosquito traps.

PubMed

Kline, Daniel L

2002-06-01

Large cage and field studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of various models of propane-powered mosquito traps. These traps utilized counterflow technology in conjunction with catalytic combustion to produce attractants (carbon dioxide, water vapor, and heat) and a thermoelectric generator that converted excess heat into electricity for stand-alone operation. The cage studies showed that large numbers of Aedes aegypti and Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus were captured and that each progressive model resulted in increased trapping efficiency. In several field studies against natural populations of mosquitoes two different propane traps were compared against two other trap systems, the professional (PRO) and counterflow geometry (CFG) traps. In these studies the propane traps consistently caught more mosquitoes than the PRO trap and significantly fewer mosquitoes than the CFG traps. The difference in collection size between the CFG and propane traps was due mostly to Anopheles crucians. In spring 1997 the CFG trap captured 3.6X more An. crucians than the Portable Propane (PP) model and in spring 1998 it captured 6.3X more An. crucians than the Mosquito Magnet Beta-1 (MMB-1) trap. Both the PP and MMB-1 captured slightly more Culex spp. than the CFG trap.

High-mobility group box-1 as an autocrine trophic factor in white matter stroke.

PubMed

Choi, Jun Young; Cui, Yuexian; Chowdhury, Samma Tasneem; Kim, Byung Gon

2017-06-20

Maintenance of white matter integrity in health and disease is critical for a variety of neural functions. Ischemic stroke in the white matter frequently results in degeneration of oligodendrocytes (OLs) and myelin. Previously, we found that toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expressed in OLs provides cell-autonomous protective effects on ischemic OL death and demyelination in white matter stroke. Here, we identified high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) as an endogenous TLR2 ligand that promotes survival of OLs under ischemic stress. HMGB1 rapidly accumulated in the culture medium of OLs exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). This conditioned medium exhibited a protective activity against ischemic OL death that was completely abolished by immunodepletion of HMGB1. Knockdown of HMGB1 or application of glycyrrhizin, a specific HMGB1 inhibitor, aggravated OGD-induced OL death, and recombinant HMGB1 application reduced the extent of OL death in a TLR2-dependent manner. We confirmed that cytosolic translocation of HMGB1 and activation of TLR2-mediated signaling pathways occurred in a focal white matter stroke model induced by endothelin-1 injection. Animals with glycyrrhizin coinjection showed an expansion of the demyelinating lesion in a TLR2-dependent manner, accompanied by aggravation of sensorimotor behavioral deficits. These results indicate that HMGB1/TLR2 activates an autocrine trophic signaling pathways in OLs and myelin to maintain structural and functional integrity of the white matter under ischemic conditions.

Lithography exposure characteristics of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) for carbon, helium and hydrogen ions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Puttaraksa, Nitipon; Norarat, Rattanaporn; Laitinen, Mikko; Sajavaara, Timo; Singkarat, Somsorn; Whitlow, Harry J.

2012-02-01

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is a common polymer used as a lithographic resist for all forms of particle (photon, ion and electron) beam writing. Faithful lithographic reproduction requires that the exposure dose, Θ, lies in the window Θ0⩽Θ<Θ, where Θ0 and Θ represent the clearing and cross-linking onset doses, respectively. In this work we have used the programmable proximity aperture ion beam lithography systems in Chiang Mai and Jyväskylä to determine the exposure characteristics in terms of fluence for 2 MeV protons, 3 MeV 4He and 6 MeV 12C ions, respectively. After exposure the samples were developed in 7:3 by volume propan-2-ol:de-ionised water mixture. At low fluences, where the fluence is below the clearing fluence, the exposed regions were characterised by rough regions, particularly for He with holes around the ion tracks. As the fluence (dose) increases so that the dose exceeds the clearing dose, the PMMA is uniformly removed with sharp vertical walls. When Θ exceeds the cross-linking onset fluence, the bottom of the exposed regions show undissolved PMMA.

Pd-Ag Membrane Coupled to a Two-Zone Fluidized Bed Reactor (TZFBR) for Propane Dehydrogenation on a Pt-Sn/MgAl2O4 Catalyst

PubMed Central

Medrano, José-Antonio; Julián, Ignacio; Herguido, Javier; Menéndez, Miguel

2013-01-01

Several reactor configurations have been tested for catalytic propane dehydrogenation employing Pt-Sn/MgAl2O4 as a catalyst. Pd-Ag alloy membranes coupled to the multifunctional Two-Zone Fluidized Bed Reactor (TZFBR) provide an improvement in propane conversion by hydrogen removal from the reaction bed through the inorganic membrane in addition to in situ catalyst regeneration. Twofold process intensification is thereby achieved when compared to the use of traditional fluidized bed reactors (FBR), where coke formation and thermodynamic equilibrium represent important process limitations. Experiments were carried out at 500–575 °C and with catalyst mass to molar flow of fed propane ratios between 15.1 and 35.2 g min mmol−1, employing three different reactor configurations: FBR, TZFBR and TZFBR + Membrane (TZFBR + MB). The results in the FBR showed catalyst deactivation, which was faster at high temperatures. In contrast, by employing the TZFBR with the optimum regenerative agent flow (diluted oxygen), the process activity was sustained throughout the time on stream. The TZFBR + MB showed promising results in catalytic propane dehydrogenation, displacing the reaction towards higher propylene production and giving the best results among the different reactor configurations studied. Furthermore, the results obtained in this study were better than those reported on conventional reactors. PMID:24958620

Propane Update.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brantner, Max

1984-01-01

Reports on a northern Illinois school bus fleet converted to propane fuel in 1981 and 1982. Includes tables showing, first, total annual fuel costs before and after conversion and, second, fuel efficiency for 16 buses using propane and three using gasoline. Notes precautions for propane use. (MCG)

Volatile organic compounds in a residential and commercial urban area with a diesel, compressed natural gas and oxygenated gasoline vehicular fleet.

PubMed

Martins, Eduardo Monteiro; Arbilla, Graciela; Gatti, Luciana Vanni

2010-02-01

Air samples were collected in a typical residential and commercial area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where buses and trucks use diesel and light duty vehicles use compressed natural gas, ethanol, and gasohol (gasoline blended with ethanol) as fuel. A total of 66 C3-C12 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified. The most abundant compounds, on a mass concentration basis, included propane, isobutane, i-pentane, m,p-xylene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, toluene, styrene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, o-xylene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene. Two VOCs photochemical reactivity rankings are presented: one involves reaction with OH and the other involves production of ozone.

Theoretical insights into the sites and mechanisms for base catalyzed esterification and aldol condensation reactions over Cu.

PubMed

Neurock, Matthew; Tao, Zhiyuan; Chemburkar, Ashwin; Hibbitts, David D; Iglesia, Enrique

2017-04-28

Condensation and esterification are important catalytic routes in the conversion of polyols and oxygenates derived from biomass to fuels and chemical intermediates. Previous experimental studies show that alkanal, alkanol and hydrogen mixtures equilibrate over Cu/SiO 2 and form surface alkoxides and alkanals that subsequently promote condensation and esterification reactions. First-principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out herein to elucidate the elementary paths and the corresponding energetics for the interconversion of propanal + H 2 to propanol and the subsequent C-C and C-O bond formation paths involved in aldol condensation and esterification of these mixtures over model Cu surfaces. Propanal and hydrogen readily equilibrate with propanol via C-H and O-H addition steps to form surface propoxide intermediates and equilibrated propanal/propanol mixtures. Surface propoxides readily form via low energy paths involving a hydrogen addition to the electrophilic carbon center of the carbonyl of propanal or via a proton transfer from an adsorbed propanol to a vicinal propanal. The resulting propoxide withdraws electron density from the surface and behaves as a base catalyzing the activation of propanal and subsequent esterification and condensation reactions. These basic propoxides can readily abstract the acidic C α -H of propanal to produce the CH 3 CH (-) CH 2 O* enolate, thus initiating aldol condensation. The enolate can subsequently react with a second adsorbed propanal to form a C-C bond and a β-alkoxide alkanal intermediate. The β-alkoxide alkanal can subsequently undergo facile hydride transfer to form the 2-formyl-3-pentanone intermediate that decarbonylates to give the 3-pentanone product. Cu is unique in that it rapidly catalyzes the decarbonylation of the C 2n intermediates to form C 2n-1 3-pentanone as the major product with very small yields of C 2n products. This is likely due to the absence of Brønsted acid sites, present on metal oxide catalysts, that rapidly catalyze dehydration of the hemiacetal or hemiacetalate over decarbonylation. The basic surface propoxide that forms on Cu can also attack the carbonyl of a surface propanal to form propyl propionate. Theoretical results indicate that the rates for both aldol condensation and esterification are controlled by reactions between surface propoxide and propanal intermediates. In the condensation reaction, the alkoxide abstracts the weakly acidic hydrogen of the C α -H of the adsorbed alkanal to form the surface enolate whereas in the esterification reaction the alkoxide nucleophilically attacks the carbonyl group of a vicinal bound alkanal. As both condensation and esterification involve reactions between the same two species in the rate-limiting step, they result in the same rate expression which is consistent with experimental results. The theoretical results indicate that the barriers between condensation and esterification are within 3 kJ mol -1 of one another with esterification being slightly more favored. Experimental results also report small differences in the activation barriers but suggest that condensation is slightly preferred.

75 FR 13123 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Representative Average Unit Costs of Energy

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-18

... electricity, natural gas, No. 2 heating oil, propane, and kerosene. DATES: The representative average unit... after-tax costs for electricity, natural gas, No. 2 heating oil, and propane are based on simulations... million Btu As required by test Type of energy \\1\\ In commonly used terms procedure Electricity $33.70 11...

76 FR 13168 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Representative Average Unit Costs of Energy

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-10

... electricity, natural gas, No. 2 heating oil, propane, and kerosene. DATES: The representative average unit... after-tax costs for electricity, natural gas, No. 2 heating oil, and propane are based on simulations... million As required by Type of energy Btu \\1\\ In commonly used terms test procedure Electricity $34.14 11...

40 CFR 98.408 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Suppliers of Natural Gas and Natural Gas Liquids § 98.408 Definitions. All terms...) Natural Gas 1.027 MMBtu/Mscf 53.02 Propane 3.836 MMBtu/bbl 63.02 Normal butane 4.326 MMBtu/bbl 64.93... Unit Default CO2 emission value(MT CO2/Unit) Natural Gas Mscf 0.054452 Propane Barrel 0.241745 Normal...

Infrared absorption cross sections of propane broadened by hydrogen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wong, A.; Hargreaves, R. J.; Billinghurst, B.; Bernath, P. F.

2017-09-01

Fourier transform infrared absorption cross-sections of pure propane (C3H8) and propane broadened with H2 have been calculated from transmittance spectra recorded at temperatures from 292 K to 205 K. Transmittance spectra were recorded at the Canadian Light Source (CLS) Far-Infrared beamline, utilizing both the synchrotron source and the internal glowbar source. The absorption cross-sections have been calibrated to Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) reference cross-sections of propane and can be used to interpret astronomical observations of giant planets such as Jupiter and Saturn as well as exoplanets.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Vehicle Availability

Science.gov Websites

Availability to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Vehicle Availability on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Vehicle Availability on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Vehicle Availability on Google Bookmark Alternative Fuels

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Vehicle Conversions

Science.gov Websites

Conversions to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Vehicle Conversions on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Vehicle Conversions on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Vehicle Conversions on Google Bookmark Alternative Fuels

Catalytic properties of the VO x /Ce0.46Zr0.54O2 oxide system in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Turakulova, A. O.; Kharlanov, A. N.; Levanov, A. V.; Isaikina, O. Ya.; Lunin, V. V.

2017-01-01

Ce0.46Zr0.54O2 solid solution prepared using a cellulose template was employed as a carrier for vanadium catalysts of the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. The properties of VO x /Ce0.46Zr0.54O2 catalyst (5 wt % vanadium) are compared with the properties of the neat support. The carrier and catalyst are studied by means of BET, SEM, DTA, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that the CeVO4 phase responsible for the ODH process is formed upon interaction between vanadate ions and cerium ions on the surface of the solid solution. The catalytic properties of the catalyst and the support are studied in the propane oxidation reaction at temperatures of 450 and 500°C with pulse feeding of the reagent. It is found that the complete oxidation of propane occurs on the support with formation of CO2 and H2O. Three products (propene, CO2, and H2O) form in the presence of the vanadium catalyst. It is suggested that there are two types of catalytic centers on the catalyst's surface. It is concluded that the centers responsible for the complete oxidation of propane are concentrated mainly on the carrier, while the centers responsible for propane ODH are on the CeVO4.

Main-group compounds selectively oxidize mixtures of methane, ethane, and propane to alcohol esters.

PubMed

Hashiguchi, Brian G; Konnick, Michael M; Bischof, Steven M; Gustafson, Samantha J; Devarajan, Deepa; Gunsalus, Niles; Ess, Daniel H; Periana, Roy A

2014-03-14

Much of the recent research on homogeneous alkane oxidation has focused on the use of transition metal catalysts. Here, we report that the electrophilic main-group cations thallium(III) and lead(IV) stoichiometrically oxidize methane, ethane, and propane, separately or as a one-pot mixture, to corresponding alcohol esters in trifluoroacetic acid solvent. Esters of methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, isopropanol, and propylene glycol are obtained with greater than 95% selectivity in concentrations up to 1.48 molar within 3 hours at 180°C. Experiment and theory support a mechanism involving electrophilic carbon-hydrogen bond activation to generate metal alkyl intermediates. We posit that the comparatively high reactivity of these d(10) main-group cations relative to transition metals stems from facile alkane coordination at vacant sites, enabled by the overall lability of the ligand sphere and the absence of ligand field stabilization energies in systems with filled d-orbitals.

Mechanisms for the dehydrogenation of alkanes on platinum: insights gained from the reactivity of gaseous cluster cations, Ptn + n=1-21.

PubMed

Adlhart, Christian; Uggerud, Einar

2007-01-01

Rates for the dihydrogen elimination of methane, ethane, and propane with cationic platinum clusters, Pt(n) (+) (1

Bio-electrochemical remediation of real field petroleum sludge as an electron donor with simultaneous power generation facilitates biotransformation of PAH: effect of substrate concentration.

PubMed

Chandrasekhar, K; Venkata Mohan, S

2012-04-01

Remediation of real-field petroleum sludge was studied under self-induced electrogenic microenvironment with the function of variable organic loads (OLs) in bio-electrochemical treatment (BET) systems. Operation under various OLs documented marked influence on both electrogenic activity and remediation efficiency. Both total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and its aromatic fraction documented higher removal with OL4 operation followed by OL3, OL2, OL1 and control. Self-induced biopotential and associated multiple bio-electrocatalytic reactions during BET operation facilitated biotransformation of higher ring aromatics (5-6) to lower ring aromatic (2-3) compounds. Asphaltenes and NSO fractions showed negligible removal during BET operation. Higher electrogenic activity was recorded at OL1 (343mV; 53.11mW/m(2), 100Ω) compared to other three OLs operation. Bioaugmentation to anodic microflora with anaerobic culture documented enhanced electrogenic activity at OL4 operation. Voltammetric profiles, Tafel analysis and VFA generation were in agreement with the observed power generation and degradation efficiency. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Baton Rouge School District Adds Propane

Science.gov Websites

Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of a school bus Michigan Transports Students Vehicles June 8, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Electric Trucks Alternative Fuels Oct. 16, 2010 Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia Schools Feb. 25, 2010 MedCorp Fuels

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Boston Public Schools Moves to Propane

Science.gov Websites

Efficiency March 8, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of a school bus to Alternative Fuel Vehicles June 8, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov National Park Commits to Alternative Fuels Oct. 16, 2010 Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia Schools Feb

Methane, Ethane, and Propane Sensor for Real-time Leak Detection and Diagnostics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roscioli, Joseph R.; Herndon, Scott; Nelson, David D.

2017-03-24

The Phase I effort demonstrated the technical viability of a fast, sensitive, mobile hydrocarbon monitor. The instrument will enable the oil and gas industry, researchers, and regulators to rapidly identify and chemically profile leaks from facilities. This capability will allow operators to quickly narrow down and mitigate probable leaking equipment, minimizing product loss and penalties due to regulatory non-compliance. During the initial development phase, we demonstrated operation of a prototype monitor that is capable of measuring methane, ethane, and propane at sub-part-per-billion sensitivities in 1 second, using direct absorption infrared spectroscopy. To our knowledge, this is the first instrument capablemore » of fast propane measurements at atmospheric concentrations. In addition, the electrical requirements of the monitor have been reduced from the 1,200 W typical of a spectrometer, to <500 W, making it capable of being powered by a passenger vehicle, and easily deployed by the industry. The prototype monitor leverages recent advances in laser technology, using high-efficiency interband cascade lasers to access the 3 μm region of the mid-infrared, where the methane, ethane, and propane absorptions are strongest. Combined with established spectrometer technology, we have achieved precisions below 200 ppt for each compound. This allows the monitor to measure fast plumes from oil and gas facilities, as well as ambient background concentrations (typical ambient levels are 2 ppm, 1.5 ppb, and 0.7 ppb for methane, ethane and propane, respectively). Increases in instrument operating pressure were studied in order to allow for a smaller 125 W pump to be used, and passive cooling was explored to reduce the cooling load by almost 90% relative to active (refrigerated) cooling. In addition, the simulated infrared absorption profiles of ethane and propane were modified to minimize crosstalk between species, achieving <1% crosstalk between ethane and propane. Finally, a monitor was designed based upon the commercial compact mini-spectrometer capable of dual-laser operation. We intend to build and test this during phase II. Multiple opportunities for improvement were also identified. First, the reported ethane and propane concentrations are susceptible to external acceleration acting upon the instrument. During phase II we will address this “motion-sickness”. Second, significant software development will be needed operate the monitor at 1 second resolution in real time, and provide rapid, actionable data to a driver or passenger.« less

Solid-state NMR on bacterial cells: selective cell wall signal enhancement and resolution improvement using dynamic nuclear polarization.

PubMed

Takahashi, Hiroki; Ayala, Isabel; Bardet, Michel; De Paëpe, Gaël; Simorre, Jean-Pierre; Hediger, Sabine

2013-04-03

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhanced solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has recently emerged as a powerful technique for the study of material surfaces. In this study, we demonstrate its potential to investigate cell surface in intact cells. Using Bacillus subtilis bacterial cells as an example, it is shown that the polarizing agent 1-(TEMPO-4-oxy)-3-(TEMPO-4-amino)propan-2-ol (TOTAPOL) has a strong binding affinity to cell wall polymers (peptidoglycan). This particular interaction is thoroughly investigated with a systematic study on extracted cell wall materials, disrupted cells, and entire cells, which proved that TOTAPOL is mainly accumulating in the cell wall. This property is used on one hand to selectively enhance or suppress cell wall signals by controlling radical concentrations and on the other hand to improve spectral resolution by means of a difference spectrum. Comparing DNP-enhanced and conventional solid-state NMR, an absolute sensitivity ratio of 24 was obtained on the entire cell sample. This important increase in sensitivity together with the possibility of enhancing specifically cell wall signals and improving resolution really opens new avenues for the use of DNP-enhanced solid-state NMR as an on-cell investigation tool.

Kinetics of Hydrogen Oxidation Downstream of Lean Propane and Hydrogen Flames

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fine, Burton

1961-01-01

The decay of hydrogen was measured downstream of lean, flat, premixed hydrogen and propane-air flames seated on cooled porous burners. Experimental variables included temperature, pressure, initial equivalence ratio and diluent. Sampling of burned gas was done through uncooled quartz orifice probes, and the analysis was based on gas chromatography. An approximate treatment of the data in which diffusion was neglected led to the following rate expression for the zone downstream of hydrogen flames d[H (sub 2)] divided by (d times t) equals 1.7 times 10 (sup 10) [H (sub 2)] (sup 3) divided by (sub 2) [O (sub 2)]e (sup (-8100 divided by RT)) moles per liters per second. On the basis of a rate expression of this form, the specific rate constant for the reaction downstream of hydrogen flames was about three times as great as that determined downstream of propane flames. This result was explained on the basis of the existence of a steady state between hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the burned gas downstream of propane flames.

Propane fear

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Begley, R.

1992-02-12

A minor feature of a Congressional energy bill is causing consternation for a number of propane-consuming chemical companies. The firms are fighting the bill`s inclusion of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) on a list of alternative fuels that can be used to meet its urban fleet vehicles requirements. The firms fear that this added use would drive up the price of propane-an LPG-for homeowners, farmers, and themselves. Speaking for the Propane Consumers Coalition, a Dow Chemical spokesman says 7.7 million households use propane, as does agriculture, and current demand is such that December saw a 23-year low in US inventories. Themore » US depends on imports of propane, he says, and about half the propane sold in the US is derived from the refining of oil, much of which is also imported. Adding demand for vehicle fuel would drive up imports and process, the spokesman says, thereby damaging all users, including the petrochemical industry.« less

Analysis of Ignition Behavior in a Turbocharged Direct Injection Dual Fuel Engine Using Propane and Methane as Primary Fuels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Polk, A. C.; Gibson, C. M.; Shoemaker, N. T.

2013-05-24

This paper presents experimental analyses of the ignition delay (ID) behavior for diesel-ignited propane and diesel-ignited methane dual fuel combustion. Two sets of experiments were performed at a constant speed (1800 rev/min) using a 4-cylinder direct injection diesel engine with the stock ECU and a wastegated turbocharger. First, the effects of fuel-air equivalence ratios (© pilot ¼ 0.2-0.6 and © overall ¼ 0.2-0.9) on IDs were quantified. Second, the effects of gaseous fuel percent energy substitution (PES) and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) (from 2.5 to 10 bar) on IDs were investigated. With constant © pilot (> 0.5), increasing ©more » overall with propane initially decreased ID but eventually led to premature propane autoignition; however, the corresponding effects with methane were relatively minor. Cyclic variations in the start of combustion (SOC) increased with increasing © overall (at constant © pilot), more significantly for propane than for methane. With increasing PES at constant BMEP, the ID showed a nonlinear (initially increasing and later decreasing) trend at low BMEPs for propane but a linearly decreasing trend at high BMEPs. For methane, increasing PES only increased IDs at all BMEPs. At low BMEPs, increasing PES led to significantly higher cyclic SOC variations and SOC advancement for both propane and methane. Finally, the engine ignition delay (EID) was also shown to be a useful metric to understand the influence of ID on dual fuel combustion.« less

. . . While Others Conserve Cash by Converting from Gasoline to Propane.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rasmussen, Scott A.

1988-01-01

Since 1983, when the David Douglas Public Schools (Portland, Oregon) converted 30 buses to propane fuel, the district has saved $75,000 in fuel and maintenance costs. Propane is priced consistently lower than gasoline and burns cleaner. Since propane engines do not require a carburetor, there are fewer maintenance problems. (MLH)

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia

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Schools Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia Schools to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia Schools on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia Schools on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane

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Vans Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Michigan School Buses Get Rolling on Propane

Science.gov Websites

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Microbial synthesis of propane by engineering valine pathway and aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase.

PubMed

Zhang, Lei; Liang, Yajing; Wu, Wei; Tan, Xiaoming; Lu, Xuefeng

2016-01-01

Propane, a major component of liquid petroleum gas (LPG) derived from fossil fuels, has widespread applications in vehicles, cooking, and ambient heating. Given the concerns about fossil fuel depletion and carbon emission, exploiting alternative and renewable source of propane have become attractive. In this study, we report the construction of a novel propane biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli. We constructed an aldehyde reductases (ALR)-deprived E. coli strain BW25113(DE3) Δ13 via genetic engineering, which produced sufficient isobutyraldehyde precursors and finally achieved de novo synthesis of propane (91 μg/L) by assembling the engineered valine pathway and cyanobacterial aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase (ADO). Additionally, after extensive screening of ADO mutants generated by engineering the active center to accommodate branched-chain isobutyraldehyde, we identified two ADO mutants (I127G, I127G/A48G) which exhibited higher catalytic activity for isobutyraldehyde and improved propane productivity by three times (267 μg/L). The propane biosynthetic pathway constructed here through the engineered valine pathway can produce abundant isobutyraldehyde for ADO and overcome the low availability of precursors in propane production. Furthermore, the rational design aiming at the ADO active center illustrates the plasticity and catalytic potential of ADO. These results together highlight the potential for developing a microbial biomanufacturing platform for propane.

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

alternative fuels as propane, natural gas, liquefied hydrogen, liquid fuel derived from coal through the Fischer-Tropsch process, liquid hydrocarbons derived from biomass, and P-Series fuels. Biodiesel, ethanol ;hydrocarbons" includes liquids that contain oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon and as such "liquid

Chemical Constituents of Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb Fruit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suryanti, V.; Marliyana, S. D.; Astuti, I. Y.

2017-04-01

The phytochemical screening conducted on ethanol extract of Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb’s fruit revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, carotenoids and terpenoids and the absence of flavonoids, tannins and anthraquinones. The GC-MS of the analysis L. acutangula (L.) Roxb’s fraction resulted in the identification of six compounds. The compounds that could be identified were 2,3-dihydro,3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-(4H)-pyran-4-one; 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol; (3β, 20R)-cholest-5-en-3-ol; n-hexadecanoic acid; 9, 12, 15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester and citronellyl tiglate. The present study provides evidence that L. acutangula’s fruit contains medicinally important bioactive compounds and this justifies the possibly use of these fruits as traditional medicine for treatment of various diseases.

Methionine catabolism and production of volatile sulphur compounds by OEnococcus oeni.

PubMed

Pripis-Nicolau, L; de Revel, G; Bertrand, A; Lonvaud-Funel, A

2004-01-01

During malolactic fermentation (MLF), the secondary metabolisms of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) contribute to the organoleptic modification of wine. To understand the contribution of MLF, we evaluated the capacity of various wine LAB to metabolize methionine. Using gas chromatography (GC) coupled either with mass spectrometry (MS) or a flame photometry detector in sulphur mode (FPD), we studied this metabolism in laboratory media and wine. In laboratory media, several LAB isolated from wine were able to metabolize methionine. They formed methanethiol, dimethyl disulphide, 3-(methylsulphanyl)propan-1-ol and 3-(methylsulphanyl)propionic acid. These are known to have powerful characteristic odours and play a role in the aromatic complexity of wine. In various red wines, after MLF only the 3-(methylsulphanyl)propionic acid concentration increased significantly, as verified with several commercial starter cultures. This compound, which is characterized by chocolate and roasted odours, could contribute to the aromatic complexity produced by MLF. This study shows that LAB isolated from wine, especially OEnococcus oeni strains, the major species in MLF, are able to metabolize methionine to form volatile sulphur compounds. This is the first study to demonstrate the capacity of wine LAB to metabolize methionine.

Efficacy of CMX001 as a Prophylactic and Presymptomatic Antiviral Agent in New Zealand White Rabbits Infected with Rabbitpox Virus, a Model for Orthopoxvirus Infections of Humans

PubMed Central

Rice, Amanda D.; Adams, Mathew M.; Lampert, Bernhard; Foster, Scott; Lanier, Randall; Robertson, Alice; Painter, George; Moyer, Richard W.

2011-01-01

CMX001, a lipophilic nucleotide analog formed by covalently linking 3-(hexdecyloxy)propan-1-ol to cidofovir (CDV), is being developed as a treatment for smallpox. CMX001 has dramatically increased potency versus CDV against all dsDNA viruses and, in contrast to CDV, is orally available and has shown no evidence of nephrotoxicity in healthy volunteers or severely ill transplant patients to date. Although smallpox has been eliminated from the environment, treatments are urgently being sought due to the risk of smallpox being used as a bioterrorism agent and for monkeypox virus, a zoonotic disease of Africa, and adverse reactions to smallpox virus vaccinations. In the absence of human cases of smallpox, new treatments must be tested for efficacy in animal models. Here we first review and discuss the rabbitpox virus (RPV) infection of New Zealand White rabbits as a model for smallpox to test the efficacy of CMX001 as a prophylactic and early disease antiviral. Our results should also be applicable to monkeypox virus infections and for treatment of adverse reactions to smallpox vaccination. PMID:21369346

Extraction and identification of bioactive components in Sida cordata (Burm.f.) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Ganesh, Mani; Mohankumar, Murugan

2017-09-01

Sida cordata (Burm.f.) is a pineal tropical plant in the family Malvaceae that is found throughout India and used to treat various diseases and ailments in many complementary and alternative medicine systems. This study identified the bioactive components present in whole-plant ethanol extracts of S . cordata using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Based on their retention times (RT) and mass-to-charge ratios (m/z), 29 bioactive compounds were identified: nonanoic acid, vitamin D 3 , 3-trifluroacetoxypentadecane, α-d-glucopyranoside, O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.3)-α-d-fructofuranosyl,3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecan-1-ol, octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, phytol, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (E,E), 9,12,15-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (Z,Z,Z), oleic acid, 1,2-15,16-diepoxyhexadecane, 3-hexadecyloxycarbonyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylimidazolium ion, methoxyacetic acid, 4-tetradecyl ester, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester, 1-iodo-2-methylundecane, dodecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl-, 2-piperidinone-N-[4-bromo-n-butyl]-, squalene, octadecane-1-(ethenyloxy)-, Z,Z-2,5-pentadecadien-1-ol, 1-hexadecanol, 2-methyl-, spiro[androst-5ene-17,1'-cyclobutan]-2'-one-3-hydroxy-, (3a,17a)-, diethylene glycol monododecyl ether, vitamin E, cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene-, (3a,5a)-, 2H-pyran, 2-(7-heptadecynyloxy)tetrahydro-, and cis -Z-α-bisabolene epoxide. The presence of various bioactive compounds justifies the use of this plant for treating various ailments by traditional practitioners.

2. View of Liquified Propane Air Plant (New), former Exhaust ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. View of Liquified Propane Air Plant (New), former Exhaust and Compressor Building and former Purifying Plant in background. - Concord Gas Light Company, South Main Street, Concord, Merrimack County, NH

Role of calcium in nitric oxide-induced cytotoxicity: EGTA protects mouse oligodendrocytes.

PubMed

Boullerne, A I; Nedelkoska, L; Benjamins, J A

2001-01-15

Active nitrogen species are overproduced in inflammatory brain lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). NO has been shown to mediate the death of oligodendrocytes (OLs), a primary target of damage in MS. To develop strategies to protect OLs, we examined the mechanisms of cytotoxicity of two NO donors, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on mature mouse OLs. Nitrosonium ion (NO+) rather than NO. mediates damage with both SNAP and SNP, as shown by significant protection with hemoglobin (HbO2), but not with the NO. scavenger PTIO. SNAP and SNP differ in time course and mechanisms of killing OLs. With SNAP, OL death is delayed for at least 6 hr, but with SNP, OL death is continuous over 18 hr with no delay. Relative to NO release, SNP is more toxic than SNAP, due to synergism of NO with cyanide released by SNP. SNAP elicits a Ca2+ influx in over half of the OLs within min. Further, OL death due to NO release from SNAP is Ca2+-dependent, because the Ca2+ chelator EGTA protects OLs from killing by SNAP, and also from killing by the NONOates NOC-9 and NOC-18, which spontaneously release NO. SNP does not elicit a Ca2+ influx, and EGTA is not protective. In comparison to the N20.1 OL cell line (Boullerne et al., [1999] J. Neurochem. 72:1050-1060), mature OLs are (1) more sensitive to SNAP, (2) much more resistant to SNP, (3) sensitive to cyanide, but not iron, and (4) exhibit a Ca2+ influx and EGTA protection in response to NO generated by SNAP. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Photodissociation dynamics of propanal and isobutanal: The Norrish Type I pathway

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harrison, Aaron W.; Kable, Scott H.

2018-04-01

The Norrish Type I photodissociation of two aliphatic aldehydes, propanal and isobutanal, has been investigated using velocity-map imaging. The HCO photoproduct of this reaction was probed using a 1+1 resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization scheme via the 3p2Π Rydberg state. The velocity map images of HCO+ were collected across a range of photolysis energies for both species from 30 500 to 33 000 cm-1 (λ = 312-327 nm). The corresponding translational energy distributions show that the majority of the available energy goes into the translational motion of the products (55%-68%) with this fraction increasing as the T1 barrier is approached. Analysis of the translational energy distributions was also used to determine the aldehyde α C-C bond dissociation energies which were found to be 339.8 ± 2.5 and 331.2 ± 2.5 kJ/mol for propanal and isobutanal, respectively. These values were also found to be in good agreement with the computed dissociation energies using G4 and CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//M062X/aug-cc-pVTZ levels of theory. Furthermore, these dissociation energies, combined with the known ΔfH (0 K) of the reaction products, provided the ΔfH (0 K) of propanal and isobutanal which were calculated to be -167.3 ± 2.5 and -184.0 ± 2.5 kJ/mol, respectively.

40 CFR 86.121-90 - Hydrocarbon analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... used operating range with propane in air calibration gases (either methanol or methane in air as... response factor to methane. When the FID analyzer is to be used for the analysis of gasoline, diesel, methanol, ethanol, liquefied petroleum gas, and natural gas-fueled vehicle hydrocarbon samples, the methane...

40 CFR 86.121-90 - Hydrocarbon analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... used operating range with propane in air calibration gases (either methanol or methane in air as... response factor to methane. When the FID analyzer is to be used for the analysis of gasoline, diesel, methanol, ethanol, liquefied petroleum gas, and natural gas-fueled vehicle hydrocarbon samples, the methane...

40 CFR 86.121-90 - Hydrocarbon analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... used operating range with propane in air calibration gases (either methanol or methane in air as... response factor to methane. When the FID analyzer is to be used for the analysis of gasoline, diesel, methanol, ethanol, liquefied petroleum gas, and natural gas-fueled vehicle hydrocarbon samples, the methane...

Synthesis, crystal structure, and spectroscopic characterization of trans-bis[(mu-1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane)(mu-(3-thiopheneacetate-O))(3-thiopheneacetate-O)]dicopper(II), [[Cu2(O2CCH2C4H3S)4mu-(BPP)2

PubMed

Marinho, Maria Vanda; Yoshida, Maria Irene; Guedes, Kassilio J; Krambrock, Klaus; Bortoluzzi, Adailton J; Hörner, Manfredo; Machado, Flávia C; Teles, Wagner M

2004-02-23

From the reaction between a dinuclear paddle-wheel carboxylate, namely [Cu2mu-(O2CCH2C4H3S)4] (1), and the flexible ligand 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane (BPP) a neutral 2-D coordination polymer [[Cu2(O2CCH2C4H3S)4mu-(BPP)2

Neuroprotective Effects of a Novel Single Compound 1-Methoxyoctadecan-1-ol Isolated from Uncaria sinensis in Primary Cortical Neurons and a Photothrombotic Ischemia Model

PubMed Central

Kim, Ha Neui; Kim, Yu Ri; Hong, Jin Woo; Bae, Dong Won; Park, Se Jin; Shin, Hwa Kyoung; Choi, Byung Tae

2014-01-01

We identified a novel neuroprotective compound, 1-methoxyoctadecan-1-ol, from Uncaria sinensis (Oliv.) Havil and investigated its effects and mechanisms in primary cortical neurons and in a photothrombotic ischemic model. In primary rat cortical neurons against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity, pretreatment with 1-methoxyoctadecan-1-ol resulted in significantly reduced neuronal death in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, treatment with 1-methoxyoctadecan-1-ol resulted in decreased neuronal apoptotic death, as assessed by nuclear morphological approaches. To clarify the neuroprotective mechanism of 1-methoxyoctadecan-1-ol, we explored the downstream signaling pathways of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) with calpain activation. Treatment with glutamate leads to early activation of NMDAR, which in turn leads to calpain-mediated cleavage of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) and subsequent activation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). However, pretreatment with 1-methoxyoctadecan-1-ol resulted in significantly attenuated activation of GluN2B-NMDAR and a decrease in calpain-mediated STEP cleavage, leading to subsequent attenuation of p38 MAPK activation. We confirmed the critical role of p38 MAPK in neuroprotective effects of 1-methoxyoctadecan-1-ol using specific inhibitor SB203580. In the photothrombotic ischemic injury in mice, treatment with 1-methoxyoctadecan-1-ol resulted in significantly reduced infarct volume, edema size, and improved neurological function. 1-methoxyoctadecan-1-ol effectively prevents cerebral ischemic damage through down-regulation of calpain-mediated STEP cleavage and activation of p38 MAPK. These results suggest that 1-methoxyoctadecan-1-ol showed neuroprotective effects through down-regulation of calpain-mediated STEP cleavage with activation of GluN2B-NMDAR, and subsequent alleviation of p38 MAPK activation. In addition, 1-methoxyoctadecan-1-ol might be a useful therapeutic agent for brain disorder such as ischemic stroke. PMID:24416390

Alternative Fuels Data Center: How Do Bi-fuel Propane Vehicles Work?

Science.gov Websites

Vehicles Work? Bi-fuel propane vehicles typically use a spark-ignited internal combustion engine. A bi-fuel stored on board and the driver can switch between the fuels. The vehicle is equipped with fuel tanks Propane vehicle image Key Components of a Bi-fuel Propane Vehicle Battery: The battery provides

Cellular Lipids of a Nocardia Grown on Propane and n-Butane

PubMed Central

Davis, J. B.

1964-01-01

Lipid fractions of propane- and n-butane-grown nocardial cells each contain a chloroform-soluble, ether-insoluble polymer not observed previously in liquid n-alkane-grown cells. The polymer in propane-grown cells is poly-β-hydroxybutyrate. The polymer in n-butane-grown cells apparently contains unsaturation in the molecule, and is identified tentatively as a co-polymer of β-hydroxybutyric and β-hydroxybutenoic (specifically 3-hydroxy 2-butenoic) acids. The other major component of the lipid fraction consists of triglycerides containing principally palmitic and stearic acids. There seems to be little qualitative distinction in the glycerides of propane- or n-butane-grown cells. Oxidative assimilation of n-butane is described. PMID:14199017

Ethylidene-bridged Flavan-3-ols in red wine and correlation with wine age.

PubMed

Drinkine, Jessica; Lopes, Paulo; Kennedy, James A; Teissedre, Pierre-Louis; Saucier, Cedric

2007-07-25

Condensed tannins are responsible for astringency and bitterness and participate in the color stability of red wines. During wine making and aging, they undergo chemical changes including, for example, acetaldehyde-induced polymerization. Following this study, the ethylidene-bridged flavan-3-ols were monitored in different vintage wines made from grapes collected in the same vineyard in three wineries in Bordeaux, Pauillac, and Saint Julien. Flavan-3-ol ethylidene bridges were quantified by wine 2,2'-ethylidenediphloroglucinol (EDP) phloroglucinolysis. This method was based upon the analysis of EDP, a product formed after acid-catalyzed cleavage of wine flavan-3-ols in the presence of excess phloroglucinol. The flavan-3-ol ethylidene bridges were then compared to flavan-3-ol contents (phloroglucinolysis), phenolic contents, and color measurements. Low amounts of flavan-3-ol ethylidene bridges (0.8-2.5 mg L(-1)) were quantified in wines. Flavan-3-ol ethylidene bridges represent less than 4% of flavan-3-ol bonds, but the proportion of these linkages relative to native interflavan bonds increased with wine age. This proportion correlated with pigmented polymers.

Night-time tropospheric chemistry of the unsaturated alcohols ( Z)-pent-2-en-1-ol and pent-1-en-3-ol: Kinetic studies of reactions of NO 3 and N 2O 5 with stress-induced plant emissions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pfrang, Christian; Baeza Romero, Maria T.; Cabanas, Beatriz; Canosa-Mas, Carlos E.; Villanueva, Florentina; Wayne, Richard P.

The night-time tropospheric chemistry of two stress-induced volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ( Z)-pent-2-en-1-ol and pent-1-en-3-ol, has been studied at room temperature. Rate coefficients for reactions of the nitrate radical (NO 3) with these pentenols were measured using the discharge-flow technique. Because of the relatively low volatility of these compounds, we employed off-axis continuous-wave cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy for detection of NO 3 in order to be able to work in pseudo first-order conditions with the pentenols in large excess over NO 3. The rate coefficients were determined to be (1.53±0.23)×10 -13 and (1.39±0.19)×10 -14 cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 for reactions of NO 3 with ( Z)-pent-2-en-1-ol and pent-1-en-3-ol. An attempt to study the kinetics of these reactions with a relative-rate technique, using N 2O 5 as source of NO 3 resulted in significantly higher apparent rate coefficients. Performing relative-rate experiments in known excesses of NO 2 allowed us to determine the rate coefficients for the N 2O 5 reactions to be (5.0±2.8)×10 -19 cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 for ( Z)-pent-2-en-1-ol, and (9.1±5.8)×10 -19 cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 for pent-1-en-3-ol. We show that these relatively slow reactions can indeed interfere with rate determinations in conventional relative-rate experiments.

Fluorometric detection of nitroaromatics by fluorescent lead complexes: A spectroscopic assessment of detection mechanism

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chattopadhyay, Tanmay; Chatterjee, Sourav; Majumder, Ishani; Ghosh, Soumen; Yoon, Sangee; Sim, Eunji

2018-04-01

Three Schiff base ligands such as 2-[(2-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzylidene)-amino]-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (HL1), 2-[(2-Hydroxy-benzylidene)-amino]-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (HL2), 2-[(3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxy-benzylidene)-amino]-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (HL3) have been synthesized by condensation of aldehydes (such as 3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxy benzaldehyde, 2-Hydroxy-benzaldehyde, and 2-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde) with Tris-(hydroxymethyl)amino methane and characterized by IR, UV-vis and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Then all these three ligands have been used to prepare Pb(II) complexes by reaction with lead(II) acetate tri-hydrate in methanol. In view of analytical and spectral (IR, UV-vis and Mass) studies, it has been concluded that, except HL2, other two ligands form 1:1 metal complexes (1 and 3) with lead. Between two complexes, complex 3 is highly fluorescent and this property has been used to identify the pollutant nitroaromatics. Finally, the quenching mechanism has been established by means of spectroscopic investigation.

School Districts Move to the Head of the Class with Propane

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

School districts across the country are under pressure to reduce their cost of operations and ensure their budgets are spent wisely. School bus fleets operate more than 675,000 buses in the United States, and many school districts have found the answer to their budget woes in the form of propane, or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Propane is a reliable, domestic fuel, and it's used in approximately 2% of school buses nationwide.

Collisions of low-energy electrons with isopropanol

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bettega, M. H. F.; Winstead, C.; McKoy, V.

2011-10-15

We report measured and calculated cross sections for elastic scattering of low-energy electrons by isopropanol (propan-2-ol). The experimental data were obtained using the relative flow technique with helium as the standard gas and a thin aperture as the collimating target gas source, which permits use of this method without the restrictions imposed by the relative flow pressure conditions on helium and the unknown gas. The differential cross sections were measured at energies of 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, and 30 eV and for scattering angles from 10 deg. to 130 deg. The cross sections were computedmore » over the same energy range employing the Schwinger multichannel method in the static-exchange plus polarization approximation. Agreement between theory and experiment is very good. The present data are compared with previously calculated and measured results for n-propanol, the other isomer of C{sub 3}H{sub 7}OH. Although the integral and momentum transfer cross sections for the isomers are very similar, the differential cross sections show a strong isomeric effect: In contrast to the f-wave behavior seen in scattering by n-propanol, d-wave behavior is observed in the cross sections of isopropanol. These results corroborate our previous observations in electron collisions with isomers of C{sub 4}H{sub 9}OH.« less

Yield and quality of pectins extractable from the peels of thai mango cultivars depending on fruit ripeness.

PubMed

Sirisakulwat, Suparat; Nagel, Andreas; Sruamsiri, Pittaya; Carle, Reinhold; Neidhart, Sybille

2008-11-26

Pectins, recovered from the peels of four mango ( Mangifera indica L.) cultivars by mimicking industrial techniques, were evaluated in terms of yield, composition, macromolecular properties, and technofunctional quality. Freeze-dried peels of mature-green fruits, after major mesocarp softening, and at full ripeness were extracted using hot acid. The pectins were precipitated in propan-2-ol and their crude yields quantified as alcohol-insoluble substance. Like apple pomace, the dried peels provided hardly acetylated (DAc < 6.3%) rapid-set to ultrarapid-set high-methoxyl pectins at starch-adjusted yields of 11-21 g/100 g. However, despite similar high molecular weight fractions and galacturonic acid/rhamnose ratios, their average molecular weight was markedly reduced by a characteristic, almost monodisperse fraction of 16000-19000. Expanded galactans, indicated by galactose/rhamnose ratios of 15-24 mol/mol, probably represented arabinogalactan side-chain fragments withstanding hot-acid extraction at pH 1.5 and 2.0, as implied by arabinose/galactose ratios of 8-15 and 33-56 mol/100 mol, respectively. Limited galacturonic acid contents made the mango peel pectins less valuable than commercial apple pectins with regard to gelling capacity and thickening properties. Whereas starch and matrix glycan fragments almost completely degraded during ripening, depolymerization of pectins and galactans was insignificant. Technofunctional properties, modulated by extraction at different pH values, were ascribed to structural differences influencing macromolecular entanglements.

Selective deoxygenation of aldehydes and alcohols on molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiong, Ke; Yu, Weiting; Chen, Jingguang G.

2014-12-01

The selective deoxygenation of aldehydes and alcohols without cleaving the Csbnd C bond is crucial for upgrading bio-oil and other biomass-derived molecules to useful fuels and chemicals. In this work, propanal, 1-propanol, furfural and furfuryl alcohol were selected as probe molecules to study the deoxygenation of aldehydes and alcohols on molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) prepared over a Mo(1 1 0) surface. The reaction pathways were investigated using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The deoxygenation of propanal and 1-propanol went through a similar intermediate (propoxide or η2(C,O)-propanal) to produce propene. The deoxygenation of furfural and furfuryl alcohol produced a surface intermediate similar to adsorbed 2-methylfuran. The comparison of these results revealed the promising deoxygenation performance of Mo2C, as well as the effect of the furan ring on the selective deoxygenation of the Cdbnd O and Csbnd OH bonds.

RMP Guidance for Propane Storage Facilities - Main Text

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document is intended as comprehensive Risk Management Program guidance for larger propane storage or distribution facilities who already comply with propane industry standards. Includes sample RMP, and release calculations.

Prescription Drug Abuse - Multiple Languages

MedlinePlus

... Spanish) PDF The basics - Opioids, part 1 - English MP3 The basics - Opioids, part 1 - español (Spanish) MP3 The basics - Opioids, part 1 - English MP4 The ... español (Spanish) PDF Pain - Opioids, part 2 - English MP3 Pain - Opioids, part 2 - español (Spanish) MP3 Pain - ...

New insights into low-temperature oxidation of propane from synchrotron photoionization mass spectrometry and multi-scale informatics modeling

DOE PAGES

Welz, Oliver; Burke, Michael P.; Antonov, Ivan O.; ...

2015-04-10

We studied low-temperature propane oxidation at P = 4 Torr and T = 530, 600, and 670 K by time-resolved multiplexed photoionization mass spectrometry (MPIMS), which probes the reactants, intermediates, and products with isomeric selectivity using tunable synchrotron vacuum UV ionizing radiation. The oxidation is initiated by pulsed laser photolysis of oxalyl chloride, (COCl) 2, at 248 nm, which rapidly generates a ~1:1 mixture of 1-propyl (n-propyl) and 2-propyl (i-propyl) radicals via the fast Cl + propane reaction. At all three temperatures, the major stable product species is propene, formed in the propyl + O 2 reactions by direct HOmore » 2 elimination from both n- and i-propyl peroxy radicals. The experimentally derived propene yields relative to the initial concentration of Cl atoms are (20 ± 4)% at 530 K, (55 ± 11)% at 600 K, and (86 ± 17)% at 670 K at a reaction time of 20 ms. The lower yield of propene at low temperature reflects substantial formation of propyl peroxy radicals, which do not completely decompose on the experimental time scale. In addition, C 3H 6O isomers methyloxirane, oxetane, acetone, and propanal are detected as minor products. Our measured yields of oxetane and methyloxirane, which are coproducts of OH radicals, suggest a revision of the OH formation pathways in models of low-temperature propane oxidation. The experimental results are modeled and interpreted using a multiscale informatics approach, presented in detail in a separate publication (Burke, M. P.; Goldsmith, C. F.; Klippenstein, S. J.; Welz, O.; Huang H.; Antonov I. O.; Savee J. D.; Osborn D. L.; Zádor, J.; Taatjes, C. A.; Sheps, L. Multiscale Informatics for Low-Temperature Propane Oxidation: Further Complexities in Studies of Complex Reactions. J. Phys. Chem A. 2015, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01003). Additionally, we found that the model predicts the time profiles and yields of the experimentally observed primary products well, and shows satisfactory agreement for products formed mostly via secondary radical–radical reactions.« less

New Insights into Low-Temperature Oxidation of Propane from Synchrotron Photoionization Mass Spectrometry and Multiscale Informatics Modeling

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Welz, Oliver; Burke, Michael P.; Antonov, Ivan O.

2015-07-16

We investigated the low-temperature oxidation of propane at 4 Torr and temperatures of 530, 600, and 670 K. The oxidation is initiated by pulsed laser photolysis of oxalyl chloride, (COCl)2, at 248 nm, which rapidly generates a ~1:1 mixture of 1-propyl (n-propyl) and 2-propyl (i-propyl) radicals via the fast Cl + propane reaction. Reactants, intermediates and products are probed with isomeric selectivity by time-resolved multiplexed photoionization mass spectrometry (MPIMS) with tunable synchrotron vacuum UV radiation as the ionization source. At all three temperatures, the major stable product species is propene, formed in the C3H7 + O2 reactions by direct HO2-eliminationmore » from both n- and i-propyl peroxy radicals. The experimentally derived propene yields relative to the initial concentration of Cl atoms are (20 ± 4)% at 530 K, (55 ± 11)% at 600 K, and (86 ± 17)% at 670 K at a reaction time of 20 ms. The lower yield of propene at low temperature reflects substantial formation of propyl peroxy radicals, which do not completely decompose on the experimental time scale. In addition, we detect the C3H6O isomers methyloxirane, oxetane, acetone and propanal as minor products. Our measured yields of oxetane and methyloxirane, which are co-products of OH radicals, suggest a revision of the OH formation pathways in models of low-temperature propane oxidation. The experimental results are modeled and interpreted using a multi-scale informatics approach that is presented in detail in a separate publication (Burke, M. P.; Goldsmith, C. F.; Klippenstein, S. J.; Welz, O.; Huang H.; Antonov I. O.; Savee J. D.; Osborn D. L.; Zádor, J.; Taatjes, C. A.; Sheps, L., Multi-Scale Informatics for Low-Temperature Propane Oxidation: Further Complexities in Studies of Complex Rections, submitted, 2015). The model predicts the time profiles and yields of the experimentally observed primary products well, and shows satisfactory agreement for products formed mostly via secondary radical-radical reactions.« less

Enhancing aerobic biodegradation of 1,2-dibromoethane in groundwater using ethane or propane and inorganic nutrients.

PubMed

Hatzinger, Paul B; Streger, Sheryl H; Begley, James F

2015-01-01

1,2-Dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide; EDB) is a probable human carcinogen that was previously used as both a soil fumigant and a scavenger in leaded gasoline. EDB has been observed to persist in soils and groundwater, particularly under oxic conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate options to enhance the aerobic degradation of EDB in groundwater, with a particular focus on possible in situ remediation strategies. Propane gas and ethane gas were observed to significantly stimulate the biodegradation of EDB in microcosms constructed with aquifer solids and groundwater from the FS-12 EDB plume at Joint Base Cape Cod (Cape Cod, MA), but only after inorganic nutrients were added. Ethene gas was also effective, but rates were appreciably slower than for ethane and propane. EDB was reduced to <0.02 μg/L, the Massachusetts state Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), in microcosms that received ethane gas and inorganic nutrients. An enrichment culture (BE-3R) that grew on ethane or propane gas but not EDB was obtained from the site materials. The degradation of EDB by this culture was inhibited by acetylene gas, suggesting that degradation is catalyzed by a monooxygenase enzyme. The BE-3R culture was also observed to biodegrade 1,2-dichloroethane (DCA), a compound commonly used in conjunction with EDB as a lead scavenger in gasoline. The data suggest that addition of ethane or propane gas with inorganic nutrients may be a viable option to enhance degradation of EDB in groundwater aquifers to below current state or federal MCL values. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Propane - A Mid-Heating Season Assessment

EIA Publications

2001-01-01

This report will analyze some of the factors leading up to the rapid increase in propane demand and subsequent deterioration in supply that propelled propane prices to record high levels during December and early January.

Position-specific isotope analysis by on-line pyrolysis coupled to IRMS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gilbert, A.; Suda, K.; Yamada, K.; Ueno, Y.; Yoshida, N.

2016-12-01

Position-specific isotopic analyses (PSIA) provide unique information regarding the sources, sinks and processes related to natural molecules. For instance, PSIA of short-chain hydrocarbons could lead to temperature of formation and maturity of natural gas reservoirs [1][2]. In the last decade, quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) specrometry has been used for PSIA of organic molecules such as glucose or n-alkanes [3][4]. However, due to its low sensitivity, application to low amount geochemical samples remains challenging. In 1997, Corso & Brenna proposed to adapt a pyrolysis furnace to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer, making it possible the thermal degradation of the target molecule and the subsequent analysis of the d13C values of the fragments formed [5]. Starting from fatty acid methyl esters they demonstrated the absence of rearrangement during pyrolytic degradation and could determine the d13C value of carboxyl C-atom position. We adapted the system for the full characterization of position-specific isotope composition of small molecules (ethanol, acetic acid, alanine, propane). Nanomole amount of sample can be analyzed with a precision on intramolecular d13C values of 1‰ or lower [2]. We recently analyzed abiotic and thermogenic propane samples both from the field and from lab simulations. PSIA of propane shows systematic differences of position-specific isotope composition between thermogenic and abiotic samples. While the former show 13C-depletion on the terminal C-atom position - consistent with thermal cracking kinetic models [6] - abiotic samples show little or no preference for terminal or central 13C-isotopomer. These results emphasize the potential of PSIA to trace the the processes associated with organic molecules production. [1] Piasecki et al. 2016 GCA 188, 58 [2] Gilbert et al. 2016 GCA 177, 205 [3] Gilbert et al. 2012 PNAS, 109, 18204 [4] Gilbert et al. 2013 Org. Geochem, 62, 56 [5] Corso & Brenna 1997 PNAS, 94, 1049 [6] Tang et al., 2000 GCA 64, 2673

Proceedings of the Air Force High Energy Density Materials Contractors Conference (2nd) Held in Newport Beach, CA, on 28 Feb-2 Mar 1988

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-05-27

expansion process is currently under investigation. 7 REFERENCES 1 . A. P. Marchand. " Synthesis and Chemistry of Novel Polynitropolycylic Cage...for example is 0.12 ± 0.01 for formation of 1 - chloropropane and 2- chloropropane from an equimolar mixture of propane and chlorine. Although the...that the product branching ratio (2-chloropropane:l- chloropropane ) is 5.6: 1 . When corrected for the fact that propane contains only one third as many

EXPERIMENTAL AND MODELING STUDY OF PREMIXED LAMINAR FLAMES OF ETHANOL AND METHANE.

PubMed

Tran, Luc-Sy; Glaude, Pierre-Alexandre; Fournet, René; Battin-Leclerc, Frédérique

2013-04-18

To better understand the chemistry of the combustion of ethanol, the structure of five low pressure laminar premixed flames has been investigated: a pure methane flame (φ=1), three pure ethanol flames (φ=0.7, 1.0, and 1.3), and an ethanol/methane mixture flames (φ=1). The flames have been stabilized on a burner at a pressure of 6.7 kPa using argon as dilutant, with a gas velocity at the burner of 64.3 cm/s at 333 K. The results consist of mole fraction profiles of 20 species measured as a function of the height above the burner by probe sampling followed by online gas chromatography analyses. A mechanism for the oxidation of ethanol was proposed. The reactions of ethanol and acetaldehyde were updated and include recent theoretical calculations while that of ethenol, dimethyl ether, acetone, and propanal were added in the mechanism. This mechanism was also tested against experimental results available in the literature for laminar burning velocities and laminar premixed flame where ethenol was detected. The main reaction pathways of consumption of ethanol are analyzed. The effect of the branching ratios of reaction C 2 H 5 OH+OH→Products+H 2 O is also discussed.

On the Controls of Leaf-Water Oxygen Isotope Ratios in the Atmospheric Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Epiphyte Tillandsia usneoides1[W][OA

PubMed Central

Helliker, Brent R.

2011-01-01

Previous theoretical work showed that leaf-water isotope ratio (δ18OL) of Crassulacean acid metabolism epiphytes was controlled by the δ18O of atmospheric water vapor (δ18Oa), and observed δ18OL could be explained by both a non-steady-state model and a “maximum enrichment” steady-state model (δ18OL-M), the latter requiring only δ18Oa and relative humidity (h) as inputs. δ18OL, therefore, should contain an extractable record of δ18Oa. Previous empirical work supported this hypothesis but raised many questions. How does changing δ18Oa and h affect δ18OL? Do hygroscopic trichomes affect observed δ18OL? Are observations of changes in water content required for the prediction of δ18OL? Does the leaf need to be at full isotopic steady state for observed δ18OL to equal δ18OL-M? These questions were examined with a climate-controlled experimental system capable of holding δ18Oa constant for several weeks. Water adsorbed to trichomes required a correction ranging from 0.5‰ to 1‰. δ18OL could be predicted using constant values of water content and even total conductance. Tissue rehydration caused a transitory change in δ18OL, but the consequent increase in total conductance led to a tighter coupling with δ18Oa. The non-steady-state leaf water models explained observed δ18OL (y = 0.93*x − 0.07; r2 = 0.98) over a wide range of δ18Oa and h. Predictions of δ18OL-M agreed with observations of δ18OL (y = 0.87*x − 0.99; r2 = 0.92), and when h > 0.9, the leaf did not need to be at isotopic steady state for the δ18OL-M model to predict δ18OL in the Crassulacean acid metabolism epiphyte Tillandsia usneoides. PMID:21300917

Chemical rescue of the post-translationally carboxylated lysine mutant of allantoinase and dihydroorotase by metal ions and short-chain carboxylic acids.

PubMed

Ho, Ya-Yeh; Huang, Yen-Hua; Huang, Cheng-Yang

2013-04-01

Bacterial allantoinase (ALLase) and dihydroorotase (DHOase) are members of the cyclic amidohydrolase family. ALLase and DHOase possess similar binuclear metal centers in the active site in which two metals are bridged by a post-translationally carboxylated lysine. In this study, we determined the effects of carboxylated lysine and metal binding on the activities of ALLase and DHOase. Although DHOase is a metalloenzyme, purified DHOase showed high activity without additional metal supplementation in a reaction mixture or bacterial culture. However, unlike DHOase, ALLase had no activity unless some specific metal ions were added to the reaction mixture or culture. Substituting the metal binding sites H59, H61, K146, H186, H242, or D315 with alanine completely abolished the activity of ALLase. However, the K146C, K146D and K146E mutants of ALLase were still active with about 1-6% activity of the wild-type enzyme. These ALLase K146 mutants were found to have 1.4-1.7 mol metal per mole enzyme subunit, which may indicate that they still contained the binuclear metal center in the active site. The activity of the K146A mutant of the ALLase and the K103A mutant of DHOase can be chemically rescued by short-chain carboxylic acids, such as acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, but not by ethanol, propan-1-ol, and imidazole, in the presence of Co2+ or Mn2+ ions. However, the activity was still ~10-fold less than that of wild-type ALLase. Overall, these results indicated that the 20 natural basic amino acid residues were not sufficiently able to play the role of lysine. Accordingly, we proposed that during evolution, the post-translational modification of carboxylated lysine in the cyclic amidohydrolase family was selected for promoting binuclear metal center self-assembly and increasing the nucleophilicity of the hydroxide at the active site for enzyme catalysis. This kind of chemical rescue combined with site-directed mutagenesis may also be used to identify a binuclear metal center in the active site for other metalloenzymes.

Effect of the type of frying culinary fat on volatile compounds isolated in fried pork loin chops by using SPME-GC-MS.

PubMed

Ramírez, María Rosario; Estévez, Mario; Morcuende, David; Cava, Ramón

2004-12-15

The effect of the type of frying culinary fat (olive oil, sunflower oil, butter, and pig lard) on volatile compounds isolated from fried pork loin chops (m. Longissimus dorsi) was measured by SPME-GC-MS. Frying modified the fatty acid composition of lipids from pork loin chops, which tended to be similar to that of the culinary fat used to fry. Volatile compounds formed from the oxidation of fatty acids increased, such as aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and hydrocarbons. Besides, each culinary fat used modified the volatile profiles in fried meat differently. Sunflower oil-fried pork loin chops presented the highest aldehyde aliphatic content, probably due to their highest content of polyunsaturated acids. Hexanal, the most abundant aldehyde in fried samples, presented the most elevated content in sunflower oil-fried pork loin chops. In addition, these samples presented more heterocyclic compounds from the Maillard reaction than other fried samples. Volatiles detected in olive oil-fried pork loin chops were mainly lipid-derived compounds such as pentan-1-ol, hexanal, hept-2-enal, nonanal, decanal, benzaldehyde, and nonan-2-one. Butter-fried pork loins were abundant in ketones with a high number of carbons (heptan-2-one, nonan-2-one, undecan-2-one, tridecanone, and heptadecan-2-one). Pig lard-fried pork loin chops presented some Strecker aldehydes isolated in only these samples, such as 2-methylbutanal and 3-(methylthio)propanal, and a sulfur compound (dimethyl disulfide) related to Strecker aldehydes.

Impact of metal binding on the antitumor activity and cellular imaging of a metal chelator cationic imidazopyridine derivative.

PubMed

Roy, Mithun; Chakravarthi, Balabhadrapatruni V S K; Jayabaskaran, Chelliah; Karande, Anjali A; Chakravarty, Akhil R

2011-05-14

A new water soluble cationic imidazopyridine species, viz. (1E)-1-((pyridin-2-yl)methyleneamino)-3-(3-(pyridin-2-yl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propan-2-ol (1), as a metal chelator is prepared as its PF(6) salt and characterized. Compound 1 shows fluorescence at 438 nm on excitation at 342 nm in Tris-HCl buffer giving a fluorescence quantum yield (φ) of 0.105 and a life-time of 5.4 ns. Compound 1, as an avid DNA minor groove binder, shows pUC19 DNA cleavage activity in UV-A light of 365 nm forming singlet oxygen species in a type-II pathway. The photonuclease potential of 1 gets enhanced in the presence of Fe(2+), Cu(2+) or Zn(2+). Compound 1 itself displays anticancer activity in HeLa, HepG2 and Jurkat cells with an enhancement on addition of the metal ions. Photodynamic effect of 1 at 365 nm also gets enhanced in the presence of Fe(2+) and Zn(2+). Fluorescence-based cell cycle analysis shows a significant dead cell population in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle suggesting apoptosis via ROS generation. A significant change in the nuclear morphology is observed from Hoechst 33258 and an acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) dual nuclear staining suggesting apoptosis in cells when treated with 1 alone or in the presence of the metal ions. Apoptosis is found to be caspase-dependent. Fluorescence imaging to monitor the distribution of 1 in cells shows that 1 in the presence of metal ions accumulates predominantly in the cytoplasm. Enhanced uptake of 1 into the cells within 12 h is observed in the presence of Fe(2+) and Zn(2+).

Poly[4,4'-(propane-1,3-diyl)dipyridinium bis{tetraaquabis(μ2-5-carboxybenzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylato)bis[μ2-1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane]dicobalt(II)} pentahydrate].

PubMed

Atria, Ana María; Corsini, Gino; Garland, Maria Teresa; Baggio, Ricardo

2011-11-01

The title polymeric compound, {(C(13)H(16)N(2))[Co(C(10)H(3)O(8))(C(13)H(14)N(2))(H(2)O)(2)](2)·5H(2)O}(n), is an ionic structure comprising an anionic two-dimensional mesh characterized by a {[Co(Hbtc)(bpp)(H(2)O)(2)](-)}(2) motif [Hbtc is 5-carboxybenzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate and bpp is 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane], with interspersed 4,4'-(propane-1,3-diyl)dipyridinium cations, denoted (H(2)bpp)(2+), and water molecules providing the charge balance and structure stabilization. The reticular mesh consists of two independent types of [Co(H(2)O)(2)](2+) cationic nodes (lying on inversion centres), interconnected in the [101] direction by two independent sets of neutral bridging bpp ligands, both types of ligands being split by non-equivalent twofold axes. One set is formed by genuinely symmetric moieties, while those in the second set are only symmetric by disorder in the central propane bridge. These chains contain only one type of Co(II) centre and one type of bpp ligand; the metal cations therein are laterally bridged by Hbtc anions, thus forming transverse chains of alternating types of Co(II) cations. The elemental motif of the resulting grid is a highly distorted parallelogram, with metal-metal distances of 13.5242 (14) Å in the bpp direction and 9.105 (2) Å in the Hbtc direction, and a large internal angle of 138.42 (18)°. These two-dimensional structures have a profusion of hydrogen-bonding interactions with each other, either directly (with the aqua molecules as donors and the Hbtc anions as acceptors) or mediated by the unbound (H(2)bpp)(2+) cations and water molecules of hydration. These interactions generate a very complex hydrogen-bonding scheme involving all of the available N-H and O-H groups and which links these two-dimensional grids into a three-dimensional network.

NMR Spin-Lock Induced Crossing (SLIC) Dispersion and Long-Lived Spin States of Gaseous Propane at Low Magnetic Field (0.05 T)

PubMed Central

Barskiy, Danila A.; Salnikov, Oleg G.; Romanov, Alexey S.; Feldman, Matthew A.; Coffey, Aaron M.; Kovtunov, Kirill V.; Koptyug, Igor V.; Chekmenev, Eduard Y.

2017-01-01

When parahydrogen reacts with propylene in low magnetic fields (e.g., 0.05 T), the reaction product propane develops an overpopulation of pseudo-singlet nuclear spin states. We studied how the spin-lock induced crossing (SLIC) technique can be used to convert these pseudo-singlet spin states of hyperpolarized gaseous propane into observable magnetization and to detect 1H NMR signal directly at 0.05 T. The theoretical simulation and experimental study of the NMR signal dependence on B1 power (SLIC amplitude) exhibits a well-resolved dispersion, which is induced by the spin-spin couplings in the eight-proton spin system of propane. We also measured the exponential decay time constants (TLLSS or TS) of these pseudo-singlet long-lived spin states (LLSS) by varying the time between hyperpolarized propane production and SLIC detection. We have found that, on average, TS is approximately 3 times longer than the corresponding T1 value under the same conditions in the range of pressures studied (up to 7.6 atm). Moreover, TS may exceed 13 seconds at pressures above 7 atm in the gas phase. These results are in agreement with the previous reports, and they corroborate a great potential of long-lived hyperpolarized propane as an inhalable gaseous contrast agent for lung imaging and as a molecular tracer to study porous media using low-field NMR and MRI. PMID:28152435

NMR Spin-Lock Induced Crossing (SLIC) dispersion and long-lived spin states of gaseous propane at low magnetic field (0.05 T)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barskiy, Danila A.; Salnikov, Oleg G.; Romanov, Alexey S.; Feldman, Matthew A.; Coffey, Aaron M.; Kovtunov, Kirill V.; Koptyug, Igor V.; Chekmenev, Eduard Y.

2017-03-01

When parahydrogen reacts with propylene in low magnetic fields (e.g., 0.05 T), the reaction product propane develops an overpopulation of pseudo-singlet nuclear spin states. We studied how the Spin-Lock Induced Crossing (SLIC) technique can be used to convert these pseudo-singlet spin states of hyperpolarized gaseous propane into observable magnetization and to detect 1H NMR signal directly at 0.05 T. The theoretical simulation and experimental study of the NMR signal dependence on B1 power (SLIC amplitude) exhibits a well-resolved dispersion, which is induced by the spin-spin couplings in the eight-proton spin system of propane. We also measured the exponential decay time constants (TLLSS or TS) of these pseudo-singlet long-lived spin states (LLSS) by varying the time between hyperpolarized propane production and SLIC detection. We have found that, on average, TS is approximately 3 times longer than the corresponding T1 value under the same conditions in the range of pressures studied (up to 7.6 atm). Moreover, TS may exceed 13 s at pressures above 7 atm in the gas phase. These results are in agreement with the previous reports, and they corroborate a great potential of long-lived hyperpolarized propane as an inhalable gaseous contrast agent for lung imaging and as a molecular tracer to study porous media using low-field NMR and MRI.

Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive by-products and antioxidant film containing olive leaf extract.

PubMed

Moudache, M; Colon, M; Nerín, C; Zaidi, F

2016-12-01

The antioxidant activity of olive leaf (OL) and cake (OC) extracts with different solvents was evaluated. 70% of aqueous ethanol extract of OL was chosen as the most antioxidant extract based on antiradical activity (DPPH) (95.4±0.3%) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) (0.82±0.07g equivalent Trolox per g of solution) assays. This OL extract was incorporated in two multilayer materials consisting of (i) polyethylene/polyethylene (PE/PE) film and (ii) polyethylene/paper (PE/P). These multilayers were exposed to a gas stream enriched in free radicals to evaluate the scavenging capacity of both materials. PE/PE film exhibited the highest scavenging activity of free radicals (78.8%). Migration of the phenolic compounds from olive by-products into two simulants was performed and demonstrated a non-migrating behavior. The limits of detection and quantification for oleuropein were 0.5μgkg(-1) and 1.7μgkg(-1) and for Luteolin-7-O-glucoside 1.3μgkg(-1) and 4.3μg kg(-1) respectively. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 79.55 - Base fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... fuel's production or distribution and/or for the successful operation of the test vehicle/engine... the methanol, ethanol, methane, and propane base fuels in addition to any such additives included... chloride), wt%, max 0.0004 Copper, mg/L, max 0.07 Water, wt%, max 0.5 Sulfur, wt%, max 0.004 (f) Methane...

40 CFR 79.55 - Base fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... fuel's production or distribution and/or for the successful operation of the test vehicle/engine... the methanol, ethanol, methane, and propane base fuels in addition to any such additives included... chloride), wt%, max 0.0004 Copper, mg/L, max 0.07 Water, wt%, max 0.5 Sulfur, wt%, max 0.004 (f) Methane...

40 CFR 79.55 - Base fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... fuel's production or distribution and/or for the successful operation of the test vehicle/engine... the methanol, ethanol, methane, and propane base fuels in addition to any such additives included... chloride), wt%, max 0.0004 Copper, mg/L, max 0.07 Water, wt%, max 0.5 Sulfur, wt%, max 0.004 (f) Methane...

40 CFR 79.55 - Base fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... fuel's production or distribution and/or for the successful operation of the test vehicle/engine... the methanol, ethanol, methane, and propane base fuels in addition to any such additives included... chloride), wt%, max 0.0004 Copper, mg/L, max 0.07 Water, wt%, max 0.5 Sulfur, wt%, max 0.004 (f) Methane...

40 CFR 79.55 - Base fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... fuel's production or distribution and/or for the successful operation of the test vehicle/engine... the methanol, ethanol, methane, and propane base fuels in addition to any such additives included... chloride), wt%, max 0.0004 Copper, mg/L, max 0.07 Water, wt%, max 0.5 Sulfur, wt%, max 0.004 (f) Methane...

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Codes and Standards Resources

Science.gov Websites

codes and standards. Biodiesel Vehicle and Infrastructure Codes and Standards Chart Electric Vehicle and Infrastructure Codes and Standards Chart Ethanol Vehicle and Infrastructure Codes and Standards Chart Natural Gas Vehicle and Infrastructure Codes and Standards Chart Propane Vehicle and Infrastructure Codes and

Propane tank explosion (2 deaths, 7 injuries) at Herrig Brothers Feather Creek Farm, Albert City, Iowa, April 9, 1998. Investigation report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1999-09-01

This report explains the explosion/BLEVE that took place on April 9, 1998, at the Herrig Brothers Feather Creek Farm, located in Albert City, Iowa. Two volunteer fire fighters were killed and seven other emergency response personnel were injured. Safety issues covered in the report include protection of propane storage tanks and piping, state regulatory oversight of such installations, and fire fighter response to propane storage tank fires.

Analysis of the site-specific carbon isotope composition of propane by gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Piasecki, Alison; Sessions, Alex; Lawson, Michael; Ferreira, A. A.; Neto, E. V. Santos; Eiler, John M.

2016-09-01

Site-specific isotope ratio measurements potentially provide valuable information about the formation and degradation of complex molecules-information that is lost in conventional bulk isotopic measurements. Here we discuss the background and possible applications of such measurements, and present a technique for studying the site-specific carbon isotope composition of propane at natural abundance based on mass spectrometric analysis of the intact propane molecule and its fragment ions. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach through measurements of mixtures of natural propane and propane synthesized with site-specific 13C enrichment, and we document the limits of precision of our technique. We show that mass balance calculations of the bulk δ13C of propane based on our site-specific measurements is generally consistent with independent constraints on bulk δ13C. We further demonstrate the accuracy of the technique, and illustrate one of its simpler applications by documenting the site-specific carbon isotope signature associated with gas phase diffusion of propane, confirming that our measurements conform to the predictions of the kinetic theory of gases. This method can be applied to propane samples of moderate size (tens of micromoles) isolated from natural gases. Thus, it provides a means of studying the site-specific stable isotope systematics of propane at natural isotope abundances on sample sizes that are readily recovered from many natural environments. This method may also serve as a model for future techniques that apply high-resolution mass spectrometry to study the site-specific isotopic distributions of larger organic molecules, with potential applications to biosynthesis, forensics and other geochemical subjects.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: How Do Propane Vehicles Work?

Science.gov Websites

gasoline vehicles with spark-ignited internal combustion engines. There are two types of propane fuel -injection systems available: vapor and liquid injection. In both types, propane is stored as a liquid in a

40 CFR 721.533 - Propane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloro-.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....533 Section 721.533 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT SIGNIFICANT NEW USES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Significant New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.533 Propane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloro-. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject...

[Analyze on volatile compounds of Antrodia camphorata using HS-SPME-GC-MS].

PubMed

He, Zhe; Lu, Zhen-Ming; Xu, Hong-Yu; Shi, Jing-Song; Xu, Zheng-Hong

2011-11-01

To analyze the volatile compounds of Antrodia camphorata in solid-state and submerged cultures. A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) were used to evaluate the profile of the volatile compounds. 49 volatile compounds were identified in A. camphorata mycelia in submerged culture, while 43 volatile compounds were identified in mycelia in solid-state culture. 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone, 1-octen-3-ylacetate, acetic acid octyl ester and ethanol were the main volatile compounds in A. camphorata mycelia in submerged culture, while 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone, 3-methyl-butyraldenhyde, gamma-podecalactone and methyl 2-furozte were the most potent key volatile compounds in mycelia in solid-state culture. The volatile compounds in the mycelia of A. camphorata in solid-state and submerged cultures are similar but their relative contents are different.

Silane-propane ignitor/burner

DOEpatents

Hill, R.W.; Skinner, D.F. Jr.; Thorsness, C.B.

1983-05-26

A silane propane burner for an underground coal gasification process which is used to ignite the coal and to controllably retract the injection point by cutting the injection pipe. A narrow tube with a burner tip is positioned in the injection pipe through which an oxidant (oxygen or air) is flowed. A charge of silane followed by a supply of fuel, such as propane, is flowed through the tube. The silane spontaneously ignites on contact with oxygen and burns the propane fuel.

Silane-propane ignitor/burner

DOEpatents

Hill, Richard W.; Skinner, Dewey F.; Thorsness, Charles B.

1985-01-01

A silane propane burner for an underground coal gasification process which is used to ignite the coal and to controllably retract the injection point by cutting the injection pipe. A narrow tube with a burner tip is positioned in the injection pipe through which an oxidant (oxygen or air) is flowed. A charge of silane followed by a supply of fuel, such as propane, is flowed through the tube. The silane spontaneously ignites on contact with oxygen and burns the propane fuel.

Modulation of Rho-ROCK Signaling Pathway Protects Oligodendrocytes Against Cytokine Toxicity via PPAR-α-Dependent Mechanism

PubMed Central

Singh, Avtar K.; Singh, Inderjit

2013-01-01

We earlier documented that lovastatin (LOV)-mediated inhibition of small Rho GTPases activity protects vulnerable oligodendrocytes (OLs) in mixed glial cell cultures stimulated with Th1 cytokines and in a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the precise mechanism of OL protection remains unclear. We here employed genetic and biochemical approaches to elucidate the underlying mechanism that protects LOV treated OLs from Th1 (tumor necrosis factor-α) and Th17 (interleukin-17) cytokines toxicity in in vitro. Cytokines enhanced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization with corresponding lowering of glutathione (reduced) level in OLs and that were reverted by LOV. In addition, the expression of ROS detoxifying enzymes (catalase and superoxide-dismutase 2) and the transactivation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR)-α/-β/-γ including PPAR-γ coactivator-1α were enhanced by LOV in similarly treated OLs. Interestingly, LOV-mediated inhibition of small Rho GTPases, i.e., RhoA and cdc42, and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) activity enhanced the levels of PPAR ligands in OLs via extracellular signal regulated kinase (1/2)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/cytoplasmic phospholipase 2/cyclooxygenase-2 signaling cascade activation. Small hairpin RNA transfection-based studies established that LOV mainly enhances PPAR-α and less so of PPAR-β and PPAR-γ transactivation that enhances ROS detoxifying defense in OLs. In support of this, the observed LOV-mediated protection was lacking in PPAR-α-deficient OLs exposed to cytokines. Collectively, these data provide unprecedented evidence that LOV-mediated inhibition of the Rho–ROCK signaling pathway boosts ROS detoxifying defense in OLs via PPAR-α-dependent mechanism that has implication in neurodegenerative disorders including MS. PMID:23839981

Design and Operation of the Synthesis Gas Generator System for Reformed Propane and Glycerin Combustion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pickett, Derek Kyle

Due to an increased interest in sustainable energy, biodiesel has become much more widely used in the last several years. Glycerin, one major waste component in biodiesel production, can be converted into a hydrogen rich synthesis gas to be used in an engine generator to recover energy from the biodiesel production process. This thesis contains information detailing the production, testing, and analysis of a unique synthesis generator rig at the University of Kansas. Chapter 2 gives a complete background of all major components, as well as how they are operated. In addition to component descriptions, methods for operating the system on pure propane, reformed propane, reformed glycerin along with the methodology of data acquisition is described. This chapter will serve as a complete operating manual for future students to continue research on the project. Chapter 3 details the literature review that was completed to better understand fuel reforming of propane and glycerin. This chapter also describes the numerical model produced to estimate the species produced during reformation activities. The model was applied to propane reformation in a proof of concept and calibration test before moving to glycerin reformation and its subsequent combustion. Chapter 4 first describes the efforts to apply the numerical model to glycerin using the calibration tools from propane reformation. It then discusses catalytic material preparation and glycerin reformation tests. Gas chromatography analysis of the reformer effluent was completed to compare to theoretical values from the numerical model. Finally, combustion of reformed glycerin was completed for power generation. Tests were completed to compare emissions from syngas combustion and propane combustion.

The heterocyclic ring fission and dehydroxylation of catechins and related compounds by Eubacterium sp. strain SDG-2, a human intestinal bacterium.

PubMed

Wang, L Q; Meselhy, M R; Li, Y; Nakamura, N; Min, B S; Qin, G W; Hattori, M

2001-12-01

A human intestinal bacterium, Eubacterium (E.) sp. strain SDG-2, was tested for its ability to metabolize various (3R)- and (3S)-flavan-3-ols and their 3-O-gallates. This bacterium cleaved the C-ring of (3R)- and (3S)-flavan-3-ols to give 1,3-diphenylpropan-2-ol derivatives, but not their 3-O-gallates. Furthermore, E. sp. strain SDG-2 had the ability of p-dehydroxylation in the B-ring of (3R)-flavan-3-ols, such as (-)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-gallocatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin, but not of (3S)-flavan-3-ols, such as (+)-catechin and (+)-epicatechin.

Extracellular polysaccharides produced by cooling water tower biofilm bacteria and their possible degradation.

PubMed

Ceyhan, Nur; Ozdemir, Guven

2008-01-01

The extracellular polymers (EPS) of biofilm bacteria that can cause heat and mass transfer problems in cooling water towers in the petrochemical industry were investigated. In addition, these microorganisms were screened for their ability to grow and degrade their own EPS and the EPS of other species. Twelve bacteria producing the most EPS were isolated from cooling water towers and characterized biochemically by classic and commercial systems. These were species of Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Aeromonas, Pasteurella, Pantoea, Alcaligenes and Sphingomonas. EPS of these species were obtained by propan-2-ol precipitation and centrifugation from bacterial cultures in media enriched with glucose, sucrose or galactose. EPS yields were of 1.68-4.95 g l(-1). These EPS materials were characterized for total sugar and protein contents. Their total sugar content ranged from 24 to 56% (g sugar g(-1) EPS), and their total protein content ranged from 10 to 28% (g protein g(-1) EPS). The monosaccharide compositions of EPS were determined by HPLC. Generally, these compositions were enriched in galactose and glucose, with lesser amounts of mannose, rhamnose, fructose and arabinose. All bacteria were investigated in terms of EPS degradation. Eight of the bacteria were able to utilize EPS from Burkholderia cepacia, seven of the bacteria were able to utilize EPS from Pseudomonas sp. and Sphingomonas paucimobilis. The greatest viscosity reduction of B. cepacia was obtained with Pseudomonas sp. The results show that the bacteria in this study are able to degrade EPS from biofilms in cooling towers.

Effects of recruitment maneuver and positive end-expiratory pressure on respiratory mechanics and transpulmonary pressure during laparoscopic surgery.

PubMed

Cinnella, Gilda; Grasso, Salvatore; Spadaro, Savino; Rauseo, Michela; Mirabella, Lucia; Salatto, Potito; De Capraris, Antonella; Nappi, Luigi; Greco, Pantaleo; Dambrosio, Michele

2013-01-01

The authors tested the hypothesis that during laparoscopic surgery, Trendelenburg position and pneumoperitoneum may worsen chest wall elastance, concomitantly decreasing transpulmonary pressure, and that a protective ventilator strategy applied after pneumoperitoneum induction, by increasing transpulmonary pressure, would result in alveolar recruitment and improvement in respiratory mechanics and gas exchange. In 29 consecutive patients, a recruiting maneuver followed by positive end-expiratory pressure 5 cm H(2)O maintained until the end of surgery was applied after pneumoperitoneum induction. Respiratory mechanics, gas exchange, blood pressure, and cardiac index were measured before (T(BSL)) and after pneumoperitoneum with zero positive end-expiratory pressure (T(preOLS)), after recruitment with positive end-expiratory pressure (T(postOLS)), and after peritoneum desufflation with positive end-expiratory pressure (T(end)). Esophageal pressure was used for partitioning respiratory mechanics between lung and chest wall (data are mean ± SD): on T(preOLS), chest wall elastance (E(cw)) and elastance of the lung (E(L)) increased (8.2 ± 0.9 vs. 6.2 ± 1.2 cm H(2)O/L, respectively, on T(BSL); P = 0.00016; and 11.69 ± 1.68 vs. 9.61 ± 1.52 cm H(2)O/L on T(BSL); P = 0.0007). On T(postOLS), both chest wall elastance and E(L) decreased (5.2 ± 1.2 and 8.62 ± 1.03 cm H(2)O/L, respectively; P = 0.00015 vs. T(preOLS)), and Pao(2)/inspiratory oxygen fraction improved (491 ± 107 vs. 425 ± 97 on T(preOLS); P = 0.008) remaining stable thereafter. Recruited volume (the difference in lung volume for the same static airway pressure) was 194 ± 80 ml. Pplat(RS) remained stable while inspiratory transpulmonary pressure increased (11.65 + 1.37 cm H(2)O vs. 9.21 + 2.03 on T(preOLS); P = 0.007). All respiratory mechanics parameters remained stable after abdominal desufflation. Hemodynamic parameters remained stable throughout the study. In patients submitted to laparoscopic surgery in Trendelenburg position, an open lung strategy applied after pneumoperitoneum induction increased transpulmonary pressure and led to alveolar recruitment and improvement of E(cw) and gas exchange.

Synthesis of fructooligosaccharides from Aspergillus niger commercial inulinase immobilized in montmorillonite pretreated in pressurized propane and LPG.

PubMed

de Oliveira Kuhn, Graciele; Rosa, Clarissa Dalla; Silva, Marceli Fernandes; Treichel, Helen; de Oliveira, Débora; Oliveira, J Vladimir

2013-02-01

Commercial inulinase from Aspergillus niger was immobilized in montmorillonite and then treated in pressurized propane and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Firstly, the effects of system pressure, exposure time, and depressurization rate, using propane and LPG, on enzymatic activity were evaluated through central composite design 2³. Residual activities of 145.1 and 148.5% were observed for LPG (30 bar, 6 h, and depressurization rate of 20 bar min⁻¹) and propane (270 bar, 1 h, and depressurization rate of 100 bar min⁻¹), respectively. The catalysts treated at these conditions in both fluids were then used for the production of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) using sucrose and inulin as substrates in aqueous and organic systems. The main objective of this step was to evaluate the yield and productivity in FOS, using alternatives for enhancing enzyme activity by means of pressurized fluids and also using low-cost supports for enzyme immobilization, aiming at obtaining a stable biocatalyst to be used for synthesis reactions. Yields of 18% were achieved using sucrose as substrate in aqueous medium, showing the potential of this procedure, hence suggesting a further optimization step to increase the process yield.

Profiling of ornithine lipids in bacterial extracts of Rhodobacter sphaeroides by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization and multistage mass spectrometry (RPLC-ESI-MS(n)).

PubMed

Granafei, Sara; Losito, Ilario; Trotta, Massimo; Italiano, Francesca; de Leo, Vincenzo; Agostiano, Angela; Palmisano, Francesco; Cataldi, Tommaso R I

2016-01-15

Ornithine lipids (OLs), a sub-group of the large (and of emerging interest) family of lipoamino acids of bacterial origin, contain a 3-hydroxy fatty acyl chain linked via an amide bond to the α-amino group of ornithine and via an ester bond to a second fatty acyl chain. OLs in extracts of Rhodobacter sphaeroides (R. sphaeroides) were investigated by high-performance reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in negative ion mode using a linear ion trap (LIT). The presence of OLs bearing both saturated (i.e, 16:0, 17:0, 18:0, 19:0 and 20:0) and unsaturated chains (i.e., 18:1, 19:1, 19:2 and 20:1) was ascertained and their identification, even for isomeric, low abundance and partially co-eluting species, was achieved by low-energy collision induced dissociation (CID) multistage mass spectrometry (MS(n), n = 2-4). OLs signatures found in two R. sphaeroides strains, i.e., wild type 2.4.1 and mutant R26, were examined and up to 16 and 17 different OL species were successfully identified, respectively. OLs in both bacterial strains were characterized by several combinations of fatty chains on ester-linked and amide-linked 3-OH fatty acids. Multistage MS spectra of monoenoic amide-linked 3-OH acyl chains, allowed the identification of positional isomer of OL containing 18:1 (i.e. 9-octadecenoic) and 20:1 (i.e. 11-eicosenoic) fatty acids. The most abundant OL ([M-H](-) at m/z 717.5) in R. sphaeroides R26 was identified as OL 3-OH 20:1/19:1 (i.e., 3-OH-eicosenoic acid amide-linked to ornithine and esterified to a nonadecenoic chain containing a cyclopropane ring). An unusual OL (m/z 689.5 for the [M-H](-) ion), most likely containing a cyclopropene ester-linked acyl chain (i.e., OL 3-OH 18:0/19:2), was retrieved only in the carotenoidless mutant strain R26. Based on the biosynthetic pathways already known for cyclopropa(e)ne ring-including acyl chains, a plausible explanation was invoked for the enzymatic generation of this ester-linked chain in R. sphaeroides. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Performance and emissions of a catalytic reactor with propane, diesel, and Jet A fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, D. N.

1977-01-01

Tests were made to determine the performance and emissions of a catalytic reactor operated with propane, No. 2 diesel, and Jet A fuels. A 12-cm diameter and 16-cm long catalytic reactor using a proprietary noble metal catalyst was operated at an inlet temperature of 800 K, a pressure of 300,000 Pa and reference velocities of 10 to 15 m/s. No significant differences between the performance of the three fuels were observed when 98.5 percent purity propane was used. The combustion efficiency for 99.8-percent purity propane tested later was significantly lower, however. The diesel fuel contained 135 ppm of bound nitrogen and consequently produced the highest NOx emissions of the three fuels. As much as 85 percent of the bound nitrogen was converted to NOx. Steady-state emissions goals based on half the most stringent proposed automotive standards were met when the reactor was operated at an adiabatic combustion temperature higher than 1350 K with all fuels except the 99.8-percent purity propane. With that fuel, a minimum temperature of 1480 K was required.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Illinois Transportation Data for Alternative

Science.gov Websites

Version More Illinois Videos on YouTube Video thumbnail for Alpha Baking Company Augments Its Fleet With Propane Delivery Trucks Alpha Baking Company Augments Its Fleet With Propane Delivery Trucks Nov. 2, 2013

Antitubercular constituents from the hexane fraction of Morinda citrifolia Linn. (Rubiaceae).

PubMed

Saludes, Jonel P; Garson, Mary J; Franzblau, Scott G; Aguinaldo, Alicia M

2002-11-01

A crude ethanol extract and hexane fraction from Morinda citrifolia Linn. (Rubiaceae) show antitubercular activity. The major constituents of the hexane fraction are E-phytol, cycloartenol, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, campesta-5,7,22-trien-3beta-ol and the ketosteroids stigmasta-4-en-3-one and stigmasta-4-22-dien-3-one. E-Phytol, a mixture of the two ketosteroids, and the epidioxysterol derived from campesta-5,7,22-trien-3beta-ol all show pronounced antitubercular activity. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

School Districts Move to the Head of the Class with Propane

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Propane has been a proven fuel for buses for decades. For the first time in 2007, Blue Bird rolled out a propane school bus using direct liquid injection, which was later followed by Thomas Built Buses and Navistar. Because this new technology is much more reliable than previous designs, it is essentially reintroducing propane buses to many school districts. During this same time period, vehicle emissions standards have tightened. To meet them, diesel engine manufacturers have added diesel particulate filters (DPF) and, more recently, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. As an alternative to diesel buses with these systems, many schoolmore » districts have looked to other affordable, clean alternatives, and they've found that propane fits the bill.« less

[1,1′-Diphenyl-3,3′-(propane-1,3-diyldinitrilo)dibut-1-enolato]copper(II)

PubMed Central

Salehi, Mehdi; Meghdadi, Soraia; Amirnasr, Mehdi; Mereiter, Kurt

2009-01-01

The title compound, [Cu(C23H24N2O2)] or [Cu{(BA)2pn}], where (BA)2pn is 1,1′-diphenyl-3,3′-(propane-1,3-diyldinitrilo)dibut-1-enolate, is a mononuclear copper(II) complex, located on a twofold axis. The four-coordinate CuII atom is in a tetra­hedrally distorted square plane defined by the N and O atoms of the Schiff base ligand. In the tetra­dentate ligand, the two chelate rings are twisted relative to each other, making a dihedral angle of 36.57 (3)°. PMID:21581795

Identification and analytical characterization of four synthetic cathinone derivatives iso-4-BMC, β-TH-naphyrone, mexedrone, and 4-MDMC.

PubMed

Qian, Zhenhua; Jia, Wei; Li, Tao; Liu, Cuimei; Hua, Zhendong

2017-02-01

New psychoactive substances (NPS) have gained much popularity on the global market over the last number of years. The synthetic cathinone family is one of the most prominent groups and this paper reports on the analytical properties of four synthetic cathinone derivatives: (1) 1-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(methylamino)propan-2-one (iso-4-BMC or iso-brephedrone), (2) 2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)pentan-1-one (β-TH-naphyrone), (3) 3-methoxy-2-(methylamino)-1-(4-methylphenyl)propan-1-one (mexedrone), and (4) 2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-methylphenyl)propan-1-one (4-MDMC). These identifications were based on liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. To our knowledge, no chemical or pharmacological data about compounds 1-3 have appeared until now, making this the first report on these compounds. The Raman and GC-MS data of 4 have been reported, but this study added the LC-MS and NMR data for additional characterization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Virginia Transportation Data for Alternative

Science.gov Websites

://www.youtube.com/embed/1S7JJHQpc1w Video thumbnail for Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia Schools Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia Schools Feb. 25, 2010 https://www.youtube.com/embed/enxaQ_QooWE Chart Data

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane) Vehicle and Equipment Incentive - Propane Council of Texas fleets. New dedicated propane vehicles and aftermarket conversions are eligible for an incentive equal to the incremental cost, up to $7,500. Each fleet is limited to $20,000 in total incentive awards

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Clean Cities Helps the National Mall Cut

Science.gov Websites

Transit Efficiency March 8, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of a Yellowstone National Park Commits to Alternative Fuels Oct. 16, 2010 Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia

Synthesis and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and gastroprotector activities of anethole and related compounds.

PubMed

Freire, Rosemayre S; Morais, Selene M; Catunda-Junior, Francisco Eduardo A; Pinheiro, Diana C S N

2005-07-01

Some derivatives of trans-anethole [1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-benzene] (1) were synthesized, by introducing hydroxyl groups in the double bond of the propenyl moiety. Two types of reactions were performed: (i) oxymercuration/demercuration that formed two products, the mono-hydroxyl derivative, 1-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-propane (2) and in lesser extent the dihydroxyl derivative, 1,2-dihydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-propane (3) and (ii) epoxidation with m-chloroperbenzoic acid that also led to the formation of two products, the dihydroxyl derivative (3) and the correspondent m-chloro-benzoic acid mono-ester, 1-hydroxy-1(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-m-chlorobenzoyl-propane (4). The structures of these compounds were confirmed mainly by mass, IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectral data. The activity of anethole and hydroxylated derivatives was evaluated using antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and gastroprotector tests. Compounds (2) and (3) were more active antioxidant agents than (1) and (4). In the anti-inflammatory assay, anethole showed lower activity than hydroxylated derivatives. Anethole and in lesser extent its derivatives 2 and 4 showed significant gastroprotector activity. All tested compounds do not alter significantly the total number of white blood cells.

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks for kinetic separation of propane and propene

DOEpatents

Li, Jing; Li, Kunhao; Olson, David H.

2014-08-05

Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) characterized by organic ligands consisting of imidazole ligands that are either essentially all 2-chloroimidazole ligands or essentially all 2-bromoimidazole ligands are disclosed. Methods for separating propane and propene with the ZIFs of the present invention, as well as other ZIFs, are also disclosed.

Investigation of terpinen-4-ol effects on vascular smooth muscle relaxation.

PubMed

Maia-Joca, Rebeca Peres Moreno; Joca, Humberto Cavalcante; Ribeiro, Francisca Jéssica Penha; do Nascimento, Renata Vieira; Silva-Alves, Kerly Shamyra; Cruz, Jader S; Coelho-de-Souza, Andrelina Noronha; Leal-Cardoso, José Henrique

2014-10-12

This study investigated the mechanisms underlying the vascular effects of terpinen-4-ol in isolated rat aortic ring preparations. The thoracic aortae of healthy rats were submitted to isometric tension recording. Membrane resting potential and input membrane resistance were measured by conventional microelectrode technique. Terpinen-4-ol reversibly relaxed endothelium-containing preparations pre-contracted with high K(+) and phenylephrine with IC50 values of 421.43 μM and 802.50 μM, respectively. These effects were significantly reduced by vascular endothelium removal. In Ca(2+)-free and high K(+) (80 mM) medium, the contractions produced by Ba(2+) were reduced by terpinen-4-ol (100-1000 μM) in a concentration-dependent manner. In aortic rings maintained under Ca(2+)-free conditions, terpinen-4-ol significantly reduced the contractions induced by either phenylephrine (1 μM) or phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (1 μM). Terpinen-4-ol (10-1000 μM) also relaxed the contractions evoked by BAYK-8644 (3 μM) with an IC50 of 454.23 μM. Neither membrane resting potential nor input resistance of smooth muscle cells was altered by terpinen-4-ol exposure. The present results suggest that terpinen-4-ol induced vascular smooth muscle relaxation that was preferentially due to the inhibition of electromechanical pathways related to calcium influx through voltage-operated calcium channels. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 721.9527 - Bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidin-4-ol) ester of cy-clo-ali-phatic spiroketal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidin-4-ol) ester of cy-clo-ali-phatic spiroketal. 721.9527 Section 721.9527 Protection of Environment...-piperidin-4-ol) ester of cy-clo-ali-phatic spiroketal. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses...

Characteristics of organic soil in black spruce forests: Implications for the application of land surface and ecosystem models in cold regions

USGS Publications Warehouse

Yi, S.; Manies, K.; Harden, J.; McGuire, A.D.

2009-01-01

Soil organic layers (OL) play an important role in landatmosphere exchanges of water, energy and carbon in cold environments. The proper implementation of OL in land surface and ecosystem models is important for predicting dynamic responses to climate warming. Based on the analysis of OL samples of black spruce (Picea mariana), we recommend that implementation of OL for cold regions modeling: (1) use three general organic horizon types (live, fibrous, and amorphous) to represent vertical soil heterogeneity; (2) implement dynamics of OL over the course of disturbance, as there are significant differences of OL thickness between young and mature stands; and (3) use two broad drainage classes to characterize spatial heterogeneity, as there are significant differences in OL thickness between dry and wet sites. Implementation of these suggestions into models has the potential to substantially improve how OL dynamics influence variability in surface temperature and soil moisture in cold regions. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophys.ical Union.

An organotypic slice culture model of chronic white matter injury with maturation arrest of oligodendrocyte progenitors.

PubMed

Dean, Justin M; Riddle, Art; Maire, Jennifer; Hansen, Kelly D; Preston, Marnie; Barnes, Anthony P; Sherman, Larry S; Back, Stephen A

2011-07-05

CNS myelination disturbances commonly occur in chronic white matter lesions in neurodevelopmental and adult neurological disorders. Recent studies support that myelination failure can involve a disrupted cellular repair mechanism where oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells (OPCs) proliferate in lesions with diffuse astrogliosis, but fail to fully differentiate to mature myelinating OLs. There are no in vitro models that reproduce these features of myelination failure. Forebrain coronal slices from postnatal day (P) 0.5/1 rat pups were cultured for 1, 5, or 9 days in vitro (DIV). Slices rapidly exhibited diffuse astrogliosis and accumulation of the extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA), an inhibitor of OPC differentiation and re-myelination. At 1 DIV ~1.5% of Olig2+ OLs displayed caspase-3 activation, which increased to ~11.5% by 9 DIV. At 1 DIV the density of PDGFRα+ and PDGFRα+/Ki67+ OPCs were significantly elevated compared to 0 DIV (P < 0.01). Despite this proliferative response, at 9 DIV ~60% of white matter OLs were late progenitors (preOLs), compared to ~7% in the postnatal day 10 rat (P < 0.0001), consistent with preOL maturation arrest. Addition of HA to slices significantly decreased the density of MBP+ OLs at 9 DIV compared to controls (217 ± 16 vs. 328 ± 17 cells/mm2, respectively; P = 0.0003), supporting an inhibitory role of HA in OL lineage progression in chronic lesions. Diffuse white matter astrogliosis and early OPC proliferation with impaired OL maturation were reproduced in this model of myelination failure. This system may be used to define mechanisms of OPC maturation arrest and myelination failure related to astrogliosis and HA accumulation.

PROGRAM TO DETERMINE PERFORMANCE OF FLUORINATED ETHERS AND FLUORINATED PROPANES IN A COMPRESSOR CALORIMETER

EPA Science Inventory

The paper discusses a program to determine the performance of fluorinated ethers and fluorinated propanes in a compressor calorimeter. These chlorine free ethers and propanes are being considered as potential long-term replacements for CFC-11, -12, -114, and -115. A standard comp...

Presynaptic selectivity of a ligand for serotonin 1A receptors revealed by in vivo PET assays of rat brain.

PubMed

Saijo, Takeaki; Maeda, Jun; Okauchi, Takashi; Maeda, Jun-ichi; Morio, Yasunori; Kuwahara, Yasuhiro; Suzuki, Masayuki; Goto, Nobuharu; Fukumura, Toshimitsu; Suhara, Tetsuya; Higuchi, Makoto

2012-01-01

A novel investigational antidepressant with high affinity for the serotonin transporter and the serotonin 1A (5-HT(1A)) receptor, called Wf-516 (structural formula: (2S)-1-[4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl]-3-[2-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)benzo[b]furan-4-yloxy]propan-2-ol monohydrochloride), has been found to exert a rapid therapeutic effect, although the mechanistic basis for this potential advantage remains undetermined. We comparatively investigated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Wf-516 and pindolol by positron emission tomographic (PET) and autoradiographic assays of rat brains in order to elucidate their molecular interactions with presynaptic and postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors. In contrast to the full receptor occupancy by pindolol in PET measurements, the binding of Wf-516 to 5-HT(1A) receptors displayed limited capacity, with relatively high receptor occupancy being achieved in regions predominantly containing presynaptic receptors. This selectivity was further proven by PET scans of neurotoxicant-treated rats deficient in presynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors. In addition, [(35)S]guanosine 5'-O-[γ-thio]triphosphate autoradiography indicated a partial agonistic ability of Wf-516 for 5-HT(1A) receptors. This finding has lent support to reports that diverse partial agonists for 5-HT(1A) receptors exert high sensitivity for presynaptic components. Thus, the present PET data suggest a relatively high capacity of presynaptic binding sites for partial agonists. Since our in vitro and ex vivo autoradiographies failed to illustrate these distinct features of Wf-516, in vivo PET imaging is considered to be, thus far, the sole method capable of pharmacokinetically demonstrating the unique actions of Wf-516 and similar new-generation antidepressants.

Presynaptic Selectivity of a Ligand for Serotonin 1A Receptors Revealed by In Vivo PET Assays of Rat Brain

PubMed Central

Okauchi, Takashi; Maeda, Jun-ichi; Morio, Yasunori; Kuwahara, Yasuhiro; Suzuki, Masayuki; Goto, Nobuharu; Fukumura, Toshimitsu; Suhara, Tetsuya; Higuchi, Makoto

2012-01-01

A novel investigational antidepressant with high affinity for the serotonin transporter and the serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor, called Wf-516 (structural formula: (2S)-1-[4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl]-3-[2-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)benzo[b]furan-4-yloxy]propan-2-ol monohydrochloride), has been found to exert a rapid therapeutic effect, although the mechanistic basis for this potential advantage remains undetermined. We comparatively investigated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Wf-516 and pindolol by positron emission tomographic (PET) and autoradiographic assays of rat brains in order to elucidate their molecular interactions with presynaptic and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. In contrast to the full receptor occupancy by pindolol in PET measurements, the binding of Wf-516 to 5-HT1A receptors displayed limited capacity, with relatively high receptor occupancy being achieved in regions predominantly containing presynaptic receptors. This selectivity was further proven by PET scans of neurotoxicant-treated rats deficient in presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. In addition, [35S]guanosine 5′-O-[γ-thio]triphosphate autoradiography indicated a partial agonistic ability of Wf-516 for 5-HT1A receptors. This finding has lent support to reports that diverse partial agonists for 5-HT1A receptors exert high sensitivity for presynaptic components. Thus, the present PET data suggest a relatively high capacity of presynaptic binding sites for partial agonists. Since our in vitro and ex vivo autoradiographies failed to illustrate these distinct features of Wf-516, in vivo PET imaging is considered to be, thus far, the sole method capable of pharmacokinetically demonstrating the unique actions of Wf-516 and similar new-generation antidepressants. PMID:22880045

Metabolic engineering for the high-yield production of isoprenoid-based C 5 alcohols in E. coli

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

George, Kevin W.; Thompson, Mitchell G.; Kang, Aram

2015-06-08

Branched five carbon (C 5) alcohols are attractive targets for microbial production due to their desirable fuel properties and importance as platform chemicals. In this study, we engineered a heterologous isoprenoid pathway in E. coli for the high-yield production of 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, and 3-methyl-1-butanol, three C 5 alcohols that serve as potential biofuels. We first constructed a pathway for 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, where metabolite profiling identified NudB, a promiscuous phosphatase, as a likely pathway bottleneck. We achieved a 60% increase in the yield of 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol by engineering the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of nudB, which increased protein levels by 9-fold and reduced isopentenyl diphosphatemore » (IPP) accumulation by 4-fold. To further optimize the pathway, we adjusted mevalonate kinase (MK) expression and investigated MK enzymes from alternative microbes such as Methanosarcina mazei. Next, we expressed a fusion protein of IPP isomerase and the phosphatase (Idi1~NudB) along with a reductase (NemA) to diversify production to 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol and 3-methyl-1-butanol. Lastly, we used an oleyl alcohol overlay to improve alcohol recovery, achieving final titers of 2.23 g/L of 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol (~70% of pathway-dependent theoretical yield), 150 mg/L of 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, and 300 mg/L of 3-methyl-1-butanol.« less

Metabolic engineering for the high-yield production of isoprenoid-based C5 alcohols in E. coli

PubMed Central

George, Kevin W.; Thompson, Mitchell G.; Kang, Aram; Baidoo, Edward; Wang, George; Chan, Leanne Jade G.; Adams, Paul D.; Petzold, Christopher J.; Keasling, Jay D.; Soon Lee, Taek

2015-01-01

Branched five carbon (C5) alcohols are attractive targets for microbial production due to their desirable fuel properties and importance as platform chemicals. In this study, we engineered a heterologous isoprenoid pathway in E. coli for the high-yield production of 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, and 3-methyl-1-butanol, three C5 alcohols that serve as potential biofuels. We first constructed a pathway for 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, where metabolite profiling identified NudB, a promiscuous phosphatase, as a likely pathway bottleneck. We achieved a 60% increase in the yield of 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol by engineering the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of nudB, which increased protein levels by 9-fold and reduced isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) accumulation by 4-fold. To further optimize the pathway, we adjusted mevalonate kinase (MK) expression and investigated MK enzymes from alternative microbes such as Methanosarcina mazei. Next, we expressed a fusion protein of IPP isomerase and the phosphatase (Idi1~NudB) along with a reductase (NemA) to diversify production to 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol and 3-methyl-1-butanol. Finally, we used an oleyl alcohol overlay to improve alcohol recovery, achieving final titers of 2.23 g/L of 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol (~70% of pathway-dependent theoretical yield), 150 mg/L of 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, and 300 mg/L of 3-methyl-1-butanol. PMID:26052683

Structural analyses of Candida albicans sterol 14α-demethylase complexed with azole drugs address the molecular basis of azole-mediated inhibition of fungal sterol biosynthesis

PubMed Central

Hargrove, Tatiana Y.; Friggeri, Laura; Wawrzak, Zdzislaw; Qi, Aidong; Hoekstra, William J.; Schotzinger, Robert J.; York, John D.; Guengerich, F. Peter; Lepesheva, Galina I.

2017-01-01

With some advances in modern medicine (such as cancer chemotherapy, broad exposure to antibiotics, and immunosuppression), the incidence of opportunistic fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans has increased. Cases of drug resistance among these pathogens have become more frequent, requiring the development of new drugs and a better understanding of the targeted enzymes. Sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) is a cytochrome P450 enzyme required for biosynthesis of sterols in eukaryotic cells and is the major target of clinical drugs for managing fungal pathogens, but some of the CYP51 key features important for rational drug design have remained obscure. We report the catalytic properties, ligand-binding profiles, and inhibition of enzymatic activity of C. albicans CYP51 by clinical antifungal drugs that are used systemically (fluconazole, voriconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, and posaconazole) and topically (miconazole and clotrimazole) and by a tetrazole-based drug candidate, VT-1161 (oteseconazole: (R)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol). Among the compounds tested, the first-line drug fluconazole was the weakest inhibitor, whereas posaconazole and VT-1161 were the strongest CYP51 inhibitors. We determined the X-ray structures of C. albicans CYP51 complexes with posaconazole and VT-1161, providing a molecular mechanism for the potencies of these drugs, including the activity of VT-1161 against Candida krusei and Candida glabrata, pathogens that are intrinsically resistant to fluconazole. Our comparative structural analysis outlines phylum-specific CYP51 features that could direct future rational development of more efficient broad-spectrum antifungals. PMID:28258218

Structural analyses of Candida albicans sterol 14α-demethylase complexed with azole drugs address the molecular basis of azole-mediated inhibition of fungal sterol biosynthesis.

PubMed

Hargrove, Tatiana Y; Friggeri, Laura; Wawrzak, Zdzislaw; Qi, Aidong; Hoekstra, William J; Schotzinger, Robert J; York, John D; Guengerich, F Peter; Lepesheva, Galina I

2017-04-21

With some advances in modern medicine (such as cancer chemotherapy, broad exposure to antibiotics, and immunosuppression), the incidence of opportunistic fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans has increased. Cases of drug resistance among these pathogens have become more frequent, requiring the development of new drugs and a better understanding of the targeted enzymes. Sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) is a cytochrome P450 enzyme required for biosynthesis of sterols in eukaryotic cells and is the major target of clinical drugs for managing fungal pathogens, but some of the CYP51 key features important for rational drug design have remained obscure. We report the catalytic properties, ligand-binding profiles, and inhibition of enzymatic activity of C. albicans CYP51 by clinical antifungal drugs that are used systemically (fluconazole, voriconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, and posaconazole) and topically (miconazole and clotrimazole) and by a tetrazole-based drug candidate, VT-1161 (oteseconazole: ( R )-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1 H -tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol). Among the compounds tested, the first-line drug fluconazole was the weakest inhibitor, whereas posaconazole and VT-1161 were the strongest CYP51 inhibitors. We determined the X-ray structures of C. albicans CYP51 complexes with posaconazole and VT-1161, providing a molecular mechanism for the potencies of these drugs, including the activity of VT-1161 against Candida krusei and Candida glabrata , pathogens that are intrinsically resistant to fluconazole. Our comparative structural analysis outlines phylum-specific CYP51 features that could direct future rational development of more efficient broad-spectrum antifungals. © 2017 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Oleuropein inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of inflammatory mediators by suppressing the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes.

PubMed

Feng, Zhenhua; Li, Xiaobin; Lin, Jian; Zheng, Wenhao; Hu, Zhichao; Xuan, Jiangwei; Ni, Wenfei; Pan, Xiaoyun

2017-10-18

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of joint disease and is widespread in the elderly population and is characterized by erosion of articular cartilage, subchondral bone sclerosis and synovitis. Oleuropein (OL), a secoiridoid, is considered as the most prevalent phenolic component in olive leaves and seeds, pulp and peel of unripe olives and has been shown to have potent anti-inflammatory effects. However, its effects on OA have not been clearly elucidated. This study aimed to assess the effect of OL on human OA chondrocytes. Human OA chondrocytes were pretreated with OL (10, 50 and 100 μM) for 2 h and subsequently stimulated with IL-1β for 24 h. The production of NO, PGE2, MMP-1, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-5 was evaluated by the Griess reaction and ELISA assays. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of COX-2, iNOS, MMP-1, MMP13, ADAMTS-5, aggrecan, and collagen-II was measured by using real-time PCR. The protein expressions of COX-2, iNOS, p65, IκB-α, JNK, p-JNK, ERK, p-ERK, p38, and p-p38 were tested by using western blot. We found that OL significantly inhibited the IL-1β-induced production of NO and PGE2; expression of COX-2, iNOS, MMP-1, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-5; and degradation of aggrecan and collagen-II. Furthermore, OL dramatically suppressed IL-1β-stimulated NF-κB and MAPK activation. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that OL could suppress IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of p65 nuclear translocation. These results indicate that the therapeutic effect of OL on OA is accomplished through the inhibition of both NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Altogether, our findings provide the evidence to develop OL as a potential therapeutic agent for patients with OA.

Hydrogen generation from biogenic and fossil fuels by autothermal reforming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rampe, Thomas; Heinzel, Angelika; Vogel, Bernhard

Hydrogen generation for fuel cell systems by reforming technologies from various fuels is one of the main fields of investigation of the Fraunhofer ISE. Suitable fuels are, on the one hand, gaseous hydrocarbons like methane, propane but also, on the other hand, liquid hydrocarbons like gasoline and alcohols, e.g., ethanol as biogenic fuel. The goal is to develop compact systems for generation of hydrogen from fuel being suitable for small-scale membrane fuel cells. The most recent work is related to reforming according to the autothermal principle — fuel, air and steam is supplied to the reactor. Possible applications of such small-scale autothermal reformers are mobile systems and also miniature fuel cell as co-generation plant for decentralised electricity and heat generation. For small stand-alone systems without a connection to the natural gas grid liquid gas, a mixture of propane and butane is an appropriate fuel.

EXPERIMENTAL AND MODELING STUDY OF PREMIXED LAMINAR FLAMES OF ETHANOL AND METHANE

PubMed Central

Tran, Luc-Sy; Glaude, Pierre-Alexandre; Fournet, René; Battin-Leclerc, Frédérique

2013-01-01

To better understand the chemistry of the combustion of ethanol, the structure of five low pressure laminar premixed flames has been investigated: a pure methane flame (φ=1), three pure ethanol flames (φ=0.7, 1.0, and 1.3), and an ethanol/methane mixture flames (φ=1). The flames have been stabilized on a burner at a pressure of 6.7 kPa using argon as dilutant, with a gas velocity at the burner of 64.3 cm/s at 333 K. The results consist of mole fraction profiles of 20 species measured as a function of the height above the burner by probe sampling followed by online gas chromatography analyses. A mechanism for the oxidation of ethanol was proposed. The reactions of ethanol and acetaldehyde were updated and include recent theoretical calculations while that of ethenol, dimethyl ether, acetone, and propanal were added in the mechanism. This mechanism was also tested against experimental results available in the literature for laminar burning velocities and laminar premixed flame where ethenol was detected. The main reaction pathways of consumption of ethanol are analyzed. The effect of the branching ratios of reaction C2H5OH+OH→Products+H2O is also discussed. PMID:23712124

Booster propulsion/vehicle impact study, 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, P.; Satterthwaite, S.; Carson, C.; Schnackel, J.

1988-01-01

This is the final report in a study examining the impact of launch vehicles for various boost propulsion design options. These options included: differing boost phase engines using different combinations of fuels and coolants to include RP-1, methane, propane (subcooled and normal boiling point), and hydrogen; variable and high mixture ratio hydrogen engines; translating nozzles on boost phase engines; and cross feeding propellants from the booster to second stage. Vehicles examined included a fully reusable two stage cargo vehicle and a single stage to orbit vehicle. The use of subcooled propane as a fuel generated vehicles with the lowest total vehicle dry mass. Engines with hydrogen cooling generated only slight mass reductions from the reference, all-hydrogen vehicle. Cross feeding propellants generated the most significant mass reductions from the reference two stage vehicle. The use of high mixture ratio or variable mixture ratio hydrogen engines in the boost phase of flight resulted in vehicles with total dry mass 20 percent greater than the reference hydrogen vehicle. Translating nozzles for boost phase engines generated a heavier vehicle. Also examined were the design impacts on the vehicle and ground support subsystems when subcooled propane is used as a fuel. The most significant cost difference between facilities to handle normal boiling point versus subcooled propane is 5 million dollars. Vehicle cost differences were negligible. A significant technical challenge exists for properly conditioning the vehicle propellant on the ground and in flight when subcooled propane is used as fuel.

Functional overload increases beta-MHC promoter activity in rodent fast muscle via the proximal MCAT (betae3) site.

PubMed

Giger, Julia M; Haddad, Fadia; Qin, Anqi X; Baldwin, Kenneth M

2002-03-01

Functional overload (OL) of the rat plantaris muscle by the removal of synergistic muscles induces a shift in the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression profile from the fast isoforms toward the slow type I, or, beta-MHC isoform. Different length rat beta-MHC promoters were linked to a firefly luciferase reporter gene and injected in control and OL plantaris muscles. Reporter activities of -3,500, -914, -408, and -215 bp promoters increased in response to 1 wk of OL. The smallest -171 bp promoter was not responsive to OL. Mutation analyses of putative regulatory elements within the -171 and -408 bp region were performed. The -408 bp promoters containing mutations of the betae1, distal muscle CAT (MCAT; betae2), CACC, or A/T-rich (GATA), were still responsive to OL. Only the proximal MCAT (betae3) mutation abolished the OL response. Gel mobility shift assays revealed a significantly higher level of complex formation of the betae3 probe with nuclear protein from OL plantaris compared with control plantaris. These results suggest that the betae3 site functions as a putative OL-responsive element in the rat beta-MHC gene promoter.

The Effect of Terminal Substitution on the Helical Carbon Structure of Fluoro-Alkane Chains: a Pure Rotational Study of CH2OH-Cn-1F2n-1 (n = 4, 5,& 6)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schwartz, Aaron Z. A.; Maturo, Mark P.; Obenchain, Daniel A.; Cooke, S. A.

2016-06-01

Continuing a series of studies to investigate the change in structure of hydrocarbons as the amount of fluorination is increased to varying degrees of substitution, we present a survey on the change in the helical nature of the fluorinated carbon backbone when a -CH2OH group is substituted for a terminal - CF3 group. Spectra for 1H,1H-heptafluorobutan-1-ol, 1H,1H-nonafluoropentan-1-ol, and 1H,1H-undecafluorohexan-1-ol were collected separately using a chirped-pulse FTMW spectrometer in the range of 7-13 GHz. Only one conformation was observed for each molecule. Additional measurements of the 1H,1H-heptafluorobutan-1-ol were completed using a Balle-Flygare cavity instrument. Assignments of the singly-substituted 13C isotopologues of the 1H,1H-heptafluorobutan-1-ol were also measured. A comparison of both ab initio and experimental structures will be presented.

Number 2 heating oil/propane program. Final report, 1991/92

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McBrien, J.

1992-06-01

During the 1991--92 heating season, the Massachusetts Division of Energy Resources (DOER) participated in a joint data collection program between several state energy offices and the federal Department of Energy`s (DOE) Energy Information Administration (EIA). The purpose of the program was to collect and monitor retail and wholesale heating oil and propane prices and inventories from October, 1991 through March, 1992. This final report begins with an overview of the unique events which had an impact on the reporting period. Next, the report summarizes the results from the residential heating oil and propane price surveys conducted by DOER over themore » 1991--1992 heating season. The report also incorporates the wholesale heating oil and propane prices and inventories collected by the EIA and distributed to the states. Finally, the report outlines DOER`s use of the data and responses to the events which unfolded during the 1991--1992 heating season.« less

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Kansas Transportation Data for Alternative

Science.gov Websites

Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Save Money Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 https://www.youtube.com

Enantioselective potential of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases in supercritical fluid chromatography.

PubMed

Kucerova, Gabriela; Kalikova, Kveta; Tesarova, Eva

2017-06-01

The enantioselective potential of two polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for analysis of chiral structurally diverse biologically active compounds was evaluated in supercritical fluid chromatography using a set of 52 analytes. The chiral selectors immobilized on 2.5 μm silica particles were tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarmabate) derivatives of cellulose or amylose. The influence of the polysaccharide backbone, different organic modifiers, and different mobile phase additives on retention and enantioseparation was monitored. Conditions for fast baseline enantioseparation were found for the majority of the compounds. The success rate of baseline and partial enantioseparation with cellulose-based chiral stationary phase was 51.9% and 15.4%, respectively. Using amylose-based chiral stationary phase we obtained 76.9% of baseline enantioseparations and 9.6% of partial enantioseparations of the tested compounds. The best results on cellulose-based chiral stationary phase were achieved particularly with propane-2-ol and a mixture of isopropylamine and trifluoroacetic acid as organic modifier and additive to CO 2 , respectively. Methanol and basic additive isopropylamine were preferred on amylose-based chiral stationary phase. The complementary enantioselectivity of the cellulose- and amylose-based chiral stationary phases allows separation of the majority of the tested structurally different compounds. Separation systems were found to be directly applicable for analyses of biologically active compounds of interest. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Alpha Baking Company Augments Its Fleet With

Science.gov Websites

Propane Delivery Trucks Alpha Baking Company Augments Its Fleet With Propane Delivery Trucks to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Alpha Baking Company Augments Its Fleet With Propane Delivery Trucks on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Alpha Baking Company

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Alabama Prisons Adopt Propane, Establish

Science.gov Websites

, Establish Fuel Savings for Years to Come on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Alabama Prisons Adopt Propane, Establish Fuel Savings for Years to Come on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: Alabama Prisons Adopt Propane, Establish Fuel Savings for Years to Come on Google Bookmark

A surface flow visualisation technique for use in cryogenic wind tunnels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kell, D. M.

1978-01-01

A method of surface flow visualization for use in cryogenic wind tunnels is described which requires injection of a cryogenic liquid onto the model while the tunnel is running. This necessitates the use of a substance that remains liquid over a large range of cryogenic wind tunnel operating temperatures. It is found that propane (C3H8) is a suitable substance. Experiments are conducted in a subsonic cryogenic wind tunnel to assess the practical application of liquid propane flow visualization. The propane is stored in a chamber cooled by liquid nitrogen and when required is pumped through pipes to a gallery inside the model and then out onto the surface through small holes. To color the liquid a suspension of pigment particles is used. Propane is supplied to the cooled chamber in gaseous form from a standard liquefied gas cylinder. The sequence of events is illustrated on a propane temperature-entropy diagram. The use of liquefied propane for flow visualization in a cryogenic tunnel operating at pressures up to 40 atm appears to be feasible. Illustrative examples are provided.

Discovery of the Aggregation Pheromone of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys) through the Creation of Stereoisomeric Libraries of 1-Bisabolen-3-ols

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric addition of trimethylaluminum to diastereomeric mixtures of 1,10-bisaboladien-3-ones 1 and 2 provided a straightforward and novel route to all eight stereoisomers of 1,10-bisaboladien-3-ol and six of the sixteen stereoisomers of 10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol. Relativ...

Recovery Act: Demonstration of a SOFC Generator Fueled by Propane to Provide Electrical Power to Real World Applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bessette, Norman

The objective of this project provided with funds through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) was to demonstrate a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) generator capable of operation on propane fuel to improve efficiency and reduce emissions over commercially available portable generators. The key objectives can be summarized as: Development of two portable electrical generators in the 1-3kW range utilizing Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and propane fuel; The development and demonstration of a proof-of-concept electro-mechanical propane fuel interface that provides a user friendly capability for managing propane fuel; The deployment and use of the fuel cell portablemore » generators to power media production equipment over the course of several months at multiple NASCAR automobile racing events; The deployment and use of the fuel cell portable generators at scheduled events by first responders (police, fire) of the City of Folsom California; and Capturing data with regard to the systems’ ability to meet Department of Energy (DOE) Technical Targets and evaluating the ease of use and potential barriers to further adoption of the systems.« less

77 FR 24940 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Representative Average Unit Costs of Energy

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-26

... electricity, natural gas, No. 2 heating oil, propane, and kerosene. DATES: The representative average unit... unit after-tax costs for electricity, natural gas, No. 2 heating oil, and propane are based on...\\ In commonly used terms As required by test procedure Electricity $34.70 11.84[cent]/kWh 2 3...

Site-Specific Carbon Isotopes in Organics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Piasecki, A.; Eiler, J. M.

2012-12-01

Natural organic molecules exhibit a wide range of internal site-specific isotope variation (i.e., molecules with same isotopic substitution type but different site). Such variations are generally unconstrained by bulk isotopic measurements. If known, site-specific variations might constrain temperatures of equilibrium, mechanisms of formation or consumption reactions, and possibly other details. For example, lipids can exhibit carbon isotope differences of up to 30‰ between adjacent carbon sites as a result of fractionations arising during decarboxylation of pyruvate and other steps in lipid biosynthesis(1). We present a method for site-specific carbon isotope analysis of propane, based on high-resolution, multi-collector gas source mass spectrometry, using a novel prototype instrument - the Thermo MAT 253 Ultra. This machine has an inlet system and electron bombardment ion source resembling those in conventional stable isotope gas source mass spectrometers, and the energy filter, magnet, and detector array resembling those in multi-collector ICPMS and TIMS. The detector array has 7 detector positions, 6 of which are movable, and each of which can collect ions with either a faraday cup (read through amplifiers ranging from 107-1012 ohms) or an SEM. High mass resolving power (up to 27,000, MRP = M/dM definition) is achieved through a narrow entrance slit, adjustable from 250 to 5 μm. Such resolution can cleanly separate isobaric interferences between isotopologues of organic molecules having the same cardinal mass (e.g., 13CH3 and 12CH2D). We use this technology to analyze the isotopologues and fragments of propane, and use such data to solve for the site-specific carbon isotope fractionation. By measuring isotopologues of both the one-carbon (13CH3) and the two-carbon (13C12CH4) fragment ion, we can solve for both bulk δ13C and the difference in δ13C between the terminal and central carbon position. We tested this method by analyzing mixtures between natural propane and labeled propane (13CH3-12CH2-12CH3). Results are consistent with the expected relative fractionations between the two fragments, indicating limited 'scrambling' of carbon positions of less than 2% in the source. The limits of precision of this method are currently ~0.5 ‰, sufficient to resolve known or suspected position-specific isotope effects in propane. We have explored the expected temperature-dependent equilibrium isotopic distributions of propane using density functional theory and quantum mechanical models of vibrational isotope effects. These models predict the homogeneous isotope exchange equilibria among the various isotopologues of propane, which include several of a wide range of effects that should be measurable by our methods. At 300 K we predict that the central carbon site is 15‰ higher in δ13C and 95 ‰ higher in δD than the terminal carbon site; similarly the molecule containing both a 13C and D in the central site is enriched by ~120 ‰ relative to a random isotopic distribution at 300 K. These predictions present targets for future experimental and empirical studies of the temperature dependence of isotopic ordering in propane. More generally, the methods we are developing for the study of intramolecular isotopic distributions in propane will serve as a model for future study of similar effects in other organic compounds. [1]DeNiro, Epstein (1977) Science Volume 197, 261-263.

Design and evaluation of ondansetron liquid suppository for the treatment of emesis.

PubMed

Ban, Eunmi; Kim, Chong-Kook

2013-05-01

The thermosensitive-mucoadhesive ondansetron liquid suppository (tmOLS) was developed to enhance patient compliance and bioavailability in high-risk patients receiving highly emetogenic therapy and having difficulty in swallowing, The thermosensitive-mucoadhesive liquid suppository bases were formulated using poloxamers (P407 and P188) and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC). The physicochemical properties of the liquid suppository bases were characterized by their gelation temperature, mucoadhesive force, rheological properties, and in vitro release. Rectal mucosal damage following rectal administration of tmOLS in rats was assessed using microscopy. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed to compare tmOLS administered via the rectal route to ondansetron solution administered orally. The liquid suppository base of tmOLS contained P407, P188, and HPMC in the ratio 18:20:0.8, was in the liquid state at room temperature, underwent gelation at body temperature. Area under the curve and half-life (t1/2) of ondansetron were significantly higher in the tmOLS-treated group, indicating that the formulation bypassed the first-pass metabolism and that it was released slowly from the tmOLS because of the formation of mucoadhesive gel state. Furthermore, the t1/2 of tmOLS was two-fold that of the oral solution. Thus, tmOLS could be administered to patients who have difficulty in swallowing; however, adjustments in dosing interval may be needed.

Effect of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor, Dapagliflozin, on Renal Renin-Angiotensin System in an Animal Model of Type 2 Diabetes.

PubMed

Shin, Seok Joon; Chung, Sungjin; Kim, Soo Jung; Lee, Eun-Mi; Yoo, Young-Hye; Kim, Ji-Won; Ahn, Yu-Bae; Kim, Eun-Sook; Moon, Sung-Dae; Kim, Myung-Jun; Ko, Seung-Hyun

2016-01-01

Renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation is one of the important pathogenic mechanisms in the development of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, dapagliflozin, on renal RAS in an animal model with type 2 diabetes. Dapagliflozin (1.0 mg/kg, OL-DA) or voglibose (0.6 mg/kg, OL-VO, diabetic control) (n = 10 each) was administered to Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats for 12 weeks. We used voglibose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, as a comparable counterpart to SGLT2 inhibitor because of its postprandial glucose-lowering effect without proven renoprotective effects. Control Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LT) and OLETF (OL-C) rats received saline (n = 10, each). Changes in blood glucose, urine albumin, creatinine clearance, and oxidative stress were measured. Inflammatory cell infiltration, mesangial widening, and interstitial fibrosis in the kidney were evaluated by histological analysis. The effects of dapagliflozin on renal expression of the RAS components were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR in renal tissue. After treatment, hyperglycemia and urine microalbumin levels were attenuated in both OL-DA and OL-VO rather than in the OL-C group (P < 0.05). The urine angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensinogen levels were significantly decreased following treatment with dapagliflozin or voglibose, but suppression of urine Ang II level was more prominent in the OL-DA than the OL-VO group (P < 0.05). The expressions of angiotensin type 1 receptor and tissue oxidative stress markers were markedly increased in OL-C rats, which were reversed by dapagliflozin or voglibose (P < 0.05, both). Inflammatory cell infiltration, mesangial widening, interstitial fibrosis, and total collagen content were significantly increased in OL-C rats, which were attenuated in OL-DA group (P < 0.05). Dapagliflozin treatment showed beneficial effects on diabetic nephropathy, which might be via suppression of renal RAS component expression, oxidative stress and interstitial fibrosis in OLETF rats. We suggest that, in addition to control of hyperglycemia, partial suppression of renal RAS with an SGLT2 inhibitor would be a promising strategy for the prevention of treatment of diabetic nephropathy.

Variation of the pressure limits of flame propagation with tube diameter for propane-air mixtures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Belles, Frank E; Simon, Dorothy M

1951-01-01

An investigation was made of the variation of the pressure limits of flame propagation with tube diameter for quiescent propane with tube diameter for quiescent propane-air mixtures. Pressure limits were measured in glass tubes of six different inside diameters, with a precise apparatus. Critical diameters for flame propagation were calculated and the effect of pressure was determined. The critical diameters depended on the pressure to the -0.97 power for stoichiometric mixtures. The pressure dependence decreased with decreasing propane concentration. Critical diameters were related to quenching distance, flame speeds, and minimum ignition energy.

(-)-Terpinen-4-ol changes intracellular Ca2+ handling and induces pacing disturbance in rat hearts.

PubMed

Gondim, Antonio Nei Santana; Lara, Aline; Santos-Miranda, Artur; Roman-Campos, Danilo; Lauton-Santos, Sandra; Menezes-Filho, José Evaldo Rodrigues; de Vasconcelos, Carla Maria Lins; Conde-Garcia, Eduardo Antonio; Guatimosim, Silvia; Cruz, Jader S

2017-07-15

(-)-Terpinen-4-ol is a naturally occurring plant monoterpene and has been shown to have a plethora of biological activities. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of (-)-terpinen-4-ol on the rat heart, a key player in the control and maintenance of arterial blood pressure. The effects of (-)-terpinen-4-ol on the rat heart were investigated using isolated left atrium isometric force measurements, in vivo electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings, patch clamp technique, and confocal microscopy. It was observed that (-)-terpinen-4-ol reduced contraction force in an isolated left atrium at millimolar concentrations. Conversely, it induced a positive inotropic effect and extrasystoles at micromolar concentrations, suggesting that (-)-terpinen-4-ol may have arrhythmogenic activity on cardiac tissue. In anaesthetized animals, (-)-terpinen-4-ol also elicited rhythm disturbance, such as supraventricular tachycardia and atrioventricular block. To investigate the cellular mechanism underlying the dual effect of (-)-terpinen-4-ol on heart muscle, experiments were performed on isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes to determine the effect of (-)-terpinen-4-ol on L-type Ca 2+ currents, Ca 2+ sparks, and Ca 2+ transients. The arrhythmogenic activity of (-)-terpinen-4-ol in vitro and in vivo may be explained by its effect on intracellular Ca 2+ handling. Taken together, our data suggest that (-)-terpinen-4-ol has cardiac arrhythmogenic activity. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

), propane, electricity, and renewable diesel. For taxation purposes, one GGE of CNG is equal to 5.66 pounds (lbs.), one DGE of LNG is equal to 6.06 lbs., one GGE of propane is equal to 1.35 gallons, and one GGE

Engineering a Promiscuous Tautomerase into a More Efficient Aldolase for Self-Condensations of Linear Aliphatic Aldehydes.

PubMed

Rahimi, Mehran; van der Meer, Jan-Ytzen; Geertsema, Edzard M; Poelarends, Gerrit J

2017-07-18

The enzyme 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase (4-OT) from Pseudomonas putida mt-2 takes part in a catabolic pathway for aromatic hydrocarbons, where it catalyzes the conversion of 2hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienedioate into 2-oxohexa-3-enedioate. This tautomerase can also promiscuously catalyze carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions, including various types of aldol reactions, by using its amino-terminal proline as a key catalytic residue. Here, we used systematic mutagenesis to identify two hotspots in 4-OT (Met45 and Phe50) at which single mutations give marked improvements in aldolase activity for the self-condensation of propanal. Activity screening of a focused library in which these two hotspots were varied led to the discovery of a 4-OT variant (M45Y/F50V) with strongly enhanced aldolase activity in the self-condensation of linear aliphatic aldehydes, such as acetaldehyde, propanal, and butanal, to yield α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. With both propanal and benzaldehyde, this double mutant, unlike the previously constructed single mutant F50A, mainly catalyzes the self-condensation of propanal rather than the cross-condensation of propanal and benzaldehyde, thus indicating that it indeed has altered substrate specificity. This variant could serve as a template to create new biocatalysts that lack dehydration activity and possess further enhanced aldolase activity, thus enabling the efficient enzymatic self-coupling of aliphatic aldehydes. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase produces analgesia by multiple mechanisms

PubMed Central

Chang, Leon; Luo, Lin; Palmer, James A; Sutton, Steven; Wilson, Sandy J; Barbier, Ann J; Breitenbucher, James Guy; Chaplan, Sandra R; Webb, Michael

2006-01-01

The reversible fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor OL135 reverses mechanical allodynia in the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) and mild thermal injury (MTI) models in the rat. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the cannabinoid and opioid systems in mediating this analgesic effect. Elevated brain concentrations of anandamide (350 pmol g−1 of tissue vs 60 pmol g−1 in vehicle-treated controls) were found in brains of rats given OL135 (20 mg kg−1) i.p. 15 min prior to 20 mg kg−1 i.p. anandamide. Predosing rats with OL135 (2–60 mg kg−1 i.p.) 30 min before administration of an irreversible FAAH inhibitor (URB597: 0.3 mg kg−1 intracardiac) was found to protect brain FAAH from irreversible inactivation. The level of enzyme protection was correlated with the OL135 concentrations in the same brains. OL135 (100 mg kg−1 i.p.) reduced by 50% of the maximum possible efficacy (MPE) mechanical allodynia induced by MTI in FAAH+/+mice (von Frey filament measurement) 30 min after dosing, but was without effect in FAAH−/− mice. OL135 given i.p. resulted in a dose-responsive reversal of mechanical allodynia in both MTI and SNL models in the rat with an ED50 between 6 and 9 mg kg−1. The plasma concentration at the ED50 in both models was 0.7 μM (240 ng ml−1). In the rat SNL model, coadministration of the selective CB2 receptor antagonist SR144528 (5 mg kg−1 i.p.), with 20 mg kg−1 OL135 blocked the OL135-induced reversal of mechanical allodynia, but the selective CB1 antagonist SR141716A (5 mg kg−1 i.p.) was without effect. In the rat MTI model neither SR141716A or SR144528 (both at 5 mg kg−1 i.p.), or a combination of both antagonists coadministered with OL135 (20 mg kg−1) blocked reversal of mechanical allodynia assessed 30 min after dosing. In both the MTI model and SNL models in rats, naloxone (1 mg kg−1, i.p. 30 min after OL135) reversed the analgesia (to 15% of control levels in the MTI model, to zero in the SNL) produced by OL135. PMID:16501580

A prospective population-based study of maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes in the setting of prolonged labor, obstructed labor and failure to progress in low- and middle-income countries.

PubMed

Harrison, Margo S; Ali, Sumera; Pasha, Omrana; Saleem, Sarah; Althabe, Fernando; Berrueta, Mabel; Mazzoni, Agustina; Chomba, Elwyn; Carlo, Waldemar A; Garces, Ana; Krebs, Nancy F; Hambidge, K; Goudar, Shivaprasad S; Dhaded, S M; Kodkany, Bhala; Derman, Richard J; Patel, Archana; Hibberd, Patricia L; Esamai, Fabian; Liechty, Edward A; Moore, Janet L; Koso-Thomas, Marion; McClure, Elizabeth M; Goldenberg, Robert L

2015-01-01

This population-based study sought to quantify maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries associated with obstructed labor, prolonged labor and failure to progress (OL/PL/FTP). A prospective, population-based observational study of pregnancy outcomes was performed at seven sites in Argentina, Guatemala, India (2 sites, Belgaum and Nagpur), Kenya, Pakistan and Zambia. Women were enrolled in pregnancy and delivery and 6-week follow-up obtained to evaluate rates of OL/PL/FTP and outcomes resulting from OL/PL/FTP, including: maternal and delivery characteristics, maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and stillbirth. Between 2010 and 2013, 266,723 of 267,270 records (99.8%) included data on OL/PL/FTP with an overall rate of 110.4/1000 deliveries that ranged from 41.6 in Zambia to 200.1 in Pakistan. OL/PL/FTP was more common in women aged <20, nulliparous women, more educated women, women with infants >3500g, and women with a BMI >25 (RR 1.4, 95% CI 1.3 - 1.5), with the suggestion of OL/PL/FTP being less common in preterm deliveries. Protective characteristics included parity of ≥3, having an infant <1500g, and having a BMI <18. Women with OL/PL/FTP were more likely to die within 42 days (RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4 - 2.4), be infected (RR 1.8, 95% CI 1.5 - 2.2), and have hemorrhage antepartum (RR 2.8, 95% CI 2.1 - 3.7) or postpartum (RR 2.4, 95% CI 1.8 - 3.3). They were also more likely to have a stillbirth (RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3 - 1.9), a neonatal demise at < 28 days (RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.6 - 2.1), or a neonatal infection (RR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1 - 1.3). As compared to operative vaginal delivery and cesarean section (CS), women experiencing OL/PL/FTP who gave birth vaginally were more likely to become infected, to have an infected neonate, to hemorrhage in the antepartum and postpartum period, and to die, have a stillbirth, or have a neonatal demise. Women with OL/PL/FTP were far more likely to deliver in a facility and be attended by a physician or other skilled provider than women without this diagnosis. Women with OL/PL/FTP in the communities studied were more likely to be primiparous, younger than age 20, overweight, and of higher education, with an infant with birthweight of >3500g. Women with this diagnosis were more likely to experience a maternal, fetal, or neonatal death, antepartum and postpartum hemorrhage, and maternal and neonatal infection. They were also more likely to deliver in a facility with a skilled provider. CS may decrease the risk of poor outcomes (as in the case of antepartum hemorrhage), but unassisted vaginal delivery exacerbates all of the maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes evaluated in the setting of OL/PL/FTP.

A prospective population-based study of maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes in the setting of prolonged labor, obstructed labor and failure to progress in low- and middle-income countries

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

Background This population-based study sought to quantify maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries associated with obstructed labor, prolonged labor and failure to progress (OL/PL/FTP). Methods A prospective, population-based observational study of pregnancy outcomes was performed at seven sites in Argentina, Guatemala, India (2 sites, Belgaum and Nagpur), Kenya, Pakistan and Zambia. Women were enrolled in pregnancy and delivery and 6-week follow-up obtained to evaluate rates of OL/PL/FTP and outcomes resulting from OL/PL/FTP, including: maternal and delivery characteristics, maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and stillbirth. Results Between 2010 and 2013, 266,723 of 267,270 records (99.8%) included data on OL/PL/FTP with an overall rate of 110.4/1000 deliveries that ranged from 41.6 in Zambia to 200.1 in Pakistan. OL/PL/FTP was more common in women aged <20, nulliparous women, more educated women, women with infants >3500g, and women with a BMI >25 (RR 1.4, 95% CI 1.3 – 1.5), with the suggestion of OL/PL/FTP being less common in preterm deliveries. Protective characteristics included parity of ≥3, having an infant <1500g, and having a BMI <18. Women with OL/PL/FTP were more likely to die within 42 days (RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4 – 2.4), be infected (RR 1.8, 95% CI 1.5 – 2.2), and have hemorrhage antepartum (RR 2.8, 95% CI 2.1 – 3.7) or postpartum (RR 2.4, 95% CI 1.8 – 3.3). They were also more likely to have a stillbirth (RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3 – 1.9), a neonatal demise at < 28 days (RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.6 – 2.1), or a neonatal infection (RR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1 – 1.3). As compared to operative vaginal delivery and cesarean section (CS), women experiencing OL/PL/FTP who gave birth vaginally were more likely to become infected, to have an infected neonate, to hemorrhage in the antepartum and postpartum period, and to die, have a stillbirth, or have a neonatal demise. Women with OL/PL/FTP were far more likely to deliver in a facility and be attended by a physician or other skilled provider than women without this diagnosis. Conclusions Women with OL/PL/FTP in the communities studied were more likely to be primiparous, younger than age 20, overweight, and of higher education, with an infant with birthweight of >3500g. Women with this diagnosis were more likely to experience a maternal, fetal, or neonatal death, antepartum and postpartum hemorrhage, and maternal and neonatal infection. They were also more likely to deliver in a facility with a skilled provider. CS may decrease the risk of poor outcomes (as in the case of antepartum hemorrhage), but unassisted vaginal delivery exacerbates all of the maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes evaluated in the setting of OL/PL/FTP. PMID:26063492

Evaluation of Propane Combustion Traps for the Collection of Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) in Southern Israel

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-01

traps for the consumer market , which utilize the combustion of propane to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and other attractants. While these...Z. Abramsky, B.P. Kotler , R.S. Ostfeld, I.Yarom, and A.Warburg. 2003a. Anthropogenic disturbances enhance occurrence of cutaneous

Synthesis and characterization of a novel long-alkyl-chain ester-substituted benzimidazole gelator and its octan-1-ol solvate.

PubMed

Geiger, H Cristina; Zick, Patricia L; Roberts, William R; Geiger, David K

2017-04-01

The synthesis of a novel benzimidazole derivative with a long-chain-ester substituent, namely methyl 8-[4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenoxy]octanoate, (3), is reported. Ester (3) shows evidence of aggregation in solution and weak gelation ability with toluene. The octan-1-ol solvate, methyl 8-[4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenoxy]octanoate octan-1-ol monosolvate, C 22 H 26 N 2 O 3 ·C 8 H 18 O, (4), exhibits a four-molecule hydrogen-bonded motif in the solid state, with N-H...O hydrogen bonds between benzimidazole molecules and O-H...N hydrogen bonds between the octan-1-ol solvent molecules and the benzimidazole unit. The alkyl chains of the ester and the octan-1-ol molecules are in unfolded conformations. The phenylene ring is canted by 10.27 (6)° from the plane of the benzimidazole ring system. H...C contacts make up 20.7% of the Hirshfeld surface coverage. Weak C-H...π interactions involving the benzimidazole alkyl chain and three aromatic rings are observed.

Development of a 100 nmol mol(-1) propane-in-air SRM for automobile-exhaust testing for new low-emission requirements.

PubMed

Rhoderick, George C

2007-04-01

New US federal low-level automobile emission requirements, for example zero-level-emission vehicle (ZLEV), for hydrocarbons and other species, have resulted in the need by manufacturers for new certified reference materials. The new emission requirement for hydrocarbons requires the use, by automobile manufacturing testing facilities, of a 100 nmol mol(-1) propane in air gas standard. Emission-measurement instruments are required, by federal law, to be calibrated with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable reference materials. Because a NIST standard reference material (SRM) containing 100 nmol mol(-1) propane was not available, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Automobile Industry/Government Emissions Research Consortium (AIGER) requested that NIST develop such an SRM. A cylinder lot of 30 gas mixtures containing 100 nmol mol(-1) propane in air was prepared in 6-L aluminium gas cylinders by a specialty gas company and delivered to the Gas Metrology Group at NIST. Another mixture, contained in a 30-L aluminium cylinder and included in the lot, was used as a lot standard (LS). Using gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection all 30 samples were compared to the LS to obtain the average of six peak-area ratios to the LS for each sample with standard deviations of <0.31%. The average sample-to-LS ratio determinations resulted in a range of 0.9828 to 0.9888, a spread of 0.0060, which corresponds to a relative standard deviation of 0.15% of the average for all 30 samples. NIST developed its first set of five propane in air primary gravimetric standards covering a concentration range 91 to 103 nmol mol(-1) with relative uncertainties of 0.15%. This new suite of propane gravimetric standards was used to analyze and assign a concentration value to the SRM LS. On the basis of these data each SRM sample was individually certified, furnishing the desired relative expanded uncertainty of +/-0.5%. Because automobile companies use total hydrocarbons to make their measurements, it was also vital to assign a methane concentration to the SRM samples. Some of the SRM samples were analyzed and found to contain 1.2 nmol mol(-1) methane. Twenty-five of the samples were certified and released as SRM 2765.

Pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (Col., Scolytidae), responses to commn green leaf volatiles

Treesearch

Therese M. Poland; Robert A. Haack

2000-01-01

We tested the hypothesis that green leaf volatiles (GLVs) disrupt the response of overwintered pine shoot beetles, Tomicus piniperda (L.) to multiple-funnel traps baited with the attractive host volatile -pinene. A combination of four GLV alcohols, 1-hexanol (E)-2-hexen-l-ol (Z)-2-hexen-l-ol, and (Z)-3-hexen-l-ol...

Deposit formation in hydrocarbon rocket fuels with an evaluation of a propane heat transfer correlation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Masters, P. A.; Aukerman, C. A.

1982-01-01

A high pressure fuel coking testing apparatus was designed and developed and was used to evaluate thermal decomposition limits and carbon decomposition rates in heated copper tubes for hydrocarbon fuels. A commercial propane (90% grade) and chemically pure (CP) propane were tested. Heat transfer to supercritical propane was evaluated at 136 atm, bulk fluid velocities of 6 to 30 m/s, and tube wall temperatures in the range of 422 to 811 K. A forced convection heat transfer correlation developed in a previous test effort verified a prediction of most of the experimental data within a + or - 30% range, with good agreement for the CP propane data. No significant differences were apparent in the predictions derived from the correlation when the carbon resistance was included with the film resistance. A post-test scanning electron microprobe analysis indicated occurrences of migration and interdiffusion of copper into the carbon deposit.

Regioselective alkane hydroxylation with a mutant AlkB enzyme

DOEpatents

Koch, Daniel J.; Arnold, Frances H.

2012-11-13

AlkB from Pseudomonas putida was engineered using in-vivo directed evolution to hydroxylate small chain alkanes. Mutant AlkB-BMO1 hydroxylates propane and butane at the terminal carbon at a rate greater than the wild-type to form 1-propanol and 1-butanol, respectively. Mutant AlkB-BMO2 similarly hydroxylates propane and butane at the terminal carbon at a rate greater than the wild-type to form 1-propanol and 1-butanol, respectively. These biocatalysts are highly active for small chain alkane substrates and their regioselectivity is retained in whole-cell biotransformations.

Comparative Assessment of Off-label and Unlicensed Drug Prescriptions in Children: FDA Versus ANSM Guidelines.

PubMed

Berdkan, Sandra; Rabbaa, Lara; Hajj, Aline; Eid, Bassam; Jabbour, Hicham; Osta, Nada El; Karam, Latife; Khabbaz, Lydia Rabbaa

2016-08-01

The main objectives of this study were to assess the incidence of off-label (OL) and/or unlicensed (UL) prescriptions in a sample of pediatric Lebanese patients by using US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the French Medical Regulatory Authority (ANSM) regulations. The goal was to analyze the divergences between regulations and to identify those drugs most commonly involved in OL-UL utilization. This study was a retrospective analysis (500 pediatric files) conducted in a Lebanese University hospital in 3 pediatric wards (chronic diseases, acute diseases, and the pediatric intensive care unit). The frequency of OL-UL drug use was significantly different between pediatric wards (P < 0.001), with the highest incidence occurring in the intensive care unit. The most frequent OL-UL prescriptions occurred with cancer (oncology) admissions. Age was significantly related to OL-UL frequency (highest incidence in children aged between 0 and 1 year). The number of drugs prescribed per patient ranged between 1 and 20 (mean [SD], 4.13 [2.6]). The incidence of OL-UL prescriptions was significantly higher in patients treated with a greater number of medicines (P < 0.001). Overall, 58.9% of drug prescriptions were authorized according to ANSM and 50.7% according to FDA regulations; 11.1% (ANSM) and 15.8% (FDA) were UL, and 30.2% (ANSM) and 33.5% (FDA), respectively, were OL use (where OL for the indication were the most common). The highest percentage of OL-UL prescriptions was seen with the following groups: blood and blood-forming organs, genitourinary system, and sex hormones. Divergence between FDA and ANSM was mainly observed for OL medicines. UL prescriptions assessed according to both regulations showed similar results. This study highlights the need for prescribers to continuously examine updates to official regulations to avoid using an OL-UL drug whenever possible. It also calls for better harmonization between worldwide official guidelines concerning drugs used in children to reduce risk factors for adverse drug reactions. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier HS Journals, Inc. All rights reserved.

Closed-Loop Control of Postprandial Glycemia Using an Insulin-on-Board Limitation Through Continuous Action on Glucose Target.

PubMed

Rossetti, Paolo; Quirós, Carmen; Moscardó, Vanessa; Comas, Anna; Giménez, Marga; Ampudia-Blasco, F Javier; León, Fabián; Montaser, Eslam; Conget, Ignacio; Bondia, Jorge; Vehí, Josep

2017-06-01

Postprandial (PP) control remains a challenge for closed-loop (CL) systems. Few studies with inconsistent results have systematically investigated the PP period. To compare a new CL algorithm with current pump therapy (open loop [OL]) in the PP glucose control in type 1 diabetes (T1D) subjects. A crossover randomized study was performed in two centers. Twenty T1D subjects (F/M 13/7, age 40.7 ± 10.4 years, disease duration 22.6 ± 9.9 years, and A1c 7.8% ± 0.7%) underwent an 8-h mixed meal test on four occasions. In two (CL1/CL2), after meal announcement, a bolus was given followed by an algorithm-driven basal infusion based on continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Alternatively, in OL1/OL2 conventional pump therapy was used. Main outcome measures were as follows: glucose variability, estimated with the coefficient of variation (CV) of the area under the curve (AUC) of plasma glucose (PG) and CGM values, and from the analysis of the glucose time series; mean, maximum (C max ), and time to C max glucose concentrations and time in range (<70, 70-180, >180 mg/dL). CVs of the glucose AUCs were low and similar in all studies (around 10%). However, CL achieved greater reproducibility and better PG control in the PP period: CL1 = CL2 0.05) nor the need for oral glucose was significantly different (CL 40.0% vs. OL 22.5% of meals; P = 0.054). This novel CL algorithm effectively and consistently controls PP glucose excursions without increasing hypoglycemia. Study registered at ClinicalTrials.gov : study number NCT02100488.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Buses Shuttle Visitors in Maine

Science.gov Websites

Florida Feb. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of an electric School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan Utilities District Fuels Vehicles Relies on Natural Gas Fueling Stations July 1, 2010 Hybrid Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Michigan Converts Vehicles to Propane,

Science.gov Websites

, Reducing Emissions Learn how Detroit reduces emissions and saves money by converting vehicles to run on , 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of an electric vehicle at a Natural Gas Fueling Stations July 1, 2010 Hybrid Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June

Numerical study of influences of crosswind and additional steam on the flow field and temperature of propane non-premixed turbulence flame

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wusnah; Bindar, Y.; Yunardi; Nur, F. M.; Syam, A. M.

2018-03-01

This paper presents results the process of combustion propane using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate the turbulent non-premixed flame under the influences of crosswinds and the ratio of fuel (propane) to steam, S. Configuration, discretization and boundary conditions of the flame are described using GambitTM software and integrated with FluentTM software for calculations of flow and reactive fields. This work focuses on the influence of various crosswind speeds (0–10 m/s) and values of S (0.14–2.35) while the velocity of fuel issued from the nozzle was kept constant at 20 m/s. A turbulence model, k-ɛ standard and combustion model, Eddy Dissipation model were employed for the calculation of velocity and temperature fields, respectively. The results are displayed in the form of predictive terrain profile of the propane flame at different crosswind speeds. The results of the propane flame profile demonstrated that the crosswind significantly affect the structure velocity and position of the flame which was off-center moving towards the direction of crosswind, eventually affect the temperature along the flame. As the values of S is increasing, the flame contour temperature decreases, until the flame was extinguished at S equals to 2.35. The combustion efficiency for a variety of crosswind speeds decreases with increasing values of S.

Analysis of new psychoactive substances in human urine by ultra-high performance supercritical fluid and liquid chromatography: Validation and comparison.

PubMed

Borovcová, Lucie; Pauk, Volodymyr; Lemr, Karel

2018-05-01

New psychoactive substances represent serious social and health problem as tens of new compounds are detected in Europe annually. They often show structural proximity or even isomerism, which complicates their analysis. Two methods based on ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography and ultra high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection were validated and compared. A simple dilute-filter-and-shoot protocol utilizing propan-2-ol or methanol for supercritical fluid or liquid chromatography, respectively, was proposed to detect and quantify 15 cathinones and phenethylamines in human urine. Both methods offered fast separation (<3 min) and short total analysis time. Precision was well <15% with a few exceptions in liquid chromatography. Limits of detection in urine ranged from 0.01 to 2.3 ng/mL, except for cathinone (5 ng/mL) in supercritical fluid chromatography. Nevertheless, this technique distinguished all analytes including four pairs of isomers, while liquid chromatography was unable to resolve fluoromethcathinone regioisomers. Concerning matrix effects and recoveries, supercritical fluid chromatography produced more uniform results for different compounds and at different concentration levels. This work demonstrates the performance and reliability of supercritical fluid chromatography and corroborates its applicability as an alternative tool for analysis of new psychoactive substances in biological matrixes. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Least-Squares Models to Correct for Rater Effects in Performance Assessment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Raymond, Mark R.; Viswesvaran, Chockalingam

This study illustrates the use of three least-squares models to control for rater effects in performance evaluation: (1) ordinary least squares (OLS); (2) weighted least squares (WLS); and (3) OLS subsequent to applying a logistic transformation to observed ratings (LOG-OLS). The three models were applied to ratings obtained from four…

Two LNG plants slated for Indonesia

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Parker, R.F.; Phannenstiel, L.L.

1975-06-09

Two large LNG plants are in the planning stage for Indonesia. The Badak field in East Kalimantan, Borneo, will have a 450 million ft/sup 3//day plant with a projected 20-y life. Gas will be liquefied in a 2-train plant employing the propane-MCR process, then stored in double-wall tanks having a total capacity of 2.4 million bbl. Arun field in North Sumatra will have an LNG plant capable of liquefying 1.2 billion ft/sup 3//day of gas in 6 trains, also using the propane-MCR process. LNG storage capacity at Arun will total 3.2 million bbl.

Light drinking versus abstinence in pregnancy – behavioural and cognitive outcomes in 7-year-old children: a longitudinal cohort study

PubMed Central

Kelly, Y; Iacovou, M; Quigley, MA; Gray, R; Wolke, D; Kelly, J; Sacker, A

2013-01-01

Objective To assess whether light drinking in pregnancy is linked to unfavourable developmental outcomes in children. Design Prospective population-based cohort. Setting UK. Population Ten thousand five hundred and thirty-four 7-year-olds. Methods Quasi-experimental using propensity score matching (PSM) to compare children born to light (up to 2 units per week) and non-drinkers. Main outcome measures Behavioural difficulties rated by parents and teachers; cognitive test scores for reading, maths and spatial skills. Results Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and PSM analyses are presented. For behavioural difficulties, unadjusted estimates for percentage standard deviation (SD) score differences ranged from 2 to 14%. On adjustment for potential confounders, differences were attenuated, with a loss of statistical significance, except for teacher-rated boys' difficulties. For boys, parent-rated behavioural difficulties: unadjusted, −11.5; OLS, −4.3; PSM, −6.8; teacher-rated behavioural difficulties: unadjusted, −13.9; OLS, −9.6; PSM, −10.8. For girls, parent-rated behavioural difficulties: unadjusted, −9.6; OLS, −2.9; PSM, −4.5; teacher-rated behavioural difficulties: unadjusted, −2.4; OLS, 4.9; PSM, 3.9. For cognitive test scores, unadjusted estimates for differences ranged between 12 and 21% of an SD score for reading, maths and spatial skills. After adjustment for potential confounders, estimates were reduced, but remained statistically significantly different for reading and for spatial skills in boys. For boys, reading: unadjusted, 20.9; OLS, 8.3; PSM, 7.3; maths: unadjusted, 14.7; OLS, 5.0; PSM, 6.5; spatial skills: unadjusted, 16.2; OLS, 7.6; PSM, 8.1. For girls, reading: unadjusted, 11.6; OLS, −0.3; PSM, −0.5; maths: unadjusted, 12.9; OLS, 4.3; PSM, 3.9; spatial skills: unadjusted, 16.2; OLS, 7.7; PSM, 6.4. Conclusion The findings suggest that light drinking during pregnancy is not linked to developmental problems in mid-childhood. These findings support current UK Department of Health guidelines on drinking during pregnancy. PMID:23590126

Light drinking versus abstinence in pregnancy - behavioural and cognitive outcomes in 7-year-old children: a longitudinal cohort study.

PubMed

Kelly, Y; Iacovou, M; Quigley, M A; Gray, R; Wolke, D; Kelly, J; Sacker, A

2013-10-01

To assess whether light drinking in pregnancy is linked to unfavourable developmental outcomes in children. Prospective population-based cohort. UK. Ten thousand five hundred and thirty-four 7-year-olds. Quasi-experimental using propensity score matching (PSM) to compare children born to light (up to 2 units per week) and non-drinkers. Behavioural difficulties rated by parents and teachers; cognitive test scores for reading, maths and spatial skills. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and PSM analyses are presented. For behavioural difficulties, unadjusted estimates for percentage standard deviation (SD) score differences ranged from 2 to 14%. On adjustment for potential confounders, differences were attenuated, with a loss of statistical significance, except for teacher-rated boys' difficulties. For boys, parent-rated behavioural difficulties: unadjusted, -11.5; OLS, -4.3; PSM, -6.8; teacher-rated behavioural difficulties: unadjusted, -13.9; OLS, -9.6; PSM, -10.8. For girls, parent-rated behavioural difficulties: unadjusted, -9.6; OLS, -2.9; PSM, -4.5; teacher-rated behavioural difficulties: unadjusted, -2.4; OLS, 4.9; PSM, 3.9. For cognitive test scores, unadjusted estimates for differences ranged between 12 and 21% of an SD score for reading, maths and spatial skills. After adjustment for potential confounders, estimates were reduced, but remained statistically significantly different for reading and for spatial skills in boys. For boys, reading: unadjusted, 20.9; OLS, 8.3; PSM, 7.3; maths: unadjusted, 14.7; OLS, 5.0; PSM, 6.5; spatial skills: unadjusted, 16.2; OLS, 7.6; PSM, 8.1. For girls, reading: unadjusted, 11.6; OLS, -0.3; PSM, -0.5; maths: unadjusted, 12.9; OLS, 4.3; PSM, 3.9; spatial skills: unadjusted, 16.2; OLS, 7.7; PSM, 6.4. The findings suggest that light drinking during pregnancy is not linked to developmental problems in mid-childhood. These findings support current UK Department of Health guidelines on drinking during pregnancy. © 2013 The Authors BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology © 2013 RCOG.

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) poisoning: report of two cases and review of the literature.

PubMed

Fukunaga, T; Yamamoto, H; Tanegashima, A; Yamamoto, Y; Nishi, K

1996-10-25

Two autopsy cases of men who died while connecting a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) pipe are reported. Their blood concentrations of propane (the main content of LPG) were 0.12 and 3.40 mg/100 g, respectively. The cause of death after exposure of LPG has generally been considered to be asphyxia from hypoxia. The large differences in the blood propane levels found here and reported in the literature, however, suggest that direct toxic effects of propane poisoning may be the cause of death in some cases. Propane concentrations and the cause of death are reviewed and discussed.

Absorption Reveals and Hydrogen Addition Explains New Interstellar Aldehydes: Propenal and Propanal

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hollis, J. M.; Jewell, P. R.; Lovas, F. J.; Remijan, A.; Mollendal, H.

2004-01-01

New interstellar molecules propenal (CH2CHCHO) and propanal (CH3CH2CHO) have been detected largely in absorption toward the star-forming region Sagittarius B2(N) by means of rotational transitions observed with the 100-m Green Bank Telescope (GBT) operating in the range of 18 GHz (lambda approximately 1.7 cm) to 26 GHz (lambda approximately 1.2 cm). The GBT was also used to observe the previously reported interstellar aldehyde propynal (HC2CHO) in Sagittarius B2(N) which is known for large molecules believed to form on interstellar grains. The presence of these three interstellar aldehydes toward Sagittarius B2(N) strongly suggests that simple hydrogen addition on interstellar grains accounts for successively larger molecular species: from propynal to propenal and from propenal to propanal. Energy sources within Sagittarius B2(N) likely permit the hydrogen addition reactions on grain surfaces to proceed. This work demonstrates that successive hydrogen addition is probably an important chemistry route in the formation of a number of complex interstellar molecules. We also searched for but did not detect the three-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde (CH2OHCHOHCHO).

Identification of the Predominant Volatile Compounds Produced by Aspergillus flavus

PubMed Central

Kaminśki, E.; Libbey, L. M.; Stawicki, S.; Wasowicz, E.

1972-01-01

A culture of Aspergillus flavus grown on moistened wheat meal was homogenized with a blendor, and the resulting slurry was vacuum-distilled at 5 mm of Hg and 35 C. The aqueous distillate was collected in traps cooled to -10 to -80 C. The culture volatiles were extracted from the distillate with CH2Cl2, and, after removal of the bulk of the solvent, the concentrated volatiles were examined by packed-column gas chromatography. Nineteen peaks were observed, and coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to identify the larger components. The compounds identified were: 3-methyl-butanol, 3-octanone, 3-octanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-octanol, and cis-2-octen-1-ol. The two octenols were the predominant compounds, and sufficient sample was trapped from the gas chromatograph for infrared analyses; this confirmed the mass spectral identifications and permitted the assignment of the cis designation to 2-octen-1-ol. Both oct-1-en-3-ol and cis-2-octen-1-ol are thought to be responsible for the characteristic musty-fungal odor of certain fungi; the latter compound may be a useful chemical index of fungal growth. PMID:4629700

Identification of the predominant volatile compounds produced by Aspergillus flavus.

PubMed

Kamiński, E; Libbey, L M; Stawicki, S; Wasowicz, E

1972-11-01

A culture of Aspergillus flavus grown on moistened wheat meal was homogenized with a blendor, and the resulting slurry was vacuum-distilled at 5 mm of Hg and 35 C. The aqueous distillate was collected in traps cooled to -10 to -80 C. The culture volatiles were extracted from the distillate with CH(2)Cl(2), and, after removal of the bulk of the solvent, the concentrated volatiles were examined by packed-column gas chromatography. Nineteen peaks were observed, and coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to identify the larger components. The compounds identified were: 3-methyl-butanol, 3-octanone, 3-octanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-octanol, and cis-2-octen-1-ol. The two octenols were the predominant compounds, and sufficient sample was trapped from the gas chromatograph for infrared analyses; this confirmed the mass spectral identifications and permitted the assignment of the cis designation to 2-octen-1-ol. Both oct-1-en-3-ol and cis-2-octen-1-ol are thought to be responsible for the characteristic musty-fungal odor of certain fungi; the latter compound may be a useful chemical index of fungal growth.

Stress during labor and delivery is associated with delayed onset of lactation among urban Guatemalan women.

PubMed

Grajeda, Rubén; Pérez-Escamilla, Rafael

2002-10-01

A delayed onset of lactation (OL) is likely to have a negative influence on breast-feeding outcomes. Thus, it is important to identify risk factors for delayed OL. We examined prospectively the association between stress during labor and delivery and OL in a cohort of urban Guatemalan women. Healthy women (n = 136) were recruited during the first stage of labor in the labor unit of a social security hospital in Guatemala City. Women provided salivary samples for cortisol determinations 3.2 +/- 3.2 h before birth and 1.7 +/- 1.9 h and 17.1 +/- 4.7 h after delivery. At the same time points women were asked to respond to a 17-item psychosocial stress and anxiety questionnaire. Women were called daily until OL occurred. Primiparous women had higher antepartum and early postpartum cortisol levels that were twice as high as those among multiparous women (P < 0.05). The parity differential in salivary cortisol concentrations vanished with time. General linear model multivariate analysis indicate that multiparous women (n = 77), irrespective of mode of delivery, had an earlier OL (P < 0.05) than primiparae who underwent emergency cesarean section deliveries (n = 11) (adjusted mean +/- SEM, 2.5 +/- 0.1 vs. 3.4 +/- 0.3 d postpartum, respectively). OL took longer to occur among multiparous women with prenatal salivary cortisol levels above (vs. below) the 40th percentile [3 +/- 0.2 (n = 28) vs. 2.4 +/- 0.2 d postpartum (n = 38), respectively; P = 0.02]. Thus, stress during labor and/or delivery is likely to be a significant risk factor for delayed OL in urban Guatemala.

catena-Poly[[aqua­(1,10-phenanthroline)cobalt(II)]-μ-4,4′-(propane-1,3-diyldi­oxy)dibenzoato

PubMed Central

Shen, Su-Mei

2009-01-01

In the title compound, [Co(C17H14O6)(C12H8N2)(H2O)]n, the CoII atom is coordinated by a monodentate 4,4′-(propane-1,3-diyldi­oxy)dibenzoate (cpp) dianion, a water mol­ecule and a chelating 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) ligand. A symmetry-generated cpp ligand completes the CoN2O3 trigonal-bipyramidal geometry for the metal ion, with the N atoms occupying both equatorial and axial sites. The bridging cpp ligands form chains propagating in [110] and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds consolidate the packing. PMID:21577702

THE HEAT CAPACITY OF FLUORINATED PROPANE AND BUTANE DERIVATIVES BY DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY

EPA Science Inventory

The paper gives results of the measurement (to 3% accuracy) of the constant-pressure liquid-phase heat capacities of 21 hydrogen-containing fluorinated propane and butane derivatives and one fluorinated ether (CF3OCF2H) with boiling points ranging from -34.6 to 76.7 C, using diff...

Toll-like Receptor 2: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Ischemic White Matter Injury and Oligodendrocyte Death

PubMed Central

Choi, Jun Young

2017-01-01

Despite paramount clinical significance of white matter stroke, there is a paucity of researches on the pathomechanism of ischemic white matter damage and accompanying oligodendrocyte (OL) death. Therefore, a large gap exists between clinical needs and laboratory researches in this disease entity. Recent works have started to elucidate cellular and molecular basis of white matter injury under ischemic stress. In this paper, we briefly introduce white matter stroke from a clinical point of view and review pathophysiology of ischemic white matter injury characterized by OL death and demyelination. We present a series of evidence that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), one of the membranous pattern recognition receptors, plays a cell-autonomous protective role in ischemic OL death and ensuing demyelination. Moreover, we also discuss our recent findings that its endogenous ligand, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), is released from dying OLs and exerts autocrine trophic effects on OLs and myelin sheath under ischemic condition. We propose that modulation of TLR2 and its endogenous ligand HMGB1 can be a novel therapeutic target for ischemic white matter disease. PMID:28912641

Aerobic microorganism for the degradation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons

DOEpatents

Fliermans, Carl B.

1989-01-01

A chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon-degrading microorganism, having American Type Culture Collection accession numbers ATCC 53570 and 53571, in a biologically pure culture aseptically collected from a deep subsurface habitat and enhanced, mineralizes trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene to HCl, H.sub.2 O and Co.sub.2 under aerobic conditions stimulated by methane, acetate, methanol, tryptone-yeast extract, propane and propane-methane.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: MedCorp Fuels Emergency Vehicles With

Science.gov Websites

. College Students Engineer Efficient Vehicles in EcoCAR 2 Competition Aug. 2, 2014 Photo of a police Propane in OhioA> MedCorp Fuels Emergency Vehicles With Propane in Ohio to someone by E-mail Television Related Videos Photo of a car Hydrogen Powers Fuel Cell Vehicles in California Nov. 18, 2017 Photo

Millimeter and submillimeter wave spectroscopy of propanal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zingsheim, Oliver; Müller, Holger S. P.; Lewen, Frank; Jørgensen, Jes K.; Schlemmer, Stephan

2017-12-01

The rotational spectra of the two stable conformers syn- and gauche-propanal (CH3CH2CHO) were studied in the millimeter and submillimeter wave regions from 75 to 500 GHz with the Cologne (Sub-)Millimeter wave Spectrometer. Furthermore, the first excited states associated with the aldehyde torsion and with the methyl torsion, respectively, of the syn-conformer were analyzed. The newly obtained spectroscopic parameters yield better predictions, thus fulfill sensitivity and resolution requirements in new astronomical observations in order to unambiguously assign pure rotational transitions of propanal. This is demonstrated on a radio astronomical spectrum from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Protostellar Interferometric Line Survey (ALMA-PILS). In particular, an accurate description of observed splittings, caused by internal rotation of the methyl group in the syn-conformer and by tunneling rotation interaction from two stable degenerate gauche-conformers, is reported. The rotational spectrum of propanal is of additional interest because of its two large amplitude motions pertaining to the methyl and the aldehyde group, respectively.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Glacier-Waterton Park Powers Buses With

Science.gov Websites

Photo of a truck Natural Gas Fuels School Buses and Refuse Trucks in Tulsa, Oklahoma Feb. 18, 2017 Photo of buses Baton Rouge School District Adds Propane Buses to Its Fleet Dec. 23, 2016 photo of a truck Buses to Its Fleet Nov. 11, 2016 photo of a propane school bus Propane Powers School Buses in Tuscaloosa

Quantitative determination of n-propane, iso-butane, and n-butane by headspace GC-MS in intoxications by inhalation of lighter fluid.

PubMed

Bouche, Marie-Paule L A; Lambert, Willy E; Van Bocxlaer, Jan F P; Piette, Michel H; De Leenheer, André P

2002-01-01

This report describes a fully elaborated and validated method for quantitation of the hydrocarbons n-propane, iso-butane, and n-butane in blood samples. The newly developed analytical procedure is suitable for both emergency cases and forensic medicine investigations. Its practical applicability is illustrated with a forensic blood sample after acute inhalative intoxication with lighter fluid; case history and toxicological findings are included. Identification and quantitation of the analytes were performed using static headspace extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In order to reconcile the large gas volumes injected (0.5 mL) with the narrowbore capillary column and thus achieve preconcentration, cold trapping on a Tenax sorbent followed by flash desorption was applied. Adequate retention and separation were achieved isothermally at 35 degrees C on a thick-film capillary column. Sample preparation was kept to a strict minimum and involved simply adding 2.5 microL of a liquid solution of 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane in t-butyl-methylether as an internal standard to aliquots of blood in a capped vial. Standards were created by volumetric dilution departing from a gravimetrically prepared calibration gas mixture composed of 0.3% of n-propane, 0.7% of iso-butane, and 0.8% of n-butane in nitrogen. In the forensic blood sample, the following concentrations were measured: 90.0 microg/L for n-propane, 246 microg/L for iso-butane, and 846 microg/L for n-butane.

Humidification performance of 48 passive airway humidifiers: comparison with manufacturer data.

PubMed

Lellouche, François; Taillé, Solenne; Lefrançois, Frédéric; Deye, Nicolas; Maggiore, Salvatore Maurizio; Jouvet, Philippe; Ricard, Jean-Damien; Fumagalli, Bruno; Brochard, Laurent

2009-02-01

Heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) are increasingly used in the ICU for gas conditioning during mechanical ventilation. Independent assessments of the humidification performance of HMEs are scarce. The aim of the present study was thus to assess the humidification performance of a large number of adult HMEs. We assessed 48 devices using a bench test apparatus that simulated real-life physiologic ventilation conditions. Thirty-two devices were described by the manufacturers as HMEs, and 16 were described as antibacterial filters. The test apparatus provided expiratory gases with an absolute humidity (AH) of 35 mg H(2)O/L. The AH of inspired gases was measured after steady state using the psychrometric method. We performed three hygrometric measurements for each device, measured their resistance, and compared our results with the manufacturer data. Of the 32 HMEs tested, only 37.5% performed well (>or= 30 mg H(2)O/L), while 25% performed poorly (< 25 mg H(2)O/L). The mean difference (+/- SD) between our measurements and the manufacturer data was 3.0 +/- 2.7 mg H(2)O/L for devices described as HMEs (maximum, 8.9 mg H(2)O/L) [p = 0.0001], while the mean difference for 36% of the HMEs was > 4 mg H(2)O/L. The mean difference for the antibacterial filters was 0.2 +/- 1.4 mg H(2)O/L. The mean resistance of all the tested devices was 2.17 +/- 0.70 cm H(2)O/L/s. Several HMEs performed poorly and should not be used as HMEs. The values determined by independent assessments may be lower than the manufacturer data. Describing a device as an HME does not guarantee that it provides adequate humidification. The performance of HMEs must be verified by independent assessment.

PTEN negatively regulates the cell lineage progression from NG2+ glial progenitor to oligodendrocyte via mTOR-independent signaling

PubMed Central

González-Fernández, Estibaliz; Jeong, Hey-Kyeong; Fukaya, Masahiro; Kim, Hyukmin; Khawaja, Rabia R; Srivastava, Isha N; Waisman, Ari; Son, Young-Jin

2018-01-01

Oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelin-forming CNS glia, are highly vulnerable to cellular stresses, and a severe myelin loss underlies numerous CNS disorders. Expedited OL regeneration may prevent further axonal damage and facilitate functional CNS repair. Although adult OL progenitors (OPCs) are the primary players for OL regeneration, targetable OPC-specific intracellular signaling mechanisms for facilitated OL regeneration remain elusive. Here, we report that OPC-targeted PTEN inactivation in the mouse, in contrast to OL-specific manipulations, markedly promotes OL differentiation and regeneration in the mature CNS. Unexpectedly, an additional deletion of mTOR did not reverse the enhanced OL development from PTEN-deficient OPCs. Instead, ablation of GSK3β, another downstream signaling molecule that is negatively regulated by PTEN-Akt, enhanced OL development. Our results suggest that PTEN persistently suppresses OL development in an mTOR-independent manner, and at least in part, via controlling GSK3β activity. OPC-targeted PTEN-GSK3β inactivation may benefit facilitated OL regeneration and myelin repair. PMID:29461205

Exploitation of phosphorescent labelling reagent of fullerol-fluorescein isothiocyanate and new method for the determination of trace alkaline phosphatase as well as forecast of human diseases.

PubMed

Liu, Jia-Ming; Huang, Xiao-Mei; Liu, Zhen-Bo; Lin, Shao-Qin; Li, Fei-Ming; Gao, Fei; Li, Zhi-Ming; Zeng, Li-Qing; Li, Lian-Ying; Ouyang, Ying

2009-08-26

A new phosphorescent labelling reagent consisting of fullerol, fluorescein isothiocyanate and N,N-dimethylaniline (F-ol-(FITC)(n)-DMA) was developed. The mode of action is based on the reactivity of the active -OH group in F-ol with the -COOH group of FITC to form an F-ol-(FITC)(n)-DMA complex containing several FITC molecules. F-ol-(FITC)(n)-DMA increased the number of luminescent molecules in the biological target of WGA-AP-WGA-F-ol-(FITC)(n)-DMA (WGA and AP are wheat germ agglutinin and alkaline phosphatase, respectively) which improved the sensitivity using solid substrate room temperature phosphorimetry (SSRTP) detection. The proposed method provided high sensitivity and strong specificity for WGA-AP. The limit of detection (LD) was 0.15 ag AP spot(-1) for F-ol and 0.097 ag AP spot(-1) for FITC in F-ol-(FITC)(n)-DMA, which was lower than the method using single luminescent molecules of F-ol-DMA and FITC-DMA to label WGA (0.20 ag AP spot(-1) for F-ol-DMA and 0.22 ag AP spot(-1) for FITC-DMA). Results for the determination of AP in human serum were in good agreement with those obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mechanism of F-ol-(FITC)(n)-DMA labelling of WGA was discussed.

Effect of temperature and pressure on the dynamics of nanoconfined propane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gautam, Siddharth; Liu, Tingting; Rother, Gernot; Jalarvo, Niina; Mamontov, Eugene; Welch, Susan; Cole, David

2014-04-01

We report the effect of temperature and pressure on the dynamical properties of propane confined in nanoporous silica aerogel studied using quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS). Our results demonstrate that the effect of a change in the pressure dominates over the effect of temperature variation on the dynamics of propane nano-confined in silica aerogel. At low pressures, most of the propane molecules are strongly bound to the pore walls, only a small fraction is mobile. As the pressure is increased, the fraction of mobile molecules increases. A change in the mechanism of motion, from continuous diffusion at low pressures to jump diffusion at higher pressures has also been observed.

Bioactivities and chemical constituents of a Vietnamese medicinal plant Che Vang, Jasminum subtriplinerve Blume (Oleaceae).

PubMed

Ngan, Dai Hue; Hoai, Ho Thi Cam; Huong, Le Mai; Hansen, Poul Erik; Vang, Ole

2008-01-01

Five crude extracts were made from leaves and stems of Jasminum subtriplinerve Blume (Oleaceae) and investigated for antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The extractions were done with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol or water. All extracts exhibited anti-bacterial activity except the water fraction. On the other hand, all extracts exhibit antioxidant activity except the petroleum ether fraction using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Only the petroleum ether fraction showed a cytotoxicity activity against tested cell-lines, Hep-G2 and RD with IC(50) values of 19.2 and 20 microg mL(-1), respectively. From the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts, two triterpenes namely 3beta-acetyl-oleanolic acid and lup-20-en-3beta-ol and a sterol, stigmast-5-en-3beta-ol were isolated. The structure of those compounds were elucidated by spectrometric methods IR, MS, 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR and simulated ACD/NMR spectra. The data presented here indicate that J. subtriplinerve do contain compounds with interesting biological activity.

Discrepancy between simulated and observed ethane and propane levels explained by underestimated fossil emissions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dalsøren, Stig B.; Myhre, Gunnar; Hodnebrog, Øivind; Myhre, Cathrine Lund; Stohl, Andreas; Pisso, Ignacio; Schwietzke, Stefan; Höglund-Isaksson, Lena; Helmig, Detlev; Reimann, Stefan; Sauvage, Stéphane; Schmidbauer, Norbert; Read, Katie A.; Carpenter, Lucy J.; Lewis, Alastair C.; Punjabi, Shalini; Wallasch, Markus

2018-03-01

Ethane and propane are the most abundant non-methane hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. However, their emissions, atmospheric distribution, and trends in their atmospheric concentrations are insufficiently understood. Atmospheric model simulations using standard community emission inventories do not reproduce available measurements in the Northern Hemisphere. Here, we show that observations of pre-industrial and present-day ethane and propane can be reproduced in simulations with a detailed atmospheric chemistry transport model, provided that natural geologic emissions are taken into account and anthropogenic fossil fuel emissions are assumed to be two to three times higher than is indicated in current inventories. Accounting for these enhanced ethane and propane emissions results in simulated surface ozone concentrations that are 5-13% higher than previously assumed in some polluted regions in Asia. The improved correspondence with observed ethane and propane in model simulations with greater emissions suggests that the level of fossil (geologic + fossil fuel) methane emissions in current inventories may need re-evaluation.

Refractive Index and Density Measurements of Peanut Oil for Determining Oleic and Linoleic Acid Contents

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Peanut seed are approximately 50% oil of which > 80% is either oleic or linoleic acid. The oleic/linoleic acid (O/L) ratio largely influences oxidative stability and hence peanut shelf life. Traditional peanut seed have O/L ratios near 1.5-2.0; however, many new cultivars are “high oleic” with O/L...

Evaluation of propane combustion traps for collection of Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) in southern Israel.

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Traps used for mosquitoes can possibly used to capture phlebotomine sand flies as well, but little testing has been done. Traps powered by propane could be extremely useful because most produce their own carbon dioxide (CO2), which can increase the number of sand flies captured. Scientists at the US...

NMR Identification and MS Conformation of the Scopolamine Neurotoxin

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-11-01

8217, Cm and Cm’ (labeled, respectively, as I-h, I-h’, l -m(eq) and I-W’(eq)), all with very similar intensities, suggest that the methyl group occurs at a...trimethylsilyl)- l - propane-sulfonic acid, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). HPLC grade 8 ethanol and H20, and (-)-scopolamine hydrochloride...be bound directly to three, magnetically equivalent protons (1 in Figure 4), clearly representing a single methyl group. 15 g,h&il c, d&e f h&j kJ m m

Method to obtain carbon nano-onions by pyrolisys of propane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garcia-Martin, Tomas; Rincon-Arevalo, Pedro; Campos-Martin, Gemma

2013-11-01

We present a new and simple method for carbon nano-onions (CNOs) production which is based on the pyrolysis of Propane. CNOs are originated in a laminar premixed Propane/Oxygen flame of approximately 1.8 of stoichiometric coefficient. The stream of gasses resulting from the combustion drives the carbon particles towards the aluminium surface on which nano-onions are deposited and collected. The structure and size of the deposited carbon onion on the metal wall are characterized by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy technique (HRTEM). The experimental images show the presence of two different types of CNOs. The first particles have diameters in the range of 18-25 nm and the second ones around 10 nm.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Hydrogen Powers Fuel Cell Vehicles in

Science.gov Websites

. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of an electric vehicle at Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan Utilities District Fuels Gas Street Sweepers Improve Air Quality in New York March 11, 2010 Propane Buses Save Money for

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Metropolitan Utilities District Fuels

Science.gov Websites

Go Electric in Florida Feb. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Electric Trucks Deliver at Kansas City Schools Sept. 17, 2011 Quality in New York March 11, 2010 Propane Buses Save Money for Virginia Schools Feb. 25, 2010 Michigan

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Virginia Converts Vehicles to Propane in

Science.gov Websites

. 15, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of an electric vehicle at School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Metropolitan Utilities District Fuels Vehicles Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010 Texas Taxis Go Hybrid May 6, 2010

An Investigation of Slurry Fuel Combustion.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

tit Lil’ sitas wtae f).4 mm ap.art. w w =Q L-1~ rAn Li w > 0 0- - q The propane gas flow rate was metered withi a Matlieson Model 604 rotameter and...controlled by a Harris Model 2515 pressure regulator with an output capacity of 0-0.69 MPa. The flow rate of the iydrog’en gas was metered with a...propane 3nd hydrogen flows were calibrated with a Precision Scientific Companv wet-test meter (2.83 ml/rev). The fuel drops were mounted with a

On the controls of leaf-water oxygen isotope ratios in the atmospheric Crassulacean acid metabolism epiphyte Tillandsia usneoides.

PubMed

Helliker, Brent R

2011-04-01

Previous theoretical work showed that leaf-water isotope ratio (δ(18)O(L)) of Crassulacean acid metabolism epiphytes was controlled by the δ(18)O of atmospheric water vapor (δ(18)O(a)), and observed δ(18)O(L) could be explained by both a non-steady-state model and a "maximum enrichment" steady-state model (δ(18)O(L-M)), the latter requiring only δ(18)O(a) and relative humidity (h) as inputs. δ(18)O(L), therefore, should contain an extractable record of δ(18)O(a). Previous empirical work supported this hypothesis but raised many questions. How does changing δ(18)O(a) and h affect δ(18)O(L)? Do hygroscopic trichomes affect observed δ(18)O(L)? Are observations of changes in water content required for the prediction of δ(18)O(L)? Does the leaf need to be at full isotopic steady state for observed δ(18)O(L) to equal δ(18)O(L-M)? These questions were examined with a climate-controlled experimental system capable of holding δ(18)O(a) constant for several weeks. Water adsorbed to trichomes required a correction ranging from 0.5‰ to 1‰. δ(18)O(L) could be predicted using constant values of water content and even total conductance. Tissue rehydration caused a transitory change in δ(18)O(L), but the consequent increase in total conductance led to a tighter coupling with δ(18)O(a). The non-steady-state leaf water models explained observed δ(18)O(L) (y = 0.93*x - 0.07; r(2) = 0.98) over a wide range of δ(18)O(a) and h. Predictions of δ(18)O(L-M) agreed with observations of δ(18)O(L) (y = 0.87*x - 0.99; r(2) = 0.92), and when h > 0.9, the leaf did not need to be at isotopic steady state for the δ(18)O(L-M) model to predict δ(18)O(L) in the Crassulacean acid metabolism epiphyte Tillandsia usneoides.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Boyles, Kelly R.; Chajkowski, Sarah M.; Disselkamp, Robert S.

An H/D isotope effect study of the (H2 versus D2) hydrogenation of the aqueous substrates 3-buten-2-ol (3B2OL) and 1,4-pentadien-3-ol (14PD3OL) was performed using Pd-black catalyst. Either H2O or D2O solvents were employed (for alcohol H/D isotope substitution). Two experimental processing conditions of cavitating ultrasound (CUS) and stirred/silent (SS) methods were used. Products formed include 2-butanol and 2-butanone for the former, and 3-pentanol and 3-pentanone for the latter. The observed selectivity and pseudo-first order reaction rate coefficients (e.g., activity) to these products enabled a mechanistic interpretation of the various reaction conditions to be proposed. Experiments utilized a 50 mL batch reactormore » maintained at 298 K, employed 5.4 atm of H2 or D2 gas, while seven aliquots were collected during the course of the reaction. We have utilized 1-propanol as an inert dopant in all experiments to enable the rapid onset of cavitation in the CUS systems as described earlier [R.S. Disselkamp et al., J. Catal., 227, 552 (2004)]. The following conclusions were noted. First, the activity of the CUS compared to SS processing were ~100-fold larger. Second, variable catalyst loading experiments for stirred/silent D2 hydrogenation processing indicated that mass transfer of hydrogen gas to the Pd-surface played a role such that higher catalyst loading reduced surface D-atom concentrations and reduced saturated alcohol formation (e.g., via reduced H-addition to surface alkyl radicals). Third, for CUS processing the ketone selectivities for experiments employing water compared to D2O indicated that 3B2OL were twice as large, whereas for 14PD3OL they were comparable. This suggests, somewhat surprisingly, that for 3B2OL enol tautomerization to ketone is a slow, and possibly rate-controlling, process. Finally, again for CUS processing, the similarity in ketone selectivities (all ~17%) for H2 compared to D2 hydrogenation for both 3B2OL and 14PD3OL suggest that both H/D isotopes have rapid surface diffusion and hence give rise to nearly equal selectivies. Restated, the thermal or cavitating ultrasound activation is much greater than the surface H/D diffusion barrier.« less

Li-Be-B Systematics of mantle Xenoliths from Harrat Uwayrid (Saudi Arabia)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaliwoda, M.; Altherr, R.

2003-04-01

The Harrat Uwayrid is a Late Miocene to Quaternary volcanic field located in the northwestern part of the Arabian plate and related to the opening of the Red Sea. Numerous cinder cones contain abundant mantle xenoliths. Based on mineralogy and textures, these xenoliths can be subdivided into 3 different groups. Group IA1 are "anhydrous" spinel lherzolites and harzburgites consisting of olivine (ol), orthopyroxene (opx), clinopyroxene (cpx) and spinel (spl). Group IA2 xenoliths represent group IA1 materials that were moderately metasomatized. In addition to cpx, opx, ol and spl these xenoliths contain subordinate amounts of Cr-pargasite (par). Group IB xenoliths were strongly metasomatized by fluids and fluid-rich melts resulting in newly formed Ba-phlogopite (phl), Ba-bearing pargasite, Ba-feldspar (celsian) and Ba-rich phonolitic glasses. Li-Be-B systematics of the different xenoliths were studied by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The results show that the partitioning of Li, Be and B among the various minerals is virtually independent of pressure and temperature. The absolute abundances, however, depend on the degree of initial depletion and later metasomatic overprint. Group IA1 spinel lherzolites are characterized by Li(cpx) = 0.65-1.19 µg/g, Li(opx) = 1.29-1.63 µg/g and Li(ol) = 2.15-2.43 µg/g, while group IB xenoliths show much higher abundances of Li: Li(cpx) = 1.89-2.16 µg/g, Li(opx) = 1.88-2.83 µg/g, Li(ol) = 3.06-4.12 µg/g. Similar differences are observed for the abundances of B (IA1: B(cpx) = 0.46-0.83 µg/g, B(opx) = 0.047-0.189 µg/g, B(ol) = 0.16-1.15 µg/g; IB: B(cpx) = 0.16-1.15 µg/g, B(opx)= 1.01-1.47 µg/g, B(ol) = 0.44-0.55 µg/g). In marked contrast to Li and B, the abundances of Be were not changed during metasomatism. Group IA1 xenoliths are characterized by Be(cpx) = 0.09-0.13 µg/g, Be(opx) = 0.023-0.027 µg/g and Be(ol) = 0.002 µg/g and group IB xenoliths show Be(cpx) = 0.05-0.09 µg/g, Be(opx) = 0.03-0.08 µg/g and Be(ol) < 0.001 µg/g.

Determining the Return of Energy Efficiency Investments in Domestic and Deployed Military Installations

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-12-01

Ventilation, and Air Conditioning IED Improvised Explosive Device IG DoD Inspector General, Department of Defense IGA Investment Grade Audit JLTV...that certain energy efficient improvements will be achieved (Hansen, 2003). Investment Grade Audit (IGA). Based on the premise that energy...low- grade propane; and a modified diesel engine that can burn gas, ethanol, and diesel fuel in variable proportions (Hamilton, 2007). The TGER

Evidence for intramolecular OH⋯π hydrogen bonding in unsaturated alcohols from UV photoelectron spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kowski, Klaus; Lüttke, Wolfgang; Rademacher, Paul

2001-06-01

The gas phase He(I) photoelectron (PE) spectra of several unsaturated alcohols (1-11) have been measured and analysed with respect to intramolecular OH⋯π hydrogen bonding. Evidence for such a hydrogen bond has been detected in the spectra of 2-allylphenol (1) and 2-phenylethan-1-ol (3). 1 exists as a conformational mixture of a hydrogen bonded form 1a and an open form 1b in a composition of roughly 2:1. A strong ionization band (IPv=10.01 eV; where IPv is the vertical ionization potential) is assigned to the ethylenic Cdbnd C double bond in the major conformer (1a) and a weak band (IPv=9.72 eV) to that of the minor conformer (1b). The latter IP coincides with the corresponding ionization of allylbenzene. In the series of ω-phenylalkan-1-ols, compound 3 exhibits an unusually low nπ(O) ionization indicating hydrogen bonding between the OH group and the π electron system of the phenyl ring. The higher homologs 4 and 5 prefer 'open' conformations without such interaction. The PE spectra of alkenols such as but-3-en-1-ol (7) and pent-4-en-1-ol (8) as well as of alkynols such as but-3-yn-1-ol (10) and pent-4-yn-1-ol (11) are consistent with OH⋯π hydrogen bonded conformers. The methanol/ethylene hetero-dimer has a T-shaped structure, as indicated by B3LYP/6-311++G(d) calculations, with a binding energy of 5.65 kJ mol-1.

Gas-phase binding energies for non-covalent Aβ-40 peptide/small molecule complexes from CID mass spectrometry and RRKM theory.

PubMed

Mayer, Paul M; Martineau, Eric

2011-03-21

The gas-phase binding of small molecules to the Amyloid β-40 peptide generated by electrospray ionization has been explored with collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry and kinetic rate theory. This study discusses a simple procedure used to theoretically model the experimental breakdown diagrams for the Aβ-40 peptide complexed with a series of aminosulfonate small molecules, namely homotaurine, 3-cyclohexylamino-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid (CAPSO), 3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-β-carbolin-2-yl)propane-1-sulfonic acid, 3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-β-carbolin-2-yl)butane-1-sulfonic acid, and 3-(cyclohexylamino)propane-1-sulfonic acid. An alternative procedure employing an extrapolation procedure for k(E) is also discussed.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sun, Pingping; Siddiqi, Georges; Vining, William C.

Catalysts for the dehydrogenation of light alkanes were prepared by dispersing Pt on the surface of a calcined hydrotalcite-like support containing indium, Mg(In)(Al)O. Upon reduction in H{sub 2} at temperatures above 673 K, bimetallic particles of PtIn are observed by TEM, which have an average diameter of 1 nm. Analysis of Pt LIII-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data shows that the In content of the bimetallic particles increases with increasing bulk In/Pt ratio and reduction temperature. Pt LIII-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) indicates that an increasing donation of electronic charge from In to Pt occurs withmore » increasing In content in the PtIn particles. The activity and selectivity of the Pt/Mg(In)(Al)O catalysts for ethane and propane dehydrogenation reactions are strongly dependent on the bulk In/Pt ratio. For both reactants, maximum activity was achieved for a bulk In/Pt ratio of 0.48, and at this In/Pt ratio, the selectivity to alkene was nearly 100%. Coke deposition was observed after catalyst use for either ethane or propane dehydrogenation, and it was observed that the alloying of Pt with In greatly reduced the amount of coke deposited. Characterization of the deposit by Raman spectroscopy indicates that the coke is present as highly disordered graphite particles <30 nm in diameter. While the amount of coke deposited during ethane and propane dehydrogenation are comparable, the effects on activity are dependent on reactant composition. Coke deposition had no effect on ethane dehydrogenation activity, but caused a loss in propane dehydrogenation activity. This difference is attributed to the greater ease with which coke produced on the surface of PtIn nanoparticles migrates to the support during ethane dehydrogenation versus propane dehydrogenation.« less

Fundamental studies on kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of hydrogen isotope fractionation in natural gas systems

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ni, Y.; Ma, Q.; Ellis, G.S.; Dai, J.; Katz, B.; Zhang, S.; Tang, Y.

2011-01-01

Based on quantum chemistry calculations for normal octane homolytic cracking, a kinetic hydrogen isotope fractionation model for methane, ethane, and propane formation is proposed. The activation energy differences between D-substitute and non-substituted methane, ethane, and propane are 318.6, 281.7, and 280.2cal/mol, respectively. In order to determine the effect of the entropy contribution for hydrogen isotopic substitution, a transition state for ethane bond rupture was determined based on density function theory (DFT) calculations. The kinetic isotope effect (KIE) associated with bond rupture in D and H substituted ethane results in a frequency factor ratio of 1.07. Based on the proposed mathematical model of hydrogen isotope fractionation, one can potentially quantify natural gas thermal maturity from measured hydrogen isotope values. Calculated gas maturity values determined by the proposed mathematical model using ??D values in ethane from several basins in the world are in close agreement with similar predictions based on the ??13C composition of ethane. However, gas maturity values calculated from field data of methane and propane using both hydrogen and carbon kinetic isotopic models do not agree as closely. It is possible that ??D values in methane may be affected by microbial mixing and that propane values might be more susceptible to hydrogen exchange with water or to analytical errors. Although the model used in this study is quite preliminary, the results demonstrate that kinetic isotope fractionation effects in hydrogen may be useful in quantitative models of natural gas generation, and that ??D values in ethane might be more suitable for modeling than comparable values in methane and propane. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Biological formation of ethane and propane in the deep marine subsurface.

PubMed

Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe; Hayes, John M; Bach, Wolfgang; Spivack, Arthur J; Hmelo, Laura R; Holm, Nils G; Johnson, Carl G; Sylva, Sean P

2006-10-03

Concentrations and isotopic compositions of ethane and propane in cold, deeply buried sediments from the southeastern Pacific are best explained by microbial production of these gases in situ. Reduction of acetate to ethane provides one feasible mechanism. Propane is enriched in (13)C relative to ethane. The amount is consistent with derivation of the third C from inorganic carbon dissolved in sedimentary pore waters. At typical sedimentary conditions, the reactions yield free energy sufficient for growth. Relationships with competing processes are governed mainly by the abundance of H(2). Production of C(2) and C(3) hydrocarbons in this way provides a sink for acetate and hydrogen but upsets the general belief that hydrocarbons larger than methane derive only from thermal degradation of fossil organic material.

Biological formation of ethane and propane in the deep marine subsurface

PubMed Central

Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe; Hayes, John M.; Bach, Wolfgang; Spivack, Arthur J.; Hmelo, Laura R.; Holm, Nils G.; Johnson, Carl G.; Sylva, Sean P.

2006-01-01

Concentrations and isotopic compositions of ethane and propane in cold, deeply buried sediments from the southeastern Pacific are best explained by microbial production of these gases in situ. Reduction of acetate to ethane provides one feasible mechanism. Propane is enriched in 13C relative to ethane. The amount is consistent with derivation of the third C from inorganic carbon dissolved in sedimentary pore waters. At typical sedimentary conditions, the reactions yield free energy sufficient for growth. Relationships with competing processes are governed mainly by the abundance of H2. Production of C2 and C3 hydrocarbons in this way provides a sink for acetate and hydrogen but upsets the general belief that hydrocarbons larger than methane derive only from thermal degradation of fossil organic material. PMID:16990430

Crystal structure of bis­[trans-di­chlorido­bis(propane-1,3-di­amine-κ2 N,N′)chromium(III)] dichromate from synchrotron data

PubMed Central

Moon, Dohyun; Ryoo, Keon Sang; Choi, Jong-Ha

2016-01-01

The structure of the title compound, [CrCl2(tn)2]2[Cr2O7] (tn = propane-1,3-di­amine; C3H10N2), has been determined from synchrotron data. The asymmetric unit contains one CrIII complex cation and half a [Cr2O7]2− anion. In the complex cation, the CrIII ion is coordinated by the four N atoms of two propane-1,3-di­amine (tn) ligands in the equatorial plane and by two Cl atoms in a trans configuration, displaying a distorted octa­hedral coordination sphere. The two six-membered rings in the complex cation have an anti chair–chair conformation with respect to each other. The mean Cr—N(tn) and Cr—Cl bond lengths are 2.09 (1) and 2.320 (2) Å, respectively. The slightly bent dichromate anion is disordered over two sets of sites (occupancy ratio = 0.7:0.3) and has a staggered conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular hydrogen bonds involving the NH2 groups of the tn ligands as donors and the O atoms of the [Cr2O7]2− anion and chlorido ligands as acceptors. PMID:27920920

Central and peripheral administration of antisense oligonucleotide targeting amyloid-β protein precursor improves learning and memory and reduces neuroinflammatory cytokines in Tg2576 (AβPPswe) mice.

PubMed

Farr, Susan A; Erickson, Michelle A; Niehoff, Michael L; Banks, William A; Morley, John E

2014-01-01

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Currently, there are no therapies to stop or reverse the symptoms of AD. We have developed an antisense oligonucleotide (OL-1) against the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) that can decrease AβPP expression and amyloid-β protein (Aβ) production. This antisense rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier, reverses learning and memory impairments, reduces oxidative stress, and restores brain-to-blood efflux of Aβ in SAMP8 mice. Here, we examined the effects of this AβPP antisense in the Tg2576 mouse model of AD. We administered the OL-1 antisense into the lateral ventricle 3 times at 2week intervals. Seventy-two hours after the third injection, we tested learning and memory in T-maze foot shock avoidance. In the second study, we injected the mice with OL-1 antisense 3 times at 2-week intervals via the tail vein. Seventy-two hours later, we tested learning and memory T-maze, novel object recognition, and elevated plus maze. At the end of behavioral testing, brain tissue was collected. OL-1 antisense administered centrally improved acquisition and retention of T-maze foot shock avoidance. OL-1 antisense administered via tail vein improved learning and memory in both T-maze foot shock avoidance and novel object-place recognition. In the elevated plus maze, the mice which received OL-1 antisense spent less time in the open arms and had fewer entries into the open arms indicating reduced disinhibitation. Biochemical analyses reveal significant reduction of AβPP signal and a reduction of measures of neuroinflammation. The current findings support the therapeutic potential of OL-1 AβPP antisense.

Studies of the kinetics and mechanisms of perfluoroether reactions on iron and oxidized iron surfaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Napier, Mary E.; Stair, Peter C.

1992-01-01

Polymeric perfluoroalkylethers are being considered for use as lubricants in high temperature applications, but have been observed to catalytically decompose in the presence of metals. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) were used to explore the decomposition of three model fluorinated ethers on clean polycrystalline iron surfaces and iron surfaces chemically modified with oxygen. Low temperature adsorption of the model fluorinated ethers on the clean, oxygen modified and oxidized iron surfaces was molecular. Thermally activated defluorination of the three model compounds was observed on the clean iron surface at remarkably low temperatures, 155 K and below, with formation of iron fluoride. Preferential C-F bond scission occurred at the terminal fluoromethoxy, CF3O, of perfluoro-1-methoxy-2-ethoxy ethane and perfluoro-1-methoxy-2-ethoxy propane and at CF3/CF2O of perfluoro-1,3-diethoxy propane. The reactivity of the clean iron toward perfluoroalkylether decomposition when compared to other metals is due to the strength of the iron fluoride bond and the strong electron donating ability of the metallic iron. Chemisorption of an oxygen overlayer lowered the reactivity of the iron surface to the adsorption and decomposition of the three model fluorinated ethers by blocking active sites on the metal surface. Incomplete coverage of the iron surface with chemisorbed oxygen results in a reaction which resembles the defluorination reaction observed on the clean iron surface. Perfluoro-1-methoxy-2-ethoxy ethane reacts on the oxidized iron surface at 138 K, through a Lewis acid assisted cleavage of the carbon oxygen bond, with preferential attack at the terminal fluoromethoxy, CF3O. The oxidized iron surface did not passivate, but became more reactive with time. Perfluoro-1-methoxy-2-ethoxy propane and perfluoro-1,3-diethoxy propane desorbed prior to the observation of decomposition on the oxidized iron surface.

Fluorescent temperature sensor

DOEpatents

Baker, Gary A [Los Alamos, NM; Baker, Sheila N [Los Alamos, NM; McCleskey, T Mark [Los Alamos, NM

2009-03-03

The present invention is a fluorescent temperature sensor or optical thermometer. The sensor includes a solution of 1,3-bis(1-pyrenyl)propane within a 1-butyl-1-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquid solvent. The 1,3-bis(1-pyrenyl)propane remains unassociated when in the ground state while in solution. When subjected to UV light, an excited state is produced that exists in equilibrium with an excimer. The position of the equilibrium between the two excited states is temperature dependent.

Burnout Thresholds and Cross Section of Power MOS Transistors with Heavy Ions

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-02-01

qIIiH I I I II 11 tH HHif- >HO0 A A A Z P4’ 0 ~ 110 U) to o 0 0 100 11100 00 coU IIC W t-3 t 0 1 00 1 1 100 co ol U 4Ji I V I H- IHrqH I I I H r-I A H H...Wo. W to to Hri ottoo4 t) L OL OL OtLO ca P4 H Hx (n U) 0 U) H1- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 IQ rd 0 Hq H HA H H Hq H Hi H- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hi 0 m~ ~ LOz O H H O I...DEVICE: 2N6788 (IRFF12O) MFR: IR PDC: 8440 (2) 0 .1 ........... ... - 1.OE-2 E &1.OE-3 z7 0 S1.OE-5 b 0 1.OE-6 LET=30 1. OL -7....... I11 70 80 90 100

OLS Client and OLS Dialog: Open Source Tools to Annotate Public Omics Datasets.

PubMed

Perez-Riverol, Yasset; Ternent, Tobias; Koch, Maximilian; Barsnes, Harald; Vrousgou, Olga; Jupp, Simon; Vizcaíno, Juan Antonio

2017-10-01

The availability of user-friendly software to annotate biological datasets and experimental details is becoming essential in data management practices, both in local storage systems and in public databases. The Ontology Lookup Service (OLS, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols) is a popular centralized service to query, browse and navigate biomedical ontologies and controlled vocabularies. Recently, the OLS framework has been completely redeveloped (version 3.0), including enhancements in the data model, like the added support for Web Ontology Language based ontologies, among many other improvements. However, the new OLS is not backwards compatible and new software tools are needed to enable access to this widely used framework now that the previous version is no longer available. We here present the OLS Client as a free, open-source Java library to retrieve information from the new version of the OLS. It enables rapid tool creation by providing a robust, pluggable programming interface and common data model to programmatically access the OLS. The library has already been integrated and is routinely used by several bioinformatics resources and related data annotation tools. Secondly, we also introduce an updated version of the OLS Dialog (version 2.0), a Java graphical user interface that can be easily plugged into Java desktop applications to access the OLS. The software and related documentation are freely available at https://github.com/PRIDE-Utilities/ols-client and https://github.com/PRIDE-Toolsuite/ols-dialog. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

In vitro/in vivo evaluation of an optimized fast dissolving oral film containing olanzapine co-amorphous dispersion with selected carboxylic acids.

PubMed

Maher, Eman Magdy; Ali, Ahmed Mahmoud Abdelhaleem; Salem, Heba Farouk; Abdelrahman, Ahmed Abdelbary

2016-10-01

Improvement of water solubility, dissolution rate, oral bioavailability, and reduction of first pass metabolism of OL (OL), were the aims of this research. Co-amorphization of OL carboxylic acid dispersions at various molar ratios was carried out using rapid solvent evaporation. Characterization of the dispersions was performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dispersions with highest equilibrium solubility were formulated as fast dissolving oral films. Modeling and optimization of film formation were undertaken using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The results indicated co-amorphization of OL-ascorbic acid through H-bonding. The co-amorphous dispersions at 1:2 molar ratio showed more than 600-fold increase in solubility of OL. The model optimized fast dissolving film prepared from the dispersion was physically and chemically stable, demonstrated short disintegration time (8.5 s), fast dissolution (97% in 10 min) and optimum tensile strength (4.9 N/cm 2 ). The results of in vivo data indicated high bioavailability (144 ng h/mL) and maximum plasma concentration (14.2 ng/mL) compared with the marketed references. Therefore, the optimized co-amorphous OL-ascorbic acid fast dissolving film could be a valuable solution for enhancing the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of OL.

Mechanism studies of the conversion of 13C-labeled n-butane on zeolite H-ZSM-5 by using 13C magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis.

PubMed

Luzgin, Mikhail V; Stepanov, Alexander G; Arzumanov, Sergei S; Rogov, Vladimir A; Parmon, Valentin N; Wang, Wei; Hunger, Michael; Freude, Dieter

2005-12-23

By using 13C MAS NMR spectroscopy (MAS = magic angle spinning), the conversion of selectively 13C-labeled n-butane on zeolite H-ZSM-5 at 430-470 K has been demonstrated to proceed through two pathways: 1) scrambling of the selective 13C-label in the n-butane molecule, and 2) oligomerization-cracking and conjunct polymerization. The latter processes (2) produce isobutane and propane simultaneously with alkyl-substituted cyclopentenyl cations and condensed aromatic compounds. In situ 13C MAS NMR and complementary ex situ GC-MS data provided evidence for a monomolecular mechanism of the 13C-label scrambling, whereas both isobutane and propane are formed through intermolecular pathways. According to 13C MAS NMR kinetic measurements, both pathways proceed with nearly the same activation energies (E(a) = 75 kJ mol(-1) for the scrambling and 71 kJ mol(-1) for isobutane and propane formation). This can be rationalized by considering the intermolecular hydride transfer between a primarily initiated carbenium ion and n-butane as being the rate-determining stage of the n-butane conversion on zeolite H-ZSM-5.

Identification of volatile sex pheromone components released by the southern armyworm,Spodoptera eridania (Cramer).

PubMed

Teal, P E; Mitchell, E R; Tumlinson, J H; Heath, R R; Sugie, H

1985-06-01

Analysis of sex pheromone gland extracts and volatile pheromone components collected from the calling female southern armyworm,Spodoptera eridania (Cramer), by high-resolution capillary gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy indicated that a number of 14-carbon mono- and diunsaturated acetates and a monounsaturated 16-carbon acetate were produced. Gland extracts also indicated the presence of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol. However, this compound was not found in collections of volatiles. Field trapping studies indicated that the volatile blend composed of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (60%), (Z)-9-(E)-12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (17%), (Z)-9-(Z)-12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (15%), (Z)-9-(E)-11-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (5%), and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (3 %) was an effective trap bait for males of this species. The addition of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol to the acetate blends tested resulted in the capture of beet armyworm,S. exigua (Hubner), males which provides further evidence that the alcohol is a pheromone component of this species.

Evidence for a Late Reducing Event in IAB-Silicate Inclusions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seckendorff, V. V.; O'Neill, H. St. C.; Zipfel, J.; Palme, H.

1992-07-01

Coexisting orthopyroxene (opx) and olivine (ol) in silicate inclusions of IAB-iron meteorites have different Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios. Ferrosilite (fs) contents of opx are higher than fayalite contents (fa) of ol (e.g., Bunch and Keil 1970). Non-ideal solid solution of fs in opx and/or fa in ol is generally assumed. We reinvestigated the equilibrium Fe-Mg distribution between coexisting ol+opx in the system MgO-FeO-SiO2 (von Seckendorff and O'Neill 1992). Reversal experiments at high- Mg compositions were performed from 900 to 1600 degrees C at 16 and 20 kbar using a barium borosilicate flux. The data could be fitted to a simple thermodynamic model with ol and opx treated as regular solutions and this model was found to describe satisfactorily the literature data extending down to 700 degrees C. For Fe/(Fe+Mg) between 0.05 to 0.15 we find KD^ol-opx close to one from 1600 to 700 degrees C, virtually independent of pressure and temperature. Fig. 1 shows experimental results at the Mg-rich end. Error bars mark 1-sigma standard deviations. Ol is in all cases more Fe-rich than coexisting opx, except for a single run at 1000 degrees C that probably did not reach equilibrium because of slow reaction kinetics. Two calculated distribution curves (1300, 700 degrees C at 16 kbar) lie close together indicating the absence of any significant temperature dependence of the exchange reaction at the Mg- rich end of the system. IAB-silicate inclusions plot outside the range of experimental data (Fig. 1). Although some previous models for Fe-Mg exchange between ol and opx (e.g., Sack 1980) extrapolate to KD<1 at temperatures near 500 degrees C, such models reproduce the experimental data (700 to 1600 degrees C) less well, than our updated model. In addition, temperatures at 500 degrees C are probably too low to allow Fe diffusion in opx. Two pyroxene equilibration temperatures of IAB-silicate inclusions are around 900-1000 degrees C suggesting a similar closure temperature for Fe diffusion in opx. Because of this and because of the essentially temperature-independent Fe-Mg distribution between ol and opx from 1600 to 700 degrees C, we conclude that the Fe-Mg distribution between ol and opx in IAB-silicate inclusion does not reflect thermodynamic equilibrium. As Fe-diffusion in ol is faster than in opx, redistribution of Fe in ol should have occurred at a temperature below the closure temperature for Fe-diffusion in opx. We suggest that FeO in ol was reduced to Fe metal by some species such as C, P, S, etc. A lower limit for the temperature of the reducing event is provided by Ca-zoning in ol, which develops below 650 degrees C (Kohler et al. 1991). Since strong FeO zoning in ol is absent, reduction of FeO in ol should have occurred above 650 degrees C, assuming similar diffusion coefficients for Ca and Fe in ol. References: Bunch T.E. and Keil K. (1970) Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 25, 297-340. Kohler T., Palme H. and Brey G. (1991) N. Jb. Miner. Mh. 9, 423-431. Sack R.O. (1980) Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 71, 257-269. v. Seckendorff V. and O'Neill H.St.C. (1992) Contr. Min. Petrol. (submitted).

Identification and two-photon imaging of oligodendrocyte in CA1 region of hippocampal slices

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhou Wei; Ge Wooping; Zeng Shaoqun

2007-01-19

Oligodendrocyte (OL) plays a critical role in myelination and axon maintenance in central nervous system. Recent studies show that OL can also express NMDA receptors in development and pathological situations in white matter. There is still lack of studies about OL properties and function in gray matter of brain. Here we reported that some glial cells in CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices (P15-23) had distinct electrophysiological characteristics from the other glia cells in this region, while they displayed uniform properties with OL from white matter in previous report; therefore, they were considered as OL in hippocampus. By loading dyemore » in recording pipette and imaging with two-photon laser scanning microscopy, we acquired the high spatial resolution, three-dimension images of these special cells in live slices. The OL in hippocampus shows a complex process-bearing shape and the distribution of several processes is parallel to Schaffer fiber in CA1 region. When stimulating Schaffer fiber, OL displays a long duration depolarization mediated by inward rectifier potassium channel. This suggested that the OL in CA1 region could sense the neuronal activity and contribute to potassium clearance.« less

Antitubercular sterols from Thalia multiflora Horkel ex Koernicke.

PubMed

Gutierrez-Lugo, Maria-Teresa; Wang, Yuehong; Franzblau, Scott G; Suarez, Enrique; Timmermann, Barbara N

2005-10-01

Bioassay guided isolation of an antitubercular extract of the aerial parts of Thalia multiflora led to the isolation of nine stigmast-5-ene and stigmasta-5,22-dien steroids, four isorhamnetin and quercetin flavonoid glycosides, two ceramides, an indole alkaloid and two simple phenolic compounds. Stigmast-5-en-3beta-ol-7-one (2), stigmast-4-ene-6beta-ol-3-one (3), stigmast-5,22-dien-3beta-ol-7-one (7) and stigmast-4,22-dien-6beta-ol-3-one (8) were found to be the most active compounds with MIC values of 1.98 +/- 0.02, 4.2 +/- 0.17, 1.0 +/- 0.06 and 2.2 +/- 0.3 microg/mL, respectively. Compounds 2, 3, 7 and 8 were not cytotoxic to Vero cells at 102 microg/mL. This investigation constitutes the first report of a chemical study of a species of the genus Thalia.

Contact allergy to epoxy (meth)acrylates.

PubMed

Aalto-Korte, Kristiina; Jungewelter, Soile; Henriks-Eckerman, Maj-Len; Kuuliala, Outi; Jolanki, Riitta

2009-07-01

Contact allergy to epoxy (meth)acrylates, 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy) phenyl]propane (bis-GMA), 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-acryloxypropoxy)phenyl]-propane (bis-GA), 2,2-bis[4-(methacryl-oxyethoxy)phenyl] propane (bis-EMA), 2,2-bis[4-(methacryloxy)phenyl]-propane (bis-MA), and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) is often manifested together with contact allergy to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin. To analyse patterns of concomitant allergic reactions to the five epoxy (meth)acrylates in relation to exposure. We reviewed the 1994-2008 patch test files at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) for reactions to the five epoxy (meth)acrylates, and examined the patients' medical records for exposure. Twenty-four patients had an allergic reaction to at least one of the studied epoxy (meth)acrylates, but specific exposure was found only in five patients: two bis-GMA allergies from dental products, two bis-GA allergies from UV-curable printing inks, and one bis-GA allergy from an anaerobic glue. Only 25% of the patients were negative to DGEBA epoxy resin. The great majority of allergic patch test reactions to bis-GMA, bis-GA, GMA and bis-EMA were not associated with specific exposure, and cross-allergy to DGEBA epoxy resin remained a probable explanation. However, independent reactions to bis-GA indicated specific exposure. Anaerobic sealants may induce sensitization not only to aliphatic (meth)acrylates but also to aromatic bis-GA.

Characterization and synthesis of volatile compounds from the defensive secretions of some "daddy longlets" (Arachnida: Opiliones: Leiobunum spp.).

PubMed

Jones, T H; Meinwald, J; Hicks, K; Eisner, T

1977-02-01

Analyses of the chief volatile constituents of the defensive secretions of three oplionids were carried out. Leiobunum nigripalpi produces three closely related C7 compounds: E-4-methyl-4-hexen-3-one(I), 4-methylhexan-3-one(II), and 4-methylhexan-3-ol(III), along with E-4-methyl-4-hepten-3-one(IV), E,E-2,4-dimethylhexa-2,4-dienal(IX), and a minor, unidentified component. L. leiopenis secretion contains E-4-methyl-4-hepten-3-one(IV), 4-methylheptan-3-one(V), E,E-2,4-dimethylhexa-2,4-dien-1-ol(VII), and E,E-2,4-dimethylhepta-2,4-dien-1-ol(VIII). L. calcar yields chiefly E-4,6-dimethyl-6-octen-3-one(VI) and E,E-2,4-dimethylhexa-2,4-dien-1-ol(VII). Six of these compounds are new natural products. The structures of these compounds, which can be regarded either as polyketide-derived or as modified isoprenoids, raise interesting biosynthetic questions.

Characterization and synthesis of volatile compounds from the defensive secretions of some "daddy longlets" (Arachnida: Opiliones: Leiobunum spp.).

PubMed Central

Jones, T H; Meinwald, J; Hicks, K; Eisner, T

1977-01-01

Analyses of the chief volatile constituents of the defensive secretions of three oplionids were carried out. Leiobunum nigripalpi produces three closely related C7 compounds: E-4-methyl-4-hexen-3-one(I), 4-methylhexan-3-one(II), and 4-methylhexan-3-ol(III), along with E-4-methyl-4-hepten-3-one(IV), E,E-2,4-dimethylhexa-2,4-dienal(IX), and a minor, unidentified component. L. leiopenis secretion contains E-4-methyl-4-hepten-3-one(IV), 4-methylheptan-3-one(V), E,E-2,4-dimethylhexa-2,4-dien-1-ol(VII), and E,E-2,4-dimethylhepta-2,4-dien-1-ol(VIII). L. calcar yields chiefly E-4,6-dimethyl-6-octen-3-one(VI) and E,E-2,4-dimethylhexa-2,4-dien-1-ol(VII). Six of these compounds are new natural products. The structures of these compounds, which can be regarded either as polyketide-derived or as modified isoprenoids, raise interesting biosynthetic questions. PMID:265514

Gibbs Energy Additivity Approaches in Estimation of Dynamic Viscosities of n-Alkane-1-ol

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Phankosol, S.; Krisnangkura, K.

2017-09-01

Alcohols are solvents for organic and inorganic substances. Dynamic viscosity of liquid is important transport properties. In this study models for estimating n-alkan-1-ol dynamic viscosities are correlated to the Martin’s rule of free energy additivity. Data available in literatures are used to validate and support the proposed equations. The dynamic viscosities of n-alkan-1-ol can be easily estimated from its carbon numbers (nc) and temperatures (T). The bias, average absolute deviation and coefficient of determination (R2) in estimating of n-alkan-1-ol are -0.17%, 1.73% and 0.999, respectively. The dynamic viscosities outside temperature between 288.15 and 363.15 K may be possibly estimated by this model but accuracy may be lower.

PI(3,5)P2 biosynthesis regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms

PubMed Central

Mironova, Yevgeniya A; Lenk, Guy M; Lin, Jing-Ping; Lee, Seung Joon; Twiss, Jeffery L; Vaccari, Ilaria; Bolino, Alessandra; Havton, Leif A; Min, Sang H; Abrams, Charles S; Shrager, Peter; Meisler, Miriam H; Giger, Roman J

2016-01-01

Proper development of the CNS axon-glia unit requires bi-directional communication between axons and oligodendrocytes (OLs). We show that the signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate [PI(3,5)P2] is required in neurons and in OLs for normal CNS myelination. In mice, mutations of Fig4, Pikfyve or Vac14, encoding key components of the PI(3,5)P2 biosynthetic complex, each lead to impaired OL maturation, severe CNS hypomyelination and delayed propagation of compound action potentials. Primary OLs deficient in Fig4 accumulate large LAMP1+ and Rab7+ vesicular structures and exhibit reduced membrane sheet expansion. PI(3,5)P2 deficiency leads to accumulation of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) in LAMP1+perinuclear vesicles that fail to migrate to the nascent myelin sheet. Live-cell imaging of OLs after genetic or pharmacological inhibition of PI(3,5)P2 synthesis revealed impaired trafficking of plasma membrane-derived MAG through the endolysosomal system in primary cells and brain tissue. Collectively, our studies identify PI(3,5)P2 as a key regulator of myelin membrane trafficking and myelinogenesis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13023.001 PMID:27008179

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

Natural Gas and Propane Tax Effective January 1, 2019, propane, compressed natural gas (CNG), and liquefied natural gas (LNG) will be subject to an excise tax at a rate of $0.04 per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE), plus a $0.01 ninth-cent fuel tax, a $0.01 local option fuel tax, and an additional variable

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Rio Rico Fire District Turns Grease Into

Science.gov Websites

Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of a school bus Michigan Transports Students March 31, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Electric Trucks Natural Gas Street Sweepers Improve Air Quality in New York March 11, 2010 Propane Buses Save Money for

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Powers School Buses in Tuscaloosa,

Science.gov Websites

Efficiency March 8, 2014 Renzenberger Inc Saves Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of a school bus and Plug-In Electric Vehicles March 31, 2012 Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov Electric Shuttle Buses Offer Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010 Electric Trolley Boosts Business in

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Tennessee Reduces Pollution With Propane

Science.gov Websites

Money With Propane Vans Feb. 1, 2014 Photo of an electric vehicle at a charging station Companies Power Natural Gas School Buses Help Kansas City Save Money Nov. 12, 2011 Electric Trucks Deliver at Kansas City Free Rides in Maryland June 18, 2010 Fisher Coachworks Develops Plug-In Electric Bus in Michigan June 3

An automatic flow system for NIR screening analysis of liquefied petroleum gas with respect to propane content.

PubMed

Dantas, Hebertty V; Barbosa, Mayara F; Nascimento, Elaine C L; Moreira, Pablo N T; Galvão, Roberto K H; Araújo, Mário C U

2013-03-15

This paper proposes a NIR spectrometric method for screening analysis of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) samples. The proposed method is aimed at discriminating samples with low and high propane content, which can be useful for the adjustment of burn settings in industrial applications. A gas flow system was developed to introduce the LPG sample into a NIR flow cell at constant pressure. In addition, a gas chromatographer was employed to determine the propane content of the sample for reference purposes. The results of a principal component analysis, as well as a classification study using SIMCA (soft independent modeling of class analogies), revealed that the samples can be successfully discriminated with respect to propane content by using the NIR spectrum in the range 8100-8800 cm(-1). In addition, by using SPA-LDA (linear discriminant analysis with variables selected by the successive projections algorithm), it was found that perfect discrimination can also be achieved by using only two wavenumbers (8215 and 8324 cm(-1)). This finding may be of value for the design of a dedicated, low-cost instrument for routine analyses. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Molecular dynamics simulations of propane in slit shaped silica nano-pores: direct comparison with quasielastic neutron scattering experiments.

PubMed

Gautam, Siddharth; Le, Thu; Striolo, Alberto; Cole, David

2017-12-13

Molecular motion under confinement has important implications for a variety of applications including gas recovery and catalysis. Propane confined in mesoporous silica aerogel as studied using quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) showed anomalous pressure dependence in its diffusion coefficient (J. Phys. Chem. C, 2015, 119, 18188). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are often employed to complement the information obtained from QENS experiments. Here, we report an MD simulation study to probe the anomalous pressure dependence of propane diffusion in silica aerogel. Comparison is attempted based on the self-diffusion coefficients and on the time scales of the decay of the simulated intermediate scattering functions. While the self-diffusion coefficients obtained from the simulated mean squared displacement profiles do not exhibit the anomalous pressure dependence observed in the experiments, the time scales of the decay of the intermediate scattering functions calculated from the simulation data match the corresponding quantities obtained in the QENS experiment and thus confirm the anomalous pressure dependence of the diffusion coefficient. The origin of the anomaly in pressure dependence lies in the presence of an adsorbed layer of propane molecules that seems to dominate the confined propane dynamics at low pressure, thereby lowering the diffusion coefficient. Further, time scales for rotational motion obtained from the simulations explain the absence of rotational contribution to the QENS spectra in the experiments. In particular, the rotational motion of the simulated propane molecules is found to exhibit large angular jumps at lower pressure. The present MD simulation work thus reveals important new insights into the origin of anomalous pressure dependence of propane diffusivity in silica mesopores and supplements the information obtained experimentally by QENS data.

Thermocatalytic Destruction of Gas-Phase Perchloroethylene Using Propane as a Hydrogen Source

PubMed Central

Willinger, Marty; Rupp, Erik; Barbaris, Brian; Gao, Song; Arnolda, Robert; Betterton, Eric; Sáez, A. Eduardo

2009-01-01

The use of propane in combination with oxygen to promote the destruction of perchloroethylene (PCE) over a platinum (Pt)/rhodium (Rh) catalyst on a cerium/zirconium oxide washcoat supported on an alumina monolith was explored. Conversions of PCE were measured in a continuous flow reactor with residence times less than 0.5 s and temperatures ranging from 200 to 600°C. The presence of propane was shown to increase significantly the conversion of PCE over oxygen-only conditions. Conversions close to 100% were observed at temperatures lower than 450°C with 20% oxygen and 2% propane in the feed, which makes this process attractive from a practical standpoint. In the absence of oxygen, PCE conversion is even higher, but the catalyst suffers significant deactivation in less than an hour. Even though results show that oxygen competes with reactants for active sites on the catalyst, the long-term stability that oxygen confers to the catalyst makes the process an efficient alternative to PCE oxidation. A Langmuir-Hinshelwood competitive adsorption model is proposed to quantify PCE conversion. PMID:19217713

Novel thermal management system using boiling cooling for high-powered lithium-ion battery packs for hybrid electric vehicles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al-Zareer, Maan; Dincer, Ibrahim; Rosen, Marc A.

2017-09-01

A thermal management system is necessary to control the operating temperature of the lithium ion batteries in battery packs for electrical and hybrid electrical vehicles. This paper proposes a new battery thermal management system based on one type of phase change material for the battery packs in hybrid electrical vehicles and develops a three dimensional electrochemical thermal model. The temperature distributions of the batteries are investigated under various operating conditions for comparative evaluations. The proposed system boils liquid propane to remove the heat generated by the batteries, and the propane vapor is used to cool the part of the battery that is not covered with liquid propane. The effect on the thermal behavior of the battery pack of the height of the liquid propane inside the battery pack, relative to the height of the battery, is analyzed. The results show that the propane based thermal management system provides good cooling control of the temperature of the batteries under high and continuous charge and discharge cycles at 7.5C.

Effect of primary-zone water injection on pollutants from a combustor burning liquid ASTM A-1 and vaporized propane fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ingebo, R. D.; Norgren, C. T.

1973-01-01

A combustor segment 0.457 meter (18 in.) long with a maximum cross section of 0.153 by 0.305 meter (6 by 12 in.) was operated at inlet-air temperatures of 590 and 700 K, inlet-air pressures of 4 and 10 atmospheres, and fuel-air ratios of 0.014 and 0.018 to determine the effect of primary-zone water injection on pollutants from burning either propane or ASTM A-1 fuel. At a simulated takeoff condition of 10 atmospheres and 700 K, multiple-orifice nozzles used to inject water at 1 percent of the airflow rate reduced nitrogen oxides 75 percent with propane and 65 percent with ASTM A-1 fuel. Although carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons increased with water injection, they remained relatively low; and smoke numbers were well below the visibility limit.

Improvement of gas hydrate preservation by increasing compression pressure to simple hydrates of methane, ethane, and propane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kida, Masato; Jin, Yusuke; Watanabe, Mizuho; Murayama, Tetsuro; Nagao, Jiro

2017-09-01

In this report, we describe the dissociation behavior of gas hydrate grains pressed at 1 and 6 MPa. Certain simple gas hydrates in powder form show anomalous preservation phenomenon under their thermodynamic unstable condition. Investigation of simple hydrates of methane, ethane, and propane reveals that high pressure applied to the gas hydrate particles enhances their preservation effects. Application of high pressure increases the dissociation temperature of methane hydrate and has a restrictive effect against the dissociation of ethane and propane hydrate grains. These improvements of gas hydrate preservation by increasing pressure to the initial gas hydrate particles imply that appropriate pressure applied to gas hydrate particles enhances gas hydrate preservation effects.

Distinct role of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in mediating oligodendrocyte toxicity in culture and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

PubMed

Li, S; Vana, A C; Ribeiro, R; Zhang, Y

2011-06-16

Nitric oxide has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. However, it is still unclear whether nitric oxide plays a protective role or is deleterious. We have previously shown that peroxynitrite, a reaction product of nitric oxide and superoxide, is toxic to mature oligodendrocytes (OLs). The toxicity is mediated by intracellular zinc release, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), activation of 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we found that the donors of nitric oxide, dipropylenetriamine NONOate (DPT NONOate) and diethylenetriamine NONOate (DETA NONOate), protected OLs from peroxynitrite or zinc-induced toxicity. The protective mechanisms appear to be attributable to their inhibition of peroxynitrite- or zinc-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and 12-LOX activation. In cultures of mature OLs exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) generated nitric oxide and rendered OLs resistant to peroxynitrite-induced toxicity. The protection was eliminated when 1400W, a specific inhibitor of iNOS, was co-applied with LPS. Using MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, we found that nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity, an indicator of peroxynitrite formation, was increased in the spinal cord white matter, which correlated with the loss of mature OLs. Targeted gene deletion of the NADPH oxidase component gp91phox reduced clinical scores, the formation of nitrotyrosine and the loss of mature OLs. These results suggest that blocking the formation specifically of peroxynitrite, rather than nitric oxide, may be a protective strategy against oxidative stress induced toxicity to OLs. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Chemical kinetic modeling of propane oxidation behind shock waves

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mclain, A. G.; Jachimowski, C. J.

1977-01-01

The stoichiometric combustion of propane behind incident shock waves was studied experimentally and analytically over a temperature range from 1700 K to 2600 K and a pressure range from 1.2 to 1.9 atm. Measurements of the concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and the product of the oxygen atom and carbon dioxide concentrations (O)(CO) were made after passage of the incident shock wave. A kinetic mechanism was developed which, when used in a computer program for a flowing, reacting gas behind an incident shock wave predicted experimentally measured results quite well. Ignition delay times from the literature were also predicted quite well. The kinetic mechanism consisted of 59 individual kinetic steps.

RNA-binding Protein Quaking Stabilizes Sirt2 mRNA during Oligodendroglial Differentiation*

PubMed Central

Thangaraj, Merlin P.; Furber, Kendra L.; Gan, Jotham K.; Ji, Shaoping; Sobchishin, Larhonda; Doucette, J. Ronald; Nazarali, Adil J.

2017-01-01

Myelination is controlled by timely expression of genes involved in the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) into myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs). Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), a NAD+-dependent deacetylase, plays a critical role in OL differentiation by promoting both arborization and downstream expression of myelin-specific genes. However, the mechanisms involved in regulating SIRT2 expression during OL development are largely unknown. The RNA-binding protein quaking (QKI) plays an important role in myelination by post-transcriptionally regulating the expression of several myelin specific genes. In quaking viable (qkv/qkv) mutant mice, SIRT2 protein is severely reduced; however, it is not known whether these genes interact to regulate OL differentiation. Here, we report for the first time that QKI directly binds to Sirt2 mRNA via a common quaking response element (QRE) located in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) to control SIRT2 expression in OL lineage cells. This interaction is associated with increased stability and longer half-lives of Sirt2.1 and Sirt2.2 transcripts leading to increased accumulation of Sirt2 transcripts. Consistent with this, overexpression of qkI promoted the expression of Sirt2 mRNA and protein. However, overexpression of the nuclear isoform qkI-5 promoted the expression of Sirt2 mRNA, but not SIRT2 protein, and delayed OL differentiation. These results suggest that the balance in the subcellular distribution and temporal expression of QKI isoforms control the availability of Sirt2 mRNA for translation. Collectively, our study demonstrates that QKI directly plays a crucial role in the post-transcriptional regulation and expression of Sirt2 to facilitate OL differentiation. PMID:28188285

Immobilization of flavan-3-ols onto sensor chips to study their interactions with proteins and pectins by SPR

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Watrelot, Aude A.; Tran, Dong Tien; Buffeteau, Thierry; Deffieux, Denis; Le Bourvellec, Carine; Quideau, Stéphane; Renard, Catherine M. G. C.

2016-05-01

Interactions between plant polyphenols and biomacromolecules such as proteins and pectins have been studied by several methods in solution (e.g. isothermal titration calorimetry, dynamic light scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance and spectrophotometry). Herein, these interactions were investigated in real time by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) analysis after immobilization of flavan-3-ols onto a sensor chip surface. (-)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin and flavan-3-ol oligomers with an average degree of polymerization of 2 and 8 were chemically modified using N-(2-(tritylthio)ethyl)propiolamide in order to introduce a spacer unit onto the catecholic B ring. Modified flavan-3-ols were then immobilized onto a carboxymethylated dextran surface (CM5). Immobilization was validated and further verified by evaluating flavan-3-ol interaction with bovine serum albumin (BSA), poly-L-proline or commercial pectins. BSA was found to have a stronger association with monomeric flavan-3-ols than oligomers. SPR analysis of selected flavan-3-ols immobilized onto CM5 sensor chips showed a stronger association for citrus pectins than apple pectins, regardless of flavan-3-ol degree of polymerization.

Quantitative Model to Predict Melts on the Ol-Opx Saturation Boundary during Mantle Melting: The Role of H2O

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andrews, A. L.; Grove, T. L.

2014-12-01

Two quantitative, empirical models are presented that predict mantle melt compositions in equilibrium with olivine (ol) + orthopyroxene (opx) ± spinel (sp) as a function of variable pressure and H2O content. The models consist of multiple linear regressions calibrated using new data from H2O-undersaturated primitive and depleted mantle lherzolite melting experiments as well as experimental literature data. The models investigate the roles of H2O, Pressure, 1-Mg# (1-[XMg/(XMg+XFe)]), NaK# ((Na2O+K2O)/(Na2O+K2O+CaO)), TiO2, and Cr2O3 on mantle melt compositions. Melts are represented by the pseudoternary endmembers Clinopyroxene (Cpx), Olivine (Ol), Plagioclase (Plag), and Quartz (Qz) of Tormey et al. (1987). Model A returns predictive equations for the four endmembers with identical predictor variables, whereas Model B chooses predictor variables for the four compositional endmember equations and temperature independently. We employ the use of Akaike Information Criteria (Akaike, 1974) to determine the best predictor variables from initial variables chosen through thermodynamic reasoning and by previous models. In both Models A and B, the coefficients for H2O show that increasing H2O drives the melt to more Qz normative space, as the Qz component increases by +0.012(3) per 1 wt.% H2O. The other endmember components decrease and are all three times less affected by H2O (Ol: -0.004(2); Cpx: -0.004(2); Plag: -0.004(3)). Consistent with previous models and experimental data, increasing pressure moves melt compositions to more Ol normative space at the expense of the Qz component. The models presented quantitatively determine the influence of H2O, Pressure, 1-Mg#, NaK#, TiO2, and Cr2O3 on mantle melts in equilibrium with ol+opx±sp; the equations presented can be used to predict melts of known mantle source compositions saturated in ol+opx±sp. References Tormey, Grove, & Bryan (1987), doi: 10.1007/BF00375227. Akaike (1974), doi: 10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705.

Influence of The Metamorphism Grade and Porosity of Hard Coal on Sorption and Desorption of Propane / Wpływ Stopnia Metamorfizmu I Porowatości Węgli Kamiennych Na Sorpcję I Desorpcję Propanu

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dudzińska, Agnieszka; Żyła, Mieczysław; Cygankiewicz, Janusz

2013-09-01

In this paper results of investigations of sorption of hard coal samples collected from the extracted coal seams of Polish coal mines are presented. As sorbate propane was used. Examinations were carried out in the temperature of 298 K by means of volumetric assessment with the use of apparatus ASAP 2010 of Micromeritics. On the basis of conducted examinations it has been found out that the amount of sorbed propane depend on a type of coal, its metamorphism grade, content of oxygen element, moisture and porosity of these coals. The greatest amounts of propane are sorbed by low carbonized, high-porosity coals of high content of oxygen and moisture. Sorption of relatively high amounts of propane by these coals (ca. 10 cm3/g) is a result of the influence of polar surface of coals with molecules of propane and good availability of internal microporous structure of these coals for molecules of examined sorbate. Medium and high carbonized coals sorb insignificant amounts of propane. These coals have compact structure and non-polar character of their surface, their internal porous structure is to a minor degree available for propane molecules in conditions of carried out research. Sorption of propane in this case, takes place mainly in surface pores and on the surface of coals. Moreover, measurements of desorption isotherms of propane showing irreversible character of sorption were made. Desorption isotherms do not come together with sorption isotherms forming open hysteresis loop. Amounts of non-desorbing propane remaining in the coal depend on the type of examined coal. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań sorpcji próbek węgli kamiennych pobranych z eksploatowanych pokładów węglowych polskich kopalń. Jako sorbat zastosowano propan. Badania przeprowadzono w temperaturze 298 K metodą objętościową z wykorzystaniem aparatu ASAP 2010 firmy Micromeritics. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że ilości sorbowanego propanu są zależne od rodzaju węgla, jego stopnia metamorfizmu, zawartości pierwiastka tlenu, wilgoci i porowatości tych węgli. Największe ilości propanu sorbują węgle niskouwęglone, wysokoporowate o dużej zawartości tlenu i wilgoci. Sorpcja stosunkowo dużych ilości propanu tych węgli (ok. 10 cm3/g) jest wynikiem oddziaływania polarnej powierzchni węgli z cząsteczkami propanu oraz dobrej dostępności wewnętrznej mikroporowatej struktury tych węgli dla cząsteczek badanego sorbatu. Węgle średnio i wysokouwęglone sorbują niewielkie ilości propanu. Węgle te mają zwartą budowę oraz niepolarny charakter powierzchni, ich wewnętrzna struktura porowata jest w niewielkim stopniu dostępna dla cząsteczek propanu w warunkach przeprowadzanych badań. Sorpcja propanu w tym przypadku zachodzi głównie w powierzchniowych porach i na powierzchni węgli. Przeprowadzono również pomiary izoterm desorpcji propanu wykazując nieodwracalny charakter sorpcji. Izotermy desorpcji nie zbiegają się z izotermami sorpcji tworząc otwartą pętlę histerezy. Pozostające w węglu ilości nie desorbującego się propanu są zależne od rodzaju badanego węgla.

Detailed and reduced chemical-kinetic descriptions for hydrocarbon combustion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Petrova, Maria V.

Numerical and theoretical studies of autoignition processes of fuels such as propane are in need of realistic simplified chemical-kinetic descriptions that retain the essential features of the detailed descriptions. These descriptions should be computationally feasible and cost-effective. Such descriptions are useful for investigating ignition processes that occur, for example, in homogeneous-charge compression-ignition engines, for studying the structures and dynamics of detonations and in fields such as multi-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Reduced chemistry has previously been developed successfully for a number of other hydrocarbon fuels, however, propane has not been considered in this manner. This work focuses on the fuels of propane, as well propene, allene and propyne, for several reasons. The ignition properties of propane resemble those of other higher hydrocarbons but are different from those of the lower hydrocarbons (e.g. ethylene and acetylene). Propane, therefore, may be the smallest hydrocarbon that is representative of higher hydrocarbons in ignition and detonation processes. Since the overall activation energy and ignition times for propane are similar to those of other higher hydrocarbons, including liquid fuels that are suitable for many applications, propane has been used as a model fuel for several numerical and experimental studies. The reason for studying elementary chemistry of propene and C3H4 (allene or propyne) is that during the combustion process, propane breaks down to propene and C3H4 before proceeding to products. Similarly, propene combustion includes C3H4 chemistry. In studying propane combustion, it is therefore necessary to understand the underlying combustion chemistry of propene as well as C3H 4. The first part of this thesis focuses on obtaining and testing a detailed chemical-kinetic description for autoignition of propane, propene and C 3H4, by comparing predictions obtained with this detailed mechanism against numerous experimental data available from shock-tube studies and flame-speed measurements. To keep the detailed mechanism small, attention is restricted to pressures below about 100 atm, temperatures above about 1000 K and equivalence ratios less than about 3. Based on this detailed chemistry description, short (or skeletal) mechanisms are then obtained for each of the three fuels by eliminating reactions that are unimportant for the autoignition process under conditions presented above. This was achieved by utilizing tools such as sensitivity and reaction pathway analyses. Two distinct methodologies were then used in order to obtain a reduced mechanism for autoignition from the short mechanisms. A Systematic Reduction approach is first taken that involves introducing steady-state approximations to as many species as analytically possible. To avoid resorting to numerical methods, the analysis for obtaining ignition times for heptane, presented by Peters and co-workers is followed in order to obtain a rough estimate for an expression of propane ignition time. The results from this expression are then compared to the ignition times obtained computationally with the detailed mechanism. The second method is an Empirical Approach in which chemistry is not derived formally, but rather postulated empirically on the basis of experimental, computational and theoretical observations. As a result, generalized reduced mechanisms are proposed for autoignition of propane, propene and C3H 4. Expressions for ignition times obtained via this empirical approach are compared to the computational results obtained from the detailed mechanism.

Proteomics reveal energy metabolism and mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction perturbation in human Borna disease virus Hu-H1-infected oligodendroglial cells.

PubMed

Liu, X; Yang, Y; Zhao, M; Bode, L; Zhang, L; Pan, J; Lv, L; Zhan, Y; Liu, S; Zhang, L; Wang, X; Huang, R; Zhou, J; Xie, P

2014-05-30

Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic, non-cytolytic RNA virus which replicates in the cell nucleus targeting mainly hippocampal neurons, but also astroglial and oligodendroglial cells in the brain. BDV is associated with a large spectrum of neuropsychiatric pathologies in animals. Its relationship to human neuropsychiatric illness still remains controversial. We could recently demonstrate that human BDV strain Hu-H1 promoted apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation in a human oligodendroglial cell line (OL cells) whereas laboratory BDV strain V acted contrariwise. Here, differential protein expression between BDV Hu-H1-infected OL cells and non-infected OL cells was assessed through a proteomics approach, using two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 63 differential host proteins were identified in BDV Hu-H1-infected OL cells compared to non-infected OL cells. We found that most changes referred to alterations related to the pentose phosphate pathway, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and glycolysis /gluconeogenesis. By manual querying, two differential proteins were found to be associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction. Five key signaling proteins of this pathway (i.e., p-Raf, p-MEK, p-ERK1/2, p-RSK, and p-MSK) were selected for Western blotting validation. p-ERK1/2 and p-RSK were found to be significantly up-regulated, and p-MSK was found to be significantly down-regulated in BDV Hu-H1-infected OL cells compared to non-infected OL cell. Although BDV Hu-H1 constitutively activated the ERK-RSK pathway, host cell proliferation and nuclear translocation of activated pERK in BDV Hu-H1-infected OL cells were impaired. These findings indicate that BDV Hu-H1 infection of human oligodendroglial cells significantly perturbs host energy metabolism, activates the downstream ERK-RSK complex of the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade, and disturbs host cell proliferation possibly through impaired nuclear translocation of pERK, a finding which warrants further research. Copyright © 2014 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Production of carcinogenic acetaldehyde by Candida albicans from patients with potentially malignant oral mucosal disorders.

PubMed

Gainza-Cirauqui, M L; Nieminen, M T; Novak Frazer, L; Aguirre-Urizar, J M; Moragues, M D; Rautemaa, R

2013-03-01

Production of carcinogenic acetaldehyde by Candida has been suggested to contribute to epithelial dysplasia and oral carcinogenesis. Oral lichen planus (OLP), oral lichenoid lesion (OLL) and oral leukoplakia (OL) are potentially carcinogenic oral diseases where colonisation by Candida is common, but acetaldehyde production by Candida has not been studied. Acetaldehyde production in ethanol (11 mM), glucose (100 mM), ethanol-glucose (11 mM and 100 mM) or red wine (1200 mM ethanol) incubation by Candida albicans from patients with OLL (n = 6), OLP (n = 16), OL (n = 6) and controls (n = 6) was measured by gas chromatography. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding their smoking habits and alcohol consumption. All Candida albicans isolates produced potentially carcinogenic levels of acetaldehyde (>100 μM) in all incubations containing ethanol. The control group isolates produced the highest acetaldehyde levels. Isolates from smokers produced more acetaldehyde in all incubations than those from non-smokers. The difference was significant in ethanol-glucose incubation. Isolates from patients who were both smokers and drinkers produced the highest amounts when incubated in ethanol, ethanol-glucose and wine. Candida albicans isolated from potentially carcinogenic oral diseases can produce mutagenic amounts of acetaldehyde. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption may favour adaptational changes resulting in the upregulation of candidal acetaldehyde metabolism. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. All rights reserved.

The effects of low concentrations of the enantiomers of mushroom alcohol (1-octen-3-ol) on Arabidopsis thaliana

PubMed Central

Hung, Richard; Lee, Samantha; Bennett, Joan W.

2014-01-01

“Mushroom alcohol,” or 1-octen-3-ol, is a common fungal volatile organic compound (VOC) that has been studied for its flavor properties, its effects on fungal spore germination, mushroom development, and as a signaling agent for insects. Far less is known about its effects on plants. We exposed Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, under conditions conducive to germination, to high (10 and 100 mg/1) and low concentrations (1, 2, and 3 mg/1) of racemic, S, and R forms of 1-octen-3-ol for 3 days. In addition, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week-old A. thaliana plants also were exposed to 1 mg/1 of the compounds for the same period of time. Seedling formation was retarded with all tested levels of exposure to 1-octen-3-ol for both enantiomers and the racemer, while 95% of unexposed control seeds germinated to seedling within 3 days. There was a dose-dependent response in the reduction of seedling formation between 1 mg/1 and 3 mg/1 of exposure. When exposed seeds were removed from the VOC, nearly all resumed germination. Young plants exposed to 1 mg/1 of the R and S enantiomers of 1-octen-3-ol exhibited a mild inhibition of growth and chlorophyll production at 2 and 3 weeks but not at 4 weeks. PMID:24999439

Carbon doped GaN buffer layer using propane for high electron mobility transistor applications: Growth and device results

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, X.; Nilsson, D.; Danielsson, Ö.

2015-12-28

The creation of a semi insulating (SI) buffer layer in AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) devices is crucial for preventing a current path beneath the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). In this investigation, we evaluate the use of a gaseous carbon gas precursor, propane, for creating a SI GaN buffer layer in a HEMT structure. The carbon doped profile, using propane gas, is a two stepped profile with a high carbon doping (1.5 × 10{sup 18 }cm{sup −3}) epitaxial layer closest to the substrate and a lower doped layer (3 × 10{sup 16 }cm{sup −3}) closest to the 2DEG channel. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry measurement showsmore » a uniform incorporation versus depth, and no memory effect from carbon doping can be seen. The high carbon doping (1.5 × 10{sup 18 }cm{sup −3}) does not influence the surface morphology, and a roughness root-mean-square value of 0.43 nm is obtained from Atomic Force Microscopy. High resolution X-ray diffraction measurements show very sharp peaks and no structural degradation can be seen related to the heavy carbon doped layer. HEMTs are fabricated and show an extremely low drain induced barrier lowering value of 0.1 mV/V, demonstrating an excellent buffer isolation. The carbon doped GaN buffer layer using propane gas is compared to samples using carbon from the trimethylgallium molecule, showing equally low leakage currents, demonstrating the capability of growing highly resistive buffer layers using a gaseous carbon source.« less

40 CFR 721.10445 - 2-Propen-1-ol, reaction products with hydrogen sulfide, distn. residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... hydrogen sulfide, distn. residues. 721.10445 Section 721.10445 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... hydrogen sulfide, distn. residues. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as 2-propen-1-ol, reaction products with hydrogen sulfide, distn...

40 CFR 721.10445 - 2-Propen-1-ol, reaction products with hydrogen sulfide, distn. residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... hydrogen sulfide, distn. residues. 721.10445 Section 721.10445 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... hydrogen sulfide, distn. residues. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as 2-propen-1-ol, reaction products with hydrogen sulfide, distn...

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

Propane Vehicle and Mower Incentive - Louisiana Liquefied Petroleum Gas Commission Propane vehicle . Each recipient is limited to four incentive awards, up to $5,000, per year. Recipients must participate

Formation of C-C and C-O bonds and oxygen removal in reactions of alkanediols, alkanols, and alkanals on copper catalysts.

PubMed

Sad, María E; Neurock, Matthew; Iglesia, Enrique

2011-12-21

This study reports evidence for catalytic deoxygenation of alkanols, alkanals, and alkanediols on dispersed Cu clusters with minimal use of external H(2) and with the concurrent formation of new C-C and C-O bonds. These catalysts selectively remove O-atoms from these oxygenates as CO or CO(2) through decarbonylation or decarboxylation routes, respectively, that use C-atoms present within reactants or as H(2)O using H(2) added or formed in situ from CO/H(2)O mixtures via water-gas shift. Cu catalysts fully convert 1,3-propanediol to equilibrated propanol-propanal intermediates that subsequently form larger oxygenates via aldol-type condensation and esterification routes without detectable involvement of the oxide supports. Propanal-propanol-H(2) equilibration is mediated by their chemisorption and interconversion at surfaces via C-H and O-H activation and propoxide intermediates. The kinetic effects of H(2), propanal, and propanol pressures on turnover rates, taken together with measured selectivities and the established chemical events for base-catalyzed condensation and esterification reactions, indicate that both reactions involve kinetically relevant bimolecular steps in which propoxide species, acting as the base, abstract the α-hydrogen in adsorbed propanal (condensation) or attack the electrophilic C-atom at its carbonyl group (esterification). These weakly held basic alkoxides render Cu surfaces able to mediate C-C and C-O formation reactions typically catalyzed by basic sites inherent in the catalyst, instead of provided by coadsorbed organic moieties. Turnover rates for condensation and esterification reactions decrease with increasing Cu dispersion, because low-coordination corner and edge atoms prevalent on small clusters stabilize adsorbed intermediates and increase the activation barriers for the bimolecular kinetically relevant steps required for both reactions. © 2011 American Chemical Society

Effect of fuel nitrogen and hydrogen content on emissions in hydrocarbon combustion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bittker, D. A.; Wolfbrandt, G.

1981-01-01

How the emissions of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide are affected by: (1) the decreased hydrogen content and (2) the increased organic nitrogen content of coal derived fuels is investigated. Previous CRT experimental work in a two stage flame tube has shown the effectiveness of rich lean two stage combustion in reducing fuel nitrogen conversion to nitrogen oxides. Previous theoretical work gave preliminary indications that emissions trends from the flame tube experiment could be predicted by a two stage, well stirred reactor combustor model using a detailed chemical mechanism for propane oxidation and nitrogen oxide formation. Additional computations are reported and comparisons with experimental results for two additional fuels and a wide range of operating conditions are given. Fuels used in the modeling are pure propane, a propane toluene mixture and pure toluene. These give hydrogen contents 18, 11 and 9 percent by weight, respectively. Fuel bound nitrogen contents of 0.5 and 1.0 percent were used. Results are presented for oxides of nitrogen and also carbon monoxide concentrations as a function of primary equivalence ratio, hydrogen content and fuel bound nitrogen content.

Laboratory-Scale Demonstration Using Dilute Ammonia Gas-Induced Alkaline Hydrolysis of Soil Contaminants (Chlorinated Propanes and Explosives)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-01

Hydrolysis of Soil Contaminants (Chlorinated Propanes and Explosives) En vi ro nm en ta l L ab or at or y Victor F. Medina, Scott A. Waisner, Charles...Using Dilute Ammonia Gas-Induced Alkaline Hydrolysis of Soil Contaminants (Chlorinated Propanes and Explosives) Victor F. Medina, Scott A. Waisner...hydrolysis. This project explored the use of ammonia gas to raise soil pH in order to stimulate alkaline hydrolysis. When ammonia gas dissolves in water

77 FR 66836 - Notice of Receipt of Pesticide Products; Registration Applications

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-07

... Pheromone Mimic (7,9,11-Dodecatrien-1-ol, formate at 90.8%. Product Type: Pheromone (Mating Disruptor... (Mating Disruptor) with Carob Moth Pheromone Mimic (7,9,11-Dodecatrien-1-ol, formate at 2%. Product Type...

Heating Oil and Propane Update

EIA Publications

2017-01-01

Weekly residential, wholesale, and spot prices; and production, demand, and stocks of heating fuels. (Weekly heating oil and propane prices are only collected during the heating season which extends from October through March.)

Inhibition of Drp1 hyper-activation is protective in animal models of experimental multiple sclerosis

PubMed Central

Luo, Fucheng; Herrup, Karl; Qi, Xin; Yang, Yan

2017-01-01

Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a leading neurological disorder of young adults, is characterized by the loss of oligodendrocytes (OLs), demyelination, inflammation and neuronal degeneration. Here we show that dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a mitochondrial fission protein, is activated in primary OL cells exposed to TNF-α induced inflammation or oxidative stress, as well as in EAE-immunized and cuprizone toxicity-induced demyelinating mouse models. Inhibition of Drp1 hyper-activation by the selective inhibitor P110 abolishes Drp1 translocation to the mitochondria, reduces mitochondrial fragmentation and stems necrosis in primary OLs exposed to TNF-α and H2O2. Notably, in both types of mouse models, treatment with P110 significantly reduces the loss of mature OLs and demyelination, attenuates the number of active microglial cells and astrocytes, yet has no effect on the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Drp1 activation appears to be mediated through the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL/PGAM5 pathway during TNF-α-induced oligodendroglia necroptosis. Our results demonstrate a critical role of Drp1 hyper-activation in OL cell death and suggest that an inhibitor of Drp1 hyper-activation such as P110 is worth exploring for its ability to halt or slow the progression of MS. PMID:28238799

Inhibition of Drp1 hyper-activation is protective in animal models of experimental multiple sclerosis.

PubMed

Luo, Fucheng; Herrup, Karl; Qi, Xin; Yang, Yan

2017-06-01

Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a leading neurological disorder of young adults, is characterized by the loss of oligodendrocytes (OLs), demyelination, inflammation and neuronal degeneration. Here we show that dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a mitochondrial fission protein, is activated in primary OL cells exposed to TNF-α induced inflammation or oxidative stress, as well as in EAE-immunized and cuprizone toxicity-induced demyelinating mouse models. Inhibition of Drp1 hyper-activation by the selective inhibitor P110 abolishes Drp1 translocation to the mitochondria, reduces mitochondrial fragmentation and stems necrosis in primary OLs exposed to TNF-α and H 2 O 2 . Notably, in both types of mouse models, treatment with P110 significantly reduces the loss of mature OLs and demyelination, attenuates the number of active microglial cells and astrocytes, yet has no effect on the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Drp1 activation appears to be mediated through the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL/PGAM5 pathway during TNF-α-induced oligodendroglia necroptosis. Our results demonstrate a critical role of Drp1 hyper-activation in OL cell death and suggest that an inhibitor of Drp1 hyper-activation such as P110 is worth exploring for its ability to halt or slow the progression of MS. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A laboratory evaluation of alcohols as attractants for the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera:Psychodidae).

PubMed

Magalhães-Junior, Jairo Torres; Barrouin-Melo, Stella Maria; Corrêa, Arlene Gonçalves; da Rocha Silva, Flavia Benini; Machado, Vicente Estevam; Govone, José Silvio; Pinto, Mara Cristina

2014-02-06

The potential attraction from 1-octen-3-ol for sandflies has been documented; however, studies using other primary alcohols are limited. We used a wind tunnel to compare the activation and attractive behaviors in male and female Lutzomyia longipalpis using 1-octen-3-ol and three additional alcohols, 1-octanol, 1-heptanol and 1-nonanol at three different concentrations: neat (100%) and diluted in hexane (10% and 50%). The compounds 1-octen-3-ol and 1-nonanol induced a clear concentration-dependent activation and attraction response in females. In males, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-nonanol and 1-heptanol yielded the same results. L. longipalpis is attracted to 1-octen-3-ol, 1-nonanol and 1-heptanol, which are found in many plant volatiles.

Delayed onset of lactogenesis among first-time mothers is related to maternal obesity and factors associated with ineffective breastfeeding.

PubMed

Nommsen-Rivers, Laurie A; Chantry, Caroline J; Peerson, Janet M; Cohen, Roberta J; Dewey, Kathryn G

2010-09-01

Delayed onset of lactogenesis (OL) is most common in primiparas and increases the risk of excess neonatal weight loss, formula supplementation, and early weaning. We examined variables associated with delayed OL among first-time mothers who delivered at term and initiated breastfeeding (n = 431). We conducted in-person interviews during pregnancy and at days 0, 3, and 7 postpartum and extracted obstetric and newborn information from medical records. We defined OL as delayed if it occurred after 72 h and used chi-square analysis to examine its association with potential risk factors across 6 dimensions: 1) prenatal characteristics, 2) maternal anthropometric characteristics, 3) labor and delivery experience, 4) newborn characteristics, 5) maternal postpartum factors, and 6) infant feeding variables. We examined independent associations by using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Median OL was 68.9 h postpartum; 44% of mothers experienced delayed OL. We observed significant bivariate associations between delayed OL and variables in all 6 dimensions (P < 0.05). In a multivariate model adjusted for prenatal feeding intentions, independent risk factors for delayed OL were maternal age > or =30 y, body mass index in the overweight or obese range, birth weight >3600 g, absence of nipple discomfort between 0-3 d postpartum, and infant failing to "breastfeed well" > or =2 times in the first 24 h. Postpartum edema was significant in an alternate model excluding body mass index (P < 0.05). The risk factors for delayed OL are multidimensional. Public health and obstetric and maternity care interventions are needed to address what has become an alarmingly common problem among primiparas.

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

Propane and Natural Gas Safety The Railroad Commission of Texas regulates the safety of the natural gas and propane industries. (Reference Texas Statutes, Natural Resources Code 113.011 and 116.011

The influence of a heat and moisture exchanger on tracheal climate in a cold environment.

PubMed

Zuur, J Karel; Muller, Sara H; Vincent, Andrew; Sinaasappel, Michiel; de Jongh, Frans H C; Hilgers, Frans J M

2009-09-01

The incidence of pulmonary complaints, severe tracheitis and lung function deterioration is increased during wintertime in laryngectomized individuals. We analyzed how a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) performs in cold and dry ambient circumstances, and how its efficiency in this environmental climate might be improved. Randomized crossover. Intra-tracheal temperature and humidity were measured in 10 laryngectomized patients with and without HME, in a cold (mean, 4.7 degrees C) and dry (mean, 4.5 mgH2O/L) room. Presence of an HME causes the intra-tracheal mean humidity minima and maxima to increase with 4.2 mgH2O/L (95%CI: 3.3-5.0 mgH2O/L; p<0.001) and 2.4 mgH2O/L (95%CI: 1.7-3.1 mgH2O/L; p<0.001), respectively. The intra-tracheal mean temperature minima and maxima increased with 3.9 degrees C (95%CI: 2.7-5.1 degrees C; p<0.001) and 1.2 degrees C (95%CI: 0.8-1.2 degrees C; p<0.001), respectively. In the majority of patients, the calculated relative humidity values appear to reach well above 100% during inspiration. In a cold environment, presence of an HME significantly increases both inspiratory and expiratory temperature and humidity values. Relative humidity calculations suggest the formation of condense droplets during inspiration. To further increase its effectiveness, improvement of the HME's thermal capacity should be aimed for.

New biflavonoids from dragon's blood of Dracaena cinnabari.

PubMed

Masaoud, M; Himmelreich, U; Ripperger, H; Adam, G

1995-08-01

The new biflavonoids 2'-methoxysocotrin-5'-ol, socotrin-4'-ol, and homoisosocotrin-4'-ol were isolated from dragon's blood of Dracaena cinnabari and their structures elucidated mainly by NMR spectroscopy.

Bio-Oil Separation and Stabilization by Near-Critical Propane Fractionation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ginosar, Daniel M.; Petkovic, Lucia M.; Agblevor, Foster A.

Bio-oils produced by thermal process are promising sources of sustainable, low greenhouse gas alternative fuels. These thermal processes are also well suited to decentralized energy production due to low capital and operating costs. Algae feedstocks for bio-oil production are of particular interest, due in part to their high-energy growth yields. Further, algae can be grown in non-arable areas in fresh, brackish, salt water, or even waste water. Unfortunately, bio-oils produced by thermal processes present significant stability challenges. These oils have complex chemical compositions, are viscous, reactive, and thermally unstable. Further, the components within the oils are difficult to separate bymore » fractional distillation. By far, the most effective separation and stabilization method has been solvent extraction. However, liquid phase extraction processes pose two main obstacles to commercialization; they require a significant amount of energy to remove and recover the solvent from the product, and they have a propensity for the solvent to become contaminated with minerals from the char and ash present in the original bio-oil. Separation and fractionation of thermally produced bio-oils using supercritical fluids (SCF) offers the advantages of liquid solvent extraction while drastically reducing energy demands and the predisposition to carry over solids into the extracted phase. SCFs are dense fluids with liquid-like solvent properties and gas-like transport properties. Further, SCF density and solvent strength can be tuned with minor adjustments in pressure, co-solvent addition, or gas anti-solvent addition. Catalytic pyrolysis oils were produced from Scenedesmus dimorphus algae using a fluid catalytic cracking catalyst. Bio-oil produced from catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) was separated using critical fluids. Propane extraction was performed at 65 °C at a fluid reduced pressure of 2.0 (85 bar) using an eight to one solvent to feed ratio by weight. Extraction of catalytic fast pyrolysis oil with near critical propane produced an oil extract that was physically and chemically different from and more stable than the original oil. The propane extract displayed lower viscosity and lower average molecular weight. The species present in the propane extract were likely the less polar that would be expected from using a non-polar solvent (propane). Carbonyl containing species in the extract were likely ketones and esters. The raffinate contained a higher amnount of OH bonded species along with the more polar more polar acids, amides, and alcohols. The higher concentration of nitrogen in the raffinate may confirm the presence of amides. Viscosity of the propane extract increased only half as much as that of the CFP bio-oil. Further, In situ NMR aging studies showed that the propane extract was more stable than the raw oil. In conclusion, propane extraction is a promising method to decrease the nitrogen content of bio-oils and to improve the stability of bio-oils obtained by the catalytic pyrolysis of algae based biomass.« less

Expedient synthesis of bisabolenol stink bug pheromones via stereodefined cyclohex-2-enones

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

We recently synthesized all stereoisomers of 1,10-bisaboladien-3-ol and 10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol, including three stink bugs pheromones, via a rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric addition of trimethylaluminum to diastereomeric mixtures of cyclohex-2-enones. However, yields of trans isomers were low and...

Caryolan-1-ol, an antifungal volatile produced by Streptomyces spp., inhibits the endomembrane system of fungi.

PubMed

Cho, Gyeongjun; Kim, Junheon; Park, Chung Gyoo; Nislow, Corey; Weller, David M; Kwak, Youn-Sig

2017-07-01

Streptomyces spp. have the ability to produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites that interact with the environment. This study aimed to discover antifungal volatiles from the genus Streptomyces and to determine the mechanisms of inhibition. Volatiles identified from Streptomyces spp. included three major terpenes, geosmin, caryolan-1-ol and an unknown sesquiterpene. antiSMASH and KEGG predicted that the volatile terpene synthase gene clusters occur in the Streptomyces genome. Growth inhibition was observed when fungi were exposed to the volatiles. Biological activity of caryolan-1-ol has previously not been investigated. Fungal growth was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by a mixture of the main volatiles, caryolan-1-ol and the unknown sesquiterpene, from Streptomyces sp. S4-7. Furthermore, synthesized caryolan-1-ol showed similar antifungal activity. Results of chemical-genomics profiling assays showed that caryolan-1-ol affected the endomembrane system by disrupting sphingolipid synthesis and normal vesicle trafficking in the fungi. © 2017 The Authors.

Response of western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to different release rates of nonhost angiosperm volatiles and verbenone

Treesearch

C.J. Fettig; S.R. McKelvey; C.P. Dabney; R.R. Borys; D.P.W. Huber

2009-01-01

A blend of eight nonhost angiosperm volatiles (benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, guaiacol, nonanal, salicylaldehyde, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol) without [NAV] and with [NAVV] (–)-verbenone (4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3...

Stereospecific 1,4-addition to an alpha,beta-unsaturated steroidal epoxide: syntheses of new 15-oxygenated sterols.

PubMed

Parish, E J; Tsuda, M; Schroepfer, G J

1988-11-01

3 beta-Benzoyloxy-14 alpha,15 alpha-epoxy-5 alpha-cholest-7-ene (1) is a key intermediate in the synthesis of C-7 and C-15 oxygenated sterols. Treatment of 1 with benzoyl chloride resulted in the formation of 3 beta,15 alpha-bis-benzoyloxy-7 alpha-chloro-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-ene (2). Reaction of 2 with LiAlH4 or LiAlD4 resulted in the formation of 5 alpha-cholest-7-ene-3 beta,15 alpha-diol (3a) or [14 alpha-2H]5 alpha-cholest-7-ene-3 beta,15 alpha-diol (3b). Diol 3b was selectively oxidized by Ag2CO3/celite to [14 alpha-2H]5 alpha-cholest-7-en-15 alpha-ol-3-one (4). Treatment of 1 with MeMgI/CuI gave 7 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-ene-3 beta,15 alpha-diol (5). Selective oxidation of 5 with pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC)/pyridine or oxidation with PCC resulted in the formation of 7 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol-15-one (6) and 7 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-ene-3,15-dione, respectively. Reduction of 6 with LiAlH4 yielded 5 and 7 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-ene-3 beta,15 beta-diol (6). Reaction of 1 with benzoic acid/pyridine gave 3 beta,7 alpha-bis-benzoyloxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15 alpha-ol (9). Treatment of 9 with LiAlH4 or ethanolic KOH resulted in the formation of 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-ene-3 beta,7 alpha,15 alpha-triol (10). Dibenzoate 9, upon brief treatment with mineral acid, gave 3 beta-benzoyloxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-ene-15-one (11). Oxidation of 9 with PCC yielded 3 beta,7 alpha-bis-benzoyloxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-ene-15-one (12). Ketone 12 was also prepared by the selective hydride reduction of 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-7 alpha-ol-3,15-dione (13) to give 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-ene-3 beta,7 alpha-diol-15-one (14), which was then treated with benzoyl chloride to produce 12.

Rational Tuning of Visual Cycle Modulator Pharmacodynamics

PubMed Central

Kiser, Philip D.; Zhang, Jianye; Badiee, Mohsen; Kinoshita, Junzo; Peachey, Neal S.; Tochtrop, Gregory P.

2017-01-01

Modulators of the visual cycle have been developed for treatment of various retinal disorders. These agents were designed to inhibit retinoid isomerase [retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa protein (RPE65)], the rate-limiting enzyme of the visual cycle, based on the idea that attenuation of visual pigment regeneration could reduce formation of toxic retinal conjugates. Of these agents, certain ones that contain primary amine groups can also reversibly form retinaldehyde Schiff base adducts, which contributes to their retinal protective activity. Direct inhibition of RPE65 as a therapeutic strategy is complicated by adverse effects resulting from slowed chromophore regeneration, whereas effective retinal sequestration can require high drug doses with potential off-target effects. We hypothesized that the RPE65-emixustat crystal structure could help guide the design of retinaldehyde-sequestering agents with varying degrees of RPE65 inhibitory activity. We found that addition of an isopropyl group to the central phenyl ring of emixustat and related compounds resulted in agents effectively lacking in vitro retinoid isomerase inhibitory activity, whereas substitution of the terminal 6-membered ring with branched moieties capable of stronger RPE65 interaction potentiated inhibition. The isopropyl derivative series produced discernible visual cycle suppression in vivo, albeit much less potently than compounds with a high affinity for the RPE65 active site. These agents were distributed into the retina and formed Schiff base adducts with retinaldehyde. Except for one compound [3-amino-1-(3-isopropyl-5-((2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)methoxy)phenyl)propan-1-ol (MB-007)], these agents conferred protection against retinal phototoxicity, suggesting that both direct RPE65 inhibition and retinal sequestration are mechanisms of potential therapeutic relevance. PMID:28476927

[Definition of appropriate temperature and storage conditions in the detection of Leishmania DNA with PCR in phlebotomine flies].

PubMed

Cabrera, Olga L; Munsterman, Leonard E; Cárdenas, Rocío; Gutiérrez, Reynaldo; Ferro, Cristina

2002-09-01

For epidemiological studies and control programs of leishmaniasis, taxonomic identification of the etiologic agent of the disease in the insect vector is of critical importance. The implementation of molecular techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has permitted great advances in the efficacy and sensitivity of parasite identification. Previously, these investigations involved labor-intensive dissections and required expert personnel. The present work evaluates the effects of storage methods of phlebotomine samples in the optimization of PCR identification of Leishmania. Females of Lutzomyia longipalpis, from the colony of the Instituto Nacional de Salud, were experimentally infected with Leishmania chagasi (= L. infantum), from the upper Magdalena Valley (Quipile, Cundinamarca, Colombia). The infected insects were preserved in three solutions: 100% ethanol, 70% ethanol, and TE; subsamples of each class were stored at -80 degrees C, -20 degrees C and room temperature. To determine infection rates, samples were dissected and screened microscopically. Chelex 100 was used for extraction of total Leishmania DNA. For PCR amplification, the kinetoplastic minicircle DNA primers OL1 and OL2 of Leishmania were used, and the products were visualized by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gels. For each of the 3 storage conditions, amplifications were successful, producing a approximately 120 base pair product unique to Leishmania. The results demonstrated the advantage of PCR as a routine screening method for detecting infected flies in endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis. Since storage method did not affect PCR amplification success, the most cost effective method -70% ethanol at room temperature--is the option recommended for storing entomological samples in vector incrimination studies.

Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Male Fall Webworm Moths (Hyphantria cunea) to Herbivory-Induced Mulberry (Morus alba) Leaf Volatiles

PubMed Central

Tang, Rui; Zhang, Jin Ping; Zhang, Zhong Ning

2012-01-01

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected from damaged and intact mulberry leaves (Morus alba L., Moraceae) and from Hyphantria cunea larvae by headspace absorption with Super Q columns. We identified their constituents using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and evaluated the responses of male H. cunea antennae to the compounds using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection coupled with electroantennographic detection. Eleven VOC constituents were found to stimulate antennae of male H. cunea moths: β-ocimene, hexanal, cis-3-hexenal, limonene, trans-2-hexenal, cyclohexanone, cis-2-penten-1-ol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, trans-3-hexen-1-ol, and 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanol. Nine of these chemicals were released by intact, mechanically-damaged, and herbivore-damaged leaves, while cis-2-penten-1-ol was released only by intact and mechanically-damaged leaves and β-ocimene was released only by herbivore-damaged leaves. Results from wind tunnel experiments conducted with volatile components indicated that male moths were significantly more attracted to herbivory-induced volatiles than the solvent control. Furthermore, male moths' attraction to a sex pheromone lure was increased by herbivory-induced compounds and β-ocimene, but reduced by cis-2-penten-1-ol. A proof long-range field trapping experiment showed that the efficiency of sex pheromone lures in trapping male moths was increased by β-ocimene and reduced by cis-2-penten-1-ol. PMID:23166622

Expresiones de afecto de madres bilingües, Bilingual mothers' expressions of affect

PubMed Central

Shiro, Martha

2015-01-01

En la interacción de 10 madres bilingües con sus hijos de 30 meses se analiza la expresión de afectividad en L1 y en L2. Se identificaron las expresiones de emoción, volición y actitud epistémica en 30 interacciones espontáneas: i. 10 madres (español L1) hablando en L1; ii. 10 madres (español L1) hablando en inglés L2; y iii. 10 madres (inglés L1) hablando en L1. Los resultados sugieren que los usos de L2 difieren de los de L1 (inglés o español): la expresión de volición y actitud epistémica se asemeja al inglés L1, mientras que la expresión de las emociones se acerca al español L1. Estos hallazgos permiten explicar los usos del lenguaje expresivo de los bilingües y ayudan a determinar sus efectos en el desarrollo del lenguaje PMID:25844004

Case Study - Propane School Bus Fleets

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Laughlin, M; Burnham, A.

As part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) effort to deploy transportation technologies that reduce U.S. dependence on imported petroleum, this study examines five school districts, one in Virginia and four in Texas, successful use of propane school buses. These school districts used school buses equipped with the newly developed liquid propane injection system that improves vehicle performance. Some of the school districts in this study saved nearly 50% on a cost per mile basis for fuel and maintenance relative to diesel. Using Argonne National Laboratory’s Alternative Fuel Life-Cycle Environmental and Economic Transportation (AFLEET) Tool developed for the DOE’smore » Clean Cities program to help Clean Cities stakeholders estimate petroleum use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, air pollutant emissions and cost of ownership of light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles, the results showed payback period ranges from 3—8 years, recouping the incremental cost of the vehicles and infrastructure. Overall, fuel economy for these propane vehicles is close to that of displaced diesel vehicles, on an energy-equivalent basis. In addition, the 110 propane buses examined demonstrated petroleum displacement, 212,000 diesel gallon equivalents per year, and GHG benefits of 770 tons per year.« less

Conglomerate formative precursor of chiral drug timolol: 3-(4-Morpholino-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yloxy)-propane-1,2-diol

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bredikhin, Alexander A.; Zakharychev, Dmitry V.; Fayzullin, Robert R.; Bredikhina, Zemfira A.; Gubaidullin, Aidar T.

2015-05-01

Solid state properties of 3-(4-N-morpholino-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yloxy)-propane-1,2-diol 3, the synthetic precursor of popular drug timolol, have been investigated. The original solubility test, the data of X-ray diffraction and DSC methods indicate that the compound is prone to spontaneous resolution. Diol 3 crystallizing from both enantiopure or racemic feed material forms "guaifenesin-like" crystal packing in which the classic H-bonded bilayers, framed in both sides by hydrophobic molecular fragments, act as the basic supramolecular motif. The main chain conformation of the molecules in the crystals of diol 3 differs from that in the guaifenesin crystals, and this fact changes the absolute configuration of spiral columns formed by intermolecular hydrogen bonds in crystals of 3 as compared with guaifenesin crystals.

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Propane Tax Retail sales for CNG and liquefied petroleum gas (propane) used to operate vehicles are subject to a modified tax based on energy content. CNG is taxed per

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Vehicles

Science.gov Websites

dedicated and bi-fuel vehicles is also comparable. Extra storage tanks can increase range, but the tank size propane or gasoline vehicles have. Likewise, larger storage tanks can increase range, but the additional

Short-Term Energy Outlook Model Documentation: Regional Residential Propane Price Model

EIA Publications

2009-01-01

The regional residential propane price module of the Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO) model is designed to provide residential retail price forecasts for the 4 Census regions: Northeast, South, Midwest, and West.

Drusus sharrensis sp. n. (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae), a new species from Sharr National Park in Kosovo, with molecular and ecological notes

PubMed Central

Ibrahimi, Halil; Vitecek, Simon; Previšić, Ana; Kučinić, Mladen; Johann Waringer; Graf, Wolfram; Balint, Miklós; Keresztes, Lujza; Pauls, Steffen U.

2016-01-01

Abstract In this paper we describe Drusus sharrensis sp. n., from the Sharr Mountains in Kosovo. Males of the new species are morphologically most similar to Drusus krusniki Malicky, 1981, Drusus kerek Oláh, 2011 and Drusus juliae Oláh, 2011 but differ mainly in exhibiting (1) a differently shaped spinose area on tergite VIII; (2) intermediate appendages anteriorly curved in lateral view with broad tips in dorsal view; (3) inferior appendages with a distinct dorsal protrusion in the proximal half. Females of the new species are morphologically most similar to Drusus krusniki, Drusus kerek, Drusus juliae, and Drusus plicatus Radovanovic, 1942 but mainly differ in (1) segment X that is longer than the supragenital plate with distinctly pointed tips; (2) supragenital plate quadrangular with a distinct round dorsal protrusion; (3) a vulvar scale with a small median lobe. Results of phylogenetic species delimitation support monophyly of Drusus sharrensis sp. n. and recover it as sister to a clade comprising (Drusus pelasgus Oláh, 2010 + Drusus juliae + Drusus arbanios Oláh, 2010 + Drusus plicatus + (Drusus dacothracus Oláh, 2010 + Drusus illyricus Oláh, 2010)). The new species is a micro-endemic of the Sharr Mountains, a main biodiversity hotspot in the Balkan Peninsula. Main threats to the aquatic ecosystems of this part of the Balkan Peninsula are discussed. PMID:27006607

Reduction of unsaturated compounds under interstellar conditions: chemoselective reduction of C≡C and C=C bonds over C=O functional group

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jonusas, Mindaugas; Guillemin, Jean-Claude; Krim, Lahouari

2017-07-01

The knowledge of the H-addition reactions on unsaturated organic molecules bearing a triple or a double carbon-carbon bond such as propargyl or allyl alcohols and a CO functional group such as propynal, propenal or propanal may play an important role in the understanding of the chemical complexity of the interstellar medium. Why different aldehydes like methanal, ethanal, propynal and propanal are present in dense molecular clouds while the only alcohol detected in those cold regions is methanol? In addition, ethanol has only been detected in hot molecular cores. Are those saturated and unsaturated aldehyde and alcohol species chemically linked in molecular clouds through solid phase H-addition surface reactions or are they formed through different chemical routes? To answer such questions, we have investigated a hydrogenation study of saturated and unsaturated aldehydes and alcohols at 10 K. We prove through this experimental study that while pure unsaturated alcohol ices bombarded by H atoms lead to the formation of the corresponding fully or partially saturated alcohols, surface H-addition reactions on unsaturated aldehyde ices exclusively lead to the formation of fully saturated aldehyde. Such results show that in addition to a chemoselective reduction of C≡C and C=C bonds over the C=O group, there is no link between aldehydes and their corresponding alcohols in reactions involving H atoms in dense molecular clouds. Consequently, this could be one of the reasons why some aldehydes such as propanal are abundant in dense molecular clouds in contrast to the non-detection of alcohol species larger than methanol.

Ruminal and intermediary metabolism of propylene glycol in lactating Holstein cows.

PubMed

Kristensen, N B; Raun, B M L

2007-10-01

Four lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas and permanent indwelling catheters in the mesenteric artery, mesenteric vein, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic vein were used in a cross-over design to study the metabolism of propylene glycol (PG). Each cow received 2 treatments: control (no infusion) and infusion of 650 g of PG into the rumen at the time of the morning feeding. Propylene glycol was infused on the day of sampling only. Samples of arterial, portal, and hepatic blood as well as ruminal fluid were obtained at 0.5 h before feeding and at 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7, 9, and 11 h after feeding. Infusion of PG did not affect ruminal pH or the total concentration of ruminal volatile fatty acids, but did decrease the molar proportion of ruminal acetate. The ruminal concentrations of PG, propanol, and propanal as well as the molar proportion of propionate increased with PG infusion. The plasma concentrations of PG, ethanol, propanol, propanal, glucose, L-lactate, propionate, and insulin increased with PG and the plasma concentrations of acetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate decreased. The net portal flux of PG, propanol, and propanal increased with PG. The hepatic uptake of PG was equivalent to 19% of the intraruminal dose. When cows were dosed with PG, the hepatic extraction of PG was between 0 and 10% depending on the plasma concentration of PG, explaining the slow decrease in arterial PG. The increased net hepatic flux of L-lactate with PG could account for the entire hepatic uptake of PG, which suggests that the primary hepatic pathway for PG is oxidation to l-lactate. The hepatic uptake of propanol increased with PG, but no effects of PG on the net hepatic and net splanchnic flux of glucose were observed. Despite no effect of PG on net portal flux and net hepatic flux of propionate, the net splanchnic flux of propionate increased and the data suggest that propionate produced from hepatic metabolism of propanol is partly released to the blood. The data suggest that PG affects metabolism of the cows by 2 modes of action: 1) increased supply of l-lactate and propionate to gluconeogenesis and 2) insulin resistance of peripheral tissues induced by increased concentrations of PG and propanol as well as a decreased ratio of ketogenic to glucogenic metabolites in arterial blood plasma.

Generation of the Starting Plane Flowfield for Supersonic Flow over a Spherically Capped Body

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-05-09

1.26419b 1.142020 1.418790 1.49bbb9 1.5723211 AKC LENGTH HMS Of SHOCK SHfKn= -U.040ti3T 0.040n37 U.12223b 0.202H24 0.2a?liS6...0 00*32lM/.*0 0 00*3BB»/*0 0 Ofl*3F*l/*0 0 00*4///9*0 0 00*396F9*0 II 00*3666>;*0 0 00*3969^*0 0 00*3/ Hm *0 0 00*3FH/*°0 n 00*3I6F**0 𔃺 00...0.10B9k.Ol 25 0.1344F.01 0.i;󈧦F...l «. HM .^, .00 «.W..lt-ol ...l.M.JF.nl •’•^^’’’ *" ^^q^^::o oiibBE.oS 0 s’.UE.Ol O.bOJbE.Ol

Occurrence of 3-chloro-propane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and related compounds in foods: a review.

PubMed

Hamlet, C G; Sadd, P A; Crews, C; Velísek, J; Baxter, D E

2002-07-01

A critical review of the occurrence of 3-chloro-propane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in foods not known to contain hydrolysed vegetable proteins is presented. The review covers the properties and chemistry of 3-MCPD and the current methods of analysis in foodstuffs. The results of UK surveys of 3-MCPD occurrence in both retail foods and commercial food ingredients are discussed with particular reference to cereal, meat and dairy products. The possible mechanisms for the formation and decay of 3-MCPD in foods are suggested. The review does not cover the detailed toxicology of 3-MCPD and its occurrence in hydrolysed vegetable proteins, which have been considered elsewhere, nor possible issues such as in-vivo formation.

Crystal structures of 4-meth-oxy-benzoic acid-1,3-bis-(pyridin-4-yl)propane (2/1) and biphenyl-4,4'-di-carb-oxy-lic acid-4-meth-oxy-pyridine (1/2).

PubMed

Gotoh, Kazuma; Ishida, Hiroyuki

2017-07-01

The crystal structures of two hydrogen-bonded compounds, namely 4-meth-oxy-benzoic acid-1,3-bis-(pyridin-4-yl)propane (2/1), C 13 H 14.59 N 2 ·C 8 H 7.67 O 3 ·C 8 H 7.74 O 3 , (I), and biphenyl-4,4'-di-carb-oxy-lic acid-4-meth-oxy-pyridine (1/2), C 14 H 9.43 O 4 ·C 6 H 7.32 NO·C 6 H 7.25 NO, (II), have been determined at 93 K. In (I), the asymmetric unit consists of two crystallographically independent 4-meth-oxy-benzoic acid mol-ecules and one 1,3-bis-(pyridin-4-yl)propane mol-ecule. The asymmetric unit of (II) comprises one biphenyl-4,4'-di-carb-oxy-lic acid mol-ecule and two independent 4-meth-oxy-pyridine mol-ecules. In each crystal, the acid and base mol-ecules are linked by short O-H⋯N/N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, in which H atoms are disordered over the acid O-atom and base N-atom sites, forming a linear hydrogen-bonded 2:1 or 1:2 unit of the acid and the base. The 2:1 units of (I) are linked via C-H⋯π, π-π and C-H⋯O inter-actions into a tape structure along [101], while the 1:2 units of (II) form a double-chain structure along [-101] through π-π and C-H⋯O inter-actions.

Method for measuring surface temperature

DOEpatents

Baker, Gary A [Los Alamos, NM; Baker, Sheila N [Los Alamos, NM; McCleskey, T Mark [Los Alamos, NM

2009-07-28

The present invention relates to a method for measuring a surface temperature using is a fluorescent temperature sensor or optical thermometer. The sensor includes a solution of 1,3-bis(1-pyrenyl)propane within a 1-butyl-1-1-methyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquid solvent. The 1,3-bis(1-pyrenyl)propane remains unassociated when in the ground state while in solution. When subjected to UV light, an excited state is produced that exists in equilibrium with an excimer. The position of the equilibrium between the two excited states is temperature dependent.

Identification of five substituted phenethylamine derivatives 5-MAPDB, 5-AEDB, MDMA methylene homolog, 6-Br-MDMA, and 5-APB-NBOMe.

PubMed

Liu, Cuimei; Jia, Wei; Qian, Zhenhua; Li, Tao; Hua, Zhendong

2017-02-01

This paper reports analytical properties of five substituted phenethylamine derivatives seized from a clandestine laboratory. These five derivatives include 5-(2-methylaminopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (5-MAPDB, 1), 5-(2-aminoethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (5-AEDB, 2), N,2-dimethyl-3-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propan-1-amine (MDMA methylene homolog, 3), 6-bromo-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (6-Br-MDMA, 4), and 1-(benzofuran-5-yl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)propan-2-amine (5-APB-NBOMe, 5). These compounds were identified by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). No analytical properties about compounds 1-4 have appeared until now, making this the first report on these compounds. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Atom Probe Tomography of Phase and Grain Boundaries in Experimentally-Deformed and Hot-Pressed Wehrlite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cukjati, J.; Parman, S. W.; Cooper, R. F.; Zhao, N.

2017-12-01

Atom probe tomography (APT) was used to characterize the chemistry of three grain boundaries: an olivine-olivine (ol-ol) and olivine-clinopyroxene (ol-cpx) boundary in fine-grained experimentally-deformed wehrlite and an ol-cpx boundary in a fine-grained, hot-pressed wehrlite. Grain boundaries were extracted and formed into APT tips using a focused ion beam (FIB). The tips were analyzed in a reflectron-equipped LEAP4000HR (Harvard University) at 1% or 0.5% detection rate, 5pJ laser energy and 100kHz pulse rate. Total ion counts are between 40 and 100 million per tip. Examination of grain and phase boundaries in wehrlite are of interest since slow-diffusing and olivine-incompatible cations present in cpx (e.g. Ca and Al) may control diffusion-accommodated grain boundary sliding and affect mantle rheology (Sundberg & Cooper, 2008). At steady state, ol-cpx aggregates are weaker than either ol or cpx end member, the results of which are not currently well-explained. We investigate grain boundary widths to understand the transport of olivine-incompatible elements. Widths of grain/phase boundary chemical segregation are between 3nm and 6nm for deformed ol-ol and ol-cpx samples; minimally-deformed (hot-pressed) samples having slightly wider chemical segregation widths. Chemical segregation widths were determined from profiles of Na, Al, P, Cl, K, Ca, or Ni, although not all listed elements can be used for all samples (e.g. Na, K segregation profiles can only be observed for ol-ol sample). These estimates are consistent with prior estimates of grain boundary segregation by atom probe tomography on ol-ol and opx-opx samples (Bachhav et al., 2015) and are less than ol-ol interface widths analyzed by STEM/EDX (Hiraga, Anderson, & Kohlstedt, 2007). STEM/EDX will be performed on deformed wehrlite to investigate chemical profile as a function of applied stress orientation and at length scales between those observable by APT and EPMA. Determination of phase boundary chemistry and structure allows for better modeling of the rheology of multiphase aggregates and better understanding of diffusive transport and storage of incompatible elements along grain boundaries.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Vans Keep Kansas City Transportation

Science.gov Websites

anxiety. More recently, the company has been exploring dedicated-propane vehicles in Kansas City to ensure technologies and petroleum-use reduction strategies, then deployed bi-fuel vans; currently exploring dedicated

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Propane Tax CNG and propane used in motor vehicles is subject to a state motor fuel tax rate of $0.26 per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE). For taxation purposes, one GGE

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Fueling Station Locations

Science.gov Websites

petroleum gas (propane) fueling stations near an address or ZIP code or along a route in the United States Location Map a Route Laws & Incentives Search Federal State Key Legislation Data & Tools Widgets

Propane-Fueled Jet Engine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Farwell, D. A.; Svenson, A. J.; Ramsier, R. D.

2001-04-01

We present our recent efforts to design, construct, and test a gas turbine, or jet, engine. Our design utilizes a turbocharger and ignition system from an automobile, and a flame tube/reaction chamber unit fabricated by hand from stainless steel. Once the engine is running, it is completely self-sustaining as long as there is a fuel supply, which in our case is propane. Air is forced into the intake where it is compressed and then injected into the combustion chamber where it is mixed with propane. The spark plugs ignite the air-propane mixture which burns to produce thrust at the exhaust. We have performed operational tests under different environmental conditions and with several turbochargers. We are currently working on adding a lubrication system to the engine, and will discuss our plan to experiment with the reaction chamber and flame tube design in an effort to improve performance and efficiency. *Corresponding author: rex@uakron.edu

Testing near-infrared spectrophotometry using a liquid neonatal head phantom

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wolf, Martin; Baenziger, Oskar; Keel, Matthias; Dietz, Vera; von Siebenthal, Kurt; Bucher, Hans U.

1998-12-01

We constructed a liquid phantom, which mimics the neonatal head for testing near infrared spectrophotometry instruments. It consists of a spherical, 3.5 mm thick layer of silicone rubber simulating skin and bone and acts as container for a liquid solution with IntralipidTM, 60 micrometers ol/l haemoglobin and yeast. The IntralipidTM concentration was varied to test the influence of scattering on haemoglobin concentrations and tissue oxygenation determined by the Critikon 2020. The solution was oxygenated using pure oxygen and then deoxygenated by the yeast. For the instruments algorithm, we found with increasing scattering (0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% IntralipidTM concentration) an increasing offset added to the oxy- (56.7, 90.8, 112.5, 145.2 micrometers ol/l respectively) and deoxyhaemoglobin (25.4, 44.3, 58.5, 65.9 micrometers ol/l) concentration causing a decreasing range (41.3, 31.3, 25.0, 22.2%) of the tissue oxygen saturation reading. However, concentration changes were quantified correctly independently of the scattering level. For an other algorithm based on the analytical solution the offsets were smaller: oxyhaemoglobin 12.2, 34.0, 53.2, 88.8 micrometers ol/l and deoxyhaemoglobin 1.6, 11.2, 22.2, 28.1 micrometers ol/l. The range of the tissue oxygen saturation reading was higher: 71.3, 55.5, 45.7, 39.4%. However, concentration changes were not quantified correctly and depended on scattering. This study demonstrates the need to develop algorithms, which take into consideration the anatomical structures.

Synergy between hexavalent chromium ions and TiO2 nanoparticles inside TUD-1 in the photocatalytic oxidation of propane, a spectroscopic study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hamdy, Mohamed S.

2016-02-01

Siliceous TUD-1 mesoporous material was bi-functionalized by titanium dioxide nanoparticles and hexavalent chromium ions. The synthesis was carried out by one-pot procedure based on sol-gel technique. The photocatalytic performance of the prepared material was evaluated in the oxidation of propane under the illumination of ultraviolet light (wavelength = 360 nm) and monitored by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared material exhibited an extra-ordinary activity than the reference samples that contain either hexavalent chromium ions or titanium dioxide nanoparticles only, confirming the true synergy between hexavalent chromium and tetravalent titanium ions of titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

Fungal-derived semiochemical 1-octen-3-ol disrupts dopamine packaging and causes neurodegeneration

PubMed Central

Inamdar, Arati A.; Hossain, Muhammad M.; Bernstein, Alison I.; Miller, Gary W.; Richardson, Jason R.; Bennett, Joan Wennstrom

2013-01-01

Parkinson disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder and, although the exact causes are unknown, recent epidemiological and experimental studies indicate that several environmental agents may be significant risk factors. To date, these suspected environmental risk factors have been man-made chemicals. In this report, we demonstrate via genetic, biochemical, and immunological studies that the common volatile fungal semiochemical 1-octen-3-ol reduces dopamine levels and causes dopamine neuron degeneration in Drosophila melanogaster. Overexpression of the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) rescued the dopamine toxicity and neurodegeneration, whereas mutations decreasing VMAT and tyrosine hydroxylase exacerbated toxicity. Furthermore, 1-octen-3-ol also inhibited uptake of dopamine in human cell lines expressing the human plasma membrane dopamine transporter (DAT) and human VMAT ortholog, VMAT2. These data demonstrate that 1-octen-3-ol exerts toxicity via disruption of dopamine homeostasis and may represent a naturally occurring environmental agent involved in parkinsonism. PMID:24218591

Effect of an alternating electric field on the polluting emission from propane flame.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ukradiga, I.; Turlajs, D.; Purmals, M.; Barmina, I.; Zake, M.

2001-12-01

The experimental investigations of the AC field effect on the propane combustion and processes that cause the formation of polluting emissions (NO_x, CO, CO_2) are performed. The AC-enhanced variations of the temperature and composition of polluting emissions are studied for the fuel-rich and fuel-lean conditions of the flame core. The results show that the AC field-enhanced mixing of the fuel-rich core with the surrounding air coflow enhances the propane combustion with increase in the mass fraction of NO_x and CO_2 in the products. The reverse field effect on the composition of polluting emissions is observed under the fuel-lean conditions in the flame core. The field-enhanced CO_2 destruction is registered when the applied voltage increase. The destruction of CO_2 leads to a correlating increase in the mass fraction of CO in the products and enhances the process of NO_x formation within the limit of the fuel lean and low temperature combustion. Figs 11, Refs 18.

Kinetic study of the degradation of C5 and C6 unsaturated aldehydes and alcohols by ozone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalalian, Carmen; Roth, Estelle; Chakir, Abdelkhaleq

2017-04-01

Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are higher than those from anthropogenic sources. They are therefore likely to have a great influence on atmospheric chemistry both locally and regionally, through their impact on the HOx balance (HOx = HO + HO2), ozone production and ability to form secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Among the volatile organic compounds of biogenic origin are the family of C5 and C6 unsaturated aldehydes and alcohols. Few information exist regarding the fate of these compounds in the atmosphere especially there reaction with ozone. In this work, we studied the kinetics of the reaction of three unsaturated aldehydes (trans-2-pentenal, trans-2-hexenal and 2-methyl-2-pentenal) and three unsaturated alcohols (1-penten-3-ol, cis-2-penten-1-ol and trans-3-hexen-1-ol) with ozone O3 in a rigid atmospheric simulation chamber coupled to an FTIR spectrometer at four different temperatures (273, 298, 333 and 353 K) and at atmospheric pressure. The rate constants of the ozonolysis reaction of the unsaturated aldehydes and the unsaturated alcohols studied were determined and the following Arrhenius expression was obtained (cm3 molecule -1 s -1): k (Trans -2-pentenal)= (3.83 ± 3.71) x 10-16 exp (- (1706 ± 295) / T) k (Trans-2-hexenal)= (1.43 ± 0.67) x 10-16 exp (- (1369 ± 141) / T) k(2-Methyl-2-pentenal)= (3.62± 0.22) x 10-18 exp (- (121 ± 20) / T) k(1-penten-3-ol) = (1.42 ± 1.24) x 10-16 exp (- (642 ± 250) / T) k(Cis-2-penten-1-ol)= (3.14 ± 0.45) x 10-15 exp (- (1045 ± 40) / T) k(Trans-3-hexen-1-ol)= (6.38 ± 1.75) x 10-16 exp (- (686 ± 89) / T) The obtained data will be discussed in terms of structure-reactivity relationship and compared with the reported reactivity with OH radicals. The atmospheric implications derived from this study are discussed as well.

Reduction of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural formation by flavan-3-ols in Maillard reaction models and fried potato chips.

PubMed

Qi, Yajing; Zhang, Hao; Wu, Gangcheng; Zhang, Hui; Wang, Li; Qian, Haifeng; Qi, Xiguang

2018-04-13

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is regarded as a thermal process contaminant in foods. Six flavan-3-ol fractions were isolated or semisynthesized from sorghum, cranberry and grape seed. Their unit compositions, interflavan linkages and degree of polymerization (DP) were characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of flavan-3-ols on the formation of HMF in chemical reaction models and fried potato chips. Results showed that all flavan-3-ols significantly mitigated the HMF formation at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 μg mL -1 in chemical model system, and the inhibition was positively related to dose. Using the food model, HMF content was reduced by about 50% when potato chips were soaked in an optimal concentration of 0.1 mg mL -1 flavan-3-ol solutions before frying. Based on the same mass concentration, B-type flavan-3-ols mitigated more HMF than A-type, and oligomeric proanthocyanidins had stronger inhibitory activity than polymers. At suitable addition levels (0.01-0.1 mg mL -1 ), the browning of auto-oxidized flavan-3-ols under high temperature compensated the anti-browning effect along with the supressing of Maillard reaction, therefore color of fried potato chips was not affected. The present study demonstrates that flavan-3-ols could be effective addtives for reducing HMF levels in fried potato chips without changing sensory properties. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Bis­[4,4′-(propane-1,3-di­yl)­dipiperidin­ium] β-octa­molybdate(VI)

PubMed Central

Driss, Mohamed; Ksiksi, Rekaya; Ben Amor, Fatma; Zid, Mohamed Faouzi

2010-01-01

The title compound, bis­[4,4′-(propane-1,3-di­yl)­dipiperidin­ium] β-octa­molybdate(VI), (C13H28N2)2[Mo8O26], was produced by hydro­thermal reaction of an acidified aqueous solution of Na2MoO4·2H2O and 4,4′-trimethyl­ene­dipiperidine (L). The structure of the title compound consists of β-octa­molybdate(VI) anion clusters and protonated [H2 L]2+ cations. The octa­molybdate anion is located around an inversion center. N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the cations and anions ensure the cohesion of the structure and result in a three-dimensional network. PMID:21579027

Canopy Level Emissions of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes from a Pinus taeda Experimental Plantation

EPA Science Inventory

Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) observed during 2007 from a Pinus taeda experimental plantation in Central North Carolina are compared with model estimates from MEGAN 2.1. Relaxed Eddy Accumulation (REA) estimates of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) fluxes are ...

Will CNG threaten your future loads

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

A campaign to promote the use of natural gas as a fleet fuel is described and as a result, CNG conversions are beginning to take hold in some market segments. Only a few months after Ford Motor Co. announced production plans for an LPG-powered line of Granada/Cougar models, it unveiled an alternative-fuels concept car - a short-ranged metro sportscar - that could be ordered by the customer with any of four fuel systems (CNG, propane, ethanol, or methanol) offered on a dedicated or single-fuel basis. By including CNG in its alternative-fuels concept, Ford not only gave a boost to effortsmore » to build a motor fuel load for natural gas, but also indicated that CNG, as well as propane, is a viable alternative to gasoline in some applications. Recent reports of advances in CNG technology that enhance its potential as a motor fuel - together with other reports of at least one US firm launching production of a CNG motor fuel system and of several companies already marketing them - might be cause for the LPG industry to take another look at CNG's competitive potential.« less

Effect of Aptensio XR (Methylphenidate HCl Extended-Release) Capsules on Sleep in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

PubMed

Owens, Judith; Weiss, Margaret; Nordbrock, Earl; Mattingly, Greg; Wigal, Sharon; Greenhill, Laurence L; Chang, Wei-Wei; Childress, Ann; Kupper, Robert J; Adjei, Akwete

2016-12-01

To evaluate measures of sleep (exploratory endpoints) in two pivotal studies of a multilayer bead extended-release methylphenidate (MPH-MLR) treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Study 1 evaluated the time course of response to MPH-MLR (n = 26) patients in an analog classroom setting through four phases: screening (≤28 days), open label (OL) dose optimization (4 weeks), double-blind (DB) crossover (2 weeks; placebo vs. optimized dose), and follow-up call. Study 2 was a forced-dose parallel evaluation of MPH-MLR (n = 230) in four phases: screening (≤28 days), DB (1 week; placebo or MPH-MLR 10, 15, 20, or 40 mg/day), OL dose optimization (11 weeks), and follow-up call. Sleep was evaluated by parents using the Children's or Adolescent Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ or ASHQ) during the DB and OL phases. DB analysis: Study 1 (crossover), analysis of variance; Study 2, analysis of covariance. OL analysis: paired t-test. DB: treatments were significantly different in Study 1 only for CSHQ Sleep Onset Delay (MPH-MLR, 1.90 vs. placebo, 1.34; p = 0.0046, placebo was better), and Study 2 for CSHQ Parasomnias (treatment, p = 0.0295), but no MPH-MLR treatment was different from placebo (pairwise MPH-MLR treatment to placebo, all p ≥ 0.170). OL: CSHQ total and Bedtime Resistance, Sleep Duration, Sleep Anxiety, Night Wakings, Parasomnias, and Sleep-disordered Breathing subscales decreased (improved, Study 1) significant only for CSHQ Night Wakings (p < 0.05); in Study 2 CSHQ total and Bedtime Resistance, Sleep Duration, Night Wakings, Parasomnias, and Daytime Sleepiness, and ASHQ total, Bedtime, Sleep Behavior, and Morning Waking all significantly improved (p < 0.05). In both studies, there was minimal negative impact of MPH-MLR on sleep during the brief DB phase and none during the longer duration OL phase. Some measures of sleep improved with optimized MPH-MLR dose.

75 FR 14131 - Effect on Propane Consumers of the Propane Education and Research Council's Operations, Market...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-24

... Education and Research Council (PERC), in conjunction with the cumulative effects of market changes and... the Secretary of Energy a report examining whether operation of the Council, in conjunction with the...

Developing synthesis techniques for zeolitic-imidazolate framework membranes for high resolution propylene/propane separation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kwon, Hyuk Taek

Propylene/propane separation is one of the most challenging separations, currently achieved by energy-intensive cryogenic distillation. Despite the great potentials for energy-efficient membrane-based propylene/propane separation processes, no commercial membranes are available due to the limitations (i.e., low selectivity) of current polymeric materials. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are promising membrane materials primarily due to their well-defined ultra-micropores with controllable surface chemistry along with their relatively high thermal/chemical stabilities. In particular, ZIF-8 with the effective aperture size of ~ 4.0 A has been shown very promising for propylene/propane separation. Despite the extensive research on ZIF-8 membranes, only a few of ZIF-8 membranes have displayed good propylene/propane separation performances presumably due to the challenges of controlling the microstructures of polycrystalline membranes. Since the membrane microstructures are greatly influenced by processing techniques, it is critically important to develop new techniques. In this dissertation, three state-of-the-art ZIF membrane synthesis techniques are developed. The first is a one-step in-situ synthesis technique based on the concept of counter diffusion. The technique enabled us to obtain highly propylene selective ZIF-8 membranes in less than a couple of hours with exceptional mechanical strength. Most importantly, due to the nature of the counter-diffusion concept, the new method offered unique opportunities such as healing defective membranes (i.e., poorly-intergrown) as well as significantly reducing the consumption of costly ligands and organic solvents. The second is a microwave-assisted seeding technique. Using this new seeding technique, we were able to prepare seeded supports with a high packing density in a couple of minutes, which subsequently grown into highly propylene-selective ZIF-8 membranes with an average propylene/propane selectivity of ~40. The last is a heteroepitaxial growth technique. The first well-intergrown membranes of ZIF-67 (Co-substituted ZIF-8) by heteroepitaxially growing ZIF-67 on ZIF-8 seed layers were reported. The ZIF-67 membranes exhibited impressively high propylene/propane separation capabilities. The presence of a methanol co-solvent in the growth solution was critically important to reproducibly prepare high quality ZIF-67 membranes. Furthermore, when the tertiary growth of ZIF-8 layers was applied to the ZIF-67 membranes, the membranes exhibited unprecedentedly high propylene/propane separation factors of ~ 200 possibly due to enhanced grain boundary structure.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yuan Zhang; Jin-hu Wu; Dong-ke Zhang

The cracking of oil refinery off-gas, simulated with a gas mixture containing methane (51%), ethylene (21.4%), ethane (21.1%), and propane (6.5%), over a coal char, petroleum coke, and quartz, respectively, has been studied in a fixed bed reactor. The experiments were performed at temperatures between 850 and 1000{sup o}C and at atmospheric pressure. The results show that the conversions of all species considered increased with increasing temperature. Ethane and propane completely decomposed over all three bed materials in the temperature range investigated. However, the higher initial conversion rates of methane and ethylene cracking at all temperatures were observed only overmore » the coal char and not on the petroleum coke and quartz, indicating a significant catalytic effect of the coal char on methane and ethylene cracking. Methane and ethylene conversions decreased with reaction time due to deactivation of the coal char by carbon deposition on the char surface and, in the later stage of a cracking experiment, became negative, suggesting that methane and ethylene had been formed during the cracking of ethane and propane. 16 refs., 13 figs., 2 tabs.« less

Crystal structures of two mononuclear complexes of terbium(III) nitrate with the tripodal alcohol 1,1,1-tris-(hy-droxy-meth-yl)propane.

PubMed

Gregório, Thaiane; Giese, Siddhartha O K; Nunes, Giovana G; Soares, Jaísa F; Hughes, David L

2017-02-01

Two new mononuclear cationic complexes in which the Tb III ion is bis-chelated by the tripodal alcohol 1,1,1-tris-(hy-droxy-meth-yl)propane (H 3 L Et , C 6 H 14 O 3 ) were prepared from Tb(NO 3 ) 3 ·5H 2 O and had their crystal and mol-ecular structures solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis after data collection at 100 K. Both products were isolated in reasonable yields from the same reaction mixture by using different crystallization conditions. The higher-symmetry complex dinitratobis[1,1,1-tris-(hy-droxy-meth-yl)propane]-terbium(III) nitrate di-meth-oxy-ethane hemisolvate, [Tb(NO 3 ) 2 (H 3 L Et ) 2 ]NO 3 ·0.5C 4 H 10 O 2 , 1 , in which the lanthanide ion is 10-coordinate and adopts an s -bicapped square-anti-prismatic coordination geometry, contains two bidentate nitrate ions bound to the metal atom; another nitrate ion functions as a counter-ion and a half-mol-ecule of di-meth-oxy-ethane (completed by a crystallographic twofold rotation axis) is also present. In product aqua-nitratobis[1,1,1-tris-(hy-droxy-meth-yl)propane]-terbium(III) dinitrate, [Tb(NO 3 )(H 3 L Et ) 2 (H 2 O)](NO 3 ) 2 , 2 , one bidentate nitrate ion and one water mol-ecule are bound to the nine-coordinate terbium(III) centre, while two free nitrate ions contribute to charge balance outside the tricapped trigonal-prismatic coordination polyhedron. No free water mol-ecule was found in either of the crystal structures and, only in the case of 1 , di-meth-oxy-ethane acts as a crystallizing solvent. In both mol-ecular structures, the two tripodal ligands are bent to one side of the coordination sphere, leaving room for the anionic and water ligands. In complex 2 , the methyl group of one of the H 3 L Et ligands is disordered over two alternative orientations. Strong hydrogen bonds, both intra- and inter-molecular, are found in the crystal structures due to the number of different donor and acceptor groups present.

Characterization of the major odor-active compounds in Thai durian ( Durio zibethinus L. 'Monthong') by aroma extract dilution analysis and headspace gas chromatography-olfactometry.

PubMed

Li, Jia-Xiao; Schieberle, Peter; Steinhaus, Martin

2012-11-14

An aroma extract dilution analysis applied on the volatile fraction isolated from Thai durian by solvent extraction and solvent-assisted flavor evaporation resulted in 44 odor-active compounds in the flavor dilution (FD) factor range of 1-16384, 41 of which could be identified and 24 that had not been reported in durian before. High FD factors were found for ethyl (2S)-2-methylbutanoate (fruity; FD 16384), ethyl cinnamate (honey; FD 4096), and 1-(ethylsulfanyl)ethanethiol (roasted onion; FD 1024), followed by 1-(ethyldisulfanyl)-1-(ethylsulfanyl)ethane (sulfury, onion), 2(5)-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5(2)-methylfuran-3(2H)-one (caramel), 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (soup seasoning), ethyl 2-methylpropanoate (fruity), ethyl butanoate (fruity), 3-methylbut-2-ene-1-thiol (skunky), ethane-1,1-dithiol (sulfury, durian), 1-(methylsulfanyl)ethanethiol (roasted onion), 1-(ethylsulfanyl)propane-1-thiol (roasted onion), and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one (caramel). Among the highly volatile compounds screened by static headspace gas chromatography-olfactometry, hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg), acetaldehyde (fresh, fruity), methanethiol (rotten, cabbage), ethanethiol (rotten, onion), and propane-1-thiol (rotten, durian) were found as additional potent odor-active compounds. Fourteen of the 41 characterized durian odorants showed an alkane-1,1-dithiol, 1-(alkylsulfanyl)alkane-1-thiol, or 1,1-bis(alkylsulfanyl)alkane structure derived from acetaldehyde, propanal, hydrogen sulfide, and alkane-1-thiols. Among these, 1-(propylsulfanyl)ethanethiol, 1-{[1-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]sulfanyl}ethanethiol, and 1-{[1-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl]sulfanyl}ethanethiol were reported for the first time in a natural product.

The evaluation of the statistical monomineral thermobarometric methods for the reconstruction of the lithospheric mantle structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ashchepkov, I.; Vishnyakova, E.

2009-04-01

The modified versions of the thermobarometers for the mantle assemblages were revised sing statistical calibrations on the results of Opx thermobarometry. The modifications suggest the calculation of the Fe# of coexisting olivine Fe#Ol according to the statistical approximations by the regressions obtained from the xenoliths from kimberlite data base including >700 associations. They allow reproduces the Opx based TP estimates and to receive the complete set of the TP values for mantle xenoliths and xenocrysts. For GARNET Three variants of barometer give similar results. The first is published (Ashchepkov, 2006). The second is calculating the Al2O3 from Garnet for Orthopyroxene according to procedure: xCrOpx=Cr2O3/CaO)/FeO/MgO/500 xAlOpx=1/(3875*(exp(Cr2O3^0.2/CaO)-0.3)*CaO/989+16)-XcrOpx Al2O3=xAlOp*24.64/Cr2O3^0.2*CaO/2.+FeO*(ToK-501)/1002 And then it suppose using of the Al2O3 in Opx barometer (McGregor, 1974). The third variant is transformation of the G. Grutter (2006) method by introducing of the influence of temperature. P=40+(Cr2O3)-4.5)*10/3-20/7*CaO+(ToC)*0.0000751*MgO)*CaO+2.45*Cr2O3*(7-xv(5,8)) -Fe*0.5 with the correction for P>55: P=55+(P-55)*55/(1+0.9*P) Average from this three methods give appropriate values comparable with determined with (McGregor,1974) barometer. Temperature are estimating according to transformed Krogh thermometer Fe#Ol_Gar=Fe#Gar/2+(T(K)-1420)*0.000112+0.01 For the deep seated associations P>55 kbar T=T-(0.25/(0.4-0.004*(20-P))-0.38/Ca)*275+51*Ca*Cr2-378*CaO-0.51)-Cr/Ca2*5+Mg/(Fe+0.0001)*17.4 ILMENITE P= ((TiO2-23.)*2.15-(T0-973)/20*MgO*Cr2O3 and next P=(60-P)/6.1+P ToK is determined according to (Taylor et al , 1998) Fe#Ol_Chr =(Fe/(Fe+Mg)ilm -0.35)/2.252-0.0000351*(T(K)-973) CHROMITE The equations for PT estimates with chromite compositions P=Cr/(Cr+Al)*T(K)/14.+Ti*0.10 with the next iteration P=-0.0053*P^2+1.1292*P+5.8059 +0.00135*T(K)*Ti*410-8.2 For P> 57 P=P+(P-57)*2.75 Temperature estimates are according to the O'Neill- Wall, 1987 The Fe#Ol values are estimated according to three iterations Fe#Ol_Chr=(Fe/Fe+Mg)/4.5-(P-32)*0.00115-0.03 Fe#Ol_Chr =( Fe#Ol -0.074)*0.45+0.086 Fe#Ol _Chr= Fe#Ol -( Fe#Ol -0.06)*(T(K)-1300)*0.000115+0.01 CLINOPYROXENE (Ash2009)=0.32 (1-0.2*Na/Al+0.012*Fe/Na)*Kd ^(3/4)*ToK/(1+Fe)-35*ln(1273/ToK)*(Al+Ti+2.5Na+1.5Fe3+)+(0.9-CaO)*10+Na20/Al2O3* ToK /200 with the second iteration P=(0.0000002* P4 +0.000002+P^3-0.0027*P^2+1.2241*P) The TP estimates were statistically tested wit the available experimental results in peridotite (315 runs) and eclogite (302 runs) system and show good agreement with the TP conditions of runs. The methods are joined together with the other 40 thermometers and 30 barometers for mantle associations in the FORTRAN program allowing simultaneous calculations of 10 pairs of T and P and write the matrix of calculated TPFO2 values together with the compositions of minerals or their formula coefficients. Grant RBRF 05-05-64718.

Thermodynamic properties of isomeric pentanols under elevated pressures determined by the acoustic method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dzida, M.

2008-02-01

Three isomeric pentanols were studied: pentan-1-ol, 2-methyl-1-buta- nol, and 2-methyl-2-butanol. Isobaric heat capacities and internal pressure at pressures up to 100 MPa and temperatures ranging from 293 K to 318 K were determined by the acoustic method. In calculations the measured speeds of sound as function of temperature and pressure together with densities as function of temperature under atmospheric pressure and the literature isobaric heat capacities for the atmospheric pressure were used. To this end, the method, based on the suggestion of Davis and Gordon [1] was applied. The results obtained show that the effect of pressure on and the values of isobaric heat capacity and internal presure of 2-methyl-2-butanol is higher than that of pentan-1-ol, 2-methyl-1-butanol over the whole pressure range. That facilitates telling 2-methyl-2-butanol from pentan-1-ol and 2-methyl-1-butanol.

PROPANE BUBBLE CHAMBER (in Italian)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Loria, A.; Mittner, P.; Scotoni, I.

1959-03-01

A propane bubble chamber of about two liters volume is described: details concerning the membrane expansion mechanism, the structure of the windows and the illuminating system are given. Some features of the use of it, recently made at the CERN synchrocyclotron, are indicated. (auth)

40 CFR 721.8140 - Substituted propane (generic).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....8140 Section 721.8140 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT SIGNIFICANT NEW USES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Significant New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.8140 Substituted propane (generic). (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject...

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUORINATED PROPANE AND BUTANE DERIVATIVES AS ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS

EPA Science Inventory

Physical property measurements are presented for 24 fluorinated propane and butane derivatives and one fluorinated ether. These measurements include melting point, boiling point, vapor pressure below the boiling point, heat of vaporization at the boiling point, critical propertie...

Anaerobic degradation of propane and butane by sulfate-reducing bacteria enriched from marine hydrocarbon cold seeps.

PubMed

Jaekel, Ulrike; Musat, Niculina; Adam, Birgit; Kuypers, Marcel; Grundmann, Olav; Musat, Florin

2013-05-01

The short-chain, non-methane hydrocarbons propane and butane can contribute significantly to the carbon and sulfur cycles in marine environments affected by oil or natural gas seepage. In the present study, we enriched and identified novel propane and butane-degrading sulfate reducers from marine oil and gas cold seeps in the Gulf of Mexico and Hydrate Ridge. The enrichment cultures obtained were able to degrade simultaneously propane and butane, but not other gaseous alkanes. They were cold-adapted, showing highest sulfate-reduction rates between 16 and 20 °C. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene libraries, followed by whole-cell hybridizations with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes showed that each enrichment culture was dominated by a unique phylotype affiliated with the Desulfosarcina-Desulfococcus cluster within the Deltaproteobacteria. These phylotypes formed a distinct phylogenetic cluster of propane and butane degraders, including sequences from environments associated with hydrocarbon seeps. Incubations with (13)C-labeled substrates, hybridizations with sequence-specific probes and nanoSIMS analyses showed that cells of the dominant phylotypes were the first to become enriched in (13)C, demonstrating that they were directly involved in hydrocarbon degradation. Furthermore, using the nanoSIMS data, carbon assimilation rates were calculated for the dominant cells in each enrichment culture.

Propane and butane emission sources to ambient air of Mexico City metropolitan area.

PubMed

Jaimes, L; Sandoval, J

2002-04-22

Samples of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected in a smog chamber in order to determine whether automotive exhausts or LP Gas emissions play a greater role in the source of propane and butane, which affect ozone formation and other pollutants in the ambient air of the Mexico City metropolitan area (MCMA). These samples were collected in April 1995 during mornings and evenings. The testing methodology used for measuring exhaust emission were FTP or EPA-74 tests, and SHED type tests were also conducted in order to evaluate evaporative emissions. The finding from analysis of the VOCs collected in the morning demonstrate that in the atmosphere, propane concentrations are higher than that of butane but the reverse in evaporative and exhaust emissions, with the concentration of propane lower than that of butane. Our conclusion is that most of C3 and C4 in the ambient air comes from LP gas and not vehicle exhaust or evaporative emission, due to the higher levels of propane than butane in its formulation. The analysis of VOCs also indicates that although the conversion (in the smog chamber) of alkanes is low during the day, due to the high initial concentration, their contribution in the reaction mechanism to produce ozone can be appreciable.

Ethene/ethane and propene/propane separation via the olefin and paraffin selective metal-organic framework adsorbents CPO-27 and ZIF-8.

PubMed

Böhme, Ulrike; Barth, Benjamin; Paula, Carolin; Kuhnt, Andreas; Schwieger, Wilhelm; Mundstock, Alexander; Caro, Jürgen; Hartmann, Martin

2013-07-09

Two types of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been synthesized and evaluated in the separation of C2 and C3 olefins and paraffins. Whereas Co2(dhtp) (=Co-CPO-27 = Co-MOF-74) and Mg2(dhtp) show an adsorption selectivity for the olefins ethene and propene over the paraffins ethane and propane, the zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-8 behaves in the opposite way and preferentially adsorbs the alkane. Consequently, in breakthrough experiments, the olefins or paraffins, respectively, can be separated.

Cinnamic acid hydrogen bonds to isoniazid and N'-(propan-2-ylidene)isonicotinohydrazide, an in situ reaction product of isoniazid and acetone.

PubMed

Sarcevica, Inese; Orola, Liana; Veidis, Mikelis V; Belyakov, Sergey

2014-04-01

A new polymorph of the cinnamic acid-isoniazid cocrystal has been prepared by slow evaporation, namely cinnamic acid-pyridine-4-carbohydrazide (1/1), C9H8O2·C6H7N3O. The crystal structure is characterized by a hydrogen-bonded tetrameric arrangement of two molecules of isoniazid and two of cinnamic acid. Possible modification of the hydrogen bonding was investigated by changing the hydrazide group of isoniazid via an in situ reaction with acetone and cocrystallization with cinnamic acid. In the structure of cinnamic acid-N'-(propan-2-ylidene)isonicotinohydrazide (1/1), C9H8O2·C9H11N3O, carboxylic acid-pyridine O-H···N and hydrazide-hydrazide N-H···O hydrogen bonds are formed.

40 CFR 90.329 - Catalyst thermal stress test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....3 Carbon Dioxide 3.8 Water Vapor 10 Sulfer dioxide 20 Oxides of nitrogen 280 Hydrogen 3500 Hydrocarbon* 4000 Nitrogen = Balance * Propylene/propane ratio = 2/1. (c) Phase 2 engines. The catalyst...

40 CFR 90.329 - Catalyst thermal stress test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....3 Carbon Dioxide 3.8 Water Vapor 10 Sulfer dioxide 20 Oxides of nitrogen 280 Hydrogen 3500 Hydrocarbon* 4000 Nitrogen = Balance * Propylene/propane ratio = 2/1. (c) Phase 2 engines. The catalyst...

40 CFR 90.329 - Catalyst thermal stress test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....3 Carbon Dioxide 3.8 Water Vapor 10 Sulfer dioxide 20 Oxides of nitrogen 280 Hydrogen 3500 Hydrocarbon* 4000 Nitrogen = Balance * Propylene/propane ratio = 2/1. (c) Phase 2 engines. The catalyst...

40 CFR 90.329 - Catalyst thermal stress test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....3 Carbon Dioxide 3.8 Water Vapor 10 Sulfer dioxide 20 Oxides of nitrogen 280 Hydrogen 3500 Hydrocarbon* 4000 Nitrogen = Balance * Propylene/propane ratio = 2/1. (c) Phase 2 engines. The catalyst...

40 CFR 90.329 - Catalyst thermal stress test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....3 Carbon Dioxide 3.8 Water Vapor 10 Sulfer dioxide 20 Oxides of nitrogen 280 Hydrogen 3500 Hydrocarbon* 4000 Nitrogen = Balance * Propylene/propane ratio = 2/1. (c) Phase 2 engines. The catalyst...

Speeding up pyrogenicity testing: Identification of suitable cell components and readout parameters for an accelerated monocyte activation test (MAT).

PubMed

Stoppelkamp, Sandra; Würschum, Noriana; Stang, Katharina; Löder, Jasmin; Avci-Adali, Meltem; Toliashvili, Leila; Schlensak, Christian; Wendel, Hans Peter; Fennrich, Stefan

2017-02-01

Pyrogen testing represents a crucial safety measure for parental drugs and medical devices, especially in direct contact with blood or liquor. The European Pharmacopoeia regulates these quality control measures for parenterals. Since 2010, the monocyte activation test (MAT) has been an accepted pyrogen test that can be performed with different human monocytic cell sources: whole blood, isolated monocytic cells or monocytic cell lines with IL1β, IL6, or TNFα as readout cytokines. In the present study, we examined the three different cell sources and cytokine readout parameters with the scope of accelerating the assay time. We could show that despite all cell types being able to detect pyrogens, primary cells were more sensitive than the monocytic cell line. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed IL6 mRNA transcripts having the largest change in Ct-values upon LPS-stimulation compared to IL1β and TNFα, but quantification was unreliable. IL6 protein secretion from whole blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was also best suited for an accelerated assay with a larger linear range and higher signal-to-noise ratios upon LPS-stimulation. The unique combination with propan-2-ol or a temperature increase could additionally increase the cytokine production for earlier detection in PBMC. The increased incubation temperature could finally increase not only responses to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) but also other pyrogens by up to 13-fold. Therefore, pyrogen detection can be accelerated considerably by using isolated primary blood cells with an increased incubation temperature and IL6 as readout. These results could expedite assay time and thus help to promote further acceptance of the MAT. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Olfactory Impact of Higher Alcohols on Red Wine Fruity Ester Aroma Expression in Model Solution.

PubMed

Cameleyre, Margaux; Lytra, Georgia; Tempere, Sophie; Barbe, Jean-Christophe

2015-11-11

This study focused on the impact of five higher alcohols on the perception of fruity aroma in red wines. Various aromatic reconstitutions were prepared, consisting of 13 ethyl esters and acetates and 5 higher alcohols, all at the average concentrations found in red wine. These aromatic reconstitutions were prepared in several matrices. Sensory analysis revealed the interesting behavior of certain compounds among the five higher alcohols following their individual addition or omission. The "olfactory threshold" of the fruity pool was evaluated in several matrices: dilute alcohol solution, dilute alcohol solution containing 3-methylbutan-1-ol or butan-1-ol individually, and dilute alcohol solution containing the mixture of five higher alcohols, blended together at various concentrations. The presence of 3-methylbutan-1-ol or butan-1-ol alone led to a significant decrease in the "olfactory threshold" of the fruity reconstitution, whereas the mixture of alcohols raised the olfactory threshold. Sensory profiles highlighted changes in the perception of fruity nuances in the presence of the mixture of higher alcohols, with specific perceptive interactions, including a relevant masking effect on fresh- and jammy-fruit notes of the fruity mixture in both dilute alcohol solution and dearomatized red wine matrices. When either 3-methylbutan-1-ol or butan-1-ol was added to the fruity reconstitution in dilute alcohol solution, an enhancement of butyric notes was reported with 3-methylbutan-1-ol and fresh- and jammy-fruit with butan-1-ol. This study, the first to focus on the impact of higher alcohols on fruity aromatic expression, revealed that these compounds participate, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in masking fruity aroma perception in a model fruity wine mixture.

Human skin penetration of the major components of Australian tea tree oil applied in its pure form and as a 20% solution in vitro.

PubMed

Cross, Sheree E; Russell, Michael; Southwell, Ian; Roberts, Michael S

2008-05-01

The safety of topical application of Australian tea tree Oil (TTO) is confounded by a lack of transdermal penetration data, which adequately informs opinions and recommendations. In this study we applied TTO in its pure form and as a 20% solution in ethanol in vitro to human epidermal membranes from three different donors, mounted in horizontal Franz-type diffusion cells, using normal 'in use' dosing conditions (10 mg/cm2). In addition, we examined the effect of partially occluding the application site on the penetration of TTO components. Our data showed that only a small quantity of TTO components, 1.1-1.9% and 2-4% of the applied amount following application of a 20% TTO solution and pure TTO, respectively, penetrated into or through human epidermis. The largest TTO component penetrating the skin was terpinen-4-ol. Following partial occlusion of the application site, the penetration of terpinen-4-ol increased to approximately 7% of the applied TTO. Measurement of the rate of evaporation of tea tree oil from filter paper (7.4 mg/cm2) showed that 98% of the oil evaporated in 4 hours. Overall, it is apparent that the penetration of TTO components through human skin is limited.

Comparison of Optimal Design Methods in Inverse Problems

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-11

corresponding FIM can be estimated by F̂ (τ) = F̂ (τ, θ̂OLS) = (Σ̂ N (θ̂OLS)) −1. (13) The asymptotic standard errors are given by SEk (θ0) = √ (ΣN0 )kk, k...1, . . . , p. (14) These standard errors are estimated in practice (when θ0 and σ0 are not known) by SEk (θ̂OLS) = √ (Σ̂N (θ̂OLS))kk, k = 1... SEk (θ̂boot) = √ Cov(θ̂boot)kk. We will compare the optimal design methods using the standard errors resulting from the op- timal time points each

Hydrocarbons and heavy metals in the different sewer deposits in the 'Le Marais' catchment (Paris, France): stocks, distributions and origins.

PubMed

Rocher, Vincent; Azimi, Sam; Moilleron, Régis; Chebbo, Ghassan

2004-05-05

The knowledge of the pollution stored in combined sewers is of prime importance in terms of management of wet weather flow pollution since sewer deposits play a significant role as source of pollution in combined sewer overflows. This work, which focused on the hydrocarbon (aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons) and metallic (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd) pollution fixed to the different kinds of sewer deposits (gross bed sediment [GBS], organic layer [OL] and biofilm), was performed in order to provide a complete overview of the contaminant storage in the 'Le Marais' combined sewer (Central Paris, France). Firstly, our results have shown that, for all kinds of pollutants, a major part was stored in the GBS (87 to 98%), a lesser part in the OL (2 to 13%) and an insignificant part in the biofilm (<1%). These results demonstrated that the potential contribution of biofilm to wet weather pollution was negligible compared to the OL one. Secondly, the investigation of hydrocarbon fingerprints in each deposit has provided relevant information about contamination origins: (1) aliphatic hydrocarbon distributions were indicative of petroleum input in the GBS and reflected a mixture of biogenic and petroleum inputs in the OL and biofilm, (2) aromatic hydrocarbon distributions suggested an important pyrolytic contamination in all the deposits. Finally, the study of pollutant fingerprints in the different deposits and in the suspended solids going through the collector has shown that: (1) the suspended solids were the major component of OL and biofilm while urban runoff seemed to be the main transport mechanism introducing pollutants in the GBS and (2) the residence times in sewer of OL and biofilm were quite short compared to those for GBS.

Urinary excretion of heptanones, heptanoles and 2,5-heptanedione after controlled acute exposure of volunteers to n-heptane.

PubMed

Rossbach, Bernd; Kegel, Peter; Letzel, Stephan

2018-03-27

A lack of well-established parameters and assessment values currently impairs biomonitoring of n-heptane exposure. Using controlled inhalation experiments, we collected information on urinary n-heptane metabolite concentrations and the time course of metabolite excretion. Relationships between external and internal exposure were analysed to investigate the suitability of selected metabolites to reflect n-heptane uptake. Twenty healthy, non-smoking males (aged 19-38 years, median 25.5) were exposed for 3 h to 167, 333 and 500 ppm n-heptane, each. Spot urine samples of the volunteers, collected before exposure and during the following 24 h, were analysed for heptane-2-one, 3-one, 4-one, 2,5-dione, 1-ol, 2-ol, 3-ol, and 4-ol using headspace solid phase dynamic extraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-SPDE-GC/MS). Starting from median pre-exposure concentrations between <0.5 (3-one) and 82.9 μg/L (4-one), exposure increased the concentrations for all parameters except for 4-one. Median post-exposure concentrations ranged up to 840.4 μg/L (2-ol) and decreased with half-lifes <3 h after exposure. Non-parametric correlation analyses (n = 47, p < 0.05) revealed weak to moderate associations of volume related metabolite excretion with external exposure for 2-one, 3-one and 2,5-dione (R = 0.332-0.753). Heptanol excretion was moderately associated with exposure (R ≥ 0.509) only after creatinine adjustment. Lacking association with external exposure impedes the use of 4-one as heptane biomarker, whereas 2-ol and 3-ol turned out to be sensitive indicators of exposure if creatinine correction is applied. By providing fundamental data on a panel of eight potential heptane metabolites, our study can help to promote biological monitoring of n-heptane exposure. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[Clinical and histopathological characterization of oral leukoplakia in patients with HIV infection].

PubMed

Schmidt-Westhausen, A M; Reichart, P A; Gross, U

1999-03-01

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of oral leukoplakia (OL) in HIV-positive patients and to evaluate the clinical and histopathological features and the presence of Candida hyphae and viral infections (HSV 1, 2, HPV, EBV and CMV) by immunocytochemical methods using mono- or polyclonal antibodies. A total of 269 HIV-seropositive patients, (222 men, median age 36.7 years and 47 women, median age 32 years) were registered. OL occurred in 20/269 (7.4%) patients (men, smokers, median age 38 years); the non-homogeneous form was observed in 11%. A lesional biopsy specimen was obtained from 8/20 patients. Specimens did not show signs of epithelial dysplasia. Candida hyphae were evident in 2/8 cases. Two patients tested positive for HPV and CMV; antibodies against EBV, HSV1 and 2 were negative. In conclusion, the prevalence of OL is comparatively high in this group of HIV-seropositive patients (7.4% vs. 0.9-2.2%). Moreover, the mean age of the study group at the time of diagnosis for OL was lower (38 years vs. 60 years).

Associations between flavan-3-ol intake and CVD risk in the Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk)

PubMed Central

Vogiatzoglou, Anna; Mulligan, Angela A.; Bhaniani, Amit; Lentjes, Marleen A.H.; McTaggart, Alison; Luben, Robert N.; Heiss, Christian; Kelm, Malte; Merx, Marc W.; Spencer, Jeremy P.E.; Schroeter, Hagen; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Kuhnle, Gunter G.C.

2015-01-01

Dietary intervention studies suggest that flavan-3-ol intake can improve vascular function and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, results from prospective studies failed to show a consistent beneficial effect. Associations between flavan-3-ol intake and CVD risk in the Norfolk arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk) were investigated. Data were available from 24,885 (11,252 men; 13,633 women) participants, recruited between 1993 and 1997 into the EPIC-Norfolk study. Flavan-3-ol intake was assessed using 7-day food diaries and the FLAVIOLA Flavanol Food Composition database. Missing data for plasma cholesterol and vitamin C were imputed using multiple imputation. Associations between flavan-3-ol intake and blood pressure at baseline were determined using linear regression models. Associations with CVD risk were estimated using Cox regression analyses. Median intake of total flavan-3-ols was 1034 mg/d (range: 0–8531 mg/d) for men and 970 mg/d (0–6695 mg/d) for women, median intake of flavan-3-ol monomers was 233 mg/d (0–3248 mg/d) for men and 217 (0–2712 mg/d) for women. There were no consistent associations between flavan-3-ol monomer intake and baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP). After 286,147 person-years of follow-up, there were 8463 cardiovascular events and 1987 CVD related deaths; no consistent association between flavan-3-ol intake and CVD risk (HR 0.93, 95% CI: 0.87; 1.00; Q1 vs Q5) or mortality was observed (HR 0.93, 95% CI: 0.84; 1.04). Flavan-3-ol intake in EPIC-Norfolk is not sufficient to achieve a statistically significant reduction in CVD risk. PMID:25795512

Evaporation Study of an Ionic Liquid with a Double-Charged Cation.

PubMed

Chilingarov, Norbert S; Zhirov, Maksim S; Shmykova, Anna M; Martynova, Ekaterina A; Glukhov, Lev M; Chernikova, Elena A; Kustov, Leonid M; Markov, Vitaliy Yu; Ioutsi, Vitaliy A; Sidorov, Lev N

2018-05-07

The evaporation of a dicationic ionic liquid, 1,3-bis(3-methylimidazolium-1-yl)propane bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([C 3 (MIm) 2 2+ ][Tf 2 N - ] 2 ), was studied by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. Its evaporation is accompanied by a partial thermal decomposition producing monocationic ionic liquids, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium and 1-(2-propenyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amides, as volatile products. This decomposition does not affect the vaporization characteristics of [C 3 (MIm) 2 2+ ][Tf 2 N - ] 2 , which were established to be as follows. The vaporization enthalpy (550 K) is equal to (155.5 ± 3.2) kJ·mol -1 ; the saturated vapor pressure is described by the equation ln( p/Pa) = -(18699 ± 381)/( T/K) + (30.21 ± 0.82) in the range of 508-583 K. 1,3-Bis(3-methylimidazolium-1-yl)propane bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide is the first dicationic ionic liquid, the vaporization characteristics of which were determined with an acceptable accuracy.

Deposit formation and heat transfer in hydrocarbon rocket fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Giovanetti, A. J.; Spadaccini, L. J.; Szetela, E. J.

1983-01-01

An experimental research program was undertaken to investigate the thermal stability and heat transfer characteristics of several hydrocarbon fuels under conditions that simulate high-pressure, rocket engine cooling systems. The rates of carbon deposition in heated copper and nickel-plated copper tubes were determined for RP-1, propane, and natural gas using a continuous flow test apparatus which permitted independent variation and evaluation of the effect on deposit formation of wall temperature, fuel pressure, and fuel velocity. In addition, the effects of fuel additives and contaminants, cryogenic fuel temperatures, and extended duration testing with intermittent operation were examined. Parametric tests to map the thermal stability characteristics of RP-1, commercial-grade propane, and natural gas were conducted at pressures of 6.9 to 13.8 MPa, bulk fuel velocities of 30 to 90 m/s, and tube wall temperatures in the range of 230 to 810 K. Also, tests were run in which propane and natural gas fuels were chilled to 230 and 160 K, respectively. Corrosion of the copper tube surface was detected for all fuels tested. Plating the inside of the copper tubes with nickel reduced deposit formation and eliminated tube corrosion in most cases. The lowest rates of carbon deposition were obtained for natural gas, and the highest rates were obtained for propane. For all fuels tested, the forced-convection heat transfer film coefficients were satisfactorily correlated using a Nusselt-Reynolds-Prandtl number equation.

GC/MS analysis and characterization of 2-Hexadecen-1-ol and beta sitosterol from Schimpera arabica extract for its bioactive potential as antioxidant and antimicrobial.

PubMed

Hidayathulla, S; Shahat, A A; Ahamad, S R; Al Moqbil, A A N; Alsaid, M S; Divakar, D D

2018-05-01

We evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of Schimpera arabica extract and fractions (2-Hexadecen-1-ol and beta sitosterol). Free radical scavenging activity was estimated by using ABTS and DPPH methods, reducing power and iron chelation was studied to investigate antioxidant potential of the extracts. Well-diffusion method was utilized to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extracts. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis of the extract revealed the presence of 27 compounds. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were found in high amount (7·6-18 mg GAE, mg g -1 ; 3·2-10·8 mg catechin, mg g -1 ) in dry plant material. Among all the extracts, 2-Hexadecen-1-ol and beta sitosterol were the major constituents of crude extract and exhibited significant antioxidant potential as well antimicrobial activity; however, all other fractions also exhibited fare degree of antioxidant potential. 93% DPPH was scavenged by 100 μg ml -1 of the ethyl acetate fraction; in ABTS assay chelation was 86·2 and 88% in ferric chloride reducing power assay. Schimpera arabica is naturally present and used in food preparation in most Arabian nations. The characterization of S. arabica would provide an insight into its medicinal use as home remedial for bacterial infection and as antioxidant. Significant and comparable antimicrobial activity was demonstrated by both 2-Hexadecen-1-ol and beta sitosterol fractions. The results suggest that S. arabica contain a good amount of natural antioxidants of medicinal importance. However, further investigations are needed to characterize the further activity of 2-Hexadecen-1-ol and beta sitosterol in vivo. © 2018 The Society for Applied Microbiology.

THERMODYNAMIC EVALUATION OF FLUORINATED ETHERS, ETHANES, AND PROPANES AS ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS

EPA Science Inventory

The visuals, part of a thermodynamic evaluation of fluorinated ethers, ethanes, and propanes as alternative refrigerants, are a useful tool in comparing new chemicals to existing refrigerants in vapor compression cycles. hey present the required suction superheat and the performa...

An exploratory study on the peroxyl-radical-scavenging activity of 2,6-dimethyl-5-hepten-2-ol and its heterocyclic analogues

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stobiecka, Agnieszka; Sikora, Magdalena; Bonikowski, Radosław; Kula, Józef

2016-03-01

The structural properties and radical scavenging activity of 2,6-dimethyl-5-hepten-2-ol (1) and its new heterocyclic analogues, i.e. 2-methyl-4-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)-butan-2-ol (2) and 2-methyl-4-(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)-butan-2-ol (3) and have been studied by using the experimental and theoretical methods for the first time. Activity of title compounds against the peroxyl radical was determined by using standard fluorimetric test, i.e. the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity assay (ORACFL). Furthermore, the electron-donating ability of odorants has been evaluated by using colorimetric ABTS assay. According to the experimental results obtained from the ORACFL test 2,6-dimethyl-5-hepten-2-ol was characterized by the highest activity in comparison with the novel counterparts. Nevertheless, all investigated compounds exhibited pronounced anti-peroxyl radical activity comparable to that exerted by the one of the most prominent antioxidant among the monoterpene alcohols, i.e. by linalool. On the other hand, the title compounds exerted relatively low capacity to quench the radical cation of ABTS. Theoretical calculations based on the Density Functional Theory (DFT) method with the hybrid functional B3LYP were carried out in order to investigate selected structural and electronic properties including the geometrical parameters as well as the energy of frontier molecular orbitals of parent molecules and the resulting radicals. Furthermore, the possible mechanism of peroxyl-radical-scavenging has been determined by using the thermodynamic descriptors such as the bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) and ionization potentials (IPs). These theoretical data pointed out the relevance of HAT mechanism in the peroxyl-radical-scavenging exhibited by 2,6-dimethyl-5-hepten-2-ol and its new heterocyclic analogues in polar and non-polar medium.

Coordination behavior of new bis Schiff base ligand derived from 2-furan carboxaldehyde and propane-1,3-diamine. Spectroscopic, thermal, anticancer and antibacterial activity studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohamed, Gehad G.; Zayed, Ehab M.; Hindy, Ahmed M. M.

2015-06-01

Novel bis Schiff base ligand, [N1,N3-bis(furan-2-ylmethylene)propane-1,3-diamine], was prepared by the condensation of furan-2-carboxaldehyde with propane-1,3-diamine. Its conformational changes on complexation with transition metal ions [Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Mn(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Fe(III)] have been studied on the basis of elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, spectral (infrared, 1H NMR, electronic), magnetic and thermogravimetric studies. The conductance data of the complexes revealed their electrolytic nature suggesting them as 1:2 (for bivalent metal ions) and 1:3 (for Fe(III) ion) electrolytes. The complexes were found to have octahedral geometry based on magnetic moment and solid reflectance measurements. Thermal analysis data revealed the decomposition of the complexes in successive steps with the removal of anions, coordinated water and bis Schiff base ligand. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated using Coats-Redfern equation. The Anticancer screening studies were performed on human colorectal cancer (HCT), hepatic cancer (HepG2) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. The antimicrobial activity of all the compounds was studied against Gram negative (Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris) and Gram positive (Bacillus vulgaris and Staphylococcus pyogones) bacteria. It was observed that the coordination of metal ion has a pronounced effect on the microbial activities of the bis Schiff base ligand. All the metal complexes have shown higher antimicrobial effect than the free bis Schiff base ligand.

Signaling Pathways Involved in 1-Octen-3-ol-Mediated Neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: Implication in Parkinson’s Disease

PubMed Central

Masurekar, Prakash; Hossain, Muhammad; Richardson, Jason R.; Bennett, Joan W.

2014-01-01

Previously, we have pioneered Drosophila melanogaster as a reductionist model to show that 1-octen-3-ol, a musty-smelling volatile compound emitted by fungi and other organisms, causes loss of dopaminergic neurons and Parkinson’s disease-like symptoms in flies. Using our in vivo Drosophila system, the modulatory roles of important signaling pathways—JNK, Akt and the caspase-3-dependent apoptotic pathway were investigated in the context of 1-octen-3-ol-induced dopamine neurotoxicity. When heterozygous flies carrying mutant alleles for these proteins were exposed to 0.5 ppm of 1-octen-3-ol, they had shorter survival times than wild-type Drosophila. The overexpressed levels of wild-type JNK and Akt, (UAS-bsk and UAS-Akt) with TH-GAL4 and elav-GAL4 drivers improved the survival duration of exposed flies compared with controls. Thus, we found that Akt and JNK both protect against loss of dopamine activity associated with 1-octen-3-ol exposure, indicating the pro-survival role of these signaling pathways. Further, 1-octen-3-ol exposure was associated with activation of caspase 3, a hallmark for apoptosis. PMID:23959949

An experimental study of adsorption interference in binary mixtures flowing through activated carbon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Madey, R.; Photinos, P. J.

1983-01-01

The isothermal transmission through activated carbon adsorber beds at 25 C of acetaldehyde-propane and acetylene-ethane mixtures in a helium carrier gas was measured. The inlet concentration of each component was in the range between 10 ppm and 500 ppm. The constant inlet volumetric flow rate was controlled at 200 cc (STP)/min in the acetaldehyde-propane experiments and at 50 cc (STP)/min in the acetaldehyde-ethane experiments. Comparison of experimental results with the corresponding single-component experiments under similar conditions reveals interference phenomena between the components of the mixtures as evidenced by changes in both the adsorption capacity and the dispersion number. Propane was found to displace acetaldehyde from the adsorbed state. The outlet concentration profiles of propane in the binary mixtures tend to become more diffuse than the corresponding concentration profiles of the one-component experiments. Similar features were observed with mixtures of acetylene and ethane; however, the displacement of acetylene by ethane is less pronounced.

Shear viscosity of binary mixtures: The Gay-Berne potential

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khordad, R.

2012-05-01

The Gay-Berne (GB) potential model is an interesting and useful model to study the real systems. Using the potential model, we intend to examine the thermodynamical properties of some anisotropic binary mixtures in two different phases, liquid and gas. For this purpose, we apply the integral equation method and solve numerically the Percus-Yevick (PY) integral equation. Then, we obtain the expansion coefficients of correlation functions to calculate the thermodynamical properties. Finally, we compare our results with the available experimental data [e.g., HFC-125 + propane, R-125/143a, methanol + toluene, benzene + methanol, cyclohexane + ethanol, benzene + ethanol, carbon tetrachloride + ethyl acetate, and methanol + ethanol]. The results show that the GB potential model is capable for predicting the thermodynamical properties of binary mixtures with acceptable accuracy.

Influence of propane additives on the detonation characteristics of H2-air mixtures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Guanbing; Bauer, Pascal; Zitoun, Ratiba

2014-03-01

Hydrogen is more and more considered as a potential fuel for propulsion applications. However, due to its low ignition energy and wide flammability limits, H2-air mixtures raise a concern in terms of safety. This aspect can be partly solved by adding an alkane to these mixtures, which plays the role of an inhibitor. The present paper provides data on such binary fuel-air mixtures where various amounts of propane are added to hydrogen. The behavior of the corresponding mixtures, in terms of detonation characteristics and other fundamental properties, such as the cell size of the detonation front and induction delay, are presented and discussed for a series of equivalence ratios and propane addition. The experimental detonation velocity is in good agreement with calculated theoretical Chapman-Jouguet values. Based on soot tracks records, the cell size λ is measured, whereas the induction length L i is derived from data using a GRI-Mech kinetic mechanism. These data allow providing a value of the coefficient K = λ/L i .

Fire testing and infrared thermography of oak barrels filled with distilled spirits (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Vries, Jaap

2017-05-01

Adequate fire protection of distilled spirits stored in oak barrels requires understanding the failure mode of these barrels, including quantifying the leak rate. In this study, the use of a custom-calibrated, long-wave microbolometer camera is demonstrated to seek new protection methods for rack-stored distilled spirits. Individual oak barrels ranging between 200 L and 500 L filled with 75%/25% ethanol/water were exposed to both propane gas fires and pure ethanol pool fires. The IR camera was used to see through the smoke and flames showing the location of the leaks. The increase in HRR due to the leaked content was measured using gas calorimetry of the combustion products. This study showed that barrels leaked at a rate of approximately 4-8 lpm, resulting in heat release rates ranging between 1.2 and 2.4 MW. These numbers are confirmed by the quantitative measurements of gaseous H2O and CO¬2 in the exhaust. Surface temperature of the exposed oak could reach temperatures up to 750ºC.

Advantages of geographically weighted regression for modeling benthic substrate in two Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem streams

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sheehan, Kenneth R.; Strager, Michael P.; Welsh, Stuart A.

2013-01-01

Stream habitat assessments are commonplace in fish management, and often involve nonspatial analysis methods for quantifying or predicting habitat, such as ordinary least squares regression (OLS). Spatial relationships, however, often exist among stream habitat variables. For example, water depth, water velocity, and benthic substrate sizes within streams are often spatially correlated and may exhibit spatial nonstationarity or inconsistency in geographic space. Thus, analysis methods should address spatial relationships within habitat datasets. In this study, OLS and a recently developed method, geographically weighted regression (GWR), were used to model benthic substrate from water depth and water velocity data at two stream sites within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. For data collection, each site was represented by a grid of 0.1 m2 cells, where actual values of water depth, water velocity, and benthic substrate class were measured for each cell. Accuracies of regressed substrate class data by OLS and GWR methods were calculated by comparing maps, parameter estimates, and determination coefficient r 2. For analysis of data from both sites, Akaike’s Information Criterion corrected for sample size indicated the best approximating model for the data resulted from GWR and not from OLS. Adjusted r 2 values also supported GWR as a better approach than OLS for prediction of substrate. This study supports GWR (a spatial analysis approach) over nonspatial OLS methods for prediction of habitat for stream habitat assessments.

Effect of Ligand Field Tuning on the SMM Behavior for Three Related Alkoxide-Bridged Dysprosium Dimers.

PubMed

Peng, Yan; Mereacre, Valeriu; Baniodeh, Amer; Lan, Yanhua; Schlageter, Martin; Kostakis, George E; Powell, Annie K

2016-01-04

The synthesis and characterization of three Dy2 compounds, [Dy2(HL1)2(NO3)4] (1), [Dy2(L2)2(NO3)4] (2), and [Dy2(HL3)2(NO3)4] (3), formed using related tripodal ligands with a central tertiary amine bearing picolyl and alkoxy arms, 2-[(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-pyridin-2-ylmethylamino]-ethanol (H2L1), 2-(bis-pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)-ethanol (HL2), and 2-(bis-pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)-propane-1,3-diol (H2L3), are reported. The compounds are rare examples of alkoxide-bridged {Dy2} complexes and display capped square antiprism coordination geometry around each Dy(III) ion. Changes in the ligand field environment around the Dy(III) ions brought about through variations in the ligand donors can be gauged from the magnetic properties, with compounds 1 and 2 showing antiparallel coupling between the Dy(III) ions and 3 showing parallel coupling. Furthermore, slow relaxation of the magnetization typical of SMM behavior could be observed for compounds 2 and 3, suggesting that small variations in the ligand field can have a significant influence on the slow relaxation processes responsible for SMM behavior of Dy(III)-based systems.

Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol activate GPER/ GPR30-dependent pathways leading to apoptosis of ER-negative SKBR3 breast cancer cells.

PubMed

Chimento, Adele; Casaburi, Ivan; Rosano, Camillo; Avena, Paola; De Luca, Arianna; Campana, Carmela; Martire, Emilia; Santolla, Maria Francesca; Maggiolini, Marcello; Pezzi, Vincenzo; Sirianni, Rosa

2014-03-01

We have previously demonstrated that oleuropein (OL) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) reduce 17β-estradiol-mediated proliferation in MCF-7 breast cancer (BC) cells without affecting the classical genomic action of estrogen receptor (ER), but activating instead the ERK1/2 pathway. Here, we hypothesized that this inhibition could be mediated by a G-protein-coupled receptor named GPER/GPR30. Using the ER-negative and GPER-positive SKBR3 BC cells as experimental model, we investigated the effects of OL and HT on GPER-mediated activation of downstream pathways. Docking simulations and ligand-binding studies evidenced that OL and HT are able to bind GPER. MTT cell proliferation assays revealed that both phenols reduced SKBR3 cell growth; this effect was abolished silencing GPER. Focusing on OL and HT GPER-mediated pathways, using Western blot analysis we showed a sustained ERK1/2 activation triggering an intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Showing that OL and HT work as GPER inverse agonists in ER-negative and GPER-positive SKBR3 BC cells, we provide novel insights into the potential of these two molecules as tools in the therapy of this subtype of BC. © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Substitution of carcinogenic solvent dichloromethane for the extraction of volatile compounds in a fat-free model food system.

PubMed

Cayot, Nathalie; Lafarge, Céline; Bou-Maroun, Elias; Cayot, Philippe

2016-07-22

Dichloromethane is known as a very efficient solvent, but, as other halogenated solvents, is recognized as a hazardous product (CMR substance). The objective of the present work is to propose substitution solvent for the extraction of volatile compounds. The most important physico-chemical parameters in the choice of an appropriate extraction solvent of volatile compounds are reviewed. Various solvents are selected on this basis and on their hazard characteristics. The selected solvents, safer than dichloromethane, are compared using the extraction efficiency of volatile compounds from a model food product able to interact with volatile compounds. Volatile compounds with different hydrophobicity are used. High extraction yields were positively correlated with high boiling points and high Log Kow values of volatile compounds. Mixtures of solvents such as azeotrope propan-2-one/cyclopentane, azeotrope ethyl acetate/ethanol, and mixture ethyl acetate/ethanol (3:1, v/v) gave higher extraction yields than those obtained with dichloromethane. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Development and Demonstration of Advanced Technologies for Direct Electrochemical Oxidation of Hydrocarbons (Methanol, Methane, Propane)

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-07-01

Propane) Final Report Prepared by: J.A. Kosek A.B. LaConti C.C. Cropley ŕ 1:July 1994 U.S. ARMY RESEARCH OFFICE Contract No. DAAL03-92-C-001 1 GINER, INC...LaConti, C.C. Cropley 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND AORESS(E5 U. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION GINER, INC. REPORT NUMBER 14 Spring Street Waltham...SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL A.B. LaConti and J.A. Kosek - Principal Investigators; C.C. Cropley , G. Wilson, J. Unger, S. McCatty, A. Griffith, and M. Hamdan

Valorization of functional properties of extract and powder of olive leaves in raw and cooked minced beef meat.

PubMed

Aouidi, Fathia; Okba, Aicha; Hamdi, Moktar

2017-08-01

Olive leaves (OL), available in huge amounts from pruning, are known to be a useful source of biologically active compounds. This study investigated the potential application of OL as a supplement to minced beef meat in order to develop a functional product. The effect of OL extract or powder (100 and 150 µg phenols g -1 meat) on the quality and stability of raw and cooked meat during refrigerated storage was examined. Microwave drying at 600 W gave OL with the highest antioxidant quality (evaluated by TEAC/[phenols] (mg mg -1 ) and DPPH/[phenols] (mg mg -1 )) compared with other methods. OL showed an ability to inhibit (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation (TBARS values (mg MDA kg -1 ) were reduced by 25-65%) and myoglobin oxidation (metmyoglobin production was 43-65% in control samples and 14-35% in treated samples). OL also improved the technological quality of the meat, decreasing (P < 0.05) storage loss (%) and defrosting loss (%) without affecting cooking loss (%) and Napole yield (%). Sensory properties were not modified by the added ingredient at the tested levels (P < 0.05). OL (extract or powder) may have applications in the development of functional meat products of good technological quality that remain stable during storage. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Platinum-Promoted Ga/Al2O3 as Highly Active, Selective, and Stable Catalyst for the Dehydrogenation of Propane**

PubMed Central

Sattler, Jesper J H B; Gonzalez-Jimenez, Ines D; Luo, Lin; Stears, Brien A; Malek, Andrzej; Barton, David G; Kilos, Beata A; Kaminsky, Mark P; Verhoeven, Tiny W G M; Koers, Eline J; Baldus, Marc; Weckhuysen, Bert M

2014-01-01

A novel catalyst material for the selective dehydrogenation of propane is presented. The catalyst consists of 1000 ppm Pt, 3 wt % Ga, and 0.25 wt % K supported on alumina. We observed a synergy between Ga and Pt, resulting in a highly active and stable catalyst. Additionally, we propose a bifunctional active phase, in which coordinately unsaturated Ga3+ species are the active species and where Pt functions as a promoter. PMID:24989975

A high throughput drug screening assay to identify compounds that promote oligodendrocyte differentiation using acutely dissociated and purified oligodendrocyte precursor cells.

PubMed

Lariosa-Willingham, Karen D; Rosler, Elen S; Tung, Jay S; Dugas, Jason C; Collins, Tassie L; Leonoudakis, Dmitri

2016-09-05

Multiple sclerosis is caused by an autoimmune response resulting in demyelination and neural degeneration. The adult central nervous system has the capacity to remyelinate axons in part through the generation of new oligodendrocytes (OLs). To identify clinical candidate compounds that may promote remyelination, we have developed a high throughput screening (HTS) assay to identify compounds that promote the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) into OLs. Using acutely dissociated and purified rat OPCs coupled with immunofluorescent image quantification, we have developed an OL differentiation assay. We have validated this assay with a known promoter of differentiation, thyroid hormone, and subsequently used the assay to screen the NIH clinical collection library. We have identified twenty-seven hit compounds which were validated by dose response analysis and the generation of half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values allowed for the ranking of efficacy. The assay identified novel promoters of OL differentiation which we attribute to (1) the incorporation of an OL toxicity pre-screen to allow lowering the concentrations of toxic compounds and (2) the utilization of freshly purified, non-passaged OPCs. These features set our assay apart from other OL differentiation assays used for drug discovery efforts. This acute primary OL-based differentiation assay should be of use to those interested in screening large compound libraries for the identification of drugs for the treatment of MS and other demyelinating diseases.

Effects of the state of Co species in Co/Al2O3 catalysts on the catalytic performance of propane dehydrogenation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xiuyi; Wang, Pengzhao; Wang, Haoren; Li, Chunyi

2018-05-01

In this paper, the Co/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method, and different post treatment methods were used to promote its dehydrogenation properties. Interestingly, we found that Co/Al2O3 catalysts with different post treatment protocols exhibited totally different catalytic behaviors in propane dehydrogenation. Fresh catalyst showed an induction period and was highly active for pyrolysis and coking at 10-30 min of reaction. The pre-reduction led to complete pyrolysis and coking at the beginning of reaction. However, the re-oxidation treatment gave a high selectivity (∼93.0%) to propylene at the whole process. XRD, H2-TPR, XPS, TEM and hydrogen chemisorption investigations showed that the post treatment has a great impact on the state of cobalt species and the performance of propane dehydrogenation over Co/Al2O3 catalysts. Specifically, the poorly dispersed metal Co led to pyrolysis and coking, while highly dispersed metal Co were responsible for the dehydrogenation of propane. The large Co3O4 particles (DFresh = 33.68 nm) result in the large metal Co grains (DPre-reduced = 24.90 nm) after the reduction or reaction process. While during the re-oxidization process, the surface metal Co was re-oxidized in a mild environment and got re-dispersion (DRe-oxidized = 6.07 nm). And the surface cobalt oxides layer is more readily to be reduced to metal Co during the reaction thus leading to the shortened induction period.

21 CFR 184.1655 - Propane.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Propane. 184.1655 Section 184.1655 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) DIRECT FOOD SUBSTANCES AFFIRMED AS GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE Listing of Specific...

Characterization of Emissions from Liquid Fuel and Propane Open Burns

EPA Science Inventory

The comparative combustion emissions of using jet propellant (JP-5) liquid fuel pools or a propane manifold grid to simulate the effects of accidental fires was investigated. A helium-filled tethered aerostat was used to maneuver an instrument package into the open fire plumes ...

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

Natural Gas and Propane Vehicle Grant Program The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation's Office of Energy Programs administers the Natural Gas and Propane Vehicle Grant Program (Program and must intend to operate vehicles in Tennessee for a minimum of six years. Grant applications are

RETENTION OF HALOCARBONS ON A HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE EPOXIDE-MODIFIED GRAPHITIZED CARBON BLACK - IV. PROPANE- BASED COMPOUNDS

EPA Science Inventory

The retention characteristics of 25 propane-based bromofluorocarbon, chlorocarbon, chlorofluorocarbon, and fluorocarbon fluids have been studied as a function of temperature on a stationary phase consisting of a 5% (m/m) coating of a low-molecular-mass polymer of hexafluoropropyl...

Oligodendrocyte Regeneration and CNS Remyelination Require TACE/ADAM17.

PubMed

Palazuelos, Javier; Klingener, Michael; Raines, Elaine W; Crawford, Howard C; Aguirre, Adan

2015-09-02

The identification of the molecular network that supports oligodendrocyte (OL) regeneration under demyelinating conditions has been a primary goal for regenerative medicine in demyelinating disorders. We recently described an essential function for TACE/ADAM17 in regulating oligodendrogenesis during postnatal myelination, but it is unknown whether this protein also plays a role in OL regeneration and remyelination under demyelinating conditions. By using genetic mouse models to achieve selective gain- or loss-of-function of TACE or EGFR in OL lineage cells in vivo, we found that TACE is critical for EGFR activation in OLs following demyelination, and therefore, for sustaining OL regeneration and CNS remyelination. TACE deficiency in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells following demyelination disturbs OL lineage cell expansion and survival, leading to a delay in the remyelination process. EGFR overexpression in TACE deficient OLs in vivo restores OL development and postnatal CNS myelination, but also OL regeneration and CNS remyelination following demyelination. Our study reveals an essential function of TACE in supporting OL regeneration and CNS remyelination that may contribute to the design of new strategies for therapeutic intervention in demyelinating disorders by promoting oligodendrocyte regeneration and myelin repair. Oligodendrocyte (OL) regeneration has emerged as a promising new approach for the treatment of demyelinating disorders. By using genetic mouse models to selectively delete TACE expression in oligodendrocyte progenitors cells (OPs), we found that TACE/ADAM17 is required for supporting OL regeneration following demyelination. TACE genetic depletion in OPs abrogates EGFR activation in OL lineage cells, and perturbs cell expansion and survival, blunting the process of CNS remyelination. Moreover, EGFR overexpression in TACE-deficient OPs in vivo overcomes the defects in OL development during postnatal development but also OL regeneration during CNS remyelination. Our study identifies TACE as an essential player in OL regeneration that may provide new insights in the development of new strategies for promoting myelin repair in demyelinating disorders. Copyright © 2015 the authors 0270-6474/15/3512241-07$15.00/0.

Reduced chemical kinetics for propane combustion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ying, Shuh-Jing; Nguyen, Hung Lee

1990-01-01

It is pointed out that a detailed chemical kinetics mechanism for the combustion of propane consists of 40 chemical species and 118 elementary chemical reactions. An attempt is made to reduce the number of chemical species and elementary chemical reactions so that the computer run times and storage requirements may be greatly reduced in three-dimensional gas turbine combustion flow calculations, while maintaining accurate predictions of the propane combustion and exhaust emissions. By way of a sensitivity analysis, the species of interest and chemical reactions are classified in descending order of importance. Nineteen species are chosen, and their pressure, temperature, and concentration profiles are presented for the reduced mechanisms, which are then compared with those from the full 118 reactions. It is found that 45 reactions involving 27 species have to be kept for comparable agreement. A comparison of the results obtained from the 45 reactions to that of the full 118 shows that the pressure and temperature profiles and concentrations of C3H8, O2, N2, H2O, CO, and CO2 are within 10 percent of maximum change.

Deposit formation in hydrocarbon rocket fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roback, R.; Szetela, E. J.; Spadaccini, L. J.

1981-01-01

An experimental program was conducted to study deposit formation in hydrocarbon fuels under flow conditions that exist in high-pressure, rocket engine cooling systems. A high pressure fuel coking test apparatus was designed and developed and was used to evaluate thermal decomposition (coking) limits and carbon deposition rates in heated copper tubes for two hydrocarbon rocket fuels, RP-1 and commercial-grade propane. Tests were also conducted using JP-7 and chemically-pure propane as being representative of more refined cuts of the baseline fuels. A parametric evaluation of fuel thermal stability was performed at pressures of 136 atm to 340 atm, bulk fuel velocities in the range 6 to 30 m/sec, and tube wall temperatures in the range 422 to 811 K. Results indicated that substantial deposit formation occurs with RP-1 fuel at wall temperatures between 600 and 800 K, with peak deposit formation occurring near 700 K. No improvements were obtained when deoxygenated JP-7 fuel was substituted for RP-1. The carbon deposition rates for the propane fuels were generally higher than those obtained for either of the kerosene fuels at any given wall temperature. There appeared to be little difference between commercial-grade and chemically-pure propane with regard to type and quantity of deposit. Results of tests conducted with RP-1 indicated that the rate of deposit formation increased slightly with pressure over the range 136 atm to 340 atm. Finally, lating the inside wall of the tubes with nickel was found to significantly reduce carbon deposition rates for RP-1 fuel.

Ocular Hypotensive Response in Nonhuman Primates of (8R)-1-[(2S)-2-Aminopropyl]-8,9-dihydro-7H-pyrano[2,3-g]indazol-8-ol a Selective 5-HT2 Receptor Agonist.

PubMed

May, Jesse A; Sharif, Najam A; McLaughlin, Marsha A; Chen, Hwang-Hsing; Severns, Bryon S; Kelly, Curtis R; Holt, William F; Young, Richard; Glennon, Richard A; Hellberg, Mark R; Dean, Thomas R

2015-11-25

Recently, it has been reported that 5-HT2 receptor agonists effectively reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in a nonhuman primate model of glaucoma. Although 1-[(2S)-2-aminopropyl]indazol-6-ol (AL-34662) was shown to have good efficacy in this nonhuman primate model of ocular hypertension as well as a desirable physicochemical and permeability profile, subsequently identified cardiovascular side effects in multiple species precluded further clinical evaluation of this compound. Herein, we report selected structural modifications that resulted in the identification of (8R)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropyl]-8,9-dihydro-7H-pyrano[2,3-g]indazol-8-ol (13), which displayed an acceptable profile to support advancement for further preclinical evaluation as a candidate for proof-of-concept studies in humans.

Automated PET Radiotracer Manufacture on the BG75 System and Imaging Validation Studies of [18F]fluoromisonidazole ([18F]FMISO).

PubMed

Yuan, Hong; Frank, Jonathan E; Merrill, Joseph R; Hillesheim, Daniel A; Khachaturian, Mark H; Anzellotti, Atilio I

2016-01-01

The hypoxia PET tracer, 1-[18F]fluoro-3-(2-nitro-1Himidazol- 1-yl)-propan-2-ol ([18F]FMISO) is the first radiotracer developed for hypoxia PET imaging and has shown promising for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, access to [18F]FMISO radiotracer is limited due to the needed cyclotron and radiochemistry expertise. The study aimed to develop the automated production method on the [18F]FMISO radiotracer with the novel fully automated platform of the BG75 system and validate its usage on animal tumor models. [18F]FMISO was produced with the dose synthesis cartridge automatically on the BG75 system. Validation of [18F]FMISO hypoxia imaging functionality was conducted on two tumor mouse models (FaDu/U87 tumor). The distribution of [18F]FMISO within tumor was further validated by the standard hypoxia marker EF5. The average radiochemical purity was (99±1) % and the average pH was 5.5±0.2 with other quality attributes passing standard criteria (n=12). Overall biodistribution for [18F]FMISO in both tumor models was consistent with reported studies where bladder and large intestines presented highest activity at 90 min post injection. High spatial correlation was found between [18F]FMISO autoradiography and EF5 hypoxia staining, indicating high hypoxia specificity of [18MF]FMISO. This study shows that qualified [18F]FMISO can be efficiently produced on the BG75 system in an automated "dose-on-demand" mode using single dose disposable cards. The possibilities of having a low-cost, automated system manufacturing ([18F]Fluoride production + synthesis + QC) different radiotracers will greatly enhance the potential for PET technology to reach new geographical areas and underserved patient populations. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.

Crystal Field Effects and Siderophile Element Partitioning: Implications for Mars HSE Geochemistry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, John H.; Malavergne, V.; Neal, C. R.

2007-01-01

Analyses of martian (SNC) meteorites indicate that Pt abundances do not vary much compared to other highly siderophile elements (HSE). Therefore, Jones et al. [1] inferred that D(Pt) during basalt petrogenesis was of order unity. This inference was at odds with previously published experiments that gave a D(sub ol/liq) for Pt of approx. 0.01 [2]. Because olivine is likely to be an important constituent of any reasonable martian mantle, the implication of these findings is that minor minerals must have D(Pt) much greater than 1, which seemed improbable. However, not only did the SNC evidence point to a D(sub ol/liq) approx. equal to 1, but so did plots of D(sub ol/liq) vs. ionic radius (Onuma diagram). The ionic radius of Pt(2+) suggested that D(sub ol/liq) for Pt was of order unity, in agreement with the inferences from SNC meteorites. New experiments have failed to detect measurable Pt in olivine, even at high oxygen fugacities [3]. Therefore, some other parameter, other than ionic charge and radius, must hold sway during olivine liquid partitioning of Pt.

Exposed-core chalcogenide microstructured optical fibers for chemical sensing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Troles, Johann; Toupin, Perrine; Brilland, Laurent; Boussard-Plédel, Catherine; Bureau, Bruno; Cui, Shuo; Mechin, David; Adam, Jean-Luc

2013-05-01

Chemical bonds of most of the molecules vibrate at a frequency corresponding to the near or mid infrared field. It is thus of a great interest to develop sensitive and portable devices for the detection of specific chemicals and biomolecules for various applications in health, the environment, national security and so on. Optical fibers define practical sensing tools. Chalcogenide glasses are known for their transparency in the infrared optical range and their ability to be drawn as fibers. They are consequently good candidates to be used in biological/chemical sensing. For that matter, in the past decade, chalcogenide glass fibers have been successfully implemented in evanescent wave spectroscopy experiments, for the detection of bio-chemical species in various fields of applications including microbiology and medicine, water pollution and CO2 detection. Different types of fiber can be used: single index fibers or microstructured fibers. Besides, in recent years a new configuration of microstructured fibers has been developed: microstructured exposed-core fibers. This design consists of an optical fiber with a suspended micron-scale core that is partially exposed to the external environment. This configuration has been chosen to elaborate, using the molding method, a chalcogenide fiber for chemical species detection. The sensitivity of this fiber to detect molecules such as propan-2-ol and acetone has been compared with those of single index fibers. Although evanescent wave absorption is inversely proportional to the fiber diameter, the result shows that an exposed-core fiber is much more sensitive than a single index fiber having a twice smaller external diameter.

Polyphenolic compounds in date fruit seed (Phoenix dactylifera): characterisation and quantification by using UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS.

PubMed

Habib, Hosam M; Platat, Carine; Meudec, Emmanuelle; Cheynier, Veronique; Ibrahim, Wissam H

2014-04-01

Date fruit seeds have been demonstrated to possess high antioxidant activities due to their high content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The objective of this work was to identify and quantify the phenolic composition of date seeds. Two UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS analyses were performed on the seed of the Khalas variety as follows: (1) an analysis of simple phenolic compounds [phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, flavones, flavan-3-ols (monomers, dimers and trimers)]; and (2) an analysis of all flavan-3-ols (monomers, and proanthocyanidin oligomers and polymers) after depolymerisation. The amount of total phenolic compounds before depolymerisation was found to be 2.194 ± 0.040 g kg(-1) date seed. The analysis of flavan-3-ol monomers and constitutive units of proanthocyanidins after depolymerisation revealed 50.180 ± 1.360 g kg(-1) flavan-3-ols with 46.800 ± 1.012 g kg(-1) epicatechin and 3.380 ± 0.349 g kg(-1) catechin. The results indicate that date seeds are a very rich source of bioactive compounds, thus constituting strong candidates for functional food additives and nutraceuticals. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effects of Al content on water partitioning between orthopyroxene and olivine: Implications for lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sakurai, Moe; Tsujino, Noriyoshi; Sakuma, Hiroshi; Kawamura, Katsuyuki; Takahashi, Eiichi

2014-08-01

To investigate the partitioning coefficient of water between orthopyroxene (Opx) and olivine (Ol) (D(Opx/Ol)) under low-water concentrations (3˜387 wt. ppm) similar to the Earth's mantle conditions, high-pressure experiments have been conducted at pressures of 1.5-6 GPa and a temperature of 1573 K. The experiments were performed with Kawai-type multi-anvil and piston-cylinder apparatus by using starting materials of natural Ol and synthetic Opx with various Al contents. The water contents were obtained with a vacuum type Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR6100, IRT5000). IR-spectra of Ol and Al-bearing Opx in this study are similar to those obtained by high-pressure experiments (Bai and Kohlstedt, 1993) and natural rocks (Grant et al., 2007), respectively. It is believed that broad bands in IR spectra of natural Opx are due to effect of crystal distortion by large Al substitution. On the contrary, IR-spectra of Al-free Opx are not consistent with those reported by Rauch and Keppler (2002) likely because of the large difference of water fugacity. D(Al-free Opx/Ol) is ˜1 at all pressure conditions or decreases with increasing pressure. However, the water contents of Al-bearing Opx are significantly larger than those of Ol at the same conditions. In addition, the effect of Al concentration in Opx on D(Opx/Ol) becomes larger with increasing pressure. The high Al content in Opx significantly increases D(Opx/Ol) and the trend increases with increasing pressure. D(Opx/Ol) drops sharply at the pressure at which the Al concentration of Opx becomes nearly 0 in the Earth's mantle conditions. This conclusion indicates that viscosity of the upper mantle decreases sharply at depths larger than those in which orthopyroxene contains no Al. The dramatic change of D(Opx/Ol) may explain the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary beneath oceans and continents.

Trapping-mediated dissociative chemisorption of C3H8 and C3D8 on Ir(110)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kelly, D.; Weinberg, W. H.

1996-07-01

We have employed molecular beam techniques to investigate the molecular trapping and trapping-mediated dissociative chemisorption of C3H8 and C3D8 on Ir(110) at low beam translational energies, Ei≤5 kcal/mol, and surface temperatures, Ts, from 85 to 1200 K. For Ts=85 K, C3H8 is molecularly adsorbed on Ir(110) with a trapping probability, ξ, equal to 0.94 at Ei=1.6 kcal/mol and ξ=0.86 at Ei=5 kcal/mol. At Ei=1.9 kcal/mol and Ts=85 K, ξ of C3D8 is equal to 0.93. From 150 K to approximately 700 K, the initial probabilities of dissociative chemisorption of propane decrease with increasing Ts. For Ts from 700 to 1200 K, however, the initial probability of dissociative chemisorption maintains the essentially constant value of 0.16. These observations are explained within the context of a kinetic model which includes both C-H (C-D) and C-C bond cleavage. Below 450 K propane chemisorption on Ir(110) arises essentially solely from C-H (C-D) bond cleavage, an unactivated mechanism (with respect to a gas-phase energy zero) for this system, which accounts for the decrease in initial probabilities of chemisorption with increasing Ts. With increasing Ts, however, C-C bond cleavage, the activation energy of which is greater than the desorption energy of physically adsorbed propane, increasingly contributes to the measured probability of dissociative chemisorption. The activation energies, referenced to the bottom of the physically adsorbed molecular well, for C-H and C-C bond cleavage for C3H8 on Ir(110) are found to be Er,CH=5.3±0.3 kcal/mol and Er,CC=9.9±0.6 kcal/mol, respectively. The activation energies for C-D and C-C bond cleavage for C3D8 on Ir(110) are 6.3±0.3 kcal/mol and 10.5±0.6 kcal/mol, respectively. The desorption activation energy of propane from Ir(110) is approximately 9.5 kcal/mol. These activation energies are compared to activation energies determined recently for ethane and propane adsorption on Ir(111), Ru(001), and Pt(110)-(1×2), and ethane activation on Ir(110).

The syntheses of 1-(2-thienyl)-2-(methylamino) propane (methiopropamine) and its 3-thienyl isomer for use as reference standards.

PubMed

Angelov, D; O'Brien, J; Kavanagh, P

2013-03-01

1-(2-Thienyl)-2-(methylamino)propane (methiopropamine, MPA), the thiophene analogue of methamphetamine, has recently appeared on a number of websites offering 'legal highs' for sale and has also been reported as a new psychoactive substance by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drugs Addiction (EMCDDA) Early Warning System. The drug is currently not controlled in the European Union (EU) but it would be expected that forensic laboratories will encounter it during routine analysis. As no reference standard was available, we have established a three-step protocol for its synthesis. We have also synthesized its 3-thienyl isomer and have established that this is separable from methiopropamine by gas chromatography using one of our routine protocols. The synthetic methodology presented here could be readily extended to the syntheses of analogous compounds. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Minnesota School District Finds Cost

Science.gov Websites

Savings, Cold-Weather Reliability with Propane Buses Minnesota School District Finds Cost Center: Minnesota School District Finds Cost Savings, Cold-Weather Reliability with Propane Buses on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Minnesota School District Finds Cost Savings, Cold

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Mesa Unified School District Reaps Economic

Science.gov Websites

and Environmental Benefits with Propane Buses Mesa Unified School District Reaps Economic and School District Reaps Economic and Environmental Benefits with Propane Buses on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Mesa Unified School District Reaps Economic and Environmental Benefits with

Analysis of U.S. Propane Markets Winter 1996-97, An

EIA Publications

1997-01-01

This study constitutes an examination of propane supply, demand, and price developments and trends. The Energy Information Administration's approach focused on identifying the underlying reasons for the tight supply/demand balance in the fall of 1996, and on examining the potential for a recurrence of these events next year.

Synthesis of enantiopure antiobesity drug lorcaserin.

PubMed

Smilovic, Ivana Gazic; Cluzeau, Jerome; Richter, Frank; Nerdinger, Sven; Schreiner, Erwin; Laus, Gerhard; Schottenberger, Herwig

2018-05-15

Acylation of enantiomerically pure (R)-2-(3-chlorophenyl)propan-1-amine using chloroacetyl chloride, followed by borane reduction and aluminum chloride catalyzed cyclization yielded enantiopure lorcaserin. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

On rates and mechanisms of OH and O3 reactions with isoprene-derived hydroxy nitrates.

PubMed

Lee, Lance; Teng, Alex P; Wennberg, Paul O; Crounse, John D; Cohen, Ronald C

2014-03-06

Eight distinct hydroxy nitrates are stable products of the first step in the atmospheric oxidation of isoprene by OH. The subsequent chemical fate of these molecules affects global and regional production of ozone and aerosol as well as the location of nitrogen deposition. We synthesized and purified 3 of the 8 isoprene hydroxy nitrate isomers: (E/Z)-2-methyl-4-nitrooxybut-2-ene-1-ol and 3-methyl-2-nitrooxybut-3-ene-1-ol. Oxidation of these molecules by OH and ozone was studied using both chemical ionization mass spectrometry and thermo-dissociation laser induced fluorescence. The OH reaction rate constants at 300 K measured relative to propene at 745 Torr are (1.1 ± 0.2) × 10(-10) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for both the E and Z isomers and (4.2 ± 0.7) × 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for the third isomer. The ozone reaction rate constants for (E/Z)-2-methyl-4-nitrooxybut-2-ene-1-ol are (2.7 ± 0.5) × 10(-17) and (2.9 ± 0.5) × 10(-17) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), respectively. 3-Methyl-2-nitrooxybut-3-ene-1-ol reacts with ozone very slowly, within the range of (2.5-5) × 10(-19) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). Reaction pathways, product yields, and implications for atmospheric chemistry are discussed. A condensed mechanism suitable for use in atmospheric chemistry models is presented.

Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans.

PubMed

Mullen, William; Borges, Gina; Donovan, Jennifer L; Edwards, Christine A; Serafini, Mauro; Lean, Michael E J; Crozier, Alan

2009-06-01

Cocoa drinks containing flavan-3-ols are associated with many health benefits, and conflicting evidence exists as to whether milk adversely affects the bioavailability of flavan-3-ols. The objective was to determine the effect of milk on the bioavailability of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites. Nine human volunteers followed a low-flavonoid diet for 2 d before drinking 250 mL of a cocoa beverage, made with water or milk, that contained 45 micromol (-)-epicatechin and (-)-catechin. Plasma and urine samples were collected for 24 h, and flavan-3-ol metabolites were analyzed by HPLC with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection. Milk affected neither gastric emptying nor the transit time through the small intestine. Two flavan-3-ol metabolites were detected in plasma and 4 in urine. Milk had only minor effects on the plasma pharmacokinetics of an (epi)catechin-O-sulfate and had no effect on an O-methyl-(epi)catechin-O-sulfate. However, milk significantly lowered the excretion of 4 urinary flavan-3-ol metabolites from 18.3% to 10.5% of the ingested dose (P = 0.016). Studies that showed protective effects of cocoa and those that showed no effect of milk on bioavailability used products that have a much higher flavan-3-ol content than does the commercial cocoa used in the present study. Most studies of the protective effects of cocoa have used drinks with a very high flavan-3-ol content. Whether similar protective effects are associated with the consumption of many commercial chocolate and cocoa products containing substantially lower amounts of flavan-3-ols, especially when absorption at lower doses is obstructed by milk, remains to be determined.

EMISSION OF 2-METHYL-3-BUTEN-2-OL BY PINES: A POTENTIALLY LARGE NATURAL SOURCE OF REACTIVE CARBON TO THE ATMOSPHERE

EPA Science Inventory

High rates of emission of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) were measured from needles of several pine species. Emissions of MBO in the light were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than emissions of monoterpenes and, in contrast to monoterpene emissions from pines, were absent in the d...

Comparison of hemodialysis with medium cut-off dialyzer and on-line hemodiafiltration on the removal of small and middle-sized molecules
.

PubMed

Belmouaz, Mohamed; Diolez, Jeremy; Bauwens, Marc; Duthe, Fabien; Ecotiere, Laure; Desport, Estelle; Bridoux, Frank

2018-01-01

Recent data suggest that the use of medium cut-off (MCO) dialyzers in hemodialysis (HD) promotes greater clearance and reduction ratio (RR) for myoglobin and other large-sized molecules than on-line hemodiafiltration (ol-HDF), but its effects on β2-microglobulin are not clear. We compared RR and clearances of small and middle-sized molecules between high-flux ol-HDF and MCO (Theranova) dialyzer in HD (MCO-HD) as well as nutritional parameters. We retrospectively analyzed 10 patients treated first with ol-HDF who were thereafter switched to MCO-HD over a 1-year period. Three dialysis sessions in each 6-month period were examined. We calculated RR and clearance of small and middle-sized molecules. There was no significant difference between ol-HDF and MCO-HD for median serum albumin and prealbumin level, mean KT/V, mean urea and creatinine RR, mean β2-microglobulin (81 ± 5 vs. 81 ± 6%, p = 0.72) and myoglobin (60 ± 9% vs. 61 ± 7%, p = 0.59), RR or clearances. The use of MCO (Theranova) dialyzer in HD produces similar removal of urea, creatinine, β2-microglobulin and myoglobin as does ol-HDF, with good tolerance profile and without modification of nutritional status.
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1-Octen-3-ol is repellent to Ips pini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in the midwestern United States

Treesearch

Therese M. Poland; Tina M. Pureswaran Deepa S. Ciaramitaro; John H. Borden

2009-01-01

In field experiments at three sites in Michigan and Ohio we tested the activity of 1-octen-3-ol in combination with ipsdienol, the aggregation pheromone of the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say). When 1-octen-3-ol was added to funnel traps baited with ipsdienol, significantly fewer beetles of either sex were captured than in traps baited with ipsdienol...

Three new phenylpropanoids from Lavandula angustifolia and their bioactivities.

PubMed

Tang, Shiyun; Shi, Jianlian; Liu, Chunbo; Jiang, Rui; Zhao, Wei; Liu, Xin; Xiang, Nengjun; Chen, Yongkuan; Shen, Qinpeng; Miao, Mingming; Liu, Zhihua; Yang, Guangyu

2017-06-01

Three new phenylpropanoids, 3-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)-3-oxopropyl acetate (1), 3-hydroxy-1-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-methylphenyl)propan-1-one (2), and 3-hydroxy-1-(4-methylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-6-yl) propan-1-one (3), together with three known phenylpropanoids (4-6) were isolated from the whole plant of Lavandula angustifolia. Their structures were determined by means of HRESIMS and extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies. Compounds 1-6 were tested for their anti-tobacoo mosaic virus (TMV) activities and cytotoxicity activities. The results revealed that compounds 1-3 showed high anti-TMV activity with inhibition rate of 35.2, 38.4 and 33.9%. These rates are higher than that of positive control. The other compounds also showed potential anti-TMV activities with inhibition rates in the range of 26.8-28.9%, respectively. Compounds 1-6 also showed weak inhibitory activities against some tested human tumour cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 3.8-8.8 μM.

Stability and Behaviors of Methane/Propane and Hydrogen Micro Flames

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoshimoto, Takamitsu; Kinoshita, Koichiro; Kitamura, Hideki; Tanigawa, Ryoichi

The flame stability limits essentially define the fundamental operation of the combustion system. Recently the micro diffusion flame has been remarked. The critical conditions of the flame stability limit are highly dependent on nozzle diameter, species of fuel and so on. The micro diffusion flame of Methane/Propane and Hydrogen is formed by using the micro-scale nozzle of which inner diameter is less than 1mm. The configurations and behaviors of the flame are observed directly and visualized by the high speed video camera The criteria of stability limits are proposed for the micro diffusion flame. The objectives of the present study are to get further understanding of lifting/blow-off for the micro diffusion flame. The results obtained are as follows. (1) The behaviors of the flames are classified into some regions for each diffusion flame. (2) The micro diffusion flame of Methane/Propane cannot be sustained, when the nozzle diameter is less than 0.14 mm. (3) The diffusion flame cannot be sustained below the critical fuel flow rate. (4) The minimum flow which is formed does not depends on the average jet velocity, but on the fuel flow rate. (5) the micro flame is laminar. The flame length is decided by fuel flow rate.

Flavan-3-ols Are an Effective Chemical Defense against Rust Infection1[OPEN

PubMed Central

Unsicker, Sybille B.; Fellenberg, Christin; Schmidt, Axel

2017-01-01

Phenolic secondary metabolites are often thought to protect plants against attack by microbes, but their role in defense against pathogen infection in woody plants has not been investigated comprehensively. We studied the biosynthesis, occurrence, and antifungal activity of flavan-3-ols in black poplar (Populus nigra), which include both monomers, such as catechin, and oligomers, known as proanthocyanidins (PAs). We identified and biochemically characterized three leucoanthocyanidin reductases and two anthocyanidin reductases from P. nigra involved in catalyzing the last steps of flavan-3-ol biosynthesis, leading to the formation of catechin [2,3-trans-(+)-flavan-3-ol] and epicatechin [2,3-cis-(−)-flavan-3-ol], respectively. Poplar trees that were inoculated with the biotrophic rust fungus (Melampsora larici-populina) accumulated higher amounts of catechin and PAs than uninfected trees. The de novo-synthesized catechin and PAs in the rust-infected poplar leaves accumulated significantly at the site of fungal infection in the lower epidermis. In planta concentrations of these compounds strongly inhibited rust spore germination and reduced hyphal growth. Poplar genotypes with constitutively higher levels of catechin and PAs as well as hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × Populus alba) overexpressing the MYB134 transcription factor were more resistant to rust infection. Silencing PnMYB134, on the other hand, decreased flavan-3-ol biosynthesis and increased susceptibility to rust infection. Taken together, our data indicate that catechin and PAs are effective antifungal defenses in poplar against foliar rust infection. PMID:29070515

Crystal structures of two mononuclear complexes of terbium(III) nitrate with the tripodal alcohol 1,1,1-tris­(hy­droxy­meth­yl)propane

PubMed Central

Gregório, Thaiane; Giese, Siddhartha O. K.; Nunes, Giovana G.; Soares, Jaísa F.; Hughes, David L.

2017-01-01

Two new mononuclear cationic complexes in which the TbIII ion is bis-chelated by the tripodal alcohol 1,1,1-tris­(hy­droxy­meth­yl)propane (H3 L Et, C6H14O3) were prepared from Tb(NO3)3·5H2O and had their crystal and mol­ecular structures solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis after data collection at 100 K. Both products were isolated in reasonable yields from the same reaction mixture by using different crystallization conditions. The higher-symmetry complex dinitratobis[1,1,1-tris­(hy­droxy­meth­yl)propane]­terbium(III) nitrate di­meth­oxy­ethane hemisolvate, [Tb(NO3)2(H3 L Et)2]NO3·0.5C4H10O2, 1, in which the lanthanide ion is 10-coordinate and adopts an s-bicapped square-anti­prismatic coordination geometry, contains two bidentate nitrate ions bound to the metal atom; another nitrate ion functions as a counter-ion and a half-mol­ecule of di­meth­oxy­ethane (completed by a crystallographic twofold rotation axis) is also present. In product aqua­nitratobis[1,1,1-tris­(hy­droxy­meth­yl)propane]­terbium(III) dinitrate, [Tb(NO3)(H3 L Et)2(H2O)](NO3)2, 2, one bidentate nitrate ion and one water mol­ecule are bound to the nine-coordinate terbium(III) centre, while two free nitrate ions contribute to charge balance outside the tricapped trigonal-prismatic coordination polyhedron. No free water mol­ecule was found in either of the crystal structures and, only in the case of 1, di­meth­oxy­ethane acts as a crystallizing solvent. In both mol­ecular structures, the two tripodal ligands are bent to one side of the coordination sphere, leaving room for the anionic and water ligands. In complex 2, the methyl group of one of the H3 L Et ligands is disordered over two alternative orientations. Strong hydrogen bonds, both intra- and inter­molecular, are found in the crystal structures due to the number of different donor and acceptor groups present. PMID:28217359

New coordination polymers from 1D chain, 2D layer to 3D framework constructed from 1,2-phenylenediacetic acid and 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane flexible ligands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xin, Ling-Yun; Liu, Guang-Zhen; Wang, Li-Ya

2011-06-01

The hydrothermal reactions of Cd, Zn, or Cu(II) acetate salts with H 2PHDA and BPP flexible ligands afford three new coordination polymers, including [Cd(PHDA)(BPP)(H 2O)] n(1), [Zn(PHDA)(BPP)] n(2), and [Cu 2(PHDA) 2(BPP)] n(3) (H 2PHDA=1,2-phenylenediacetic acid, BPP=1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane). The single-crystal X-ray diffractions reveal that all three complexes feature various metal carboxylate subunits extended further by the BPP ligands to form a diverse range of structures, displaying a remarked structural sensitivity to metal(II) cation. Complex 1 containing PHDA-bridged binuclear cadmium generates 1D double-stranded chain, complex 2 results in 2D→2D interpenetrated (4,4) grids, and complex 3 displays a 3D self-penetrated framework with 4 86 68 rob topology. In addition, fluorescent analyses show that both 1 and 2 exhibit intense blue-violet photoluminescence in the solid state.

The Empirical Relationship among Organisational Learning, Continuous Improvement and Performance Improvement

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sun, Hongyi; Ho, Kario; Ni, Wenbin

2008-01-01

There are still many questions remain unanswered about the relationship between Organisational Learning (OL) and Continuous Improvement (CI). For example, how do OL and CI contribute to business performance? Are OL and CI equal? Do OL and CI support each other? Should OL and CI be implemented separately or together? If together, how to integrate…

Analysis of Z 0 couplings to charged leptons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Akrawy, M. Z.; Alexander, G.; Allison, J.; Allport, P. P.; Anderson, K. J.; Armitage, J. C.; Arnison, G. T. J.; Ashton, P.; Azuelos, G.; Baines, J. T. M.; Ball, A. H.; Banks, J.; Barker, G. J.; Barlow, R. J.; Batley, J. R.; Becker, J.; Behnke, T.; Bell, K. W.; Bella, G.; Bethke, S.; Biebel, O.; Binder, U.; Bloodworth, I. J.; Bock, P.; Breuker, H.; Brown, R. M.; Brun, R.; Buijs, A.; Burckhart, H. J.; Capiluppi, P.; Carnegie, R. K.; Carter, A. A.; Carter, J. R.; Chang, C. Y.; Charlton, D. G.; Chrin, J. T. M.; Clarke, P. E. L.; Cohen, I.; Collins, W. J.; Conboy, J. E.; Couch, M.; Coupland, M.; Cuffiani, M.; Dado, S.; Dallavalle, G. M.; Debu, P.; Deninno, M. M.; Dieckmann, A.; Dittmar, M.; Dixit, M. S.; Duchovni, E.; Duerdoth, I. P.; Duerdoth, I. P.; Dumas, D.; El Mamouni, H.; Elcombe, P. A.; Estabrooks, P. G.; Etzion, E.; Fabbri, F.; Farthouat, P.; Fischer, H. M.; Fong, D. G.; French, M. T.; Fukunaga, C.; Gaidot, A.; Ganel, O.; Gary, J. W.; Gascon, J.; Geddes, N. I.; Gee, C. N. P.; Geich-Gimbel, C.; Gensler, S. W.; Gentit, F. X.; Giacomelli, G.; Gibson, V.; Gibson, W. R.; Gillies, J. D.; Goldberg, J.; Goodrick, M. J.; Gorn, W.; Granite, D.; Gross, E.; Grunhaus, J.; Hagedorn, H.; Hagemann, J.; Hansroul, M.; Hargrove, C. K.; Hart, J.; Hattersley, P. M.; Hauschild, M.; Hawkes, C. M.; Heflin, E.; Hemingway, R. J.; Heuer, R. D.; Hill, J. C.; Hillier, S. J.; Ho, C.; Hobbs, J. D.; Hobson, P. R.; Hochman, D.; Holl, B.; Homer, R. J.; Hou, S. R.; Howarth, C. P.; Humbert, R.; Hughes-Jones, R. E.; Igo-Kemenes, P.; Ihssen, H.; Imrie, D. C.; Jawahery, A.; Jeffreys, P. W.; Jeremie, H.; Jimack, M.; Jobes, M.; Jones, R. W. L.; Jovanovic, P.; Karlen, D.; Kawagoe, K.; Kawamoto, T.; Kellogg, R. G.; Kennedy, B. W.; Kleinwort, C.; Klem, D. E.; Knop, G.; Kobayashi, T.; Kokott, T. P.; Köpke, L.; Kowalewski, R.; Kreutzmann, H.; von Krogh, J.; Kroll, J.; Kuwano, M.; Kyberd, P.; Lafferty, G. D.; Lamarche, F.; Larson, W. J.; Layter, J. G.; Le Du, P.; Leblanc, P.; Lee, A. M.; Lehto, M. H.; Lellouch, D.; Lennert, P.; Lessard, L.; Levinson, L.; Lloyd, S. L.; Loebinger, F. K.; Lorah, J. M.; Lorazo, B.; Losty, M. J.; Ludwig, J.; Lupu, N.; Ma, J.; Macbeth, A. A.; Mannelli, M.; Marcellini, S.; Maringer, G.; Martin, A. J.; Martin, J. P.; Mashimo, T.; Mättig, P.; Maur, U.; McMahon, T. J.; McNutt, J. R.; McPherson, A. C.; Meijers, F.; Menszner, D.; Merritt, F. S.; Mes, H.; Michelini, A.; Middleton, R. P.; Mikenberg, G.; Miller, D. J.; Milstene, C.; Minowa, M.; Mohr, W.; Montanari, A.; Mori, T.; Moss, M. W.; Murphy, P. G.; Murray, W. J.; Nellen, B.; Nguyen, H. H.; Nozaki, M.; O'Dowd, A. J. P.; O'Neale, S. W.; O'Neill, B. P.; Oakham, F. G.; Odorici, F.; Ogg, M.; Oh, H.; OregliaP, M. J.; Orito, S.; Pansart, J. P.; Patrick, G. N.; Pawley, S. J.; Pfister, P.; Pilcher, J. E.; Pinfold, J. L.; Plane, D. E.; Poli, B.; Pouladdej, A.; Pritchard, T. W.; Quast, G.; Raab, J.; Redmond, M. W.; Rees, D. L.; Regimbald, M.; Riles, K.; Roach, C. M.; Robins, S. A.; Rollnik, A.; Roney, J. M.; Rossberg, S.; Rossi, A. M.; Routenburg, P.; Runge, K.; Runolfsson, O.; Sanghera, S.; Sansum, R. A.; Sasaki, M.; Saunders, B. J.; Schaile, A. D.; Schaile, O.; Schappert, W.; Scharff-Hansen, P.; von der Schmitt, H.; Schreiber, S.; Schwarz, J.; Shapira, A.; Shen, B. C.; Sherwood, P.; Simon, A.; Singh, P.; Siroli, G. P.; Skuja, A.; Smith, A. M.; Smith, T. J.; Snow, G. A.; Spreadbury, E. J.; Springer, R. W.; Sproston, M.; Stephens, K.; Stier, H. E.; Ströhmer, R.; Strom, D.; Takeda, H.; Takeshita, T.; Tsukamoto, T.; Turner, M. F.; Tysarczyk-Niemeyer, G.; Van den plas, D.; VanDalen, G. J.; Vasseur, G.; Virtue, C. J.; Wagner, A.; Wahl, C.; Ward, C. P.; Ward, D. R.; Waterhouse, J.; Watkins, P. M.; Watson, A. T.; Watson, N. K.; Weber, M.; Weisz, S.; Wells, P. S.; Wermes, N.; Weymann, M.; Wilson, G. W.; Wilson, J. A.; Wingerter, I.; Winterer, V.-H.; Wood, N. C.; Wotton, S.; Wuensch, B.; Wyatt, T. R.; Yaari, R.; Yang, Y.; Yekutieli, G.; Yoshida, T.; Zeuner, W.; Zorn, G. T.; OPAL Collaboration

1990-09-01

The couplings of the Z 0 to charged leptons are studied using measurements of the lepton pair cross sections and forward-backward asymmetries at centre of mass energies near to the mass of the Z 0. The data are consistent with lepton universality. Using a parametrisation of the lepton pair differential cross section which assumes that the Z 0 has only vector and axial couplings to leptons, the charged leptonic partial decay width of the Z 0 is determined to be Г ol+ol- = 83.1±1.9 MeV and the square of the product of the effective axial vector and vector coupling constants of the Z 0 to charged leptons to be ǎ2olvˇ2ol = 0.0039± 0.0083 , in agreement with the standard model. A parametrisation in the form of the improved Born approximation gives effective leptonic axial vector and vector coupling constants ǎ2ol = 0.998±0.024 and vˇ2ol = 0.0044±0.0083 . In the framework of the standard model, the values of the parameters ϱ z and sin 2overlineθw are found to be 0.998±0.024 and 0.233 +0.045-0.012 respectively. Using the relationship in the minimal standard model between ϱ z and sin 2overlineθw, the results sin 2overlineθSMw = 0.233 +0.007-0.006 is obtained. Our previously published measurement of the ratio of the hadronic to the leptonic partial width of the Z 0 is update: Rz = 21.72 +0.71-0.65.

Powering the Future

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

Stirling Technology Company (STC) developed the RG-350 convertor using components from separate Goddard Space Center and U.S. Army Natick SBIR contracts. Based on the RG-350, STC commercialized a product line of Stirling cycle generator sets, known as RemoteGen(TM), with power levels ranging from 10We to 3kWe. Under SBIR agreements with Glenn Research Center, the company refined and extended the capabilities of the RemoteGen convertors. They can provide power in remote locations by efficiently producing electricity from multiple-fuel sources, such as propane, alcohol, gasoline, diesel, coal, solar energy, or wood pellets. Utilizing any fuel source that can create heat, RemoteGen enables the choice of the most appropriate fuel source available. The engines operate without friction, wear, or maintenance. These abilities pave the way for self-powered appliances, such as refrigerators and furnaces. Numerous applications for RemoteGen include quiet, pollution-free generators for RVs and yachts, power for cell phone towers remote from the grid, and off-grid residential power variously using propane, ethanol, and solid biomass fuels. One utility and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory are evaluating a solar dish concentrator version with excellent potential for powering remote irrigation pumps.

Verbenone Plus reduces levels of tree mortality attributed to mountain pine beetle infestations in whitebark pine, a tree species of concern

Treesearch

Christopher J. Fettig; Beverly M. Bulaon; Christopher P. Dabney; Christopher J. Hayes; Stepehen R. McKelvey

2012-01-01

In western North America, recent outbreaks of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, have been severe, long-lasting and well-documented. We review previous research that led to the identification of Verbenone Plus, a novel four-component semiochemical blend [acetophenone, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol + (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, and (–)-verbenone]...

Stimulatory effect on rat thymocytes proliferation and antimicrobial activity of two 6-(propan-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholine-2,5-diones.

PubMed

Pavlovic, Voja; Djordjevic, Aleksandra; Cherneva, Emiliya; Yancheva, Denitsa; Smelcerovic, Andrija

2012-03-01

Recently we reported the identification and synthesis of cyclodidepsipeptides, 3,6-di(propan-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholine-2,5-dione (PPM) and 3-(2-methylpropyl)-6-(propan-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholine-2,5-dione (BPM), as potential precursors of enniatin B in Fusarium sporotrichioides. No data concerning biological activity of PPM and BPM have hitherto been published. The possible immunomodulatory effect and antimicrobial activity of PPM and BPM were investigated in this study, due to well known biological activities of enniatin B. The cytotoxicity effect of PPM and BPM on rat thymocytes demonstrated that increasing concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 μg/well) of PPM and BPM to cell culture, showed no significant effect on thymocytes toxicity. Simultaneously, incubation with studied cyclodidepsipeptides did not result with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Further, thymocytes exposure to increasing concentration of PPM and BPM was not able to induce significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in rat thymocytes. PPM and BPM administrations to cell culture in concentrations of 0.1 and 1 μg/well resulted with no significant increase of proliferative activity. However, significantly increased proliferative activity was detected with 10 μg of PPM (p<0.001) and BPM (p<0.05), as compared to their respective controls. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of PPM and BPM was tested against two Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria. The results indicated that MIC values against tested strains ranged between 2.00 and 25.00 mg/ml. PPM showed much better activity against all tested bacteria in comparison with BPM. PPM was equally effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, at the dose of 2.00 mg/ml. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Water content of delivered gases during non-invasive ventilation in healthy subjects.

PubMed

Lellouche, François; Maggiore, Salvatore Maurizio; Lyazidi, Aissam; Deye, Nicolas; Taillé, Solenne; Brochard, Laurent

2009-06-01

No clear recommendation exists concerning humidification during non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and high flow CPAP, and few hygrometric data are available. We measured hygrometry during NIV delivered to healthy subjects with different humidification strategies: heated humidifier (HH), heat and moisture exchanger, (HME) or no humidification (NoH). For each strategy, a turbine and an ICU ventilator were used with different FiO(2) settings, with and without leaks. During CPAP, two different HH and NoH were tested. Inspired gases hygrometry was measured, and comfort was assessed. On a bench, we also assessed the impact of ambient air temperature, ventilator temperature and minute ventilation on HH performances (with NIV settings). During NIV, with NoH, gas humidity was very low when an ICU ventilator was used (5 mgH(2)O/l), but equivalent to ambient air hygrometry with a turbine ventilator at minimal FiO(2) (13 mgH(2)O/l). HME and HH had comparable performances (25-30 mgH(2)O/l), but HME's effectiveness was reduced with leaks (15 mgH(2)O/l). HH performances were reduced by elevated ambient air and ventilator output temperatures. During CPAP, dry gases (5 mgH(2)O/l) were less tolerated than humidified gases. Gases humidified at 15 or 30 mgH(2)O/l were equally tolerated. This study provides data on the level of humidity delivered with different humidification strategies during NIV and CPAP. HH and HME provide gas with the highest water content. Comfort data suggest that levels above 15 mgH(2)O/l are well tolerated. In favorable conditions, HH and HMEs are capable of providing such values, even in the presence of leaks.

Linkage isomerism in trimeric and polymeric 2,3-cis-procyanindins

Treesearch

Richard W. Hemingway; Lai Yeap Foo; Lawrence J. Porter

1982-01-01

Procyanindins polymers consist of chains of 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavan-3-ol units linked by C(4)-C(6) or C(4)-C(8) bonds.1 Whereas the procyanidin-B group of dimers are known to exist as pairs of isomers with common flavan-3-ol units, but different interflavanoid linkages,2,3 the extent of such isomerism in...

41 CFR 102-74.280 - Are privately owned vehicles converted for propane carburetion permitted in underground parking...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (Continued) FEDERAL MANAGEMENT REGULATION REAL PROPERTY 74-FACILITY MANAGEMENT Facility Management Parking... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Are privately owned vehicles converted for propane carburetion permitted in underground parking facilities? 102-74.280 Section...

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Alternative Fuels Help Ensure America's

Science.gov Websites

key players from the start. For example, a strategic partnership with Black Bear Solar Institute led is replacing its fleet vehicles with efficient and alternative fuel vehicles. For example, in recent deploying seven propane mowers, thanks to a donation from the Propane Education & Research Council (PERC

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Vehicle Emissions

Science.gov Websites

compared to conventional gasoline and diesel fuel. When used as a vehicle fuel, propane can offer life , processing, manufacturing, distribution, use, and disposal or recycling. When comparing fuels, a life cycle GREET model estimates the life cycle petroleum use and GHG emissions for multiple fuels. When this model

Comparison of Various Configurations of CDC-type Traps for the Collection of Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli in Southern Israel

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-01

Lutzomyia spp. sand...effects were produced by combining CO2 with red LEDs and a 1-octen-3-ol/1-hexen- 3-ol lure for Lutzomyia shannoni (Mann et al. 2009) and...effective in the capture of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia intermedia? An evaluation of synthetic human odor as an attractant

Condensed Tannin Reacts with SO2 during Wine Aging, Yielding Flavan-3-ol Sulfonates.

PubMed

Ma, Lingjun; Watrelot, Aude A; Addison, Bennett; Waterhouse, Andrew L

2018-06-08

Numerous monomeric and oligomeric flavanol sulfonation products were observed in 10 wines. Levels of 0.85-20.06 and 0-14.72 mg/L were quantified for two monomeric sulfonated flavan-3-ols and, surprisingly, were generally higher than the well-known native flavan-3-ol monomers. Increasing SO 2 levels during wine aging increased the sulfonate-modified flavan-3-ol monomers and dimers along with higher concentrations of native monomers. The results indicate that >10% of SO 2 is reacting with the C-4 carbocation, formed from acid cleavage of the interflavan bond, perhaps by a bimolecular S N 2-type reaction, and as a reducing agent. In addition, the high SO 2 wine had the lowest protein-binding tannin levels, tannin activity, and mean degree of polymerization (mDP), and acidic SO 2 treatment of condensed tannin abolishes protein binding. Thus, SO 2 changes tannin composition during wine aging, and the substantial formation of sulfonate-modified flavan-3-ols may provide an additional explanation for the reduction in astringency of aged red wines.

APMP.QM-K111—propane in nitrogen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Tsai-Yin; Liu, Hsin-Wang; Huang, Chiung-Kun; Kang, Namgoo; Bae, Hyun Kil; Woo, Jin Chun; Bi, Zhe; Zhou, Zeyi; Sinweeruthai, Ratirat; Wongjuk, Arnuttachai; Li, Hou; Beng Keat, Teo; Hui, Liu; Wu, Thomas; Hock Ann, Chua; Smeulders, Damian; Briton McCallum, John; Tendai Satumba, Raymond; Shimosaka, Takuya; Matsumoto, Nobuhiro; Kadir, Haslina Abdul; Fauzi Ahmad, Mohamad; Nasir, Noor Hidaya Abdul; Nishino, Tomoe; Akima, Dai; Uehara, Shinji

2018-01-01

This document describes the result of a key comparison for propane in nitrogen. The nominal amount-of-substance fraction of propane is 1000 μmol/mol. The comparison aimed to assess the measurement capability of participants in gas analysis. Nine NMIs or DIs participated in the comparison. CERI participated in a key comparison CCQM-K111—propane in nitrogen, and coordinated this key comparison. Therefore, every participants' results of this comparison are linking to the CCQM-K111. Gravimetric values of the samples were used as key comparison reference values (KCRVs). Measured values of eight participants were within +/- 0.25 % of the KCRVs. Many participants reported purity or impurity analysis of materials. These results are also able to assess the participants' capability of the analysis. Main text To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

Sesquiterpenoids with antialgal activity against the common red tide microalgae from marine macroalga Porphyra yezoensis.

PubMed

Sun, Ying-Ying; Xing, Jing-Zeng; Zhang, Jian-Shuo; Zhou, Wen-Jing; Pu, Yin-Fang

2018-03-01

Previous studies showed that methanol extracts from Porphyra yezoensis significantly inhibited Karenia mikimitoi and Skeletonema costatum. Five sesquiterpenoids (1-5) were successfully isolated from this marine macroalga through a combination of silica gel column chromatography and repeated preparative thin-layer chromatography in this paper. Their structure was identified as gossonorol (1), 7,10-epoxy-ar-bisabol-11-ol (2), cyclonerodiol (3), cadinol, (4) and 4-cadinen-1-ol (5) on the basis of spectroscopic data. These sesquiterpenoids were isolated from Porphyra yezoensis for the first time, and cyclonerodiol (3) and cadinol (4) isolated from marine macroalgae for the first time. Further, a quantitative relationship between the inhibition of algal growth and the concentration of each antialgal sesquiterpenoid (gossonorol, 7,10-epoxy-ar-bisabol-11-ol and cyclonerodiol) was determined and important parameters, e.g., EC 50-96h for future practical HAB control are to be obtained. Results showed that three sesquiterpenoids (1-3) had selective antialgal activity against the growth of red tide microalgae (Amphidinium carterae, Heterosigma akashiwo, Karenia mikimitoi, Phaeocystis globosa, Prorocentrum donghaiense, and Skeletonema costatum). More than two test red tide microalgae were significantly inhibited by these three sesquiterpenoids (1-3). Their antialgal activity against red tide microalgae has not been previously reported. Furthermore, EC 50-96h of gossonorol (1) and 7,10-epoxy-ar-bisabol-11-ol (2) for specific test red microalgae were not only significantly less than 10 μg/mL, but also were smaller than/or very close to those of potassium dichromate. Gossonorol (1) and 7,10-epoxy-ar-bisabol-11-ol (2) possessed good application potential than potassium dichromate as a characteristic antialgal agent against the specific harmful red tide microalgae (Heterosigma akashiwo, Phaeocystis globosa, and Prorocentrum donghaiense) (or Heterosigma akashiwo and Karenia mikimitoi).