The offshore export of sand during exceptional discharge from California rivers

USGS Publications Warehouse

Warrick, Jonathan A.; Barnard, Patrick L.

2012-01-01

Littoral cells along active tectonic margins receive large inputs of sand and gravel from coastal watersheds and commonly lose this sediment to submarine canyons. One hypothesis is that the majority of coarse (sand and gravel) river sediment discharge will be emplaced within and immediately “resupply” local littoral cells. A competing hypothesis is that the infrequent, large floods that supply the majority of littoral sediment may discharge water-sediment mixtures within negatively buoyant hyperpycnal plumes that transport sediment offshore of the littoral cell. Here we summarize pre- and post-flood surveys of two wave-dominated California (United States) river deltas during record to near-record floods to help evaluate these hypotheses: the 1982–1983 delta at the San Lorenzo River mouth and the 2005 delta at the Santa Clara River mouth. Flood sedimentation at both deltas resulted in several meters of aggradation and hundreds of meters of offshore displacement of isobaths. One substantial difference between these deltas was the thick (>2 m) aggradation of sand on the inner shelf of the Santa Clara River delta that contained substantial amounts (∼50%) of littoral-grade sediment. Once deposited on the inner shelf, only a fraction (∼20%) of this river sand was observed to migrate toward the beach over the following 5 yr. Furthermore, simple hypopycnal plume behavior could not explain deposition of this sand on the inner shelf. Thus, during an exceptional flood a substantial amount of littoral-grade sand was exported offshore of the littoral system at the Santa Clara River mouth—likely from hyperpycnal plume processes—and was deposited on the inner shelf.

Geology and ground-water resources of Waushara County, Wisconsin

USGS Publications Warehouse

Summers, William Kelly

1965-01-01

Abundant ground water for irrigation is available in the outwash deposits in western Waushara County, and many more large-capacity wells can be developed in these deposits without seriously lowering the water level. Pumping for irrigation temporarily lowers water levels in the vicinity of the wells but has not lowered regional water levels. Pumpage has probably intercepted and utilized some of the recharge that would have been rapidly discharged from the aquifer. Ground water is continuously being discharged to streams and to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration, but intermittent recharge from precipitation replaces the discharged water. Recharge and discharge are in approximate balance, maintaining about the same amount of ground water in storage. Further recharge to the aquifer is rapidly discharged to streams. The sandstones, till, and glaciolacustrine deposits in Waushara County generally yield small to moderate amounts of water to wells but do not produce enough water for irrigation ; recent alluvium may yield large quantities of water to wells. In general, the ground water is of good quality, except for hardness and local high-iron concentrations.

Structure, thermodynamic and electronic properties of carbon-nitrogen cubanes and protonated polynitrogen cations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chaban, Vitaly V.; Andreeva, Nadezhda A.

2017-12-01

Energy generation and storage are at the center of modern civilization. Energetic materials constitute quite a large class of compounds with a high amount of stored chemical energy that can be released. We hereby use a combination of quantum chemistry methods to investigate feasibility and properties of carbon-nitrogen cubanes and multi-charged polynitrogen cations in the context of their synthesis and application as unprecedented energetic materials. We show that the stored energy increases gradually with the nitrogen content increase. Nitrogen-poor cubanes retain their stabilities in vacuum, even at elevated temperatures. Such molecules will be probably synthesized at some point. In turn, polynitrogen cations are highly unstable, except N8H+, despite they are isoelectronic to all-carbon cubane. Kinetic stability of the cation decays drastically as its total charge increases. High-level thermodynamic calculations revealed that large amounts of energy are liberated upon decompositions of polynitrogen cations, which produce molecular nitrogen, acetylene, and protons. The present results bring a substantial insights to the design of novel high-energy compounds.

26 CFR 1.108-6 - Limitations on the exclusion of income from the discharge of qualified real property business...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., immediately before the discharge, are equivalent to principal, in that interest on such amounts would accrue and compound in the future, except that outstanding principal amount shall not include amounts that...

The radioactivity of seasonal dust storms in the Middle East: the May 2012 case study in Jordan.

PubMed

Hamadneh, Hamed S; Ababneh, Zaid Q; Hamasha, Khadeejeh M; Ababneh, Anas M

2015-02-01

Dust storms in the Middle East are common during spring. Some of these storms are massive and carry a large amount of dust from faraway regions, which pose health and pollution risks. The huge dust storm event occurred in early May, 2012 was investigated for its radioactive content using gamma ray spectroscopy. Dust samples were collected from Northern Jordan and it was found that the storm carried a large amount of both artificial and natural radioactivity. The average activity concentration of fallout (137)Cs was 17.0 Bq/kg which is larger than that found in soil (2.3 Bq/kg), and this enrichment is attributed to particle size effects. (7)Be which is of atmospheric origin and has a relatively short half-life, was detected in dust with relatively large activity concentrations, as it would be expected, with an average of 2860 Bq/kg, but it was not detected in soil. Despite the large activity concentration of (7)Be, dose assessment showed that it does not contribute significantly to the effective dose through inhalation. The concentrations of the primodial nuclides (40)K, (232)Th and (238)U were 547, 30.0 and 49.3 Bq/kg, respectively. With the exception of (40)K, these were comparable to what was found in soil. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

26 CFR 31.3102-3 - Collection of, and liability for, employee tax on tips.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., an amount equal to wages as defined in section 3121(a) except that tips and noncash remuneration... section 3401(a) (exclusive of tips); and (iii) The amount of taxes imposed on the remuneration of an... amounts deducted from an employee's remuneration in excess of the correct amount of employee tax, see § 31...

THE SEGUE K GIANT SURVEY. III. QUANTIFYING GALACTIC HALO SUBSTRUCTURE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Janesh, William; Morrison, Heather L.; Ma, Zhibo

2016-01-10

We statistically quantify the amount of substructure in the Milky Way stellar halo using a sample of 4568 halo K giant stars at Galactocentric distances ranging over 5–125 kpc. These stars have been selected photometrically and confirmed spectroscopically as K giants from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey’s Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration project. Using a position–velocity clustering estimator (the 4distance) and a model of a smooth stellar halo, we quantify the amount of substructure in the halo, divided by distance and metallicity. Overall, we find that the halo as a whole is highly structured. We also confirm earliermore » work using blue horizontal branch (BHB) stars which showed that there is an increasing amount of substructure with increasing Galactocentric radius, and additionally find that the amount of substructure in the halo increases with increasing metallicity. Comparing to resampled BHB stars, we find that K giants and BHBs have similar amounts of substructure over equivalent ranges of Galactocentric radius. Using a friends-of-friends algorithm to identify members of individual groups, we find that a large fraction (∼33%) of grouped stars are associated with Sgr, and identify stars belonging to other halo star streams: the Orphan Stream, the Cetus Polar Stream, and others, including previously unknown substructures. A large fraction of sample K giants (more than 50%) are not grouped into any substructure. We find also that the Sgr stream strongly dominates groups in the outer halo for all except the most metal-poor stars, and suggest that this is the source of the increase of substructure with Galactocentric radius and metallicity.« less

VizieR Online Data Catalog: The SEGUE K giant survey. III. Galactic halo (Janesh+, 2016)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Janesh, W.; Morrison, H. L.; Ma, Z.; Rockosi, C.; Starkenburg, E.; Xue, X. X.; Rix, H.-W.; Harding, P.; Beers, T. C.; Johnson, J.; Lee, Y. S.; Schneider, D. P.

2016-03-01

We statistically quantify the amount of substructure in the Milky Way stellar halo using a sample of 4568 halo K giant stars at Galactocentric distances ranging over 5-125kpc. These stars have been selected photometrically and confirmed spectroscopically as K giants from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey's Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SEGUE) project. Using a position-velocity clustering estimator (the 4distance) and a model of a smooth stellar halo, we quantify the amount of substructure in the halo, divided by distance and metallicity. Overall, we find that the halo as a whole is highly structured. We also confirm earlier work using blue horizontal branch (BHB) stars which showed that there is an increasing amount of substructure with increasing Galactocentric radius, and additionally find that the amount of substructure in the halo increases with increasing metallicity. Comparing to resampled BHB stars, we find that K giants and BHBs have similar amounts of substructure over equivalent ranges of Galactocentric radius. Using a friends-of-friends algorithm to identify members of individual groups, we find that a large fraction (~33%) of grouped stars are associated with Sgr, and identify stars belonging to other halo star streams: the Orphan Stream, the Cetus Polar Stream, and others, including previously unknown substructures. A large fraction of sample K giants (more than 50%) are not grouped into any substructure. We find also that the Sgr stream strongly dominates groups in the outer halo for all except the most metal-poor stars, and suggest that this is the source of the increase of substructure with Galactocentric radius and metallicity. (2 data files).

[Effects of slopes on nitrogen transport along with runoff from sloping plots on a lateritic red soil amended with sewage sludge].

PubMed

Chen, Yan-Hui; Chen, Ming-Hua; Wang, Guo; Chen, Wen-Xiang; Yang, Shun-Cheng; Chai, Peng

2010-10-01

The effects of different slopes on nitrogen transport along with runoff from sloping plots amended with sewage sludge on a lateritic red soil were studied under simulated rainfall conditions. When the sludge was broadcasted and mixed with surface soils (BM), the MTN (total nitrogen of mixing sample), STN (total nitrogen of settled sample), TPN (total particulate nitrogen), TSN (total suspended nitrogen), TDN (total dissolved nitrogen) and NH4(+) -N concentrations and nitrogen loss amounts in runoff of all treatments were highest at 1 day or 18 days after application. The highest concentrations and the loss amounts of MTN and STN in the slope runoff for the BM treatment increased with slope degree, showing increasing pollution risks to the surface waters. The STN concentration and loss amounts from the 25 degrees plots were 126.1 mg x L(-1) and 1788.6 mg x m(-2), respectively, being 4.6 times and 5.8 times of the corresponding values from the 10 degrees plots, respectively. Then the concentrations and the loss amounts of nitrogen (except NO3(-) -N) from the BM plots diminished rapidly first and then tended to be stable with dwindling differences between the slopes. The loss of MTN and STN in early runoff (1 day and 18 days) accounted for 68.6% -73.4% and 62.3% -66.7% of the cumulative loss amounts during the experimental period for all the broadcasted treatments. Runoff loss coefficients of MTN increased in the order of 20 degrees > 25 degrees > 15 degrees > 10 degrees. Nitrogen was largely lost in dissolved species while large portion of NH4(+) -N was lost with particulates.

The Genetic Program of Pancreatic β-Cell Replication In Vivo

PubMed Central

Klochendler, Agnes; Caspi, Inbal; Corem, Noa; Moran, Maya; Friedlich, Oriel; Elgavish, Sharona; Nevo, Yuval; Helman, Aharon; Glaser, Benjamin; Eden, Amir; Itzkovitz, Shalev

2016-01-01

The molecular program underlying infrequent replication of pancreatic β-cells remains largely inaccessible. Using transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein in cycling cells, we sorted live, replicating β-cells and determined their transcriptome. Replicating β-cells upregulate hundreds of proliferation-related genes, along with many novel putative cell cycle components. Strikingly, genes involved in β-cell functions, namely, glucose sensing and insulin secretion, were repressed. Further studies using single-molecule RNA in situ hybridization revealed that in fact, replicating β-cells double the amount of RNA for most genes, but this upregulation excludes genes involved in β-cell function. These data suggest that the quiescence-proliferation transition involves global amplification of gene expression, except for a subset of tissue-specific genes, which are “left behind” and whose relative mRNA amount decreases. Our work provides a unique resource for the study of replicating β-cells in vivo. PMID:26993067

26 CFR 1.6664-4T - Reasonable cause and good faith exception to section 6662 penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 13 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Reasonable cause and good faith exception to..., Additional Amounts, and Assessable Penalties § 1.6664-4T Reasonable cause and good faith exception to section... section 482 transfer price adjustments. For purposes of applying the reasonable cause and good faith...

26 CFR 1.6664-4 - Reasonable cause and good faith exception to section 6662 penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 13 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Reasonable cause and good faith exception to..., Additional Amounts, and Assessable Penalties § 1.6664-4 Reasonable cause and good faith exception to section... taxpayer acted in good faith with respect to, such portion. Rules for determining whether the reasonable...

26 CFR 1.6664-4T - Reasonable cause and good faith exception to section 6662 penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 13 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Reasonable cause and good faith exception to..., Additional Amounts, and Assessable Penalties § 1.6664-4T Reasonable cause and good faith exception to section... section 482 transfer price adjustments. For purposes of applying the reasonable cause and good faith...

26 CFR 1.6664-4T - Reasonable cause and good faith exception to section 6662 penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 13 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Reasonable cause and good faith exception to..., Additional Amounts, and Assessable Penalties § 1.6664-4T Reasonable cause and good faith exception to section... section 482 transfer price adjustments. For purposes of applying the reasonable cause and good faith...

26 CFR 1.6664-4 - Reasonable cause and good faith exception to section 6662 penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 13 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Reasonable cause and good faith exception to..., Additional Amounts, and Assessable Penalties § 1.6664-4 Reasonable cause and good faith exception to section... taxpayer acted in good faith with respect to, such portion. Rules for determining whether the reasonable...

26 CFR 1.6664-4T - Reasonable cause and good faith exception to section 6662 penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 13 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Reasonable cause and good faith exception to..., Additional Amounts, and Assessable Penalties § 1.6664-4T Reasonable cause and good faith exception to section... section 482 transfer price adjustments. For purposes of applying the reasonable cause and good faith...

26 CFR 1.6664-4 - Reasonable cause and good faith exception to section 6662 penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 13 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Reasonable cause and good faith exception to..., Additional Amounts, and Assessable Penalties § 1.6664-4 Reasonable cause and good faith exception to section... taxpayer acted in good faith with respect to, such portion. Rules for determining whether the reasonable...

17 CFR 30.7 - Treatment of foreign futures or foreign options secured amount.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION FOREIGN FUTURES AND FOREIGN OPTIONS TRANSACTIONS § 30.7 Treatment of foreign futures or foreign options secured amount. (a) Except as provided in this section, a futures commission... options customers denominated as the foreign futures or foreign options secured amount. Such money...

7 CFR 457.124 - Raisin crop insurance provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... maximum dollar amount. The value per ton established by FCIC and shown in the actuarial documents... insured tonnage by the reference maximum dollar amount, by the coverage level percentage you elect, and by... maximum dollar amount, except if your damaged production undergoes a USDA inspection and is stored by your...

7 CFR 457.124 - Raisin crop insurance provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... maximum dollar amount. The value per ton established by FCIC and shown in the actuarial documents... insured tonnage by the reference maximum dollar amount, by the coverage level percentage you elect, and by... maximum dollar amount, except if your damaged production undergoes a USDA inspection and is stored by your...

7 CFR 457.124 - Raisin crop insurance provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... maximum dollar amount. The value per ton established by FCIC and shown in the actuarial documents... insured tonnage by the reference maximum dollar amount, by the coverage level percentage you elect, and by... maximum dollar amount, except if your damaged production undergoes a USDA inspection and is stored by your...

26 CFR 1.25-2T - Amount of credit (Temporary).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Changes in Rates During A Taxable Year § 1.25-2T Amount of credit (Temporary). (a) In general. Except as... average annual aggregate principal amount of mortgages executed during the immediately preceding 3... that the weighted average of the certificate credit rates in such mortgage credit certificate program...

45 CFR 1611.5 - Authorized exceptions to the annual income ceiling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...) The applicant's income does not exceed 200% of the applicable Federal Poverty Guidelines amount and... applicable Federal Poverty Guidelines amount and the recipient has determined that the applicant should be...

45 CFR 1611.5 - Authorized exceptions to the annual income ceiling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...) The applicant's income does not exceed 200% of the applicable Federal Poverty Guidelines amount and... applicable Federal Poverty Guidelines amount and the recipient has determined that the applicant should be...

45 CFR 1611.5 - Authorized exceptions to the annual income ceiling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...) The applicant's income does not exceed 200% of the applicable Federal Poverty Guidelines amount and... applicable Federal Poverty Guidelines amount and the recipient has determined that the applicant should be...

45 CFR 1611.5 - Authorized exceptions to the annual income ceiling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...) The applicant's income does not exceed 200% of the applicable Federal Poverty Guidelines amount and... applicable Federal Poverty Guidelines amount and the recipient has determined that the applicant should be...

45 CFR 1611.5 - Authorized exceptions to the annual income ceiling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) The applicant's income does not exceed 200% of the applicable Federal Poverty Guidelines amount and... applicable Federal Poverty Guidelines amount and the recipient has determined that the applicant should be...

17 CFR 240.17i-7 - Calculations of allowable capital and risk allowances or alternative capital assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...) Cumulative and non-cumulative preferred stock, except that the amount of cumulative preferred stock may not..., and credit substitutes in as follows: (1) By multiplying the credit equivalent amount of the... accordance with the following: (i) Credit equivalent amount: (A) Certain loans and loan commitments...

17 CFR 240.17i-7 - Calculations of allowable capital and risk allowances or alternative capital assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...) Cumulative and non-cumulative preferred stock, except that the amount of cumulative preferred stock may not..., and credit substitutes in as follows: (1) By multiplying the credit equivalent amount of the... accordance with the following: (i) Credit equivalent amount: (A) Certain loans and loan commitments...

17 CFR 240.17i-7 - Calculations of allowable capital and risk allowances or alternative capital assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...) Cumulative and non-cumulative preferred stock, except that the amount of cumulative preferred stock may not..., and credit substitutes in as follows: (1) By multiplying the credit equivalent amount of the... accordance with the following: (i) Credit equivalent amount: (A) Certain loans and loan commitments...

17 CFR 240.17i-7 - Calculations of allowable capital and risk allowances or alternative capital assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...) Cumulative and non-cumulative preferred stock, except that the amount of cumulative preferred stock may not..., and credit substitutes in as follows: (1) By multiplying the credit equivalent amount of the... accordance with the following: (i) Credit equivalent amount: (A) Certain loans and loan commitments...

40 CFR 258.74 - Allowable mechanisms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... post-closure care, up to an amount equal to the face amount of the policy. (3) The insurance policy must be issued for a face amount at least equal to the current cost estimate for closure or post-closure care, whichever is applicable, except as provided in paragraph (k) of this section. The term face...

40 CFR 258.74 - Allowable mechanisms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... post-closure care, up to an amount equal to the face amount of the policy. (3) The insurance policy must be issued for a face amount at least equal to the current cost estimate for closure or post-closure care, whichever is applicable, except as provided in paragraph (k) of this section. The term face...

26 CFR 1.1441-3 - Determination of amounts to be withheld.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... gross amount. Except as otherwise provided in regulations under section 1441, the amount subject to... 881(a). (ii) Anti-abuse rule. The exemption in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section does not apply if... withholding under section 1445 and the regulations under that section. See paragraph (c)(4) of this section...

26 CFR 1.1441-3 - Determination of amounts to be withheld.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... gross amount. Except as otherwise provided in regulations under section 1441, the amount subject to... 881(a). (ii) Anti-abuse rule. The exemption in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section does not apply if... withholding under section 1445 and the regulations under that section. See paragraph (c)(4) of this section...

26 CFR 1.1441-3 - Determination of amounts to be withheld.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... gross amount. Except as otherwise provided in regulations under section 1441, the amount subject to... 881(a). (ii) Anti-abuse rule. The exemption in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section does not apply if... withholding under section 1445 and the regulations under that section. See paragraph (c)(4) of this section...

46 CFR 252.30 - Amount of subsidy payable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Subsidy Rates § 252.30 Amount of subsidy payable. (a) Daily rates. Daily ODS rates shall be used to quantify the amount of ODS payable except for the ODS rates applicable to maintenance and repair expenses, as described separately in § 252.32. The daily ODS rate represents the cost differential between the...

Isolation and amplification of genomic DNA from recalcitrant dried berries of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)--a medicinal spice.

PubMed

Dhanya, K; Kizhakkayil, Jaleel; Syamkumar, S; Sasikumar, B

2007-10-01

Black pepper is an important medicinal spice traded internationally. The extraction of high quality genomic DNA for PCR amplification from dried black pepper is challenging because of the presence of the exceptionally large amount of oxidized polyphenolic compounds, polysaccharides and other secondary metabolites. Here we report a modified hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) protocol by incorporating potassium acetate and a final PEG precipitation step to isolate PCR amplifiable genomic DNA from dried and powdered berries of black pepper. The protocol has trade implication as it will help in the PCR characterization of traded black peppers from different countries.

Some studies on the biosynthesis of ubiquinone, isoprenoid alcohols, squalene and sterols by marine invertebrates

PubMed Central

Walton, M. J.; Pennock, J. F.

1972-01-01

The ability of fourteen marine invertebrates to utilize [14C]mevalonate for the biosynthesis of isoprenoid compounds was investigated. Several of the animals, in particular crustaceans, bivalve molluscs, a coelenterate and a sponge, were unable to synthesize squalene and sterols, whereas gastropod molluscs, echinoderms, an annelid and a sponge could. Regardless of sterol-synthesizing ability the animals (with the exception of a sponge) always made dolichol and ubiquinone, and thus a specific block in squalene and sterol synthesis was indicated in some animals. Radioactivity accumulated in relatively large amounts in farnesol and geranylgeraniol in those animals incapable of making sterols. PMID:4403925

Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Diagnostics

PubMed Central

Racsa, Lori D.; Kraft, Colleen S.; Olinger, Gene G.; Hensley, Lisa E.

2016-01-01

There are 4 families of viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), including Filoviridae. Ebola virus is one virus within the family Filoviridae and the cause of the current outbreak of VHF in West Africa. VHF-endemic areas are found throughout the world, yet traditional diagnosis of VHF has been performed in large reference laboratories centered in Europe and the United States. The large amount of capital needed, as well as highly trained and skilled personnel, has limited the availability of diagnostics in endemic areas except in conjunction with governmental and nongovernmental entities. However, rapid diagnosis of VHF is essential to efforts that will limit outbreaks. In addition, increased global travel suggests VHF diagnoses may be made outside of the endemic areas. Thus, understanding how to diagnose VHF is imperative for laboratories worldwide. This article reviews traditional and current diagnostic modalities for VHF. PMID:26354968

The velocity field of clusters of galaxies within 100 megaparsecs. II - Northern clusters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mould, J. R.; Akeson, R. L.; Bothun, G. D.; Han, M.; Huchra, J. P.; Roth, J.; Schommer, R. A.

1993-01-01

Distances and peculiar velocities for galaxies in eight clusters and groups have been determined by means of the near-infrared Tully-Fisher relation. With the possible exception of a group halfway between us and the Hercules Cluster, we observe peculiar velocities of the same order as the measuring errors of about 400 km/s. The present sample is drawn from the northern Galactic hemisphere and delineates a quiet region in the Hubble flow. This contrasts with the large-scale flows seen in the Hydra-Centaurus and Perseus-Pisces regions. We compare the observed peculiar velocities with predictions based upon the gravity field inferred from the IRAS redshift survey. The differences between the observed and predicted peculiar motions are generally small, except near dense structures, where the observed motions exceed the predictions by significant amounts. Kinematic models of the velocity field are also compared with the data. We cannot distinguish between parameterized models with a great attractor or models with a bulk flow.

Associations between sleep disturbance and alcohol drinking: A large-scale epidemiological study of adolescents in Japan.

PubMed

Morioka, Hisayoshi; Itani, Osamu; Kaneita, Yoshitaka; Ikeda, Maki; Kondo, Shuji; Yamamoto, Ryuichiro; Osaki, Yoneatsu; Kanda, Hideyuki; Higuchi, Susumu; Ohida, Takashi

2013-12-01

In this study, we attempted to clarify the associations between various sleep disturbance symptoms and the frequency and amount of alcohol use among Japanese adolescents. This study was designed as a cross-sectional sampling survey. A self-administered questionnaire survey was administered to students enrolled in randomly selected junior and senior high schools throughout Japan. A total of 99,416 adolescents responded, and 98,867 questionnaires were subjected to analysis. The prevalence rates of sleep disturbance in the 30 days preceding the day of the survey were as follows: subjectively insufficient sleep (SIS) (boys: 37.6%, girls: 38.7%); short sleep duration (SSD) with less than 6 h of sleep (boys: 28.0%, girls: 33.0%); difficulty initiating sleep (DIS) (boys: 12.5%, girls: 14.1%); difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS) (boys: 10.1%, girls: 10.9%); and early morning awakening (EMA) (boys: 5.1%, girls: 5.0%). Adolescents reporting one or more symptoms of DIS, DMS, and EMA were classified as having insomnia, and its prevalence was 21.5%. The prevalence of each symptom of sleep disturbance increased significantly with the number of days on which alcohol was consumed in the previous 30 days and the amount of alcohol consumed per drinking session (p < 0.01). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for each symptom of sleep disturbance, except SIS and EMA, tended to increase with the number of days on which alcohol was consumed and the amount of alcohol consumed per drinking session. The prevalence of sleep disturbance is particularly high among adolescents drinking alcohol. The risk of having each symptom of sleep disturbance, except SIS and EMA, increases with the number of days on which alcohol was consumed and the amount of alcohol consumed per drinking session. These findings reconfirm the need to eliminate underage drinking to ensure good sleep among adolescents. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Efficiently modeling neural networks on massively parallel computers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Farber, Robert M.

1993-01-01

Neural networks are a very useful tool for analyzing and modeling complex real world systems. Applying neural network simulations to real world problems generally involves large amounts of data and massive amounts of computation. To efficiently handle the computational requirements of large problems, we have implemented at Los Alamos a highly efficient neural network compiler for serial computers, vector computers, vector parallel computers, and fine grain SIMD computers such as the CM-2 connection machine. This paper describes the mapping used by the compiler to implement feed-forward backpropagation neural networks for a SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) architecture parallel computer. Thinking Machines Corporation has benchmarked our code at 1.3 billion interconnects per second (approximately 3 gigaflops) on a 64,000 processor CM-2 connection machine (Singer 1990). This mapping is applicable to other SIMD computers and can be implemented on MIMD computers such as the CM-5 connection machine. Our mapping has virtually no communications overhead with the exception of the communications required for a global summation across the processors (which has a sub-linear runtime growth on the order of O(log(number of processors)). We can efficiently model very large neural networks which have many neurons and interconnects and our mapping can extend to arbitrarily large networks (within memory limitations) by merging the memory space of separate processors with fast adjacent processor interprocessor communications. This paper will consider the simulation of only feed forward neural network although this method is extendable to recurrent networks.

40 CFR 62.14695 - Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Is there a minimum amount of monitoring... Commenced Construction On or Before November 30, 1999 Monitoring § 62.14695 Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain? (a) Except for monitoring malfunctions, associated repairs, and required...

40 CFR 60.2170 - Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...-control periods, or required monitoring system quality assurance or control activities in calculations... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Is there a minimum amount of monitoring..., 2001 Monitoring § 60.2170 Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain? (a) Except for...

40 CFR 60.2170 - Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Is there a minimum amount of monitoring..., 2001 Monitoring § 60.2170 Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain? (a) Except for monitor malfunctions, associated repairs, and required quality assurance or quality control activities...

40 CFR 62.14695 - Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Is there a minimum amount of monitoring... Commenced Construction On or Before November 30, 1999 Monitoring § 62.14695 Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain? (a) Except for monitoring malfunctions, associated repairs, and required...

40 CFR 62.14695 - Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Is there a minimum amount of monitoring... Commenced Construction On or Before November 30, 1999 Monitoring § 62.14695 Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain? (a) Except for monitoring malfunctions, associated repairs, and required...

40 CFR 62.14695 - Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Is there a minimum amount of monitoring... Commenced Construction On or Before November 30, 1999 Monitoring § 62.14695 Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain? (a) Except for monitoring malfunctions, associated repairs, and required...

40 CFR 60.2735 - Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Is there a minimum amount of monitoring... Construction On or Before November 30, 1999 Model Rule-Monitoring § 60.2735 Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain? (a) Except for monitoring malfunctions, associated repairs, and required...

40 CFR 62.14695 - Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Is there a minimum amount of monitoring... Commenced Construction On or Before November 30, 1999 Monitoring § 62.14695 Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain? (a) Except for monitoring malfunctions, associated repairs, and required...

40 CFR 60.2170 - Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...-control periods, or required monitoring system quality assurance or control activities in calculations... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Is there a minimum amount of monitoring..., 2001 Monitoring § 60.2170 Is there a minimum amount of monitoring data I must obtain? (a) Except for...

Southern California Beaches during the El Niño Winter of 2009/2010

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Doria, A.; Guza, R. T.; Yates, M. L.; O'Reilly, W.

2010-12-01

Storms during the El Niño winter 2009/2010 produced prolonged periods of energetic waves, and severely eroded southern California beaches. Sand elevations were measured at several beaches over alongshore spans of a few km, for up to 5 years, on cross-shore transects extending from the back beach to about 8 meters depth, and spaced every 100 meters alongshore. Wave conditions were estimated using the CDIP network of directional wave buoys. At the Torrey Pines Outer Buoy, the median significant wave height for January 2010 was the largest for any month in the past 10 year record. Anomalous changes in beach sand level, characterized as the excess volume displaced relative to average-winter profiles, were extreme in both the amount of shoreline erosion and the amount of offshore accretion. Anomalous shoreline erosion volumes were almost twice as large as the second-most severe winter, with vertical deviations as large as -2.3m. Anomalous offshore accretion, in depths between 4-8m and as large as 1.5m vertical, was also exceptional. Beach widths, based on the cross-shore location of the Mean Sea Level (MSL) contour, were narrower than measured in previous winters. The accuracy of shoreline (MSL) location, predicted using an existing shoreline change equilibrium model driven with the estimated waves, will be assessed. Beach recovery, based on ongoing surveys, will also be discussed.

NMR spectroscopy for assessment of lipid oxidation during frying

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Except for total polar compounds (TPC), polymerized triacylglycerols (PTAG) and fatty acid composition, most other current standard methods for lipid oxidation detect very small amounts of oxidation products such as hydroperoxides, conjugated dienes, aldehydes, and epoxides. Therefore, amounts of th...

New Insights into Handling Missing Values in Environmental Epidemiological Studies

PubMed Central

Roda, Célina; Nicolis, Ioannis; Momas, Isabelle; Guihenneuc, Chantal

2014-01-01

Missing data are unavoidable in environmental epidemiologic surveys. The aim of this study was to compare methods for handling large amounts of missing values: omission of missing values, single and multiple imputations (through linear regression or partial least squares regression), and a fully Bayesian approach. These methods were applied to the PARIS birth cohort, where indoor domestic pollutant measurements were performed in a random sample of babies' dwellings. A simulation study was conducted to assess performances of different approaches with a high proportion of missing values (from 50% to 95%). Different simulation scenarios were carried out, controlling the true value of the association (odds ratio of 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4), and varying the health outcome prevalence. When a large amount of data is missing, omitting these missing data reduced statistical power and inflated standard errors, which affected the significance of the association. Single imputation underestimated the variability, and considerably increased risk of type I error. All approaches were conservative, except the Bayesian joint model. In the case of a common health outcome, the fully Bayesian approach is the most efficient approach (low root mean square error, reasonable type I error, and high statistical power). Nevertheless for a less prevalent event, the type I error is increased and the statistical power is reduced. The estimated posterior distribution of the OR is useful to refine the conclusion. Among the methods handling missing values, no approach is absolutely the best but when usual approaches (e.g. single imputation) are not sufficient, joint modelling approach of missing process and health association is more efficient when large amounts of data are missing. PMID:25226278

Cloud/climate sensitivity experiments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roads, J. O.; Vallis, G. K.; Remer, L.

1982-01-01

A study of the relationships between large-scale cloud fields and large scale circulation patterns is presented. The basic tool is a multi-level numerical model comprising conservation equations for temperature, water vapor and cloud water and appropriate parameterizations for evaporation, condensation, precipitation and radiative feedbacks. Incorporating an equation for cloud water in a large-scale model is somewhat novel and allows the formation and advection of clouds to be treated explicitly. The model is run on a two-dimensional, vertical-horizontal grid with constant winds. It is shown that cloud cover increases with decreased eddy vertical velocity, decreased horizontal advection, decreased atmospheric temperature, increased surface temperature, and decreased precipitation efficiency. The cloud field is found to be well correlated with the relative humidity field except at the highest levels. When radiative feedbacks are incorporated and the temperature increased by increasing CO2 content, cloud amounts decrease at upper-levels or equivalently cloud top height falls. This reduces the temperature response, especially at upper levels, compared with an experiment in which cloud cover is fixed.

Evaluation of Flush-Mounted, S-Duct Inlets with Large Amounts of Boundary Layer Ingestion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Berrier, Bobby L.; Morehouse, Melissa B.

2003-01-01

A new high Reynolds number test capability for boundary layer ingesting inlets has been developed for the NASA Langley Research Center 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel. Using this new capability, an experimental investigation of four S-duct inlet configurations with large amounts of boundary layer ingestion (nominal boundary layer thickness of about 40% of inlet height) was conducted at realistic operating conditions (high subsonic Mach numbers and full-scale Reynolds numbers). The objectives of this investigation were to 1) provide a database for CFD tool validation on boundary layer ingesting inlets operating at realistic conditions and 2) provide a baseline inlet for future inlet flow-control studies. Tests were conducted at Mach numbers from 0.25 to 0.83, Reynolds numbers (based on duct exit diameter) from 5.1 million to a full-scale value of 13.9 million, and inlet mass-flow ratios from 0.39 to 1.58 depending on Mach number. Results of this investigation indicate that inlet pressure recovery generally decreased and inlet distortion generally increased with increasing Mach number. Except at low Mach numbers, increasing inlet mass-flow increased pressure recovery and increased distortion. Increasing the amount of boundary layer ingestion (by decreasing inlet throat height) or ingesting a boundary layer with a distorted (adverse) profile decreased pressure recovery and increased distortion. Finally, increasing Reynolds number had almost no effect on inlet distortion but increased inlet recovery by about one-half percent at a Mach number near cruise.

Thunderstorms and flooding of August 17, 2007, with a context provided by a history of other large storm and flood events in the Black Hills area of South Dakota

USGS Publications Warehouse

Driscoll, Daniel G.; Bunkers, Matthew J.; Carter, Janet M.; Stamm, John F.; Williamson, Joyce E.

2010-01-01

The Black Hills area of western South Dakota has a history of damaging flash floods that have resulted primarily from exceptionally strong rain-producing thunderstorms. The best known example is the catastrophic storm system of June 9-10, 1972, which caused severe flooding in several major drainages near Rapid City and resulted in 238 deaths. More recently, severe thunderstorms caused flash flooding near Piedmont and Hermosa on August 17, 2007. Obtaining a thorough understanding of peak-flow characteristics for low-probability floods will require a comprehensive long-term approach involving (1) documentation of scientific information for extreme events such as these; (2) long-term collection of systematic peak-flow records; and (3) regional assessments of a wide variety of peak-flow information. To that end, the U.S. Geological Survey cooperated with the South Dakota Department of Transportation and National Weather Service to produce this report, which provides documentation regarding the August 17, 2007, storm and associated flooding and provides a context through examination of other large storm and flood events in the Black Hills area. The area affected by the August 17, 2007, storms and associated flooding generally was within the area affected by the larger storm of June 9-10, 1972. The maximum observed 2007 precipitation totals of between 10.00 and 10.50 inches occurred within about 2-3 hours in a small area about 5 miles west of Hermosa. The maximum documented precipitation amount in 1972 was 15.0 inches, and precipitation totals of 10.0 inches or more were documented for 34 locations within an area of about 76 square miles. A peak flow of less than 1 cubic foot per second occurred upstream from the 2007 storm extent for streamflow-gaging station 06404000 (Battle Creek near Keystone); whereas, the 1972 peak flow of 26,200 cubic feet per second was large, relative to the drainage area of only 58.6 square miles. Farther downstream along Battle Creek, a 2007 flow of 26,000 cubic feet per second was generated entirely within an intervening drainage area of only 44.4 square miles. An especially large flow of 44,100 cubic feet per second was documented for this location in 1972. The 2007 peak flow of 18,600 cubic feet per second for Battle Creek at Hermosa (station 06406000) was only slightly smaller than the 1972 peak flow of 21,400 cubic feet per second. Peak-flow values from 2007 for three sites with small drainage areas (less than 1.0 square mile) plot close to a regional envelope curve, indicating exceptionally large flow values, relative to drainage area. Physiographic factors that affect flooding in the area were examined. The limestone headwater hydrogeologic setting (within and near the Limestone Plateau area on the western flank of the Black Hills) has distinctively suppressed peak-flow characteristics for small recurrence intervals. Uncertainty is large, however, regarding characteristics for large recurrence intervals (low-probability floods) because of a dearth of information regarding the potential for generation of exceptionally strong rain-producing thunderstorms. In contrast, the greatest potential for exceptionally damaging floods is around the flanks of the rest of the Black Hills area because of steep topography and limited potential for attenuation of flood peaks in narrow canyons. Climatological factors that affect area flooding also were examined. Area thunderstorms are largely terrain-driven, especially with respect to their requisite upward motion, which can be initiated by orographic lifting effects, thermally enhanced circulations, and obstacle effects. Several other meteorological processes are influential in the development of especially heavy precipitation for the area, including storm cell training, storm anchoring or regeneration, storm mergers, supercell development, and weak upper-level air flow. A composite of storm total precipitation amounts for 13 recent individual storm events indicates

48 CFR 970.5232-4 - Obligation of funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... substantially underrun. (e) Government's right to terminate not affected. The giving of any notice under this... obligated by the Government with respect to this contract is __ dollars ($__). Such amount may be increased... the Government. Except as otherwise provided in this contract and except for costs which may be...

48 CFR 970.5232-4 - Obligation of funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... substantially underrun. (e) Government's right to terminate not affected. The giving of any notice under this... obligated by the Government with respect to this contract is __ dollars ($__). Such amount may be increased... the Government. Except as otherwise provided in this contract and except for costs which may be...

25 CFR 39.1003 - Allotment exception for FY 1991.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... PROGRAM Administrative Cost Formula § 39.1003 Allotment exception for FY 1991. For FY 1991 only, the Director may reserve an amount equal to no more than one half of the funds received in FY 1990 by those... distributed in accordance with the formula in § 39.122. ...

25 CFR 39.1003 - Allotment exception for FY 1991.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... PROGRAM Administrative Cost Formula § 39.1003 Allotment exception for FY 1991. For FY 1991 only, the Director may reserve an amount equal to no more than one half of the funds received in FY 1990 by those... distributed in accordance with the formula in § 39.122. ...

25 CFR 39.1003 - Allotment exception for FY 1991.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... PROGRAM Administrative Cost Formula § 39.1003 Allotment exception for FY 1991. For FY 1991 only, the Director may reserve an amount equal to no more than one half of the funds received in FY 1990 by those... distributed in accordance with the formula in § 39.122. ...

25 CFR 39.1003 - Allotment exception for FY 1991.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... PROGRAM Administrative Cost Formula § 39.1003 Allotment exception for FY 1991. For FY 1991 only, the Director may reserve an amount equal to no more than one half of the funds received in FY 1990 by those... distributed in accordance with the formula in § 39.122. ...

25 CFR 39.1003 - Allotment exception for FY 1991.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... PROGRAM Administrative Cost Formula § 39.1003 Allotment exception for FY 1991. For FY 1991 only, the Director may reserve an amount equal to no more than one half of the funds received in FY 1990 by those... distributed in accordance with the formula in § 39.122. ...

Annual summary of ground-water conditions in Arizona, spring 1979 to spring 1980

USGS Publications Warehouse

,

1981-01-01

Withdrawal of ground water, about 4.0 million acre-feet in Arizona in 1979, is about 200,000 acre-feet less than the amount withdrawn in 1978. The withdrawals in 1978 and 1979 are the smallest since the mid-1950 's except in 1966. Nearly all the decrease was in the amount of ground water used for irrigation in the Basin and Range lowlands province. The large amount of water in storage in the surface-water reservoirs, release of water from the reservoirs, floods, and conservation practices contributed to the decrease in ground-water use and caused water-level rises in the Salt River Valley, Gila Bend basin, and Gila River drainage from Painted Rock Dam to Texas Hill. Two small-scale maps show ground-water pumpage by areas and the status of the ground-water inventory in the State. The main map, which is at a scale of 1:500,000, shows potential well production, depth to water in selected wells in spring 1980, and change in water level in selected wells from 1975 to 1980. A brief text summarizes the current ground-water conditions in the State. (USGS)

42 CFR 410.152 - Amounts of payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., fair compensation, a pre-treatment prospective payment rate, or a standard overhead amount, or any... formula. (iv) Expenses in excess of the outpatient mental health treatment limitation described in § 410... section.) (b) Basic rules for payment. Except as specified in paragraphs (c) through (h) of this section...

42 CFR 410.152 - Amounts of payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., fair compensation, a pre-treatment prospective payment rate, or a standard overhead amount, or any... formula. (iv) Expenses in excess of the outpatient mental health treatment limitation described in § 410... section.) (b) Basic rules for payment. Except as specified in paragraphs (c) through (h) of this section...

42 CFR 410.152 - Amounts of payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., fair compensation, a pre-treatment prospective payment rate, or a standard overhead amount, or any... formula. (iv) Expenses in excess of the outpatient mental health treatment limitation described in § 410... section.) (b) Basic rules for payment. Except as specified in paragraphs (c) through (h) of this section...

26 CFR 1.1245-4 - Exceptions and limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... limitations. (a) Exception for gifts—(1) General rule. Section 1245(b)(1) provides that no gain shall be recognized under section 1245(a)(1) upon a disposition by gift. For purposes of this paragraph, the term gift...) or (d) (relating to basis of property acquired by gifts). For reduction in amount of charitable...

38 CFR 3.552 - Adjustment of allowance for aid and attendance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... extremities together with loss of anal and bladder sphincter control, or Hansen's disease, except where... the provisions of § 3.551 (except where the disabling condition is Hansen's disease) . (3) Additional... authorized by this section. The rates specified will also be increased by amounts authorized under 38 U.S.C...

38 CFR 3.552 - Adjustment of allowance for aid and attendance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... extremities together with loss of anal and bladder sphincter control, or Hansen's disease, except where... the provisions of § 3.551 (except where the disabling condition is Hansen's disease) . (3) Additional... authorized by this section. The rates specified will also be increased by amounts authorized under 38 U.S.C...

38 CFR 3.552 - Adjustment of allowance for aid and attendance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... extremities together with loss of anal and bladder sphincter control, or Hansen's disease, except where... the provisions of § 3.551 (except where the disabling condition is Hansen's disease) . (3) Additional... authorized by this section. The rates specified will also be increased by amounts authorized under 38 U.S.C...

38 CFR 3.552 - Adjustment of allowance for aid and attendance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... extremities together with loss of anal and bladder sphincter control, or Hansen's disease, except where... the provisions of § 3.551 (except where the disabling condition is Hansen's disease) . (3) Additional... authorized by this section. The rates specified will also be increased by amounts authorized under 38 U.S.C...

MAGNETIC UNTWISTING IN SOLAR JETS THAT GO INTO THE OUTER CORONA IN POLAR CORONAL HOLES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Moore, Ronald L.; Sterling, Alphonse C.; Falconer, David A., E-mail: ron.moore@nasa.gov

We study 14 large solar jets observed in polar coronal holes. In EUV movies from the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA), each jet appears similar to most X-ray jets and EUV jets that erupt in coronal holes; but each is exceptional in that it goes higher than most, so high that it is observed in the outer corona beyond 2.2 R{sub Sun} in images from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Large Angle Spectroscopic Coronagraph (LASCO)/C2 coronagraph. From AIA He ii 304 Å movies and LASCO/C2 running-difference images of these high-reaching jets, we find: (1) the front of the jet transitsmore » the corona below 2.2 R{sub Sun} at a speed typically several times the sound speed; (2) each jet displays an exceptionally large amount of spin as it erupts; (3) in the outer corona, most of the jets display measureable swaying and bending of a few degrees in amplitude; in three jets the swaying is discernibly oscillatory with a period of order 1 hr. These characteristics suggest that the driver in these jets is a magnetic-untwisting wave that is basically a large-amplitude (i.e., nonlinear) torsional Alfvén wave that is put into the reconnected open field in the jet by interchange reconnection as the jet erupts. From the measured spinning and swaying, we estimate that the magnetic-untwisting wave loses most of its energy in the inner corona below 2.2 R{sub Sun}. We point out that the torsional waves observed in Type-II spicules might dissipate in the corona in the same way as the magnetic-untwisting waves in our big jets, and thereby power much of the coronal heating in coronal holes.« less

7 CFR 457.124 - Raisin crop insurance provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... maximum dollar amount—The value per ton established by FCIC and shown in the actuarial documents... insured tonnage by the reference maximum dollar amount, by the coverage level percentage you elect, and by... maximum dollar amount, except if your damaged production undergoes a USDA inspection and is stored by your...

26 CFR 3.7 - Tax treatment of nonqualified withdrawals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... and additions to tax under such sections, simple interest on the amount of the tax attributable to any... payment of interest with respect to such amounts. (b) Nonqualified withdrawals defined. Except as provided...(e). (e) Interest. (1) For the period on or before the last date prescribed by law, including...

20 CFR 225.26 - Residual Lump-Sum PIA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., except that social security earnings are not used to compute the RLS PIA. ... INSURANCE AMOUNT DETERMINATIONS PIA's Used in Computing Survivor Annuities and the Amount of the Residual Lump-Sum Payable § 225.26 Residual Lump-Sum PIA. The Residual Lump-Sum PIA (RLS PIA) is used to compute...

42 CFR 417.458 - Recoupment of uncollected deductible and coinsurance amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS... Medicare Contract § 417.458 Recoupment of uncollected deductible and coinsurance amounts. An HMO or CMP... previous contract period except in the following circumstances: (a) The HMO or CMP failed to collect the...

42 CFR 60.33 - Making a HEAL loan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the applicant is a student, the lender must notify the applicant and the applicant's school named on... creditworthiness, the determination of the loan amount (not to exceed the amount approved by the school), the... applicant and the HEAL school contained in the loan application papers, except where those statements are in...

46 CFR 308.103 - Insured amounts under interim binder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 308.103 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk Hull and Disbursements Insurance § 308.103 Insured amounts under interim binder. (a... the terms of the standard form of war risk hull insurance policy (§ 308.107), except damage to or...

24 CFR 982.604 - SRO: Voucher housing assistance payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... URBAN DEVELOPMENT SECTION 8 TENANT BASED ASSISTANCE: HOUSING CHOICE VOUCHER PROGRAM Special Housing... residing in SRO housing, the payment standard is 75 percent of the zero-bedroom payment standard amount on... payment standard is 75 percent of the HUD-approved zero-bedroom exception payment standard amount. (b) The...

24 CFR 982.604 - SRO: Voucher housing assistance payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... URBAN DEVELOPMENT SECTION 8 TENANT BASED ASSISTANCE: HOUSING CHOICE VOUCHER PROGRAM Special Housing... residing in SRO housing, the payment standard is 75 percent of the zero-bedroom payment standard amount on... payment standard is 75 percent of the HUD-approved zero-bedroom exception payment standard amount. (b) The...

Evaluation of Flush-Mounted, S-Duct Inlets With Large Amounts of Boundary Layer Ingestion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Berrier, Bobby L.; Morehouse, Melissa B.

2003-01-01

A new high Reynolds number test capability for boundary layer ingesting inlets has been developed for the NASA Langley Research Center 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel. Using this new capability, an experimental investigation of four S-duct inlet configurations with large amounts of boundary layer ingestion (nominal boundary layer thickness of about 40% of inlet height) was conducted at realistic operating conditions (high subsonic Mach numbers and full-scale Reynolds numbers). The objectives of this investigation were to 1) develop a new high Reynolds number, boundary-layer ingesting inlet test capability, 2) evaluate the performance of several boundary layer ingesting S-duct inlets, 3) provide a database for CFD tool validation, and 4) provide a baseline inlet for future inlet flow-control studies. Tests were conducted at Mach numbers from 0.25 to 0.83, Reynolds numbers (based on duct exit diameter) from 5.1 million to a fullscale value of 13.9 million, and inlet mass-flow ratios from 0.39 to 1.58 depending on Mach number. Results of this investigation indicate that inlet pressure recovery generally decreased and inlet distortion generally increased with increasing Mach number. Except at low Mach numbers, increasing inlet mass-flow increased pressure recovery and increased distortion. Increasing the amount of boundary layer ingestion (by decreasing inlet throat height and increasing inlet throat width) or ingesting a boundary layer with a distorted profile decreased pressure recovery and increased distortion. Finally, increasing Reynolds number had almost no effect on inlet distortion but increased inlet recovery by about one-half percent at a Mach number near cruise.

40 CFR 60.758 - Recordkeeping requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Waste Landfills § 60.758 Recordkeeping requirements. (a) Except as provided in § 60.752(b)(2)(i)(B... triggered § 60.752(b), the current amount of solid waste in-place, and the year-by-year waste acceptance... electronic formats are acceptable. (b) Except as provided in § 60.752(b)(2)(i)(B), each owner or operator of...

40 CFR 60.758 - Recordkeeping requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Waste Landfills § 60.758 Recordkeeping requirements. (a) Except as provided in § 60.752(b)(2)(i)(B... triggered § 60.752(b), the current amount of solid waste in-place, and the year-by-year waste acceptance... electronic formats are acceptable. (b) Except as provided in § 60.752(b)(2)(i)(B), each owner or operator of...

40 CFR 60.758 - Recordkeeping requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Waste Landfills § 60.758 Recordkeeping requirements. (a) Except as provided in § 60.752(b)(2)(i)(B... triggered § 60.752(b), the current amount of solid waste in-place, and the year-by-year waste acceptance... electronic formats are acceptable. (b) Except as provided in § 60.752(b)(2)(i)(B), each owner or operator of...

Atmospheric precursors and assessment of the extreme rainfall responsible for the Madeira flashfloods on 20 February 2010

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fragoso, M.; Trigo, R. M.; Lopes, S.; Lopes, A.; Magro, C.

2010-09-01

On February 20, 2010, the Madeira island (Portugal) was hit by torrential rains that triggered catastrophic flash floods, accounting for 43 deaths and 8 missing people. The regional authorities estimated that the total losses exceeded 1 billion of euros resulting from the destructive damages, which were very harmful in Funchal, the capital of the region, where 22 persons died. This paper aims to analyse and discuss two main issues related with the exceptionality of this event. The first part deals with the atmospheric context associated with the rainfall episode, which occurred embedded in a very rainy winter season on this subtropical Atlantic region. Large scale atmospheric controls will be analysed, taking into consideration the low phase conditions of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) that remained overwhelmingly negative between late November 2009 and early April 2010. The role of positive sea surface temperatures anomalies in the subtropical Atlantic region during the prevous weeks will be also investigated. Furthermore, the discussion will be focused on the meteorological precursors of the 20 February rainstorm, using synoptic weather charts and sub-daily reanalysis data and analysing appropriate variables, such as, SLP, geopotential height, instability indices, precipitable water, and others atmospheric parameters. The second section of this work is devoted to the evaluation of the exceptionality of the rainfall records related with this event. In Funchal (Observatory station), the precipitation amount registered during February 2010 was 458 mm, exceeding by seven times (!) the average monthly precipitation, constituting the new absolute record, since 1865, when this meteorological station began its activity. The daily rainfall on 20 February in the same location was 132 mm, which is the highest daily amount since 1920. Return periods of this daily amount will be estimated for the two stations with the longest period available of daily precipitation, Funchal Observatory and mountain peek Areeiro. Daily, sub-daily, hourly and sub-hourly rainfall data will be also analysed using the available information from the modern automated raingauge network of the island. Among the several notable rainfall amounts, it should be highlighted the daily amounts between 300 and 350 mm reached in different locations on the southern flanks of the mountains above the 500 m height and six hours rainfall exceeding 200 mm at the upper parts of the slopes in the Funchal area.

40 CFR 60.2945 - Is there a minimum amount of operating parameter monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... parameter monitoring data I must obtain? 60.2945 Section 60.2945 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Operator Training and Qualification Monitoring § 60.2945 Is there a minimum amount of operating parameter monitoring data I must obtain? (a) Except for monitor malfunctions, associated repairs, and required quality...

40 CFR 60.2945 - Is there a minimum amount of operating parameter monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... parameter monitoring data I must obtain? 60.2945 Section 60.2945 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Operator Training and Qualification Monitoring § 60.2945 Is there a minimum amount of operating parameter monitoring data I must obtain? (a) Except for monitor malfunctions, associated repairs, and required quality...

40 CFR 60.2945 - Is there a minimum amount of operating parameter monitoring data I must obtain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... parameter monitoring data I must obtain? 60.2945 Section 60.2945 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Operator Training and Qualification Monitoring § 60.2945 Is there a minimum amount of operating parameter monitoring data I must obtain? (a) Except for monitor malfunctions, associated repairs, and required quality...

24 CFR 982.608 - Congregate housing: Voucher housing assistance payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... the zero-bedroom payment standard amount on the PHA payment standard schedule. For a family residing in congregate housing in an exception area, the payment standard is the HUD-approved zero-bedroom... one-bedroom payment standard amount. (b) If there is a live-in aide, the live-in aide must be counted...

76 FR 79679 - Information Collection Being Reviewed by the Federal Communications Commission

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-22

... with a number of collections in this control number, including line count filings for competitive ETCs...'' exception to the interim cap for competitive ETCs. The interim cap limited the total annual amount of high-cost support competitive ETCs in any state could receive to the amount competitive ETCs in that state...

24 CFR 982.604 - SRO: Voucher housing assistance payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... residing in SRO housing, the payment standard is 75 percent of the zero-bedroom payment standard amount on... payment standard is 75 percent of the HUD-approved zero-bedroom exception payment standard amount. (b) The utility allowance for an assisted person residing in SRO housing is 75 percent of the zero bedroom utility...

24 CFR 982.604 - SRO: Voucher housing assistance payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... residing in SRO housing, the payment standard is 75 percent of the zero-bedroom payment standard amount on... payment standard is 75 percent of the HUD-approved zero-bedroom exception payment standard amount. (b) The utility allowance for an assisted person residing in SRO housing is 75 percent of the zero bedroom utility...

24 CFR 982.604 - SRO: Voucher housing assistance payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... residing in SRO housing, the payment standard is 75 percent of the zero-bedroom payment standard amount on... payment standard is 75 percent of the HUD-approved zero-bedroom exception payment standard amount. (b) The utility allowance for an assisted person residing in SRO housing is 75 percent of the zero bedroom utility...

18 CFR 367.1823 - Account 182.3, Other regulatory assets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...).) (b) The amounts included in this account are to be established by those charges which would have been... account are generally to be charged, concurrently with the recovery of the amounts in rates, to the same account that would have been charged if included in income when incurred, except all regulatory assets...

34 CFR 685.209 - Income contingent repayment plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... borrower's AGI minus the amount of the “HHS Poverty Guidelines for all States (except Alaska and Hawaii... borrower's AGI minus the amounts in the “HHS Poverty Guidelines for Alaska” and the “HHS Poverty Guidelines... borrower has more than one person in the borrower's family, the Secretary applies the HHS Poverty...

34 CFR 685.209 - Income contingent repayment plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... borrower's AGI minus the amount of the “HHS Poverty Guidelines for all States (except Alaska and Hawaii... borrower's AGI minus the amounts in the “HHS Poverty Guidelines for Alaska” and the “HHS Poverty Guidelines... borrower has more than one person in the borrower's family, the Secretary applies the HHS Poverty...

34 CFR 685.209 - Income contingent repayment plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... minus the amount of the “HHS Poverty Guidelines for all States (except Alaska and Hawaii) and the... minus the amounts in the “HHS Poverty Guidelines for Alaska” and the “HHS Poverty Guidelines for Hawaii... one person in the borrower's family, the Secretary applies the HHS Poverty Guidelines for the borrower...

78 FR 17053 - Indirect Stock Transfers and the Coordination Rule Exceptions; Transfers of Stock or Securities...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-19

... IRS issued final regulations under section 367 (2009 final regulations) concerning gain recognition... without the recognition of a corresponding amount of gain or income inclusion. Notice 2008-10 announced... the revised regulations would confirm that to the extent the appropriate amount of built-in gain in...

Interaction between human blood platelets, viruses and antibodies. IV. Post-Rubella thrombocytopenic purpura and platelet aggregation by Rubella antigen–antibody interaction

PubMed Central

Myllylä, G.; Vaheri, A.; Vesikari, T.; Penttinen, K.

1969-01-01

A new method of measuring antibodies by observing sedimentation patterns of platelets has been compared with the complement fixation and haemagglutination inhibition techniques in ten cases of Rubella and seven cases of post-Rubella thrombocytopenic purpura. The method is based on the aggregation of platelets by the joint action of antibody and small size antigens. The platelet aggregation method gave exceptionally high titres in cases of post-Rubella thrombocytopenic purpura. Other serologic methods did not give these high titres. The hypothesis that small size virus antigen and antibody against it are both needed to induce thrombocytopenia during the recovery period is discussed. Large amounts of both may result in clinical symptoms. PMID:5814719

Innovative aspects of protein stability in ionic liquid mixtures.

PubMed

Kumar, Awanish; Venkatesu, Pannuru

2018-06-01

Mixtures of ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted our attention because of their extraordinary performances in extraction technologies and in absorbing large amount of CO 2 gas. It has been observed that when two or more ILs are mixed in different proportions, a new solvent is obtained which is much better than that of each component of ILs from which the mixture is obtained. Within a mixture of ILs, several unidentified interactions occur among several ions which give rise to unique solvent properties to the mixture. Herein, in this review, we have highlighted the utilization of the advantageous properties of the IL mixtures in protein stability studies. This approach is exceptional and opens new directions to the use of ILs in biotechnology.

Visual mining geo-related data using pixel bar charts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hao, Ming C.; Keim, Daniel A.; Dayal, Umeshwar; Wright, Peter; Schneidewind, Joern

2005-03-01

A common approach to analyze geo-related data is using bar charts or x-y plots. They are intuitive and easy to use. But important information often gets lost. In this paper, we introduce a new interactive visualization technique called Geo Pixel Bar Charts, which combines the advantages of Pixel Bar Charts and interactive maps. This technique allows analysts to visualize large amounts of spatial data without aggregation and shows the geographical regions corresponding to the spatial data attribute at the same time. In this paper, we apply Geo Pixel Bar Charts to visually mining sales transactions and Internet usage from different locations. Our experimental results show the effectiveness of this technique for providing data distribution and exceptions from the map.

The Embudito Mission: A Case Study of the Systematics of Autonomous Ground Mobile Robots

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

EICKER,PATRICK J.

2001-02-01

Ground mobile robots are much in the mind of defense planners at this time, being considered for a significant variety of missions with a diversity ranging from logistics supply to reconnaissance and surveillance. While there has been a very large amount of basic research funded in the last quarter century devoted to mobile robots and their supporting component technologies, little of this science base has been fully developed and deployed--notable exceptions being NASA's Mars rover and several terrestrial derivatives. The material in this paper was developed as a first exemplary step in the development of a more systematic approach tomore » the R and D of ground mobile robots.« less

A strategy for oxygen conditioning at high altitude: comparison with air conditioning.

PubMed

West, John B

2015-09-15

Large numbers of people live or work at high altitude, and many visit to trek or ski. The inevitable hypoxia impairs physical working capacity, and at higher altitudes there is also cognitive impairment. Twenty years ago oxygen enrichment of room air was introduced to reduce the hypoxia, and this is now used in dormitories, hotels, mines, and telescopes. However, recent advances in technology now allow large amounts of oxygen to be obtained from air or cryogenic oxygen sources. As a result it is now feasible to oxygenate large buildings and even institutions such as hospitals. An analogy can be drawn between air conditioning that has improved the living and working conditions of millions of people who live in hot climates and oxygen conditioning that can do the same at high altitude. Oxygen conditioning is similar to air conditioning except that instead of cooling the air, the oxygen concentration is raised, thus reducing the equivalent altitude. Oxygen conditioning on a large scale could transform living and working conditions at high altitude, where it could be valuable in homes, hospitals, schools, dormitories, company headquarters, banks, and legislative settings. Copyright © 2015 the American Physiological Society.

26 CFR 1.6654-2T - Exceptions to imposition of the addition to the tax in the case of individuals (temporary).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Additions to the Tax, Additional Amounts, and Assessable Penalties § 1.6654-2T Exceptions to imposition of the addition to the tax in the case of individuals (temporary). (a) In general. The addition to the tax under...

Inter-serotype comparison of polysaccharides produced by extracellular enzymes from Streptococcus mutans.

PubMed

Yakushiji, T; Inoue, M; Koga, T

1984-04-15

The biochemical and morphological characteristics of polysaccharides synthesized from sucrose by extracellular enzymes from D-glucose-grown Streptococcus mutans representing serotypes a-g were compared. The polysaccharides synthesized by the enzymes from serotypes a, d, and g formed visible aggregates and firmly adhered to glass surfaces, whereas those formed by the enzymes from serotypes b, c, e, and f floated homogeneously and were poorly adherent. The enzymes of serotypes a, d, and g produced large amounts of water-insoluble polysaccharides (IPs, D-glucans), and those of serotypes b, c, e, and f water-soluble polysaccharides (SPs, D-glucans and D- fructans ). As compared with the IPs of serotypes b, c, e, and f, the IPs of serotypes a, d, and g (a) contained a higher proportion of (1----3)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages and alpha-D-(1----3,6) branch linkages; (b) showed higher susceptibility to (1----3)-alpha-D-glucanase (serotype a excepted) and lower (1----6)-alpha-D-glucanase sensitivity; (c) contained larger amounts of high-molecular-weight fractions; (d) showed higher intrinsic viscosities (serotype b excepted); and (e) had lower S. mutans cell-agglutination activities. On electron-microscope observation, the IPs of all serotypes showed two fibrillar components; a double-stranded fibril, with short, fluffy protrusions extending out of its periphery, and a fine, single-stranded fibril. Thus, the serotypes could be divided into two major groups: a, d, and g; and b, c, e, and f. No similar grouping of serotypes was indicated by the chemical and morphological properties of SPs.

Year-Long Vertical Velocity Statistics Derived from Doppler Lidar Data for the Continental Convective Boundary Layer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Berg, Larry K.; Newsom, Rob K.; Turner, David D.

One year of Coherent Doppler Lidar (CDL) data collected at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) site in Oklahoma is analyzed to provide profiles of vertical velocity variance, skewness, and kurtosis for cases of cloud-free convective boundary layers. The variance was scaled by the Deardorff convective velocity scale, which was successful when the boundary layer depth was stationary but failed in situations when the layer was changing rapidly. In this study the data are sorted according to time of day, season, wind direction, surface shear stress, degree of instability, and wind shear across the boundary-layer top. Themore » normalized variance was found to have its peak value near a normalized height of 0.25. The magnitude of the variance changes with season, shear stress, and degree of instability, but was not impacted by wind shear across the boundary-layer top. The skewness was largest in the top half of the boundary layer (with the exception of wintertime conditions). The skewness was found to be a function of the season, shear stress, wind shear across the boundary-layer top, with larger amounts of shear leading to smaller values. Like skewness, the vertical profile of kurtosis followed a consistent pattern, with peak values near the boundary-layer top (also with the exception of wintertime data). The altitude of the peak values of kurtosis was found to be lower when there was a large amount of wind shear at the boundary-layer top.« less

Hall Effect–Mediated Magnetic Flux Transport in Protoplanetary Disks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bai, Xue-Ning; Stone, James M.

2017-02-10

The global evolution of protoplanetary disks (PPDs) has recently been shown to be largely controlled by the amount of poloidal magnetic flux threading the disk. The amount of magnetic flux must also coevolve with the disk, as a result of magnetic flux transport, a process that is poorly understood. In weakly ionized gas as in PPDs, magnetic flux is largely frozen in the electron fluid, except when resistivity is large. When the disk is largely laminar, we show that the relative drift between the electrons and ions (the Hall drift), and the ions and neutral fluids (ambipolar drift) can playmore » a dominant role on the transport of magnetic flux. Using two-dimensional simulations that incorporate the Hall effect and ambipolar diffusion (AD) with prescribed diffusivities, we show that when large-scale poloidal field is aligned with disk rotation, the Hall effect rapidly drags magnetic flux inward at the midplane region, while it slowly pushes flux outward above/below the midplane. This leads to a highly radially elongated field configuration as a global manifestation of the Hall-shear instability. This field configuration further promotes rapid outward flux transport by AD at the midplane, leading to instability saturation. In quasi-steady state, magnetic flux is transported outward at approximately the same rate at all heights, and the rate is comparable to the Hall-free case. For anti-aligned field polarity, the Hall effect consistently transports magnetic flux outward, leading to a largely vertical field configuration in the midplane region. The field lines in the upper layer first bend radially inward and then outward to launch a disk wind. Overall, the net rate of outward flux transport is about twice as fast as that of the aligned case. In addition, the rate of flux transport increases with increasing disk magnetization. The absolute rate of transport is sensitive to disk microphysics, which remains to be explored in future studies.« less

JGI Plant Genomics Gene Annotation Pipeline

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shu, Shengqiang; Rokhsar, Dan; Goodstein, David

2014-07-14

Plant genomes vary in size and are highly complex with a high amount of repeats, genome duplication and tandem duplication. Gene encodes a wealth of information useful in studying organism and it is critical to have high quality and stable gene annotation. Thanks to advancement of sequencing technology, many plant species genomes have been sequenced and transcriptomes are also sequenced. To use these vastly large amounts of sequence data to make gene annotation or re-annotation in a timely fashion, an automatic pipeline is needed. JGI plant genomics gene annotation pipeline, called integrated gene call (IGC), is our effort toward thismore » aim with aid of a RNA-seq transcriptome assembly pipeline. It utilizes several gene predictors based on homolog peptides and transcript ORFs. See Methods for detail. Here we present genome annotation of JGI flagship green plants produced by this pipeline plus Arabidopsis and rice except for chlamy which is done by a third party. The genome annotations of these species and others are used in our gene family build pipeline and accessible via JGI Phytozome portal whose URL and front page snapshot are shown below.« less

Mechanism of Surface Alkylation of a Gold Aerogel with Tetra-n-butylstannane-d36: Identification of Byproducts.

PubMed

Benkovičová, Monika; Wen, Dan; Plutnar, Jan; Čížková, Martina; Eychmüller, Alexander; Michl, Josef

2017-05-18

The formation of self-assembled monolayers on surfaces is often likely to be accompanied by the formation of byproducts, whose identification holds clues to the reaction mechanism but is difficult due to the minute amounts produced. We now report a successful identification of self-assembly byproducts using gold aerogel with a large specific surface area, a procedure likely to be applicable generally. Like a thin gold layer on a flat substrate, the aerogel surface is alkylated with n-butyl-d 9 groups upon treatment with a solution of tetra-n-butylstannane-d 36 under ambient conditions. The reaction byproducts accumulate in the mother liquor in amounts sufficient for GC-MS analysis. In chloroform solvent, they are butene-d 8 , butane-d 10 , octane-d 18 , and tributylchlorostannane-d 27 . In hexane, they are the same except that tributylchlorostannane-d 27 is replaced with hexabutyldistannane-d 54 . The results are compatible with an initial homolytic dissociation of a C-Sn bond on the gold surface, followed by known radical processes.

The Genetic Program of Pancreatic β-Cell Replication In Vivo.

PubMed

Klochendler, Agnes; Caspi, Inbal; Corem, Noa; Moran, Maya; Friedlich, Oriel; Elgavish, Sharona; Nevo, Yuval; Helman, Aharon; Glaser, Benjamin; Eden, Amir; Itzkovitz, Shalev; Dor, Yuval

2016-07-01

The molecular program underlying infrequent replication of pancreatic β-cells remains largely inaccessible. Using transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein in cycling cells, we sorted live, replicating β-cells and determined their transcriptome. Replicating β-cells upregulate hundreds of proliferation-related genes, along with many novel putative cell cycle components. Strikingly, genes involved in β-cell functions, namely, glucose sensing and insulin secretion, were repressed. Further studies using single-molecule RNA in situ hybridization revealed that in fact, replicating β-cells double the amount of RNA for most genes, but this upregulation excludes genes involved in β-cell function. These data suggest that the quiescence-proliferation transition involves global amplification of gene expression, except for a subset of tissue-specific genes, which are "left behind" and whose relative mRNA amount decreases. Our work provides a unique resource for the study of replicating β-cells in vivo. © 2016 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered.

20 CFR 416.1163 - How we deem income to you from your ineligible spouse.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... rate for an eligible couple and the Federal benefit rate for an eligible individual. The amount of the allocation automatically increases whenever the Federal benefit rate increases. The amount of the allocation... rate that applied in the second prior month unless one of the exceptions in § 416.1160(b)(2) applies...

20 CFR 416.1163 - How we deem income to you from your ineligible spouse.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... rate for an eligible couple and the Federal benefit rate for an eligible individual. The amount of the allocation automatically increases whenever the Federal benefit rate increases. The amount of the allocation... rate that applied in the second prior month unless one of the exceptions in § 416.1160(b)(2) applies...

20 CFR 416.1163 - How we deem income to you from your ineligible spouse.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... rate for an eligible couple and the Federal benefit rate for an eligible individual. The amount of the allocation automatically increases whenever the Federal benefit rate increases. The amount of the allocation... rate that applied in the second prior month unless one of the exceptions in § 416.1160(b)(2) applies...

20 CFR 416.1163 - How we deem income to you from your ineligible spouse.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... rate for an eligible couple and the Federal benefit rate for an eligible individual. The amount of the allocation automatically increases whenever the Federal benefit rate increases. The amount of the allocation... rate that applied in the second prior month unless one of the exceptions in § 416.1160(b)(2) applies...

20 CFR 416.1163 - How we deem income to you from your ineligible spouse.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... rate for an eligible couple and the Federal benefit rate for an eligible individual. The amount of the allocation automatically increases whenever the Federal benefit rate increases. The amount of the allocation... rate that applied in the second prior month unless one of the exceptions in § 416.1160(b)(2) applies...

77 FR 26987 - Connect America Fund; A National Broadband Plan for Our Future; Establishing Just and Reasonable...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-08

... ETCs and incumbent LECs serving competitive areas, disaggregation plans (which permit incumbent LECs to...'' exception to the interim cap for competitive ETCs. The interim cap limited the total annual amount of high-cost support competitive ETCs in any state could receive to the amount competitive ETCs in that state...

24 CFR 203.18 - Maximum mortgage amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Housing Act, if that provision is in effect and applies to the mortgage; or (ii) If section 203(b)(10) is not in effect or otherwise does not apply to the mortgage, the lesser of the amounts based on...), except that closing costs do not apply if section 203(b)(10) of the National Housing Act is in effect and...

24 CFR 203.18 - Maximum mortgage amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Housing Act, if that provision is in effect and applies to the mortgage; or (ii) If section 203(b)(10) is not in effect or otherwise does not apply to the mortgage, the lesser of the amounts based on...), except that closing costs do not apply if section 203(b)(10) of the National Housing Act is in effect and...

24 CFR 203.18 - Maximum mortgage amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Housing Act, if that provision is in effect and applies to the mortgage; or (ii) If section 203(b)(10) is not in effect or otherwise does not apply to the mortgage, the lesser of the amounts based on...), except that closing costs do not apply if section 203(b)(10) of the National Housing Act is in effect and...

24 CFR 203.18 - Maximum mortgage amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Housing Act, if that provision is in effect and applies to the mortgage; or (ii) If section 203(b)(10) is not in effect or otherwise does not apply to the mortgage, the lesser of the amounts based on...), except that closing costs do not apply if section 203(b)(10) of the National Housing Act is in effect and...

24 CFR 203.18 - Maximum mortgage amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Housing Act, if that provision is in effect and applies to the mortgage; or (ii) If section 203(b)(10) is not in effect or otherwise does not apply to the mortgage, the lesser of the amounts based on...), except that closing costs do not apply if section 203(b)(10) of the National Housing Act is in effect and...

26 CFR 1.45G-1 - Railroad track maintenance credit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... and J incurred QRTME in the amount of $1 million. Also, on December 6, 2006, J assigned for purposes... (b)(6) of this section) of a Class II railroad or Class III railroad during the taxable year, but... railroad track maintenance credit for the taxable year—(1) General amount. Except as provided in paragraph...

26 CFR 1.45G-1 - Railroad track maintenance credit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... and J incurred QRTME in the amount of $1 million. Also, on December 6, 2006, J assigned for purposes... (b)(6) of this section) of a Class II railroad or Class III railroad during the taxable year, but... railroad track maintenance credit for the taxable year—(1) General amount. Except as provided in paragraph...

26 CFR 1.45G-1 - Railroad track maintenance credit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... and J incurred QRTME in the amount of $1 million. Also, on December 6, 2006, J assigned for purposes... (b)(6) of this section) of a Class II railroad or Class III railroad during the taxable year, but... railroad track maintenance credit for the taxable year—(1) General amount. Except as provided in paragraph...

26 CFR 1.45G-1 - Railroad track maintenance credit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... and J incurred QRTME in the amount of $1 million. Also, on December 6, 2006, J assigned for purposes... (b)(6) of this section) of a Class II railroad or Class III railroad during the taxable year, but... railroad track maintenance credit for the taxable year—(1) General amount. Except as provided in paragraph...

26 CFR 1.148-7 - Spending exceptions to the rebate requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... excluded from the gross proceeds of the prior issue under the special definition of gross proceeds in... treated as gross proceeds of the refunding issue. Thus, for the refunding issue to qualify for the 6-month... those amounts continue to be used in a manner that does not cause those amounts to be gross proceeds...

Interaction between lactic acid bacteria and yeasts in airag, an alcoholic fermented milk.

PubMed

Sudun; Wulijideligen; Arakawa, Kensuke; Miyamoto, Mari; Miyamoto, Taku

2013-01-01

The interaction between nine lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and five yeast strains isolated from airag of Inner Mongolia Autonomic Region, China was investigated. Three representative LAB and two yeasts showed symbioses were selected and incubated in 10% (w/v) reconstituted skim milk as single and mixed cultures to measure viable count, titratable acidity, ethanol and sugar content every 24 h for 1 week. LAB and yeasts showed high viable counts in the mixed cultures compared to the single cultures. Titratable acidity of the mixed cultures was obviously enhanced compared with that of the single cultures, except for the combinations of Lactobacillus reuteri 940B3 with Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4C and Lactobacillus helveticus 130B4 with Candida kefyr 2Y305. C. kefyr 2Y305 produced large amounts of ethanol (maximum 1.35 g/L), whereas non-lactose-fermenting S. cerevisiae 4C produced large amounts of ethanol only in the mixed cultures. Total glucose and galactose content increased while lactose content decreased in the single cultures of Leuconostoc mesenteroides 6B2081 and Lb. helveticus 130B4. However, both glucose and galactose were completely consumed and lactose was markedly reduced in the mixed cultures with yeasts. The result suggests that yeasts utilize glucose and galactose produced by LAB lactase to promote cell growth. © 2012 The Authors. Animal Science Journal © 2012 Japanese Society of Animal Science.

Sensitivity of Stratospheric Geoengineering with Black Carbon to Aerosol Size and Altitude of Injection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kravitz, Ben; Robock, Alan; Shindell, Drew T.; Miller, Mark A.

2012-01-01

Simulations of stratospheric geoengineering with black carbon (BC) aerosols using a general circulation model with fixed sea surface temperatures show that the climate effects strongly depend on aerosol size and altitude of injection. 1 Tg BC/a injected into the lower stratosphere would cause little surface cooling for large radii but a large amount of surface cooling for small radii and stratospheric warming of over 60 C. With the exception of small particles, increasing the altitude of injection increases surface cooling and stratospheric warming. Stratospheric warming causes global ozone loss by up to 50% in the small radius case. The Antarctic shows less ozone loss due to reduction of polar stratospheric clouds, but strong circumpolar winds would enhance the Arctic ozone hole. Using diesel fuel to produce the aerosols is likely prohibitively expensive and infeasible. Although studying an absorbing aerosol is a useful counterpart to previous studies involving sulfate aerosols, black carbon geoengineering likely carries too many risks to make it a viable option for deployment.

45 CFR 33.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., overpayments, penalties, damages, interest, fines and forfeitures (except those arising under the Uniform Code... contributions. Amounts deducted under garnishment orders, including child support garnishment orders, are not...

45 CFR 33.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., overpayments, penalties, damages, interest, fines and forfeitures (except those arising under the Uniform Code... contributions. Amounts deducted under garnishment orders, including child support garnishment orders, are not...

45 CFR 33.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., overpayments, penalties, damages, interest, fines and forfeitures (except those arising under the Uniform Code... contributions. Amounts deducted under garnishment orders, including child support garnishment orders, are not...

45 CFR 33.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., overpayments, penalties, damages, interest, fines and forfeitures (except those arising under the Uniform Code... contributions. Amounts deducted under garnishment orders, including child support garnishment orders, are not...

Effect of mask dead space and occlusion of mask holes on delivery of nebulized albuterol.

PubMed

Berlinski, Ariel

2014-08-01

Infants and children with respiratory conditions are often prescribed bronchodilators. Face masks are used to facilitate the administration of nebulized therapy in patients unable to use a mouthpiece. Masks incorporate holes into their design, and their occlusion during aerosol delivery has been a common practice. Masks are available in different sizes and different dead volumes. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of different degrees of occlusion of the mask holes and different mask dead space on the amount of nebulized albuterol available at the mouth opening in a model of a spontaneously breathing child. A breathing simulator mimicking infant (tidal volume [VT] = 50 mL, breathing frequency = 30 breaths/min, inspiratory-expiratory ratio [I:E] = 1:3), child (VT = 155 mL, breathing frequency = 25 breaths/min, I:E = 1:2), and adult (VT = 500 mL, breathing frequency = 15 breaths/min, I:E = 1:2) breathing patterns was connected to a collection filter hidden behind a face plate. A pediatric size mask and an adult size mask connected to a continuous output jet nebulizer were sealed to the face plate. Three nebulizers were loaded with albuterol sulfate (2.5 mg/3 mL) and operated with 6 L/min compressed air for 5 min. Experiments were repeated with different degrees of occlusion (0%, 50%, and 90%). Albuterol was extracted from the filter and measured with a spectrophotometer at 276 nm. Occlusion of the holes in the large mask did not increase the amount of albuterol in any of the breathing patterns. The amount of albuterol captured at the mouth opening did not change when the small mask was switched to the large mask, except with the breathing pattern of a child, and when the holes in the mask were 50% occluded (P = .02). Neither decreasing the dead space of the mask nor occluding the mask holes increased the amount of nebulized albuterol captured at the mouth opening.

The history of AIDS exceptionalism.

PubMed

Smith, Julia H; Whiteside, Alan

2010-12-03

In the history of public health, HIV/AIDS is unique; it has widespread and long-lasting demographic, social, economic and political impacts. The global response has been unprecedented. AIDS exceptionalism--the idea that the disease requires a response above and beyond "normal" health interventions--began as a Western response to the originally terrifying and lethal nature of the virus. More recently, AIDS exceptionalism came to refer to the disease-specific global response and the resources dedicated to addressing the epidemic. There has been a backlash against this exceptionalism, with critics claiming that HIV/AIDS receives a disproportionate amount of international aid and health funding.This paper situations this debate in historical perspective. By reviewing histories of the disease, policy developments and funding patterns, it charts how the meaning of AIDS exceptionalism has shifted over three decades. It argues that while the connotation of the term has changed, the epidemic has maintained its course, and therefore some of the justifications for exceptionalism remain.

Production of low-affinity penicillin-binding protein by low- and high-resistance groups of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

PubMed Central

Murakami, K; Nomura, K; Doi, M; Yoshida, T

1987-01-01

Methicillin- and cephem-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (137 strains) for which the cefazolin MICs are at least 25 micrograms/ml could be classified into low-resistance (83% of strains) and high-resistance (the remaining 17%) groups by the MIC of flomoxef (6315-S), a 1-oxacephalosporin. The MICs were less than 6.3 micrograms/ml and more than 12.5 micrograms/ml in the low- and high-resistance groups, respectively. All strains produced penicillin-binding protein 2' (PBP 2'), which has been associated with methicillin resistance and which has very low affinity for beta-lactam antibiotics. Production of PBP 2' was regulated differently in low- and high-resistance strains. With penicillinase-producing strains of the low-resistance group, cefazolin, cefamandole, and cefmetazole induced PBP 2' production about 5-fold, while flomoxef induced production 2.4-fold or less. In contrast, penicillinase-negative variants of low-resistance strains produced PBP 2' constitutively in large amounts and induction did not occur. With high-resistance strains, flomoxef induced PBP 2' to an extent similar to that of cefazolin in both penicillinase-producing and -negative strains, except for one strain in which the induction did not occur. The amount of PBP 2' induced by beta-lactam antibiotics in penicillinase-producing strains of the low-resistance group correlated well with resistance to each antibiotic. Large amounts of PBP 2' in penicillinase-negative variants of the low-resistance group did not raise the MICs of beta-lactam compounds, although these strains were more resistant when challenged with flomoxef for 2 h. Different regulation of PBP 2' production was demonstrated in the high- and low-resistance groups, and factor(s) other than PBP 2' were suggested to be involved in the methicillin resistance of high-resistance strains. Images PMID:3499861

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pearson, F.J. Jr.; Fisher, D.W.

Data from sampling stations in the Northeastern United States show that atmosperic precipitation in this region is composed of a dilute calcium-hydrogen sulfate water having additional sodium and chloride near the coast. In the inland and coastal sections, excepting only the highly industrialized areas, variations among the precipitation chemical loads measured at various sites show no systematic differences that suggest sectional changes in precipitation chemistry. In the rural inland section, the average loads of all measured constitutents except sulfate and hydrogen ion are independent of precipitation amount. In the coastal section, sodium and chloride loads vary with precipitation, presumably owingmore » to the effects of sea spray. Limited data show that industrial regions are marked by the presence of higher calcium, sulfate, and nitrate loads. Atmospheric precipitation contributes substantially to the chemical loads of streams, particularly those draining basins underlain by unreactive rock. Essentially all the sulfate- and nitrogen-bearing ions and much of the chloride and potassium in such streams are supplied by precipitation. Even in areas of more chemically reactive rock, the stream loads of the nitrogenous species may still be largely from precipitation. Most ground water contains enough material dissolved from its containing rock to mask the effect of precipitation on its recharge. However, because the Magothy aquifer on Long Island is so unreactive, the chemistry of its water appears to be controlled in large part by the chemistry of the atmospheric precipitation recharging it. 17 references, 7 figures, 3 tables.« less

21 CFR 101.12 - Reference amounts customarily consumed per eating occasion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... § 101.9(b)(j)(11). 13 For raw fruit, vegetables, and fish, manufacturers should follow the label..., March 6, 1992). 14 Pizza sauce is part of the pizza and is not considered to be sauce topping. (c) If a... rules: (1) Except as provided for in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, the reference amount for the...

21 CFR 101.12 - Reference amounts customarily consumed per eating occasion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... § 101.9(b)(j)(11). 13 For raw fruit, vegetables, and fish, manufacturers should follow the label..., March 6, 1992). 14 Pizza sauce is part of the pizza and is not considered to be sauce topping. (c) If a... rules: (1) Except as provided for in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, the reference amount for the...

26 CFR 1.527-6 - Inclusion of certain amounts in the gross income of an exempt organization which is not a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... an exempt function, it may be subject to tax. There is included in the gross income of such... function. The amount included will be treated as political organization taxable income. (b) Exempt function expenditures—(1) Directly related expenses. (i) Except as provided in this section, the term exempt function...

26 CFR 1.527-6 - Inclusion of certain amounts in the gross income of an exempt organization which is not a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... an exempt function, it may be subject to tax. There is included in the gross income of such... function. The amount included will be treated as political organization taxable income. (b) Exempt function expenditures—(1) Directly related expenses. (i) Except as provided in this section, the term exempt function...

26 CFR 1.527-6 - Inclusion of certain amounts in the gross income of an exempt organization which is not a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... an exempt function, it may be subject to tax. There is included in the gross income of such... function. The amount included will be treated as political organization taxable income. (b) Exempt function expenditures—(1) Directly related expenses. (i) Except as provided in this section, the term exempt function...

26 CFR 1.527-6 - Inclusion of certain amounts in the gross income of an exempt organization which is not a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... an exempt function, it may be subject to tax. There is included in the gross income of such... function. The amount included will be treated as political organization taxable income. (b) Exempt function expenditures—(1) Directly related expenses. (i) Except as provided in this section, the term exempt function...

Interseismic, postseismic and co-seismic strain on the Sumatra megathrust and their relation to the megathrust frictional properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Konca, A. O.; Avouac, J. P.; Sladen, A.; Meltzner, A. J.; Kositsky, A.; Sieh, K.; Galetzka, J.; Genrich, J.; Natawidjaja, D. H.

2009-04-01

The Sumatra Megathrust has recently produced a flurry of large interplate earthquakes starting with the giant Mw 9.15, Aceh earthquake of 2004. All of these earthquakes occurred within the area monitored by the Sumatra Geodetic Array (SuGAr), which provided exceptional records of near-field co-seismic and postseismic ground displacements. In addition, based on coral growth pattern, it has also been possible to estimate the pattern of interseismic strain in this area over the last few decades preceding 2004. This earthquake sequence provides an exceptional opportunity to understand the eventual relationship between large megathrust ruptures, interseismic coupling and the frictional properties of the megathrust. The emerging view is a megathrust with strong down-dip and lateral variations of frictional properties. The 2005, Mw 8.6 Nias earthquake ruptured nearly entirely a patch that had ruptured already during a similar earthquake in 1861 and that had remained well locked in the interseismic period allowing for stress to build up to an amount comparable to, or even larger than the stress released in 1861 or 2005. This patch is inferred to obey dominantly velocity-weakening friction and the pattern or interseismic coupling and afterslip suggests that it is surrounded by areas with velocity-strengthening friction. The 2007 Mw 8.4 and 7.9 earthquakes ruptured a fraction of a strongly coupled in the Mentawai area. They each consist of 2 sub-events which are 50 to 100 km apart from each other. On the other hand, the northernmost slip patch of 8.4 and southern slip patch of 7.9 earthquakes abut each other, but they ruptured 12 hours apart. They released a moment much smaller than the giant earthquakes known to have occurred in the Mentawai area in 1833 or in 1797. Also the moment released in 2007 amounts to only a fraction of the deficit of moment that had accumulated as a result of interseismic strain since these historical events, the potential for a large megathrust event in the Mentawai area remains large. We conclude that (1) seismic asperities are probably persistent features which arise form heterogeneous strain build up in the interseismic period; and (2) the same portion of a megathrust can rupture in different ways depending on whether asperities break as isolated events or cooperate to produce a larger rupture. The spatial distribution of frictional properties of the megathrust in the Mentawai area could be the cause for a more complex earthquakes sequence than what is observed along the Simelue-Nias segment.

Interseismic, postseismic and co-seismic strain on the Sumatra megathrust and their relation to the megathrust frictional properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Konca, A. O.; Avouac, J.-P.; Sladen, A.; Meltzner, A. J.; Kositsky, A.; Sieh, K.; Galetzka, J.; Genrich, J.; Natawidjaja, D. H.

2009-04-01

The Sumatra Megathrust has recently produced a flurry of large interplate earthquakes starting with the giant Mw 9.15, Aceh earthquake of 2004. All of these earthquakes occurred within the area monitored by the Sumatra Geodetic Array (SuGAr), which provided exceptional records of near-field co-seismic and postseismic ground displacements. In addition, based on coral growth pattern, it has also been possible to estimate the pattern of interseismic strain in this area over the last few decades preceding 2004. This earthquake sequence provides an exceptional opportunity to understand the eventual relationship between large megathrust ruptures, interseismic coupling and the frictional properties of the megathrust. The emerging view is a megathrust with strong down-dip and lateral variations of frictional properties. The 2005, Mw 8.6 Nias earthquake ruptured nearly entirely a patch that had ruptured already during a similar earthquake in 1861 and that had remained well locked in the interseismic period allowing for stress to build up to an amount comparable to, or even larger than the stress released in 1861 or 2005. This patch is inferred to obey dominantly velocity-weakening friction and the pattern or interseismic coupling and afterslip suggests that it is surrounded by areas with velocity-strengthening friction. The 2007 Mw 8.4 and 7.9 earthquakes ruptured a fraction of a strongly coupled in the Mentawai area. They each consist of 2 sub-events which are 50 to 100 km apart from each other. On the other hand, the northernmost slip patch of 8.4 and southern slip patch of 7.9 earthquakes abut each other, but they ruptured 12 hours apart. They released a moment much smaller than the giant earthquakes known to have occurred in the Mentawai area in 1833 or in 1797. Also the moment released in 2007 amounts to only a fraction of the deficit of moment that had accumulated as a result of interseismic strain since these historical events, the potential for a large megathrust event in the Mentawai area remains large. We conclude that (1) seismic asperities are probably persistent features which arise form heterogeneous strain build up in the interseismic period; and (2) the same portion of a megathrust can rupture in different ways depending on whether asperities break as isolated events or cooperate to produce a larger rupture. The spatial distribution of frictional properties and prestress on the megathrust in the Mentawai area could be the cause for a more complex earthquakes sequence than what is observed along the Simeulue-Nias segment.

The evolution of AAOE observed constituents with the polar vortex

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schoeberl, Mark R.; Lait, Leslie R.; Newman, P. A.; Martin, R.; Loewenstein, M.; Podolske, J. R.; Anderson, J.; Proffitt, M. H.

1988-01-01

One of the difficulties in determining constituent trends from the ER-2 flight data is the large amount of day to day variability generated by the motion of the polar vortex. To reduce this variability, the observations have been transformed into the conservative (Lagrangian) reference frames consisting of the coordinate pairs, potential temperature (PT) and potential vorticity (PV), or PT and N2O. The requirement of only two independent coordinates rests on the assumption that constituent distributions and their chemical processes are nearly zonal in that coordinate system. Flight data is used everywhere for these transformation except for potential vorticity. Potential vorticity is determined from level flight segments, and NMC PV values during flight dives and takeoffs are combined with flight data in a smooth fashion.

The statistics of gravitational lenses. III - Astrophysical consequences of quasar lensing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ostriker, J. P.; Vietri, M.

1986-01-01

The method of Schmidt and Green (1983) for calculating the luminosity function of quasars is combined with gravitational-lensing theory to compute expected properties of lensed systems. Multiple quasar images produced by galaxies are of order 0.001 of the observed quasars, with the numbers over the whole sky calculated to be (0.86, 120, 1600) to limiting B magnitudes of (16, 19, 22). The amount of 'false evolution' is small except for an interesting subset of apparently bright, large-redshift objects for which minilensing by starlike objects may be important. Some of the BL Lac objects may be in this category, with the galaxy identified as the parent object really a foreground object within which stars have lensed a background optically violent variable quasar.

[Antibacterial activity of sulopenem, a new parenteral penem antibiotic].

PubMed

Inoue, E; Komoto, E; Taniyama, Y; Mitsuhashi, S

1996-04-01

Sulopenem, a new penem antibiotic, was compared with other antibiotics with regard to in vitro antibacterial and bactericidal activities, stabilization against beta-lactamases, and effect on the release of lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Sulopenem showed more potent activities than other antibiotics against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 2. Sulopenem showed potent bactericidal activities (MIC/MBC) against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Time kill studies against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter freundii showed potent bactericidal activities of sulopenem. 3. Sulopenem was found to possess a stronger activity than other antibiotics against beta-lactamase-producing strains except P. aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. 4. In particular, sulopenem was found to be more stable to the hydrolysis by various beta-lactamases produced by Gram-negative bacteria than any other antibiotics tested. Vmax/Km values of sulopenem were smaller than those of cefotiam for all tested beta-lactamases, which reflected a broad antibacterial spectrum of sulopenem. 5. E. coli ML4707 exposed to sulopenem and imipenem released less endotoxin than did controls at all concentration ranges tested. In contrast, the strain exposed to ceftazidime at bacteriostatic concentrations released a large amount of endotoxin.

Holocentric chromosomes of psocids (Insecta, Psocoptera) analysed by C-banding, silver impregnation and sequence specific fluorochromes CMA3 and DAPI.

PubMed

Golub, Natalia V; Nokkala, Seppo; Kuznetsova, Valentina G

2004-01-01

The pattern of nucleolus attachment and C-heterochromatin distribution and molecular composition in the karyotypes of psocid species Psococerastis gibbosa (2n = 16+X), Blaste conspurcata (2n = 16+X) and Amphipsocus japonicus (2n = 14+neo-XY) were studied by C-banding, silver impregnation and sequence specific fluorochromes CMA3 and DAPI. Every species was found to have a single nucleolus in male meiosis. In P. gibbosa the nucleolus is attached to an autosomal bivalent; in B. conspurcata to the X-chromosome; in A. japonicus to the neo-XY bivalent. The species show a rather small amount of constitutive heterochromatin, C-blocks demonstrating telomeric localization with rare exceptions. P. gibbosa is characterized by a polymorphism for C-blocks occurrence and distribution. In the autosomes of this species, C-heterochromatin consists of AT-rich DNA except for the nucleolus organizing region, which is also GC-rich; the X-chromosome shows both AT- and GC-rich clusters. In A. japonicus and B. conspurcata, C-heterochromatin of the autosomes and sex chromosomes consists of both GC-rich and AT-rich DNA clusters, which are largely co-localized.

Exceptionally fast water desalination at complete salt rejection by pristine graphyne monolayers.

PubMed

Xue, Minmin; Qiu, Hu; Guo, Wanlin

2013-12-20

Desalination that produces clean freshwater from seawater holds the promise of solving the global water shortage for drinking, agriculture and industry. However, conventional desalination technologies such as reverse osmosis and thermal distillation involve large amounts of energy consumption, and the semipermeable membranes widely used in reverse osmosis face the challenge to provide a high throughput at high salt rejection. Here we find by comprehensive molecular dynamics simulations and first principles modeling that pristine graphyne, one of the graphene-like one-atom-thick carbon allotropes, can achieve 100% rejection of nearly all ions in seawater including Na(+), Cl(-), Mg(2+), K(+) and Ca(2+), at an exceptionally high water permeability about two orders of magnitude higher than those for commercial state-of-the-art reverse osmosis membranes at a salt rejection of ~98.5%. This complete ion rejection by graphyne, independent of the salt concentration and the operating pressure, is revealed to be originated from the significantly higher energy barriers for ions than for water. This intrinsic specialty of graphyne should provide a new possibility for the efforts to alleviate the global shortage of freshwater and other environmental problems.

The performance of Geiger mode avalanche photo-diodes in free space laser communication links

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Farrell, Thomas C.

2018-05-01

Geiger mode avalanche photo-diode (APD) arrays, when used as detectors in laser communication (lasercom) receivers, promise better performance at lower signal levels than APDs operated in the linear mode. In this paper, we describe the basic operation of the Geiger mode APD array as a lasercom detector, concentrating on aspects relevant to the link design engineer (rather than, for example, describing the details of the physics of the basic device operation itself). Equations are developed that describe the effects of defocus and hold-off time on the relation between the number of photons detected by the array and the output of photo-electron counts. We show how to incorporate these equations into a link budget. The resulting predictions are validated by comparison against simulation results. Finally, we compare the performance of linear mode APD based receivers and Geiger mode APD array based receivers. Results show the Geiger mode receivers yield better performance, in terms of probability of bit error, at lower signal levels, except on links where there is an exceptionally large amount of background noise. Under those conditions, not surprisingly, the hold-off time degrades performance.

Jaundice (image)

MedlinePlus

Jaundice is a condition produced when excess amounts of bilirubin circulating in the blood stream dissolve in ... the eyes. With the exception of normal newborn jaundice in the first week of life, all other ...

Data Obtained in the Flight Measurements to Determine the Stability and Control Characteristics of a C-54D Airplane (AAF No. 42-72713) and a Summary of the Test Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Talmage, Donald B.; Reeder, John P.

1947-01-01

The flight investigation of the C-54D airplane was initiated to determine the necessity of changes or additions to existing handling-qualities requirements to cove the case of instrument approaches with large airplanes. This paper gives a brief synopsis of the results and presents the measured data of tests to determine the stability and control characteristics. It was found that no new requirements were necessary to cover the problems of instrument approaches. The C-54D airplane tested met the Amy and Navy stability and control requirements except for the following items. The control-system friction with autopilot installed vas double that allowed by the requirements. The amount of friction was found to impair the controllability of the airplane in precision flying. The lateral and directional characteristics were good except that the maximum pb/2V was slightly below the minimum required, and the elevator-control forces to obtain the maximum pb/2V at low speeds were above the Army and Navy requirements. The longitudinal stability and control characteristics were good except that the elevator-control forces exceeded the limits of the Army and Navy requirements in turns and in landings. The stalling characteristics were considered good in all conditions with the stall warning in the form of tail buffeting occurring at speeds approximately 5 miles per hour above the stall.

Glycogen dynamics of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) in prolonged anoxia.

PubMed

Vornanen, Matti; Haverinen, Jaakko

2016-12-01

Mobilization of glycogen stores was examined in the anoxic crucian carp (Carassius carassius Linnaeus). Winter-acclimatized fish were exposed to anoxia for 1, 3, or 6 weeks at 2 °C, and changes in the size of glycogen deposits were followed. After 1 week of anoxia, a major part of the glycogen stores was mobilized in liver (79.5 %) and heart (75.6 %), and large decreases occurred in gill (46.7 %) and muscle (45.1 %). Brain was an exception in that its glycogen content remained unchanged. The amount of glycogen degraded during the first anoxic week was sufficient for the anaerobic ethanol production for more than 6 weeks of anoxia. After 3 and 6 weeks of anoxia, there was little further degradation of glycogen in other tissues except the brain where the stores were reduced by 30.1 and 49.9 % after 3 and 6 weeks of anoxia, respectively. One week of normoxic recovery following the 6-week anoxia was associated with a complete replenishment of the brain glycogen and partial recovery of liver, heart, and gill glycogen stores. Notably, the resynthesis of glycogen occurred at the expense of the existing energy reserves of the body in fasting fish. These findings indicate that in crucian carp, glycogen stores are quickly mobilized after the onset of anoxia, with the exception of the brain whose glycogen stores may be saved for putative emergency situations.

Massive Sorghum Collection Genotyped with SSR Markers to Enhance Use of Global Genetic Resources

PubMed Central

Bouchet, Sophie; Chantereau, Jacques; Deu, Monique; Gardes, Laetitia; Noyer, Jean-Louis; Rami, Jean-François; Rivallan, Ronan; Li, Yu; Lu, Ping; Wang, Tianyu; Folkertsma, Rolf T.; Arnaud, Elizabeth; Upadhyaya, Hari D.; Glaszmann, Jean-Christophe; Hash, C. Thomas

2013-01-01

Large ex situ collections require approaches for sampling manageable amounts of germplasm for in-depth characterization and use. We present here a large diversity survey in sorghum with 3367 accessions and 41 reference nuclear SSR markers. Of 19 alleles on average per locus, the largest numbers of alleles were concentrated in central and eastern Africa. Cultivated sorghum appeared structured according to geographic regions and race within region. A total of 13 groups of variable size were distinguished. The peripheral groups in western Africa, southern Africa and eastern Asia were the most homogeneous and clearly differentiated. Except for Kafir, there was little correspondence between races and marker-based groups. Bicolor, Caudatum, Durra and Guinea types were each dispersed in three groups or more. Races should therefore better be referred to as morphotypes. Wild and weedy accessions were very diverse and scattered among cultivated samples, reinforcing the idea that large gene-flow exists between the different compartments. Our study provides an entry to global sorghum germplasm collections. Our reference marker kit can serve to aggregate additional studies and enhance international collaboration. We propose a core reference set in order to facilitate integrated phenotyping experiments towards refined functional understanding of sorghum diversity. PMID:23565161

Simple Skin-Stretching Device in Assisted Tension-Free Wound Closure.

PubMed

Cheng, Li-Fu; Lee, Jiunn-Tat; Hsu, Honda; Wu, Meng-Si

2017-03-01

Numerous conventional wound reconstruction methods, such as wound undermining with direct suture, skin graft, and flap surgery, can be used to treat large wounds. The adequate undermining of the skin flaps of a wound is a commonly used technique for achieving the closure of large tension wounds; however, the use of tension to approximate and suture the skin flaps can cause ischemic marginal necrosis. The purpose of this study is to use elastic rubber bands to relieve the tension of direct wound closure for simultaneously minimizing the risks of wound dehiscence and wound edge ischemia that lead to necrosis. This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate our clinical experiences with 22 large wounds, which involved performing primary closures under a considerable amount of tension by using elastic rubber bands in a skin-stretching technique after a wide undermining procedure. Assessment of the results entailed complete wound healing and related complications. All 22 wounds in our study showed fair to good results except for one. The mean success rate was approximately 95.45%. The simple skin-stretching design enabled tension-free skin closure, which pulled the bilateral undermining skin flaps as bilateral fasciocutaneous advancement flaps. The skin-stretching technique was generally successful.

The permafrost carbon inventory on the Tibetan Plateau: a new evaluation using deep sediment cores

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Y.; Ding, J.; Li, F.; Yang, G.; Chen, L.

2016-12-01

The permafrost organic carbon (OC) stock is of global significance because of its large pool size and potential positive feedback to climate warming. However, due to the lack of systematic field observations and appropriate upscaling methodologies, substantial uncertainties exist in the permafrost OC budget, which limits our understanding on the fate of frozen carbon in a warming world. In particular, the lack of comprehensive estimation of OC stock across alpine permafrost means that the current knowledge on this issue remains incomplete. Here we evaluated the pool size and spatial variations of permafrost OC stock to 3 meters depth on the Tibetan Plateau by combining systematic measurements from a substantial number of pedons (i.e., 342 three-meter-deep cores and 177 50-cm-deep pits) with a machine learning technique (i.e., support vector machine, SVM). We also quantified uncertainties in permafrost carbon budget by conducting Monte Carlo simulation. Our results revealed that the combination of systematic measurements with the SVM model allowed spatially explicit estimates. The OC density (OC amount per unit area, OCD) exhibited a decreasing trend from the southeastern to the northwestern plateau, with the exception that OCD in the swamp meadow was substantially higher than that in surrounding regions. Our results also demonstrated that Tibetan permafrost stored a large amount of OC in the top 3 meters, with the median OC pool size being 15.31 Pg C (interquartile range: 13.03-17.77 Pg C). Of them, 44% occurred in deep layers (i.e., 100-300 cm), close to the proportion observed across the northern circumpolar permafrost region. The large carbon pool size, together with significant permafrost thawing implies a risk of carbon emissions and positive climate feedback across the Tibetan alpine permafrost region.

A Multi-Robot Sense-Act Approach to Lead to a Proper Acting in Environmental Incidents

PubMed Central

Conesa-Muñoz, Jesús; Valente, João; del Cerro, Jaime; Barrientos, Antonio; Ribeiro, Angela

2016-01-01

Many environmental incidents affect large areas, often in rough terrain constrained by natural obstacles, which makes intervention difficult. New technologies, such as unmanned aerial vehicles, may help address this issue due to their suitability to reach and easily cover large areas. Thus, unmanned aerial vehicles may be used to inspect the terrain and make a first assessment of the affected areas; however, nowadays they do not have the capability to act. On the other hand, ground vehicles rely on enough power to perform the intervention but exhibit more mobility constraints. This paper proposes a multi-robot sense-act system, composed of aerial and ground vehicles. This combination allows performing autonomous tasks in large outdoor areas by integrating both types of platforms in a fully automated manner. Aerial units are used to easily obtain relevant data from the environment and ground units use this information to carry out interventions more efficiently. This paper describes the platforms and sensors required by this multi-robot sense-act system as well as proposes a software system to automatically handle the workflow for any generic environmental task. The proposed system has proved to be suitable to reduce the amount of herbicide applied in agricultural treatments. Although herbicides are very polluting, they are massively deployed on complete agricultural fields to remove weeds. Nevertheless, the amount of herbicide required for treatment is radically reduced when it is accurately applied on patches by the proposed multi-robot system. Thus, the aerial units were employed to scout the crop and build an accurate weed distribution map which was subsequently used to plan the task of the ground units. The whole workflow was executed in a fully autonomous way, without human intervention except when required by Spanish law due to safety reasons. PMID:27517934

Monodisperse Ultrasmall Manganese-Doped Multimetallic Oxysulfide Nanoparticles as Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalyst.

PubMed

Zhang, Yingying; Wang, Xiang; Hu, Dandan; Xue, Chaozhuang; Wang, Wei; Yang, Huajun; Li, Dongsheng; Wu, Tao

2018-04-25

The highly efficient and cheap non-Pt-based electrocatalysts such as transition-based catalysts prepared via facile methods for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are desirable for large-scale practical industry applications in energy conversion and storage systems. Herein, we report a straightforward top-down synthesis of monodisperse ultrasmall manganese-doped multimetallic (ZnGe) oxysulfide nanoparticles (NPs) as an efficient ORR electrocatalyst by simple ultrasonic treatment of the Mn-doped Zn-Ge-S chalcogenidometalate crystal precursors in H 2 O/EtOH for only 1 h at room temperature. Thus obtained ultrasmall monodisperse Mn-doped oxysulfide NPs with ultralow Mn loading level (3.92 wt %) not only exhibit comparable onset and half-wave potential (0.92 and 0.86 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode, respectively) to the commercial 20 wt % Pt/C but also exceptionally high metal mass activity (189 mA/mg at 0.8 V) and good methanol tolerance. A combination of transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical analysis demonstrated that the homogenous distribution of a large amount of Mn(III) on the surface of NPs mainly accounts for the high ORR activity. We believe that this simple synthesis of Mn-doped multimetallic (ZnGe) oxysulfide NPs derived from chalcogenidometalates will open a new route to explore the utilization of discrete-cluster-based chalcogenidometalates as novel non-Pt electrocatalysts for energy applications and provide a facile way to realize the effective reduction of the amount of catalyst while keeping desired catalytic performances.

Precipitation chemistry in central Amazonia

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Andreae, M. O.; Talbot, R. W.; Berresheim, H.; Beecher, K. M.

1990-01-01

Rain samples from three sites in central Amazonia were collected over a period of 6 weeks during the 1987 wet season and analyzed for ionic species and dissolved organic carbon. A continuous record of precipitation chemistry and amount was obtained at two of these sites, which were free from local or regional pollution, for a time period of over 1 month. The volume-weighted mean concentrations of most species were found to be about a factor of 5 lower during the wet season compared with previous results from the dry season. Only sodium, potassium, and chloride showed similar concentrations in both seasons. When the seasonal difference in rainfall amount is taken into consideration, the deposition fluxes are only slightly lower for most species during the wet season than during the dry season, again with the exception of chloride, potassium, and sodium. Sodium and chloride are present in the same ratio as in sea salt; rapid advection of air masses of marine origin to the central Amazon Basin during the wet season may be responsible for the observed higher deposition flux of these species. Statistical analysis suggests that sulfate is, to a large extent, of marine (sea salt and biogenic) origin, but that long-range transport of combustion-derived aerosols also makes a significant contribution to sulfate and nitrate levels in Amazonian rain. Organic acid concentrations in rain were responsible for a large fraction of the observed precipitation acidity; their concentration was strongly influenced by gas/liquid interactions.

Assessing the accuracy of globe thermometer method in predicting outdoor mean radiant temperature under Malaysia tropical microclimate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khrit, N. G.; Alghoul, M. A.; Sopian, K.; Lahimer, A. A.; Elayeb, O. K.

2017-11-01

Assessing outdoor human thermal comfort and urban climate quality require experimental investigation of microclimatic conditions and their variations in open urban spaces. For this, it is essential to provide quantitative information on air temperature, humidity, wind velocity and mean radiant temperature. These parameters can be quantified directly except mean radiant temperature (Tmrt). The most accurate method to quantify Tmrt is integral radiation measurements (3-D shortwave and long-wave) which require using expensive radiometer instruments. To overcome this limitation the well-known globe thermometer method was suggested to calculate Tmrt. The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of using indoor globe thermometer method in predicting outdoor mean radiant temperature under Malaysia tropical microclimate. Globe thermometer method using small and large sizes of black-painted copper globes (50mm, 150mm) were used to estimate Tmrt and compare it with the reference Tmrt estimated by integral radiation method. The results revealed that the globe thermometer method considerably overestimated Tmrt during the middle of the day and slightly underestimated it in the morning and late evening. The difference between the two methods was obvious when the amount of incoming solar radiation was high. The results also showed that the effect of globe size on the estimated Tmrt is mostly small. Though, the estimated Tmrt by the small globe showed a relatively large amount of scattering caused by rapid changes in radiation and wind speed.

Effect of Cooking on Speciation and In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Hg and As from Rice, Using Ordinary and Pressure Cookers.

PubMed

Liao, Wen; Wang, Guang; Li, Kaiming; Zhao, Wenbo; Wu, Ye

2018-05-03

Rice is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, and owing to environmental pollution, it is a major source of human exposure to mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As). We evaluated the impact of cooking on the speciation and bioaccessibility of Hg and As from rice in this study. Results show that the dominant Hg and As species in rice from Guangzhou market in China were their inorganic forms (iHg and iAs), respectively. The cooking process modified the levels of Hg and As. Average Hg and As bioaccessibility in raw rice was 69.74 and 80.32%, respectively. Hg bioaccessibility decreased to 46.22 and 42.37% for pressure- and ordinary-cooked rice, respectively. In contrast, As bioaccessibility remained unchanged except after cooking with a large amount of water. Protein denaturation and the amount of soluble and volatile forms determine the bioaccessibility of Hg and As in cooked rice by being released into the cooking water or into the air. From the bioaccessibility data, the average established daily intake (EDI) values of Hg and As from pressure-cooked rice for children and adults were 0.034 and 0.025 μg kg -1  day -1 (Hg), and 0.735 and 0.559 μg kg -1  day -1 (As), respectively. This study provides novel insights into Hg and As exposure due to rice cooking.

26 CFR 1.6041-4 - Foreign-related items and other exceptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... notional principal contracts between the parties (for example, an International Swap and Derivatives... dollars of amounts paid in foreign currency. For rules concerning foreign currency conversion, see § 1...

40 CFR 721.5310 - Neononanoic acid, ethenyl ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... end of each work shift.), (a)(2)(ii) (With the exception of laboratory activities, full body chemical... weighted by the proportion of each substance present in the total daily amount released. (b) Specific...

40 CFR 721.4215 - Hexanedioic acid, diethenyl ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... of each work shift.), (a)(2)(ii) (With the exception of laboratory activities, full body chemical... weighted by the proportion of each substance present in the total daily amount released. (b) Specific...

40 CFR 721.4215 - Hexanedioic acid, diethenyl ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... of each work shift.), (a)(2)(ii) (With the exception of laboratory activities, full body chemical... weighted by the proportion of each substance present in the total daily amount released. (b) Specific...

40 CFR 721.5310 - Neononanoic acid, ethenyl ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... end of each work shift.), (a)(2)(ii) (With the exception of laboratory activities, full body chemical... weighted by the proportion of each substance present in the total daily amount released. (b) Specific...

40 CFR 721.4215 - Hexanedioic acid, diethenyl ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... of each work shift.), (a)(2)(ii) (With the exception of laboratory activities, full body chemical... weighted by the proportion of each substance present in the total daily amount released. (b) Specific...

40 CFR 721.5310 - Neononanoic acid, ethenyl ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... end of each work shift.), (a)(2)(ii) (With the exception of laboratory activities, full body chemical... weighted by the proportion of each substance present in the total daily amount released. (b) Specific...

21 CFR 73.100 - Cochineal extract; carmine.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... generally in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice, except that they may not be used to color... declare the presence of the color additive by listing its respective common or usual name, “cochineal...

Essential amino acids: master regulators of nutrition and environmental footprint?

PubMed Central

Tessari, Paolo; Lante, Anna; Mosca, Giuliano

2016-01-01

The environmental footprint of animal food production is considered several-fold greater than that of crops cultivation. Therefore, the choice between animal and vegetarian diets may have a relevant environmental impact. In such comparisons however, an often neglected issue is the nutritional value of foods. Previous estimates of nutrients’ environmental footprint had predominantly been based on either food raw weight or caloric content, not in respect to human requirements. Essential amino acids (EAAs) are key parameters in food quality assessment. We re-evaluated here the environmental footprint (expressed both as land use for production and as Green House Gas Emission (GHGE), of some animal and vegetal foods, titrated to provide EAAs amounts in respect to human requirements. Production of high-quality animal proteins, in amounts sufficient to match the Recommended Daily Allowances of all the EAAs, would require a land use and a GHGE approximately equal, greater o smaller (by only ±1-fold), than that necessary to produce vegetal proteins, except for soybeans, that exhibited the smallest footprint. This new analysis downsizes the common concept of a large advantage, in respect to environmental footprint, of crops vs. animal foods production, when human requirements of EAAs are used for reference. PMID:27221394

Essential amino acids: master regulators of nutrition and environmental footprint?

PubMed

Tessari, Paolo; Lante, Anna; Mosca, Giuliano

2016-05-25

The environmental footprint of animal food production is considered several-fold greater than that of crops cultivation. Therefore, the choice between animal and vegetarian diets may have a relevant environmental impact. In such comparisons however, an often neglected issue is the nutritional value of foods. Previous estimates of nutrients' environmental footprint had predominantly been based on either food raw weight or caloric content, not in respect to human requirements. Essential amino acids (EAAs) are key parameters in food quality assessment. We re-evaluated here the environmental footprint (expressed both as land use for production and as Green House Gas Emission (GHGE), of some animal and vegetal foods, titrated to provide EAAs amounts in respect to human requirements. Production of high-quality animal proteins, in amounts sufficient to match the Recommended Daily Allowances of all the EAAs, would require a land use and a GHGE approximately equal, greater o smaller (by only ±1-fold), than that necessary to produce vegetal proteins, except for soybeans, that exhibited the smallest footprint. This new analysis downsizes the common concept of a large advantage, in respect to environmental footprint, of crops vs. animal foods production, when human requirements of EAAs are used for reference.

[Distribution and removal of anaerobic antibiotic resistant bacteria during mesophilic anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge].

PubMed

Tong, Juan; Wang, Yuan-Yue; Wei Yuan, Song

2014-10-01

Sewage sludge is one of the major sources that releasing antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistant genes (ARG) into the environment since it contains large amount of ARB, but there is little information about the fate of the anaerobic ARB in the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge. Therefore, the distribution, removal and seasonal changes of tetracycline and β-lactam antibiotics resistant bacteria in the mesophilic egg-shaped digesters of a municipal wastewater treatment plant were investigated for one year in this study. Results showed that there were higher amounts of ARB and higher resistance rate of β-lactam antibiotics than that of tetracycline antibiotics in the sewage sludge. All ARB could be significantly reduced during the mesophilic anaerobic digestion process by 1.48-1.64 log unit (P < 0.05). Notably, the ampicillin and cephalothin resistance rates were significantly increased after anaerobic digestion by 12.0% and 14.3%, respectively (P < 0.05). The distribution of ARB in the sewage sludge had seasonal change characteristics. Except for chlorotetracycline resistant bacteria, there were more ARB in the sewage sludge in cold season than in warm season (P < 0.05).

Legacy phosphorus and no tillage agriculture in tropical oxisols of the Brazilian savanna.

PubMed

Rodrigues, Marcos; Pavinato, Paulo Sergio; Withers, Paul John Anthony; Teles, Ana Paula Bettoni; Herrera, Wilfrand Ferney Bejarano

2016-01-15

Crop production in the Brazilian Cerrado is limited by soil phosphorus (P) supply without large inputs of inorganic P fertilizer, which may become more costly and scarce in the future. Reducing dependency on fertilizer P requires a greater understanding of soil P supply in the highly weathered soils in this important agricultural region. We investigated the impact of no tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) agriculture on accumulated (legacy) soil P and P forms in four long-term sites. Compared to the native savanna soils, tilled soils receiving regular annual P fertilizer inputs (30-50 kg P ha(-1)) increased all forms of inorganic and organic P, except highly recalcitrant P associated with the background lithology. However, 70-85% of the net added P was bound in moderately labile and non-labile forms associated with Fe/Al oxyhydroxides rather than in plant available forms. Under NT agriculture, organic P forms and labile and non-labile inorganic P forms were all significantly (P<0.05) increased in the surface soil, except for one site with maize residues where labile inorganic P was increased more under CT agriculture. The contribution of organic P cycling in these tropical soils increased after conversion to agriculture and was proportionally greater under NT. The results highlight the large amounts of unutilized legacy P present in Brazil's Cerrado soils that could be better exploited to reduce dependency on imports of finite phosphate rock. No tillage agriculture confers a positive albeit relatively small benefit for soil P availability and overall soil function. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 721.4250 - Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, ethenyl ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... end of each work shift.), (a)(2)(ii) (With the exception of laboratory activities, full body chemical... by the proportion of each substance present in the total daily amount released. (b) Specific...

40 CFR 721.4250 - Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, ethenyl ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... end of each work shift.), (a)(2)(ii) (With the exception of laboratory activities, full body chemical... by the proportion of each substance present in the total daily amount released. (b) Specific...

40 CFR 721.4250 - Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, ethenyl ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... end of each work shift.), (a)(2)(ii) (With the exception of laboratory activities, full body chemical... by the proportion of each substance present in the total daily amount released. (b) Specific...

42 CFR 405.503 - Determining customary charges.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... exceptional charges on the high side. A significant clustering of charges in the vicinity of the median amount might indicate that a point of such clustering should be taken as the physician's or other person's...

48 CFR 32.303 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... under section 301. (See 50 U.S.C. App. 2091 for statutory limitations and exceptions concerning the... demand of the lender, to purchase a stated percentage of the loan and to share any losses in the amount...

48 CFR 32.303 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... under section 301. (See 50 U.S.C. App. 2091 for statutory limitations and exceptions concerning the... demand of the lender, to purchase a stated percentage of the loan and to share any losses in the amount...

26 CFR 1.6654-2 - Exceptions to imposition of the addition to the tax in the case of individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...,800. The tax on such amount in the case of a joint return would be $9,836. Since the total amount of... joint return. In the case of a taxpayer who files a joint return for the taxable year with respect to... § 1.6017-1(b)(1). The liability with respect to the estimated tax, in the case of a joint payment...

7 CFR 210.6 - Use of Federal funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... lunches and meal supplements served in accordance with the provisions of this part; except that, with the... food authorities may be made at such times and in such amounts as are necessary to meet the current...

7 CFR 210.6 - Use of Federal funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... lunches and meal supplements served in accordance with the provisions of this part; except that, with the... food authorities may be made at such times and in such amounts as are necessary to meet the current...

17 CFR Appendix B to Part 37 - Guidance on, and Acceptable Practices in, Compliance with Core Principles

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... should include full customer restitution where customer harm is demonstrated, except where the amount of... or external audit findings, self-reported errors, or through validated complaints. (C) Requirements...

Medicare program; Medicare hospital reimbursement reforms: limitations on reimbursable costs and the rate of hospital cost increases--HCFA. Interim final rule with comment period.

PubMed

1982-09-30

These rules implement section 1886 of the Social Security Act (established by section 101 of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982). These rules amend current regulations on hospital cost limits, providing for new exemptions and exceptions. These amendments make exceptions available to hospitals consistent with the new cost limits published elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, and specifically exempt from those cost limits rural hospitals with less than 50 beds in existence as of the enactment of the law. These rules also set forth new regulations establishing a three-year ceiling on the allowable annual rate of increase in operating costs per case for inpatient hospital services. This ceiling takes the form of a target amount of cost per case against which a hospital's incurred cost per case will be compared. Hospitals are provided incentives to keep their cost increases below the target rate. A hospital that has costs per case less than the target amount will be paid a portion of the difference between actual cost and the target amount. A hospital that has costs per case that are greater than the target amount will be paid the target amount plus 25 percent of its costs in excess of the target for the first two years of the ceiling, and none of the excess in the third year. However, payment to a hospital under these new target rate regulations will not be greater than the amount determined under the new schedule of limits on hospital inpatient operating costs published elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register.

Newly Formed Dust in the Core-Collapse Supernova Remnant E0102

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ludwig, Bethany; Sandstrom, Karin; Bolatto, Alberto

2018-01-01

The mechanism of interstellar dust formation is a matter of continuing debate. In the very early universe, some high redshift galaxies are observed to have a substantial amount of dust. This has led to the suggestion that core collapse supernovae must be the producers of much of the dust in the universe. However, most observed supernova remnants (SNRs) in the local universe have measured dust yields far below the necessary levels. Cassiopeia A and SN 1987A are exceptions--in these young remnants, Herschel Space Observatory observations found large quantities of newly-formed dust. In these two cases, the SNR is young enough that the reverse shock has not yet interacted with most of the newly formed dust. To study supernova dust production, we observe SNR 1E0102.2-7219, which is approximately 1000 years old with a reverse shock that has only reached into a small part of its ejecta making it an excellent candidate to search for newly formed dust that has not yet been destroyed by those shocks. Using Herschel data, we carefully model the background around the remnant to remove emission that is unrelated to the SNR. We then measure the mass, temperature, and chemical composition of the dust by fitting the spectral energy distribution. Our findings reveal a substantial amount of previously undetected cold dust in the remnant, suggesting that indeed core collapse supernovae may host substantial amounts of newly formed dust, at least prior to the passage of the reverse shock.

Contribution of Organically Grown Crops to Human Health

PubMed Central

Johansson, Eva; Hussain, Abrar; Kuktaite, Ramune; Andersson, Staffan C.; Olsson, Marie E.

2014-01-01

An increasing interest in organic agriculture for food production is seen throughout the world and one key reason for this interest is the assumption that organic food consumption is beneficial to public health. The present paper focuses on the background of organic agriculture, important public health related compounds from crop food and variations in the amount of health related compounds in crops. In addition, influence of organic farming on health related compounds, on pesticide residues and heavy metals in crops, and relations between organic food and health biomarkers as well as in vitro studies are also the focus of the present paper. Nutritionally beneficial compounds of highest relevance for public health were micronutrients, especially Fe and Zn, and bioactive compounds such as carotenoids (including pro-vitamin A compounds), tocopherols (including vitamin E) and phenolic compounds. Extremely large variations in the contents of these compounds were seen, depending on genotype, climate, environment, farming conditions, harvest time, and part of the crop. Highest amounts seen were related to the choice of genotype and were also increased by genetic modification of the crop. Organic cultivation did not influence the content of most of the nutritional beneficial compounds, except the phenolic compounds that were increased with the amounts of pathogens. However, higher amounts of pesticide residues and in many cases also of heavy metals were seen in the conventionally produced crops compared to the organic ones. Animal studies as well as in vitro studies showed a clear indication of a beneficial effect of organic food/extracts as compared to conventional ones. Thus, consumption of organic food seems to be positive from a public health point of view, although the reasons are unclear, and synergistic effects between various constituents within the food are likely. PMID:24717360

Changes in PEP carboxylase, rubisco and rubisco activase mRNA levels from maize (Zea mays) exposed to a chronic ozone stress.

PubMed

Leitao, Louis; Maoret, Jean-José; Biolley, Jean-Philippe

2007-01-01

We quantified the ozone impact on levels of Zea mays L. cv. Chambord mRNAs encoding C4-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (C4-PEPc), ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small and large subunits (Rubisco-SSU and Rubisco-LSU, respectively) and Rubisco activase (RCA) using real-time RT-PCR. Foliar pigment content, PEPc and Rubisco protein amounts were simultaneously determined. Two experiments were performed to study the ozone response of the 5th and the 10th leaf. For each experiment, three ozone concentrations were tested in open-top chambers: non-filtered air (NF, control) and non-filtered air containing 40 (+40) and 80 nL L-1 (+80) ozone. Regarding the 5th leaf, +40 atmosphere induced a loss in pigmentation, PEPc and Rubisco activase mRNAs. However, it was unable to notably depress carboxylase protein amounts and mRNAs encoding Rubisco. Except for Rubisco mRNAs, all other measured parameters from 5th leaf were depressed by +80 atmosphere. Regarding the 10th leaf, +40 atmosphere increased photosynthetic pigments and transcripts encoding Rubisco and Rubisco activase. Rubisco and PEPc protein amounts were not drastically changed, even if they tended to be increased. Level of C4-PEPc mRNA remained almost stable. In response to +80 atmosphere, pigments and transcripts encoding PEPc were notably decreased. Rubisco and PEPc protein amounts also declined to a lesser extent. Conversely, the level of transcripts encoding both Rubisco subunits and Rubisco activase that were not consistently disturbed tended to be slightly augmented. So, the present study suggests that maize leaves can respond differentially to a similar ozone stress.

20 CFR 422.203 - Hearings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...) of eligibility or amount of benefits or any other matter under title XVI of the Act, except where an... part B of title IV (Black Lung benefits) of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (30 U.S.C...

Simple skin-stretching device in assisted tension-free wound closure

PubMed Central

Cheng, Li-Fu; Lee, Jiunn-Tat; Hsu, Honda; Wu, Meng-Si

2017-01-01

Background Numerous conventional wound reconstruction methods such as wound undermining with direct suture, skin graft, and flap surgery can be used to treat large wounds. The adequate undermining of the skin flaps of a wound is a commonly used technique for achieving the closure of large tension wounds; however, the use of tension to approximate and suture the skin flaps can cause ischemic marginal necrosis. The purpose of this study is to use elastic rubber bands to relieve the tension of direct wound closure for simultaneously minimizing the risks of wound dehiscence and wound edge ischemia that lead to necrosis. Materials and Methods This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate our clinical experiences with 22 large wounds, which involved performing primary closures under a considerable amount of tension by using elastic rubber bands in a skin-stretching technique following a wide undermining procedure. Assessment of the results entailed complete wound healing and related complications. Results All 22 wounds in our study showed fair to good results except for one. The mean success rate was approximately 95.45%. Conclusion The simple skin-stretching design enabled tension-free skin closure, which pulled the bilateral undermining skin flaps as bilateral fasciocutaneous advancement flaps. The skin-stretching technique was generally successful. PMID:28195891

Geology and ground-water resources of Hays County, Texas

USGS Publications Warehouse

DeCook, Kenneth James

1963-01-01

Ground water from wells in the Pearsall formation generally contains less than 500 parts per million of dissolved solids. Water from the Glen Rose limestone in some places contains more than 500 parts per million of sulfate and more than 1,000 parts per million of dissolved solids; locally it is high in nitrate also. Except in the southeastern part of the county, water from the Edwards limestone is commonly very hard but is otherwise of good quality for most uses. Analyses of two water samples from the Austin chalk indicate a high content of bicarbonate. Water from the Taylor marl and from Quaternary sediments generally is hard, and locally it contains excessive nitrate. Most wells in Hays County are used for domestic and stock supplies. About 20 wells, most of them in the Edwards limestone, yield water in relatively large amounts for industrial use, irrigation, or public supplies.

Nitrous oxide emission by aquatic macrofauna

PubMed Central

Stief, Peter; Poulsen, Morten; Nielsen, Lars Peter; Brix, Hans; Schramm, Andreas

2009-01-01

A large variety of aquatic animals was found to emit the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide when nitrate was present in the environment. The emission was ascribed to denitrification by ingested bacteria in the anoxic animal gut, and the exceptionally high N2O-to-N2 production ratio suggested delayed induction of the last step of denitrification. Filter- and deposit-feeding animal species showed the highest rates of nitrous oxide emission and predators the lowest, probably reflecting the different amounts of denitrifying bacteria in the diet. We estimate that nitrous oxide emission by aquatic animals is quantitatively important in nitrate-rich aquatic environments like freshwater, coastal marine, and deep-sea ecosystems. The contribution of this source to overall nitrous oxide emission from aquatic environments might further increase because of the projected increase of nitrate availability in tropical regions and the numeric dominance of filter- and deposit-feeders in eutrophic ecosystems. PMID:19255427

The Biological and Toxicological Activity of Gases and Vapors

PubMed Central

Sánchez-Moreno, Ricardo; Gil-Lostes, Javier; Acree, William E.; Cometto-Muñiz, J. Enrique; Cain, William S.

2010-01-01

A large amount of data on the biological and toxicological activity of gases and vapors has been collected from the literature. Processes include sensory irritation thresholds, the Alarie mouse test, inhalation anesthesia, etc. It is shown that a single equation using only five descriptors (properties of the gases and vapors) plus a set of indicator variables for the given processes can correlate 643 biological and non-lethal toxicological activities of ‘non-reactive’ compounds with a standard deviation of 0.36 log unit. The equation is scaled to sensory irritation thresholds obtained by the procedure of Cometto-Muñiz, and Cain, and provides a general equation for the prediction of sensory irritation thresholds in man. It is suggested that differences in biological/toxicological activity arise primarily from transport from the gas phase to a receptor phase or area, except for odor detection thresholds where interaction with a receptor(s) is important. PMID:19913608

Travelogue of Konrad Keilhack (1858-1944), Geologist from Berlin, attending the International Geological Congress 1897 in St. Petersburg (Russia)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pfaffl, Fritz A.; Dullo, Wolf-Christian

2015-09-01

Keilhack reported his impressions from his participation at the International Geological Congress in Russia in 1897 in several consecutive articles. In the more than 100 years since that time, a lot has changed. Apart from the totally different style of scientific presentations, with almost no illustrations, except maps, being shown during a talk, field trips were also a very special event, involving huge amounts of logistics. More than 200 people were transported to very remote areas of the European part of Russia. As well as organizing transportation by coaches and horses, places to stay overnight had to be found in large numbers and special regulations had to be issued by the government to allow access to various outcrops. Keilhacks visit of the oil-producing sites around Baku are of special interest, since they belonged obviously to the most productive ones on the globe at that time.

Simplification of reversible Markov chains by removal of states with low equilibrium occupancy.

PubMed

Ullah, Ghanim; Bruno, William J; Pearson, John E

2012-10-21

We present a practical method for simplifying Markov chains on a potentially large state space when detailed balance holds. A simple and transparent technique is introduced to remove states with low equilibrium occupancy. The resulting system has fewer parameters. The resulting effective rates between the remaining nodes give dynamics identical to the original system's except on very fast timescales. This procedure amounts to using separation of timescales to neglect small capacitance nodes in a network of resistors and capacitors. We illustrate the technique by simplifying various reaction networks, including transforming an acyclic four-node network to a three-node cyclic network. For a reaction step in which a ligand binds, the law of mass action implies a forward rate proportional to ligand concentration. The effective rates in the simplified network are found to be rational functions of ligand concentration. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A silver ion water sterilization system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parry, E. P.

1971-01-01

Small amounts of silver are incorporated in mixture of ion exchange resins, and water passing through this mixture is thus exposed to silver ion concentration. System is useful in self-contained water systems except city water systems where residual chlorine level is stipulated.

Size of graphene sheets determines the structural and mechanical properties of 3D graphene foams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, Zhiqiang; Ye, Huilin; Zhou, Chi; Kröger, Martin; Li, Ying

2018-03-01

Graphene is recognized as an emerging 2D nanomaterial for many applications. Assembly of graphene sheets into 3D structures is an attractive way to enable their macroscopic applications and to preserve the exceptional mechanical and physical properties of their constituents. In this study, we develop a coarse-grained (CG) model for 3D graphene foams (GFs) based on the CG model for a 2D graphene sheet by Ruiz et al (2015 Carbon 82 103-15). We find that the size of graphene sheets plays an important role in both the structural and mechanical properties of 3D GFs. When their size is smaller than 10 nm, the graphene sheets can easily stack together under the influence of van der Waals interactions (vdW). These stacks behave like building blocks and are tightly packed together within 3D GFs, leading to high density, small pore radii, and a large Young’s modulus. However, if the sheet sizes exceed 10 nm, they are staggered together with a significant amount of deformation (bending). Therefore, the density of 3D GFs has been dramatically reduced due to the loosely packed graphene sheets, accompanied by large pore radii and a small Young’s modulus. Under uniaxial compression, rubber-like stress-strain curves are observed for all 3D GFs. This material characteristic is dominated by the vdW interactions between different graphene layers and slightly affected by the out-of-plane deformation of the graphene sheets. We find a simple scaling law E˜ {ρ }4.2 between the density ρ and Young’s modulus E for a model of 3D GFs. The simulation results reveal structure-property relations of 3D GFs, which can be applied to guide the design of 3D graphene assemblies with exceptional properties.

Entropy of uremia and dialysis technology.

PubMed

Ronco, Claudio

2013-01-01

The second law of thermodynamics applies with local exceptions to patient history and therapy interventions. Living things preserve their low level of entropy throughout time because they receive energy from their surroundings in the form of food. They gain their order at the expense of disordering the nutrients they consume. Death is the thermodynamically favored state: it represents a large increase in entropy as molecular structure yields to chaos. The kidney is an organ dissipating large amounts of energy to maintain the level of entropy of the organism as low as possible. Diseases, and in particular uremia, represent conditions of rapid increase in entropy. Therapeutic strategies are oriented towards a reduction in entropy or at least a decrease in the speed of entropy increase. Uremia is a process accelerating the trend towards randomness and disorder (increase in entropy). Dialysis is a factor external to the patient that tends to reduce the level of entropy caused by kidney disease. Since entropy can only increase in closed systems, energy and work must be spent to limit the entropy of uremia. This energy should be adapted to the system (patient) and be specifically oriented and personalized. This includes a multidimensional effort to achieve an adequate dialysis that goes beyond small molecular weight solute clearance. It includes a biological plan for recovery of homeostasis and a strategy towards long-term rehabilitation of the patient. Such objectives can be achieved with a combination of technology and innovation to answer specific questions that are still present after 60 years of dialysis history. This change in the individual bioentropy may represent a local exception to natural trends as the patient could be considered an isolated universe responding to the classic laws of thermodynamics. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Resilience Predictors of Violence and Externalizing Behavior Problems for Urban Exceptional Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perry, Joseph D.; Bard, E. M.

This study analyzed the association between resilience and violence as rated by teachers and parents of exceptional students (N=613) from large urban, public schools in Ohio. Multiple types of exceptionalities were represented and a high proportion of the diversity came from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Resilience predictor variables were…

Occurrences and sources of Differential Item Functioning (DIF) in patient-reported outcome measures: Description of DIF methods, and review of measures of depression, quality of life and general health

PubMed Central

Teresi, Jeanne A.; Ramirez, Mildred; Lai, Jin-Shei; Silver, Stephanie

2009-01-01

Examination of the equivalence of measures involves several levels, including conceptual equivalence of meaning, as well as quantitative tests of differential item functioning (DIF). The purpose of this review is to examine DIF in patient-reported outcomes. Reviewed were measures of self-reported depression, quality of life (QoL) and general health. Most measures of depression contained large amounts of DIF, and the impact of DIF at the scale level was typically sizeable. The studies of QoL and health measures identified a moderate amount of DIF; however, many of these studies examined only one type of DIF (uniform). Relative to DIF analyses of depression measures, less analysis of the impact of DIF on QoL and health measures was performed, and the authors of these analyses generally did not recommend remedial action, with one notable exception. While these studies represent good beginning efforts to examine measurement equivalence in patient-reported outcome measures, more cross-validation work is required using other (often larger) samples of different ethnic and language groups, as well as other methods that permit more extensive analyses of the type of DIF, together with magnitude and impact. PMID:20165561

Occurrence and patterns of waxes in Neisseriaceae.

PubMed

Bryn, K; Jantzen, E; Bovre, K

1977-09-01

Forty-five strains classified in the family Neisseriaceae were analysed for wax esters by gas-liquid chromatography. The amounts and types of waxes varied between the taxa. Waxes were not detected in 16 strains of 'true neisseriae' (genus Neisseria) or in two strains of Kingella, but they were found in all 'false neisseriae', in all species of Moraxella except Moraxella phenylpyrouvica, in five out of 10 strains of Acintobacter, and in all strains of a group of psychrophilic, oxidase-positive organisms. The chain lengths of the wax esters ranged from C24 to C42, with C36 predominating. In all taxa, esters with even numbers of carbon atoms constituted 70 to 100% of the total. Saturated, mono-unsaturated and diunsaturated waxes were found. Acinetobacter strains were characterized by large amounts (30 to 98%) of di-unsaturated wax esters; such waxes did not exceed 8% in the 'false neisseriae' or Moraxella spp. Waxes of strains belonging to the psychrophilic, oxidase-positive group generally resembled those found in Moraxella. Wax esters with odd numbers of carbon atoms were abundant in M. lacunata (29%), M. atlantae (15%) and in the psychorophilic group (19 to 28%); long-chain esters (C40 or above) were characteristic of M. atlantae (30%) and one strain of M. osloensis (26%).

Structure, stratigraphy, and petroleum geology of the Little Plain basin, northwestern Hungary

USGS Publications Warehouse

Mattick, R.E.; Teleki, P.G.; Phillips, R.L.; Clayton, J.L.; David, G.; Pogcsas, G.; Bardocz, B.; Simon, E.

1996-01-01

The basement of the Little Plain (Kisalfo??ld) basin is composed of two parts: an eastern part comprised of folded and overthrusted Triassic and Paleozoic rocks of the Pelso block (Transdanubian Central Range) compressed in the Early Cretaceous, and a western part consisting of stacked nappes of the Austroalpine zone of Paleozoic rocks, significantly metamorphosed during Cretaceous and later compression, overriding Jurassic oceanic rift-zone rocks of the Penninic zone. The evolution of the basin began in the late Karpatian-early Badenian (middle Miocene) when the eastern part of the basin began to open along conjugate sets of northeast- and northwest-trending normal faults. Neogene rocks in the study area, on the average, contain less than 0.5 wt. % total organic carbon (TOC) and, therefore, are not considered effective source rocks. Locally, however, where TOC values are as high as 3 wt. %, significant amounts of gas may have been generated and expelled. Although potential stratigraphic traps are numerous in the Neogene section, these potential traps must be downgraded because of the small amount of hydrocarbons discovered in structural traps to date. With the exception of the Cretaceous, the Mesozoic section has not been actively explored. Large anticlinal and overthrust structures involving pre-Cretaceous strata remain undrilled.

Destruction of Navy Hazardous Wastes by Supercritical Water Oxidation

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-08-01

cleaning and derusting (nitrite and citric acid solutions), electroplating ( acids and metal bearing solutions), electronics and refrigeration... acid forming chemical species or that contain a large amount of dissolved solids present a challenge to current SCWO •-chnology. Approved for public...Waste streams that contain a large amount of mineral- acid forming chemical species or that contain a large amount of dissolved solids present a challenge

Empirical relationships between tree fall and landscape-level amounts of logging and fire

PubMed Central

Blanchard, Wade; Blair, David; McBurney, Lachlan; Stein, John; Banks, Sam C.

2018-01-01

Large old trees are critically important keystone structures in forest ecosystems globally. Populations of these trees are also in rapid decline in many forest ecosystems, making it important to quantify the factors that influence their dynamics at different spatial scales. Large old trees often occur in forest landscapes also subject to fire and logging. However, the effects on the risk of collapse of large old trees of the amount of logging and fire in the surrounding landscape are not well understood. Using an 18-year study in the Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, we quantify relationships between the probability of collapse of large old hollow-bearing trees at a site and the amount of logging and the amount of fire in the surrounding landscape. We found the probability of collapse increased with an increasing amount of logged forest in the surrounding landscape. It also increased with a greater amount of burned area in the surrounding landscape, particularly for trees in highly advanced stages of decay. The most likely explanation for elevated tree fall with an increasing amount of logged or burned areas in the surrounding landscape is change in wind movement patterns associated with cutblocks or burned areas. Previous studies show that large old hollow-bearing trees are already at high risk of collapse in our study area. New analyses presented here indicate that additional logging operations in the surrounding landscape will further elevate that risk. Current logging prescriptions require the protection of large old hollow-bearing trees on cutblocks. We suggest that efforts to reduce the probability of collapse of large old hollow-bearing trees on unlogged sites will demand careful landscape planning to limit the amount of timber harvesting in the surrounding landscape. PMID:29474487

Empirical relationships between tree fall and landscape-level amounts of logging and fire.

PubMed

Lindenmayer, David B; Blanchard, Wade; Blair, David; McBurney, Lachlan; Stein, John; Banks, Sam C

2018-01-01

Large old trees are critically important keystone structures in forest ecosystems globally. Populations of these trees are also in rapid decline in many forest ecosystems, making it important to quantify the factors that influence their dynamics at different spatial scales. Large old trees often occur in forest landscapes also subject to fire and logging. However, the effects on the risk of collapse of large old trees of the amount of logging and fire in the surrounding landscape are not well understood. Using an 18-year study in the Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, we quantify relationships between the probability of collapse of large old hollow-bearing trees at a site and the amount of logging and the amount of fire in the surrounding landscape. We found the probability of collapse increased with an increasing amount of logged forest in the surrounding landscape. It also increased with a greater amount of burned area in the surrounding landscape, particularly for trees in highly advanced stages of decay. The most likely explanation for elevated tree fall with an increasing amount of logged or burned areas in the surrounding landscape is change in wind movement patterns associated with cutblocks or burned areas. Previous studies show that large old hollow-bearing trees are already at high risk of collapse in our study area. New analyses presented here indicate that additional logging operations in the surrounding landscape will further elevate that risk. Current logging prescriptions require the protection of large old hollow-bearing trees on cutblocks. We suggest that efforts to reduce the probability of collapse of large old hollow-bearing trees on unlogged sites will demand careful landscape planning to limit the amount of timber harvesting in the surrounding landscape.

Report: Agreed-Upon Procedures on EPA’s Fiscal Year 2009 First Quarter Financial Statements

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Report #09-2-0161, June 8, 2009. We compared the statements with EPA’s crosswalk, recomputed them for mathematical accuracy, and compared them with balances separately generated by us. Except for immaterial rounding differences, the amounts agreed.

BILP-19-An Ultramicroporous Organic Network with Exceptional Carbon Dioxide Uptake.

PubMed

Klumpen, Christoph; Radakovitsch, Florian; Jess, Andreas; Senker, Jürgen

2017-08-12

Porous benzimidazole-based polymers (BILPs) have proven to be promising for carbon dioxide capture and storage. The polarity of their chemical structure in combination with an inherent porosity allows for adsorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide in combination with high selectivities over unpolar guest molecules such as methane and nitrogen. For this reason, among purely organic polymers, BILPs contain some of the most effective networks to date. Nevertheless, they are still outperformed by competitive materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or metal doped porous polymers. Here, we report the synthesis of BILP-19 and its exceptional carbon dioxide uptake of up to 6 mmol•g-1 at 273 K, making the network comparable to state-of-the-art materials. BILP-19 precipitates in a particulate structure with a strongly anisotropic growth into platelets, indicating a sheet-like structure for the network. It exhibits only a small microporous but a remarkable ultra-microporous surface area of 144 m2•g-1 and 1325 m2•g-1, respectively. We attribute the exceptional uptake of small guest molecules such as carbon dioxide and water to the distinct ultra-microporosity. Additionally, a pronounced hysteresis for both guests is observed, which in combination with the platelet character is probably caused by an expansion of the interparticle space, creating additional accessible ultra-microporous pore volume. For nitrogen and methane, this effect does not occur which explains their low affinity. In consequence, Henry selectivities of 123 for CO2/N2 at 298 K and 12 for CO2/CH4 at 273 K were determined. The network was carefully characterized with solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetry (TG) and elemental analyses as well as physisorption experiments with Ar, N2, CO2, CH4 and water.

Decadal changes in potassium, calcium, and magnesium in a deciduous forest soil

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mulholland, Patrick J; Johnson, Dale W.; Todd Jr, Donald E

2008-01-01

Decadal changes in soil exchangeable K{sup +}, Ca{sup 2+}, and Mg{sup 2+} concentrations and contents from 1972 to 2004 in eight intensively monitored plots on Walker Branch Watershed were compared with estimates of increments or decrements in vegetation and detritus. The results from these eight plots compared favorably with those from a more extensive set from 24 soil sampling plots sampled in 1972 and 2004. Increases in exchangeable K{sup +} were noted between 1972 and 1982, but few changes were noted between 1982 and 2004 despite significant increments in vegetation and detritus and significant potential losses by leaching. Total Kmore » contents of soils in the 0- to 60-cm sampling depth were very large and a slight amount of weathering could have replenished the K{sup +} lost from exchanges sites. With one notable exception, exchangeable Ca{sup 2+} and Mg{sup 2+} concentrations and contents decreased continuously during the sampling period. Decreases in exchangeable Ca{sup 2+} could be attributed mostly to increments in biomass and detritus, whereas decreases in exchangeable Mg{sup 2+} could not and were attributed to leaching. The major exception to these patterns was in the case of exchangeable Ca{sup 2+}, where significant increases were noted in one plot and attributed to Ca release from the decomposition of Ca-rich coarse woody debris from oak (Quercus spp.) mortality. With minor exceptions, soils and changes in soils among the eight intensively sampled core plots were similar to those in a more extensive set of plots distributed across the watershed. This study shows that averaging among plots can mask significant and important spatial patterns in soil change that must be taken into account in assessing long-term trends.« less

A simple biosynthetic pathway for large product generation from small substrate amounts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Djordjevic, Marko; Djordjevic, Magdalena

2012-10-01

A recently emerging discipline of synthetic biology has the aim of constructing new biosynthetic pathways with useful biological functions. A major application of these pathways is generating a large amount of the desired product. However, toxicity due to the possible presence of toxic precursors is one of the main problems for such production. We consider here the problem of generating a large amount of product from a potentially toxic substrate. To address this, we propose a simple biosynthetic pathway, which can be induced in order to produce a large number of the product molecules, by keeping the substrate amount at low levels. Surprisingly, we show that the large product generation crucially depends on fast non-specific degradation of the substrate molecules. We derive an optimal induction strategy, which allows as much as three orders of magnitude increase in the product amount through biologically realistic parameter values. We point to a recently discovered bacterial immune system (CRISPR/Cas in E. coli) as a putative example of the pathway analysed here. We also argue that the scheme proposed here can be used not only as a stand-alone pathway, but also as a strategy to produce a large amount of the desired molecules with small perturbations of endogenous biosynthetic pathways.

A biome-scale assessment of the impact of invasive alien plants on ecosystem services in South Africa.

PubMed

van Wilgen, B W; Reyers, B; Le Maitre, D C; Richardson, D M; Schonegevel, L

2008-12-01

This paper reports an assessment of the current and potential impacts of invasive alien plants on selected ecosystem services in South Africa. We used data on the current and potential future distribution of 56 invasive alien plant species to estimate their impact on four services (surface water runoff, groundwater recharge, livestock production and biodiversity) in five terrestrial biomes. The estimated reductions in surface water runoff as a result of current invasions were >3000 million m(3) (about 7% of the national total), most of which is from the fynbos (shrubland) and grassland biomes; the potential reductions would be more than eight times greater if invasive alien plants were to occupy the full extent of their potential range. Impacts on groundwater recharge would be less severe, potentially amounting to approximately 1.5% of the estimated maximum reductions in surface water runoff. Reductions in grazing capacity as a result of current levels of invasion amounted to just over 1% of the potential number of livestock that could be supported. However, future impacts could increase to 71%. A 'biodiversity intactness index' (the remaining proportion of pre-modern populations) ranged from 89% to 71% for the five biomes. With the exception of the fynbos biome, current invasions have almost no impact on biodiversity intactness. Under future levels of invasion, however, these intactness values decrease to around 30% for the savanna, fynbos and grassland biomes, but to even lower values (13% and 4%) for the two karoo biomes. Thus, while the current impacts of invasive alien plants are relatively low (with the exception of those on surface water runoff), the future impacts could be very high. While the errors in these estimates are likely to be substantial, the predicted impacts are sufficiently large to suggest that there is serious cause for concern.

Changes in brain amino acid content induced by hyposmolar stress and energy deprivation.

PubMed

Haugstad, T S; Valø, E T; Langmoen, I A

1995-12-01

The changes in endogenous amino acids in brain extracellular and intracellular compartments evoked by hyposmotic stress and energy deprivation were compared. Tissue content and release of ten amino acids were measured simultaneously in rat hippocampal slices by means of high performance liquid chromatography. Hyposmotic stress induced a large release of taurine (25568 pmol mg-1 protein), and a smaller release of glutamate, accompanied by an inverse change in tissue content. Adding mannitol to correct osmolarity, blocked these changes. Energy deprivation caused an increase in the release of all amino acids except glutamine. The release was particularly large for glutamate and GABA (31141 and 13282 pmol mg-1, respectively). The intracellular concentrations were generally reduced, but the total amount of the released amino acids increased In contrast to the effect seen during hyposmolar stress, mannitol enhanced the changes due to energy deprivation. The results show that hyposmolar stress and energy deprivation cause different content and release profiles, suggesting that the mechanisms involved in the two situations are either different or modulated in different ways. The intracellular amino acid depletion seen during energy deprivation shows that increased outward transport is probably a primary event, and increased amino acid formation likely secondary to this release.

Cloning single wall carbon nanotubes for hydrogen storage

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tour, James M; Kittrell, Carter

2012-08-30

The purpose of this research is to development the technology required for producing 3-D nano-engineered frameworks for hydrogen storage based on sp 2 carbon media, which will have high gravimetric and especially high volumetric uptake of hydrogen, and in an aligned fibrous array that will take advantage of the exceptionally high thermal conductivity of sp 2 carbon materials to speed up the fueling process while minimizing or eliminating the need for internal cooling systems. A limitation for nearly all storage media using physisorption of the hydrogen molecule is the large amount of surface area (SA) occupied by each H 2more » molecule due to its large zero-point vibrational energy. This creates a conundrum that in order to maximize SA, the physisorption media is made more tenuous and the density is decreased, usually well below 1 kg/L, so that there comes a tradeoff between volumetric and gravimetric uptake. Our major goal was to develop a new type of media with high density H 2 uptake, which favors volumetric storage and which, in turn, has the capability to meet the ultimate DoE H 2 goals.« less

Carbon and greenhouse gas balance of the FR-GRI crop site from 2005 to 2014

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Loubet, Benjamin; Chammakhi, Manel; Mascher, Nicolas; Durand, Brigitte; Gueudet, Jean-Christophe; Decuq, Céline; Lecuyer, Vanessa; Laville, Patricia; Buysse, Pauline; Cellier, Pierre

2017-04-01

The carbon and greenhouse gas balance of the ICOS FR-GRI site from 2005 to 2014 is presented. The site is a wheat-barley-maize rotation with the introduction of oil-seed rape in 2012. The site receives large amounts of organic fertilization, but is shown to be a strong source of carbon to the atmosphere, especially due to the increase in the exportations of residues during the period. The exportations have increased from around 4 to around 8 t C ha-1 year-1 over the period on average except for maize for which it remained constant. In the meantime the carbon importations have increased from around 1 to around 2 t C ha-1 year-1 during the same period. Overall the field was losing around 2 t C ha-1 year-1 over the whole period but largely driven by last years (2012-2014). This would represent 17% loss of the soil carbon content in the 0-60 cm in the 2005-2014 period. The discussion focuses on explanations of these losses and possible drawbacks in the methodology. The effect of the winter intermediate crops on the carbon balance is also discussed.

Spatial Variability of Trace Gases During DISCOVER-AQ: Planning for Geostationary Observations of Atmospheric Composition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Follette-Cook, Melanie B.; Pickering, K.; Crawford, J.; Appel, W.; Diskin, G.; Fried, A.; Loughner, C.; Pfister, G.; Weinheimer, A.

2015-01-01

Results from an in-depth analysis of trace gas variability in MD indicated that the variability in this region was large enough to be observable by a TEMPO-like instrument. The variability observed in MD is relatively similar to the other three campaigns with a few exceptions: CO variability in CA was much higher than in the other regions; HCHO variability in CA and CO was much lower; MD showed the lowest variability in NO2All model simulations do a reasonable job simulating O3 variability. For CO, the CACO simulations largely under over estimate the variability in the observations. The variability in HCHO is underestimated for every campaign. NO2 variability is slightly overestimated in MD, more so in CO. The TX simulation underestimates the variability in each trace gas. This is most likely due to missing emissions sources (C. Loughner, manuscript in preparation).Future Work: Where reasonable, we will use these model outputs to further explore the resolvability from space of these key trace gases using analyses of tropospheric column amounts relative to satellite precision requirements, similar to Follette-Cook et al. (2015).

Holocene multi-proxy environmental reconstruction from lake Hakluytvatnet, Amsterdamøya Island, Svalbard (79.5°N)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gjerde, Marthe; Bakke, Jostein; D'Andrea, William J.; Balascio, Nicholas L.; Bradley, Raymond S.; Vasskog, Kristian; Ólafsdóttir, Sædis; Røthe, Torgeir O.; Perren, Bianca B.; Hormes, Anne

2018-03-01

High resolution proxy records of past climate are sparse in the Arctic due to low organic production that restricts the use of radiocarbon dating and challenging logistics that make data collection difficult. Here, we present a new lake record from lake Hakluytvatnet at Amsterdamøya island (79.5°N), the northwesternmost island on Svalbard. Multi-proxy analyses of lake sediments in combination with geomorphological mapping reveal large environmental shifts that have taken place at Amsterdamøya during the Holocene. A robust chronology has been established for the lake sediment core through 28 AMS radiocarbon ages, and this gives an exceptionally well-constrained age control for a lake at this latitude. The Holocene was a period with large changes in the Hakluytvatnet catchment, and the onset of the Neoglacial (ca. 5 ka) marks the start of modern-day conditions in the catchment. The Neoglacial is characterized by fluctuations in the minerogenic input to the lake as well as internal productivity, and we suggest that these fluctuations are driven by atmospherically forced precipitation changes as well as sea ice extent modulating the amount of moisture that can reach Hakluytvatnet.

50 CFR 29.21-2 - Application procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...) State of local governments or agencies or instrumentalities thereof except as to rights-of-way... schedule: (A) For linear facilities (e.g., powerlines, pipelines, roads, etc.). Length Payment Less than 5... application includes both linear and nonlinear facilities, payment will be the aggregate of amounts under...

50 CFR 29.21-2 - Application procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...) State of local governments or agencies or instrumentalities thereof except as to rights-of-way... schedule: (A) For linear facilities (e.g., powerlines, pipelines, roads, etc.). Length Payment Less than 5... application includes both linear and nonlinear facilities, payment will be the aggregate of amounts under...

Digestibility of new dietary fibre materials, resistant glucan and hydrogenated resistant glucan in rats and humans, and the physical effects in rats.

PubMed

Oku, Tsuneyuki; Tanabe, Kenichi; Morita, Shigeki; Hamaguchi, Norihisa; Shimura, Fumio; Nakamura, Sadako

2015-11-28

Resistant glucan (RG) and hydrogenated resistant glucan (HRG) are newly developed non-digestible carbohydrate materials that decrease lifestyle-related diseases. The bioavailability of RG and HRG was investigated by in vitro experiments using human and rat small intestinal enzymes and by in vivo experiments using rats in the present study. Oligosaccharides, which are minor components of RG and HRG, were hydrolysed slightly by small intestinal enzymes of humans and rats, and the hydrolysing activity was slightly higher in rats than in humans. The amount of glucose released from HRG was greater than that from RG. However, the high-molecular-weight carbohydrates of the main components were hardly hydrolysed. Furthermore, neither RG nor HRG inhibited disaccharidase activity. When rats were raised on a diet containing 5 % of RG, HRG, resistant maltodextrin or fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) for 4 weeks, all rats developed loose stools and did not recover during the experiment, except for the FOS group. Body weight gain was normal in all groups and was not significantly different compared with the control group. Caecal tissue and content weights were significantly increased by feeding RG or HRG, although other organ and tissue weights were not significantly different among the groups. In conclusion, RG and HRG consist of small amounts of glucose and digestible and non-digestible oligosaccharides, and large amounts of glucose polymers, which were hardly hydrolysed by α-amylase and small intestinal enzymes. RG and HRG, which were developed newly as dietary fibre materials, had no harmful effects on the growth and development of rats.

Perfume formulation: words and chats.

PubMed

Ellena, Céline

2008-06-01

What does it mean to create fragrances with materials from chemistry and/or from nature? How are they used to display their characteristic differences, their own personality? Is it easier to create with synthetic raw materials or with essential oils? This review explains why a perfume formulation corresponds in fact to a conversation, an interplay between synthetic and natural perfumery materials. A synthetic raw material carries a single information, and usually is very linear. Its smell is uniform, clear, and faithful. Natural raw materials, on the contrary, provide a strong, complex and generous image. While a synthetic material can be seen as a single word, a natural one such as rose oil could be compared to chatting: cold, warm, sticky, heavy, transparent, pepper, green, metallic, smooth, watery, fruity... full of information. Yet, if a very small amount of the natural material is used, nothing happens, the fragrance will not change. However, if a large amount is used, the rose oil will swallow up everything else. The fragrance will smell of nothing else except rose! To formulate a perfume is not to create a culinary recipe, with only dosing the ingredients in well-balanced amounts. To formulate rather means to flexibly knit materials together with a lively stitch, meeting or repelling each other, building a pleasant form, which is neither fixed, nor solid, nor rigid. A fragrance has an overall structure, which ranges from a clear sound, made up of stable, unique, and linear items, to a background chat, comfortable and reassuring. But that does, of course, not mean that there is only one way of creating a fragrance!

Occurrence and origin of minerals in a chamosite-bearing coal of Late Permian age, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China

USGS Publications Warehouse

Dai, S.; Chou, C.-L.

2007-01-01

The minerals found in the no.5 coal (Late Permian) from the Zhaotong Coalfield, Yunnan Province, southwestern China, have been examined and found to consist mainly of kaolinite, pyrite, chamosite, quartz, and calcite, with trace amounts of illite and mixed-layer illite-smectite. The proportion of chamosite in clay minerals ranges from 32 to 56 wt%, with an average of 46 wt%. Chamosite is distributed not only in collodetrinite, but also occurs as cell fillings in fusinite, semifusinite, and telinite. The high content and mode of occurrence of chamosite in this mine indicate its formation by interaction of kaolinite with Fe-Mg-rich fluids during early diagenesis. Except for a minor amount of terfigenous quartz, most quartz is of authigenic origin and formed from kaolinite desilication. The calcite content of the no. 5 coal is 1.4-6.3% (with an average of 3%) and is distributed in collodetrinite and as cell fillings of coal-forming plants. Calcite originated from seawater invasion during peat accumulation. Pyrite occurs in several ways: as massive, framboidal, isolated enhedral/ anhedral, and euhedral forms. In addition, the presence of a large amount of pyritized red algae provides strong evidence of seawater invasion during peat accumulation. The red algae may have played an important role in the enrichment of sulfur in the coal. The characteristic assemblage of minerals in this mine resulted from a unique basinal environment in which the mineral matter was derived from a basaltic source region, volcanic activity, and seawater transgression during coal formation.

Uptake, metabolism and excretion of orally and intravenously administered, 14C- and 3H-labeled N-acetylneuraminic acid mixture in the mouse and rat.

PubMed

Nöhle, U; Schauer, R

1981-11-01

N-Acetyl-D-[2-14C,9-3H]neuraminic acid, enzymically prepared from sodium [2-14C]-pyruvate and N-acetyl-D-[6-3H]mannosamine by N-acetylneuraminate lyase in 75% yield, was orally administered to 20 day old fasted mice. 90% of the administered neuraminic acid was absorbed from the intestine in the course of 4 h, at a rate depending on the retention time of neuraminic acid in the intestine and the mental conditions of the animals. Between 60 and 90% of the neuraminic acid was excreted in the urine without chemical alteration within the first 6 h. Four hours after administration 10% of the 3H- and 1.3% of the 14C-radioactivity were recovered in the whole blood and in liver, spleen, kidney and brain. After 3 days 0.5% of 3H- and 0.01% of 14C-radioactivity still remained in these tissues. The discrepancy of the 14C-amount relative to the 3H-quantity was accounted for by exhaled 14CO2. After intravenous injection of N-acetylneuraminic acid into rats, 90% of the radioactivity corresponding to the original substance was excreted in the urine within 10 min. Four hours after administration only 5% of the applied 3H- and 1.2% of the 14C-radioactivity were left in the blood and in liver, spleen, kidney and brain. The experiments show that neither orally nor intravenously applied N-acetylneuraminic acid can penetrate cell membranes to a large extent, with the exception of the intestine. The isotopic ratio and N-acetylneuraminate lyase activity suggest that the small amount of the neuraminic acid retained in tissues was largely cleaved by the lyase, followed by metabolism of the reaction products. It may be concluded from these observations that neuraminic acid occurring in food cannot directly be used for the biosynthesis of glycoconjugates on a large scale.

The permafrost carbon inventory on the Tibetan Plateau: a new evaluation using deep sediment cores.

PubMed

Ding, Jinzhi; Li, Fei; Yang, Guibiao; Chen, Leiyi; Zhang, Beibei; Liu, Li; Fang, Kai; Qin, Shuqi; Chen, Yongliang; Peng, Yunfeng; Ji, Chengjun; He, Honglin; Smith, Pete; Yang, Yuanhe

2016-08-01

The permafrost organic carbon (OC) stock is of global significance because of its large pool size and the potential positive feedback to climate warming. However, due to the lack of systematic field observations and appropriate upscaling methodologies, substantial uncertainties exist in the permafrost OC budget, which limits our understanding of the fate of frozen carbon in a warming world. In particular, the lack of comprehensive estimates of OC stocks across alpine permafrost means that current knowledge on this issue remains incomplete. Here, we evaluated the pool size and spatial variations of permafrost OC stock to 3 m depth on the Tibetan Plateau by combining systematic measurements from a substantial number of pedons (i.e. 342 three-metre-deep cores and 177 50-cm-deep pits) with a machine learning technique (i.e. support vector machine, SVM). We also quantified uncertainties in permafrost carbon budget by conducting Monte Carlo simulations. Our results revealed that the combination of systematic measurements with the SVM model allowed spatially explicit estimates to be made. The OC density (OC amount per unit area, OCD) exhibited a decreasing trend from the south-eastern to the north-western plateau, with the exception that OCD in the swamp meadow was substantially higher than that in surrounding regions. Our results also demonstrated that Tibetan permafrost stored a large amount of OC in the top 3 m, with the median OC pool size being 15.31 Pg C (interquartile range: 13.03-17.77 Pg C). 44% of OC occurred in deep layers (i.e. 100-300 cm), close to the proportion observed across the northern circumpolar permafrost region. The large carbon pool size together with significant permafrost thawing suggests a risk of carbon emissions and positive climate feedback across the Tibetan alpine permafrost region. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Factors affecting the estimation of the relative amount of chromophore and chromophore area by the two-wavelength method of Patau and Ornstein.

PubMed

Van Oostveldt, P; Boeken, G

1976-05-28

Factors influencing the calculation of the relative amount of chromophore and the chromophore area by the two-wavelength method are examined. The study was carried out with the help of models and further tested on Feulgen stained preparations. Except for certain restrictions the difference between the chromophore area as calculated from the two transmissions measurements and the chromophore area obtained by planimetry can be used as a guide for determining the proper measuring conditions, including the choise of the two wavelengths.

21 CFR 73.250 - Fruit juice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Foods § 73.250 Fruit juice. (a) Identity. (1) The color additive fruit... amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice, except that it may not be used to color foods for...

21 CFR 73.250 - Fruit juice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Foods § 73.250 Fruit juice. (a) Identity. (1) The color additive fruit... amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice, except that it may not be used to color foods for...

21 CFR 73.250 - Fruit juice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Foods § 73.250 Fruit juice. (a) Identity. (1) The color additive fruit... amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice, except that it may not be used to color foods for...

40 CFR 98.348 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Municipal Solid Waste Landfills § 98.348 Definitions. Except as specified in this... contained in landfill gas. Industrial waste landfill means any landfill other than a municipal solid waste... capacity means the maximum amount of solid waste a landfill can accept. For the purposes of this subpart...

Solid-state reversible quadratic nonlinear optical molecular switch with an exceptionally large contrast.

PubMed

Sun, Zhihua; Luo, Junhua; Zhang, Shuquan; Ji, Chengmin; Zhou, Lei; Li, Shenhui; Deng, Feng; Hong, Maochun

2013-08-14

Exceptional nonlinear optical (NLO) switching behavior, including an extremely large contrast (on/off) of ∼35 and high NLO coefficients, is displayed by a solid-state reversible quadratic NLO switch. The favorable results, induced by very fast molecular motion and anionic ordering, provides impetus for the design of a novel second-harmonic-generation switch involving molecular motion. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Flowing wells and municipal water supplies in the southern portion of the southern peninsula of Michigan

USGS Publications Warehouse

Leverett, Frank

1906-01-01

A large amount of data on water supplies was collected by the writer in the course of glacial investigations made under the direction of Prof. T. C. Chamberlin in the last five years in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan. These investigations resulted in a partial acquaintance with conditions in about 200 separate flowing-well districts and brought out matters of such exceptional importance that arrangements were made to extend them by examining each of the flowing-well districts in the State sufficiently to determine its essential characteristics, present state of development, and probable capacity for future development. It was arranged also that the quality of various classes of waters, both surface and underground, as well as water supplies of the cities and villages, should be given attention. As the mineral waters of the State had already been discussed in some detail by the State geologist, Dr. A. C. Lane, in Water-Supply Paper No. 31 of the United States Geological Survey, it was deemed unnecessary to prepare another report on that subject, but arrangements were made with Doctor Lane for embodying in this report the large amount of material which had accumulated at his office relative to other classes of water supply, and also for furnishing reports on certain counties in which special investigations had been carried on by the State survey. The results of all these studies, so far as they apply to the southern counties (see fig. 1), are embodied in the present report; the remainder will appear in a companion report on the middle and northern counties of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan.

Flowing wells and municipal water supplies in the middle and northern portions of the southern peninsula of Michigan

USGS Publications Warehouse

Leverett, Frank

1907-01-01

A large amount of data on water supplies was collected by the writer in the course of glacial investigations made under the direction of Prof. T. C. Chamberlin in the last five years in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan. These investigations resulted in a partial acquaintance with conditions in about 200 separate flowing-well districts and brought out matters of such exceptional importance that arrangements were made to extend them by examining each of the flowing-well districts in the State sufficiently to determine its essential characteristics, present state of development, and probable capacity for future development. It was arranged also that the quality of various classes of water, both surface and underground, as well as water supplies of, cities and villages, should be given attention. As the mineral waters of the State had already been discussed in some detail by the State geologist, Dr. A. C. Lane, in Water-Supply Paper No. 31 of the United States Geological Survey, it was deemed unnecessary to prepare another report on that subject, but arrangements were made with Doctor Lane for embodying in this report the large amount of material which had accumulated at his office relative to other classes of water supply, and also for furnishing reports on certain counties in which special investigations had been carried on by the State survey. The results of all these studies, so far as they apply to the middle- and northern counties (see fig. 1, on next page), are embodied in the present report; the remainder appears in a companion report on the southern counties of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan.

Elastostatic effects around a magma reservoir and pathway due to historic earthquakes: a case study of Mt. Fuji, Japan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hosono, Masaki; Mitsui, Yuta; Ishibashi, Hidemi; Kataoka, Jun

2016-12-01

We discuss elastostatic effects on Mt. Fuji, the tallest volcano in Japan, due to historic earthquakes in Japan. The 1707 Hoei eruption, which was the most explosive historic eruption of Mt. Fuji, occurred 49 days after the Hoei earthquake (Mw 8.7) along the Nankai Trough. It was previously suggested that the Hoei earthquake induced compression of a basaltic magma reservoir and unclamping of a dike-intruded region at depth, possibly triggering magma mixing and the subsequent Plinian eruption. Here, we show that the 1707 Hoei earthquake was a special case of induced volumetric strain and normal stress changes around the magma reservoir and pathway of Mt. Fuji. The 2011 Tohoku earthquake (Mw 9), along the Japan Trench, dilated the magma reservoir. It has been proposed that dilation of a magma reservoir drives the ascent of gas bubbles with magma and further depressurization, leading to a volcanic eruption. In fact, seismicity notably increased around Mt. Fuji during the first month after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, even when we statistically exclude aftershocks, but the small amount of strain change (< 1 μ strain) may have limited the ascent of magma. For many historic earthquakes, the magma reservoir was compressed and the magma pathway was wholly clamped. This type of interaction has little potential to mechanically trigger the deformation of a volcano. Thus, Mt. Fuji may be less susceptible to elastostatic effects because of its location relative to the sources of large tectonic earthquakes. As an exception, a possible local earthquake in the Fujikawa-kako fault zone could induce a large amount of magma reservoir dilation beneath the southern flank of Mt. Fuji.

Total carbon accumulation in a tropical forest landscape.

PubMed

Sierra, Carlos A; Del Valle, Jorge I; Restrepo, Hector I

2012-12-19

Regrowing tropical forests worldwide sequester important amounts of carbon and restore part of the C emissions emitted by deforestation. However, there are large uncertainties concerning the rates of carbon accumulation after the abandonment of agricultural and pasture land. We report here accumulation of total carbon stocks (TCS) in a chronosequence of secondary forests at a mid-elevation landscape (900-1200 m asl) in the Andean mountains of Colombia. We found positive accumulation rates for all ecosystem pools except soil carbon, which showed no significant trend of recovery after 36 years of secondary succession. We used these data to develop a simple model to predict accumulation of TCS over time. This model performed remarkably well predicting TCS at other chronosequences in the Americas (Root Mean Square Error < 40 Mg C ha-1), which provided an opportunity to explore different assumptions in the calculation of large-scale carbon budgets. Simulations of TCS with our empirical model were used to test three assumptions often made in carbon budgets: 1) the use of carbon accumulation in tree aboveground biomass as a surrogate for accumulation of TCS, 2) the implicit consideration of carbon legacies from previous land-use, and 3) the omission of landscape age in calculating accumulation rates of TCS. Our simulations showed that in many situations carbon can be released from regrowing secondary forests depending on the amount of carbon legacies and the average age of the landscape. In most cases, the rates used to predict carbon accumulation in the Americas were above the rates predicted in our simulations. These biome level rates seemed to be realistic only in landscapes not affected by carbon legacies from previous land-use and mean ages of around 10 years.

Total carbon accumulation in a tropical forest landscape

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Regrowing tropical forests worldwide sequester important amounts of carbon and restore part of the C emissions emitted by deforestation. However, there are large uncertainties concerning the rates of carbon accumulation after the abandonment of agricultural and pasture land. We report here accumulation of total carbon stocks (TCS) in a chronosequence of secondary forests at a mid-elevation landscape (900-1200 m asl) in the Andean mountains of Colombia. Results We found positive accumulation rates for all ecosystem pools except soil carbon, which showed no significant trend of recovery after 36 years of secondary succession. We used these data to develop a simple model to predict accumulation of TCS over time. This model performed remarkably well predicting TCS at other chronosequences in the Americas (Root Mean Square Error < 40 Mg C ha-1), which provided an opportunity to explore different assumptions in the calculation of large-scale carbon budgets. Simulations of TCS with our empirical model were used to test three assumptions often made in carbon budgets: 1) the use of carbon accumulation in tree aboveground biomass as a surrogate for accumulation of TCS, 2) the implicit consideration of carbon legacies from previous land-use, and 3) the omission of landscape age in calculating accumulation rates of TCS. Conclusions Our simulations showed that in many situations carbon can be released from regrowing secondary forests depending on the amount of carbon legacies and the average age of the landscape. In most cases, the rates used to predict carbon accumulation in the Americas were above the rates predicted in our simulations. These biome level rates seemed to be realistic only in landscapes not affected by carbon legacies from previous land-use and mean ages of around 10 years. PMID:23249727

Investigating the haze transport from 1997 biomass burning in Southeast Asia: its impact upon Singapore

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koe, Lawrence C. C.; Arellano, Avelino F.; McGregor, John L.

The 1997 Indonesia forest fires was an environmental disaster of exceptional proportions. Such a disaster caused massive transboundary air pollution and indiscriminate destruction of biodiversity in the world. The immediate consequence of the fires was the production of large amounts of haze in the region, causing visibility and health problems within Southeast Asia. Furthermore, fires of these magnitudes are potential contributors to global warming and climate change due to the emission of large amounts of greenhouse gases and other pyrogenic products.The long-range transport of fire-related haze in the region is investigated using trajectories from the CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research Limited Area Model (DARLAM). Emission scenarios were constructed for hotspot areas in Sumatra and Kalimantan for the months of September and October 1997 to determine the period and fire locations most critical to Singapore. This study also examines some transport issues raised from field observations. Results show that fires in the coastal areas of southeast Sumatra and southwest Kalimantan can be potential contributors to transboundary air pollution in Singapore. Singapore was directly affected by haze from these areas whereas Kuala Lumpur was heavily affected by the haze coming from Sumatra. In most cases, Singapore was more affected by fires from Kalimantan than was Kuala Lumpur. This was mainly a result of the shifting of monsoons. The transition of monsoons resulted in weaker low-level winds and shifted convergence zones near to the southeast of Peninsular Malaysia. In addition to severe drought and massive fire activity in 1997, the timing of the monsoon transition has a strong influence on haze transport in the region.

Molecular pathology of prostate cancer.

PubMed

Cazares, L H; Drake, R R; Esquela-Kirscher, A; Lance, R S; Semmes, O J; Troyer, D A

2010-01-01

This chapter includes discussion of the molecular pathology of tissue, blood, urine, and expressed prostatic secretions. Because we are unable to reliably image the disease in vivo, a 12 core method that oversamples the peripheral zone is widely used. This generates large numbers of cores that need to be carefully processed and sampled. In spite of the large number of tissue cores, the amount of tumor available for study is often quite limited. This is a particular challenge for research, as new biomarker assays will need to preserve tissue architecture intact for histopathology. Methods of processing and reporting pathology are discussed. With the exception of ductal variants, recognized subtypes of prostate cancer are largely confined to research applications, and most prostate cancers are acinar. Biomarker discovery in urine and expressed prostatic secretions would be useful since these are readily obtained and are proximate fluids. The well-known challenges of biomarker discovery in blood and urine are referenced and discussed. Mediators of carcinogenesis can serve as biomarkers as exemplified by mutations in PTEN and TMPRSS2:ERG fusion. The use of proteomics in biomarker discovery with an emphasis on imaging mass spectroscopy of tissues is discussed. Small RNAs are of great interest, however, their usefulness as biomarkers in clinical decision making remains the subject of ongoing research. The chapter concludes with an overview of blood biomarkers such as circulating nucleic acids and tumor cells and bound/free isoforms of prostate specific antigen (PSA).

Testing Lunar Permanently Shadowed Regions for Water Ice: LEND Results from LRO

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sanin, A. B.; Mitrofanov, I. G.; Litvak, M. L.; Malakhov, A.; Boynton, W. V.; Chin, G.; Droege, G.; Evans, L. G.; Garvin, J.; Golovin, D. V.;

AURORAL X-RAYS, COSMIC RAYS, AND RELATED PHENOMENA DURING THE STORM OF FEBRUARY 10-11, 1958

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Winckler, J.R.; Peterson, L.; Hoffman, R.

1959-06-01

Balloon observations were made during the auroral storm of February 10- 11, 1958, at Minneapolis. Strong x-ray bursts in two groups were detected. The groups appeared coincident with two large magnetic bays, with strong radio noise absorption, and with the passage across the zenith of a very large amount of auroral luminosity. From the x-ray intensity and measured energies, an electron current of 0.6 x 10/sup 6/ electrons /cm/sup 2// scc was present. These electrons ionizing the upper D layer accounted for the increased cosmic noise absorption. The x-rays themselves carried 1000 times less energy than the electrons and couldmore » not provide sufficient ionization for the observed radio absorption. Visual auroral fornis during this storm are reported to have lower borders at thc 200 to 300 km level. There is thus a difficulty in bringing the electrons to the D layer without ani accompanying visible aurora. A cosmic-ray decrease accompanied the storm and was observed to be from 4 to 6% at sea level, 21% in the balloon altitude ionization, and 15% in total energy influx at 55 deg geomagnetic latitude. Compared with the great intensity of the magnetic and auroral phenomena in this storm, the cosmic-ray modulation was not exceptionally large. (auth)« less

22 CFR 1203.735-217 - Requesting exceptions from certain statutory prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., and the Director for ICA. The request will describe the particular matter giving rise to the conflict of interest, the nature and extent of the employee's anticipated participation in the particular matter, and the exact nature and amount of the financial interest related to the particular matter. (b...

Government: Senate Generous on Agency Research Budgets.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Long, Janice

1980-01-01

Discussed is the senate's 1981 research and development appropriations. The senate has approved research funding levels higher than both the amount requested by the House and the Administration except in the case of the Environmental Protection Agency. Research agencies discussed are NASA, Energy, NSF, Commerce, and ERA. (Author/DS)

5 CFR 1639.23 - Hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Hearing. 1639.23 Section 1639.23... Hearing. (a) Request for hearing. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, an employee who desires a hearing concerning the existence or amount of the debt or the proposed offset schedule must send...

5 CFR 1639.23 - Hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Hearing. 1639.23 Section 1639.23... Hearing. (a) Request for hearing. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, an employee who desires a hearing concerning the existence or amount of the debt or the proposed offset schedule must send...

5 CFR 1639.23 - Hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Hearing. 1639.23 Section 1639.23... Hearing. (a) Request for hearing. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, an employee who desires a hearing concerning the existence or amount of the debt or the proposed offset schedule must send...

5 CFR 1639.23 - Hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Hearing. 1639.23 Section 1639.23... Hearing. (a) Request for hearing. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, an employee who desires a hearing concerning the existence or amount of the debt or the proposed offset schedule must send...

29 CFR 778.415 - The statutory provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... POLICY OR INTERPRETATION NOT DIRECTLY RELATED TO REGULATIONS OVERTIME COMPENSATION Exceptions From the Regular Rate Principles Computing Overtime Pay on the Rate Applicable to the Type of Work Performed in... performance of the work, the amount paid to the employee for the number of hours worked by him in such...

36 CFR 223.61 - Establishing minimum stumpage rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER Timber Sale Contracts Appraisal and Pricing.... No timber may be sold or cut under timber sale contracts for less than minimum stumpage rates except... amounts of material not meeting utilization standards of the timber sale contract. For any timber sale...

24 CFR 570.208 - Criteria for national objectives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... an activity that retains jobs, the recipient must document that the jobs would actually be lost... due to the insufficiency of the amount of the available funds, restrictions on the use of such funds...- and moderate-income persons to be considered is the creation or retention of jobs, except as provided...

24 CFR 570.208 - Criteria for national objectives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... an activity that retains jobs, the recipient must document that the jobs would actually be lost... due to the insufficiency of the amount of the available funds, restrictions on the use of such funds...- and moderate-income persons to be considered is the creation or retention of jobs, except as provided...

24 CFR 570.208 - Criteria for national objectives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... an activity that retains jobs, the recipient must document that the jobs would actually be lost... due to the insufficiency of the amount of the available funds, restrictions on the use of such funds...- and moderate-income persons to be considered is the creation or retention of jobs, except as provided...

24 CFR 570.208 - Criteria for national objectives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... an activity that retains jobs, the recipient must document that the jobs would actually be lost... due to the insufficiency of the amount of the available funds, restrictions on the use of such funds...- and moderate-income persons to be considered is the creation or retention of jobs, except as provided...

21 CFR 73.40 - Dehydrated beets (beet powder).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... mixtures for coloring foods. (b) Specifications. The color additive shall conform to the following... used for the coloring of foods generally in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice, except... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Dehydrated beets (beet powder). 73.40 Section 73...

21 CFR 73.340 - Paprika.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... additive mixtures for coloring foods. (b) Uses and restrictions. Paprika may be safely used for the coloring of foods generally, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice, except that it may not... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Paprika. 73.340 Section 73.340 Food and Drugs FOOD...

21 CFR 73.300 - Carrot oil.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... in color additive mixtures for coloring foods. (b) Specifications. Carrot oil shall contain no more... coloring foods generally, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice, except that it may not be... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Carrot oil. 73.300 Section 73.300 Food and Drugs...

20 CFR 416.2025 - Optional supplementation: Countable income.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... income on payment amounts. Countable income of an eligible individual or eligible couple is determined in... eligible individual or eligible couple. In the case of an eligible individual living with an ineligible... countable income will be deducted is the Federal benefit rate applicable to an eligible couple, except that...

26 CFR 31.6051-1 - Statements for employees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... paragraph (f) of this section for an exception for employers filing composite returns from the requirement..., and (h) The total amount paid to the employee under section 3507 (relating to advance payment of... section 3507 (relating to advance payment of earned income credit). See paragraph (d) of this section for...

26 CFR 31.6051-1 - Statements for employees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... paragraph (f) of this section for an exception for employers filing composite returns from the requirement..., and (h) The total amount paid to the employee under section 3507 (relating to advance payment of... section 3507 (relating to advance payment of earned income credit). See paragraph (d) of this section for...

26 CFR 31.6051-1 - Statements for employees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... paragraph (f) of this section for an exception for employers filing composite returns from the requirement..., and (h) The total amount paid to the employee under section 3507 (relating to advance payment of... section 3507 (relating to advance payment of earned income credit). See paragraph (d) of this section for...

26 CFR 53.4942(a)-3 - Qualifying distributions defined.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... showing the distributable amounts determined under section 4942(d) for any past taxable years in the... made as of the close of the taxable year in question, except to the extent that a different... a private foundation borrows money in a particular taxable year to make expenditures for a specific...

40 CFR 82.12 - Transfers of allowances for class I controlled substances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) PROTECTION OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE Production and Consumption Controls...) Until January 1, 1996, for all class I controlled substances, except for Group VI, and until January 1... amount of the transferor's consumption allowances or production allowances, and effective January 1, 1995...

Teacher Instruction as a Predictor for Student Engagement and Disruptive Behaviors

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scott, Terrance M.; Hirn, Regina G.; Alter, Peter J.

2014-01-01

Effective instruction is a critical predictor of student achievement. As students with exceptionalities such as emotional and behavioral disorders and learning disabilities, who typically struggle with academic achievement, spend increasing amounts of general education settings, the need for precise instructional behaviors becomes more imperative.…

5 CFR 1639.23 - Hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Hearing. 1639.23 Section 1639.23... Hearing. (a) Request for hearing. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, an employee who desires a hearing concerning the existence or amount of the debt or the proposed offset schedule must send...

19 CFR 351.203 - Determination of sufficiency of petition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... petition (including the determination that a petition is supported by the domestic industry), the deadline... Secretary may, in exceptional circumstances, extend the 20-day period by the amount of time necessary to... (Countervailing Duty) Investigation.” The Secretary will notify the Commission at the time of initiation of the...

19 CFR 351.203 - Determination of sufficiency of petition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... petition (including the determination that a petition is supported by the domestic industry), the deadline... Secretary may, in exceptional circumstances, extend the 20-day period by the amount of time necessary to... (Countervailing Duty) Investigation.” The Secretary will notify the Commission at the time of initiation of the...

46 CFR 252.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...-differential subsidy (ODS) means, except as the operator and the United States government should agree upon a... contracts with the United States government under Title VI of the Act to receive ODS. (m) Reduced crew... for determining the amount of ODS that is to be paid for an item of subsidizable expense. (q...

7 CFR 765.351 - Requirements to obtain Agency consent.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... all transactions affecting real estate: (1) The transaction will enhance the objectives for which the... result in full repayment of the loan. (b) Sale of timber, gravel, oil, gas, coal, or other minerals. (1..., gravel, oil, gas, coal, or other minerals, except small amounts used by the borrower for ordinary...

32 CFR Appendix to Part 277 - Program Fraud Civil Remedies

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... official. O. Ex parte Contacts No party or person (except employees of the presiding officer's office... appropriate amount of any such civil penalty or assessment considering any aggravating or mitigating factors. 2. The authority shall prove defendant's liability and any aggravating factors by a preponderance of...

32 CFR Appendix to Part 277 - Program Fraud Civil Remedies

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... official. O. Ex parte Contacts No party or person (except employees of the presiding officer's office... appropriate amount of any such civil penalty or assessment considering any aggravating or mitigating factors. 2. The authority shall prove defendant's liability and any aggravating factors by a preponderance of...

32 CFR Appendix to Part 277 - Program Fraud Civil Remedies

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... official. O. Ex parte Contacts No party or person (except employees of the presiding officer's office... appropriate amount of any such civil penalty or assessment considering any aggravating or mitigating factors. 2. The authority shall prove defendant's liability and any aggravating factors by a preponderance of...

32 CFR Appendix to Part 277 - Program Fraud Civil Remedies

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... official. O. Ex parte Contacts No party or person (except employees of the presiding officer's office... appropriate amount of any such civil penalty or assessment considering any aggravating or mitigating factors. 2. The authority shall prove defendant's liability and any aggravating factors by a preponderance of...

32 CFR Appendix to Part 277 - Program Fraud Civil Remedies

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... official. O. Ex parte Contacts No party or person (except employees of the presiding officer's office... appropriate amount of any such civil penalty or assessment considering any aggravating or mitigating factors. 2. The authority shall prove defendant's liability and any aggravating factors by a preponderance of...

11 CFR 100.152 - Fundraising costs for Presidential candidates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

.... 100.152 Section 100.152 Federal Elections FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION GENERAL SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS (2 U.S.C. 431) Exceptions to Expenditures § 100.152 Fundraising costs for Presidential candidates. (a... exempt fundraising activities under 11 CFR 110.8(c)(2), plus (2) An amount of costs that would otherwise...

45 CFR 1080.7 - Funding of Indian tribes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... amount that bears the same ratio to all the funds allocated under this section as the tribe's poverty population bears to the total poverty population of all tribes funded under this section, except that no... section, an Indian tribe's poverty population shall be calculated by multiplying the tribe's overall...

45 CFR 1080.7 - Funding of Indian tribes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... amount that bears the same ratio to all the funds allocated under this section as the tribe's poverty population bears to the total poverty population of all tribes funded under this section, except that no... section, an Indian tribe's poverty population shall be calculated by multiplying the tribe's overall...

45 CFR 1080.7 - Funding of Indian tribes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... amount that bears the same ratio to all the funds allocated under this section as the tribe's poverty population bears to the total poverty population of all tribes funded under this section, except that no... section, an Indian tribe's poverty population shall be calculated by multiplying the tribe's overall...

45 CFR 1080.7 - Funding of Indian tribes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... amount that bears the same ratio to all the funds allocated under this section as the tribe's poverty population bears to the total poverty population of all tribes funded under this section, except that no... section, an Indian tribe's poverty population shall be calculated by multiplying the tribe's overall...

21 CFR 516.1318 - Masitinib.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) ANIMAL DRUGS... chapter. (c) Conditions of use in dogs—(1) Amount. 12.5 mg/kilograms (5.7 mg/lb) of body weight daily. (2... mast cell tumors in dogs that have not previously received radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy except...

26 CFR 1.263A-1 - Uniform capitalization of costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... costs. Engineering and design costs include pre-production costs, such as costs attributable to research, experimental, engineering, and design activities (to the extent that such amounts are not research and... customer demand. (9) Research and experimental expenditures. See section 263A(c)(2) for an exception for...

26 CFR 1.263A-1 - Uniform capitalization of costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... costs. Engineering and design costs include pre-production costs, such as costs attributable to research, experimental, engineering, and design activities (to the extent that such amounts are not research and... customer demand. (9) Research and experimental expenditures. See section 263A(c)(2) for an exception for...

26 CFR 1.263A-1 - Uniform capitalization of costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... costs. Engineering and design costs include pre-production costs, such as costs attributable to research, experimental, engineering, and design activities (to the extent that such amounts are not research and... customer demand. (9) Research and experimental expenditures. See section 263A(c)(2) for an exception for...

45 CFR 1080.7 - Funding of Indian tribes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... amount that bears the same ratio to all the funds allocated under this section as the tribe's poverty population bears to the total poverty population of all tribes funded under this section, except that no... section, an Indian tribe's poverty population shall be calculated by multiplying the tribe's overall...

42 CFR 1003.103 - Amount of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...)(7) relating to printed media, and a penalty of not more than $25,000 in the case of such misuse..., utilization review, medical social work, or administrative services; or (ii) Employs or contracts with any... reasonably be expected to have the effect of denying or discouraging enrollment (except as permitted by...

42 CFR 1003.103 - Amount of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...)(7) relating to printed media, and a penalty of not more than $25,000 in the case of such misuse..., utilization review, medical social work, or administrative services; or (ii) Employs or contracts with any... reasonably be expected to have the effect of denying or discouraging enrollment (except as permitted by...

42 CFR 1003.103 - Amount of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...)(7) relating to printed media, and a penalty of not more than $25,000 in the case of such misuse..., utilization review, medical social work, or administrative services; or (ii) Employs or contracts with any... reasonably be expected to have the effect of denying or discouraging enrollment (except as permitted by...

17 CFR 450.4 - Custodial holdings of government securities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... appropriate regulatory agency that expressly govern securities lending practices. (b)(1) Except as otherwise... security (or the amount of each issue of a government security issued in book-entry form) held for the.... (d) Counts of government securities held for customers in both definitive and book-entry form shall...

26 CFR 1.336-0 - Table of contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 355(d)(2) or (e)(2). (i) Old target—deemed asset disposition. (A) In general. (B) Gains and losses. (1) Gains. (2) Losses. (i) In general. (ii) Stock distributions. (iii) Amount and allocation of disallowed.... (2) Exception. (B) Gains and losses. (1) Gains. (2) Losses. (i) In general. (ii) Stock distributions...

24 CFR 982.608 - Congregate housing: Voucher housing assistance payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT SECTION 8 TENANT BASED ASSISTANCE: HOUSING CHOICE VOUCHER PROGRAM Special... the zero-bedroom payment standard amount on the PHA payment standard schedule. For a family residing in congregate housing in an exception area, the payment standard is the HUD-approved zero-bedroom...

Querying Large Biological Network Datasets

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gulsoy, Gunhan

2013-01-01

New experimental methods has resulted in increasing amount of genetic interaction data to be generated every day. Biological networks are used to store genetic interaction data gathered. Increasing amount of data available requires fast large scale analysis methods. Therefore, we address the problem of querying large biological network datasets.…

Intake port

DOEpatents

Mendler, Edward Charles

2005-02-01

The volumetric efficiency and power of internal combustion engines is improved with an intake port having an intake nozzle, a venturi, and a surge chamber. The venturi is located almost halfway upstream the intake port between the intake valves and the intake plenum enabling the venturi throat diameter to be exceptionally small for providing an exceptionally high ram velocity and an exceptionally long and in turn high efficiency diffuser flowing into the surge chamber. The intake port includes an exceptionally large surge chamber volume for blow down of the intake air into the working cylinder of the engine.

Estimated Flying Qualities of the Martin Model 202 Airplane

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weil, Joseph; Spear, Margaret

1947-01-01

The flying qualities of the Martin model 202 airplane have been estimated chiefly from the results of tests of an 0.0875-scale complete model with power made in the Wright Brothers tunnel at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and from partial span wing and isolated vertical tail tests made in the Georgia Tech Nine-Foot Tunnel. These estimated handling qualities have been compared with existing Army-Navy and CAA requirements for stability and control. The results of the analysis indicate that the Martin model 202 airplane will possess satisfactory handling qualities in all respects except possibly in the following: The amount of elevator control available for landing or maneuvering in the landing condition is either marginal or insufficient when using the adjustable stabilizer linked to the flaps . Moreover, indications are that the longitudinal trim changes will be neither large nor appreciably worse with a fixed stabilizer than with the contemplated arrangement utilizing the adjustable stabilizer in an attempt to reduce the magnitude of the trim changes caused by flap deflection.

The unconventional antimicrobial peptides of the classical propionibacteria.

PubMed

Faye, Therese; Holo, Helge; Langsrud, Thor; Nes, Ingolf F; Brede, Dag A

2011-02-01

The classical propionibacteria produce genetically unique antimicrobial peptides, whose biological activities are without equivalents, and to which there are no homologous sequences in public databases. In this review, we summarize the genetics, biochemistry, biosynthesis, and biological activities of three extensively studied antimicrobial peptides from propionibacteria. The propionicin T1 peptide constitutes a bona fide example of an unmodified general secretory pathway (sec)-dependent bacteriocin, which is bactericidal towards all tested species of propionibacteria except Propionibacterium freudenreichii. The PAMP antimicrobial peptide represents a novel concept within bacterial antagonism, where an inactive precursor protein is secreted in large amounts, and which activation appears to rely on subsequent processing by proteases in its resident milieu. Propionicin F is a negatively charged bacteriocin that displays an intraspecies bactericidal inhibition spectrum. The biosynthesis of propionicin F appears to proceed through a series of unusual events requiring both N- and C-terminal processing of a precursor protein, which probably requires the radical SAM superfamily enzyme PcfB.

Optimized method for the quantification of pyruvic acid in onions by microplate reader and confirmation by high resolution mass spectra.

PubMed

Metrani, Rita; Jayaprakasha, G K; Patil, Bhimanagouda S

2018-03-01

The present study describes the rapid microplate method to determine pyruvic acid content in different varieties of onions. Onion juice was treated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to obtain hydrazone, which was further treated with potassium hydroxide to get stable colored complex. The stability of potassium complex was enhanced up to two hours and the structures of hydrazones were confirmed by LC-MS for the first time. The developed method was optimized by testing different bases, acids with varying concentrations of dinitrophenyl hydrazine to get stable color and results were comparable to developed method. Repeatability and precision showed <9% relative standard deviation. Moreover, sweet onion juice was stored for four weeks at different temperatures for the stability; the pyruvate remained stable at all temperatures except at 25°C. Thus, the developed method has good potential to determine of pungency in large number of onions in a short time using minimal amount of reagents. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Body fat influences departure from stopover sites in migratory birds: evidence from whole-island telemetry

PubMed Central

Goymann, Wolfgang; Spina, Fernando; Ferri, Andrea; Fusani, Leonida

2010-01-01

Migration remains one of the great mysteries of animal life. Small migratory birds rely on refuelling stopovers after crossing ecological barriers such as deserts or seas. Previous studies have suggested that fuel reserves may determine stopover duration but this hypothesis could not be tested because of methodological limitations. Here, we provide evidence that subcutaneous fat stores determine stopover duration by measuring the permanence of migratory garden warblers (Sylvia borin) on a small Mediterranean island during spring migration with telemetry methods. Garden warblers with large amounts of fat stores departed the island significantly sooner than lean birds. All except one fat bird left the island on the same evening after capture, with a mean total stopover estimate of 8.8 hours. In contrast, the mean estimated total stopover duration of lean birds was 41.3 hours. To our knowledge, this is the first study that measures the true minimum stopover duration of a songbird during migration. PMID:20164077

Wine phenolics.

PubMed

Waterhouse, Andrew L

2002-05-01

Wine contains many phenolic substances, most of which originate in the grape berry. The phenolics have a number of important functions in wine, affecting the tastes of bitterness and astringency, especially in red wine. Second, the color of red wine is caused by phenolics. Third, the phenolics are the key wine preservative and the basis of long aging. Lastly, since phenolics oxidize readily, they are the component that suffers owing to oxidation and the substance that turns brown in wine (and other foods) when exposed to air. Wine phenolics include the non-flavonoids: hydroxycinnamates, hydroxybenzoates and the stilbenes; plus the flavonoids: flavan-3-ols, the flavonols, and the anthocyanins. While polymeric condensed tannins and pigmented tannins constitute the majority of wine phenolics, their large size precludes absorption and thus they are not likely to have many health effects (except, perhaps, in the gut). The total amount of phenols found in a glass of red wine is on the order of 200 mg versus about 40 mg in a glass of white wine.

Variability Analysis: Detection and Classification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eyer, L.

2005-01-01

The Gaia mission will offer an exceptional opportunity to perform variability studies. The data homogeneity, its optimised photometric systems, composed of 11 medium and 4-5 broad bands, the high photometric precision in G band of one milli-mag for V = 13-15, the radial velocity measurements and the exquisite astrometric precision for one billion stars will permit a detailed description of variable objects like stars, quasars and asteroids. However the time sampling and the total number of measurements change from one object to another because of the satellite scanning law. The data analysis is a challenge because of the huge amount of data, the complexity of the observed objects and the peculiarities of the satellite, and needs thorough preparation. Experience can be gained by the study of past and present survey analyses and results, and Gaia should be put in perspective with the future large scale surveys, like PanSTARRS or LSST. We present the activities of the Variable Star Working Group and a general plan to digest this unprecedented data set, focusing here on the photometry.

Occurrence of 95 pharmaceuticals and transformation products in urban groundwaters underlying the metropolis of Barcelona, Spain.

PubMed

López-Serna, Rebeca; Jurado, Anna; Vázquez-Suñé, Enric; Carrera, Jesus; Petrović, Mira; Barceló, Damià

2013-03-01

The present paper presents the occurrence of 72 pharmaceuticals and 23 transformation products (TPs) in groundwaters (GWs) underlying the city of Barcelona, Spain. Thirty-one samples were collected under different districts, and at different depths. Aquifers with different geologic features and source of recharge were included, i.e., natural bank filtration, infiltration from wastewater and water supply pipes, rainfall recharge, etc. Antibiotics were the most frequently found compounds detected at levels reaching 1000 ng L(-1). Natural bank filtration from the river that receives large amounts of effluents from waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), turned out being the most influencing source of contamination, thus GW showed high range of compounds and concentrations as high as or even higher than in the river itself. In general, TPs were found at lower concentrations than the corresponding parent compounds, with some exceptions, such as 4OH propranolol and enalaprilat. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[Air pollution due to the burning of thermoplastics II (author's transl)].

PubMed

van Grimbergen, M; Reybrouck, G; van de Voorde, H

1975-03-01

Following on from the first publication, (12) concerning the burning of plastics, another 13 chemical pure polymers were burnt in an electric oven to determine the level of solid and gaseous air pollution caused by their stackgases. All 13 polymers are highly combustible but require different burning temperatures (300-900 degrees C) in order to be burnt completely (i.e. without ashrest). With the exception of PMMA and PTFE, all plastics leave a very heavy tar- and soot deposit after burning. At the other end of the scale, burning at low temperature (300 degrees C) gives rise to high concentrations of alipathic aldehyds. The pH of the exhaust-gases, dissolved in water, is neutral to strong acid (PTFE), and will cause a severe corrosion. The nitrogen-containing polymers pollute by forming cyanides, nitrogenoxides and ammonia. PTFE gives off high concentrations of fluorid into the air. PMMA decomposes in its monomer methylmethacrylate and forms large amounts of aliphatic aldehyds. ABS and SBR cause a styrene pollution.

A New Principle of Sound Frequency Analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Theodorsen, Theodore

1932-01-01

In connection with the study of aircraft and propeller noises, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics has developed an instrument for sound-frequency analysis which differs fundamentally from previous types, and which, owing to its simplicity of principle, construction, and operation, has proved to be of value in this investigation. The method is based on the well-known fact that the Ohmic loss in an electrical resistance is equal to the sum of the losses of the harmonic components of a complex wave, except for the case in which any two components approach or attain vectorial identity, in which case the Ohmic loss is increased by a definite amount. The principle of frequency analysis has been presented mathematically and a number of distinct advantages relative to previous methods have been pointed out. An automatic recording instrument embodying this principle is described in detail. It employs a beat-frequency oscillator as a source of variable frequency. A large number of experiments have verified the predicted superiority of the method. A number of representative records are presented.

Real-time analysis of healthcare using big data analytics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Basco, J. Antony; Senthilkumar, N. C.

2017-11-01

Big Data Analytics (BDA) provides a tremendous advantage where there is a need of revolutionary performance in handling large amount of data that covers 4 characteristics such as Volume Velocity Variety Veracity. BDA has the ability to handle such dynamic data providing functioning effectiveness and exceptionally beneficial output in several day to day applications for various organizations. Healthcare is one of the sectors which generate data constantly covering all four characteristics with outstanding growth. There are several challenges in processing patient records which deals with variety of structured and unstructured format. Inducing BDA in to Healthcare (HBDA) will deal with sensitive patient driven information mostly in unstructured format comprising of prescriptions, reports, data from imaging system, etc., the challenges will be overcome by big data with enhanced efficiency in fetching and storing of data. In this project, dataset alike Electronic Medical Records (EMR) produced from numerous medical devices and mobile applications will be induced into MongoDB using Hadoop framework with Improvised processing technique to improve outcome of processing patient records.

Exploring the Genetic Etiology of Trust in Adolescents: Combined Twin and DNA Analyses.

PubMed

Wootton, Robyn E; Davis, Oliver S P; Mottershaw, Abigail L; Wang, R Adele H; Haworth, Claire M A

2016-12-01

Behavioral traits generally show moderate to strong genetic influence, with heritability estimates of around 50%. Some recent research has suggested that trust may be an exception because it is more strongly influenced by social interactions. In a sample of over 7,000 adolescent twins from the United Kingdom's Twins Early Development Study, we found broad sense heritability estimates of 57% for generalized trust and 51% for trust in friends. Genomic-relatedness-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) estimates in the same sample indicate that 21% of the narrow sense genetic variance can be explained by common single nucleotide polymorphisms for generalized trust and 43% for trust in friends. As expected, this implies a large amount of unexplained heritability, although power is low for estimating DNA-based heritability. The missing heritability may be accounted for by interactions between DNA and the social environment during development or via gene-environment correlations with rare variants. How these genes and environments correlate seem especially important for the development of trust.

Exploring the Genetic Etiology of Trust in Adolescents: Combined Twin and DNA Analyses

PubMed Central

Wootton, Robyn E.; Davis, Oliver S. P.; Mottershaw, Abigail L.; Wang, R. Adele H.; Haworth, Claire M. A.

2017-01-01

Behavioral traits generally show moderate to strong genetic influence, with heritability estimates of around 50%. Some recent research has suggested that trust may be an exception because it is more strongly influenced by social interactions. In a sample of over 7,000 adolescent twins from the United Kingdom’s Twins Early Development Study, we found broad sense heritability estimates of 57% for generalized trust and 51% for trust in friends. Genomic-relatedness-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) estimates in the same sample indicate that 21% of the narrow sense genetic variance can be explained by common single nucleotide polymorphisms for generalized trust and 43% for trust in friends. As expected, this implies a large amount of unexplained heritability, although power is low for estimating DNA-based heritability. The missing heritability may be accounted for by interactions between DNA and the social environment during development or via gene–environment correlations with rare variants. How these genes and environments correlate seem especially important for the development of trust. PMID:27852354

Thermodynamic analysis of alternate energy carriers, hydrogen and chemical heat pipes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cox, K. E.; Carty, R. H.; Conger, W. L.; Soliman, M. A.; Funk, J. E.

1976-01-01

The paper discusses the production concept and efficiency of two new energy transmission and storage media intended to overcome the disadvantages of electricity as an overall energy carrier. These media are hydrogen produced by water-splitting and the chemical heat pipe. Hydrogen can be transported or stored, and burned as energy is needed, forming only water and thus obviating pollution problems. The chemical heat pipe envisions a system in which heat is stored as the heat of reaction in chemical species. The thermodynamic analysis of these two methods is discussed in terms of first-law and second-law efficiency. It is concluded that chemical heat pipes offer large advantages over thermochemical hydrogen generation schemes on a first-law efficiency basis except for the degradation of thermal energy in temperature thus providing a source of low-temperature (800 K) heat for process heat applications. On a second-law efficiency basis, hydrogen schemes are superior in that the amount of available work is greater as compared to chemical heat pipes.

Black hole growth in the early Universe is self-regulated and largely hidden from view.

PubMed

Treister, Ezequiel; Schawinski, Kevin; Volonteri, Marta; Natarajan, Priyamvada; Gawiser, Eric

2011-06-15

The formation of the first massive objects in the infant Universe remains impossible to observe directly and yet it sets the stage for the subsequent evolution of galaxies. Although some black holes with masses more than 10(9) times that of the Sun have been detected in luminous quasars less than one billion years after the Big Bang, these individual extreme objects have limited utility in constraining the channels of formation of the earliest black holes; this is because the initial conditions of black hole seed properties are quickly erased during the growth process. Here we report a measurement of the amount of black hole growth in galaxies at redshift z = 6-8 (0.95-0.7 billion years after the Big Bang), based on optimally stacked, archival X-ray observations. Our results imply that black holes grow in tandem with their host galaxies throughout cosmic history, starting from the earliest times. We find that most copiously accreting black holes at these epochs are buried in significant amounts of gas and dust that absorb most radiation except for the highest-energy X-rays. This suggests that black holes grew significantly more during these early bursts than was previously thought, but because of the obscuration of their ultraviolet emission they did not contribute to the re-ionization of the Universe.

Tropospheric Ozone Over the North Pacific from Ozonesdonde Observations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oltmans, S. J.; Johnson, B. J.; Harris, J. M.; Thompson, A. M.; Liu, H. Y.; Voemel, H.; Chan, C. Y.; Fujimoto, T.; Brackett, V. G.; Chang, W. L.

2003-01-01

As part of the TRACE-P mission, ozone vertical profile measurements were made at a number of locations in the North Pacific. At most of the sites there is also a multi-year record of ozonesonde observations. From seven locations in the western Pacific (Hong Kong; Taipei; Jeju Island, Korea; and Naha, Kagoshima, Tsukuba, and Sapporo, Japan), a site in the central Pacific (Hilo, HI), and a site on the west coast of the U.S. (Trinidad Head, CA) both a seasonal and event specific picture of tropospheric ozone over the North Pacific emerges. At all of the sites there is a pronounced spring maximum through the troposphere. There are, however, differences in the timing and strength of this feature. Over Japan the northward movement of the jet during the spring and summer influences the timing of the seasonal maximum. The ozone profiles suggest that transport of ozone rich air from the stratosphere plays a strong role in the development of this maximum. During March and April at Hong Kong ozone is enhanced in a layer that extends from the lower free troposphere into the upper troposphere that likely has its origin in biomass burning in northern Southeast Asia and equatorial Africa. During the winter the Pacific subtropical sites (latitude -25N) are dominated by air with a low-latitude, marine source that gives low ozone amounts particularly in the upper troposphere. In the summer in the boundary layer at all of the sites marine air dominates and ozone amounts are generally quite low (less than 25 ppb). The exception is near large population centers (Tokyo and Taipei but not Hong Kong) where pollution events can give amounts in excess of 80 ppb. During the TRACE-P intensive campaign period (February-April 2001) tropospheric ozone amounts were rather typical of those seen in the long-term records of the stations with multi-year soundings.

The influence of oral Veillonella species on biofilms formed by Streptococcus species.

PubMed

Mashima, Izumi; Nakazawa, Futoshi

2014-08-01

Oral Veillonella, Veillonella atypica, Veillonella denticariosi, Veillonella dispar, Veillonella parvula, Veillonella rogosae, and Veillonella tobetsuensis are known as early colonizers in oral biofilm formation. To investigate the role of oral Veillonella, biofilms formed by the co-culture of Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, or Streptococcus sanguinis, with oral Veillonella were examined at the species level. The amount of biofilm formed by S. mutans, S. gordonii, and S. salivarius in the presence of the six Veillonella species was greater than that formed in the control experiments, with the exception of S. mutans with V. dispar. In contrast, in the case of biofilm formation by S. sanguinis, the presence of Veillonella species reduced the amount of the biofilm, with the exception of V. parvula and V. dispar. The time-dependent changes in the amount of biofilm and the number of planktonic cells were grouped into four patterns over the 24 combinations. Only that of S. gordonii with V. tobetsuensis showed a unique pattern. These results indicate that the mode of action of this combination differed from that of the other combinations with respect to biofilm formation. It is possible that there may be several factors involved in the interaction between Streptococcus and Veillonella species. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Uncovering the problem-solving process: cued retrospective reporting versus concurrent and retrospective reporting.

PubMed

van Gog, Tamara; Paas, Fred; van Merriënboer, Jeroen J G; Witte, Puk

2005-12-01

This study investigated the amounts of problem-solving process information ("action," "why," "how," and "metacognitive") elicited by means of concurrent, retrospective, and cued retrospective reporting. In a within-participants design, 26 participants completed electrical circuit troubleshooting tasks under different reporting conditions. The method of cued retrospective reporting used the original computer-based task and a superimposed record of the participant's eye fixations and mouse-keyboard operations as a cue for retrospection. Cued retrospective reporting (with the exception of why information) and concurrent reporting (with the exception of metacognitive information) resulted in a higher number of codes on the different types of information than did retrospective reporting.

[Geostatistics analysis on spatial patterns of Myzus persicae and Erigonidium graminicola in plum orchard].

PubMed

Ding, Chengcheng; Zou, Yunding; Bi, Shoudong; Gao, Caiqiu; Liu, Xiaolin; Cao, Cuanwang; Meng, Qinglei; Li, Changgen

2005-07-01

Investigations on the spatial construction and distribution of Myzus persicae and Erigonidium graminicola in a plum orchard were conducted from March 2003 to November 2003. The results indicated that the semivariogram of Myzus persicae could be described by spherical model, except on June 27 and November 22, which should be described by lined model, and that of Erigonidium graminicola could be described by spherical model, except on May 21, May 31, October 19 and November 22, which should be described by lined model. It could be concluded that the amount and spatial distribution of Erigonidium graminicola was closely related to those of Myzus persicae.

Chemopreventive efficacy of a betel leaf extract against benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach tumors in mice.

PubMed

Bhide, S V; Zariwala, M B; Amonkar, A J; Azuine, M A

1991-09-01

The effect of betel leaf extract and some of its constituents, eugenol, hydroxychavicol, beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol, on benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach neoplasia in male Swiss mice was examined. Betel leaf and its constituents decreased the number of papillomas per animal with the maximum protection, considering molar dosage, exhibited by beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol. Except for beta-carotene, eugenol, hydroxychavicol and alpha-tocopherol increased the levels of reduced glutathione in the liver while glutathione S-transferase activity was enhanced by all except eugenol. Of seven sources, Banarasi betel leaves showed the maximum amounts of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol.

42 CFR 413.13 - Amount of payment if customary charges for services furnished are less than reasonable costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

....330 et seq. (d) Exclusions from reasonable cost. For purposes of comparison with customary charges... education costs. (e) Reductions in customary charges. Customary charges are reduced in proportion to the... services, with the exception of DME, are considered together. (iii) Graduate medical education. When making...

42 CFR 413.13 - Amount of payment if customary charges for services furnished are less than reasonable costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

....330 et seq. (d) Exclusions from reasonable cost. For purposes of comparison with customary charges... education costs. (e) Reductions in customary charges. Customary charges are reduced in proportion to the... services, with the exception of DME, are considered together. (iii) Graduate medical education. When making...

42 CFR 413.13 - Amount of payment if customary charges for services furnished are less than reasonable costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

....330 et seq. (d) Exclusions from reasonable cost. For purposes of comparison with customary charges... education costs. (e) Reductions in customary charges. Customary charges are reduced in proportion to the... services, with the exception of DME, are considered together. (iii) Graduate medical education. When making...

42 CFR 413.13 - Amount of payment if customary charges for services furnished are less than reasonable costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...) Exclusions from reasonable cost. For purposes of comparison with customary charges under this section... section for making nominal charge determinations in special situations, graduate medical education costs... exception of DME, are considered together. (iii) Graduate medical education. When making the nominal charge...

26 CFR 1.1254-2 - Exceptions and limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... property acquired by gift). For rules concerning the potential reduction in the amount of the charitable....1254-3(b)(1) for determination of potential recapture of section 1254 costs on property acquired by... resource recapture property is in part a sale or exchange and in part a gift, the gain that is treated as...

26 CFR 1.6694-2 - Penalty for understatement due to an unreasonable position.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... following examples: Example 1. An individual taxpayer hires Accountant R to prepare its income tax return. A... TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Additions to the Tax, Additional Amounts, and...) Proscribed conduct. Except as otherwise provided in this section, a tax return preparer is liable for a...

21 CFR 73.500 - Saffron.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Foods § 73.500 Saffron. (a) Identity. (1) The color additive saffron is the..., in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice, except that it may not be used to color foods... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Saffron. 73.500 Section 73.500 Food and Drugs FOOD...

21 CFR 73.500 - Saffron.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Foods § 73.500 Saffron. (a) Identity. (1) The color additive saffron is the..., in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice, except that it may not be used to color foods... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Saffron. 73.500 Section 73.500 Food and Drugs FOOD...

21 CFR 73.500 - Saffron.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Foods § 73.500 Saffron. (a) Identity. (1) The color additive saffron is the..., in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice, except that it may not be used to color foods... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Saffron. 73.500 Section 73.500 Food and Drugs FOOD...

26 CFR 1.408A-6 - Distributions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...)(F) applies (exception for first-time home purchase). (c) An amount distributed from a Roth IRA will... income, but any net income required to be distributed under section 408(d)(4) together with the... distributed as a corrective distribution under A-1(d) of this section is treated as if it was never...

26 CFR 1.408A-6 - Distributions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... section 72(t)(2)(F) applies (exception for first-time home purchase). (c) An amount distributed from a... includible in gross income, but any net income required to be distributed under section 408(d)(4) together... contribution distributed as a corrective distribution under A-1(d) of this section is treated as if it was...

26 CFR 1.408A-6 - Distributions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... section 72(t)(2)(F) applies (exception for first-time home purchase). (c) An amount distributed from a... includible in gross income, but any net income required to be distributed under section 408(d)(4) together... contribution distributed as a corrective distribution under A-1(d) of this section is treated as if it was...

26 CFR 1.408A-6 - Distributions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... section 72(t)(2)(F) applies (exception for first-time home purchase). (c) An amount distributed from a... includible in gross income, but any net income required to be distributed under section 408(d)(4) together... contribution distributed as a corrective distribution under A-1(d) of this section is treated as if it was...

26 CFR 1.408A-6 - Distributions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... section 72(t)(2)(F) applies (exception for first-time home purchase). (c) An amount distributed from a... includible in gross income, but any net income required to be distributed under section 408(d)(4) together... contribution distributed as a corrective distribution under A-1(d) of this section is treated as if it was...

5 CFR 410.402 - Paying premium pay.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... firefighter is entitled to a greater amount of pay based on actual work hours during the week in which... Sunday work shall continue to receive that premium pay. This exception does not apply to an employee assigned to full-time training at institutions of higher learning. (2) Training at night. An employee given...

5 CFR 410.402 - Paying premium pay.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... firefighter is entitled to a greater amount of pay based on actual work hours during the week in which... Sunday work shall continue to receive that premium pay. This exception does not apply to an employee assigned to full-time training at institutions of higher learning. (2) Training at night. An employee given...

5 CFR 410.402 - Paying premium pay.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... firefighter is entitled to a greater amount of pay based on actual work hours during the week in which... Sunday work shall continue to receive that premium pay. This exception does not apply to an employee assigned to full-time training at institutions of higher learning. (2) Training at night. An employee given...

5 CFR 410.402 - Paying premium pay.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... firefighter is entitled to a greater amount of pay based on actual work hours during the week in which... Sunday work shall continue to receive that premium pay. This exception does not apply to an employee assigned to full-time training at institutions of higher learning. (2) Training at night. An employee given...

Alfalfa N credits to second-year corn larger than expected

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Alfalfa can provide substantial amounts of nitrogen (N) to the first crop that follows it. Recent field research on first-year corn confirms that it is highly likely that grain yields will not improve with added fertilizer N, except on very sandy and very clayey soils. It is less clear how much fert...

5 CFR 2634.303 - Purchases, sales, and exchanges.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Purchases, sales, and exchanges. 2634.303....303 Purchases, sales, and exchanges. (a) In general. Except as indicated in § 2634.308(b) of this..., sale, or exchange by the filer during the reporting period, in which the amount involved in the...

5 CFR 2634.303 - Purchases, sales, and exchanges.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Purchases, sales, and exchanges. 2634.303....303 Purchases, sales, and exchanges. (a) In general. Except as indicated in § 2634.308(b) of this..., sale, or exchange by the filer during the reporting period, in which the amount involved in the...

78 FR 5548 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-25

... increase the fees for JBO Orders to the same amounts as are assessed to Professional and Voluntary Professional orders (except for SPX trades).\\5\\ This would involve increasing the following fees for JBO Orders... recognize Professional and Voluntary Professional orders. As such, Professional and Voluntary Professional...

40 CFR 82.12 - Transfers of allowances for class I controlled substances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... § 82.12 Transfers of allowances for class I controlled substances. (a) Inter-company transfers. (1) Until January 1, 1996, for all class I controlled substances, except for Group VI, and until January 1... amount of the transferor's consumption allowances or production allowances, and effective January 1, 1995...

21 CFR 73.95 - β-Carotene.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... safe in color additive mixtures for coloring foods. (b) Specifications. β-carotene shall conform to the... coloring foods generally, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice, except that it may not be... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false β-Carotene. 73.95 Section 73.95 Food and Drugs...

34 CFR 650.42 - How are stipends to be administered?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... shall pay the fellow a stipend at a level of support equal to that provided by the National Science Foundation graduate fellowships, except that the amount must be adjusted as necessary so as not to exceed the... POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION JACOB K. JAVITS FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM What Are the Administrative...

34 CFR 650.42 - How are stipends to be administered?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... shall pay the fellow a stipend at a level of support equal to that provided by the National Science Foundation graduate fellowships, except that the amount must be adjusted as necessary so as not to exceed the... POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION JACOB K. JAVITS FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM What Are the Administrative...

34 CFR 650.42 - How are stipends to be administered?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... shall pay the fellow a stipend at a level of support equal to that provided by the National Science Foundation graduate fellowships, except that the amount must be adjusted as necessary so as not to exceed the... POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION JACOB K. JAVITS FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM What Are the Administrative...

34 CFR 650.42 - How are stipends to be administered?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... shall pay the fellow a stipend at a level of support equal to that provided by the National Science Foundation graduate fellowships, except that the amount must be adjusted as necessary so as not to exceed the... POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION JACOB K. JAVITS FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM What Are the Administrative...

34 CFR 650.42 - How are stipends to be administered?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... shall pay the fellow a stipend at a level of support equal to that provided by the National Science Foundation graduate fellowships, except that the amount must be adjusted as necessary so as not to exceed the... POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION JACOB K. JAVITS FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM What Are the Administrative...

37 CFR 1.23 - Methods of payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... made by credit card, except for replenishing a deposit account. Payment of a fee by credit card must specify the amount to be charged to the credit card and such other information as is necessary to process... authorization to charge fees to a credit card. If credit card information is provided on a form or document...

14 CFR 1261.105 - Unallowable claims.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... were not assigned to claimant or provided in kind by the United States. (b) Money or currency. Claims may not be allowed for loss of money or currency, except when lost incident to fire, flood, hurricane... of money or currency is limited to an amount which is determined reasonable to have been in the...

78 FR 39067 - National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program: Nutrition Standards for All Foods...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-28

... the exception of naturally occurring trace amounts. Allowable beverages for high school students are... more than 12 ounces. Also allowed in high schools are calorie-free, flavored and/or carbonated water... supports the availability of more nutritious products and is consistent with the IOM recommendation and the...

27 CFR 5.23 - Alteration of class and type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., flavoring, or blending materials such as caramel, straight malt or straight rye malt whiskies, fruit juices... whiskey, except that vodka may be treated with sugar in an amount not to exceed 2 grams per liter and a... shall be appropriately redesignated. In addition, in the case of straight whisky the removal of more...

27 CFR 5.23 - Alteration of class and type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., flavoring, or blending materials such as caramel, straight malt or straight rye malt whiskies, fruit juices... whiskey, except that vodka may be treated with sugar in an amount not to exceed 2 grams per liter and a... shall be appropriately redesignated. In addition, in the case of straight whisky the removal of more...

26 CFR 1.403(a)-1 - Taxability of beneficiary under a qualified annuity plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... January 1, 1963, and which provide life insurance protection. (e) As to inclusion of full-time life... which are purchased for employees who perform services for certain public schools. (b) The amounts... or made available, as provided in section 72 (relating to annuities), except that certain total...

37 CFR 1.23 - Methods of payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... made by credit card, except for replenishing a deposit account. Payment of a fee by credit card must specify the amount to be charged to the credit card and such other information as is necessary to process... authorization to charge fees to a credit card. If credit card information is provided on a form or document...

37 CFR 1.23 - Methods of payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... made by credit card, except for replenishing a deposit account. Payment of a fee by credit card must specify the amount to be charged to the credit card and such other information as is necessary to process... authorization to charge fees to a credit card. If credit card information is provided on a form or document...

37 CFR 1.23 - Methods of payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... made by credit card, except for replenishing a deposit account. Payment of a fee by credit card must specify the amount to be charged to the credit card and such other information as is necessary to process... authorization to charge fees to a credit card. If credit card information is provided on a form or document...

26 CFR 1.482-2 - Determination of taxable income in specific situations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... intercompany trade receivable arises at the time economic performance occurs (within the meaning of section 461...). (iv) Payment; book entries—(A) Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph (a)(1)(iv), in... may apply payments or credits against amounts owed in some other order on its books in accordance with...

Higher Education Trends (1997-1999): Program Evaluation. ERIC-HE Trends.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kezar, Adrianna J.

The amount of literature on program evaluation decreased in 1996, continuing a trend begun in the late 1980s. One exception to this is the literature on assessment. Another frequent issue is the technique of evaluation. Many examples of research on evaluation are from international settings, where accountability and evaluation appear to be…

76 FR 47177 - Publication of Housing Price Inflation Adjustment

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-04

.... SUMMARY: The Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, as codified at 50 U.S.C. App. 531, prohibits a landlord from... service except by court order. The law as originally passed by Congress applied to dwellings with monthly rents of $2400 or less. The law requires the Department of Defense to adjust this amount annually to...

18 CFR 381.103 - Filings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Filings. 381.103... OF ENERGY REVISED GENERAL RULES FEES General Provisions § 381.103 Filings. (a) Submittal of fees. Except as provided in §§ 274.201(e) and 381.106, a fee in the amount set forth in this part shall...

26 CFR 1.6001-1 - Records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 13 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Records. 1.6001-1 Section 1.6001-1 Internal... TAXES Information and Returns § 1.6001-1 Records. (a) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of... permanent books of account or records, including inventories, as are sufficient to establish the amount of...

12 CFR 232.3 - Financial information exception for obtaining and using medical information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... that the debt is current and that the consumer has no delinquencies in her repayment history. If the..., mental, or behavioral health, condition or history, type of treatment, or prognosis into account as part... example, to obtain and use information about: (i) The dollar amount, repayment terms, repayment history...

47 CFR 51.609 - Determination of avoided retail costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Determination of avoided retail costs. 51.609... (CONTINUED) INTERCONNECTION Resale § 51.609 Determination of avoided retail costs. (a) Except as provided in § 51.611, the amount of avoided retail costs shall be determined on the basis of a cost study that...

47 CFR 51.609 - Determination of avoided retail costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Determination of avoided retail costs. 51.609... (CONTINUED) INTERCONNECTION Resale § 51.609 Determination of avoided retail costs. (a) Except as provided in § 51.611, the amount of avoided retail costs shall be determined on the basis of a cost study that...

47 CFR 51.609 - Determination of avoided retail costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Determination of avoided retail costs. 51.609... (CONTINUED) INTERCONNECTION Resale § 51.609 Determination of avoided retail costs. (a) Except as provided in § 51.611, the amount of avoided retail costs shall be determined on the basis of a cost study that...

47 CFR 51.609 - Determination of avoided retail costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Determination of avoided retail costs. 51.609... (CONTINUED) INTERCONNECTION Resale § 51.609 Determination of avoided retail costs. (a) Except as provided in § 51.611, the amount of avoided retail costs shall be determined on the basis of a cost study that...

47 CFR 51.609 - Determination of avoided retail costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Determination of avoided retail costs. 51.609... (CONTINUED) INTERCONNECTION Resale § 51.609 Determination of avoided retail costs. (a) Except as provided in § 51.611, the amount of avoided retail costs shall be determined on the basis of a cost study that...

12 CFR 567.9 - Tangible capital requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... capital, a savings association must deduct from assets, and, thus, from capital: (1) Intangible assets (as defined in § 567.1) except for mortgage servicing assets to the extent they are includable in tangible... maintain tangible capital in an amount equal to at least 1.5% of adjusted total assets. (b) The following...

7 CFR 58.205 - Meaning of words.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., dry whey, or products other than nonfat dry milk, except that lactose may be added as a processing aid... agent, or other chemical. If lactose is used, the amount of lactose shall be the minimum required to... from milk and contains the lactose, milk proteins, milk fat, and milk minerals in the same relative...

7 CFR 58.205 - Meaning of words.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., dry whey, or products other than nonfat dry milk, except that lactose may be added as a processing aid... agent, or other chemical. If lactose is used, the amount of lactose shall be the minimum required to... from milk and contains the lactose, milk proteins, milk fat, and milk minerals in the same relative...

26 CFR 25.2701-5 - Adjustments to mitigate double taxation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... time of the initial transfer (or the remaining portion thereof). (b) Amount of reduction. Except as...) duplicated in the transfer tax base at the time of the transfer of the section 2701 interest (the duplicated... tax value of the section 2701 interest at the time of the subsequent transfer exceeds the value of...

26 CFR 25.2701-5 - Adjustments to mitigate double taxation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... time of the initial transfer (or the remaining portion thereof). (b) Amount of reduction. Except as...) duplicated in the transfer tax base at the time of the transfer of the section 2701 interest (the duplicated... tax value of the section 2701 interest at the time of the subsequent transfer exceeds the value of...

15 CFR 200.109 - Shipping, insurance, and risk of loss.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... to NIST for calibration or other test should be made only after the customer has accepted the... attended to by the owner, since NIST will not undertake them except by special arrangement. Apparatus not... charged in accordance with the amount of work done. (b) The customer should pack apparatus sent to NIST so...

15 CFR 200.109 - Shipping, insurance, and risk of loss.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... to NIST for calibration or other test should be made only after the customer has accepted the... attended to by the owner, since NIST will not undertake them except by special arrangement. Apparatus not... charged in accordance with the amount of work done. (b) The customer should pack apparatus sent to NIST so...

15 CFR 200.109 - Shipping, insurance, and risk of loss.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... to NIST for calibration or other test should be made only after the customer has accepted the... attended to by the owner, since NIST will not undertake them except by special arrangement. Apparatus not... charged in accordance with the amount of work done. (b) The customer should pack apparatus sent to NIST so...

15 CFR 200.109 - Shipping, insurance, and risk of loss.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... to NIST for calibration or other test should be made only after the customer has accepted the... attended to by the owner, since NIST will not undertake them except by special arrangement. Apparatus not... charged in accordance with the amount of work done. (b) The customer should pack apparatus sent to NIST so...

15 CFR 200.109 - Shipping, insurance, and risk of loss.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... to NIST for calibration or other test should be made only after the customer has accepted the... attended to by the owner, since NIST will not undertake them except by special arrangement. Apparatus not... charged in accordance with the amount of work done. (b) The customer should pack apparatus sent to NIST so...

26 CFR 1.1247-2 - Computation and distribution of taxable income.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Special Rules for Determining Capital Gains and Losses § 1... net operating losses) shall not be allowed. (3) Except for the deduction provided in section 248... amount of the deduction allowed under section 164 there shall be included taxes paid or accrued during...

48 CFR 846.408-71 - Waiver of USDA inspection and specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Waiver of USDA inspection... Waiver of USDA inspection and specifications. (a) When the amount of an item to be purchased will not..., Publication No. C8900-SL, and the USDA inspection requirements: (1) Butter. (2) Cheese (except cottage cheese...

48 CFR 846.408-71 - Waiver of USDA inspection and specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Waiver of USDA inspection... Waiver of USDA inspection and specifications. (a) When the amount of an item to be purchased will not..., Publication No. C8900-SL, and the USDA inspection requirements: (1) Butter. (2) Cheese (except cottage cheese...

48 CFR 846.408-71 - Waiver of USDA inspection and specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Waiver of USDA inspection... Waiver of USDA inspection and specifications. (a) When the amount of an item to be purchased will not..., Publication No. C8900-SL, and the USDA inspection requirements: (1) Butter. (2) Cheese (except cottage cheese...

48 CFR 846.408-71 - Waiver of USDA inspection and specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Waiver of USDA inspection... Waiver of USDA inspection and specifications. (a) When the amount of an item to be purchased will not..., Publication No. C8900-SL, and the USDA inspection requirements: (1) Butter. (2) Cheese (except cottage cheese...

12 CFR 702.203 - Prompt corrective action for “significantly undercapitalized” credit unions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... to increase except as provided in § 702.202(a)(3) and (4) Restrict member business loans. Not increase the total dollar amount of member business loans (defined as loans outstanding and unused... this part: (1) Requiring prior approval for acquisitions, branching, new lines of business. Prohibit a...

12 CFR 702.204 - Prompt corrective action for “critically undercapitalized” credit unions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... to increase except as provided in § 702.202(a)(3); and (4) Restrict member business loans. Not increase the total dollar amount of member business loans (defined as loans outstanding and unused... part: (1) Requiring prior approval for acquisitions, branching, new lines of business. Prohibit a...

25 CFR 39.1002 - Allotment of education administrative funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... amount of $50,000 for basic administrative costs; and (b) Each agency or area education office as defined..., Johnson-O'Malley and adult education funds administered by each office, except that the Navajo Agencies... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Allotment of education administrative funds. 39.1002...

25 CFR 39.1002 - Allotment of education administrative funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... amount of $50,000 for basic administrative costs; and (b) Each agency or area education office as defined..., Johnson-O'Malley and adult education funds administered by each office, except that the Navajo Agencies... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Allotment of education administrative funds. 39.1002...

25 CFR 39.1002 - Allotment of education administrative funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... amount of $50,000 for basic administrative costs; and (b) Each agency or area education office as defined..., Johnson-O'Malley and adult education funds administered by each office, except that the Navajo Agencies... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Allotment of education administrative funds. 39.1002...

25 CFR 39.1002 - Allotment of education administrative funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... amount of $50,000 for basic administrative costs; and (b) Each agency or area education office as defined..., Johnson-O'Malley and adult education funds administered by each office, except that the Navajo Agencies... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Allotment of education administrative funds. 39.1002...

25 CFR 39.1002 - Allotment of education administrative funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... amount of $50,000 for basic administrative costs; and (b) Each agency or area education office as defined..., Johnson-O'Malley and adult education funds administered by each office, except that the Navajo Agencies... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Allotment of education administrative funds. 39.1002...

21 CFR 172.660 - Salts of furcelleran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... intended for use in the amount necessary for an emulsifier, stabilizer, or thickener in foods, except for... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Salts of furcelleran. 172.660 Section 172.660 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR...

21 CFR 172.660 - Salts of furcelleran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... intended for use in the amount necessary for an emulsifier, stabilizer, or thickener in foods, except for... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Salts of furcelleran. 172.660 Section 172.660 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR...

7 CFR 1463.9 - Payment of assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... the expenditures CCC has determined it will incur in the 2005 through 2014 calendar years. Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, payment of such assessments are due to CCC no later than the end... CCC has not notified an entity of the amount that is required to be remitted in that quarter, no...

7 CFR 1463.9 - Payment of assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... the expenditures CCC has determined it will incur in the 2005 through 2014 calendar years. Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, payment of such assessments are due to CCC no later than the end... CCC has not notified an entity of the amount that is required to be remitted in that quarter, no...

Sources of heavy metals in urban wastewater in Stockholm.

PubMed

Sörme, L; Lagerkvist, R

2002-10-21

The sources of heavy metals to a wastewater treatment plant was investigated. Sources can be actual goods, e.g. runoff from roofs, wear of tires, food, or activities, e.g. large enterprises, car washes. The sources were identified by knowing the metals content in various goods and the emissions from goods to sewage or stormwater. The sources of sewage water and stormwater were categorized to enable comparison with other research and measurements. The categories were households, drainage water, businesses, pipe sediment (all transported in sewage water), atmospheric deposition, traffic, building materials and pipe sediment (transported in stormwater). Results show that it was possible to track the sources of heavy metals for some metals such as Cu and Zn (110 and 100% found, respectively) as well as Ni and Hg (70% found). Other metals sources are still poorly understood or underestimated (Cd 60%, Pb 50%, Cr 20% known). The largest sources of Cu were tap water and roofs. For Zn the largest sources were galvanized material and car washes. In the case of Ni, the largest sources were chemicals used in the WTP and drinking water itself. And finally, for Hg the most dominant emission source was the amalgam in teeth. For Pb, Cr and Cd, where sources were more poorly understood, the largest contributors for all were car washes. Estimated results of sources from this study were compared with previously done measurements. The comparison shows that measured contribution from households is higher than that estimated (except Hg), leading to the conclusion that the sources of sewage water from households are still poorly understood or that known sources are underestimated. In the case of stormwater, the estimated contributions are rather well in agreement with measured contributions, although uncertainties are large for both estimations and measurements. Existing pipe sediments in the plumbing system, which release Hg and Pb, could be one explanation for the missing amount of these metals. Large enterprises were found to make a very small contribution, 4% or less for all metals studied. Smaller enterprises (with the exception of car washes) have been shown to make a small contribution in another city; the contribution in this case study is still unknown.

A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: carbohydrates and natural products.

PubMed

Coggins, Christopher R E; Wagner, Karl A; Werley, Michael S; Oldham, Michael J

2011-06-01

Eleven carbohydrates and natural product ingredients were added individually to experimental cigarettes. A battery of tests was used to compare toxicity of mainstream smoke from these experimental cigarettes to matched control cigarettes without test ingredients. Smoke fractions from each cigarette type were evaluated using analytical chemistry; in vitro cytotoxicity (neutral red uptake) and in vitro bacterial (Salmonella) mutagenicity (five strains) testing. For 10 ingredients (β-cyclodextrin, cleargum, D-sorbitol, high fructose corn syrup, honey, invert sugar, maltodextrin, molasses, raisin juice concentrate, and sucrose), 90-day nose-only smoke inhalation studies using rats were also performed. In general, addition of each ingredient in experimental cigarettes resulted in minimal changes in smoke chemistry; the exceptions were D-sorbitol and sucrose, where reductions in amount of 60% to 80% of control values for some smoke constituents were noted. Additionally, each ingredient resulted in small increases in smoke formaldehyde concentrations. Except for a reduction in cytotoxicity by inclusion of maltodextrin and an increase by inclusion of plum juice concentrate, the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity results were unaffected by addition of the other ingredients in experimental cigarettes. There were also very few statistically significant differences within any of the 10 inhalation studies, and when present, the differences were largely sporadic and inconsistent between sexes. The carbohydrates and natural products tested here as ingredients in experimental cigarettes as a class increased formaldehyde, but resulted in minimal toxicological responses, even at high inclusion levels compared with the levels used in commercial cigarette products.

Optimization of in-cell accelerated solvent extraction technique for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in river sediments.

PubMed

Duodu, Godfred Odame; Goonetilleke, Ashantha; Ayoko, Godwin A

2016-04-01

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with adverse impacts on aquatic biota, wildlife and human health even at low concentrations. However, conventional methods for their determination in river sediments are resource intensive. This paper presents an approach that is rapid and also reliable for the detection of OCPs. Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) with in-cell silica gel clean-up followed by Triple Quadrupole Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry (GCMS/MS) was used to recover OCPs from sediment samples. Variables such as temperature, solvent ratio, adsorbent mass and extraction cycle were evaluated and optimized for the extraction. With the exception of Aldrin, which was unaffected by any of the variables evaluated, the recovery of OCPs from sediment samples was largely influenced by solvent ratio and adsorbent mass and, to some extent, the number of cycles and temperature. The optimized conditions for OCPs extraction in sediment with good recoveries were determined to be 4 cycles, 4.5 g of silica gel, 105 °C, and 4:3 v/v DCM: hexane mixture. With the exception of two compounds (α-BHC and Aldrin) whose recoveries were low (59.73 and 47.66% respectively), the recovery of the other pesticides were in the range 85.35-117.97% with precision <10% RSD. The method developed significantly reduces sample preparation time, the amount of solvent used, matrix interference, and is highly sensitive and selective. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dietary Protein Intake in Young Children in Selected Low-Income Countries Is Generally Adequate in Relation to Estimated Requirements for Healthy Children, Except When Complementary Food Intake Is Low.

PubMed

Arsenault, Joanne E; Brown, Kenneth H

2017-05-01

Background: Previous research indicates that young children in low-income countries (LICs) generally consume greater amounts of protein than published estimates of protein requirements, but this research did not account for protein quality based on the mix of amino acids and the digestibility of ingested protein. Objective: Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of inadequate protein and amino acid intake by young children in LICs, accounting for protein quality. Methods: Seven data sets with information on dietary intake for children (6-35 mo of age) from 6 LICs (Peru, Guatemala, Ecuador, Bangladesh, Uganda, and Zambia) were reanalyzed to estimate protein and amino acid intake and assess adequacy. The protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score of each child's diet was calculated and multiplied by the original (crude) protein intake to obtain an estimate of available protein intake. Distributions of usual intake were obtained to estimate the prevalence of inadequate protein and amino acid intake for each cohort according to Estimated Average Requirements. Results: The prevalence of inadequate protein intake was highest in breastfeeding children aged 6-8 mo: 24% of Bangladeshi and 16% of Peruvian children. With the exception of Bangladesh, the prevalence of inadequate available protein intake decreased by age 9-12 mo and was very low in all sites (0-2%) after 12 mo of age. Inadequate protein intake in children <12 mo of age was due primarily to low energy intake from complementary foods, not inadequate protein density. Conclusions: Overall, most children consumed protein amounts greater than requirements, except for the younger breastfeeding children, who were consuming low amounts of complementary foods. These findings reinforce previous evidence that dietary protein is not generally limiting for children in LICs compared with estimated requirements for healthy children, even after accounting for protein quality. However, unmeasured effects of infection and intestinal dysfunction on the children's protein requirements could modify this conclusion.

Unique growth strategy in the Earth's first trees revealed in silicified fossil trunks from China.

PubMed

Xu, Hong-He; Berry, Christopher M; Stein, William E; Wang, Yi; Tang, Peng; Fu, Qiang

2017-11-07

Cladoxylopsida included the earliest large trees that formed critical components of globally transformative pioneering forest ecosystems in the Mid- and early Late Devonian (ca. 393-372 Ma). Well-known cladoxylopsid fossils include the up to ∼1-m-diameter sandstone casts known as Eospermatopteris from Middle Devonian strata of New York State. Cladoxylopsid trunk structure comprised a more-or-less distinct cylinder of numerous separate cauline xylem strands connected internally with a network of medullary xylem strands and, near the base, externally with downward-growing roots, all embedded within parenchyma. However, the means by which this complex vascular system was able to grow to a large diameter is unknown. We demonstrate-based on exceptional, up to ∼70-cm-diameter silicified fossil trunks with extensive preservation of cellular anatomy from the early Late Devonian (Frasnian, ca. 374 Ma) of Xinjiang, China-that trunk expansion is associated with a cylindrical zone of diffuse secondary growth within ground and cortical parenchyma and with production of a large amount of wood containing both rays and growth increments concentrically around individual xylem strands by normal cambia. The xylem system accommodates expansion by tearing of individual strand interconnections during secondary development. This mode of growth seems indeterminate, capable of producing trees of large size and, despite some unique features, invites comparison with secondary development in some living monocots. Understanding the structure and growth of cladoxylopsids informs analysis of canopy competition within early forests with the potential to drive global processes. Published under the PNAS license.

North American nonmarine climates and vegetation during the Late Cretaceous

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wolfe, J.A.; Upchurch, G.R.

1987-01-01

Analyses of physiognomy of Late Cretaceous leaf assemblages and of structural adaptations of Late Cretaceous dicotyledonous woods indicate that megathermal vegetation was an open-canopy, broad-leaved evergreen woodland that existed under low to moderate amounts of rainfall evenly distributed through the year, with a moderate increase at about 40-45??N. Many dicotyledons were probably large, massive trees, but the tallest trees were evergreen conifers. Megathermal climate extended up to paleolatitude 45-50??N. Mesothermal vegetation was at least partially an open, broad-leaved evergreen woodland (perhaps a mosaic of woodland and forest), but the evapotranspirational stress was less than in megathermal climate. Some dicotyledons were large trees, but most were shrubs or small trees; evergreen conifers were the major tree element. Some mild seasonality is evidenced in mesothermal woods; precipitational levels probably varied markedly from year to year. Northward of approximately paleolatitude 65??N, evergreen vegetation was replaced by predominantly deciduous vegetation. This replacement is presumably related primarily to seasonality of light. The southern part of the deciduous vegetation probably existed under mesothermal climate. Comparisons to leaf and wood assemblages from other continents are generally consistent with the vegetational-climatic patterns suggested from North American data. Limited data from equatorial regions suggest low rainfall. Late Cretaceous climates, except probably those of the Cenomanian, had only moderate change through time. Temperatures generally appear to have warmed into the Santonian, cooled slightly into the Campanian and more markedly into the Maastrichtian, and then returned to Santonian values by the late Maastrichtian. The early Eocene was probably warmer than any period of the Late Cretaceous. Latitudinal temperature gradients were lower than at present. For the Campanian and Maastrichtian, a gradient of about 0.3??C/1?? latitude is inferred. Equability was high: a mean annual range of temperature of about 8??C is inferred for paleolatitude 51-56??N during the Campanian. Most Late Cretaceous plants evolved in a climate characterized by absence of freezing and low to moderate amounts of precipitation. A brief, low-temperature excursion and a major, long-lasting increase in precipitation occurred at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. In megathermal climates, these events selected for plants that could exist in rainforest environments. In mesothermal climates, deciduousness and contamitant structural adaptations were selected. The events at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary had a major and long-lasting impact on the evolution of land plants and their ecosystems. Low precipitation at low to middle Late Cretaceous latitudes is suggested to be the result of high levels of atmospheric CO2, which, in turn, are probably related to inability of warm, saline oceans to store large amounts of carbon. Conditions appear to have rapidly changed at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, when oceanic circulation and stratification may have been fundamentally altered. After the boundary, the oceans were apparently able to store much greater amounts of carbon, and the oceans withdrew large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. In turn, more precipitation fell at low to middle latitudes; the resulting high-biomass vegetation formed a second major carbon reservoir to keep atmospheric CO2 low relative to the Late Cretaceous. Changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulation probably resulted from some factor external to the ocean-atmosphere system. ?? 1987.

Removal characteristics of pharmaceuticals and personal care products: Comparison between membrane bioreactor and various biological treatment processes.

PubMed

Park, Junwon; Yamashita, Naoyuki; Park, Chulhwi; Shimono, Tatsumi; Takeuchi, Daniel M; Tanaka, Hiroaki

2017-07-01

We investigated the concentrations of 57 target compounds in the different treatment units of various biological treatment processes in South Korea, including modified biological nutrient removal (BNR), anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic (A2O), and membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems, to elucidate the occurrence and removal fates of PPCPs in WWTPs. Biological treatment processes appeared to be most effective in eliminating most PPCPs, whereas some PPCPs were additionally removed by post-treatment. With the exception of the MBR process, the A2O system was effective for PPCPs removal. As a result, removal mechanisms were evaluated by calculating the mass balances in A2O and a lab-scale MBR process. The comparative study demonstrated that biodegradation was largely responsible for the improved removal performance found in lab-scale MBR (e.g., in removing bezafibrate, ketoprofen, and atenolol). Triclocarban, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and tetracycline were adsorbed in large amounts to MBR sludge. Increased biodegradability was also observed in lab-scale MBR, despite the highly adsorbable characteristics. The enhanced biodegradation potential seen in the MBR process thus likely plays a key role in eliminating highly adsorbable compounds as well as non-degradable or persistent PPCPs in other biological treatment processes. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Extraordinary Structured Noncoding RNAs Revealed by Bacterial Metagenome Analysis

PubMed Central

Weinberg, Zasha; Perreault, Jonathan; Meyer, Michelle M.; Breaker, Ronald R.

2012-01-01

Estimates of the total number of bacterial species1-3 suggest that existing DNA sequence databases carry only a tiny fraction of the total amount of DNA sequence space represented by this division of life. Indeed, environmental DNA samples have been shown to encode many previously unknown classes of proteins4 and RNAs5. Bioinformatics searches6-10 of genomic DNA from bacteria commonly identify novel noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs)10-12 such as riboswitches13,14. In rare instances, RNAs that exhibit more extensive sequence and structural conservation across a wide range of bacteria are encountered15,16. Given that large structured RNAs are known to carry out complex biochemical functions such as protein synthesis and RNA processing reactions, identifying more RNAs of great size and intricate structure is likely to reveal additional biochemical functions that can be achieved by RNA. We applied an updated computational pipeline17 to discover ncRNAs that rival the known large ribozymes in size and structural complexity or that are among the most abundant RNAs in bacteria that encode them. These RNAs would have been difficult or impossible to detect without examining environmental DNA sequences, suggesting that numerous RNAs with extraordinary size, structural complexity, or other exceptional characteristics remain to be discovered in unexplored sequence space. PMID:19956260

Exceptional circumstance drug dispensing: history and expenditures of the Brazilian Ministry of Health.

PubMed

Carias, Claudia Mezleveckas; Vieira, Fabíola Sulpino; Giordano, Carlos V; Zucchi, Paola

2011-04-01

To describe the technical aspects of the Exceptional Circumstance Drug Dispensing Program of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, especially with respect to the cost of dispensed medication. Technical information was obtained from the ordinances that regulate the Program. Expenditure from 2000 to 2007 was obtained from the Sistema Único de Saúde's (Unified Healthcare System) Outpatient Information System. All drugs dispensed between 1993 and 2009 and the amount and cost of each procedure were evaluated, based on information from the high-complexity procedure authorization of each of the country's states. The Program changed with the increase in the number of pharmacological agents and presentations distributed by, and the number of diseases contemplated in the program. In 1993, the program distributed 15 pharmacological agents in 31 distinct presentations. This number increased to 109 agents in 243 presentations in 2009. Total Ministry of Health expenditure with medications was R$1,410,181,600.74 in 2007, almost twice the amount spent in 2000, R$684,975,404.43. Diseases whose expenditure increased in the period included chronic renal insufficiency, transplantation, and hepatitis C. The Exceptional Circumstance Drug Dispensing Program is in constant transformation, aimed at building instruments and strategies that can ensure and expand access to medication among the population. Alternatives should be sought to decrease the financial impact of the Program to a level that does not impact other sectors of the health care system, given the high cost associated with novel interventions.

Pollen morphology and viability in Bromeliaceae.

PubMed

Souza, Everton H; Souza, Fernanda V D; Rossi, Mônica L; Packer, Renan M; Cruz-Barros, Maria Amelia V; Martinelli, Adriana P

2017-01-01

Pollen morphology characterization is important in taxonomy, conservation and plant breeding, and pollen viability studies can support breeding programs. This study investigated pollen morphology and male fertility in 18 species of Bromeliaceae with ornamental potential. For morphological characterization, pollen grains were acetolyzed and characterization of exine was done using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Pollen viability was investigated by in vitro germination and histochemical tests. Species belonging to Aechmea and Ananas genera presented medium size pollen, except for Ae. fasciata, with large pollen. Al. nahoumii, P. sagenarius and the Vriesea species analyzed showed large pollen, except for V. carinata, with very large pollen. Pollen of Aechmea, Ananas and P. sagenarius presented bilateral symmetry, diporate, exine varying from tectate to semitectate. Al. nahoumii and Vriesea species presented pollen with bilateral symmetry, monocolpate; exine was semitectate, reticulate and heterobrochate. Germination percentage and tube growth were greater in SM and BKM media. Histochemical tests showed pollen viability above 70% for all species, except for Ananas sp. (40%). Pollen morphology is important for the identification of species, especially in this family, which contains a large number of species. High rates of viability favor fertilization and seed production, essential for efficient hybrid production and conservation.

75 FR 44058 - Office of Postsecondary Education; Overview Information; Promoting Postbaccalaureate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-27

... one of the exceptions to the electronic submission requirement and submit, no later than two weeks... these exceptions. Further information regarding calculation of the date that is two weeks [[Page 44060... upload large documents to e-Application; and No later than two weeks before the application deadline date...

Calcite-accumulating large sulfur bacteria of the genus Achromatium in Sippewissett Salt Marsh

PubMed Central

Salman, Verena; Yang, Tingting; Berben, Tom; Klein, Frieder; Angert, Esther; Teske, Andreas

2015-01-01

Large sulfur bacteria of the genus Achromatium are exceptional among Bacteria and Archaea as they can accumulate high amounts of internal calcite. Although known for more than 100 years, they remain uncultured, and only freshwater populations have been studied so far. Here we investigate a marine population of calcite-accumulating bacteria that is primarily found at the sediment surface of tide pools in a salt marsh, where high sulfide concentrations meet oversaturated oxygen concentrations during the day. Dynamic sulfur cycling by phototrophic sulfide-oxidizing and heterotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria co-occurring in these sediments creates a highly sulfidic environment that we propose induces behavioral differences in the Achromatium population compared with reported migration patterns in a low-sulfide environment. Fluctuating intracellular calcium/sulfur ratios at different depths and times of day indicate a biochemical reaction of the salt marsh Achromatium to diurnal changes in sedimentary redox conditions. We correlate this calcite dynamic with new evidence regarding its formation/mobilization and suggest general implications as well as a possible biological function of calcite accumulation in large bacteria in the sediment environment that is governed by gradients. Finally, we propose a new taxonomic classification of the salt marsh Achromatium based on their adaptation to a significantly different habitat than their freshwater relatives, as indicated by their differential behavior as well as phylogenetic distance on 16S ribosomal RNA gene level. In future studies, whole-genome characterization and additional ecophysiological factors could further support the distinctive position of salt marsh Achromatium. PMID:25909974

Ab initio simulation of elastic and mechanical properties of Zn- and Mg-doped hydroxyapatite (HAP).

PubMed

Aryal, Sitaram; Matsunaga, Katsuyuki; Ching, Wai-Yim

2015-07-01

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is an important bioceramic which constitutes the mineral components of bones and hard tissues in mammals. It is bioactive and used as bioceramic coatings for metallic implants and bone fillers. HAP readily absorbs a large amount of impurities. Knowledge on the elastic and mechanical properties of impurity-doped HAP is a subject of great importance to its potential for biomedical applications. Zn and Mg are the most common divalent cations HAP absorbs. Using density function theory based ab initio methods, we have carried out a large number of ab initio calculations to obtain the bulk elastic and mechanical properties of HAP with Zn or Mg doped in different concentration at the Ca1 and Ca2 sites using large 352-atom supercells. Detailed information on their dependece on the concetraion of the substitued impurity is obtained. Our results show that Mg enhances overall elastic and bulk mechanical properties whereas Zn tends to degrade except at low concentrations. At a higher concentration, the mechanical properties of Zn and Mg doped HAP also depend significantly on impurity distribution between the Ca1 and Ca2 sites. There is a strong evidence that Zn prefers Ca2 site for substituion whereas Mg has no such preference. These results imply that proper control of dopant concentration and their site preference must carefully considered in using doped HAP for specific biomedical applications. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Calcite-accumulating large sulfur bacteria of the genus Achromatium in Sippewissett Salt Marsh.

PubMed

Salman, Verena; Yang, Tingting; Berben, Tom; Klein, Frieder; Angert, Esther; Teske, Andreas

2015-11-01

Large sulfur bacteria of the genus Achromatium are exceptional among Bacteria and Archaea as they can accumulate high amounts of internal calcite. Although known for more than 100 years, they remain uncultured, and only freshwater populations have been studied so far. Here we investigate a marine population of calcite-accumulating bacteria that is primarily found at the sediment surface of tide pools in a salt marsh, where high sulfide concentrations meet oversaturated oxygen concentrations during the day. Dynamic sulfur cycling by phototrophic sulfide-oxidizing and heterotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria co-occurring in these sediments creates a highly sulfidic environment that we propose induces behavioral differences in the Achromatium population compared with reported migration patterns in a low-sulfide environment. Fluctuating intracellular calcium/sulfur ratios at different depths and times of day indicate a biochemical reaction of the salt marsh Achromatium to diurnal changes in sedimentary redox conditions. We correlate this calcite dynamic with new evidence regarding its formation/mobilization and suggest general implications as well as a possible biological function of calcite accumulation in large bacteria in the sediment environment that is governed by gradients. Finally, we propose a new taxonomic classification of the salt marsh Achromatium based on their adaptation to a significantly different habitat than their freshwater relatives, as indicated by their differential behavior as well as phylogenetic distance on 16S ribosomal RNA gene level. In future studies, whole-genome characterization and additional ecophysiological factors could further support the distinctive position of salt marsh Achromatium.

29 CFR 870.11 - Exceptions to the restrictions provided by section 303(a) of the CCPA and priorities among...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Act. (2) Accordingly the Consumer Credit Protection Act does not restrict in any way the amount which..., the Consumer Credit Protection Act permits garnishment for the support of any person of only the... debt, and these garnishments have priority, the Consumer Credit Protection Act does not permit...

42 CFR 440.240 - Comparability of services for groups.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Comparability of services for groups. 440.240... Applicable to All Services § 440.240 Comparability of services for groups. Except as limited in § 440.250— (a... groups are equal in amount, duration, and scope for all beneficiaries within the group: (1) The...

42 CFR 440.240 - Comparability of services for groups.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Comparability of services for groups. 440.240... Applicable to All Services § 440.240 Comparability of services for groups. Except as limited in § 440.250— (a... groups are equal in amount, duration, and scope for all beneficiaries within the group: (1) The...

5 CFR 550.112 - Computation of overtime work.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... meal time. (1) Bona fide sleep and meal periods may not be considered hours of work, except as provided... a call to duty, the time spent on duty is hours of work. (2) Sleep and meal periods during regularly....C. 5545(c)(1), the amount of bona fide sleep and meal time excluded from hours of work may not...

5 CFR 550.112 - Computation of overtime work.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... meal time. (1) Bona fide sleep and meal periods may not be considered hours of work, except as provided... a call to duty, the time spent on duty is hours of work. (2) Sleep and meal periods during regularly....C. 5545(c)(1), the amount of bona fide sleep and meal time excluded from hours of work may not...

24 CFR 982.503 - Voucher tenancy: Payment standard amount and schedule.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... to provide a family who has made sustained efforts to locate suitable housing with additional search... used to calculate the monthly housing assistance payment for a family (§ 982.505). (3) The PHA voucher... section for all units, or for all units of a given unit size, leased by program families in the exception...

24 CFR 982.503 - Voucher tenancy: Payment standard amount and schedule.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... to provide a family who has made sustained efforts to locate suitable housing with additional search... used to calculate the monthly housing assistance payment for a family (§ 982.505). (3) The PHA voucher... section for all units, or for all units of a given unit size, leased by program families in the exception...

24 CFR 982.503 - Voucher tenancy: Payment standard amount and schedule.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... to provide a family who has made sustained efforts to locate suitable housing with additional search... used to calculate the monthly housing assistance payment for a family (§ 982.505). (3) The PHA voucher... section for all units, or for all units of a given unit size, leased by program families in the exception...

24 CFR 982.503 - Voucher tenancy: Payment standard amount and schedule.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... to provide a family who has made sustained efforts to locate suitable housing with additional search... used to calculate the monthly housing assistance payment for a family (§ 982.505). (3) The PHA voucher... section for all units, or for all units of a given unit size, leased by program families in the exception...

12 CFR 227.22 - Unfair acts or practices regarding time to make payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRACTICES (REGULATION AA) Consumer Credit Card.... Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, a bank must not treat a payment on a consumer credit card account as late for any purpose unless the consumer has been provided a reasonable amount of time...

37 CFR 2.207 - Methods of payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... credit card, except for replenishing a deposit account. Payment of a fee by credit card must specify the amount to be charged to the credit card and such other information as is necessary to process the charge... fees to a credit card. If credit card information is provided on a form or document other than a form...

Substitution and the USDA Forest Service log export restrictions.

Treesearch

Gary R. Lindell

1980-01-01

With some exceptions, the substitution of national forest timber for exported private timber is forbidden by regulations. Certain firms may use a limited amount of national forest timber as replacement for exported private timber, however, in accordance with their pattern of purchases and exports from 1971 through 1973. About 359 million board feet of national forest...

27 CFR 27.42a - Still wines containing carbon dioxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

.... Still wines may contain not more than 0.392 gram of carbon dioxide per 100 milliliters of wine; except that a tolerance to this maximum limitation, not to exceed 0.009 gram of carbon dioxide per 100 milliliters of wine, will be allowed where the amount of carbon dioxide in excess of 0.392 gram per 100...

27 CFR 27.42a - Still wines containing carbon dioxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

.... Still wines may contain not more than 0.392 gram of carbon dioxide per 100 milliliters of wine; except that a tolerance to this maximum limitation, not to exceed 0.009 gram of carbon dioxide per 100 milliliters of wine, will be allowed where the amount of carbon dioxide in excess of 0.392 gram per 100...

27 CFR 27.42a - Still wines containing carbon dioxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

.... Still wines may contain not more than 0.392 gram of carbon dioxide per 100 milliliters of wine; except that a tolerance to this maximum limitation, not to exceed 0.009 gram of carbon dioxide per 100 milliliters of wine, will be allowed where the amount of carbon dioxide in excess of 0.392 gram per 100...

27 CFR 27.42a - Still wines containing carbon dioxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

.... Still wines may contain not more than 0.392 gram of carbon dioxide per 100 milliliters of wine; except that a tolerance to this maximum limitation, not to exceed 0.009 gram of carbon dioxide per 100 milliliters of wine, will be allowed where the amount of carbon dioxide in excess of 0.392 gram per 100...

27 CFR 27.42a - Still wines containing carbon dioxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

.... Still wines may contain not more than 0.392 gram of carbon dioxide per 100 milliliters of wine; except that a tolerance to this maximum limitation, not to exceed 0.009 gram of carbon dioxide per 100 milliliters of wine, will be allowed where the amount of carbon dioxide in excess of 0.392 gram per 100...

20 CFR 656.19 - Live-in household domestic service workers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... children, and ages of the children, residing in the household; and (iv) That free board and a private room...; (iii) That the alien is free to leave the employer's premises during all non-work hours except the... performed by the alien; (vi) The total amount of any money to be advanced by the employer with details of...

20 CFR 656.19 - Live-in household domestic service workers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... children, and ages of the children, residing in the household; and (iv) That free board and a private room...; (iii) That the alien is free to leave the employer's premises during all non-work hours except the... performed by the alien; (vi) The total amount of any money to be advanced by the employer with details of...

20 CFR 656.19 - Live-in household domestic service workers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... children, and ages of the children, residing in the household; and (iv) That free board and a private room...; (iii) That the alien is free to leave the employer's premises during all non-work hours except the... performed by the alien; (vi) The total amount of any money to be advanced by the employer with details of...

25 CFR 214.10 - Royalty rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Royalty rates. 214.10 Section 214.10 Indians BUREAU OF..., OKLAHOMA, FOR MINING, EXCEPT OIL AND GAS § 214.10 Royalty rates. Royalties will be required as follows... paid for lead and zinc shall be computed for each mineral at the same rate that the amount of the...

25 CFR 214.10 - Royalty rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Royalty rates. 214.10 Section 214.10 Indians BUREAU OF..., OKLAHOMA, FOR MINING, EXCEPT OIL AND GAS § 214.10 Royalty rates. Royalties will be required as follows... paid for lead and zinc shall be computed for each mineral at the same rate that the amount of the...

37 CFR 2.207 - Methods of payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... credit card, except for replenishing a deposit account. Payment of a fee by credit card must specify the amount to be charged to the credit card and such other information as is necessary to process the charge... fees to a credit card. If credit card information is provided on a form or document other than a form...

37 CFR 2.207 - Methods of payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... credit card, except for replenishing a deposit account. Payment of a fee by credit card must specify the amount to be charged to the credit card and such other information as is necessary to process the charge... fees to a credit card. If credit card information is provided on a form or document other than a form...

37 CFR 2.207 - Methods of payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... credit card, except for replenishing a deposit account. Payment of a fee by credit card must specify the amount to be charged to the credit card and such other information as is necessary to process the charge... fees to a credit card. If credit card information is provided on a form or document other than a form...

The Nutrient Pool of Five Important Bottomland Hardwood Soils

Treesearch

John K. Francis

1988-01-01

Heretofore, with the exception of N, the concentration of total nutrients and the amount of variation in nutrient concentrations among and within soil series and depths within the rooting zone of forested alluvial soils of the South was unknown. Information about total nutrient concentrations is important in studying the danger of nutrient depletion posed by total tree...

12 CFR 19.240 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Civil money penalties. 19.240 Section 19.240... PROCEDURE Civil Money Penalty Adjustments § 19.240 Civil money penalties. (a) The maximum amount of each civil money penalty within the OCC's jurisdiction is set forth as follows: ER06NO12.002 (b) Except as...

12 CFR 19.240 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Civil money penalties. 19.240 Section 19.240... PROCEDURE Civil Money Penalty Adjustments § 19.240 Civil money penalties. (a) The maximum amount of each civil money penalty within the OCC's jurisdiction is set forth as follows: ER06NO12.002 (b) Except as...

12 CFR 210.11 - Availability of proceeds of noncash items; time schedule.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... of proceeds of noncash items; time schedule. (a) Availability of credit. A Reserve Bank shall give... collected funds (or advice from another Reserve Bank of such payment to it). The amount of the item is... by the sender when the Reserve Bank receives the payment or advice, except as provided in paragraph...

12 CFR 210.11 - Availability of proceeds of noncash items; time schedule.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... of proceeds of noncash items; time schedule. (a) Availability of credit. A Reserve Bank shall give... collected funds (or advice from another Reserve Bank of such payment to it). The amount of the item is... by the sender when the Reserve Bank receives the payment or advice, except as provided in paragraph...

26 CFR 1.332-4 - Liquidations covering more than one taxable year.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... extending over a period of more than one taxable year, the nonrecognition of gain or loss with respect to... exception provided in section 332 to the general rule for computing gain or loss with respect to amounts... have a copy. On and after September 1, 1953, the functions of the Commissioner with respect to such...

26 CFR 1.332-4 - Liquidations covering more than one taxable year.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... extending over a period of more than one taxable year, the nonrecognition of gain or loss with respect to... exception provided in section 332 to the general rule for computing gain or loss with respect to amounts... have a copy. On and after September 1, 1953, the functions of the Commissioner with respect to such...

31 CFR 363.55 - May I transfer my book-entry savings bonds to another person?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... REGULATIONS GOVERNING SECURITIES HELD IN TREASURYDIRECT Book-Entry Savings Bonds Purchased Through Treasury... a minimum amount of $25. The transfer may only be made as a gift or in response to a final judgment... is a gift or a specified exception. (b) We do not permit the transfer of savings bonds for...

20 CFR 404.510 - When an individual is “without fault” in a deduction overpayment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... linguistic limitations (including any lack of facility with the English language) the individual has. Except... good faith that he was entitled to checks subsequently received. (h) Lack of knowledge that bonuses... amount for such year. (k) Lack of knowledge by a wife, husband, or child entitled to wife's, husband's...

36 CFR 223.203 - Indirect substitution exception for National Forest System timber from within Washington State.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... unprocessed timber was limited to whichever is less: (i) The higher of the applicant's actual purchase.... (b) Application, review and approval process. To obtain a share of the 50 million board feet exempted.... Applicants were notified of the approving official's decision by letter. If approved, the amount of the...

40 CFR 66.61 - Duty to pay.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Duty to pay. 66.61 Section 66.61... COLLECTION OF NONCOMPLIANCE PENALTIES BY EPA Payment § 66.61 Duty to pay. (a) Except where the owner or... who submits a petition pursuant to § 66.52 shall pay the penalty amount calculated by the owner or...

Elemental and carbonaceous characterization of TSP and PM10 during Middle Eastern dust (MED) storms in Ahvaz, Southwestern Iran.

PubMed

Shahsavani, Abbas; Yarahmadi, Maryam; Hadei, Mostafa; Sowlat, Mohammad Hossein; Naddafi, Kazem

2017-08-21

Middle Eastern dust (MED) storms carry large amounts of dust particles to the Southern and Western cities of Iran. This study aimed to characterize the elemental and carbonaceous composition of total suspended particles (TSP) and PM 10 in Ahvaz, Iran. TSP and PM 10 samples were collected using two separate high-volume air samplers. The sampling program was performed according to EPA guidelines and resulted in 72 samples. Twenty-eight elements and two carbonaceous components in TSP and PM 10 were measured. Over the entire study period, the mean concentration (SD) of TSP and PM 10 was 1548.72 μg/m 3 (1965.11 μg/m 3 ) and 1152.35 μg/m 3 (1510.34 μg/m 3 ), respectively. The order of concentrations of major species were Si > Al > Ca > OC > Na > B > Zn > Mn > K > Mg and Si > Ca > Al > Na > OC > B > K > Mn > Cu > Mg for TSP and PM 10 , respectively. Almost all elements (except for Cd, Cr, and Cu) and carbonaceous components (except for organic carbon) had dust days/non-dust days (DD/NDD) ratios higher than 1, implying that all components are somehow affected by dust storms. Crustal elements constituted the major portion of particles for both TSP and PM 10 in both DDs and NDDs. The enrichment factor of elements such as Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and Ti was near unity. Species such as Al, Ca, Fe, K, Na, Si, and EC had high correlation coefficients in both TSP and PM 10 (except for EC). In conclusion, Ahvaz is exposed to high concentrations of TSP and PM 10 during the MED period. Immediate actions must be planned to decrease the high concentrations of particulate matter in Ahvaz's ambient air.

Electrochemical investigation of functionalized graphene aerogel with different amount of p-phenylenediamine as an advanced electrode material for supercapacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gholipour-Ranjbar, Habib; Ganjali, Mohammad Reza; Norouzi, Parviz; Naderi, Hamid Reza

2016-07-01

Graphene aerogel has attracted great attention as a new and efficient electrode material for supercapacitors. It can be expected that functionalization of graphene aerogels can further improve their capability. In this study, graphene aerogel functionalized with different amount of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and the effect of PPD amount on the supercapacitive performance of functionalized graphene aerogel (FGA) was investigated. Structural characterizations showed that PPD molecules initiated graphene aerogel sheets assembly into three-dimensional structures and also increasing PPD amount led to increase in surface area. Electrochemical investigations proved that the FGA with larger pore size showed enhanced supercapacitive performance compared with the FGA with smaller pore size. The optimized FGA-based electrode exhibited outstanding specific capacitance (SC) of 385 F g-1 at a discharge current density of 1 A g-1, good rate capability (215 F g-1 at 20 A g-1), and exceptionally high cyclic stability by displaying 25% increase in SC after 5000 cycle.

40 CFR 52.1605 - EPA-approved New Jersey regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... of “large zone 3 coal conversions” must be provided to EPA (40 CFR 52.1601(b)). Subchapter 11... Subchapter 16 is approved into the SIP except for Open Market Emissions Trading (OMET) provisions at 16.1A(g... into the SIP except for the following provisions: (1) Open Market Emissions Trading (OMET) provisions...

Grand Coulee - Bell 500-kV Transmission Line Project, Draft Environmental Impact Statement

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

N /A

2002-08-09

BPA is proposing to construct a 500-kilovolt (kV) transmission line that would extend approximately 84 miles between the Grand Coulee 500-kV Switchyard, near Grand Coulee Dam, and the Bell Substation, in Mead just north of Spokane. The new line would cross portions of Douglas, Grant, Lincoln, and Spokane counties. In addition to the transmission line, new equipment would be installed at the substations at each end of the new line and at other facilities. The proposed action would remove an existing 115-kV transmission line and replace it with the new 500-kV line on existing right-of-way for most of its length.more » Additional right-of-way would be needed in the first 3.5 miles out of the Grand Coulee Switchyard to connect to the existing 115-kV right-of-way. Since the mid-1990s, the transmission path west of Spokane, called the West of Hatwai transmission pathway, has grown increasingly constrained. To date, BPA has been able to manage operation of the path through available operating practices, and customer needed have been met while maintaining the reliability of the path. however, in early 2001, operations showed that the amount of electricity that needs to flow from east to west along this path creates severe transmission congestion. Under these conditions, the system is at risk of overloads and violation of industry safety and reliability standards. The problem is particularly acute in the spring and summer months because of the large amount of power generated by dams east of the path. Large amounts of water cannot be spilled during that time in order for BPA to fulfill its obligation to protect threatened and endangered fish. The amount of power that needs to move through this area during these months at times could exceed the carrying capacity of the existing transmission lines. In additional capacity is not added, BPA will run a significant risk that it will not be able to continue to meet its contractual obligations to deliver power and maintain reliability standards that minimize risks to public safety and to equipment. BPA is considering two construction alternatives, the Agency Proposed Action and the Alternative Action. The Alternative Action would include all the components of the Preferred Action except a double-circuit line would be constructed in the Spokane area between a point about 2 miles west of the Spokane River and Bell Substation, a distance of about 9 miles. BPA is also considering the No Action Alternative.« less

Abrupt climatic changes as triggering mechanisms of massive volcanic collapses: examples from Mexico (Invited)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Capra, L.

2010-12-01

Climate changes have been considered to be a triggering mechanism for large magmatic eruptions. However they can also trigger volcanic collapses, phenomena that cause the destruction of the entire sector of a volcano, including its summit. During the past 30 ka, major volcanic collapses occurred just after main glacial peaks that ended with a rapid deglaciation. Glacial debuttressing, load discharge and fluid circulation coupled with the post-glacial increase of humidity and heavy rains can activate the failure of unstable edifices. Looking at the synchronicity of the maximum glaciations during the late Pleistocene and Holocene in the northern and southern hemispheres it is evident that several volcanic collapses are absent during a glacial climax, but start immediately after it during a period of rapid retreat. Several examples can be detected around the world and Mexico is not an exception. The 28 ka Nevado de Toluca volcanic collapse occurred during an intraglacial stage, under humid conditions as evidenced by paleoclimatic studies on lacustrine sediments of the area. The debris avalanche deposit associated to this event clearly shows evidence of a large amount of water into the mass previous to the failure that enhanced its mobility. It also contains peculiar, plastically deformed, m-sized fragment of lacustrine sediments eroded from glacial berms. The 17 ka BP collapse of the Colima Volcano corresponds to the initial stage of glacial retreat in Mexico after the Last Glacial Maximum (22-17.5ka). Also in this case the depositional sequence reflects high humidity conditions with voluminous debris flow containing a large amount logs left by pine trees. The occurrence of cohesive debris flows originating from the failure of a volcanic edifice can also reflect the climatic conditions, indicating important hydrothermal alteration and fluid circulation from ice-melting at an ice-capped volcano, as observed for example at the Pico de Orizaba volcano for the Tetelzingo lahar, which collapse occurred after the Terminal Glacial (15-11 ka). Furthermore, significant global warming can be responsible for the collapse of ice-capped unstable volcanoes, an unpredictable hazard that in few minutes can bury inhabited areas.

Use of tropical maize for bioethanol production

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Tropical maize is an alternative energy crop being considered as a feedstock for bioethanol production in the North Central and Midwest United States. Tropical maize is advantageous because it produces large amounts of soluble sugars in its stalks, creates a large amount of biomass, and requires lo...

TRIGA Mark II nuclear reactor facility. Final report, 1 July 1980--30 June 1995

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ryan, B.C.

1997-05-01

This report is a final culmination of activities funded through the Department of Energy`s (DOE) University Reactor Sharing Program, Grant DE-FG02-80ER10273, during the period 1 July 1980 through 30 June 1995. Progress reports have been periodically issued to the DOE, namely the Reactor Facility Annual Reports C00-2082/2219-7 through C00-2082/10723-21, which are contained as an appendix to this report. Due to the extent of time covered by this grant, summary tables are presented. Table 1 lists the fiscal year financial obligations of the grant. As listed in the original grant proposals, the DOE grant financed 70% of project costs, namely themore » total amount spent of these projects minus materials costs and technical support. Thus the bulk of funds was spent directly on reactor operations. With the exception of a few years, spending was in excess of the grant amount. As shown in Tables 2 and 3, the Reactor Sharing grant funded a immense number of research projects in nuclear engineering, geology, animal science, chemistry, anthropology, veterinary medicine, and many other fields. A list of these users is provided. Out of the average 3000 visitors per year, some groups participated in classes involving the reactor such as Boy Scout Merit Badge classes, teacher`s workshops, and summer internships. A large number of these projects met the requirements for the Reactor Sharing grant, but were funded by the University instead.« less

Assessment of Palm Press Fibre and Sawdust-Based Substrate Formulas for Efficient Carpophore Production of Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) Singer

PubMed Central

Chiejina, Nneka Virginia

2015-01-01

Development of efficient substrate formulas to improve yield and shorten production time is one of the prerequisites for commercial cultivation of edible mushrooms. In this study, fifteen substrate formulas consisting of varying ratios of palm press fibre (PPF), mahogany sawdust (MS), Gmelina sawdust, wheat bran (WB), and fixed proportions of 1% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and 1% sucrose were assessed for efficient Lentinus squarrosulus production. Proximate compositions of mushrooms produced on the different substrate formulas were also analysed and compared. Substrate formulations containing 85% PPF, 13% WB, 1% CaCO3, and 1% sucrose were found to produce the highest carpophore yield, biological efficiency and size (206.5 g/kg, 61.96%, and 7.26 g, respectively). Days to production (first harvest) tended to increase with an increase in the amount of WB in the substrate formulas, except for PPF based formulas. The addition of WB in amounts equivalent to 8~18% in substrate formulas containing 80~90% PPF resulted in a decrease in the time to first harvest by an average of 17.7 days compared to 80~90% MS with similar treatment. Nutritional content of mushrooms was affected by the different substrate formulas. Protein content was high for mushrooms produced on formulas containing PPF as the basal substrate. Thus, formulas comprising PPF, WB, CaCO3, and sucrose at 85% : 13% : 1% : 1%) respectively could be explored as starter basal ingredients for efficient large scale production of L. squarrosulus. PMID:26839507

An Improved Algorithm for Retrieving Surface Downwelling Longwave Radiation from Satellite Measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zhou, Yaping; Kratz, David P.; Wilber, Anne C.; Gupta, Shashi K.; Cess, Robert D.

2007-01-01

Zhou and Cess [2001] developed an algorithm for retrieving surface downwelling longwave radiation (SDLW) based upon detailed studies using radiative transfer model calculations and surface radiometric measurements. Their algorithm linked clear sky SDLW with surface upwelling longwave flux and column precipitable water vapor. For cloudy sky cases, they used cloud liquid water path as an additional parameter to account for the effects of clouds. Despite the simplicity of their algorithm, it performed very well for most geographical regions except for those regions where the atmospheric conditions near the surface tend to be extremely cold and dry. Systematic errors were also found for scenes that were covered with ice clouds. An improved version of the algorithm prevents the large errors in the SDLW at low water vapor amounts by taking into account that under such conditions the SDLW and water vapor amount are nearly linear in their relationship. The new algorithm also utilizes cloud fraction and cloud liquid and ice water paths available from the Cloud and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) single scanner footprint (SSF) product to separately compute the clear and cloudy portions of the fluxes. The new algorithm has been validated against surface measurements at 29 stations around the globe for Terra and Aqua satellites. The results show significant improvement over the original version. The revised Zhou-Cess algorithm is also slightly better or comparable to more sophisticated algorithms currently implemented in the CERES processing and will be incorporated as one of the CERES empirical surface radiation algorithms.

Gene Expression Browser: Large-Scale and Cross-Experiment Microarray Data Management, Search & Visualization

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The amount of microarray gene expression data in public repositories has been increasing exponentially for the last couple of decades. High-throughput microarray data integration and analysis has become a critical step in exploring the large amount of expression data for biological discovery. Howeve...

What the Medical Records Revolution Means to Your Special Child

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dorsett, Tom

2008-01-01

As every exceptional parent knows, the needs of a special child are, simply put, special. For every area of life, an extra amount of thought and care must be taken--whether it is education, traveling considerations, and, especially, healthcare. However, it is in the area of healthcare that parents say they face the most challenge. For years,…

77 FR 6549 - Notice of Availability for Public Comment of Interconnection Facilities Studies Prepared for the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-08

...,250 megawatts of electric power produced from wind turbines to be located in the vicinity of La... States to Mexico, except for the small amount of electrical energy needed for wind turbine lubrication... connect a wind energy project to be built in the vicinity of La Rumorosa, Baja California, Mexico, to San...

34 CFR 694.10 - What are the requirements for awards under the program's scholarship component under section 404E...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...'s scholarship component under section 404E of the HEA? 694.10 Section 694.10 Education Regulations... What are the requirements for awards under the program's scholarship component under section 404E of the HEA? (a) Amount of scholarship. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, the...

26 CFR 1.79-3 - Determination of amount equal to cost of group-term life insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... an employee's life which is to be included in his gross income pursuant to the rule of inclusion set..., of group-term life insurance on such employee's life to which the rule of inclusion set forth in... policy, or portion of a policy, which qualifies for one of the exceptions to the rule of inclusion...

Application of LANDSAT data to delimitation of avalanche hazards in Montane, Colorado

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Knepper, D. H. (Principal Investigator); Summer, R.

1976-01-01

The author has identified the following significant results. With rare exceptions, avalanche areas cannot be identified on LANDSAT imagery. Avalanche hazard mapping on a regional scale is best conducted using LANDSAT imagery in conjunction with complementary data sources. Level of detail of such maps will be limited by the amount and completeness of the complementary information used.

75 FR 12518 - Publication of Housing Price Inflation Adjustment Under 50 U.S.C. App. 531

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-16

...: Notice. SUMMARY: The Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, as codified at 50 U.S.C. App. 531, prohibits a... military service except by court order. The law as originally passed by Congress applied to dwellings with monthly rents of $2,400 or less. The law requires the Department of Defense to adjust this amount annually...

Growth of 11 introduced tree species on selected forest sites in Hawaii

Treesearch

Michael G Buck; Roger H. Imoto

1982-01-01

Growth and volume data for trees on 25 plots reprsenting 11 introduced species in Hawaii were recorded during a 21-year period. Tree were measured at about 5-year intervals to determine overall growth and stand development. The sites selected were considered better-than-average in terms of elevation, amount of precipitation, and soil quality. Except for redwood, stands...

26 CFR 1.6042-1 - Return of information as to dividends paid in calendar years before 1963.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... owner or payee, the name of the issuing corporation, the number of shares of such stock, and the amount... such actual owner (without itemization as to the issuing company, class of stock, etc.). (2) Exceptions... periodical distributions of earnings on running installment shares of stock paid or credited by a building...

47 CFR 1.1106 - Schedule of charges for applications and other filings for the enforcement services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

.... Box 979094, St. Louis, MO 63197-9000 with the exception of Accounting and Audits, which will be...($) Paymenttype code 1. Formal Complaints Corres & 159 $200.00 CIZ 2. Accounting and Audits: a. Field Audit Carriers will be invoiced for the amount due 103,215.00 BMA b. Review of Attest Audit Carriers will be...

Twelve-year acorn yield in Southern Appalachian Oaks

Treesearch

Donald E. Beck

1977-01-01

A 12-year sample from Southern Appalachian oak stands showed acorns to be a valuable though inconsistent source of wildlife food. At least moderate amounts of acorns were produced in 9 of the years, with 4 years being exceptionally good. In 3 of the years, acorn production was very low. There were distinct differences in the production of acorns by the five species...

Handbook 2006-2007: Federal Student Aid. Volume 3--Calculating Awards & Packaging

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

US Department of Education, 2006

2006-01-01

Every eligible program, including graduate programs, must have a defined academic year. Award limits are generally connected to a period of time. For instance, all of the programs except Federal Work-Study have a maximum amount that can be awarded for an academic year or award year. This handbook is a resource for learning about Federal Student…

20 CFR 418.2201 - When will we determine your income-related monthly adjustment amount based on the modified...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... more recent tax year? 418.2201 Section 418.2201 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION... Determinations Using A More Recent Tax Year's Modified Adjusted Gross Income § 418.2201 When will we determine... that you provide for a more recent tax year? We will follow the rules in § 418.1201, except that any...

20 CFR 418.2201 - When will we determine your income-related monthly adjustment amount based on the modified...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... more recent tax year? 418.2201 Section 418.2201 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION... Determinations Using A More Recent Tax Year's Modified Adjusted Gross Income § 418.2201 When will we determine... that you provide for a more recent tax year? We will follow the rules in § 418.1201, except that any...

20 CFR 418.2201 - When will we determine your income-related monthly adjustment amount based on the modified...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... more recent tax year? 418.2201 Section 418.2201 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION... Determinations Using A More Recent Tax Year's Modified Adjusted Gross Income § 418.2201 When will we determine... that you provide for a more recent tax year? We will follow the rules in § 418.1201, except that any...

20 CFR 418.2201 - When will we determine your income-related monthly adjustment amount based on the modified...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... more recent tax year? 418.2201 Section 418.2201 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION... Determinations Using A More Recent Tax Year's Modified Adjusted Gross Income § 418.2201 When will we determine... that you provide for a more recent tax year? We will follow the rules in § 418.1201, except that any...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Leri, Alessandra C.; Northrup, Paul A.; Mayer, Lawrence M.

Chloride, Cl –, is the most abundant solute in seawater, amounting to 55% of ions by weight. Cl – is more difficult to oxidize than bromide, and marine halogenating enzymes tend to be bromoperoxidases that are incapable of forming organochlorines. Consequently, most halogenated natural products identified in the marine environment are organobromines. Known exceptions include small quantities of volatile chlorocarbons emitted by marine algae and dissolved chlorinated benzoic acids.

7 CFR 1412.32 - Direct payment yield for designated oilseed and pulse crops.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... the higher of the following, except in a year in which the acreage planted to the crop was zero, in which case the production for the crop for such year will be zero: (i) The total production for the applicable year based on the production evidence submitted in accordance with § 1412.34; or (ii) The amount...

7 CFR 1412.32 - Direct payment yield for designated oilseed and pulse crops.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... the higher of the following, except in a year in which the acreage planted to the crop was zero, in which case the production for the crop for such year will be zero: (i) The total production for the applicable year based on the production evidence submitted in accordance with § 1412.34; or (ii) The amount...

14 CFR 135.391 - Large nontransport category airplanes: En route limitations: One engine inoperative.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Large nontransport category airplanes: En... AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.391 Large nontransport category airplanes: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. (a) Except as...

14 CFR 135.391 - Large nontransport category airplanes: En route limitations: One engine inoperative.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Large nontransport category airplanes: En... AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.391 Large nontransport category airplanes: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. (a) Except as...

14 CFR 135.391 - Large nontransport category airplanes: En route limitations: One engine inoperative.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Large nontransport category airplanes: En... AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.391 Large nontransport category airplanes: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. (a) Except as...

27 CFR 40.183 - Record of tobacco products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) TOBACCO MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS, CIGARETTE PAPERS AND TUBES... quantities of all tobacco products, by kind (small cigars-large cigars; small cigarettes-large cigarettes... inventory; (e) Removed subject to tax (itemize large cigars by sale price in accordance with § 40.22, except...

27 CFR 40.183 - Record of tobacco products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) TOBACCO MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS, CIGARETTE PAPERS AND TUBES... quantities of all tobacco products, by kind (small cigars-large cigars; small cigarettes-large cigarettes... inventory; (e) Removed subject to tax (itemize large cigars by sale price in accordance with § 40.22, except...

27 CFR 40.183 - Record of tobacco products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) TOBACCO MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS, CIGARETTE PAPERS AND TUBES... quantities of all tobacco products, by kind (small cigars-large cigars; small cigarettes-large cigarettes... inventory; (e) Removed subject to tax (itemize large cigars by sale price in accordance with § 40.22, except...

14 CFR 135.391 - Large nontransport category airplanes: En route limitations: One engine inoperative.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Large nontransport category airplanes: En... AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.391 Large nontransport category airplanes: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. (a) Except as...

Consumption with Large Sip Sizes Increases Food Intake and Leads to Underestimation of the Amount Consumed

PubMed Central

Bolhuis, Dieuwerke P.; Lakemond, Catriona M. M.; de Wijk, Rene A.; Luning, Pieternel A.; de Graaf, Cees

2013-01-01

Background A number of studies have shown that bite and sip sizes influence the amount of food intake. Consuming with small sips instead of large sips means relatively more sips for the same amount of food to be consumed; people may believe that intake is higher which leads to faster satiation. This effect may be disturbed when people are distracted. Objective The objective of the study is to assess the effects of sip size in a focused state and a distracted state on ad libitum intake and on the estimated amount consumed. Design In this 3×2 cross-over design, 53 healthy subjects consumed ad libitum soup with small sips (5 g, 60 g/min), large sips (15 g, 60 g/min), and free sips (where sip size was determined by subjects themselves), in both a distracted and focused state. Sips were administered via a pump. There were no visual cues toward consumption. Subjects then estimated how much they had consumed by filling soup in soup bowls. Results Intake in the small-sip condition was ∼30% lower than in both the large-sip and free-sip conditions (P<0.001). In addition, subjects underestimated how much they had consumed in the large-sip and free-sip conditions (P<0.03). Distraction led to a general increase in food intake (P = 0.003), independent of sip size. Distraction did not influence sip size or estimations. Conclusions Consumption with large sips led to higher food intake, as expected. Large sips, that were either fixed or chosen by subjects themselves led to underestimations of the amount consumed. This may be a risk factor for over-consumption. Reducing sip or bite sizes may successfully lower food intake, even in a distracted state. PMID:23372657

Model for fluorescence quenching in light harvesting complex II in different aggregation states.

PubMed

Andreeva, Atanaska; Abarova, Silvia; Stoitchkova, Katerina; Busheva, Mira

2009-02-01

Low-temperature (77 K) steady-state fluorescence emission spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering were applied to the main chlorophyll a/b protein light harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHC II) in different aggregation states to elucidate the mechanism of fluorescence quenching within LHC II oligomers. Evidences presented that LHC II oligomers are heterogeneous and consist of large and small particles with different fluorescence yield. At intermediate detergent concentrations the mean size of the small particles is similar to that of trimers, while the size of large particles is comparable to that of aggregated trimers without added detergent. It is suggested that in small particles and trimers the emitter is monomeric chlorophyll, whereas in large aggregates there is also another emitter, which is a poorly fluorescing chlorophyll associate. A model, describing populations of antenna chlorophyll molecules in small and large aggregates in their ground and first singlet excited states, is considered. The model enables us to obtain the ratio of the singlet excited-state lifetimes in small and large particles, the relative amount of chlorophyll molecules in large particles, and the amount of quenchers as a function of the degree of aggregation. These dependencies reveal that the quenching of the chl a fluorescence upon aggregation is due to the formation of large aggregates and the increasing of the amount of chlorophyll molecules forming these aggregates. As a consequence, the amount of quenchers, located in large aggregates, is increased, and their singlet excited-state lifetimes steeply decrease.

Mind the Gap: Appropriate Evolutionary Perspectives toward the Integration of the Sciences and Humanities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heywood, Leslie L.; Garcia, Justin R.; Wilson, David Sloan

2010-01-01

Although Darwinism has gained a foothold in the social sciences, in the humanities, with a few exceptions, it is still largely rejected--not, as some would claim, because humanists are all radical poststructuralists who deny that material reality exists, but rather because, with notable exceptions, Darwinists who work within the humanities have…

Network analysis of wildfire transmission and implications for risk governance

PubMed Central

Ager, Alan A.; Evers, Cody R.; Day, Michelle A.; Preisler, Haiganoush K.; Barros, Ana M. G.; Nielsen-Pincus, Max

2017-01-01

We characterized wildfire transmission and exposure within a matrix of large land tenures (federal, state, and private) surrounding 56 communities within a 3.3 million ha fire prone region of central Oregon US. Wildfire simulation and network analysis were used to quantify the exchange of fire among land tenures and communities and analyze the relative contributions of human versus natural ignitions to wildfire exposure. Among the land tenures examined, the area burned by incoming fires averaged 57% of the total burned area. Community exposure from incoming fires ignited on surrounding land tenures accounted for 67% of the total area burned. The number of land tenures contributing wildfire to individual communities and surrounding wildland urban interface (WUI) varied from 3 to 20. Community firesheds, i.e. the area where ignitions can spawn fires that can burn into the WUI, covered 40% of the landscape, and were 5.5 times larger than the combined area of the community core and WUI. For the major land tenures within the study area, the amount of incoming versus outgoing fire was relatively constant, with some exceptions. The study provides a multi-scale characterization of wildfire networks within a large, mixed tenure and fire prone landscape, and illustrates the connectivity of risk between communities and the surrounding wildlands. We use the findings to discuss how scale mismatches in local wildfire governance result from disconnected planning systems and disparate fire management objectives among the large landowners (federal, state, private) and local communities. Local and regional risk planning processes can adopt our concepts and methods to better define and map the scale of wildfire risk from large fire events and incorporate wildfire network and connectivity concepts into risk assessments. PMID:28257416

Network analysis of wildfire transmission and implications for risk governance.

PubMed

Ager, Alan A; Evers, Cody R; Day, Michelle A; Preisler, Haiganoush K; Barros, Ana M G; Nielsen-Pincus, Max

2017-01-01

We characterized wildfire transmission and exposure within a matrix of large land tenures (federal, state, and private) surrounding 56 communities within a 3.3 million ha fire prone region of central Oregon US. Wildfire simulation and network analysis were used to quantify the exchange of fire among land tenures and communities and analyze the relative contributions of human versus natural ignitions to wildfire exposure. Among the land tenures examined, the area burned by incoming fires averaged 57% of the total burned area. Community exposure from incoming fires ignited on surrounding land tenures accounted for 67% of the total area burned. The number of land tenures contributing wildfire to individual communities and surrounding wildland urban interface (WUI) varied from 3 to 20. Community firesheds, i.e. the area where ignitions can spawn fires that can burn into the WUI, covered 40% of the landscape, and were 5.5 times larger than the combined area of the community core and WUI. For the major land tenures within the study area, the amount of incoming versus outgoing fire was relatively constant, with some exceptions. The study provides a multi-scale characterization of wildfire networks within a large, mixed tenure and fire prone landscape, and illustrates the connectivity of risk between communities and the surrounding wildlands. We use the findings to discuss how scale mismatches in local wildfire governance result from disconnected planning systems and disparate fire management objectives among the large landowners (federal, state, private) and local communities. Local and regional risk planning processes can adopt our concepts and methods to better define and map the scale of wildfire risk from large fire events and incorporate wildfire network and connectivity concepts into risk assessments.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brown, J. Martin, E-mail: mbrown@stanford.edu; Carlson, David J.; Brenner, David J.

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), also known as stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR), are rapidly becoming accepted practice for the radiation therapy of certain tumors. Typically, SRS and SBRT involve the delivery of 1 or a few large-dose fractions of 8 to 30 Gy per fraction: a major paradigm shift from radiation therapy practice over the past 90 years, when, with relatively large amounts of normal tissues receiving high doses, the goal was to maximize tumor response for an acceptable level of normal tissue injury. The development of SRS and SBRT have come about because ofmore » technologic advances in image guidance and treatment delivery techniques that enable the delivery of large doses to tumors with reduced margins and high gradients outside the target, thereby minimizing doses to surrounding normal tissues. Because the results obtained with SRS and SBRT have been impressive, they have raised the question whether classic radiobiological modeling, and the linear-quadratic (LQ) model, are appropriate for large doses per fraction. In addition to objections to the LQ model, the possibility of additional biological effects resulting from endothelial cell damage, enhanced tumor immunity, or both have been raised to account for the success of SRS and SBRT. In this review, we conclude that the available preclinical and clinical data do not support a need to change the LQ model or to invoke phenomena over and above the classic 5 Rs of radiobiology and radiation therapy, with the likely exception that for some tumors high doses of irradiation may produce enhanced antitumor immunity. Thus, we suggest that for most tumors, the standard radiobiology concepts of the 5 Rs are sufficient to explain the clinical data, and the excellent results obtained from clinical studies are the result of the much larger biologically effective doses that are delivered with SRS and SBRT.« less

Basement membrane of mouse bone marrow sinusoids shows distinctive structure and proteoglycan composition: a high resolution ultrastructural study.

PubMed

Inoue, S; Osmond, D G

2001-11-01

Venous sinusoids in bone marrow are the site of a large-scale traffic of cells between the extravascular hemopoietic compartment and the blood stream. The wall of the sinusoids consists solely of a basement membrane interposed between a layer of endothelial cells and an incomplete covering of adventitial cells. To examine its possible structural specialization, the basement membrane of bone marrow sinusoids has now been examined by high resolution electron microscopy of perfusion-fixed mouse bone marrow. The basement membrane layer was discontinuous, consisting of irregular masses of amorphous material within a uniform 60-nm-wide space between apposing endothelial cells and adventitial cell processes. At maximal magnifications, the material was resolved as a random arrangement of components lacking the "cord network" formation seen in basement membranes elsewhere. Individual components exhibited distinctive ultrastructural features whose molecular identity has previously been established. By these morphological criteria, the basement membrane contained unusually abundant chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) revealed by 3-nm-wide "double tracks," and moderate amounts of both laminin as dense irregular coils and type IV collagen as 1-1.5-nm-wide filaments, together with less conspicuous amounts of amyloid P forming pentagonal frames. In contrast, 4.5-5-nm-wide "double tracks" characteristic of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) were absent. The findings demonstrate that, in comparison with "typical" basement membranes in other tissues, the bone marrow sinusoidal basement membrane is uniquely specialized in several respects. Its discontinuous nature, lack of network organization, and absence of HSPG, a molecule that normally helps to maintain membrane integrity, may facilitate disassembly and reassembly of basement membrane material in concert with movements of adventitial cell processes as maturing hemopoietic cells pass through the sinusoidal wall: the exceptionally large quantity of CSPG may represent a reservoir of CD44 receptor for use in hemopoiesis. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

[Analysis of characteristics and problems of international trade of Poria cocos in China].

PubMed

Chi, Xiu-Lian; Yang, Guang; Ma, Shuai; Cheng, Meng; Que, Ling

2018-01-01

Poria cocos is one of medical materials frequently used in China and well marketed at home and abroad. Based on the analysis of exports and imports data of P. cocos, we found that large proportions of P. cocos were exported, while only a small proportions of those were imported in China between 2011 and 2016. During periods of these six years, the annual exporting trade of P. cocos in quantity significantly decreased, but that in dollars tend to increase slightly and the unit-prices of P. cocos significantly increased. Statistically, the average annual export trade of P. cocos from 2011 to 2016 in quantity and dollars were 9 279.73 tons and 35.454 million dollars, respectively. And the average annual export in unit-price was 4.14 dollars per kilogram. In total, P. cocos came from 29 provinces and exported to 44 countries through 21 ports. More than 98% of total exports of P. cocos were flew to the markets of countries in Asia, of which Hong Kong was the major partner in import trade of P. cocos. Large amount of P. cocos came from Guangdong province and exported mainly through Shenzhen port. Except the exports, China also imports P. cocos from other countries, among which Korea was the major country exports largest amount of P. cocos to China. And most of P. cocos were imported by Jilin province and mainly through Changchun port. To improve the export kinetic, quality and profits of P. cocos, and thus enhance the international competitiveness of the industry of P. cocos, Chinese governments should emphasize the researches on the products of P. cocos, broaden the demand space of the high-end customers, stimulate the high-end market grow in high speed and accelerate the process of standardization in future. Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.

Secondary scintillation yield from GEM and THGEM gaseous electron multipliers for direct dark matter search

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Monteiro, C. M. B.; Fernandes, L. M. P.; Veloso, J. F. C. A.; Oliveira, C. A. B.; dos Santos, J. M. F.

2012-07-01

The search for alternatives to PMTs as photosensors in optical TPCs for rare event detection has significantly increased in the last few years. In particular, in view of the next generation large volume detectors, the use of photosensors with lower natural radioactivity, such as large area APDs or GM-APDs, with the additional possibility of sparse surface coverage, triggered the intense study of secondary scintillation production in micropattern electron multipliers, such as GEMs and THGEMs, as alternatives to the commonly used uniform electric field region between two parallel meshes. The much higher scintillation output obtained from the electron avalanches in such microstructures presents an advantage in those situations. The accurate knowledge of the amount of such scintillation is important for correct detector simulation and optimization. It will also serve as a benchmark for software tools developed and/or under development for the calculation of the amount of such scintillation.The secondary scintillation yield, or electroluminescence yield, in the electron avalanches of GEMs and THGEMs operating in gaseous xenon and argon has been determined for different gas pressures. At 1 bar, THGEMs deliver electroluminescence yields that are more than one order of magnitude higher when compared to those achieved in GEMs and two orders of magnitude when compared to those achieved in a uniform field gap. The THGEM electroluminescence yield presents a faster decrease with pressure when comparing to the GEM electroluminescence yield, reaching similar values to what is achieved in GEMs for xenon pressures of 2.5 bar, but still one order of magnitude higher than that produced in a uniform field gap. Another exception is the GEM operating in argon, which presents an electroluminescence yield similar to that produced in a uniform electric field gap, while the THGEM achieves yields that are more than one order of magnitude higher.

Diverse spore rains and limited local exchange shape fern genetic diversity in a recently created habitat colonized by long-distance dispersal

PubMed Central

De Groot, G. A.; During, H. J.; Ansell, S. W.; Schneider, H.; Bremer, P.; Wubs, E. R. J.; Maas, J. W.; Korpelainen, H.; Erkens, R. H. J.

2012-01-01

Background and Aims Populations established by long-distance colonization are expected to show low levels of genetic variation per population, but strong genetic differentiation among populations. Whether isolated populations indeed show this genetic signature of isolation depends on the amount and diversity of diaspores arriving by long-distance dispersal, and time since colonization. For ferns, however, reliable estimates of long-distance dispersal rates remain largely unknown, and previous studies on fern population genetics often sampled older or non-isolated populations. Young populations in recent, disjunct habitats form a useful study system to improve our understanding of the genetic impact of long-distance dispersal. Methods Microsatellite markers were used to analyse the amount and distribution of genetic diversity in young populations of four widespread calcicole ferns (Asplenium scolopendrium, diploid; Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens, tetraploid; Polystichum setiferum, diploid; and Polystichum aculeatum, tetraploid), which are rare in The Netherlands but established multiple populations in a forest (the Kuinderbos) on recently reclaimed Dutch polder land following long-distance dispersal. Reference samples from populations throughout Europe were used to assess how much of the existing variation was already present in the Kuinderbos. Key Results A large part of the Dutch and European genetic diversity in all four species was already found in the Kuinderbos. This diversity was strongly partitioned among populations. Most populations showed low genetic variation and high inbreeding coefficients, and were assigned to single, unique gene pools in cluster analyses. Evidence for interpopulational gene flow was low, except for the most abundant species. Conclusions The results show that all four species, diploids as well as polyploids, were capable of frequent long-distance colonization via single-spore establishment. This indicates that even isolated habitats receive dense and diverse spore rains, including genotypes capable of self-fertilization. Limited gene flow may conserve the genetic signature of multiple long-distance colonization events for several decades. PMID:22323427

Spatial distribution of the largest rainfall-runoff floods from basins between 2.6 and 26,000 km2 in the United States and Puerto Rico

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Connor, Jim E.; Costa, John E.

2004-01-01

We assess the spatial distribution of the largest rainfall-generated streamflows from a database of 35,663 flow records composed of the largest 10% of annual peak flows from each of 14,815 U.S. Geological Survey stream gaging stations in the United States and Puerto Rico. High unit discharges (peak discharge per unit contributing area) from basins with areas of 2.6 to 26,000 km2 (1-10,000 mi2) are widespread, but streams in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Texas together account for more than 50% of the highest unit discharges. The Appalachians and western flanks of Pacific coastal mountain systems are also regions of high unit discharges, as are several areas in the southern Midwest. By contrast, few exceptional discharges have been recorded in the interior West, northern Midwest, and Atlantic Coastal Plain. Most areas of high unit discharges result from the combination of (1) regional atmospheric conditions that produce large precipitation volumes and (2) steep topography, which enhances precipitation by convective and orographic processes and allows flow to be quickly concentrated into stream channels. Within the conterminous United States, the greatest concentration of exceptional unit discharges is at the Balcones Escarpment of central Texas, where maximum U.S. rainfall amounts apparently coincide with appropriate basin physiography to produce many of the largest measured U.S. floods. Flood-related fatalities broadly correspond to the spatial distribution of high unit discharges, with Texas having nearly twice the average annual flood-related fatalities of any other state.

Comparison of a High-Resolution Melting Assay to Next-Generation Sequencing for Analysis of HIV Diversity

PubMed Central

Cousins, Matthew M.; Ou, San-San; Wawer, Maria J.; Munshaw, Supriya; Swan, David; Magaret, Craig A.; Mullis, Caroline E.; Serwadda, David; Porcella, Stephen F.; Gray, Ronald H.; Quinn, Thomas C.; Donnell, Deborah; Eshleman, Susan H.

2012-01-01

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has recently been used for analysis of HIV diversity, but this method is labor-intensive, costly, and requires complex protocols for data analysis. We compared diversity measures obtained using NGS data to those obtained using a diversity assay based on high-resolution melting (HRM) of DNA duplexes. The HRM diversity assay provides a single numeric score that reflects the level of diversity in the region analyzed. HIV gag and env from individuals in Rakai, Uganda, were analyzed in a previous study using NGS (n = 220 samples from 110 individuals). Three sequence-based diversity measures were calculated from the NGS sequence data (percent diversity, percent complexity, and Shannon entropy). The amplicon pools used for NGS were analyzed with the HRM diversity assay. HRM scores were significantly associated with sequence-based measures of HIV diversity for both gag and env (P < 0.001 for all measures). The level of diversity measured by the HRM diversity assay and NGS increased over time in both regions analyzed (P < 0.001 for all measures except for percent complexity in gag), and similar amounts of diversification were observed with both methods (P < 0.001 for all measures except for percent complexity in gag). Diversity measures obtained using the HRM diversity assay were significantly associated with those from NGS, and similar increases in diversity over time were detected by both methods. The HRM diversity assay is faster and less expensive than NGS, facilitating rapid analysis of large studies of HIV diversity and evolution. PMID:22785188