Sample records for exceptions oral arguments

  1. 47 CFR 1.277 - Exceptions; oral arguments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Exceptions; oral arguments. 1.277 Section 1.277 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION GENERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Hearing Proceedings Review Proceedings § 1.277 Exceptions; oral arguments. (a) The consolidated supporting brief and exceptions to the...

  2. 45 CFR 81.105 - Oral argument to the reviewing authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... argument is to emphasize and clarify the written argument in the briefs. Reading at length from the brief... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Oral argument to the reviewing authority. 81.105... to the reviewing authority. (a) If any party desires to argue a case orally on exceptions or replies...

  3. Allan Bakke versus Regents of the University of California. Volumes I-VI.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Slocum, Alfred A., Ed.

    The complete record of the litigation in Alan Bakke v. The Regents of the University of California is contained in these six volumes. Included are all the pleadings, briefs, and arguments reproduced in full text except for minor editing of the oral arguments and data pertaining to the proof of service affidavits of truths. Volume One contains the…

  4. 12 CFR 19.23 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... argument may be held on written motions except as otherwise directed by the administrative law judge... administrative law judge directs that such motion be reduced to writing. (c) Filing of motions. Motions must be... motion. The administrative law judge shall not rule on any oral or written motion before each party has...

  5. 12 CFR 19.23 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... argument may be held on written motions except as otherwise directed by the administrative law judge... administrative law judge directs that such motion be reduced to writing. (c) Filing of motions. Motions must be... motion. The administrative law judge shall not rule on any oral or written motion before each party has...

  6. 12 CFR 19.23 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... argument may be held on written motions except as otherwise directed by the administrative law judge... administrative law judge directs that such motion be reduced to writing. (c) Filing of motions. Motions must be... motion. The administrative law judge shall not rule on any oral or written motion before each party has...

  7. 12 CFR 19.23 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... argument may be held on written motions except as otherwise directed by the administrative law judge... administrative law judge directs that such motion be reduced to writing. (c) Filing of motions. Motions must be... motion. The administrative law judge shall not rule on any oral or written motion before each party has...

  8. 12 CFR 19.23 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... argument may be held on written motions except as otherwise directed by the administrative law judge... administrative law judge directs that such motion be reduced to writing. (c) Filing of motions. Motions must be... motion. The administrative law judge shall not rule on any oral or written motion before each party has...

  9. 20 CFR 501.5 - Oral argument.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Oral argument. 501.5 Section 501.5 Employees' Benefits EMPLOYEES' COMPENSATION APPEALS BOARD, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR RULES OF PROCEDURE § 501.5 Oral argument. (a) Oral argument. Oral argument may be held in the discretion of the Board, on its own...

  10. 20 CFR 802.304 - Purpose of oral argument.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ....304 Employees' Benefits BENEFITS REVIEW BOARD, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Procedure for Review Oral Argument Before the Board § 802.304 Purpose of oral argument. Oral argument may be...; or (b) When in the interests of justice oral argument will serve to assist the Board in carrying out...

  11. 7 CFR 900.9 - Oral and written arguments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 8 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Oral and written arguments. 900.9 Section 900.9... Oral and written arguments. (a) Oral argument before judge. Oral argument before the judge shall be in... writing and made part of the transcript. (b) Briefs, proposed findings and conclusions. The judge shall...

  12. 47 CFR 1.297 - Oral argument.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Oral argument. 1.297 Section 1.297 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION GENERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Hearing Proceedings Interlocutory Actions in Hearing Proceedings § 1.297 Oral argument. Oral argument with respect to any contested...

  13. 50 CFR 18.89 - Oral and written arguments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Oral and written arguments. 18.89 Section... and written arguments. (a) The presiding officer may, in his discretion, provide for oral argument by... presiding officer proposed findings and conclusions and written arguments or briefs, which are based upon...

  14. Examining Elementary Students' Development of Oral and Written Argumentation Practices Through Argument-Based Inquiry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Ying-Chih; Hand, Brian; Park, Soonhye

    2016-05-01

    Argumentation, and the production of scientific arguments are critical elements of inquiry that are necessary for helping students become scientifically literate through engaging them in constructing and critiquing ideas. This case study employed a mixed methods research design to examine the development in 5th grade students' practices of oral and written argumentation from one unit to another over 16 weeks utilizing the science writing heuristic approach. Data sources included five rounds of whole-class discussion focused on group presentations of arguments that occurred over eleven class periods; students' group writings; interviews with six target students and the teacher; and the researcher's field notes. The results revealed five salient trends in students' development of oral and written argumentative practices over time: (1) Students came to use more critique components as they participated in more rounds of whole-class discussion focused on group presentations of arguments; (2) by challenging each other's arguments, students came to focus on the coherence of the argument and the quality of evidence; (3) students came to use evidence to defend, support, and reject arguments; (4) the quality of students' writing continuously improved over time; and (5) students connected oral argument skills to written argument skills as they had opportunities to revise their writing after debating and developed awareness of the usefulness of critique from peers. Given the development in oral argumentative practices and the quality of written arguments over time, this study indicates that students' development of oral and written argumentative practices is positively related to each other. This study suggests that argumentative practices should be framed through both a social and epistemic understanding of argument-utilizing talk and writing as vehicles to create norms of these complex practices.

  15. 50 CFR 228.19 - Oral and written arguments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Oral and written arguments. 228.19 Section... Oral and written arguments. (a) The presiding officer may, in his or her discretion, provide for oral... with the presiding officer any written comments on the proposed regulations and waiver, including...

  16. 47 CFR 1.423 - Oral argument and other proceedings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Oral argument and other proceedings. 1.423 Section 1.423 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION GENERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Rulemaking Proceedings Rulemaking Proceedings § 1.423 Oral argument and other proceedings. In any rulemaking...

  17. Medical marijuana.

    PubMed

    1999-04-30

    The Florida Supreme Court heard oral arguments in April regarding a glaucoma patient's request for a medical exception to the State prohibition on use of marijuana. [Name removed] was convicted on possession and cultivation charges, and a trial judge refused to allow a medical necessity defense. A State appeals court subsequently overturned [name removed]'s conviction. The case focuses on whether the legislature intended to prohibit such a defense when it declared in 1993 that the substance had no medicinal benefits.

  18. 41 CFR 60-30.21 - Oral argument.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Oral argument. 60-30.21 Section 60-30.21 Public Contracts and Property Management Other Provisions Relating to Public Contracts... 11246 Hearings and Related Matters § 60-30.21 Oral argument. Any party shall be entitled upon request to...

  19. 41 CFR 60-30.21 - Oral argument.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 1 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true Oral argument. 60-30.21 Section 60-30.21 Public Contracts and Property Management Other Provisions Relating to Public Contracts... 11246 Hearings and Related Matters § 60-30.21 Oral argument. Any party shall be entitled upon request to...

  20. 12 CFR 269b.320 - Proceedings before the panel.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... also require oral argument or the production of evidence or may so order oral argument and/or the production of evidence after examination of the briefs. The panel shall issue its final decision within 20 days after briefs have been filed, evidence has been produced, or oral argument has been conducted...

  1. [Orality and writing: argumentation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder].

    PubMed

    Gallardo-Paúls, Beatriz; Moreno-Campos, Verónica

    2014-02-24

    This work takes a deeper look at the differences in the linguistic competence of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in terms of both orality and writing. The purpose of this study is to check whether, in oral tasks, these children present the same problems related to inhibition and self-regulation as those pointed out in research working with written data. Likewise it seeks to describe those problems (lack of appropriateness, inappropriate production) as they appear in our oral data. A written and an oral argumentation produced by 25 participants between 9 and 11 years of age were analysed. In the written task, the children wrote their argumentations, and in the oral task their argumentative interaction with a collaborator was videotaped and later the types of arguments used in each case (logical, fallacies, sanctioning or moralist) were analysed. There is an obvious difference between the results in the two tests, which suggests the need to review the verbal evaluation mechanisms and to complete the written results with oral skill tests. The problems normally associated with written tasks do not appear in oral language; participants are able to follow the discursive thread and to provide new arguments related with the topic. The data obtained highlight the added difficulty of a written task for children with ADHD, the reliability of the oral results with regard to linguistic skills, and the need to use both types of data in evaluations.

  2. 38 CFR 18b.74 - Oral argument to the reviewing authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... argument is to emphasize and clarify the written argument in the briefs. Reading at length from the brief... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Oral argument to the... AFFAIRS (CONTINUED) PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE UNDER TITLE VI OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 AND PART 18 OF...

  3. Comparing Students' Individual Written and Collaborative Oral Socioscientific Arguments

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Knight, Amanda M.; McNeill, Katherine L.

    2015-01-01

    Constructing and critiquing scientific arguments has become an increasingly important goal for science education. Yet, the differences in the ways students construct collaborative oral and individual written socioscientific arguments are not well established. Our research with one middle school class in an urban New England school district…

  4. The Argumentative Introduction in Oral Interpretation.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mills, Daniel; Gaer, David C.

    A study examined introductions used in competitive oral interpretation events. A total of 97 introductions (from four oral interpretation events at a nationally recognized Midwestern intercollegiate forensic tournament) were analyzed using four categories: Descriptive, Simple Theme, Descriptive and Simple Theme, and Argumentative Theme. Results…

  5. 34 CFR 101.105 - Oral argument to the reviewing authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... argument in the briefs. Reading at length from the brief or other texts is not favored. Participants should... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Oral argument to the reviewing authority. 101.105 Section 101.105 Education Regulations of the Offices of the Department of Education OFFICE FOR CIVIL...

  6. 78 FR 64290 - Intermountain Power Agency v. Union Pacific Railroad Company-Oral Argument

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-28

    ... argument. A video broadcast of the oral argument will be available via the Board's Web site at http://www.stb.dot.gov , under ``Information Center''/``Webcast''/``Live Video'' on the home page. Instructions... room, but no provision will be made for connecting personal computers to the Internet. Cellular...

  7. 46 CFR 201.132 - Conduct of the hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ..., such as an official report, decision, opinion, or published scientific or economic statistical data... relevant part thereof. (h) Oral argument at hearings. A request for oral argument at the close of testimony...

  8. 46 CFR 201.132 - Conduct of the hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ..., such as an official report, decision, opinion, or published scientific or economic statistical data... relevant part thereof. (h) Oral argument at hearings. A request for oral argument at the close of testimony...

  9. 46 CFR 201.132 - Conduct of the hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ..., such as an official report, decision, opinion, or published scientific or economic statistical data... relevant part thereof. (h) Oral argument at hearings. A request for oral argument at the close of testimony...

  10. 46 CFR 201.132 - Conduct of the hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ..., such as an official report, decision, opinion, or published scientific or economic statistical data... relevant part thereof. (h) Oral argument at hearings. A request for oral argument at the close of testimony...

  11. 46 CFR 201.132 - Conduct of the hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ..., such as an official report, decision, opinion, or published scientific or economic statistical data... relevant part thereof. (h) Oral argument at hearings. A request for oral argument at the close of testimony...

  12. 37 CFR 41.124 - Oral argument.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... COMMERCE PRACTICE BEFORE THE BOARD OF PATENT APPEALS AND INTERFERENCES Contested Cases § 41.124 Oral... within five business days of the filing of the paper. The request must be filed as a separate paper and... exhibits must be served at least five business days before the oral argument and filed no later than the...

  13. 17 CFR 201.451 - Oral argument before the Commission.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... Commission, for good cause shown. The order shall state at whose request the change is made and the reasons... oral argument. The Commission may, in its discretion, determine that several persons have a common...

  14. 17 CFR 201.451 - Oral argument before the Commission.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... Commission, for good cause shown. The order shall state at whose request the change is made and the reasons... oral argument. The Commission may, in its discretion, determine that several persons have a common...

  15. 10 CFR 2.331 - Oral argument before the presiding officer.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 2.331 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION RULES OF PRACTICE FOR DOMESTIC LICENSING PROCEEDINGS AND... Management for NRC Adjudicatory Hearings § 2.331 Oral argument before the presiding officer. When, in the... part of the record. ...

  16. 16 CFR 1052.3 - Conduct of oral presentation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... the Commission of relevant data, views and arguments. (b) The oral presentation, which shall be taped or transcribed, shall be an informal, non-adversarial legislative-type proceeding at which there will... presentation of data, views or arguments. ...

  17. 21 CFR 12.125 - Appeal from or review of initial decision.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... the findings of fact or conclusions of law in the initial decision, and provide supporting citations... present oral argument on the matter. The time for filing briefs or presenting oral argument will be...

  18. 75 FR 82396 - Sunshine Act Notice

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-30

    ..., NW., Washington, DC. STATUS: Open. MATTERS TO BE CONSIDERED: The Commission will hear oral argument... include whether a non-production operator may be strictly liable for a violation occurring in an area which the operator allegedly controls or supervises.) Any person attending this oral argument who...

  19. Using Toulmin's Argument Pattern in the Evaluation of Argumentation in School Science

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Simon, Shirley

    2008-01-01

    Toulmin's model of argument has been used by researchers as a theoretical perspective on argument and as a methodological tool for analysing episodes of oral argumentation in school science. An adaptation of Toulmin's Argument Pattern (TAP) has also informed a professional development programme for teachers. Research on the impact of the programme…

  20. 10 CFR 2.1113 - Oral argument.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Oral argument. 2.1113 Section 2.1113 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION RULES OF PRACTICE FOR DOMESTIC LICENSING PROCEEDINGS AND ISSUANCE OF ORDERS Hybrid Hearing Procedures for Expansion of Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Capacity at Civilian Nuclear Power Reactors...

  1. 10 CFR 2.1113 - Oral argument.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Oral argument. 2.1113 Section 2.1113 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION RULES OF PRACTICE FOR DOMESTIC LICENSING PROCEEDINGS AND ISSUANCE OF ORDERS Hybrid Hearing Procedures for Expansion of Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Capacity at Civilian Nuclear Power Reactors...

  2. 10 CFR 501.34 - Public hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... opportunity to present oral or written data, views and arguments at a public hearing on any proposed... present oral or written data, views and arguments. (3) A request for a public hearing may be withdrawn by... interested person to be asked of those making presentations or submitting information, data, analyses or...

  3. 10 CFR 2.1109 - Requests for oral argument.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Requests for oral argument. 2.1109 Section 2.1109 Energy... Hybrid Hearing Procedures for Expansion of Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Capacity at Civilian Nuclear Power... hearing/petition to intervene, any party may invoke the hybrid hearing procedures in this Subpart by...

  4. 10 CFR 2.1109 - Requests for oral argument.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Requests for oral argument. 2.1109 Section 2.1109 Energy... Hybrid Hearing Procedures for Expansion of Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Capacity at Civilian Nuclear Power... hearing/petition to intervene, any party may invoke the hybrid hearing procedures in this Subpart by...

  5. 77 FR 1524 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Order Approving...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-10

    ... initiating and adjudicating various types of actions, including disciplinary, eligibility, expedited, and... also may review the decision. Oral Argument in Review of Proceedings FINRA Rule 9341(a) establishes the procedure for a party requesting an oral argument before the Subcommittee or, if applicable, the Extended...

  6. 50 CFR 228.19 - Oral and written arguments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Oral and written arguments. 228.19 Section 228.19 Wildlife and Fisheries NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE MARINE MAMMALS NOTICE AND HEARING ON SECTION 103(d) REGULATIONS § 228.19...

  7. 7 CFR 1.141 - Procedure for hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... hearing. Waiver of hearing shall not be deemed to be a waiver of the right to request oral argument before...'s decision and to appeal and request oral argument before the Judicial Officer with respect thereto... the United States and of any other matter of technical, scientific, or commercial fact of established...

  8. 7 CFR 1.141 - Procedure for hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... hearing. Waiver of hearing shall not be deemed to be a waiver of the right to request oral argument before...'s decision and to appeal and request oral argument before the Judicial Officer with respect thereto... the United States and of any other matter of technical, scientific, or commercial fact of established...

  9. 7 CFR 1.141 - Procedure for hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... hearing. Waiver of hearing shall not be deemed to be a waiver of the right to request oral argument before...'s decision and to appeal and request oral argument before the Judicial Officer with respect thereto... the United States and of any other matter of technical, scientific, or commercial fact of established...

  10. Justifying the Use of a Second Language Oral Test as an Exit Test in Hong Kong: An Application of Assessment Use Argument Framework

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jia, Yujie

    2013-01-01

    This study employed Bachman and Palmer's (2010) Assessment Use Argument framework to investigate to what extent the use of a second language oral test as an exit test in a Hong Kong university can be justified. It also aimed to help test developers of this oral test identify the most critical areas in the current test design that might need…

  11. Science Teaching and Argumentation: One-sided versus dialectical argumentation in Chilean middle-school science lessons

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Larrain, Antonia; Freire, Paulina; Howe, Christine

    2014-04-01

    Since the late 1990s, there has been consensus among educational researchers that argumentation should play a central role in science education. Although there has been extensive relevant research, it is not clear enough how oral argumentation spontaneously occurs in science teaching. This is particularly important with regard to the empirical evidence suggesting the effect of discussion of contradictory views on scientific learning. In order to contribute to the research on argumentation in science teaching, we conducted a study that aims to sketch a panoramic view of the uses of oral argumentation in Chilean middle-school science teaching. A total of 153 videotaped science lessons were observed, involving students aged 10-11 and 12-13. Whole-class argumentative discourse was analysed as a function of thematic episodes and teachers' and students' utterances. Results suggest that argumentative discourse in which contradictory points of view are discussed is scarce but when it occurs it does so predominantly within discourse among students. On the contrary, argumentation aimed at justifying points of view is widely used, even more so when students are older.

  12. 75 FR 56146 - Oral Argument

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-15

    .... Conyers v. Department of Defense, MSPB Docket No. CH-0752-09-0925-I-1, and Devon H. Northover v... Protection Board (``MSPB'' or ``Board'') will hear oral argument in the matters of Rhonda K. Conyers v. Department of Defense, MSPB Docket No. CH-0752-09-0925-I-1, and Devon Northover v. Department of Defense...

  13. 9 CFR 202.115 - Rule 15: Submission for final consideration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Rule 15: Submission for final consideration. 202.115 Section 202.115 Animals and Animal Products GRAIN INSPECTION, PACKERS AND STOCKYARDS... the judicial officer for decision. (d) Oral argument. There shall be no right to oral argument other...

  14. 9 CFR 202.115 - Rule 15: Submission for final consideration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Rule 15: Submission for final consideration. 202.115 Section 202.115 Animals and Animal Products GRAIN INSPECTION, PACKERS AND STOCKYARDS... the judicial officer for decision. (d) Oral argument. There shall be no right to oral argument other...

  15. 9 CFR 202.115 - Rule 15: Submission for final consideration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Rule 15: Submission for final consideration. 202.115 Section 202.115 Animals and Animal Products GRAIN INSPECTION, PACKERS AND STOCKYARDS... the judicial officer for decision. (d) Oral argument. There shall be no right to oral argument other...

  16. 9 CFR 202.115 - Rule 15: Submission for final consideration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Rule 15: Submission for final consideration. 202.115 Section 202.115 Animals and Animal Products GRAIN INSPECTION, PACKERS AND STOCKYARDS... the judicial officer for decision. (d) Oral argument. There shall be no right to oral argument other...

  17. 9 CFR 202.115 - Rule 15: Submission for final consideration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Rule 15: Submission for final consideration. 202.115 Section 202.115 Animals and Animal Products GRAIN INSPECTION, PACKERS AND STOCKYARDS... the judicial officer for decision. (d) Oral argument. There shall be no right to oral argument other...

  18. 29 CFR 18.6 - Motions and requests.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES General § 18.6 Motions and requests. (a) Generally. Any application for an order or any... a motion is served, or within such other period as the administrative law judge may fix, any party...) Oral arguments or briefs. No oral argument will be heard on motions unless the administrative law judge...

  19. Argumentation in Miranda v. Arizona.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Benoit, William L.

    1991-01-01

    Investigates the argumentation advanced in briefs, oral arguments, and the Supreme Court's opinion in the case of Miranda versus Arizona. Considers the background of the case, analyzes the argumentation and its influences on the court, and stresses the importance of viewing the Supreme Court as an active participant in the decision-making process.…

  20. Examining Elementary Students' Development of Oral and Written Argumentation Practices through Argument-Based Inquiry

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chen, Ying-Chih; Hand, Brian; Park, Soonhye

    2016-01-01

    Argumentation, and the production of scientific arguments are critical elements of inquiry that are necessary for helping students become scientifically literate through engaging them in constructing and critiquing ideas. This case study employed a mixed methods research design to examine the development in 5th grade students' practices of oral…

  1. Science Teaching and Argumentation: One-Sided versus Dialectical Argumentation in Chilean Middle-School Science Lessons

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Larrain, Antonia; Freire, Paulina; Howe, Christine

    2014-01-01

    Since the late 1990s, there has been consensus among educational researchers that argumentation should play a central role in science education. Although there has been extensive relevant research, it is not clear enough how oral argumentation spontaneously occurs in science teaching. This is particularly important with regard to the empirical…

  2. Prostitution, disability and prohibition.

    PubMed

    Thomsen, Frej Klem

    2015-06-01

    Criminalisation of prostitution, and minority rights for disabled persons, are important contemporary political issues. The article examines their intersection by analysing the conditions and arguments for making a legal exception for disabled persons to a general prohibition against purchasing sexual services. It explores the badness of prostitution, focusing on and discussing the argument that prostitution harms prostitutes, considers forms of regulation and the arguments for and against with emphasis on a liberty-based objection to prohibition, and finally presents and analyses three arguments for a legal exception, based on sexual rights, beneficence, and luck egalitarianism, respectively. It concludes that although the general case for and against criminalisation is complicated there is a good case for a legal exception. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

  3. Argumentation in undergraduate chemistry laboratories

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Walker, Joi Phelps

    To address the need for reform in undergraduate science education a new instructional model called Argument-Driven Inquiry (ADI) was developed and then implemented in a undergraduate chemistry course at a community college in the southeastern United States (Sampson, Walker, & Grooms, 2009; Walker, Sampson, & Zimmerman, in press). The ADI instructional model is designed to give a more central place to argumentation and the role of argument in the social construction of scientific knowledge. This research investigated the growth in the quality of the student generated arguments and the scientific argumentation that took place over the course of a semester. Students enrolled in two sections of General Chemistry I laboratory at the community college participated in this study. The students worked in collaborative groups of three or four. The students were given a variation of the same performance task three times during the semester in order to measure individual ability to use evidence and justify their choice of evidence with appropriate rationale. Five ADI investigations took place during the semester and the laboratory reports for each were collected from each student and the argument section of each report was scored. All the student groups were video recorded five times during the semester as they generated and evaluated arguments and the quality of the group argumentation was assessed using an instrument called the Assessment of Scientific Argumentation in the Classroom (ASAC) observation protocol. As time was the independent variable in this study a repeated measure ANOVA was used to evaluate the significance of student improvement in each area (argumentation, written argument and performance task) over the course of the semester (Trochim, 1999). In addition, a multiple regression analysis was conducted to evaluate how well the ASAC scores predicted individual scores on both the performance task and the written arguments (Green & Salkind, 2005). There was significant growth over the course of the semester in all three measures, performance-based assessment, written argument and oral argumentation. There also was a significant correlation between written and oral arguments that was used to generate a linear model using oral argumentation as a predictor of written argument. The results of this suggest that the use of an integrated instructional model such as ADI can have a positive impact on the quality of the arguments students include in their investigation reports, the argumentation they engage in during lab activities, and their overall performance on tasks that require them to develop and support a valid conclusion with genuine evidence.

  4. 10 CFR 2.331 - Oral argument before the presiding officer.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 2.331 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION AGENCY RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Rules of General... Hearing Procedures, Presiding Officer Powers, and General Hearing Management for NRC Adjudicatory Hearings... appropriate limits of time on the argument. The transcript of the argument is part of the record. ...

  5. Assessment at the Intersection of Science and Literacy

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pearson, P. David; Knight, Amanda M.; Cannady, Matthew A.; Henderson, J. Bryan; McNeill, Katherine L.

    2015-01-01

    The authors of this article, all of whom have been a part of this effort to assess argumentation in literacy-rich science curriculum, have struggled with our attempts to build 3 argument-related assessments--understanding, critiquing, and constructing arguments about scientific phenomena in both oral and written modes. Loosely affiliated with the…

  6. Parsimonious or Profligate: How Many and Which Discourse Structure Relations?

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1992-08-01

    argument structure (the development and reasoning underlying the argument) [ Toulmin 58, Birnbaum et al. 80, Sycara 87]; affective structure (also...sub- fields, various researchers have produced lists of intersegment relations - from philosophers (e.g., [ Toulmin 58]) to linguists (e.g., [Quirk...SSN:Exception Exception SSN:Opposition Antithesis SSN:Enumeration Joint, Pres-Sequence SSN:Concession Concession ST: [ Toulmin 58] ST:Claim

  7. Using History and Philosophy of Science to Promote Students' Argumentation

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Archila, Pablo Antonio

    2015-01-01

    This article describes the effect of a teaching-learning sequence (TLS) based on the discovery of oxygen in promoting students' argumentation. It examines the written and oral arguments produced by 63 high school students (24 females and 39 males, 16-17 years old) in France during a complete TLS supervised by the same teacher. The data used in…

  8. 16 CFR 3.43 - Evidence.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... shall not include argument or debate thereon except as ordered by the Administrative Law Judge. Rulings on all objections shall appear in the record. (h) Exceptions. Formal exception to an adverse ruling...

  9. 16 CFR 3.43 - Evidence.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... shall not include argument or debate thereon except as ordered by the Administrative Law Judge. Rulings on all objections shall appear in the record. (h) Exceptions. Formal exception to an adverse ruling...

  10. 76 FR 73691 - Oral Argument

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-29

    .... Latham v. U.S. Postal Service, MSPB Docket Number DA-0353-10-0408-I-1; Ruby N. Turner v. U.S. Postal... argument in the matters of James C. Latham v. U.S. Postal Service, MSPB Docket Number DA-0353-10-0408-I-1...

  11. Oral Traditions, Changing Rural Landscapes, and Science Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stapleton, Sarah Riggs

    2017-01-01

    This forum response extends the argument made by Avery and Hains that oral traditions can be useful for including the cultures and contexts of rural areas within science instruction. To buttress the oral expressions presented in Avery and Hains, I compare oral expressions of a second rural area, 600 miles to the South, in Eastern North Carolina. I…

  12. 14 CFR 302.24 - Evidence.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... objections relied upon, and the transcript shall not include argument or debate except as ordered by the... officially noticed in all formal economic proceedings except those subject to subpart D of this part. Each... the DOT decisionmaker. (i) Exceptions. Formal exceptions to the rulings of the administrative law...

  13. 14 CFR 302.24 - Evidence.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... objections relied upon, and the transcript shall not include argument or debate except as ordered by the... officially noticed in all formal economic proceedings except those subject to subpart D of this part. Each... the DOT decisionmaker. (i) Exceptions. Formal exceptions to the rulings of the administrative law...

  14. 14 CFR 302.36 - Oral argument before the DOT decisionmaker.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... (AVIATION PROCEEDINGS) PROCEDURAL REGULATIONS RULES OF PRACTICE IN PROCEEDINGS Rules of General... accordance with the following rules: All such material shall be limited to facts in the record of the case... Department of Transportation Dockets at least five (5) calendar days in advance of the argument. ...

  15. 14 CFR 302.36 - Oral argument before the DOT decisionmaker.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... (AVIATION PROCEEDINGS) PROCEDURAL REGULATIONS RULES OF PRACTICE IN PROCEEDINGS Rules of General... accordance with the following rules: All such material shall be limited to facts in the record of the case... Department of Transportation Dockets at least five (5) calendar days in advance of the argument. ...

  16. 14 CFR 302.36 - Oral argument before the DOT decisionmaker.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... (AVIATION PROCEEDINGS) PROCEDURAL REGULATIONS RULES OF PRACTICE IN PROCEEDINGS Rules of General... accordance with the following rules: All such material shall be limited to facts in the record of the case... Department of Transportation Dockets at least five (5) calendar days in advance of the argument. ...

  17. 14 CFR 302.36 - Oral argument before the DOT decisionmaker.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... (AVIATION PROCEEDINGS) PROCEDURAL REGULATIONS RULES OF PRACTICE IN PROCEEDINGS Rules of General... accordance with the following rules: All such material shall be limited to facts in the record of the case... Department of Transportation Dockets at least five (5) calendar days in advance of the argument. ...

  18. 14 CFR 302.36 - Oral argument before the DOT decisionmaker.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... (AVIATION PROCEEDINGS) PROCEDURAL REGULATIONS RULES OF PRACTICE IN PROCEEDINGS Rules of General... accordance with the following rules: All such material shall be limited to facts in the record of the case... Department of Transportation Dockets at least five (5) calendar days in advance of the argument. ...

  19. 45 CFR 16.8 - The next step in the appeal process: Preparation of an appeal file and written argument.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false The next step in the appeal process: Preparation of an appeal file and written argument. 16.8 Section 16.8 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... step in the appeal process: Preparation of an appeal file and written argument. Except in expedited...

  20. 28 CFR 68.40 - Evidence.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... the Administrative Law Judge, the transcript shall include argument or debate thereon. Rulings on such... shall be a part of the record. (d) Exceptions. Formal exceptions to the rulings of the Administrative...

  1. 28 CFR 68.40 - Evidence.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... the Administrative Law Judge, the transcript shall include argument or debate thereon. Rulings on such... shall be a part of the record. (d) Exceptions. Formal exceptions to the rulings of the Administrative...

  2. 39 CFR 953.5 - Hearings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... objections relied upon. The transcript shall not include argument or debate thereon except as ordered by the presiding officer. Rulings on such objections shall be a part of the transcript. (c) Formal exceptions to...

  3. 39 CFR 953.5 - Hearings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... objections relied upon. The transcript shall not include argument or debate thereon except as ordered by the presiding officer. Rulings on such objections shall be a part of the transcript. (c) Formal exceptions to...

  4. 7 CFR 1200.9 - Conduct of the hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... overruled by the judge. The transcript shall not include argument or debate thereon except as ordered by the... matter of technical, scientific, or commercial fact of established character: Except that interested...

  5. 7 CFR 1200.9 - Conduct of the hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... overruled by the judge. The transcript shall not include argument or debate thereon except as ordered by the... matter of technical, scientific, or commercial fact of established character: Except that interested...

  6. 7 CFR 1200.9 - Conduct of the hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... overruled by the judge. The transcript shall not include argument or debate thereon except as ordered by the... matter of technical, scientific, or commercial fact of established character: Except that interested...

  7. 7 CFR 1200.9 - Conduct of the hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... overruled by the judge. The transcript shall not include argument or debate thereon except as ordered by the... matter of technical, scientific, or commercial fact of established character: Except that interested...

  8. Justices Query Lawyers in Florida Court Showdown over Voucher Program

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Richard, Alan

    2006-01-01

    Florida's Opportunity Scholarships faced their most crucial test in June 2005, as the state supreme court heard arguments in a case about the constitutionality of the voucher program. In more than an hour of oral arguments in "Bush v. Holmes," held June 7, in Tallahassee and shown live on the Internet, lawyers sparred over the…

  9. 46 CFR 502.243 - Participation of absent Commissioner.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... AND PROCEDURE Oral Argument; Submission for Final Decision § 502.243 Participation of absent... participate in a decision shall participate in making that decision after reading the transcript of oral... 46 Shipping 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Participation of absent Commissioner. 502.243 Section...

  10. Comments on the frequency of the occurrence of extraterrestrial civilizations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shklovskii, I. S.

    Arguments in favor of the hypothesis that intelligent life exists nowhere in the universe except on earth are presented, noting the fact of the 'silence' of the universe. These arguments are related to considerations on the place of human beings in the biological hierarchy.

  11. Students' Questions and Discursive Interaction: Their Impact on Argumentation during Collaborative Group Discussions in Science

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chin, Christine; Osborne, Jonathan

    2010-01-01

    This study investigated the potential of students' written and oral questions both as an epistemic probe and heuristic for initiating collaborative argumentation in science. Four classes of students, aged 12-14 years from two countries, were asked to discuss which of two graphs best represented the change in temperature as ice was heated to steam.…

  12. 46 CFR 203.5 - Types of hearings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Types of hearings. 203.5 Section 203.5 Shipping MARITIME... CERTAIN HEARINGS UNDER THE MERCHANT MARINE ACT, 1936, AS AMENDED § 203.5 Types of hearings. (a) Oral... seeking the oral evidentiary hearing. (b) Hearing on Submission of Written Evidence and Argument: If, upon...

  13. Learning to Teach Argumentation: Research and development in the science classroom

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Simon, Shirley; Erduran, Sibel; Osborne, Jonathan

    2006-02-01

    The research reported in this study focuses on an investigation into the teaching of argumentation in secondary science classrooms. Over a 1-year period, a group of 12 teachers from schools in the greater London area attended a series of workshops to develop materials and strategies to support the teaching of argumentation in scientific contexts. Data were collected at the beginning and end of the year by audio-recording and video-recording lessons where the teachers attempted to implement argumentation. To assess the quality of argumentation, analytical tools derived from Toulmin’s argument pattern were developed and applied to classroom transcripts. Teachers’ use of argumentation developed across the year, the pattern of use was teacher-specific, as was the nature of change. To inform future professional development programmes, transcripts of five teachers, three showing a significant change and two showing no change, were analysed in more detail to identify features of teachers’ oral contributions that facilitated and supported argumentation. All teachers attempted to encourage a variety of processes involved in argumentation; teachers whose lessons included the highest quality of argumentation (Toulmin’s argument pattern analysis) also encouraged higher-order processes in their teaching. The analysis of teachers’ facilitation of argumentation has helped to guide the development of in-service materials and to identify the barriers to learning in the professional development of less experienced teachers.

  14. 10 CFR 2.335 - Consideration of Commission rules and regulations in adjudicatory proceedings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... byproduct material, is subject to attack by way of discovery, proof, argument, or other means in any... thereof, of the type described in paragraph (a) of this section, be waived or an exception made for the... that matter and no discovery, cross-examination or argument directed to the matter will be permitted...

  15. Analizing Student Biology Education Misconception And Scientific Argumentation Ability Using Diagnostic Question Clusters (Dqcs) Of Molecular Genetic Concept

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nurlaila, L.; Sriyati, S.; Riandi

    2017-02-01

    The purpose of this research is to describe the profile of misconceptions and scientific argumentation ability using Diagnostic Question Cluster (DQCs) of molecular genetics concept. This research use descriptive research method and biology education students as a research subject. The Instrument that used in this research are DQCs, sheets interviews, observations, and field notes. The DQCs tested by writing and oral that used to analyze misconceptions and scientific argumentation ability. Sheets interviews, observations and field notes, are used to analyze the possible factors causing misconceptions and scientific argumentation ability. The results showed that misconception of molecular genetics are: DNA (23.75%), genes (18.75%) of chromosomes (15%) and protein synthesis (5.5%). The pattern of the highest misconceptions owned Misconception-Understand Partial. The average scientific argumentation ability is 55% and still categorized warrant (W). The pattern of the scientific argumentation abilities formed is level 2 to level 2 that consists of the arguments in the form of a claim with a counter claim that accompanied by data, collateral (warrant) or support (backing) but does not contain a disclaimer (rebutal).

  16. "I Feel if I Say This in My Essay It's Not Going to Be as Strong": Multi-Voicedness, "Oral Rehearsal" and Year 13 Students' Written Arguments

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Carroll, James Edward

    2017-01-01

    Jim Carroll was concerned that A-level textbooks failed to provide his students with a model of the multi-voicedness that characterises written history. In order to show his students that historians constantly engage in argument as they write, Carroll turned to academic scholarship for models of multi-voiced history. Carroll explains here how he…

  17. 10 CFR 209.23 - Conduct of meetings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... open to all interested persons. Interested persons desiring to attend meetings under this subpart may... set out in notice provided by the Administrator, present data, views, and arguments orally and in...

  18. 10 CFR 209.23 - Conduct of meetings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... open to all interested persons. Interested persons desiring to attend meetings under this subpart may... set out in notice provided by the Administrator, present data, views, and arguments orally and in...

  19. 10 CFR 209.23 - Conduct of meetings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... open to all interested persons. Interested persons desiring to attend meetings under this subpart may... set out in notice provided by the Administrator, present data, views, and arguments orally and in...

  20. 10 CFR 209.23 - Conduct of meetings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... open to all interested persons. Interested persons desiring to attend meetings under this subpart may... set out in notice provided by the Administrator, present data, views, and arguments orally and in...

  1. 10 CFR 209.23 - Conduct of meetings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... open to all interested persons. Interested persons desiring to attend meetings under this subpart may... set out in notice provided by the Administrator, present data, views, and arguments orally and in...

  2. 14 CFR 1240.109 - Hearing procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Awards for Scientific and Technical Contributions § 1240.109 Hearing procedure. (a) An Oral hearing held... and arguments in support of the application. Evidence may be presented through means of such witnesses...

  3. 14 CFR 1240.109 - Hearing procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Awards for Scientific and Technical Contributions § 1240.109 Hearing procedure. (a) An Oral hearing held... and arguments in support of the application. Evidence may be presented through means of such witnesses...

  4. 14 CFR 1240.109 - Hearing procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Awards for Scientific and Technical Contributions § 1240.109 Hearing procedure. (a) An Oral hearing held... and arguments in support of the application. Evidence may be presented through means of such witnesses...

  5. The Uses of Literacy in Studying Computer Games: Comparing Students' Oral and Visual Representations of Games

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pelletier, Caroline

    2005-01-01

    This paper compares the oral and visual representations which 12 to 13-year-old students produced in studying computer games as part of an English and Media course. It presents the arguments for studying multimodal texts as part of a literacy curriculum and then provides an overview of the games course devised by teachers and researchers. The…

  6. Using History and Philosophy of Science to Promote Students' Argumentation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Archila, Pablo Antonio

    2015-11-01

    This article describes the effect of a teaching-learning sequence (TLS) based on the discovery of oxygen in promoting students' argumentation. It examines the written and oral arguments produced by 63 high school students (24 females and 39 males, 16-17 years old) in France during a complete TLS supervised by the same teacher. The data used in this analysis was derived from students' written responses, audio and video recordings, and written field notes. The first goal of this investigation was to provide evidence that an approach combining history and philosophy of science and argumentation could increase students' awareness of the relevance of experimentation and communication to scientific progress. The second goal was to assess the effectiveness of the TLS to engage students in argumentative classroom interactions (such as debates) relating to the discovery of oxygen at the end of the 18th century. The findings show that this historical case can be useful for promoting students' argumentation and is also appropriate for high school students. Future research should include students of other ages, other historical episodes and experiences in other parts of the world.

  7. 14 CFR § 1240.109 - Hearing procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... CONTRIBUTIONS Awards for Scientific and Technical Contributions § 1240.109 Hearing procedure. (a) An Oral... present evidence and arguments in support of the application. Evidence may be presented through means of...

  8. 14 CFR 1240.109 - Hearing procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Scientific and Technical Contributions § 1240.109 Hearing procedure. (a) An Oral hearing held by the Board... arguments in support of the application. Evidence may be presented through means of such witnesses, exhibits...

  9. Students' communication, argumentation and knowledge in a citizens' conference on global warming

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Albe, Virginie; Gombert, Marie-José

    2012-09-01

    An empirical study on 12th-grade students' engagement on a global warming debate as a citizens' conference is reported. Within the design-based research methodology, an interdisciplinary teaching sequence integrating an initiation to non-violent communication was developed. Students' debates were analyzed according to three dimensions: communication, argumentation, and knowledge. Students regulated their oral contributions to the debate by identifying judgments in their discussions. Rhetorical processes developed by students were mainly related to the identity of debate protagonists with interest attributions, authority, and positions. Students' arguments also relied on empirical data. The students' knowledge focused on energy choices, economic, political, and science development issues. Implications for socioscientific issues integration in class are discussed.

  10. 5 CFR 470.309 - Public hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... be made of the oral evidence. (d) The record shall be left open for 2 weeks after the conclusion of the hearing to receive additional written data, views, and arguments from the parties participating in...

  11. Court Calendars - Alaska Court System

    Science.gov Websites

    court buildings. Appellate Oral Argument Calendars Anchorage Angoon Aniak Bethel Cordova Delta Junction (updates every 3 hours) Delta Junction By Time By Time (updates every 3 hours) Dillingham By Judge By Party

  12. The Line Item Veto Act After One Year.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1998-04-01

    grounds that it violates the Constitution’s separation of powers doctrine. The Supreme Court has scheduled oral arguments on the case for late April and is expected to make a mling sometime this year.

  13. 39 CFR 3001.38 - Omission of intermediate decisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... intermediate decision upon a finding on the record that due and timely execution of its functions imperatively... opportunity for filing briefs or presenting oral argument to the Commission is desired or waived. Failure of...

  14. Teaching and Learning the Elements of Argumentation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Untereiner, Brian

    Kim, Department of Curriculum and Instruction Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Robert Anthony, Department of Curriculum and Instruction Supervisor Dr. Mijung Kim, Department of Curriculum and Instruction Departmental Member In this study I investigated the interactions of 25 Grade 8 science students as they learned how to construct oral arguments using the Toulmin Argumentation Pattern framework. I collected the data during three recorded small group discussion sessions during a five week Earth Science unit between February and March of 2011. The first session recorded the students' discussions prior to receiving either argumentation instruction or the science concept instruction. The second session recorded their discussions after receiving an introduction to argumentation and a scaffold, but not concept instruction. During the three weeks preceding the third session, the students received additional argumentation instruction and completed one-third of the Earth Science unit. The results showed the students collectively made more arguments during each subsequent session. The students' individual arguments showed a correspondence between their purportedly most familiar topics and the most discussed topics. I also found that when students made counter arguments and/or invited or challenged group members to participate, their discussions contained comparatively more argument elements (claims, data and warrants) than discussions containing predominantly collaborative assertions. The key outcome of this study for developing students' use of the elements of argumentation during classroom discussions was to recognize and incorporate opportunities for the students to tap into their prior-knowledge. To engage students in this process, the results indicate the importance of creating time for discussions relevant to the curriculum and to the students.

  15. Rationale for the prevention of oral diseases in primary health care: an international collaborative study in oral health education.

    PubMed

    Bourgeois, Denis M; Phantumvanit, Prathip; Llodra, Juan Carlos; Horn, Virginie; Carlile, Monica; Eiselé, Jean-Luc

    2014-10-01

    Ensuring that members of society are healthy and reaching their full potential requires the prevention of oral diseases through the promotion of oral health and well-being. The present article identifies the best policy conditions of effective public health and primary care integration and the actors who promote and sustain these efforts. In this review, arguments and recommendations are provided to introduce an oral health collaborative promotion programme called Live.Learn.Laugh. phase 2, arising from an unique partnership between FDI World Dental Federation, the global company Unilever plc and an international network of National Dental Associations, health-care centres, schools and educators populations. © 2014 FDI World Dental Federation.

  16. 47 CFR 1.276 - Appeal and review of initial decision.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ..., (iv) a statement of the questions of law presented, and (v) the argument, presenting clearly the... proceedings to the presiding officer to make further findings or conclusions; and (5) Prior to or after oral...

  17. 42 CFR 93.506 - Authority of the Administrative Law Judge.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... material fact; (16) Conduct any conference or oral argument in person, by telephone, or by audio-visual communication; (17) Take action against any party for failing to follow an order or procedure or for disruptive...

  18. Process of Argumentation in High School Biology Class: A Qualitative Analysis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ramli, M.; Rakhmawati, E.; Hendarto, P.; Winarni

    2017-02-01

    Argumentation skill can be nurtured by designing a lesson in which students are provided with the opportunity to argue. This research aims to analyse argumentation process in biology class. The participants were students of three biology classes from different high schools in Surakarta Indonesia. One of the classroom was taught by a student teacher, and the rest were instructed by the assigned teachers. Through a classroom observation, oral activities were noted, audio-recorded and video-taped. Coding was done based on the existence of claiming-reasoning-evidence (CRE) process by McNeill and Krajcik. Data was analysed qualitatively focusing on the role of teachers to initiate questioning to support argumentation process. The lesson design of three were also analysed. The result shows that pedagogical skill of teachers to support argumentation process, such as skill to ask, answer, and respond to students’ question and statements need to be trained intensively. Most of the argumentation found were only claiming, without reasoning and evidence. Teachers have to change the routine of mostly posing open-ended questions to students, and giving directly a correct answer to students’ questions. Knowledge and skills to encourage student to follow inquiry-based learning have to be acquired by teachers.

  19. 12 CFR 747.23 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... written motions except as otherwise directed by the administrative law judge. Written memorandum, briefs.... (b) Oral motions. A motion may be made orally on the record unless the administrative law judge... administrative law judge, except that upon the filing of the recommended decision, motions must be filed with the...

  20. 12 CFR 747.23 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... written motions except as otherwise directed by the administrative law judge. Written memorandum, briefs.... (b) Oral motions. A motion may be made orally on the record unless the administrative law judge... administrative law judge, except that upon the filing of the recommended decision, motions must be filed with the...

  1. 12 CFR 747.23 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... written motions except as otherwise directed by the administrative law judge. Written memorandum, briefs.... (b) Oral motions. A motion may be made orally on the record unless the administrative law judge... administrative law judge, except that upon the filing of the recommended decision, motions must be filed with the...

  2. 76 FR 48073 - Public Hearing for Secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Oxides of Nitrogen and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-08

    ... and all personal items must go through x-ray equipment, similar to airport security procedures. After..., views, or arguments concerning the proposed rule. The EPA may ask clarifying questions during the oral...

  3. Vygotsky's "Thought and Word"

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Barrs, Myra

    2016-01-01

    The last chapter of Vygotsky's last book, "Thinking and Speech," is a compressed argument about the construction of consciousness through the internalisation of language. This article comments on Vygotsky's analysis of the "voyage into the interior" undertaken by oral speech as it is internalised and abbreviated into…

  4. 47 CFR 1.703 - Appearances.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION GENERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Complaints, Applications, Tariffs... section 312 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, or by Commission order in any proceeding, no... by any person or his attorney. (b) Oral arguments. Within 5 days after release of an order...

  5. 5 CFR 890.1040 - Conducting a fact-finding proceeding.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Conducting a fact-finding proceeding. 890.1040 Section 890.1040 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE... oral and written arguments and documentary evidence, present witnesses, question any witnesses...

  6. Heating up the science classroom through global warming: An investigation of argument in earth system science education

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schweizer, Diane Mary

    This research investigated how the use of argument within an earth system science perspective offers potential opportunities for students to develop skills of scientific reasoning. Earth system science views Earth as a synergistic system governed by complex interdependencies between physical and biological spheres. Earth system science presents familiar and compelling societal problems about Earth's environment thereby providing a highly motivational vehicle for engaging students in science. Using global warming as an application of earth system science, my research investigated how middle school and undergraduate students use scientific evidence when constructing and assessing arguments. This dissertation includes three related research studies. The first study took in place in three seventh grade science classrooms and investigated student engagement in a global warming debate. This study illustrated students used evidence to support their central argument; to negate the central argument of the opposing side; to present challenges to the opposing side; and to raise new questions. The second research study is a comparative study and investigated how other students under different instructional settings constructed their arguments on the cause of global warming from the same evidence. This study took place in two seventh grade science classrooms. This study demonstrated that when constructing personal arguments on global warming, students developed an earth system perspective as they considered and integrated different pieces of evidence. Students participating in debate where given a particular view to defend and focused on evidence matching this view, thereby displaying singular views of the cause of global warming. The third research study investigated students abilities to scientifically assess arguments. By analyzing students' written evaluations of arguments on the global climate presented during oral debates, this study demonstrated that undergraduates focus on the overall argument presentation with little attention given to the validity of specific argument components. The primary outcome of these studies is the recommendation that students be provided with opportunities to engage in a variety of argumentation practices, including, but not limited to, debate, constructing arguments reflective of personal views and assessing arguments. Closely coupled with this is the recommendation is that explicit instruction in scientific argumentation accompany classroom activities.

  7. 29 CFR 101.9 - Settlement after issuance of complaint.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... consideration of facts, argument, offers of settlement, or proposals of adjustment, except where time, the... the type described in § 101.7 is appropriate. Such agreement is not subject to approval by the Board...

  8. 7 CFR 900.8 - Conduct of the hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... the judge. The transcript shall not include argument or debate thereon except as ordered by the judge... judicially noticed by the courts of the United States and of any other matter of technical, scientific or...

  9. 7 CFR 900.8 - Conduct of the hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... the judge. The transcript shall not include argument or debate thereon except as ordered by the judge... judicially noticed by the courts of the United States and of any other matter of technical, scientific or...

  10. 7 CFR 900.8 - Conduct of the hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... the judge. The transcript shall not include argument or debate thereon except as ordered by the judge... judicially noticed by the courts of the United States and of any other matter of technical, scientific or...

  11. 7 CFR 900.8 - Conduct of the hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... the judge. The transcript shall not include argument or debate thereon except as ordered by the judge... judicially noticed by the courts of the United States and of any other matter of technical, scientific or...

  12. 12 CFR 308.180 - Further proceedings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Rules and Procedures Relating to the Recovery of Attorney Fees and Other Expenses... further proceedings such as an informal conference, oral argument, additional written submissions, or an... identify the information sought or the issues in dispute and shall explain why additional proceedings are...

  13. 12 CFR 308.180 - Further proceedings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Rules and Procedures Relating to the Recovery of Attorney Fees and Other Expenses... further proceedings such as an informal conference, oral argument, additional written submissions, or an... identify the information sought or the issues in dispute and shall explain why additional proceedings are...

  14. 12 CFR 308.180 - Further proceedings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Rules and Procedures Relating to the Recovery of Attorney Fees and Other Expenses... further proceedings such as an informal conference, oral argument, additional written submissions, or an... identify the information sought or the issues in dispute and shall explain why additional proceedings are...

  15. 12 CFR 308.180 - Further proceedings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Rules and Procedures Relating to the Recovery of Attorney Fees and Other Expenses... further proceedings such as an informal conference, oral argument, additional written submissions, or an... identify the information sought or the issues in dispute and shall explain why additional proceedings are...

  16. 76 FR 65727 - Sunshine Act Meeting Notice

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-24

    ... be open to the public. The rest of the meeting will be closed to the public. MATTERS TO BE CONSIDERED: Portion Open to the Public: (1) Oral Argument in The North Carolina Board of Dental Examiners, Docket 9343...:45 am] BILLING CODE 6750-01-M ...

  17. 5 CFR 890.1055 - Contesting a denial of reinstatement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL EMPLOYEES HEALTH BENEFITS PROGRAM Administrative Sanctions Imposed Against... reconsideration of the initial decision. A provider may contest OPM's decision to deny a reinstatement application... present oral arguments to the debarring official. The provider may be accompanied by counsel when making a...

  18. 50 CFR 18.83 - Determination to cancel the hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... (CONTINUED) TAKING, POSSESSION, TRANSPORTATION, SALE, PURCHASE, BARTER, EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF...) Promptly after oral argument, if any, the presiding officer shall make a recommended decision based on the... shall transmit to the Director his recommended decision, the record and a certificate stating that the...

  19. 5 CFR 511.614 - Review by the Director.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... may, at his or her discretion, reopen and reconsider any decision when written argument or evidence is... case at hand, or is otherwise of such an exceptional nature as to merit the personal attention of the...

  20. 19 CFR 351.302 - Extension of time limits; return of untimely filed or unsolicited material.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ...) Unsolicited questionnaire responses, except as provided under § 351.204(d)(2). (2) The Secretary will return such information, argument, or other material, or unsolicited questionnaire response with, to the...

  1. Oral Argument in Children's Television Proceeding.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Choate, Robert B.

    The author advocates the outright ban of commercials from Saturday and Sunday morning television and makes several other recommendations that he believes would improve programing and reduce the hard sell of child targeted advertising. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) could form a Children's Television Broadcast Center and establish a…

  2. Expert Witness or Advocate: Developing Oral Argument Skills in the Marine Science Student.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Evans, James; And Others

    1992-01-01

    This article details an undergraduate/graduate-level, experimental, marine science education course utilizing interactive student participation concerning the relationship between individual property interests and coastal protection legislation in the aftermath of hurricane Hugo in 1989. Students successfully gained an understanding of the…

  3. 7 CFR 900.55 - Judges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... deems himself to be disqualified. Upon the filing by an interested person in good faith of a timely and... of books, records, contracts, papers, and other documentary evidence; (5) Examine witnesses and... depositions; (7) Admit or exclude evidence; (8) Hear oral argument on facts or law; (9) Consolidate hearings...

  4. 78 FR 56953 - Sunshine Act Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-16

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Sunshine Act Meeting Notice is hereby given, pursuant to the provisions of the Government in the Sunshine Act, Public Law 94-409, that the Securities and Exchange... headquarters building, to hear oral argument in an appeal by Montford and Company, Inc., d/b/a Montford...

  5. 40 CFR 209.27 - Interlocutory appeal.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... administrative law judge, by permission of the Environmental Appeals Board. (b) Applications for interlocutory... be filed within 5 days of the service of such applications. (c) Applications to file such appeals... Board will consider the merits of the appeal on the application and answers. No oral argument will be...

  6. 5 CFR 890.1028 - Conducting a fact-finding proceeding.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Conducting a fact-finding proceeding. 890.1028 Section 890.1028 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE... counsel, submit oral and written arguments and documentary evidence, present witnesses on his own behalf...

  7. Ethical and Stylistic Implications in Delivering Conference Papers.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Enos, Theresa

    1986-01-01

    Analyzes shortcomings of conference papers intended for the eye rather than the ear. Referring to classical oratory, speech act theory, and cognitive theory, recommends revising papers for oral presentation by using classical disposition; deductive rather than inductive argument; formulaic repetition of words and phrases; non-inverted clause…

  8. Changing Resistant Audience Attitudes Using Social Judgment Theory's "Anchor" Point Perspectives

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ramos Salazar, Leslie

    2017-01-01

    Courses: Public Speaking, Business and Professional Communication, Persuasion, or any other skill-based oral communication course. Objectives: Students will practice the development and demonstration of persuasive arguments in this single-class social judgment theory activity to improve their ability to change resistant audience attitudes.

  9. Carl Rogers' Alternative to Traditional Rhetoric.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hairston, Maxine C.

    Carl Rogers' approach to communication has implications for the rhetorician and the teacher of college composition. The qualities of respect, restraint, neutrality, and understanding, when applied to written and oral discourse, can provide an effective alternative to polemical argumentation. The detatchment and empathy of the Rogerian style is…

  10. The Great Mini-Debate

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Benucci, Heather

    2017-01-01

    Debates remain popular in English language courses, and this activity gives students a low-stress opportunity to develop their speaking debating skills. This lesson plan is appropriate for upper intermediate or advanced students. Goals of the activity are to present an oral argument using evidence and use functional language related to agreeing,…

  11. Writing Signed Languages: What for? What Form?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Grushkin, Donald A.

    2017-01-01

    Signed languages around the world have tended to maintain an "oral," unwritten status. Despite the advantages of possessing a written form of their language, signed language communities typically resist and reject attempts to create such written forms. The present article addresses many of the arguments against written forms of signed…

  12. 12 CFR 19.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... law judge shall recommend that the Comptroller issue a final order granting a motion for summary... days after service of such a motion, or within such time period as allowed by the administrative law... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  13. 12 CFR 19.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... law judge shall recommend that the Comptroller issue a final order granting a motion for summary... days after service of such a motion, or within such time period as allowed by the administrative law... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  14. 12 CFR 19.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... law judge shall recommend that the Comptroller issue a final order granting a motion for summary... days after service of such a motion, or within such time period as allowed by the administrative law... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  15. 12 CFR 19.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... law judge shall recommend that the Comptroller issue a final order granting a motion for summary... days after service of such a motion, or within such time period as allowed by the administrative law... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  16. Noetic Writing: Plato Comes to Missouri

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rice, Jeff

    2011-01-01

    Walter Ong tells us that the noetic--the rhetorical characteristics of feeling, sensation, and intuition applied to a given communicative situation or act--stems from the oral tradition. The noetic contrasts with the print legacy of argument in which "teaching something is the same as 'proving' it'" ("Ramus" 156). Ong's sense…

  17. 40 CFR 86.444-78 - Hearings on certification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... have in making the initial decision including the discretion to require or allow briefs, oral argument... the decision of the Presiding Officer (who may, but need not be the Administrator himself) shall be the final EPA decision. (b)(1) Upon his appointment pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section, the...

  18. 40 CFR 86.078-6 - Hearings on certification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... have in making the initial decision including the discretion to require or allow briefs, oral argument... decision of the Presiding Officer (who may, but need not be the Administrator himself) shall be the final EPA decision. (b)(1) Upon his appointment pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section, the Presiding...

  19. 75 FR 65531 - Sunshine Act Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-25

    ... OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION Sunshine Act Meeting Time and Date: 10:30 a.m. on Tuesday, November 2, 2010. Place: The Commission's National Office at One Lafayette Centre, 1120 20th Street, NW., 9th Floor, Washington, DC 20036-3457. Status: This oral argument will be open to the public...

  20. Design and implementation of Ada programs to facilitate automated testing

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Dean, Jack; Fox, Barry; Oropeza, Michael

    1991-01-01

    An automated method utilized to test the software components of COMPASS, an interactive computer aided scheduling system, is presented. Each package of this system introduces a private type, and works to construct instances of that type, along with read and write routines for that type. Generic procedures that can generate test drivers for these functions are given and show how the test drivers can read from a test data file the functions to call, the arguments for those functions, what the anticipated result should be, and whether an exception should be raised for the function given the arguments.

  1. 29 CFR 801.70 - Implementation by the Secretary.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Vacation of Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge § 801.70 Implementation by the Secretary. (a... discretion of the Secretary. At any time within 30 days after the issuance of the Decision and Order of the..., the form in which submission shall be made (i.e., briefs, oral argument, etc.), and the time within...

  2. 29 CFR 801.70 - Implementation by the Secretary.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Vacation of Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge § 801.70 Implementation by the Secretary. (a... discretion of the Secretary. At any time within 30 days after the issuance of the Decision and Order of the..., the form in which submission shall be made (i.e., briefs, oral argument, etc.), and the time within...

  3. 10 CFR 209.33 - Conduct of meetings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... carry out a plan of action pursuant to this subpart, shall be open to all interested persons, subject to... section may present data, views, and arguments orally and in writing, subject to such limitations with... subpart shall not be open to the public to the extent that the President or his delegate finds that...

  4. 10 CFR 209.33 - Conduct of meetings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... carry out a plan of action pursuant to this subpart, shall be open to all interested persons, subject to... section may present data, views, and arguments orally and in writing, subject to such limitations with... subpart shall not be open to the public to the extent that the President or his delegate finds that...

  5. 10 CFR 209.33 - Conduct of meetings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... carry out a plan of action pursuant to this subpart, shall be open to all interested persons, subject to... section may present data, views, and arguments orally and in writing, subject to such limitations with... subpart shall not be open to the public to the extent that the President or his delegate finds that...

  6. 10 CFR 209.33 - Conduct of meetings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... carry out a plan of action pursuant to this subpart, shall be open to all interested persons, subject to... section may present data, views, and arguments orally and in writing, subject to such limitations with... subpart shall not be open to the public to the extent that the President or his delegate finds that...

  7. 10 CFR 209.33 - Conduct of meetings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... carry out a plan of action pursuant to this subpart, shall be open to all interested persons, subject to... section may present data, views, and arguments orally and in writing, subject to such limitations with... subpart shall not be open to the public to the extent that the President or his delegate finds that...

  8. 75 FR 62591 - Oral Argument

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-12

    .... Aguzie v. Office of Personnel Management, MSPB Docket Number DC-0731-09-0261-R-1; Jenee Ella Hunt-O'Neal v. Office of Personnel Management, MSPB Docket Number AT-0731-09-0240-I-1; James A. Scott v. Office of Personnel Management, MSPB Docket Number CH-0731-09-0578-I-1; and Holley C. Barnes v. Office of...

  9. Assessing Language Proficiency Levels: Oral Proficiency Testing, Pre- and Post-Soviet Study.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Baker, Robert L.

    The importance of assessing language proficiency levels and the relationship of this priority to the teaching of Russian at the university level are discussed. Serious concerns about the value of language-specific proficiency guidelines are raised, and an argument is presented suggesting that language-specific guidelines may lead to undue emphasis…

  10. Explaining Electrical Circuits

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hodgson-Drysdale, Tracy; Ballard, Edward

    2011-01-01

    Science is more than learning a collection of facts. In the classroom, it is about creating a deeper level of understanding of the world and providing students with the tools to share that knowledge. One can share knowledge orally or in writing, in a variety of genres such as reports, arguments, and explanations. This article describes a unit…

  11. 22 CFR 16.11 - Grievance Board consideration of grievances.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... officer may exclude an officer or employee from official premises or from the performance of specified... office to which the officer or employee is assigned. (d) Inquiry into grievances. The Board shall conduct... Board can best be resolved by a hearing or by presentation of oral argument. In those grievances in...

  12. Melanges Pedagogiques (Pedagogical Mixture), 1986/87.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Melanges Pedagogiques, 1987

    1987-01-01

    The 1986/87 issue of the journal on second language teaching and learning contains seven articles in French and four in English, including: "Learning How To Learn English"; "Socrate est-il un chat? Pratiquer le syllogisme pour apprendre a argumenter (Is Socrates a Cat? Practicing Syllogisms To Learn To Argue)"; "La production orale en francais des…

  13. Environmental Aesthetics, Social Engagement and Aesthetic Experiences in Central Asia

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Breed, Amanda

    2015-01-01

    In this essay, I explore the Youth Theatre for Peace (YTP) project in relation to environmental aesthetics and engaged participatory practices towards tolerance building in Central Asia. My main argument is that cultural histories of storytelling, "manas" (an oral and now literary Kyrgyz epic) and trickster tales incorporate ideas and…

  14. 12 CFR 308.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... a matter of law. (b) Filing of motions and responses. (1) Any party who believes that there is no... administrative law judge, may file a response to such motion. (2) A motion for summary disposition must be... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  15. 12 CFR 509.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... a matter of law. (b) Filing of motions and responses. (1) Any party who believes that there is no... administrative law judge, may file a response to such motion. (2) A motion for summary disposition must be... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  16. 12 CFR 308.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... a matter of law. (b) Filing of motions and responses. (1) Any party who believes that there is no... administrative law judge, may file a response to such motion. (2) A motion for summary disposition must be... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  17. 12 CFR 109.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... a matter of law. (b) Filing of motions and responses. (1) Any party who believes that there is no... administrative law judge, may file a response to such motion. (2) A motion for summary disposition must be... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  18. 12 CFR 263.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... a matter of law. (b) Filing of motions and responses. (1) Any party who believes that there is no... administrative law judge, may file a response to such motion. (2) A motion for summary disposition must be... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  19. 12 CFR 509.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... a matter of law. (b) Filing of motions and responses. (1) Any party who believes that there is no... administrative law judge, may file a response to such motion. (2) A motion for summary disposition must be... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  20. 12 CFR 263.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... a matter of law. (b) Filing of motions and responses. (1) Any party who believes that there is no... administrative law judge, may file a response to such motion. (2) A motion for summary disposition must be... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  1. 12 CFR 263.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... a matter of law. (b) Filing of motions and responses. (1) Any party who believes that there is no... administrative law judge, may file a response to such motion. (2) A motion for summary disposition must be... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  2. 12 CFR 509.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... a matter of law. (b) Filing of motions and responses. (1) Any party who believes that there is no... administrative law judge, may file a response to such motion. (2) A motion for summary disposition must be... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  3. 12 CFR 109.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... a matter of law. (b) Filing of motions and responses. (1) Any party who believes that there is no... administrative law judge, may file a response to such motion. (2) A motion for summary disposition must be... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  4. 12 CFR 509.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... a matter of law. (b) Filing of motions and responses. (1) Any party who believes that there is no... administrative law judge, may file a response to such motion. (2) A motion for summary disposition must be... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  5. 12 CFR 308.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... a matter of law. (b) Filing of motions and responses. (1) Any party who believes that there is no... administrative law judge, may file a response to such motion. (2) A motion for summary disposition must be... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  6. 12 CFR 109.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... a matter of law. (b) Filing of motions and responses. (1) Any party who believes that there is no... administrative law judge, may file a response to such motion. (2) A motion for summary disposition must be... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  7. 12 CFR 263.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... a matter of law. (b) Filing of motions and responses. (1) Any party who believes that there is no... administrative law judge, may file a response to such motion. (2) A motion for summary disposition must be... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  8. 12 CFR 308.29 - Summary disposition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... a matter of law. (b) Filing of motions and responses. (1) Any party who believes that there is no... administrative law judge, may file a response to such motion. (2) A motion for summary disposition must be... administrative law judge may hear oral argument on the motion for summary disposition. (d) Decision on motion...

  9. 29 CFR 101.21 - Procedure after hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... entertain motions for oral argument. The Regional Director may at any time transfer the case to the Board... the right to transfer the case to the Board for decision at any time prior to disposition of the... formal hearing; pass upon rulings made at hearings and requests for extensions of time for filing of...

  10. 29 CFR 101.21 - Procedure after hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... entertain motions for oral argument. The Regional Director may at any time transfer the case to the Board... the right to transfer the case to the Board for decision at any time prior to disposition of the... formal hearing; pass upon rulings made at hearings and requests for extensions of time for filing of...

  11. 29 CFR 101.21 - Procedure after hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... entertain motions for oral argument. The Regional Director may at any time transfer the case to the Board... or after a hearing, with the right to transfer the case to the Board for decision at any time prior... formal hearing; pass upon rulings made at hearings and requests for extensions of time for filing of...

  12. 45 CFR 509.5 - Procedure for determination of claims.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ...) Without previous hearing, the Commission or a designated member of the staff may issue a Proposed Decision... World Wide Web site (http://www.usdoj.gov/fcsc), any information of general interest to claimants before... or for oral argument on the legal issues which are the subject of the objection. (f) Copies of...

  13. 75 FR 1009 - Sunshine Act Meeting Notice

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-01-07

    ...-002, to hear oral argument in an appeal by Diane M. Keefe (``Keefe''), a former employee of Pax World... administrative law judge. The law judge found that Keefe, a portfolio manager of the Pax World High Yield Fund... months from association with an investment adviser, broker, or dealer. Among the issues likely to be...

  14. Communication Media, Memory, and Social-Political Change in Eric Havelock.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gronbeck, Bruce E.

    2000-01-01

    Seeks to rehearse E. Havelock's arguments about relationships among communication modes or media, memory, and social-political change to specify his primary contributions to the so-called orality-literacy theorems, or to what is now beginning to be called theories of media ecology. Describes Havelock's evolutionary journey from the late 1950s to…

  15. Mayfield v. Dalton.

    PubMed

    1997-03-27

    The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit vacated a case in which the Department of Defense's compulsory taking of blood and tissue specimens from armed services members was claimed to be an unreasonable search and seizure under the Fourth Amendment. Mayfield and Vlacovsky were on active duty in the U.S. Marines when they challenged the military's order to give up blood and tissue samples for its DNA Registry, a repository for identification of remains of soldiers killed on duty. Mayfield and Vlacovsky also feared the possibility of discrimination from genetic information concerning propensity for disease. Between the decision of the federal district court and oral argument in this case, Mayfield and Vlacovsky had gone off active duty and joined the reserves. The court found the issue to be moot because Mayfield and Vlacovsky were not subject to the DNA collection program except in the remote possibility that they returned to active duty in an emergency situation. Also, between the two cases, the Department of Defense had shortened its specimen storage policy from 75 to 50 years and added the option of destroying the specimens at the donor's request upon separation from the service.

  16. The ethics of animal research: a survey of pediatric health care workers.

    PubMed

    Joffe, Ari R; Bara, Meredith; Anton, Natalie; Nobis, Nathan

    2014-12-30

    Pediatric health care workers (HCW) often perform, promote, and advocate use of public funds for animal research (AR). We aim to determine whether HCW consider common arguments (and counterarguments) in support (or not) of AR convincing. After development and validation, an e-mail survey was sent to all pediatricians and pediatric intensive care unit nurses and respiratory therapists (RTs) affiliated with a Canadian University. We presented questions about demographics, support for AR, and common arguments (with their counterarguments) to justify the moral permissibility (or not) of AR. Responses are reported using standard tabulations. Responses of pediatricians and nurses/RTs were compared using Chi-square, with P < .05 considered significant. Response rate was 53/115(46%) (pediatricians), and 73/120(61%) (nurses/RTs). Pediatricians and nurses/RTs are supportive of AR. Most considered 'benefits arguments' sufficient to justify AR; however, most acknowledged that counterarguments suggesting alternative research methods may be available, or that it is unclear why the same 'benefits arguments' do not apply to using humans in research, significantly weakened 'benefits arguments'. Almost all were not convinced of the moral permissibility of AR by 'characteristics of non-human-animals arguments', including that non-human-animals may not be sentient, or are simply property. Most were not convinced of the moral permissibility of AR by 'human exceptionalism' arguments, including that humans have more advanced mental abilities, are of a special 'kind', can enter into social contracts, or face a 'lifeboat situation'. Counterarguments explained much of this, including that not all humans have these more advanced abilities [the argument from species overlap], and that the notion of 'kind' is arbitrary [e.g., why are we not of the kind 'sentient animal' or 'subject-of-a-life']. Pediatrician and nurse/RT responses were similar. Most respondents were not convinced of the moral permissibility of AR when given common arguments and counterarguments from the literature. HCW should seriously consider arguments on both sides of the AR debate.

  17. The Use of Conjunctions in Cognitively Simple versus Complex Oral L2 Tasks

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Michel, Marije C.

    2013-01-01

    The present study explores the use of conjunctions in simple versus complex argumentative tasks performed by second language (L2) learners as a specific measure for the amount of reasoning involved in task performance. The Cognition Hypothesis (Robinson, 2005) states that an increase in cognitive task complexity promotes improvements in L2…

  18. Roots of Federal ELL Case Run Deep

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Zehr, Mary Ann

    2009-01-01

    The U.S. Supreme Court will hear oral arguments later this month from a class action Miriam Flores, 42-year-old Mexican-born homemaker, joined on behalf of her first child in 1996. The lawsuit, Flores v. State of Arizona, contends that programs for English-language learners in Nogales are deficient and receive inadequate funding from the state.…

  19. Research and Policy: Lunch, Teeth, Body, and Mind: Children's Learning and Well-Being

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bomer, Randy; Maloch, Beth

    2013-01-01

    This article explores the research on the relationship between two particular aspects of poverty and school achievement. In particular, it examines research on food insecurity and oral healthcare among elementary-school-age children. The argument here is that these sorts of experiences of children in poverty account for some of the achievement…

  20. Appellate Courts - Alaska Court System

    Science.gov Websites

    Court Cases Appellate Case Management System Oral Argument Supreme Court Calendar, Court of Appeals , which contains the Alaska cases excerpted from P.2d and P.3d. The Pacific Reporter or the Alaska the Alaska cases excerpted from P.2d and P.3d. The Pacific Reporter or the Alaska Reporter is

  1. Killing people: what Kant could have said about suicide and euthanasia but did not.

    PubMed

    Brassington, I

    2006-10-01

    An agent who takes his own life acts in violation of the moral law, according to Kant; suicide, and, by extension, assisted suicide are therefore wrong. By a similar argument, and with a few important exceptions, killing is wrong; implicitly, then, voluntary euthanasia is also wrong. Kant's conclusions are uncompelling and his argument in these matters is undermined on considering other areas of his thought. Kant, in forbidding suicide and euthanasia, is conflating respect for persons and respect for people, and assuming that, in killing a person (either oneself or another), we are thereby undermining personhood. But an argument along these lines is faulty according to Kant's own standards. There is no reason why Kantians have to accept that self-killing and euthanasia are contrary to the moral law. Even if some Kantians adhere to this doctrine, others can reject it.

  2. Killing people: what Kant could have said about suicide and euthanasia but did not

    PubMed Central

    Brassington, I

    2006-01-01

    An agent who takes his own life acts in violation of the moral law, according to Kant; suicide, and, by extension, assisted suicide are therefore wrong. By a similar argument, and with a few important exceptions, killing is wrong; implicitly, then, voluntary euthanasia is also wrong. Kant's conclusions are uncompelling and his argument in these matters is undermined on considering other areas of his thought. Kant, in forbidding suicide and euthanasia, is conflating respect for persons and respect for people, and assuming that, in killing a person (either oneself or another), we are thereby undermining personhood. But an argument along these lines is faulty according to Kant's own standards. There is no reason why Kantians have to accept that self‐killing and euthanasia are contrary to the moral law. Even if some Kantians adhere to this doctrine, others can reject it. PMID:17012496

  3. U.S. Supreme Court rules ADA applies to correctional facilities.

    PubMed

    1998-06-26

    In the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections v. [Name removed], the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that correctional facilities are subject to the provisions under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA); this ruling has broad implications for prisoners with HIV infection. When [name removed] was denied admission to a motivational boot camp program at the prison due to hypertension, he sued, claiming that his rights under the ADA had been violated. The Court rejected Pennsylvania's argument that eligibility and participation, as used in Title II of the ADA, imply voluntariness and, therefore, do not apply because inmates are being held against their will. The Court further rejected the argument that the ADA excluded prisoners because the act doesn't specifically mention them. This decision may aid in a case that is before the 11th Circuit Court regarding inmates with HIV having the right to equal access to services. Oral arguments on the 11th Circuit Court case will be heard on September 10, 1998.

  4. Paying for sex-only for people with disabilities?

    PubMed

    Earp, Brian D; Moen, Ole Martin

    2016-01-01

    Thomsen (2015) argues that people with disabilities should be granted an exception to a general prohibition on paying for sex. In this response, we argue that Thomsen's call for an exception does not withstand careful scrutiny. The concerns that appear to motivate his argument point instead, we argue, to a case for legalization of prostitution, coupled with sensible health and safety regulations. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

  5. Flat panel displays in the helmet-mounted display

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bartlett, Christopher T.; Freeman, Jonathan P.

    2002-08-01

    The Helmet Mounted Display has been in development for over 25 years and with few exceptions those systems in service have incorporated a miniature Cathode Ray Tube as the display source. The exceptions have been the use of Light Emitting Diodes in Helmet Sighting displays. The argument for Flat Panel Displays has been well rehearsed and this paper provides a summary of the available technologies but with a rationale for a decision to use Reflective Liquid Crystal devices. The Paper then describes sources of illumination and derives the luminance required from that source.

  6. Strip-Search Case Testing Balance between Privacy, Student Safety

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Robelen, Erik W.

    2009-01-01

    As it weighs the high-profile case of a 13-year-old girl strip-searched at school, the U.S. Supreme Court is grappling with where to draw the line between protecting student privacy rights and allowing school officials to take steps to ensure a safe environment. During oral arguments, several of the justices seemed sympathetic to the challenges…

  7. Science Education Researchers as Orthographers: Documenting Keiyo (Kenya) Knowledge, Learning and Narratives about Snakes.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Thomson, Norman

    2003-01-01

    Advances the argument that science educators have a pivotal role as orthographers in preserving and promoting science for all. Interviews Keiyo elders and students (n=748) to determine indigenous names for snakes and how Keiyo oral narratives of snakes are used in teaching and learning. Uses the data to document Keiyo language and construct…

  8. Band-Aids Don't Fix Bullet Holes. A Response to "We Were There Too: Learning from Black Male Teachers in Mississippi about Successful Teaching of Black Students"

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jackson, Melinda; Green, Dari; Martin, Lori Latrice; Fasching-Varner, Kenneth J.

    2016-01-01

    Hayes, Juarez, and Escoffery-Runnels (2014) analyzed the educational philosophies and pedagogical practices of two educators to understand how personal and professional experiences individually and collectively influenced their approach to teaching. Using oral histories, they presented an argument of why culturally relevant and social…

  9. 8 CFR 1003.102 - Grounds.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... student or law graduate as defined in § 1292.1(a)(2) of this chapter, any fee or compensation for specific services rendered for any person, except that a law student or law graduate may be regularly compensated by... fact and is warranted by existing law or by a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or...

  10. A Computational Model of Early Argument Structure Acquisition

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Alishahi, Afra; Stevenson, Suzanne

    2008-01-01

    How children go about learning the general regularities that govern language, as well as keeping track of the exceptions to them, remains one of the challenging open questions in the cognitive science of language. Computational modeling is an important methodology in research aimed at addressing this issue. We must determine appropriate learning…

  11. Rural School Districts and the Fight for Funding Adequacy: The Legal Challenge of "CASFG v. State of Georgia"

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cornelius, Luke M.; Robinson, Charlotte Bunn

    2006-01-01

    On June 23, 2005, oral arguments were heard in the Fulton County Superior Court in the first round of Georgia's current school finance litigation, "CASFG v. State of Georgia." The hearing was on the state's motion to dismiss the action by a coalition of rural school districts, parents, and students. Four months later Senior Judge…

  12. State Medicaid Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment guidelines: adherence to professionally recommended best oral health practices.

    PubMed

    Hom, Jacqueline M; Lee, Jessica Y; Silverman, Janice; Casamassimo, Paul S

    2013-03-01

    The authors evaluated the adherence of state Medicaid Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment (EPSDT) guidelines to recommended best oral health practices for infants and toddlers. The authors obtained state EPSDT guidelines via the Internet or from the Medicaid-CHIP State Dental Association, Washington. They identified best oral health practices through the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD), Chicago. They evaluated each EPSDT dental periodicity schedule with regard to the timing and content of seven key oral health domains. Thirty-two states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) had EPSDT dental periodicity schedules. With the exception of the dentist referral domain, 29 states (88 percent) adhered to the content and timing of best oral health practices, as established by the AAPD guideline. For the dentist referral domain, 31 of the 32 states and D.C. (94 percent) required referral of children to a dentist, but only 11 states (33 percent) adhered to best oral health practices by requiring referral by age 1 year. With the exception of the timing of the first dentist referral, there was high adherence to best oral health practices for infants and toddlers among states with separate EPSDT dental periodicity schedules. States with low adherence to best oral health practices, especially regarding the dental visit by age 1 year, can strengthen the oral health content of their EPSDT schedules by complying with the AAPD recommendations.

  13. 2007 Wholesale Power Rate Adjustment Proceeding (WP-07) : Administrator's Final Record of Decision.

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    United States. Bonneville Power Administration.

    2006-07-01

    This Record of Decision (ROD) contains the decisions of the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), based on the record compiled in this rate proceeding, with respect to the adoption of power rates for the three-year rate period commencing October 1, 2006, through September 30, 2009. This ''2007 Wholesale Power Rate Adjustment Proceeding'' is designed to establish replacement rate schedules and General Rate Schedule Provisions (GRSPs) for those that expire on September 30, 2006. This power rate case also establishes the General Transfer Agreement (GTA) Delivery Charge for the period of October 1, 2007, through September 30, 2009. BPA's Power Subscription Strategymore » and Record of Decision (Subscription Strategy), as well as other Agency processes, provide much of the policy context for this rate case and are described in Section 2. This ROD follows a full evidentiary hearing and briefing, including an Oral Argument before the BPA Administrator. Sections 3 through 18, including any appendices or attachments, present the issues raised by parties in this proceeding, the parties positions, BPA staff positions on the issues, BPA's evaluations of the positions, and the Administrator's decisions. Parties had the opportunity to file briefs on exceptions to the Draft ROD, before issuance of this Final Record of Decision.« less

  14. 12 CFR 390.52 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... written motions except as otherwise directed by the administrative law judge. Written memoranda, briefs.... (b) Oral motions. A motion may be made orally on the record unless the administrative law judge... administrative law judge, but upon the filing of the recommended decision, motions must be filed with the...

  15. 12 CFR 390.52 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... written motions except as otherwise directed by the administrative law judge. Written memoranda, briefs.... (b) Oral motions. A motion may be made orally on the record unless the administrative law judge... administrative law judge, but upon the filing of the recommended decision, motions must be filed with the...

  16. 12 CFR 390.52 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... written motions except as otherwise directed by the administrative law judge. Written memoranda, briefs.... (b) Oral motions. A motion may be made orally on the record unless the administrative law judge... administrative law judge, but upon the filing of the recommended decision, motions must be filed with the...

  17. 29 CFR 102.42 - Filings of briefs and proposed findings with the administrative law judge and oral argument at...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... associate chief judge in New York, New York, or to the associate chief judge in Atlanta, Georgia, as the... the administrative law judge, who may fix a reasonable time for such filing, but not in excess of 35 days from the close of the hearing. Requests for further extensions of time shall be made to the chief...

  18. [Non-speech oral motor treatment efficacy for children with developmental speech sound disorders].

    PubMed

    Ygual-Fernandez, A; Cervera-Merida, J F

    2016-01-01

    In the treatment of speech disorders by means of speech therapy two antagonistic methodological approaches are applied: non-verbal ones, based on oral motor exercises (OME), and verbal ones, which are based on speech processing tasks with syllables, phonemes and words. In Spain, OME programmes are called 'programas de praxias', and are widely used and valued by speech therapists. To review the studies conducted on the effectiveness of OME-based treatments applied to children with speech disorders and the theoretical arguments that could justify, or not, their usefulness. Over the last few decades evidence has been gathered about the lack of efficacy of this approach to treat developmental speech disorders and pronunciation problems in populations without any neurological alteration of motor functioning. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association has advised against its use taking into account the principles of evidence-based practice. The knowledge gathered to date on motor control shows that the pattern of mobility and its corresponding organisation in the brain are different in speech and other non-verbal functions linked to nutrition and breathing. Neither the studies on their effectiveness nor the arguments based on motor control studies recommend the use of OME-based programmes for the treatment of pronunciation problems in children with developmental language disorders.

  19. Technology and the College Experience: Some Say the More It Changes, the More It Stays the Same

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mellander, Gustavo A.

    2012-01-01

    Most faculty are thoughtful, innovative, open to new ideas--except when it comes to changing their teaching methods. Many merely mimic their teachers for years on end. Some even use old college notes to teach their classes throughout their careers. There are exceptions but they are just that--exceptions. Single one-way oral communication still…

  20. 12 CFR 263.23 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... be made orally on the record unless the administrative law judge directs that such motion be reduced to writing. (c) Filing of motions. Motions must be filed with the administrative law judge, except... party may file a written response to a motion. The administrative law judge shall not rule on any oral...

  1. 12 CFR 263.23 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... may be made orally on the record unless the administrative law judge directs that such motion be reduced to writing. (c) Filing of motions. Motions must be filed with the administrative law judge, except... party may file a written response to a motion. The administrative law judge shall not rule on any oral...

  2. 12 CFR 263.23 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... may be made orally on the record unless the administrative law judge directs that such motion be reduced to writing. (c) Filing of motions. Motions must be filed with the administrative law judge, except... party may file a written response to a motion. The administrative law judge shall not rule on any oral...

  3. 12 CFR 263.23 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... be made orally on the record unless the administrative law judge directs that such motion be reduced to writing. (c) Filing of motions. Motions must be filed with the administrative law judge, except... party may file a written response to a motion. The administrative law judge shall not rule on any oral...

  4. 12 CFR 263.23 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... may be made orally on the record unless the administrative law judge directs that such motion be reduced to writing. (c) Filing of motions. Motions must be filed with the administrative law judge, except... party may file a written response to a motion. The administrative law judge shall not rule on any oral...

  5. The ethics of animal research: a survey of the public and scientists in North America.

    PubMed

    Joffe, Ari R; Bara, Meredith; Anton, Natalie; Nobis, Nathan

    2016-03-29

    To determine whether the public and scientists consider common arguments (and counterarguments) in support (or not) of animal research (AR) convincing. After validation, the survey was sent to samples of public (Sampling Survey International (SSI; Canadian), Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT; US), a Canadian city festival and children's hospital), medical students (two second-year classes), and scientists (corresponding authors, and academic pediatricians). We presented questions about common arguments (with their counterarguments) to justify the moral permissibility (or not) of AR. Responses were compared using Chi-square with Bonferonni correction. There were 1220 public [SSI, n = 586; AMT, n = 439; Festival, n = 195; Hospital n = 107], 194/331 (59%) medical student, and 19/319 (6%) scientist [too few to report] responses. Most public respondents were <45 years (65%), had some College/University education (83%), and had never done AR (92%). Most public and medical student respondents considered 'benefits arguments' sufficient to justify AR; however, most acknowledged that counterarguments suggesting alternative research methods may be available, or that it is unclear why the same 'benefits arguments' do not apply to using humans in research, significantly weakened 'benefits arguments'. Almost all were not convinced of the moral permissibility of AR by 'characteristics of non-human-animals arguments', including that non-human-animals are not sentient, or are property. Most were not convinced of the moral permissibility of AR by 'human exceptionalism' arguments, including that humans have more advanced mental abilities, are of a special 'kind', can enter social contracts, or face a 'lifeboat situation'. Counterarguments explained much of this, including that not all humans have these more advanced abilities ['argument from species overlap'], and that the notion of 'kind' is arbitrary [e.g., why are we not of the 'kind' 'sentient-animal' or 'subject-of-a-life'?]. Medical students were more supportive (80%) of AR at the end of the survey (p < 0.05). Responses suggest that support for AR may not be based on cogent philosophical rationales, and more open debate is warranted.

  6. Libertarianism and circumcision.

    PubMed

    Testa, Patrick; Block, Walter E

    2014-06-01

    Despite the millenniums-old tradition in Abrahamic circles of removing the foreskin of a penis at birth, the involuntary and aggressive practice of circumcision must not be made an exception to the natural, negative right to self-ownership-a birthright which should prevent a parent from physically harming a child from the moment of birth going forward. This paper will present a natural rights argument against the practice of male child circumcision, while also looking into some of the potential physical and psychological consequences of the practice. It will compare the practice with that of female circumcision, which is banned in developed nations but still practiced in the third world, as well as other forms of aggressive action, some once-prevalent, while disputing arguments made for parental ownership of the child, religious expression, cultural tradition, cleanliness, cosmetics, and conformity.

  7. Physical mechanisms may be as important as brain mechanisms in evolution of speech.

    PubMed

    de Boer, Bart; Perlman, Marcus

    2014-12-01

    We present two arguments why physical adaptations for vocalization may be as important as neural adaptations. First, fine control over vocalization is not easy for physical reasons, and modern humans may be exceptional. Second, we present an example of a gorilla that shows rudimentary voluntary control over vocalization, indicating that some neural control is already shared with great apes.

  8. [Tuberculous cheilitis revealing pulmonary tuberculosis].

    PubMed

    Bricha, Myriem; Slimani, Hajar; Hammi, Sanae; Bourkadi, Jamal Eddine

    2016-01-01

    Tuberculosis of the oral cavity is rare. It is associated with clinical polymorphism and poses above all a diagnostic problem. We report the case of a 42-year-old male patient with tubercular cheilitis. This study aims to focus attention on tuberculosis that can be detected exceptionally in specific locations, such as the oral lip.

  9. Unfinished business: ongoing ethical exceptionalism in the oversight of human pluripotent stem cell research in Canada.

    PubMed

    Baylis, Françoise; Downie, Jocelyn

    2012-01-01

    In this article, we critically examine the arguments for and against the exceptional status given human pluripotent stem cell research in Canada (through the latest [December 2010] revision of the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans), and conclude that this exceptionalism is unwarranted and ethically unsound. In our view, the three federal research granting agencies should honor their longstanding commitment that researchers, research sponsors, and Research Ethics Boards in Canada have access to "a single reference document for all research involving humans conducted under the auspices of institutions eligible for Agency funding." As well, responsibility for the development, interpretation, and implementation of Canada's research ethics guidelines should be under the authority of a single oversight body that is independent of the federal research granting Agencies.

  10. AgNORs in hyperplasia, papilloma and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

    PubMed

    Fonseca, L M; do Carmo, M A

    2000-01-01

    Ten inflammatory fibrous hyperplasias, ten papillomas, and nineteen oral squamous cell carcinomas were analyzed by the AgNOR technique to determine if different disturbances of oral epithelia presented different AgNOR counts. The papilloma group showed higher mean AgNOR counts (3.15 +/- 0.58) than the hyperplasia group (1.98 +/- 0.24) and smaller than the well-differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma group (6.56 +/- 1.25) and poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma group (7.07 +/- 1.60). The differences among the groups of lesions were statistically significant (P < 0.05) except between the well differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma group and the poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma group. Our findings suggest that the cellular proliferation ratio in papillomas is greater than hyperplasias and smaller than carcinomas.

  11. Recognition of oral spelling is diagnostic of the central reading processes.

    PubMed

    Schubert, Teresa; McCloskey, Michael

    2015-01-01

    The task of recognition of oral spelling (stimulus: "C-A-T", response: "cat") is often administered to individuals with acquired written language disorders, yet there is no consensus about the underlying cognitive processes. We adjudicate between two existing hypotheses: Recognition of oral spelling uses central reading processes, or recognition of oral spelling uses central spelling processes in reverse. We tested the recognition of oral spelling and spelling to dictation abilities of a single individual with acquired dyslexia and dysgraphia. She was impaired relative to matched controls in spelling to dictation but unimpaired in recognition of oral spelling. Recognition of oral spelling for exception words (e.g., colonel) and pronounceable nonwords (e.g., larth) was intact. Our results were predicted by the hypothesis that recognition of oral spelling involves the central reading processes. We conclude that recognition of oral spelling is a useful tool for probing the integrity of the central reading processes.

  12. Nominalization and Alternations in Biomedical Language

    PubMed Central

    Cohen, K. Bretonnel; Palmer, Martha; Hunter, Lawrence

    2008-01-01

    Background This paper presents data on alternations in the argument structure of common domain-specific verbs and their associated verbal nominalizations in the PennBioIE corpus. Alternation is the term in theoretical linguistics for variations in the surface syntactic form of verbs, e.g. the different forms of stimulate in FSH stimulates follicular development and follicular development is stimulated by FSH. The data is used to assess the implications of alternations for biomedical text mining systems and to test the fit of the sublanguage model to biomedical texts. Methodology/Principal Findings We examined 1,872 tokens of the ten most common domain-specific verbs or their zero-related nouns in the PennBioIE corpus and labelled them for the presence or absence of three alternations. We then annotated the arguments of 746 tokens of the nominalizations related to these verbs and counted alternations related to the presence or absence of arguments and to the syntactic position of non-absent arguments. We found that alternations are quite common both for verbs and for nominalizations. We also found a previously undescribed alternation involving an adjectival present participle. Conclusions/Significance We found that even in this semantically restricted domain, alternations are quite common, and alternations involving nominalizations are exceptionally diverse. Nonetheless, the sublanguage model applies to biomedical language. We also report on a previously undescribed alternation involving an adjectival present participle. PMID:18779866

  13. Sing, muse: songs in Homer and in hospital.

    PubMed

    Marshall, Robert; Bleakley, Alan

    2011-06-01

    This paper progresses the original argument of Richard Ratzan that formal presentation of the medical case history follows a Homeric oral-formulaic tradition.The everyday work routines of doctors involve a ritual poetics, where the language of recounting the patient’s ‘history’ offers an explicitly aesthetic enactment or performance that can be appreciated and given meaning within the historical tradition of Homeric oral poetry and the modernist aesthetic of Minimalism. This ritual poetics shows a reliance on traditional word usages that crucially act as tools for memorisation and performance and can be linked to forms of clinical reasoning; both contain a tension between the oral and the written record, questioning the priority of the latter; and the performance of both helps to create the Janus-faced identity of the doctor as a ‘performance artist’ or ‘medical bard’ in identifying with medical culture and maintaining a positive difference from the patient as audience, offering a valid form of patient-centredness.

  14. The Development of Spoken Language in Deaf Children: Explaining the Unexplained Variance.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Musselman, Carol; Kircaali-Iftar, Gonul

    1996-01-01

    This study compared 20 young deaf children with either exceptionally good or exceptionally poor spoken language for their hearing loss, age, and intelligence. Factors associated with high performance included earlier use of binaural ear-level aids, better educated mothers, auditory/verbal or auditory/oral instruction, reliance on spoken language…

  15. A case of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection successfully treated by oral administration of Gastrografin.

    PubMed

    Yoshida, M; Hasegawa, H; Takaoka, H; Miyata, A

    1999-08-01

    A diphyllobothriid cestode infection found in a 54-year-old male residing in Oita, Japan, was successfully treated by oral administration of Gastrografin in combination with a intramuscular injection of Vagostigmin. The strobila expelled was 6.14 m long with a scolex, and morphologically identical with Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense except unusual ovaries of which posterior horns were confluent in each proglottid. This is the first case of treatment of cestode infection by oral administration of Gastrografin.

  16. 12 CFR 226.26 - Use of annual percentage rate in oral disclosures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... for a sample transaction shall be stated, and other cost information for the consumer's specific... the cost of open-end credit, only the annual percentage rate or rates shall be stated, except that the... shall be stated, and other cost information may be given. (b) Closed-end credit. In an oral response to...

  17. Structure and topology of three-dimensional hydrocarbon polymers.

    PubMed

    Kondrin, Mikhail V; Lebed, Yulia B; Brazhkin, Vadim V

    2016-08-01

    A new family of three-dimensional hydrocarbon polymers which are more energetically favorable than benzene is proposed. Although structurally these polymers are closely related to well known diamond and lonsdaleite carbon structures, using topological arguments we demonstrate that they have no known structural analogs. Topological considerations also give some indication of possible methods of synthesis. Taking into account their exceptional optical, structural and mechanical properties these polymers might have interesting applications.

  18. Libertarianism and circumcision

    PubMed Central

    Testa, Patrick; Block, Walter E.

    2014-01-01

    Despite the millenniums-old tradition in Abrahamic circles of removing the foreskin of a penis at birth, the involuntary and aggressive practice of circumcision must not be made an exception to the natural, negative right to self-ownership—a birthright which should prevent a parent from physically harming a child from the moment of birth going forward. This paper will present a natural rights argument against the practice of male child circumcision, while also looking into some of the potential physical and psychological consequences of the practice. It will compare the practice with that of female circumcision, which is banned in developed nations but still practiced in the third world, as well as other forms of aggressive action, some once-prevalent, while disputing arguments made for parental ownership of the child, religious expression, cultural tradition, cleanliness, cosmetics, and conformity. PMID:24987720

  19. Oral azithromycin for treatment of posterior blepharitis.

    PubMed

    Igami, Thais Zamudio; Holzchuh, Ricardo; Osaki, Tammy Hentona; Santo, Ruth Miyuki; Kara-Jose, Newton; Hida, Richard Y

    2011-10-01

    To evaluate the effects of oral azithromycin in patients with posterior blepharitis. Twenty-six eyes of 13 patients with posterior blepharitis diagnosed by a qualified ophthalmologist were enrolled in this study. Patients were instructed to use oral azithromycin 500 mg per day for 3 days in 3 cycles with 7-day intervals. Subjective clinical outcomes were graded and scored 1 day before and 30 days after the end of the treatment (53 days after initiating the treatment) based on severity scores of: (1) eyelid debris; (2) eyelid telangiectasia; (3) swelling of the eyelid margin; (4) redness of the eyelid margin; and (5) ocular mucus secretion. For the assessment of global efficacy, patients were asked by the investigator to rate the subjective symptoms (eyelid itching, ocular itching, eyelid hyperemia, ocular hyperemia, ocular mucus secretion, photophobia, foreign body sensation, and dry eye sensation) on a scale of 0 (no symptoms) to 5 (severe symptoms). Break-up time, Schirmer I test, corneal fluorescein staining score, and rose bengal staining score were also performed in all patients. All clinical outcomes scoring showed statistically significant improvement after oral azithromycin, except for eyelid swelling. Average subjective symptom grading improved statistically after treatment with oral azithromycin, except for eyelid hyperemia, photophobia, and foreign body sensation. Average tear film break-up time values showed statistically significant improvement after the treatment with oral azithromycin. No statistically significant improvement was observed on average values of Schirmer I test, corneal fluorescein staining score, and rose bengal staining score. The combination of multiple clinical parameters shown in this study supports the clinical efficacy of pulsed oral azithromycin therapy for the management of posterior blepharitis.

  20. Dimension-Based Analysis of Hypotheticals from Supreme Court Oral Argument

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1987-10-01

    California v. Carney, 105 S. Ct. 2066 (1985) involved the warrantless search for marihuana of a motor home located in a parking lot in downtown San Diego...Police had been given a tip that the owner of the motor home was engaged in exchanging marihuana for performance of sex acts. On the day of the incident...hour and a quarter, at which time they stopped the youth after he emerged from the motor home. He[ said he had received marihuana for sex and at the

  1. Perceived Benefits and Drawbacks of Synchronous Voice-Based Computer-Mediated Communication in the Foreign Language Classroom

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bueno Alastuey, M. C.

    2011-01-01

    This study explored the benefits and drawbacks of synchronous voice-based computer-mediated communication (CMC) in a blended course of English for specific purposes. Quantitative and qualitative data from two groups following the same syllabus, except for the oral component, were compared. Oral tasks were carried out face-to-face with same L1…

  2. Access to assisted reproductive technologies in France: the emergence of the patients' voice.

    PubMed

    Fournier, Véronique; Berthiau, Denis; d'Haussy, Julie; Bataille, Philippe

    2013-02-01

    Is there any ethical justification for limiting the reproductive autonomy and not make assisted reproductive technologies available to certain prospective parents? We present and discuss the results of an interdisciplinary clinical ethics study concerning access to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in situations which are considered as ethically problematic in France (overage or sick parents, surrogate motherhood). The study focused on the arguments that people in these situations put forward when requesting access to ART. It shows that requester's arguments are based on sound ethical values, and that their legitimacy is at least as strong as that of those used by doctors to question access to ART. Results reveal that the three implicit normative arguments that founded the law in 1994, which are still in force after the bioethics law revision in July 2011-the welfare of the child, the illegitimacy of a "right to a child," and the defense of the so called "social order"-are challenged on several grounds by requesters as reasons for limiting their reproductive autonomy. Although these results are limited to exceptional situations, they are of special interest insofar as they give voice to the requesters' own ethical concerns in the ongoing political debate over access to ART.

  3. Why robots should not be delegated with the decision to kill

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sharkey, Noel

    2017-04-01

    The EPSRC first principle of robotics, "robots should not be designed solely or primarily to kill or harm humans, except in the interests of national security", is challenged in detail here. Focusing on security and armed conflict, arguments are marshalled against the principle on ethical, legal, technical and security grounds. A new principle is proposed that robots should never be delegated with the decision to apply violent force to humans.

  4. The influence of oral Veillonella species on biofilms formed by Streptococcus species.

    PubMed

    Mashima, Izumi; Nakazawa, Futoshi

    2014-08-01

    Oral Veillonella, Veillonella atypica, Veillonella denticariosi, Veillonella dispar, Veillonella parvula, Veillonella rogosae, and Veillonella tobetsuensis are known as early colonizers in oral biofilm formation. To investigate the role of oral Veillonella, biofilms formed by the co-culture of Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, or Streptococcus sanguinis, with oral Veillonella were examined at the species level. The amount of biofilm formed by S. mutans, S. gordonii, and S. salivarius in the presence of the six Veillonella species was greater than that formed in the control experiments, with the exception of S. mutans with V. dispar. In contrast, in the case of biofilm formation by S. sanguinis, the presence of Veillonella species reduced the amount of the biofilm, with the exception of V. parvula and V. dispar. The time-dependent changes in the amount of biofilm and the number of planktonic cells were grouped into four patterns over the 24 combinations. Only that of S. gordonii with V. tobetsuensis showed a unique pattern. These results indicate that the mode of action of this combination differed from that of the other combinations with respect to biofilm formation. It is possible that there may be several factors involved in the interaction between Streptococcus and Veillonella species. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  5. A Latino advantage in oral health-related quality of life is modified by nativity status.

    PubMed

    Sanders, Anne E

    2010-07-01

    Explanations for the social gradient in health status are informed by the rare exceptions. This cross-sectional observational study examined one such exception, the "Latino paradox" by investigating the presence of a Latino advantage in oral health-related quality of life and the effect of nativity status on this relationship. A nationally representative sample of adults (n=4208) completed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004. The impact of oral disorders on oral health-related quality of life was evaluated using the NHANES Oral Health Impact Profile. Exposures of interest were race, ethnicity and nativity status. Covariates included sociodemographic characteristics, smoking status, self-rated health, access to dental care and number of teeth. Unconditional logistic regression models estimated odds of impaired oral health-related quality of life for racial/ethnic and nativity groups compared to the Non-Latino white population. Overall, prevalence of impaired oral health-related quality of life was 15.1%. A protective effect of Latino ethnicity was modified by nativity status, such that Latino immigrants experienced substantially better outcomes than non-Latino whites. However, the effect was limited to first-generation Latinos. U.S. born Latinos did not share the oral health-related quality of life advantage of their foreign-born counterparts. This advantage was not attributable to the healthy migrant phenomenon since immigrants of non-Latino origin did not differ from Non-Latino whites. The excess risk among Non-Hispanic Blacks was rendered non-significant after adjustment for socioeconomic position. A protective effect conferred by Latino nativity is unexpected given relatively disadvantaged socioeconomic position of this group, their language barrier and restrictions to needed dental care. As the Latino advantage in oral health-related quality of life is not explained by healthy immigrant selection, cultural explanations seem more likely than explanations based on characteristics of individuals. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  6. Drinking water fluoridation and oral health inequities in Canadian children.

    PubMed

    McLaren, Lindsay; Emery, J C Herbert

    2012-02-01

    One argument made in favour of drinking water fluoridation is that it is equitable in its impact on oral health. We examined the association between exposure to fluoridation and oral health inequities among Canadian children.PARTICIPANTS, SETTING AND INTERVENTION: We analyzed data from 1,017 children aged 6-11 from Cycle 1 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey, a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey that included a clinic oral health examination and a household interview. The outcome measure was a count of the number of decayed, missing (because of caries or periodontal disease) or filled teeth, either deciduous or permanent (dmftDMFT). Data were analyzed using linear (ordinary least squares) and multinomial logistic regression; we also computed the concentration index for education-related inequity in oral health. Water fluoridation status (the intervention) was assigned on the basis of the site location of data collection. Fluoridation was associated with better oral health (fewer dmftDMFT), adjusting for socio-economic and behavioural variables, and the effect was particularly strong for more severe oral health problems (three or more dmftDMFT). The effect of fluoridation on dmftDMFT was observed across income and education categories but appeared especially pronounced in lower education and higher income adequacy households. dmftDMFT were found to be disproportionately concentrated in lower-education households, though this did not vary by fluoridation status. The robust main effect of fluoridation on dmftDMFT and the beneficial effect across socio-economic groups support fluoridation as a beneficial and justifiable population health intervention. Fluoridation was equitable in the sense that its benefits were particularly apparent in those groups with the poorest oral health profiles, though the nature of the findings prompts consideration of the values underlying the judgement of health equity.

  7. [A prospective multicenter randomized controlled clinical study on the efficacy and safety of Guaifenesin compound pseudoephedrine hydrochloride oral solution].

    PubMed

    Lu, Quan

    2010-03-01

    To evaluate efficacy and safety of Guaifenesin compound pseudoephedrine hydrochloride oral solution for the treatment of cough, expectoration, nasal congestion and runny nose in children. This was a prospective multicenter randomized single-blind, parallel-controlled clinical study. A total of 10 centers participated in this study, the actual number of cases in line with the program was 412, of whom 205 cases in trial group were treated with Guaifenesin compound pseudoephedrine hydrochloride oral solution, and 207 cases in control group with ambroxol hydrochloride oral solution, treatment of both groups persisted for 7 days. The improvement rate of each single symptom and the combined symptoms and the overall effective rate were compared between the two groups. The adverse drug reactions and compliance were assessed as well. The treatment of both groups showed efficacy. Except sputum stickiness, the improvement of all symptoms in trial group was superior to that in the control group on the 3rd day after treatment (P < 0.05) and except nasal congestion, the efficacy in all the other symptoms of trial group was better than that in the control group as well on the 7th day (P < 0.01). The improvement rate for combined symptoms of Guaifenesin compound pseudoephedrine hydrochloride oral solution was 82.9% and the overall efficacy rate was 89.3%. Guaifenesin compound Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride oral solution had higher compliance and its adverse event rate was merely 0.92%. Guaifenesin compound pseudoephedrine hydrochloride oral solution showed significant efficacy and safety in children for treatment of cough, expectoration, nasal congestion and runny nose caused by common cold or acute tracheobronchitis.

  8. The shadow of a doubt? Evidence for perceptuo-motor linkage during auditory and audiovisual close-shadowing

    PubMed Central

    Scarbel, Lucie; Beautemps, Denis; Schwartz, Jean-Luc; Sato, Marc

    2014-01-01

    One classical argument in favor of a functional role of the motor system in speech perception comes from the close-shadowing task in which a subject has to identify and to repeat as quickly as possible an auditory speech stimulus. The fact that close-shadowing can occur very rapidly and much faster than manual identification of the speech target is taken to suggest that perceptually induced speech representations are already shaped in a motor-compatible format. Another argument is provided by audiovisual interactions often interpreted as referring to a multisensory-motor framework. In this study, we attempted to combine these two paradigms by testing whether the visual modality could speed motor response in a close-shadowing task. To this aim, both oral and manual responses were evaluated during the perception of auditory and audiovisual speech stimuli, clear or embedded in white noise. Overall, oral responses were faster than manual ones, but it also appeared that they were less accurate in noise, which suggests that motor representations evoked by the speech input could be rough at a first processing stage. In the presence of acoustic noise, the audiovisual modality led to both faster and more accurate responses than the auditory modality. No interaction was however, observed between modality and response. Altogether, these results are interpreted within a two-stage sensory-motor framework, in which the auditory and visual streams are integrated together and with internally generated motor representations before a final decision may be available. PMID:25009512

  9. The (de)politicisation of nuclear power: The Finnish discussion after Fukushima.

    PubMed

    Ylönen, Marja; Litmanen, Tapio; Kojo, Matti; Lindell, Pirita

    2017-04-01

    When the Fukushima accident occurred in March 2011, Finland was at the height of a nuclear renaissance, with the Government's decision-in-principle in 2010 to allow construction of two new nuclear reactors. This article examines the nuclear power debate in Finland after Fukushima. We deploy the concepts of (de)politicisation and hyperpoliticisation in the analysis of articles in the country's main newspaper. Our analysis indicates that Finnish nuclear exceptionalism manifested in the safety-related depoliticising and the nation's prosperity-related hyperpoliticisation arguments of the pro-nuclear camp. The anti-nuclear camp used politicisation strategies, such as economic arguments, to show the unprofitability of nuclear power. The Fukushima accident had a clear effect on Finnish nuclear policy: the government programme of 2011 excluded the nuclear new build. However, in 2014 the majority of Parliament again supported nuclear power. Hence, the period after Fukushima until 2014 could be described as continued but undermined loyalty to nuclear power.

  10. A loss of profilin-1 in late-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma.

    PubMed

    Adami, Guy R; O'Callaghan, Thomas N; Kolokythas, Antonia; Cabay, Robert J; Zhou, Yalu; Schwartz, Joel L

    2017-08-01

    The genes for PFN1 and TMSB4 are both highly expressed in oral tissue and both encode actin monomer binding proteins thought to play a role in cell motility and possibly other crucial parts of tumor progression. Oral brush cytology of epithelium from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was used to measure PFN1 and TMSB4 mRNA in OSCC, while immunohistochemical analysis of tissue was used to check protein levels. High but variable expression of mRNAs encoding these two proteins was observed suggesting they may contribute to tumor characteristics in a subset of OSCCs. Both proteins were highly expressed in normal appearing basal epithelium, in the cytoplasm, and perinuclear area, while expression was minimal in upper epithelial layers. In OSCCs, expression of these proteins varied. In tumors classified as later stage, based on size and/or lymph node involvement, PFN1 levels were lower in tumor epithelium. A control gene, KRT13, showed expression in normal differentiated basal and suprabasal oral mucosa epithelial cells and as reported was lost in OSCC cells. Loss of PFN1 in tumor cells has been associated with lymph node invasion and metastasis in other tumor types, strengthening the argument that the protein has the potential to be a tumor suppressor in late-stage OSCC. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  11. Massive oral bleeding after full-mouth extraction in a patient with B-cell lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma reversed with recombinant activated factor VII.

    PubMed

    Sprenker, Collin; Omar, Hesham R; Powless, R Andrew; Mangar, Devanand; Camporesi, Enrico

    2016-02-01

    Full-mouth extraction can be associated with intraoral bleeding, which usually is controlled with local hemostatic measures. Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) occasionally is used to stop bleeding in a variety of off-label indications, with the main argument curtailing its use being thrombotic events. The authors describe the use of rFVIIa for bleeding after full-mouth extraction in a patient with undiagnosed B-cell lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. A 72-year-old man underwent full-mouth extraction (18 teeth). The next day, the patient experienced massive oral bleeding. The authors administered tranexamic acid, aminocaproic acid, and a total of 12 units of packed red blood cells in addition to local hemostatic measures without control of bleeding. On postoperative day 10, the authors administered 5,000 micrograms of rFVIIa, and within 2 hours oral the bleeding ceased. The authors performed flow cytometry and diagnosed B-cell lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Unexplained massive oral bleeding despite adequate local hemostatic measures should prompt further investigations for underlying bleeding or coagulation disorders. The authors describe the successful use of rFVIIa in massive oral bleeding. Further studies are mandatory to study the effectiveness of this drug for this off-label indication. Copyright © 2016 American Dental Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  12. The Impact of Socioscientific Issues Based Curriculum Involving Environmental Outdoor Education for Fourth Grade Students

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Burek, Karey J.

    There is a divide between what students are being taught within the science classroom and what they experience out in the real world. This study sought to explore possible relationships between a socioscientific issues embedded curriculum and outcome variables addressing environmental attitude and knowledge, oral and written argumentation and critical thinking skills. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to examine both within and between class differences as well as individual differences between the beginning and end of a semester of elementary school. Results indicated that socioscientific issues assist students in developing their critical thinking skills while also providing students the opportunity to be exposed to and participate in local and global environmental issues influencing the community at large. Statistical significance was found between groups in regards to attitude toward the environment, the qualitative interviews did indicate that some students provided more advanced argumentation skills by articulating alternate viewpoints on controversial environmental topics. Theoretical implications regarding the use of socioscientific issues in the classroom are presented.

  13. 9 CFR 93.301 - General prohibitions; exceptions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ..., interest, or safety. The withdrawal will be effective upon oral or written notification, whichever is..., Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Pacific Islands (Palau), Papua New...

  14. The ethics of separating conjoined twins: two arguments against.

    PubMed

    Kallberg, Luke

    2018-02-01

    I argue that the separation of conjoined twins in infancy or early childhood is unethical (rare exceptions aside). Cases may be divided into three types: both twins suffer from lethal abnormalities, only one twin has a lethal abnormality, or neither twin does. In the first kind of case, there is no reason to separate, since both twins will die regardless of treatment. In the third kind of case, I argue that separation at an early age is unethical because the twins are likely to achieve an irreplaceably good quality of life-the goods of conjoinment-that separation takes away. Evaluation of this possibility requires maturation past early childhood. Regarding the second type, I point out that with conceivable but unrecorded exceptions, these cases will consistently involve sacrifice separation. I present an argument that sacrifice separation is unethical, but in some cases a moral dilemma may exist in which separation and refraining from separation are both unethical. Perhaps in such cases a decision can be made on non-moral grounds; however, the possibility of such a decision serves not to mitigate but to underscore the fact that the separation is unethical. My conclusion, which applies to all three types of cases, is that it is unethical to separate conjoined twins before their developing personalities give some reliable indication as to whether they desire separation and whether they will achieve those goods of conjoinment.

  15. Assisted suicide through the prism of the right to life.

    PubMed

    Mendelson, Danuta; Bagaric, Mirko

    2013-01-01

    Part of the reason for the ongoing confusion regarding the status of assisted suicide is the cluttered moral and legal matrix that is normally invoked to evaluate the practice. It results in a calculus that is impossible to coherently unravel, allowing commentators to tenably assert any position. The authors attempt to inject clarity into the debate by focusing on the issue through the lens of the most important interest at stake: the right to life. It is arguable that while there are well-established exceptions to the right to life, they only apply where the right to life is itself at stake (such as self-defence). There is no sound argument for suggesting that the circumstances underpinning suicide constitute another exception to the right to life. Thus, suicide and assisted suicide are unjustifiable. An analysis of the empirical data in jurisdictions where assisted suicide has been legalised suggests that legalisation leads to an increase in assisted suicides. The adverse indirect consequences of the often ostensibly compassionate act of assisted suicide outweigh any supposed benefits from the practice. It follows that assisted suicide should lead to criminal sanctions. At the same time, it is important to acknowledge that, paradoxically, the right to life arguments against assisted suicide mandate greater community measures to eliminate or reduce the causes of suicide. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  16. 40 CFR 209.26 - Evidence.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... as practicable. The weight to be given evidence shall be determined by its reliability and probative value. (b) Witnesses shall be examined orally, under oath or affirmation, except as otherwise provided...

  17. Leveraging Capabilities: The Integration of Special Operation Forces and Conventional Forces

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-03-02

    88 Christopher N Koontz , ed., Enduring Voices: Oral Histories of the U.S. Army Experience in...Christopher N Koontz , ed., Enduring Voices: Oral Histories of the U.S. Army Experience in Afghanistan 2003-2005. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 2008), 7...39. 93 Koontz , Enduring Voices, 7-8. 43 entire country except for the northern region, which was commanded by NATO (See above “Figure#3: Map of

  18. Psychological factors in oral mucosal and orofacial pain conditions.

    PubMed

    Alrashdan, Mohammad S; Alkhader, Mustafa

    2017-01-01

    The psychological aspects of chronic pain conditions represent a key component of the pain experience, and orofacial pain conditions are not an exception. In this review, we highlight how psychological factors affect some common oral mucosal and orofacial pain conditions (namely, oral lichen planus, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, burning mouth syndrome, and temporomandibular disorders) with emphasis on the significance of supplementing classical biomedical treatment modalities with appropriate psychological counseling to improve treatment outcomes in targeted patients. A literature search restricted to reports with highest relevance to the selected mucosal and orofacial pain conditions was carried out to retrieve data.

  19. "Sunday-start" OC regimen popular but may pose risk.

    PubMed

    1991-03-01

    There is a controversy over the effectiveness of the "Sunday-Start" oral contraceptive packaging. Some clinicians believe that the Sunday-start pills are dangerously ineffective because up to 6 days after menses can elapse before a new packet is started. This is particularly risky for women beginning orals, or switching from a combined pill to a new triphasic. These clinicians consider them merely a successful marketing strategy. Most physicians consider the Sunday-start pills more effective because of improved compliance. The reasons cited are that women are too confused to remember to start pill packets on odd days, and that they like having their menses occur on weekdays. Arguments on this side are studies showing that the length of the pill-free interval does not affect the efficacy of that cycle. There are not data to resolve this debate other than a report from Ortho Pharmaceuticals that women prefer Sunday-start 3:1.

  20. 28 CFR 18.6 - Conduct of hearings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... side of the issues. A transcript shall be made of the oral evidence except to the extent the substance...; (2) Stipulations, admissions, agreements on documents, or other understandings which will expedite...

  1. Verb and sentence production and comprehension in aphasia: Northwestern Assessment of Verbs and Sentences (NAVS)

    PubMed Central

    Cho-Reyes, Soojin; Thompson, Cynthia K.

    2015-01-01

    Background Verbs and sentences are often impaired in individuals with aphasia, and differential impairment patterns are associated with different types of aphasia. With currently available test batteries, however, it is challenging to provide a comprehensive profile of aphasic language impairments because they do not examine syntactically important properties of verbs and sentences. Aims This study presents data derived from the Northwestern Assessment of Verbs and Sentences (NAVS; Thompson, 2011), a new test battery designed to examine syntactic deficits in aphasia. The NAVS includes tests for verb naming and comprehension, and production of verb argument structure in simple active sentences, with each examining the effects of the number and optionality of arguments. The NAVS also tests production and comprehension of canonical and non-canonical sentences. Methods & Procedures A total of 59 aphasic participants (35 agrammatic and 24 anomic) were tested using a set of action pictures. Participants produced verbs or sentences for the production subtests and identified pictures corresponding to auditorily provided verbs or sentences for the comprehension subtests. Outcomes & Results The agrammatic group, compared to the anomic group, performed significantly more poorly on all subtests except verb comprehension, and for both groups comprehension was less impaired than production. On verb naming and argument structure production tests both groups exhibited difficulty with three-argument verbs, affected by the number and optionality of arguments. However, production of sentences using three-argument verbs was more impaired in the agrammatic, compared to the anomic, group. On sentence production and comprehension tests, the agrammatic group showed impairments in all types of non-canonical sentences, whereas the anomic group exhibited difficulty primarily with the most difficult, object relative, structures. Conclusions Results show that verb and sentence deficits seen in individuals with agrammatic aphasia are largely influenced by syntactic complexity; however, individuals with anomic aphasia appear to exhibit these impairments only for the most complex forms of verbs and sentences. The present data indicate that the NAVS is useful for characterising verb and sentence deficits in people with aphasia. PMID:26379358

  2. Constrained Chebyshev approximations to some elementary functions suitable for evaluation with floating point arithmetic

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Manos, P.; Turner, L. R.

    1972-01-01

    Approximations which can be evaluated with precision using floating-point arithmetic are presented. The particular set of approximations thus far developed are for the function TAN and the functions of USASI FORTRAN excepting SQRT and EXPONENTIATION. These approximations are, furthermore, specialized to particular forms which are especially suited to a computer with a small memory, in that all of the approximations can share one general purpose subroutine for the evaluation of a polynomial in the square of the working argument.

  3. 42 CFR 411.386 - CMS's advisory opinions as exclusive.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Relationships Between Physicians and Entities Furnishing Designated Health Services § 411.386 CMS's advisory... § 411.370, in either oral or written form, except through written opinions it issues in accordance with...

  4. 42 CFR 411.386 - CMS's advisory opinions as exclusive.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... Relationships Between Physicians and Entities Furnishing Designated Health Services § 411.386 CMS's advisory... § 411.370, in either oral or written form, except through written opinions it issues in accordance with...

  5. 42 CFR 411.386 - CMS's advisory opinions as exclusive.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... Relationships Between Physicians and Entities Furnishing Designated Health Services § 411.386 CMS's advisory... § 411.370, in either oral or written form, except through written opinions it issues in accordance with...

  6. 42 CFR 411.386 - CMS's advisory opinions as exclusive.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Relationships Between Physicians and Entities Furnishing Designated Health Services § 411.386 CMS's advisory... § 411.370, in either oral or written form, except through written opinions it issues in accordance with...

  7. 42 CFR 411.386 - CMS's advisory opinions as exclusive.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... Relationships Between Physicians and Entities Furnishing Designated Health Services § 411.386 CMS's advisory... § 411.370, in either oral or written form, except through written opinions it issues in accordance with...

  8. [Drug-induced oral ulcerations].

    PubMed

    Madinier, I; Berry, N; Chichmanian, R M

    2000-06-01

    Different side effects of drugs have been described in the oral cavity, including oral ulcerations. Direct contact between drugs and oral mucosa may induce chemical burn or local hypersensitivity. Less frequently, these drug-induced oral ulcerations are part of a complex reaction with cutaneous or systemic manifestations. Sometimes, one or more oral ulcerations appear as the main side-effect of a drug, or exceptionally as solitary lesions. Solitary oral ulcerations usually appear after few weeks of treatment. In most of cases, these lesions resist to conventional treatments, with a rapid healing following the suppression of the responsible drug. This diagnosis is usually difficult, particularly with patients receiving multiple drug therapy. Besides, special attention must be paid to new drugs. Oral ulcerations following symptoms of burning mouth, metallic taste, dysgueusia or agueusia are strongly suggestive of a pharmacological origin. Most of the molecules able to induce solitary oral ulcerations are commonly prescribed in a) rheumatology: NSAI (diclofenac, flurbiprofen, indomethacin, naproxen), long-term rheumatoid arthritis therapy (azathioprine, methotrexate, penicillamine, gold compounds, tiopronin); b) cardiology: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (captopril, enalapril), angiotensin 2-receptor antagonist (losartan), anti-angorous (nicorandil), c) psychiatry: antidepressants (fluoxetine, lithium), d) AIDS therapy (foscarnet, zalcitabine).

  9. Notice to Workers About Pesticide Applications and Pesticide-Treated Areas

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Learn about requirements for employers must notify workers about areas where pesticide applications are taking place or where restricted-entry intervals (REIs) are in effect. Notifications include oral and written information. Exceptions exist.

  10. Educational pelvic exams on anesthetized women: Why consent matters.

    PubMed

    Friesen, Phoebe

    2018-06-01

    It is argued here that the practice of medical students performing pelvic exams on women who are under anesthetic and have not consented is immoral and indefensible. This argument begins by laying out the ethical justification for the practice of informed consent, which can be found in autonomy and basic rights. Foregoing the process of consent within medicine can result in violations of both autonomy and basic rights, as well as trust, forming the basis of the wrong of unauthorized pelvic examinations. Several objections to this argument are considered, all of which stem from the idea that this practice constitutes an exception to the general requirement of informed consent. These objections suggest that nonconsensual pelvic examinations on women under anesthetic are ethically acceptable on utilitarian grounds, in that they offer benefits either to the patient or to society, or on the grounds of triviality, in that consent is already presumed, or the practice is insignificant. Each of these objections is rejected and the practice is deemed indefensible. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  11. Emerging technologies for the prevention of dental caries. Are current methods of prevention sufficient for the high risk patient?

    PubMed Central

    Bretz, Walter A; Rosa, Odila P S

    2011-01-01

    Fluorides and chlorhexidine are technologies that are 65 and 40 yeas old, respectively. This overview argues that current methods of caries prevention are not effective for the high caries risk patient. In this review examples, arguments and recommendations are provided to address the high caries risk patient that include: failure of comprehensive chemical modalities treatments to address the high caries risk patient; ecological alteration - would this be an effective approach?; and biomaterials and oral microbiome research to address the high caries risk patient. PMID:21726223

  12. [Code of civil procedure for medical workers -the essential principles of proceedings and expediting of trials-].

    PubMed

    Kageyama, Kyoko; Jimba, Koichi; Hashimoto, Satoru

    2013-04-01

    Code of civil procedure is started when a plaintiff appeals to the law. Conversely, if a suit is not appealed, it is not started. We explain the essential principles of the code of civil procedure, and present systems associated with expediting trials (a brief, preliminary oral arguments, preparatory proceedings, inquiry to opponent, organized proceedings, technical adviser system, etc.). Amendment of law is repeated for the purpose of aiming suitably expediting trials. We should utilize the present code of civil procedure suitably, and expect the quick conclusion of trials.

  13. [Atopic dermatitis and domestic animals].

    PubMed

    Song, M

    2000-09-01

    Several arguments are raised attributing to aeroallergens an important role in atopic dermatitis. The aeroallergens that penetrate the epidermis could be fixed by IgE on the Langerhans cells and then induce a cellular mediator reaction comparable to that of allergic contact eczema. Patch tests have been developed to evaluate the role of aeroallergens (dust mites, animal dander, etc.). Preventive anti-dust mites measures in the home of atopic patients are recommended. Eviction of domestic animals (cat, dog, etc.) or avoidance measures for animal dander in the home can produce improvement in atopic dermatitis. Oral specific immunotherapy is being validated as a treatment for this disease.

  14. Arguments completed in suit over Internet censorship.

    PubMed

    1996-05-31

    Closing remarks on the Communications Decency Act, requiring Internet providers to censor materials that may be unsuitable for minors, were heard on May 10, 1996. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is leading the challenge to the law. Because information about HIV necessarily must deal with sexual practices, HIV/AIDS service providers would be forced to either avoid talking about the subject or find ways to prevent minors from accessing the information. During the oral arguments, U.S. Justice Department attorney Anthony Coppolino tried to show that the Internet is more like a broadcast medium such as television or radio and is different from newspapers, which enjoy a constitutional protection against government censorship. ACLU attorney Christopher Hansen disagreed, saying the reverse is true. The ACLU said parental control mechanisms such as SurfWatch, Net Nanny, and Cyberpatrol are commercially available to parents who wish to restrict their children's Internet access and are more effective than the government's proposal. The court is expected to rule on the lawsuit in several weeks. An appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court is expected, regardless of the outcome.

  15. 36 CFR 223.235 - Unilateral delay, suspension, or modification of contracts, permits, or other instruments...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ..., harm to land, water, air, habitat, plants, animals, cave resources, or cultural resources; (2) To..., except when exigent circumstances warrant oral communication, in which case the officer shall promptly...

  16. Demonstrating successful aging using the International Collaborative Study for Oral Health Outcomes.

    PubMed

    Atchison, K A; Andersen, R M

    2000-01-01

    As the lifespan increases and people are faced with 15 to 20 years of "old age," we ask what one considers successful aging with respect to oral health. We propose a comprehensive combination of outcome variables, maintenance of teeth, manageable periodontal condition, positive perceived oral health, satisfaction with their access to and receipt of dental services, and minimal functional problems, that together comprise a definition of successful aging. The International Collaborative Study for Oral Health Outcomes provides a data set for exploring the oral health of a diverse sample of older adults in US and international sites using the modified Andersen Behavioral Model. The percent of adults who report no natural teeth ranged from 16 percent in San Antonio to 59 percent in New Zealand. Seventy percent or more of the adults from each site rated their oral health as good/fair or better except in Poland. The current cohort of older adults is faring better on some indicators than others; nevertheless, ethnic minorities and poorer countries still demonstrate inequities. Dentistry must attempt to educate individuals early in their lifespan that a combination of personal oral health practices and current dental techniques offers the potential for successful oral health throughout one's lifetime.

  17. Clinical and mycological analysis of dog’s oral cavity

    PubMed Central

    Santin, Rosema; Mattei, Antonella Souza; Waller, Stefanie Bressan; Madrid, Isabel Martins; Cleff, Marlete Brum; Xavier, Melissa Orzechowski; de Oliveira Nobre, Márcia; Nascente, Patrícia da Silva; de Mello, João Roberto Braga; Meireles, Mário Carlos Araújo

    2013-01-01

    The oral microbiota of humans and animals is made up of a wide variety of yeasts and bacteria, but microbiota of dogs is not totally described. Although such identification is an important step to establish the etiopathogenesis and adequate therapy for the periodontal disease The aim of this study was to evaluate and correlate oral alterations with the presence of yeasts in oral cavity of female dogs. After clinical evaluation samples from healthy and from dogs with oral diseases were obtained from three different oral sites by swabs, curettes, millimeter periodontal probes and HA membrane tip in cellulose ester. Yeast identification was performed through macroscopic and microscopic colony features and biochemical tests. Dental calculus was the most prevalent occurrence in the oral cavity of 59 females. However, the isolation of yeasts was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in animals suffering from halitosis. Eleven yeast species were identified, namely: Malassezia pachydermatis, Rhodotorula spp., Candida albicans, C. catenulata, C. famata, C. guilliermondii, C. parapsilosis, C. intermedia, Trichosporon asahii, T. mucoides and Cryptococcus albidus. It could be concluded that the yeasts are part of the microbiota from the different sites of the oral cavity of the female canines studied without causing any significant alterations except halitosis. PMID:24159296

  18. AIDS and medical confidentiality.

    PubMed

    Gillon, R

    1987-06-27

    In summary, I have argued that the arguments offered or hinted at in favour of doctors' breaking medical confidentiality by passing on information about their patients' HIV state to others, including other doctors, when this is against the patient's considered wishes are generally unconvincing. Although in highly exceptional cases there may be justifications for overriding confidentiality, the requirement of medical confidentiality is a very strong, though not absolute, obligation. Patients, their contacts, doctors and their staff, and the common good are most likely to be best served if that tradition continues to be honoured.

  19. [The ethical reflection approach in decision-making processes in health institutes].

    PubMed

    Gruat, Renaud

    2015-12-01

    Except in the specific case of end-of-life care, the law says nothing about the way in which health professionals must carry out ethical reflection regarding the treatment of their patients. A problem-solving methodology called the "ethical reflection approach" performed over several stages can be used. The decision-making process involves the whole team and draws on the ability of each caregiver to put forward a reasoned argument, in the interest of the patient. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

  20. A compact codimension-two braneworld with precisely one brane

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Akerblom, Nikolas; Cornelissen, Gunther; Department of Mathematics, Utrecht University

    Building on earlier work on football-shaped extra dimensions, we construct a compact codimension-two braneworld with precisely one brane. The two extra dimensions topologically represent a 2-torus which is stabilized by a bulk cosmological constant and magnetic flux. The torus has positive constant curvature almost everywhere, except for a single conical singularity at the location of the brane. In contradistinction to the football-shaped case, there is no fine-tuning required for the brane tension. We also present some plausibility arguments why the model should not suffer from serious stability issues.

  1. The mistreatment of dead bodies.

    PubMed

    Feinberg, J

    1985-02-01

    Cadavers have a multitude of possible uses--from the harvesting of organs, to medical education, to automotive safety testing--and yet their actual utilization arouses profound aversion no matter how altruistic and beneficial the motivation. Feinberg considers the causes and effects of this cultural phenomenon and examines discussions by several moral philosophers of the conflict between offended sentiment and appeals to interest. He takes exception to arguments advanced in defense of moral sensibility and concludes that there is no unmanageable conflict between effective humanitarianism and the maintenance, under flexible control, of the essential human sentiments.

  2. Oral varix: a review.

    PubMed

    Lazos, Jerónimo P; Piemonte, Eduardo D; Panico, René L

    2015-06-01

    Ageing produces several changes on the oral cavity, and oral varix (OV) is among the most common, and they are related with some medical diseases; however, this association is not clear. The aim of this article is to offer a review of OV, regarding aetiology, clinical and histological features, associated factors, treatment and its clinical significance. Except for a higher incidence of OV in elder individuals, there is limited evidence that supports its relationship with medical conditions such us cardiovascular diseases or portal hypertension. Also, there is no consensus regarding its pathogenesis, but the hemodynamic theory embodies the most comprehensive approach. The high prevalence in elderly people stresses the need for regular oral examination, but more detailed studies regarding OV in relation to systemic diseases are needed. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S and The Gerodontology Society. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  3. Oral Candida colonization in oral cancer patients and its relationship with traditional risk factors of oral cancer: a matched case-control study.

    PubMed

    Alnuaimi, Ali D; Wiesenfeld, David; O'Brien-Simpson, Neil M; Reynolds, Eric C; McCullough, Michael J

    2015-02-01

    Candida, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, has been implicated in oral and oesophageal cancers. This study aimed to examine oral Candida carriage in 52 oral cancer patients and 104 age-, gender- and denture status-matched oral cancer-free subjects. We assessed general health, smoking and alcohol drinking habits, use of alcohol-containing mouthwash and periodontal status (community periodontal index of treatment needs). Yeasts were isolated using oral rinse technique and genetically identified via Real-Time PCR-High resolution melting curve analysis of conserved ribosomal DNA. Conditional and binary logistic regressions were used to identify explanatory variables that are risk factors for oral cancer. The frequencies of oral yeasts' presence and high oral colonization were significantly higher in oral cancer than non-oral cancer patients (p=001; p=0.033, respectively). No significant difference in the isolation profile of Candida species was found between the two groups, except C. parapsilosis was more frequent in non-oral cancer group. Differences were noticed in the incidence of C. albicans strains where significantly more C. albicans genotype-A was isolated from cancer patients and significantly more C. albicans genotype-B isolated from non-cancer patients. Multiple regression analyses showed significant association with cancer observed for alcohol drinking (OR=4.253; 95% CI=1.351, 13.386), Candida presence (OR=3.242; 95% CI=1.505, 6.984) and high oral colonization (OR=3.587; 95% CI=1.153, 11.162). These results indicate that there is a significant association between oral cancer occurrence and Candida oral colonization and that the observed genotypic diversity of C. albicans strains may play a role in oral carcinogenesis. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. The pharmacokinetics and safety profile of oral ganciclovir in combination with trimethoprim in HIV- and CMV-seropositive patients

    PubMed Central

    Jung, Donald; AbdelHameed, Magdy H; Hunter, John; Teitelbaum, Philip; Dorr, Albert; Griffy, Kay

    1999-01-01

    Aims We investigated the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of oral ganciclovir coadministered with trimethoprim in HIV-and CMV-seropositive patients. Methods In an open-label, randomized, 3-way crossover study, 12 adult males received oral ganciclovir 1000 mg every 8h, oral trimethoprim 200 mg once daily, or both drugs concomitantly in a sequence of three 7-day treatment periods. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined and adverse events recorded for each treatment. Results The presence of trimethoprim significantly decreased CLr (12.9%, P = 0.0068) and increased t1/2 (18.1%, P = 0.0378) of ganciclovir. However, these changes are unlikely to be clinically meaningful. There were no statistically significant changes in trimethoprim pharmacokinetic parameters in the presence of ganciclovir, with the exception of a 12.7% increase in Cmin. Ganciclovir was well tolerated when administered alone or in combination with trimethoprim. Conclusions There was no clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction between oral ganciclovir and trimethoprim when coadministered. PMID:10215748

  5. The oral health status of dentate patients with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis therapy.

    PubMed

    Bots, C P; Poorterman, J H G; Brand, H S; Kalsbeek, H; van Amerongen, B M; Veerman, E C I; Nieuw Amerongen, A V

    2006-03-01

    The aim of this study was to compare the oral health status of chronic renal failure (CRF) patients on renal replacement therapy with a matched reference population. Cross-sectional study. Forty-two dentate CRF patients--aged 25-52 years old--were matched with a reference group of 808 dentate subjects. The oral health was assessed using decayed missing filled (DMF) indices, simplified oral hygiene index and periodontal status. An oral health questionnaire was used to assess self-reported dental problems. Student t-tests and chi-square tests were performed to compare the CRF patients with the controls. All index-scores in the CRF patients were comparable with the controls except for number of teeth covered with calculus that was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in CRF patients (4.1 +/- 2.6) than in controls (3.0 +/- 2.9). The self-reported oral health questionnaire revealed a trend for increased temporomandibular complaints in CRF patients (16.7%vs 5.7% in controls; P = 0.06) as well as bad taste (31.0%vs 6.8% in controls, P = 0.08). For most dental aspects, the oral health of CRF patients is comparable with controls.

  6. Oral Cancer: An Evaluation of Knowledge and Awareness in Undergraduate Dental Students and the General Public.

    PubMed

    Bakr, Mahmoud M; Skerman, Emma; Khan, Usman; George, Roy

    To evaluate the knowledge of signs, symptoms and risk factors associated with oral cancer amongst undergraduate dental students and members of the general public. This study was open for a period of six months (Jan-June, 2013) to all undergraduate dental students in the 4th and 5th year of the dental science programme and dental patients attending the School of Dentistry, Griffith University, Australia. The survey evaluated the knowledge and awareness of clinical signs and symptoms and risk factors of oral cancers. A total of 100 undergraduate students and 150 patients provided informed consent and participated in this survey study. Both patients and dental students were aware of the importance of early detection of oral cancer. With the exception of smoking and persistent ulceration, this study indicated that the knowledge about oral cancer, its signs, symptoms and risk factors was limited amongst participants. This study highlights the need to raise awareness and knowledge pertaining to oral cancer, not only in the general community but also amongst those in the dental field. Specific points of concern were the common intraoral sites for oral cancer, erythroplakia as a risk factor, the synergistic action of smoking and alcohol, and HPV (human papilloma virus) as risk factors for oral cancer.

  7. Stem cell research in Germany: ethics of healing vs. human dignity.

    PubMed

    Oduncu, Fuat S

    2003-01-01

    On 25 April 2002, the German Parliament has passed a strict new law referring to stem cell research. This law took effect on July 1, 2002. The so-called embryonic Stem Cell Act ("Stammzellgesetz-StZG") permits the import of embryonic stem (ES) cells isolated from surplus lvF-embryos for research reasons. The production itself of ES cells from human blastocysts has been prohibited by the German Embryo Protection Act of 1990, with the exception of the use of ES cells which exist already. The debate on the legitimate use of ES cells escalated, after the main German research funding agency, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), unexpectedly published new guidelines recommending a restricted use of human ES cells for research. Meanwhile, the debate has ethically divided society, political parties, government and church members into a group supporting and a group rejecting ES cell research. The arguments in favour of such a research can be summarized as arguments derived from a new "ethics of healing" calling for a therapeutic imperative, whereas the arguments against can be summarized as arguments violating the fundamental principle of human dignity as they imply the destruction of human embryos. This article will try to present and evaluate various ethical arguments founded on the latest biological and medical data on the potential use of stem cell technologies. It will finally come to the conclusion that ES cell research is opposed to human dignity, since the procedures of isolating ES cells require the destruction and instrumentalization of human embryos. Human embryos are human beings at a very early stage of their development, fully possessing the ability of completing their development. At this very early stage, human embryos are extremely dependent and fragile, and thus vulnerable corporealities. Vulnerability and human dignity demand the protection of the embryo's corporeal integrity. Hence, this essay will try to propagate research with adult stem (AS) cells, a procedure which does not require the destruction of human embryos; with regard to the necessary plasticity, it should be emphasized that AS cells very much resemble ES cells.

  8. Memories from the edge of the abyss: evaluating the oral accounts of World War II veterans.

    PubMed

    Walton, Rodney Earl

    2010-01-01

    Since the "greatest generation" is rapidly passing from the scene, this article maintains that the time is ripe for the oral history community to engage in a serious examination of the strengths and weaknesses of World War II veteran interviews. Using a small case study about the battle of Okinawa (April-June 1945), the essay examines some aspects of the memory quality of World War II veterans interviewed late in life. It presents three arguments. First, American veterans of World War II were frequently reticent about recounting their memories. They often waited until late in life to do so. Second, the American World War II veterans' interviews were generally reliable and accurate even when given late in life. Nonetheless, some problems were encountered in interviewing veterans long after a battle. Third, the veterans could provide greater detail about their initial experiences during a campaign. Recollections about their later experiences during the same campaign were foggier. The author concedes, however, that the small size of his case study means that the conclusions can only have validity if confirmed by the experience of other oral history interviewers. Hence the author's goal is to initiate this important conversation rather than to conclude it.

  9. The genetic architecture of novel trophic specialists: larger effect sizes are associated with exceptional oral jaw diversification in a pupfish adaptive radiation.

    PubMed

    Martin, Christopher H; Erickson, Priscilla A; Miller, Craig T

    2017-01-01

    The genetic architecture of adaptation is fundamental to understanding the mechanisms and constraints governing diversification. However, most case studies focus on loss of complex traits or parallel speciation in similar environments. It is still unclear how the genetic architecture of these local adaptive processes compares to the architecture of evolutionary transitions contributing to morphological and ecological novelty. Here, we identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) between two trophic specialists in an excellent case study for examining the origins of ecological novelty: a sympatric radiation of pupfishes endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas, containing a large-jawed scale-eater and a short-jawed molluscivore with a skeletal nasal protrusion. These specialized niches and trophic traits are unique among over 2000 related species. Measurements of the fitness landscape on San Salvador demonstrate multiple fitness peaks and a larger fitness valley isolating the scale-eater from the putative ancestral intermediate phenotype of the generalist, suggesting that more large-effect QTL should contribute to its unique phenotype. We evaluated this prediction using an F2 intercross between these specialists. We present the first linkage map for pupfishes and detect significant QTL for sex and eight skeletal traits. Large-effect QTL contributed more to enlarged scale-eater jaws than the molluscivore nasal protrusion, consistent with predictions from the adaptive landscape. The microevolutionary genetic architecture of large-effect QTL for oral jaws parallels the exceptional diversification rates of oral jaws within the San Salvador radiation observed over macroevolutionary timescales and may have facilitated exceptional trophic novelty in this system. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  10. Environmental auditing and the role of the accountancy profession: a literature review.

    PubMed

    de Moor, Philippe; de Beelde, Ignace

    2005-08-01

    This review of the literature on environmental auditing and the potential role of accountants distinguishes between compliance audits and audits of the environmental management system. After an extensive introduction to the concept, this review focuses on the similarities and differences between an environmental audit and a financial statement audit. The general approach to both types of audits is similar, except that environmental audits are largely unregulated. Both audits place an emphasis on the evaluation of control systems, which is an argument in favor of external auditors playing a role in environmental audits. Another argument for including external accountants is their code of ethics. However, these professionals seem to be reluctant to enter the field of environmental auditing. It is argued that this reluctance is because of a lack of generally accepted principles for conducting environmental audits. If external accountants are engaged in environmental auditing, they should be part of multidisciplinary teams that also include scientists and engineers to avoid a too strong focus on procedures. Rather than treating these audits as totally different, it is proposed that there be a move towards integrated, or even universal, audits.

  11. Mechanistic slumber vs. statistical insomnia: the early history of Boltzmann's H-theorem (1868-1877)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Badino, M.

    2011-11-01

    An intricate, long, and occasionally heated debate surrounds Boltzmann's H-theorem (1872) and his combinatorial interpretation of the second law (1877). After almost a century of devoted and knowledgeable scholarship, there is still no agreement as to whether Boltzmann changed his view of the second law after Loschmidt's 1876 reversibility argument or whether he had already been holding a probabilistic conception for some years at that point. In this paper, I argue that there was no abrupt statistical turn. In the first part, I discuss the development of Boltzmann's research from 1868 to the formulation of the H-theorem. This reconstruction shows that Boltzmann adopted a pluralistic strategy based on the interplay between a kinetic and a combinatorial approach. Moreover, it shows that the extensive use of asymptotic conditions allowed Boltzmann to bracket the problem of exceptions. In the second part I suggest that both Loschmidt's challenge and Boltzmann's response to it did not concern the H-theorem. The close relation between the theorem and the reversibility argument is a consequence of later investigations on the subject.

  12. Pursuing ethical coherence in the prevention of vertical transmission of HIV: justice and injustice in Option B.

    PubMed

    Hodson, Nathan; Bewley, Susan

    2017-07-01

    Improved prevention of vertical transmission of HIV is an essential part of the global response to HIV. The Option B+ strategy took the extraordinary step of treating many non-pregnant women living with HIV (those with CD4 cell counts >350 cells/mm 3 ) in the absence of evidence that they themselves would benefit from ART. This example of so-called AIDS exceptionalism reflects an understanding that the global response to HIV demands a different set of morals. This philosophical article explores a retrospective analysis of the ethical arguments made in support of Option B+ incorporating utilitarian, feminist and equity-based frameworks. A number of inconsistencies were found in the arguments made for the introduction of Option B+ well before results were available from the START and TEMPRANO trials. Although some people think 'the ends justify the means', we conclude that erroneous justifications were initially given in support of Option B+. We identify tensions that remain in light of these results and argue that future strategies would benefit from a community-focused, human rights-based approach.

  13. The HIV self-testing debate: where do we stand?

    PubMed

    Gagnon, Marilou; French, Martin; Hébert, Yamilee

    2018-01-18

    Emphasis on HIV testing as a gateway to prevention, treatment and care has grown tremendously over the past decade. In turn, this emphasis on testing has created a demand for new policies, programs, and technologies that can potentially increase access to and uptake of HIV testing. HIV self-testing (HST) technologies have gained important momentum following the approval of the over-the-counter self-tests in the United States, the UK, and France. While the renewed interest in HST has given rise to a number of high quality reviews of empirical studies conducted on this topic, we have yet to find an article that captures the extent of the debate on HST. A critical review of the literature on HST was conducted and organized into three categories based on the focus of the article: 1) Empirical research, 2) Arguments, and 3) Context. We focused exclusively on the second category which included ethical analyses, policy analyses, editorials, opinion pieces, commentaries, letters to the editor and so forth. 10 lines of argument on HST were identified in the literature: 1) Individual - Public Health, 2) Strengths - Limits, 3) Benefits - Harms, 4) Screening - Testing, 5) Target - Market, 6) Health Care - Industry, 7) Regulation - Restriction, 8) Resource-Rich Settings - Resource-Limited Settings, 9) Ethical - Unethical, and 10) Exceptionalism - Normalization. Each line of argument is presented and discussed in the paper. We conclude by providing examples of critical questions that should be raised in order to take the debate to another level and generate new ways of thinking about HST.

  14. A Study Of Oral PF-02341066, A C-Met/Hepatocyte Growth Factor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, In Patients With Advanced Cancer

    ClinicalTrials.gov

    2018-01-29

    Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ALK-positive; Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer c-Met Dependent; Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ROS Marker Positive; Systemic Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma; Advanced Malignancies Except Leukemia

  15. 49 CFR 1113.7 - Intervention; petitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 8 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Intervention; petitions. 1113.7 Section 1113.7... OF TRANSPORTATION RULES OF PRACTICE ORAL HEARING § 1113.7 Intervention; petitions. (a) How requested. Intervention will normally be granted only upon petition. In exceptional circumstances, where the issues would...

  16. 49 CFR 1113.7 - Intervention; petitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 8 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Intervention; petitions. 1113.7 Section 1113.7... OF TRANSPORTATION RULES OF PRACTICE ORAL HEARING § 1113.7 Intervention; petitions. (a) How requested. Intervention will normally be granted only upon petition. In exceptional circumstances, where the issues would...

  17. 49 CFR 1113.7 - Intervention; petitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Intervention; petitions. 1113.7 Section 1113.7... OF TRANSPORTATION RULES OF PRACTICE ORAL HEARING § 1113.7 Intervention; petitions. (a) How requested. Intervention will normally be granted only upon petition. In exceptional circumstances, where the issues would...

  18. 49 CFR 1113.7 - Intervention; petitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 8 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Intervention; petitions. 1113.7 Section 1113.7... OF TRANSPORTATION RULES OF PRACTICE ORAL HEARING § 1113.7 Intervention; petitions. (a) How requested. Intervention will normally be granted only upon petition. In exceptional circumstances, where the issues would...

  19. 49 CFR 1113.7 - Intervention; petitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 8 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Intervention; petitions. 1113.7 Section 1113.7... OF TRANSPORTATION RULES OF PRACTICE ORAL HEARING § 1113.7 Intervention; petitions. (a) How requested. Intervention will normally be granted only upon petition. In exceptional circumstances, where the issues would...

  20. Multiple Voices for Ethnically Diverse Exceptional Learners, 1995.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ford, Bridgie Alexis, Ed.

    1995-01-01

    This first serial issue addresses topics and issues impacting educational services for culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) learners. The issue contains three research-into-practice articles, an interview section called "In the Oral Tradition," and three teacher-generated articles which delineate learner-enhancing practices for…

  1. Micrometer FX/DLX: A Pedagogic Compiler

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1992-03-01

    delimited by double-quotes L E Literal = Integer-Numeral U Boolean-literal U String-literal E::= L ’I (lambda (1*) EB) (Eo E*) (let ((I E)*) EB) (letrec...except VAL, ATEMP, and RETADR) are saved in this activation frame. Arguments to the procedure are evaluated and placed in registers ARGO, ARGi , etc. By...ENV) "ENV") ((ru FP) "FP11) ((u ru SP) ’Isp") Us u ARGO) "ARGO") ru ARGI ) *"ARG1**) ((ru ARG2) "LRG2") ((ru ARG3) "ARG3") Us~ ru ARG4) "ARG4’) ((x ru

  2. S-193 scatterometer transfer function analysis for data processing

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Johnson, L.

    1974-01-01

    A mathematical model for converting raw data measurements of the S-193 scatterometer into processed values of radar scattering coefficient is presented. The argument is based on an approximation derived from the Radar Equation and actual operating principles of the S-193 Scatterometer hardware. Possible error sources are inaccuracies in transmitted wavelength, range, antenna illumination integrals, and the instrument itself. The dominant source of error in the calculation of scattering coefficent is accuracy of the range. All other ractors with the possible exception of illumination integral are not considered to cause significant error in the calculation of scattering coefficient.

  3. The conundrum of hanging points in correctional facilities.

    PubMed

    Pridmore, Saxby; Pridmore, William

    2017-02-01

    We aimed to explore aspects of the removal of hanging points from correctional facilities. An argument can be made that individuals have a right to die/suicide. The United Nations holds that except for freedom of movement, prisoners have the same rights as non-prisoners. The rights of the individual and the duty of many custodial institutions are in conflict. This introduces a conundrum; when all hanging points are removed from correctional facilities, prisoners without mental disorder, but with a sustained wish to die, will not be able to achieve that end, while non-prisoners will be well able to do so.

  4. Efficacy of moxidectin against nematodes in naturally infected sheep.

    PubMed

    Coles, G C; Giordano-Fenton, D J; Tritschler, J P

    1994-07-09

    The activity of an oral drench of moxidectin against nematodes in naturally infected sheep known to harbour Nematodirus species was evaluated at doses of 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg bodyweight. Moxidectin was 100 per cent effective against nematodes in the abomasum and 100 per cent effective against nematodes in the small intestine except for adult Trichostrongylus species, against which its efficacy was 94 per cent. It was 100 per cent effective against nematodes in the large intestine except for Trichuris ovis, against which its efficacy was 83 per cent.

  5. The epidemiology of oral HPV infection among a multinational sample of healthy men

    PubMed Central

    Kreimer, Aimee R.; Villa, Alessandro; Nyitray, Alan G.; Abrahamsen, Martha; Papenfuss, Mary; Smith, Danelle; Hildesheim, Allan; Villa, Luisa L; Lazcano-Ponce, Eduardo; Giuliano, Anna R.

    2011-01-01

    Background Oral human papillomavirus type-16 (HPV16) infection is a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer. We examined oral HPV infection among healthy men. Methods Oral rinse/gargle specimens and questionnaire data were collected from 1,688 healthy men aged 18 to 74 (median 31 years), from the United States, Mexico, and Brazil. HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59 and non-carcinogenic HPV types were detected using Roche Linear Array. Results Oral HPV DNA was detected in 67 of 1680 (4.0%, 95%CI 3.1% to 5.0%) ß-globin positive specimens; carcinogenic HPVs were detected in 1.3% (95%CI 0.8% to 2.0%; n=22) and HPV16 was the most commonly detected carcinogenic HPV type (0.6%, 95%CI 0.2% to 1.1%; n=10). The prevalence of oral HPV infection was similar by country except for HPV55, which had notably higher prevalence in Mexico (3.0%) than Brazil (0%) or the US (0.2%). Oral HPV prevalence non-significantly increased over increasing age categories (p for trend 0.096). The strongest predictor of oral HPV was current tobacco use, which increased the odds 2.5-fold (95%CI 1.4–4.4). Oral sexual behaviors were not associated with oral HPV infection. Conclusions Oral HPV16 infection was rare in healthy men, especially at younger ages, and was positively associated with current tobacco use. Impact Oral HPV appears to be ~10 fold less prevalent than infection at genital sites in men (4% vs. ~40%, respectively). It remains unclear whether this reflects reduced exposure or if the oral region is more resistant to HPV infection compared to anogenital sites. PMID:21148755

  6. Oral health care needs in the dependant elderly in India.

    PubMed

    Panchbhai, Arati S

    2012-01-01

    There is a sudden blast of the "65 plus" population in the last decade, and India is no exception to that. A continuing progress in the medical field has raised the longevity of life. This changing face of population offers the oral professionals to observe unique challenges to treat the rapidly growing segment of the elderly and the dependant overage population- the Homebound residents and the Nursing homebound residents. The old age of the residents is compounded with chronic medical problems they are suffering from and the medications they are taking. This cohort is characteristically different from other elderly due to their dependency to carry even the routine activities such as tooth cleaning which results in increased risk towards the oral ailments. As very few surveys are done regarding the oral health status among this section, the prevalence of oral and dental problems in them is under a cloud. "Dental care at home or at destinations of residents" is yet a novel concept in India, hence not only there is a need to reach to the residents but also to treat them in the holistic manner. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing oral health conditions in the elderly in India.

  7. The association between current unemployment and clinically determined poor oral health.

    PubMed

    Al-Sudani, Fouad Y H; Vehkalahti, Miira M; Suominen, Anna L

    2015-08-01

    The aim of this study was to assess whether current unemployment was associated with poor oral health and whether there was a difference in oral health according to the duration of the current unemployment. As part of the Health 2000 Survey in Finland (a nationwide comprehensive health examination survey), we used its data based on interviews, questionnaires, and clinical oral examinations of the 30- to 63-year-old respondents (n = 4773). Current employment status was measured in its dichotomous form, employed versus unemployed, and length of current unemployment was classified into four categories. We measured oral health in terms of numbers of missing teeth, of sound teeth, of filled teeth, of decayed teeth, and of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets (≥4 mm, ≥6 mm). Poisson regression models were fitted for all oral health outcomes except number of decayed teeth, for which negative binomial regression model was used. Oral health-related behaviors and sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors were added to the analyses. The unemployed subjects had higher numbers of missing teeth, of decayed teeth, and of teeth with periodontal pockets than the employed ones. The association remained consistent even after adjustments. Oral health-related behaviors seemed to mediate the association. We found no association between unemployment and number of sound teeth. Current long-term unemployment showed stronger association with poor oral health than short-term among women. The unemployed can be considered as a risk group for poor oral health. Oral healthcare should be reoriented toward those who are unemployed. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  8. 24 CFR 3500.14 - Prohibition against kickbacks and unearned fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... pursuant to any agreement or understanding, oral or otherwise, that business incident to or part of a... service business. (c) No split of charges except for actual services performed. No person shall give and... a charge, stock, dividends, distributions of partnership profits, franchise royalties, credits...

  9. 24 CFR 3500.14 - Prohibition against kickbacks and unearned fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... pursuant to any agreement or understanding, oral or otherwise, that business incident to or part of a... service business. (c) No split of charges except for actual services performed. No person shall give and... a charge, stock, dividends, distributions of partnership profits, franchise royalties, credits...

  10. 24 CFR 3500.14 - Prohibition against kickbacks and unearned fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... pursuant to any agreement or understanding, oral or otherwise, that business incident to or part of a... service business. (c) No split of charges except for actual services performed. No person shall give and... a charge, stock, dividends, distributions of partnership profits, franchise royalties, credits...

  11. 24 CFR 3500.14 - Prohibition against kickbacks and unearned fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... pursuant to any agreement or understanding, oral or otherwise, that business incident to or part of a... service business. (c) No split of charges except for actual services performed. No person shall give and... a charge, stock, dividends, distributions of partnership profits, franchise royalties, credits...

  12. 21 CFR 1306.21 - Requirement of prescription.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... published at 75 FR 16308, Mar. 31, 2010. (a) A pharmacist may dispense directly a controlled substance... reduced to writing by the pharmacist containing all information required in § 1306.05, except for the... institutional practitioner-pharmacist, or pursuant to an oral prescription made by an individual practitioner...

  13. 36 CFR 13.161 - Permit application.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Section 13.161 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR... blueprint, sketch or photograph of the cabin or structure; (d) A map that shows the geographic location of... cabin or structure. All information may be provided orally except the cabin blueprint, sketch or...

  14. 21 CFR 610.15 - Constituent materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... containers shall contain a preservative, except that a preservative need not be added to Yellow Fever Vaccine; Poliovirus Vaccine Live Oral; viral vaccines labeled for use with the jet injector; dried vaccines when the... culture produced vaccines. Extraneous protein known to be capable of producing allergenic effects in human...

  15. 14 CFR 16.223 - Evidence.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... shall be submitted in written form in advance of the oral hearing pursuant to the schedule established in the hearing officer's prehearing conference report. Written direct and rebuttal fact testimony... written testimony and evidence. Except in the case of evidence obtained by subpoena, or in the case of a...

  16. 77 FR 38199 - Propiconazole; Pesticide Tolerances

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-27

    ... group 12, except plum. Interregional Research Project Number 4 (IR-4) requested these tolerances under... experimental animals by the oral, dermal and inhalation routes. It is moderately irritating to the eyes, and... susceptible to its toxicity than rats. Decreased body weight gain in experimental animals was seen in...

  17. Identifying Low pH Active and Lactate-Utilizing Taxa within Oral Microbiome Communities from Healthy Children Using Stable Isotope Probing Techniques

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    McLean, Jeffrey S.; Fansler, Sarah J.; Majors, Paul D.

    Many human microbial infectious diseases including dental caries are polymicrobial in nature and how these complex multi-species communities evolve from a healthy to a diseased state is not well understood. Although many health- or disease-associated oral microbes have been characterized in vitro, their physiology in vivo in the presence of the complex oral microbiome is difficult to determine with current approaches. In addition, about half of these oral species remain uncultivated to date and little is known except their 16S rRNA sequence. Lacking culture-based physiological analyses, the functional roles of uncultivated microorganisms will remain enigmatic despite their apparent disease correlation.more » To start addressing these knowledge gaps, we applied a novel combination of in vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) with RNA and DNA based Stable Isotope Probing (SIP) to oral plaque communities from healthy children for temporal monitoring of carbohydrate utilization, organic acid production and identification of metabolically active and inactive bacterial species.« less

  18. Science, truth, and forensic cultures: the exceptional legal status of DNA evidence.

    PubMed

    Lynch, Michael

    2013-03-01

    Many epistemological terms, such as investigation, inquiry, argument, evidence, and fact were established in law well before being associated with science. However, while legal proof remained qualified by standards of 'moral certainty', scientific proof attained a reputation for objectivity. Although most forms of legal evidence (including expert evidence) continue to be treated as fallible 'opinions' rather than objective 'facts', forensic DNA evidence increasingly is being granted an exceptional factual status. It did not always enjoy such status. Two decades ago, the scientific status of forensic DNA evidence was challenged in the scientific literature and in courts of law, but by the late 1990s it was being granted exceptional legal status. This paper reviews the ascendancy of DNA profiling, and argues that its widely-heralded objective status is bound up with systems of administrative accountability. The 'administrative objectivity' of DNA evidence rests upon observable and reportable bureaucratic rules, records, recording devices, protocols, and architectural arrangements. By highlighting administrative sources of objectivity, this paper suggests that DNA evidence remains bound within the context of ordinary organisational and practical routines, and is not a transcendent source of 'truth' in the criminal justice system. Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  19. Print media coverage of California's smokefree bar law

    PubMed Central

    Magzamen, S.; Charlesworth, A.; Glantz, S.

    2001-01-01

    OBJECTIVE—To assess the print media coverage of California's smokefree bar law in the state of California.
DESIGN—Content analysis of newspaper, trade journal, and magazine items.
SUBJECTS—Items regarding the smokefree bar law published seven months before and one year following the implementation of the smokefree bar law (June 1997 to December 1998). Items consisted of news articles (n = 446), opinion editorials (n = 31), editorials (n = 104), letters to the editor (n = 240), and cartoons (n = 10).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES—Number and timing of publication of items, presence of tobacco industry arguments or public health arguments regarding law, positive, negative, and neutral views of opinion items published.
RESULTS—53% of items published concerning the smokefree bar law were news articles, 47% were opinion items. 45% of items regarding the smokefree bar law were published during the first month of implementation. The tobacco industry dominated coverage in most categories (economics, choice, enforcement, ventilation, legislation, individual quotes), except for categories public health used the most frequently (government role, tactics, organisational quotes). Anti-law editorials and letters to the editor were published more than pro-law editorials and letters. Region of the state, paper size, presence of local clean indoor air legislation, and voting on tobacco related ballot initiatives did not have an impact on the presence of opinion items.
CONCLUSIONS—The tobacco industry succeeded in obtaining more coverage of the smokefree bar law, both in news items and opinion items. The tobacco industry used historical arguments of restricting freedom of choice and economic ramifications in fighting the smokefree bar law, while public health groups focused on the worker protection issue, and exposed tobacco industry tactics. Despite the skewed coverage, public health groups obtained adequate attention to their arguments to keep the law in effect.


Keywords: content analysis; politics; passive smoking; smokefree bar law; California PMID:11387536

  20. [Influence of oral contraceptive agents on the concentration of amino acids in leukocytes of supposedly healthy women (author's transl)].

    PubMed

    Tarallo, P; Houpert, Y; Siest, G

    1977-12-15

    The concentration of amino acids has been measured in leukocytes of women taking oral contraceptive agents and also in controls. These assays were made by means of ion exchange chromatography. The amino acid pool in leukocytes was found to be smaller in those patients taking the "pill". Each amino acid concentration decreased except for taurine and glutamine. Taurine represented 64.1 percent of the pool in treated women and only 23.5 percent in controls. Glutamine represented 9.5 percent of the pool in patients and 3.7 percent in controls.

  1. Educational intervention about oral piercing knowledge among dental students and adolescents at schools.

    PubMed

    Junco, Pilar; Barrios, Rocío; Ruiz, María José; Bravo, Manuel

    2017-10-01

    Oral piercing can lead to complications and dentists are in a unique position to detect such complications. The purpose of this study was: (i) to assess the immediate and the long-term effects, on dental students, of a training programme about oral piercing knowledge; and (ii) to assess the immediate effect, on adolescents, of a single educational intervention session about oral piercing. A training programme for dental students (n = 66) was carried out in three phases. The last phase consisted of preparing and giving talks about oral piercing at schools, which was delivered by a random selection of dental students involved in the training programme. Dental students answered a questionnaire about oral piercing knowledge, before, immediately after (only the dental students included in the last phase) and 12 months after the training programme. Adolescents (n = 347) answered a survey about oral piercing knowledge before and after the talks. There were statistically significant differences in all comparison groups, except for the results in the 'before intervention' and in the '12 months after intervention' groups among dental students who had not prepared and given the talks to adolescents. Knowledge about oral piercing significantly improved among adolescents when comparing results before (mean questionnaire score = 3.0) and after (mean questionnaire score = 6.2) the talks. Oral piercing educational intervention had a favourable impact on adolescents and dental students, particularly among those who were more involved in the learning process. © 2017 FDI World Dental Federation.

  2. Palliative sedation, not slow euthanasia: a prospective, longitudinal study of sedation in Flemish palliative care units.

    PubMed

    Claessens, Patricia; Menten, Johan; Schotsmans, Paul; Broeckaert, Bert

    2011-01-01

    Palliative sedation remains a much debated and controversial issue. The limited literature on the topic often fails to answer ethical questions concerning this practice. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of patients who are being sedated for refractory symptoms in palliative care units (PCUs) from the time of admission until the day of death. A prospective, longitudinal, descriptive design was used to assess data in eight PCUs. The total sample consisted of 266 patients. Information on demographics, medication, food and fluid intake, decision making, level of consciousness, and symptom experience were gathered by nurses and researchers three times a week. If patients received palliative sedation, extra information was gathered. Of all included patients (n=266), 7.5% received palliative sedation. Sedation started, on average, 2.5 days before death and for half of these patients, the form of sedation changed over time. At the start of sedation, patients were in the end stage of their illness and needed total care. Patients were fully conscious and had very limited oral food or fluid intake. Only three patients received artificial fluids at the start of sedation. Patients reported, on average, two refractory symptoms, the most important ones being pain, fatigue, depression, drowsiness, and loss of feeling of well-being. In all cases, the patient gave consent to start palliative sedation because of increased suffering. This study revealed that palliative sedation is only administered in exceptional cases where refractory suffering is evident and for those patients who are close to the ends of their lives. Moreover, this study supports the argument that palliative sedation has no life-shortening effect. Copyright © 2011 U.S. Cancer Pain Relief Committee. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  3. 22 CFR 309.16 - Review.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Review. 309.16 Section 309.16 Foreign Relations PEACE CORPS DEBT COLLECTION Salary Offset § 309.16 Review. (a) Request for outside hearing. Except as... hearing or a review of the documentary evidence is requested. If an oral hearing is desired, the request...

  4. 12 CFR 1024.14 - Prohibition against kickbacks and unearned fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... of money. (e) Agreement or understanding. An agreement or understanding for the referral of business... thing of value pursuant to any agreement or understanding, oral or otherwise, that business incident to... referral of settlement service business. (c) No split of charges except for actual services performed. No...

  5. 12 CFR 1024.14 - Prohibition against kickbacks and unearned fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... of money. (e) Agreement or understanding. An agreement or understanding for the referral of business... thing of value pursuant to any agreement or understanding, oral or otherwise, that business incident to... referral of settlement service business. (c) No split of charges except for actual services performed. No...

  6. Questioning and Oracy in a Reading Program

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Vaish, Viniti

    2013-01-01

    This paper is about the questioning patterns of teachers in an early intervention reading program and the exceptions to this typical interactional pattern. Literacy experts recommend a rich diet of oral language for young learners of English literacy. Teachers offer this rich diet by creating an appropriate learning environment in the classroom…

  7. 22 CFR 1414.5 - Communications prohibited.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... accordance with the provisions of part 1429 of this chapter; and (b) Such communications, when oral, unless... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Communications prohibited. 1414.5 Section 1414.5... PROVISIONS EX PARTE COMMUNICATIONS § 1414.5 Communications prohibited. Except as provided in § 1414.6, ex...

  8. 29 CFR 102.129 - Communications prohibited.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... § 102.114(a). (b) Such communications, when oral, unless advance notice thereof is given by the... 29 Labor 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Communications prohibited. 102.129 Section 102.129 Labor... Communications § 102.129 Communications prohibited. Except as provided in § 102.130, ex parte communications...

  9. 6 CFR 13.33 - Witnesses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 6 Domestic Security 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Witnesses. 13.33 Section 13.33 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES § 13.33 Witnesses. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, testimony at the hearing will be given orally by...

  10. 21 CFR 610.15 - Constituent materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... containers shall contain a preservative, except that a preservative need not be added to Yellow Fever Vaccine; Poliovirus Vaccine Live Oral; viral vaccines labeled for use with the jet injector; dried vaccines when the... of aluminum used is safe and necessary to produce the intended effect are submitted to and approved...

  11. 32 CFR 700.1121 - Disclosure, publication and security of official information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... information. 700.1121 Section 700.1121 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE... information. (a) No person in the Department of the Navy shall convey or disclose by oral or written communications, publication, graphic (including photographic) or other means, any classified information except...

  12. 32 CFR 700.1121 - Disclosure, publication and security of official information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... information. 700.1121 Section 700.1121 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE... information. (a) No person in the Department of the Navy shall convey or disclose by oral or written communications, publication, graphic (including photographic) or other means, any classified information except...

  13. 32 CFR 700.1121 - Disclosure, publication and security of official information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... information. 700.1121 Section 700.1121 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE... information. (a) No person in the Department of the Navy shall convey or disclose by oral or written communications, publication, graphic (including photographic) or other means, any classified information except...

  14. 32 CFR 700.1121 - Disclosure, publication and security of official information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... information. 700.1121 Section 700.1121 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE... information. (a) No person in the Department of the Navy shall convey or disclose by oral or written communications, publication, graphic (including photographic) or other means, any classified information except...

  15. 32 CFR 700.1121 - Disclosure, publication and security of official information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... information. 700.1121 Section 700.1121 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE... information. (a) No person in the Department of the Navy shall convey or disclose by oral or written communications, publication, graphic (including photographic) or other means, any classified information except...

  16. 14 CFR 406.141 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ..., at any time before the administrative law judge has issued an initial decision in the proceedings... that the party making the motion is entitled to a decision as a matter of law. The party making the..., including affidavits, to the motion. (c) Form and time. Except for oral motions heard on the record, a...

  17. 43 CFR 4.1112 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals General Provisions § 4.1112 Motions. (a) Except for oral motions made in proceedings on the record, or where the administrative law judge... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Motions. 4.1112 Section 4.1112 Public...

  18. 43 CFR 4.1112 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals General Provisions § 4.1112 Motions. (a) Except for oral motions made in proceedings on the record, or where the administrative law judge... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Motions. 4.1112 Section 4.1112 Public...

  19. 43 CFR 4.1112 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals General Provisions § 4.1112 Motions. (a) Except for oral motions made in proceedings on the record, or where the administrative law judge... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Motions. 4.1112 Section 4.1112 Public...

  20. 43 CFR 4.1112 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals General Provisions § 4.1112 Motions. (a) Except for oral motions made in proceedings on the record, or where the administrative law judge otherwise directs... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2012-10-01 2011-10-01 true Motions. 4.1112 Section 4.1112 Public Lands...

  1. 43 CFR 4.1112 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals General Provisions § 4.1112 Motions. (a) Except for oral motions made in proceedings on the record, or where the administrative law judge... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Motions. 4.1112 Section 4.1112 Public...

  2. The Phase Curve Survey of the Irregular Saturnian Satellites: A Possible Method of Physical Classification

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bauer, James M.; Grav, Tommy; Buratti, Bonnie J.; Hicks, Michael D.

    2006-01-01

    During its 2005 January opposition, the saturnian system could be viewed at an unusually low phase angle. We surveyed a subset of Saturn's irregular satellites to obtain their true opposition magnitudes, or nearly so, down to phase angle values of 0.01 deg. Combining our data taken at the Palomar 200-inch and Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory's 4-m Blanco telescope with those in the literature, we present the first phase curves for nearly half the irregular satellites originally reported by Gladman et al. [2001. Nature 412, 163-166], including Paaliaq (SXX), Siarnaq (SXXIX), Tarvos (SXXI), Ijiraq (SXXII), Albiorix (SXVI), and additionally Phoebe's narrowest angle brightness measured to date. We find centaur-like steepness in the phase curves or opposition surges in most cases with the notable exception of three, Albiorix and Tarvos, which are suspected to be of similar origin based on dynamical arguments, and Siarnaq.During its 2005 January opposition, the saturnian system could be viewed at an unusually low phase angle. We surveyed a subset of Saturn's irregular satellites to obtain their true opposition magnitudes, or nearly so, down to phase angle values of 0.01 deg. Combining our data taken at the Palomar 200-inch and Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory's 4-m Blanco telescope with those in the literature, we present the first phase curves for nearly half the irregular satellites originally reported by Gladman et al. [2001. Nature 412, 163-166], including Paaliaq (SXX), Siarnaq (SXXIX), Tarvos (SXXI), Ijiraq (SXXII), Albiorix (SXVI), and additionally Phoebe's narrowest angle brightness measured to date. We find centaur-like steepness in the phase curves or opposition surges in most cases with the notable exception of three, Albiorix and Tarvos, which are suspected to be of similar origin based on dynamical arguments, and Siarnaq.

  3. How orthodox protestant parents decide on the vaccination of their children: a qualitative study.

    PubMed

    Ruijs, Wilhelmina L M; Hautvast, Jeannine L A; van Ijzendoorn, Giovanna; van Ansem, Wilke J C; van der Velden, Koos; Hulscher, Marlies E J L

    2012-06-06

    Despite high vaccination coverage, there have recently been epidemics of vaccine preventable diseases in the Netherlands, largely confined to an orthodox protestant minority with religious objections to vaccination. The orthodox protestant minority consists of various denominations with either low, intermediate or high vaccination coverage. All orthodox protestant denominations leave the final decision to vaccinate or not up to their individual members. To gain insight into how orthodox protestant parents decide on vaccination, what arguments they use, and the consequences of their decisions, we conducted an in-depth interview study of both vaccinating and non-vaccinating orthodox protestant parents selected via purposeful sampling. The interviews were thematically coded by two analysts using the software program Atlas.ti. The initial coding results were reviewed, discussed, and refined by the analysts until consensus was reached. Emerging concepts were assessed for consistency using the constant comparative method from grounded theory. After 27 interviews, data saturation was reached. Based on characteristics of the decision-making process (tradition vs. deliberation) and outcome (vaccinate or not), 4 subgroups of parents could be distinguished: traditionally non-vaccinating parents, deliberately non-vaccinating parents, deliberately vaccinating parents, and traditionally vaccinating parents. Except for the traditionally vaccinating parents, all used predominantly religious arguments to justify their vaccination decisions. Also with the exception of the traditionally vaccinating parents, all reported facing fears that they had made the wrong decision. This fear was most tangible among the deliberately vaccinating parents who thought they might be punished immediately by God for vaccinating their children and interpreted any side effects as a sign to stop vaccinating. Policy makers and health care professionals should stimulate orthodox protestant parents to make a deliberate vaccination choice but also realize that a deliberate choice does not necessarily mean a choice to vaccinate.

  4. Gut: An underestimated target organ for Aluminum.

    PubMed

    Vignal, C; Desreumaux, P; Body-Malapel, M

    2016-06-01

    Since World War II, several factors such as an impressive industrial growth, an enhanced environmental bioavailability and intensified food consumption have contributed to a significant amplification of human exposure to aluminum. Aluminum is particularly present in food, beverages, some drugs and airbone dust. In our food, aluminum is superimposed via additives and cooking utensils. Therefore, the tolerable intake of aluminum is exceeded for a significant part of the world population, especially in children who are more vulnerable to toxic effects of pollutants than adults. Faced with this oral aluminum influx, intestinal tract is an essential barrier, especially as 38% of ingested aluminum accumulates at the intestinal mucosa. Although still poorly documented to date, the impact of oral exposure to aluminum in conditions relevant to real human exposure appears to be deleterious for gut homeostasis. Aluminum ingestion affects the regulation of the permeability, the microflora and the immune function of intestine. Nowadays, several arguments are consistent with an involvement of aluminum as an environmental risk factor for inflammatory bowel diseases. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

  5. Nutritional status and oral status of the elderly with dementia: a 2-year study.

    PubMed

    Sadamori, Shinsuke; Hayashi, Syouji; Fujihara, Isao; Abekura, Hitoshi; Hamada, Taizo; Akagawa, Yasumasa

    2012-06-01

    To determine the relationship between denture wearing and nutritional status in the elderly with dementia. There could be a correlation between nutrition, oral health, dietary habits, patients' satisfaction, and their socio-economic status in the elderly, and the relationship between compromised oral status and nutritional status in the elderly with dementia. A 2-year follow-up study of 63 elderly Japanese women with and without dentures from a nursing home was undertaken to investigate their oral, physical and mental, and nutritional status. Each item for 2006 and 2008 in this study showed no significant difference between 2006 and 2008, except the calories/day. The elderly with dementia without complete dentures during the 2 years of the study only significantly decreased the mean of the calories/day. The calories/day of the elderly with dementia without dentures decreased after 2 years. Denture wearing for the elderly with dementia could be necessary to maintain a satisfactory intake of calories. © 2011 The Gerodontology Society and John Wiley & Sons A/S.

  6. Metabolism of Skin-Absorbed Resveratrol into Its Glucuronized Form in Mouse Skin

    PubMed Central

    Pluskal, Tomáš; Ito, Ken; Hori, Kousuke; Ebe, Masahiro; Yanagida, Mitsuhiro; Kondoh, Hiroshi

    2014-01-01

    Resveratrol (RESV) is a plant polyphenol, which is thought to have beneficial metabolic effects in laboratory animals as well as in humans. Following oral administration, RESV is immediately catabolized, resulting in low bioavailability. This study compared RESV metabolites and their tissue distribution after oral uptake and skin absorption. Metabolomic analysis of various mouse tissues revealed that RESV can be absorbed and metabolized through skin. We detected sulfated and glucuronidated RESV metabolites, as well as dihydroresveratrol. These metabolites are thought to have lower pharmacological activity than RESV. Similar quantities of most RESV metabolites were observed 4 h after oral or skin administration, except that glucuronidated RESV metabolites were more abundant in skin after topical RESV application than after oral administration. This result is consistent with our finding of glucuronidated RESV metabolites in cultured skin cells. RESV applied to mouse ears significantly suppressed inflammation in the TPA inflammation model. The skin absorption route could be a complementary, potent way to achieve therapeutic effects with RESV. PMID:25506824

  7. Safety of live, attenuated oral vaccines in HIV-infected Zambian adults

    PubMed Central

    Banda, Rose; Yambayamba, Vera; Lalusha, Bwalya Daka; Sinkala, Edford; Kapulu, Melissa Chola; Kelly, Paul

    2012-01-01

    Background Current recommendations are that HIV-infected persons should not be given live vaccines. We set out to assess potential toxicity of three live, attenuated oral vaccines (against rotavirus, typhoid and ETEC) in a phase 1 study. Methods Two commercially available oral vaccines against rotavirus (Rotarix) and typhoid (Vivotif) and one candidate vaccine against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ACAM2017) were given to HIV seropositive (n = 42) and HIV seronegative (n = 59) adults. Gastrointestinal symptoms were sought actively by weekly interview up to 1 month of vaccination. In rotavirus vaccine recipients, intestinal biopsies were collected by endoscopy and evaluated for expression of IL-8 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Results No difference was observed between symptoms in HIV infected and HIV uninfected vaccinees, except for diarrhoea reported more than 7 days after the last dose of vaccine. If only diarrhoea episodes within 7 days of vaccination are included, diarrhoea was not more frequent in HIV seropositive than in HIV seronegative vaccinees (OR 6.7, 95% CI 1.2–67; P = 0.09). However, if later episodes of diarrhoea are included, a significant increase in diarrhoea was demonstrated (OR 5.3, 95% CI 0.98–53; P = 0.04). All episodes were mild and transient. IL-8 was slowly up-regulated over the week following vaccination (P = 0.02), but IL-β, IFNγ or TNFα were not. Conclusions No evidence was found of adverse events following administration of these three vaccines, except for late episodes of diarrhoea which may not be attributable to vaccination. Our data do not support the need for a prohibition on oral administration of live, attenuated vaccines to all HIV infected adults, though further work on severely immunocompromised adults and children are required. PMID:22789509

  8. Restricting Access to ART on the Basis of Criminal Record : An Ethical Analysis of a State-Enforced "Presumption Against Treatment" With Regard to Assisted Reproductive Technologies.

    PubMed

    Thompson, Kara; McDougall, Rosalind

    2015-09-01

    As assisted reproductive technologies (ART) become increasingly popular, debate has intensified over the ethical justification for restricting access to ART based on various medical and non-medical factors. In 2010, the Australian state of Victoria enacted world-first legislation that denies access to ART for all patients with certain criminal or child protection histories. Patients and their partners are identified via a compulsory police and child protection check prior to commencing ART and, if found to have a previous relevant conviction or child protection order, are given a "presumption against treatment." This article reviews the legislation and identifies arguments that may be used to justify restricting access to ART for various reasons. The arguments reviewed include limitations of reproductive rights, inheriting undesirable genetic traits, distributive justice, and the welfare of the future child. We show that none of these arguments justifies restricting access to ART in the context of past criminal history. We show that a "presumption against treatment" is an unjustified infringement on reproductive freedom and that it creates various inconsistencies in current social, medical, and legal policy. We argue that a state-enforced policy of restricting access to ART based on the non-medical factor of past criminal history is an example of unjust discrimination and cannot be ethically justified, with one important exception: in cases where ART treatment may be considered futile on the basis that the parents are not expected to raise the resulting child.

  9. "Genetic exceptionalism" in medicine: clarifying the differences between genetic and nongenetic tests.

    PubMed

    Green, Michael J; Botkin, Jeffrey R

    2003-04-01

    Predictive genetic tests are now available for assessing susceptibility to a variety of conditions, including breast and colon cancer, hemochromatosis, and Alzheimer and Huntington disease. Much controversy surrounds the application of these tests, stemming from their similarities to and differences from other tests commonly used in asymptomatic persons. Some have argued that genetic tests are unique and therefore justify special consideration with regard to informed consent and privacy. This paper examines the arguments for such "genetic exceptionalism" and concludes that no clear, significant distinctions between genetic and nongenetic tests justify a different approach to testing by clinicians. Nevertheless, with many genetic tests, the results may cause stigmatization, family discord, and psychological distress. Regardless of whether a test is genetic, when this combination of characteristics is present and when health care providers are not specifically trained to interpret results, testing should be performed with particular caution and the highest standards of informed consent and privacy protection should be applied.

  10. Oral manifestations of paracoccidioidomycosis. Report of 21 cases from Argentina.

    PubMed

    Godoy, H; Reichart, P A

    2003-01-01

    The present study describes 21 Argentinian patients living in the province of Corrientes, who had developed oral manifestations due to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection. Of these, 20 patients were men and one a woman. Patients were of an average age of 39 years (range 25 to 72 years). Approximately, 76.2% of the patients were farmers. Gingival lesions were observed in 76%. Also, the tongue (71%) and the lips (62%) were frequently affected. Cytological smears and histopathology showed the characteristic fungal cells with the characteristic granulomatous inflammatory reaction consisting of lymphocytes, epithelioid cells and giant cells of the Langhans type. All patients except one had detectable pulmonary involvement. Therapy consists of long-term administration of itraconazole. Oral manifestations of paracoccidioidomycosis are characteristic in their clinical presentation. Early diagnosis and adequate therapy may prevent extensive tissue destructions. Long-term follow-up is mandatory.

  11. SI units.

    PubMed

    Lehmann, H P

    1979-01-01

    The development of the International System of Units (Systeme International d'Unites--SE Units), based on seven fundamental quantities--length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, luminous intensity, and amount of substance is described. Units (coherent and noncoherent) for other measurable quantities that are derived from the seven basic quantities are reviewed. The rationale for the use of SE units in medicine, primarily as applied to clinical laboratory data, is discussed, and arguments are presented for the rigid adoption of SI units in medicine and for exceptions. Tables are given for the basic and derived SI units used in medicine and for conversion factors from the quantities and units in current use to those in SI units.

  12. [A case of multiple intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunts associated with multiple hemangioma-like lesions of the liver].

    PubMed

    Matsumoto, R; Izutsu, M; Kobayashi, S; Kusano, S

    1990-09-01

    Intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunts (IPVS) are rare, except for the minute ones observed in cirrhotic liver. This report concerns a case with frequent episodes of consciousness loss, diagnosed as IPVS and multiple hemangioma-like lesions of the liver by US, CT and angiography. To our knowledge, this is the first report of association of IPVS and such angiographically evident hemangioma-like lesions of the liver. The etiology of IPVS is mostly considered to be congenital though, there are still many arguments about it. The relation between IPVS and the hemangioma-like lesions of the liver is discussed.

  13. Urban middle-school students' attitudes toward a defined science

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zacharia, Zacharias; Calabrese Barton, Angela

    2004-03-01

    Recent studies have shown that urban students and students of color have exceptionally negative attitudes toward school science and their futures in that field as compared with white students and nonurban students. In this paper we summarize research findings on students' attitudes toward science. We note that most of the studies of students' attitudes toward science that have been conducted so far have measured students' attitudes against the backdrop of a generalized science. Thus, we develop a detailed argument for why science needs to be more clearly defined in attitude instruments. We report on our development of this instrument as well as our initial findings.

  14. Antimicrobial properties of Cocos nucifera (coconut) husk: An extrapolation to oral health.

    PubMed

    Jose, Maji; Cyriac, Maria B; Pai, Vidya; Varghese, Ipe; Shantaram, Manjula

    2014-07-01

    Brushing the teeth with fibrous husk of Cocos nucifera (coconut) is a common oral hygiene practice among people of rural areas of South India. However, the probable antimicrobial properties of this plant material against common oral pathogens have not been proved scientifically. Therefore, the present study was designed. Alcoholic extract of the husk of Cocos nucifera was prepared and the antimicrobial properties against common oral pathogens like cariogenic bacteria, periodontal pathogens, and candidal organisms were performed by the Agar Well Diffusion Method. The results obtained were then subjected to statistical analysis using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD). The alcoholic extract of Cocos nucifera showed a significant concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity, expressed as a zone of inhibition with respect to all tested organisms except Actinomyces species. The inhibitory effect was more significant, with a majority of cariogenic organisms and Candida, with a zone of inhibition ranging from 4.6 mm to 16.3 mm. However, the effect was lesser with Cocos nucifera compared to chlorhexidine. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 50 mg/ml to 75 mg/ml. Cocos nucifera has a significant inhibitory action against common oral pathogens, indicating the presence of highly effective antimicrobial compounds. Therefore, it is proved that its use can contribute to oral health to a great extent. Identification of these active compounds provides the scope for incorporating it into a modern oral care system, so as to control oral diseases.

  15. Changes in oral trace gas concentrations following orthognathic surgery and intermaxillary fixation: a case study using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry

    PubMed Central

    Ross, Brian M

    2011-01-01

    Orthognathic surgery is frequently accompanied by intermaxillary fixation. Intermaxillary fixation impedes the maintenance of effective oral hygiene and prolonged fixation can result in periodontal disease. A potential shorter term effect is the generation of oral malodour. It is unclear, however, as to how the production of malodorous compounds in the oral cavity is altered post-surgery. Oral air concentration of sulphur containing compounds, short chain organic acids, ammonia, isoprene and acetone were measured using selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry in a patient who had undergone orthognathic surgery with subsequent intermaxillary fixation. Total sulphide levels rose approximately 5-fold during fixation with metal ties, with smaller increases recorded for the other compounds measured with the exception of isoprene which remained close to baseline levels. Organic acid levels declined markedly once elastic ties had replaced metal ties, with a lesser reduction being observed in sulphide levels, with both declining further after the commencement of a chlorhexidine-containing mouthwash. These data suggest that bacterial generation of a variety of malodorous compounds increases markedly following intermaxillary fixation. This single case also suggests that the use of elastic ties and effective oral hygiene techniques, including the use of chlorhexidine mouthwash, may help ameliorate such post-surgical effects. PMID:21789965

  16. Evaluation of Microvascularity by CD34 Expression in Esophagus and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

    PubMed

    Shahsavari, Fatemeh; Farhadi, Sareh; Sadri, Donia; Sedehi, Marzieh

    2015-06-01

    The present study was scheduled to evaluate microvascularity by CD34 expression in esophagus and oral squamous cell carcinoma. This study was scheduled using 40 paraffin blocked samples including 20 of oral SCC and 20 of esophagus ones and Immunohistochemical staining was conducted using CD34 monoclonal antibody. Exact fisher test was used to evaluate frequency of expression between two studied groups. There was significant correlation between age and tumor size with CD34 expression in oral SCC samples (p < 0.05) and no significant correlation between sex and tumor differentiation level (grading) (p > 0.05). Also, there was no significant correlation between age, sex, tumor size and tumor differentiation level (grading) with CD34 expression in esophagus SCC samples (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference of CD34 expression frequency in oral and esophagus SCC (p = 0/583). Finally, CD34 expression was reported 'high' for major cases of esophagus and oral SCCs. It seems, other angiogenetic or nonangiogenetic factors except CD34 may play more important role and explain the different clinical behavior of SCC at recent different locations. Other factors would be considered along with CD34 expression to interpret different clinical behavior of SCC at recent different locations.

  17. Role of the rat in the transmission of porcine parvovirus.

    PubMed

    Cutler, R; Molitor, T W; Sauber, T E; Leman, A D

    1982-03-01

    Rats experimentally inoculated with porcine parvovirus (PPV) shed virus in excreta from 3 to 21 days. Rats inoculated subcutaneously with PPV responded serologically with hemagglutination-inhibition titers (512-1,024). The PPV antigen was readily detected in lung and spleen 2 and 3 days after rats were inoculated and in liver and intestine, 4 days. The rats remained clinically healthy. Rats given PPV orally or in drinking water either with PPV-infected cell culture fluid or swine fetal homogenate failed to respond serologically to PPV, the exception being 2 of 4 rats exposed to swine fetal homogenate over a 5-day span. Pigs exposed to PPV-contaminated rat excreta, either by direct oral dosing or by contaminating the feed, failed to seroconvert. Pigs given (IM) PPV which had been isolated on cell culture from rat excreta did seroconvert. Results of these experiments indicated that rats became infected with PPV, but did so after systemic challenge exposure or prolonged oral exposure to highly infective swine fetal homogenate. Insufficient virus was shed by rats to cause susceptible pigs to seroconvert upon oral feeding--thus indicating that a minimal dose is necessary to ensure oral challenge. In a preliminary experiment, seronegative pigs given different doses of PPV orally showed a gradient level of serologic response and different rates of shedding.

  18. 5 CFR 185.134 - Witnesses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Witnesses. 185.134 Section 185.134 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES § 185.134 Witnesses. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, testimony at the hearing shall be given orally by witnesses under...

  19. Determination of Minimum Suction Level Necessary for Field Dental Units

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-04-01

    education. All were general den- tists except for one oral surgeon and one orofacial pain spe- cialist, and seven of the nine had been deployed during...REFERENCES 1, Zadik Y, Levin L: Orofacial injuries and mouth guard use in elite com- mando fighters. Mil Med 2008; 173: 1185-7, 2, Deutsch WM, Simecek

  20. Identification of botulinum neurotoxin serotype a inhibitors using in vitro cell and oral models of intoxication

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Introduction and Objective: Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are some of the most poisonous natural toxins known to man and are threats to public health and safety. There are no treatment options available for treatment except for antitoxin antibody treatment after disease diagnosis and long-term suppo...

  1. 20 CFR 655.806 - Who may file a complaint and how is it processed?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... complaint is required, except that the complaint shall be written or, if oral, shall be reduced to writing by the Wage and Hour Division official who receives the complaint. (2) The complaint shall set forth... and Hour Division official. If the Administrator determines that the complaint fails to present...

  2. 40 CFR 305.23 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Motions. 305.23 Section 305.23... Motions. (a) General. All motions, except those made orally on the record during a hearing, shall: be in... motions shall be served as provided by § 305.5(b)(2)(i). (b) Response to motions. A party's response to...

  3. Assessing the oral microbiota of healthy and alcohol-treated rats using whole-genome DNA probes from human bacteria.

    PubMed

    Jabbour, Zaher; do Nascimento, Cássio; Kotake, Bruna Gabriela Dos Santos; El-Hakim, Michel; Henderson, Janet E; de Albuquerque Junior, Rubens Ferreira

    2013-03-01

    This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of whole-genome DNA probes prepared from human oral bacteria to cross-react with bacteria from the oral cavity of rats, and to assess the influence of alcohol ingestion on the animals' oral biofilm. Twenty four mature Wistar rats were equally divided in two groups. One group (control) was fed balanced diet of rat pellets and water. The alcohol-treated group (AT) received the same diet and 20% ethanol solution. Upon euthanasia after 30 days, bacterial samples from the oral biofilm covering the animals' teeth were collected using microbrushes. Bacteria identification and quantification were performed using the DNA checkerboard hybridization method with 33 probes prepared from human oral bacteria. Signals corresponding to bacterial genome counts and percentages were compared using a Mann-Whitney U test with a significance level <0.05. Cross-reaction for all targeted species, except Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus mitis-like species, occurred in the control group. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Porphyromonas endodontalis, and Veillonella parvula-like species only produced detectable signals in the AT group. Significantly more signals were detected in the control group compared to the AT group (p=0.001). The percentage of E. coli-like species was highest in both groups. Whole-genome DNA probes prepared from human oral bacteria can cross-react with rats' oral bacterial species. Alcohol consumption is associated with lower levels and diversity of bacterial species in the oral cavity of rats. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. Typhoid outbreak in Kingston, Ont: experience with high-dose oral ampicillin.

    PubMed Central

    Hardy, G.; Padfield, C. J.; Chadwick, P.; Partington, M. W.

    1977-01-01

    Twenty-four children contracted typhoid fever at a summer camp near Kingston, Ont. Six were treated with chloramphenicol alone and 15 with high doses of ampicillin (300 mg/kg-d) by mouth. Ampicillin in this dosage was well tolerated except in three children in whom severe urticarial rashes developed and two who had significant diarrhea. However, high-dose oral ampicillin therapy had no advantage over that with lower doses or over chloramphenicol as judged by the rate of defervescence after the start of treatment, the rate of clinical relapse and the frequency of excretion of Salmonella typhi during convalescence. PMID:849559

  5. Absorption sites of orally administered drugs in the small intestine.

    PubMed

    Murakami, Teruo

    2017-12-01

    In pharmacotherapy, drugs are mostly taken orally to be absorbed systemically from the small intestine, and some drugs are known to have preferential absorption sites in the small intestine. It would therefore be valuable to know the absorption sites of orally administered drugs and the influencing factors. Areas covered:In this review, the author summarizes the reported absorption sites of orally administered drugs, as well as, influencing factors and experimental techniques. Information on the main absorption sites and influencing factors can help to develop ideal drug delivery systems and more effective pharmacotherapies. Expert opinion: Various factors including: the solubility, lipophilicity, luminal concentration, pKa value, transporter substrate specificity, transporter expression, luminal fluid pH, gastrointestinal transit time, and intestinal metabolism determine the site-dependent intestinal absorption. However, most of the dissolved fraction of orally administered drugs including substrates for ABC and SLC transporters, except for some weakly basic drugs with higher pKa values, are considered to be absorbed sequentially from the proximal small intestine. Securing the solubility and stability of drugs prior to reaching to the main absorption sites and appropriate delivery rates of drugs at absorption sites are important goals for achieving effective pharmacotherapy.

  6. Sex hormone-binding globulin and antithrombin III activity in women with oral ultra-low-dose estradiol.

    PubMed

    Matsui, Sumika; Yasui, Toshiyuki; Kasai, Kana; Keyama, Kaoru; Yoshida, Kanako; Kato, Takeshi; Uemura, Hirokazu; Kuwahara, Akira; Matsuzaki, Toshiya; Irahara, Minoru

    2017-07-01

    Oral oestrogen increases the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and increases production of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in a dose-dependent manner. SHBG has been suggested to be involved in venous thromboembolism. We examined the effects of oral ultra-low-dose oestradiol on circulating levels of SHBG and coagulation parameters, and we compared the effects to those of transdermal oestradiol. Twenty women received oral oestradiol (500 μg) every day (oral ultra-low-dose group) and 20 women received a transdermal patch (50 μg) as a transdermal group. In addition, the women received dydrogesterone continuously (5 mg) except for women who underwent hysterectomy. Circulating SHBG, antithrombin III (ATIII) activity, d-dimer, thrombin-antithrombin complex and plasmin-α2 plasmin inhibitor complex were measured before and 3 months after the start of treatment. SHBG was significantly increased at 3 months in the oral ultra-low-dose group, but not in the transdermal group. However, percent changes in SHBG were not significantly different between the two groups. In both groups, ATIII was significantly decreased at 3 months. In conclusion, even ultra-low-dose oestradiol orally increases circulating SHBG level. However, the magnitude of change in SHBG caused by oral ultra-low-dose oestradiol is small and is comparable to that caused by transdermal oestradiol. Impact statement Oral oestrogen replacement therapy increases production of SHBG which may be related to increase in VTE risk. However, the effect of oral ultra-low-dose oestradiol on SHBG has not been clarified. Even ultra-low-dose oestradiol orally increases circulating SHBG levels, but the magnitude of change in SHBG caused by oral ultra-low-dose oestradiol is small and is comparable to that caused by transdermal oestradiol. VTE risk in women receiving oral ultra-low-dose oestradiol may be comparable to that in women receiving transdermal oestradiol.

  7. Treatment of Human Scabies with Oral Ivermectin. Eczematous Eruptions as a New Non-Reported Adverse Event.

    PubMed

    Sanz-Navarro, J; Feal, C; Dauden, E

    2017-09-01

    Oral ivermectin is an alternative therapy for human scabies infection due to its ease of administration and good safety profile. However, there is no definitive consensus on the optimal dosing regimen. To describe the treatment of human scabies with different dosages of oral ivermectin and the possible adverse events. 23 patients with human scabies were treated with oral ivermectin: 10 patients received a single oral dose of 200μg/kg and 13 a dose of 400μg/kg. A second, or even a third dose, was administered in cases of treatment failure. A complete clinical response was achieved by all of the patients. The first ten patients required at least two (80%) or three (20%) doses of ivermectin for complete resolution of the infection. The remaining cases resolved with a single 400μg/kg oral dose. Within the first 72h after the administration of oral ivermectin, new cutaneous lesions were observed in eleven patients (47.8%). Cutaneous biopsies showed signs of subacute eczema. The eruption was treated with topical corticosteroids and emollient therapy. There was no other new drug administration or a history of irritants. There was no history of atopic diathesis except for one patient. Oral ivermectin is an effective therapy for the treatment of human scabies. A single 400μg/kg oral dose demonstrated high efficacy and good tolerance. However, the appearance of eczematous cutaneous lesions induced by oral ivermectin has not previously been reported in the literature. Dermatologists should be aware of this possible adverse event. Copyright © 2017 AEDV. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

  8. Impact of Oral Health Education on Oral Health Knowledge of Private School Children in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia

    PubMed Central

    Al Saffan, Abdulrahman Dahham; Baseer, Mohammad Abdul; Alshammary, Abdul Aziz; Assery, Mansour; Kamel, Ashraf; Rahman, Ghousia

    2017-01-01

    Aims and Objectives: To assess the early effect of oral health education on oral health knowledge of primary and intermediate school students of private schools by utilizing pre/post questionnaires data from oral health educational projects in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Second, to examine topic-specific knowledge differences between genders, nationalities, and educational levels of the students. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional oral health educational data of private school students (n = 1279) in primary and intermediate levels were extracted from the King Salman Centre for Children's Health (KSCCH) projects undertaken by Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy. Student's pre- and post-test data were analyzed for changes in oral health knowledge. Overall knowledge score and topic-specific knowledge scores were calculated and the differences between gender, nationality, and educational level were examined using Mann–Whitney U-test. Pre/post change in the oral health knowledge was evaluated by Wilcoxon's sign rank test. Results: Immediately, after oral health educational session high knowledge score category showed an increase of 25.6%, medium and low knowledge score categories showed −3.2% and −22.3% decrease, and this change was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Comparison of correct responses between pre- and post-test showed statistically significant (P < 0.05) increase in all the questions except for the timing of tooth brushing. Females, non-Saudi nationals and students in primary level of education showed significantly high mean knowledge (P < 0.001) at posttest assessment. Conclusion: Primary and intermediate private school student's overall, and topic-specific oral health knowledge improved immediately after educational intervention provided by KSCCH. High knowledge gain was observed among female non-Saudi primary school students. PMID:29285475

  9. Validity of patient-reported swallowing and speech outcomes in relation to objectively measured oral function among patients treated for oral or oropharyngeal cancer.

    PubMed

    Rinkel, R N P M; Verdonck-de Leeuw, I M; de Bree, R; Aaronson, N K; Leemans, C R

    2015-04-01

    The objective of this study was to test the construct validity of the patient-reported outcomes Swallowing Quality of Life Questionnaire (SWAL-QOL) and Speech Handicap Index (SHI) in relation to objectively measured oral function among patients treated for oral or oropharyngeal cancer. The study sample consisted of patients treated for oral or oropharyngeal cancer. Outcome measures were the SWAL-QOL and the SHI, and the Functional Rehabilitation Outcomes Grade (FROG), a test to measure oral and shoulder function. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to test associations between the SHI and SWAL-QOL scales, and the FROG scales. During a study period of 3 months, 38 patients (21 males, 17 females; mean age 54 years) were included who visited the outpatient clinic for follow-up care 6-155 months after surgical treatment (n = 14) or combined surgery and radiotherapy (n = 24) for oral (n = 21) or oropharyngeal cancer (n = 17). Most SWAL-QOL and SHI scales (except the SWAL-QOL Fatigue scale) correlated significantly with one or more FROG oral function scales. None of the SWAL-QOL and SHI scales correlated significantly with the FROG shoulder function scale. These results support the construct validity of the SWAL-QOL and SHI questionnaires for assessing speech and swallowing problems in daily life that are moderately but significantly related to oral function. A multidimensional assessment protocol is recommended for use in clinical practice and for research purposes for measuring oral function and swallowing- and speech-related problems in daily life among head and neck cancer patients.

  10. Individual and contextual factors associated to the self-perception of oral health in Brazilian adults.

    PubMed

    Silva, Janmille Valdivino da; Oliveira, Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli da Costa

    2018-04-09

    To analyze how individual characteristics and the social context, together, are associated with self-perception of the oral health. A multilevel cross-sectional study with data from the Brazilian National Health Survey 2013, the United Nations Development Program, and the National Registry of Health Establishments. The explanatory variables for the "oral health perception" outcome were grouped, according to the study framework, into biological characteristics (sex, color, age), proximal social determinants (literacy, household crowding, and socioeconomic stratification), and distal (years of schooling expectancy at age 18, GINI, Human Development Index, and per capita income). The described analysis was performed, along with bivariate Poisson analysis and multilevel Poisson analysis for the construction of the explanatory model of oral health perception. All analyzes considered the sample weights. Both the biological characteristics and the proximal and distal social determinants were associated with the perception of oral health in the bivariate analysis. A higher prevalence of bad oral health was associated to lower years of schooling expectancy (PR = 1.31), lower per capita income (PR = 1.45), higher income concentration (PR = 1.41), and worse human development (PR = 1.45). Inversely, oral health services in both primary and secondary care were negatively associated with oral health perception. All the biological and individual social characteristics, except reading and writing, made up the final explanatory model along with the distal social determinants of the Human Development Index and coverage of basic care in the multilevel analysis. Biological factors, individual and contextual social determinants were associate synergistically with the population's perception of oral health. It is necessary to improve individual living conditions and the implementation of public social policies to improve the oral health of the population.

  11. Hypnotics in insomnia: the experience of zolpidem.

    PubMed

    MacFarlane, James; Morin, Charles M; Montplaisir, Jacques

    2014-11-01

    One of the most commonly prescribed medications to treat insomnia is zolpidem, a nonbenzodiazepine compound that is available as an immediate-release oral tablet formulation, an extended-release oral formulation, an oral spray formulation, and as sublingual formulations. The purpose of this review was to summarize the data currently available on the efficacy and safety of zolpidem in the treatment of insomnia among adults. Published studies on the use of zolpidem in the treatment of insomnia were identified by using combinations of relevant search terms in PubMed and Google Scholar. Studies were included if they were placebo- or active comparator-controlled studies, with the exception of trials on the long-term use of zolpidem. Studies were limited to those conducted in adults. Studies were not included if the patient population was small, if the study was not designed or powered to assess the efficacy or safety of zolpidem, if insomniac patients had a medical condition in addition to insomnia (with the exception of comorbid depression or anxiety for studies on comorbid insomnia), or if zolpidem was given concomitantly with any other therapy (with the exception of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for studies on comorbid insomnia). Twenty-five studies designed to evaluate the efficacy of zolpidem in insomnia and 51 studies reporting the safety of zolpidem in insomnia were included in this review. The studies discussed in this review report the efficacy and safety of zolpidem in both young adults and the elderly. It can be used for either bedtime or middle-of-the-night administration, over the short or long term, with minimal risk of withdrawal or abuse. The use of zolpidem is associated with rebound insomnia, complex sleep-related behaviors, and next-day residual effects (after middle-of-the-night dosing) on driving ability, memory, and psychomotor performance. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier HS Journals, Inc. All rights reserved.

  12. Exceptional quantum geometry and particle physics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dubois-Violette, Michel

    2016-11-01

    Based on an interpretation of the quark-lepton symmetry in terms of the unimodularity of the color group SU (3) and on the existence of 3 generations, we develop an argumentation suggesting that the "finite quantum space" corresponding to the exceptional real Jordan algebra of dimension 27 (the Euclidean Albert algebra) is relevant for the description of internal spaces in the theory of particles. In particular, the triality which corresponds to the 3 off-diagonal octonionic elements of the exceptional algebra is associated to the 3 generations of the Standard Model while the representation of the octonions as a complex 4-dimensional space C ⊕C3 is associated to the quark-lepton symmetry (one complex for the lepton and 3 for the corresponding quark). More generally it is suggested that the replacement of the algebra of real functions on spacetime by the algebra of functions on spacetime with values in a finite-dimensional Euclidean Jordan algebra which plays the role of "the algebra of real functions" on the corresponding almost classical quantum spacetime is relevant in particle physics. This leads us to study the theory of Jordan modules and to develop the differential calculus over Jordan algebras (i.e. to introduce the appropriate notion of differential forms). We formulate the corresponding definition of connections on Jordan modules.

  13. Ulcerative proctitis: a review of pharmacotherapy and management.

    PubMed

    Lakatos, Peter Laszlo; Lakatos, Laszlo

    2008-04-01

    Ulcerative proctitis (UP) is a common presentation of ulcerative colitis (UC). To summarize available literature on up-to-date management and pharmacotherapy of UP patients. Extensive Medline/Embase literature search was performed to identify relevant articles. Topical medication with rectally administered 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA)/corticosteroid suppositories or enemas is effective treatment for most UP patients. Locally administered 5-ASA is more efficacious than oral compounds. The combination of topical 5-ASA and oral 5-ASA or topical steroids should be considered for escalation of treatment. Maintenance treatment is indicated in all UC cases. 5-ASA suppositories are suggested as first-line maintenance therapy if accepted by patients, although oral 5-ASA as maintenance therapy might prevent proximal extension of the disease. After re-assessment, chronically active patients refractory or intolerant to 5-ASAs and corticosteroids may require immunomodulators or biological therapy. Exceptional cases may require a proctocolectomy.

  14. Pharmacokinetics of aniracetam and its metabolites in rats.

    PubMed

    Ogiso, T; Iwaki, M; Tanino, T; Ikeda, K; Paku, T; Horibe, Y; Suzuki, H

    1998-05-01

    The pharmacokinetics of aniracetam (AP), a new cognitive performance enhancer, and its main metabolites was investigated after intravenous (iv) and oral administrations to rat. The plasma levels of AP, 4-p-anisamidobutyric acid (ABA), and p-anisic acid (AA) were determined simultaneously by the HPLC method. The plasma concentrations of the parent drug and ABA quickly declined in a biexponential manner, with rapid terminal decay and a small mean residence time. However, AA yielded nonlinearly high levels at the initial times and the plasma concentrations of 2-pyrrolidinone (PD) were sustained over a relatively long time. When AA was administered intravenously, nonlinearity of the plasma concentrations was also found at higher doses. To describe the time course of the plasma levels of AP and its metabolites after iv administration, a pharmacokinetic model with seven compartments was applied, which included 10 first-order rate constants and one Michaelis-Menten constant. An approximate fit was obtained between the observed and calculated curves based on the model, except for the plasma concentrations of ABA. The plasma concentration-time profiles of AP and its metabolites following oral administration of AP (50 and 100 mg/kg) were similar to those after iv dosing, with the exception of PD, which showed much lower plasma levels than those after iv administration. Elimination of AP and ABA was rapid after oral dosing, and the bioavailability of AP was extremely small (11.4 and 8.6%). As a result, AP was largely metabolized to ABA, AA, and PD in rat.

  15. Comparison of paragraph comprehension test scores with reading versus listening-reading and multiple-choice versus nominal recall administration techniques: justification for the bypass approach.

    PubMed

    Weinberg, W A; McLean, A; Snider, R L; Rintelmann, J W; Brumback, R A

    1989-12-01

    Eight groups of learning disabled children (N = 100), categorized by the clinical Lexical Paradigm as good readers or poor readers, were individually administered the Gilmore Oral Reading Test, Form D, by one of four input/retrieval methods: (1) the standardized method of administration in which the child reads each paragraph aloud and then answers five questions relating to the paragraph [read/recall method]; (2) the child reads each paragraph aloud and then for each question selects the correct answer from among three choices read by the examiner [read/choice method]; (3) the examiner reads each paragraph aloud and reads each of the five questions to the child to answer [listen/recall method]; and (4) the examiner reads each paragraph aloud and then for each question reads three multiple-choice answers from which the child selects the correct answer [listen/choice method]. The major difference in scores was between the groups tested by the recall versus the orally read multiple-choice methods. This study indicated that poor readers who listened to the material and were tested by orally read multiple-choice format could perform as well as good readers. The performance of good readers was not affected by listening or by the method of testing. The multiple-choice testing improved the performance of poor readers independent of the input method. This supports the arguments made previously that a "bypass approach" to education of poor readers in which testing is accomplished using an orally read multiple-choice format can enhance the child's school performance on reading-related tasks. Using a listening while reading input method may further enhance performance.

  16. Argumentation in elementary science education: addressing methodological issues and conceptual understanding

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kaya, Ebru

    2017-11-01

    In this review essay I respond to issues raised in Mijung Kim and Wolff-Michael Roth's paper titled "Dialogical argumentation in elementary science classrooms", which presents a study dealing with dialogical argumentation in early elementary school classrooms. Since there is very limited research on lower primary school students' argumentation in school science, their paper makes a contribution to research on children's argumentation skills. In this response, I focus on two main issues to extend the discussion in Kim and Roth's paper: (a) methodological issues including conducting a quantitative study on children's argumentation levels and focusing on children's written argumentation in addition to their dialogical argumentation, and (b) investigating children's conceptual understanding along with their argumentation levels. Kim and Roth emphasize the difficulty in determining the level of children's argumentation through the Toulmin's Argument Pattern and lack of high level arguments by children due to their difficulties in writing texts. Regarding these methodological issues, I suggest designing quantitative research on coding children's argument levels because such research could potentially provide important findings on children's argumentation. Furthermore, I discuss alternative written products including posters, figures, or pictures generated by children in order to trace children's arguments, and finally articulating argumentation and conceptual understanding of children.

  17. 34 CFR 81.11 - Motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...) Except for a request for an extension of time, a motion must be made in writing unless the parties appear... oral motion to writing. (c) If a party files a motion, the party shall serve a copy of the motion on the other party on the filing date by hand-delivery or by mail. If agreed upon by the parties, service...

  18. Effects of Study Strategies on Outcome in Recall and Classification Tests.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bruning, Iva Linnell

    Sixty high school juniors and seniors participated in an experiment testing the effects of learning strategies on performance. The experiment was run in two identical sessions except for the type of test administered. Information on classifying six types of sailboats was presented through slides and an oral explanation. Subjects were then given a…

  19. 21 CFR 500.55 - Exemption from certain drug-labeling requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... the stated maximum per dosage unit: Atropine sulfate. As an injectable for cattle, goats, horses, pigs..., pigs, and sheep (except as provided in § 500.65). Morphine sulfate. As an injectable for dogs, not in... cats, dogs, cattle, goats, horses, pigs, and sheep. Thyroid. For oral use in dogs, not in excess of 60...

  20. 21 CFR 500.55 - Exemption from certain drug-labeling requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... the stated maximum per dosage unit: Atropine sulfate. As an injectable for cattle, goats, horses, pigs..., pigs, and sheep (except as provided in § 500.65). Morphine sulfate. As an injectable for dogs, not in... cats, dogs, cattle, goats, horses, pigs, and sheep. Thyroid. For oral use in dogs, not in excess of 60...

  1. 21 CFR 500.55 - Exemption from certain drug-labeling requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... the stated maximum per dosage unit: Atropine sulfate. As an injectable for cattle, goats, horses, pigs..., pigs, and sheep (except as provided in § 500.65). Morphine sulfate. As an injectable for dogs, not in... cats, dogs, cattle, goats, horses, pigs, and sheep. Thyroid. For oral use in dogs, not in excess of 60...

  2. 21 CFR 500.55 - Exemption from certain drug-labeling requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... the stated maximum per dosage unit: Atropine sulfate. As an injectable for cattle, goats, horses, pigs..., pigs, and sheep (except as provided in § 500.65). Morphine sulfate. As an injectable for dogs, not in... cats, dogs, cattle, goats, horses, pigs, and sheep. Thyroid. For oral use in dogs, not in excess of 60...

  3. 21 CFR 500.55 - Exemption from certain drug-labeling requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... the stated maximum per dosage unit: Atropine sulfate. As an injectable for cattle, goats, horses, pigs..., pigs, and sheep (except as provided in § 500.65). Morphine sulfate. As an injectable for dogs, not in... cats, dogs, cattle, goats, horses, pigs, and sheep. Thyroid. For oral use in dogs, not in excess of 60...

  4. Antimicrobial properties of Cocos nucifera (coconut) husk: An extrapolation to oral health

    PubMed Central

    Jose, Maji; Cyriac, Maria B; Pai, Vidya; Varghese, Ipe; Shantaram, Manjula

    2014-01-01

    Background and Objectives: Brushing the teeth with fibrous husk of Cocos nucifera (coconut) is a common oral hygiene practice among people of rural areas of South India. However, the probable antimicrobial properties of this plant material against common oral pathogens have not been proved scientifically. Therefore, the present study was designed. Materials and Methods: Alcoholic extract of the husk of Cocos nucifera was prepared and the antimicrobial properties against common oral pathogens like cariogenic bacteria, periodontal pathogens, and candidal organisms were performed by the Agar Well Diffusion Method. The results obtained were then subjected to statistical analysis using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD). Results: The alcoholic extract of Cocos nucifera showed a significant concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity, expressed as a zone of inhibition with respect to all tested organisms except Actinomyces species. The inhibitory effect was more significant, with a majority of cariogenic organisms and Candida, with a zone of inhibition ranging from 4.6 mm to 16.3 mm. However, the effect was lesser with Cocos nucifera compared to chlorhexidine. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 50 mg/ml to 75 mg/ml. Conclusion: Cocos nucifera has a significant inhibitory action against common oral pathogens, indicating the presence of highly effective antimicrobial compounds. Therefore, it is proved that its use can contribute to oral health to a great extent. Identification of these active compounds provides the scope for incorporating it into a modern oral care system, so as to control oral diseases. PMID:25097415

  5. Foundations of Academic Freedom: Making New Sense of Some Aging Arguments

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Andreescu, Liviu

    2009-01-01

    The article distinguishes between the various arguments traditionally offered as justifications for the principle of academic freedom. Four main arguments are identified, three consequentialist in nature (the argument from truth, the democratic argument, the argument from autonomy), and one nonconsequentialist (a variant of the autonomy argument).…

  6. Argumentation Theory. [A Selected Annotated Bibliography].

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Benoit, William L.

    Materials dealing with aspects of argumentation theory are cited in this annotated bibliography. The 50 citations are organized by topic as follows: (1) argumentation; (2) the nature of argument; (3) traditional perspectives on argument; (4) argument diagrams; (5) Chaim Perelman's theory of rhetoric; (6) the evaluation of argument; (7) argument…

  7. Association of Candida sp. with the Degrees of Dysplasia and Oral Cancer: A Study by Calcofluor White under Fluorescent Microscopy.

    PubMed

    Tamgadge, Sandhya; Tamgadge, Avinash; Pillai, Aswathy; Chande, Mayura; Acharya, Siddharth; Kamat, Narayan

    2017-01-01

    Candida albicans ( C. albicans ) play a significant role in oral mucosal carcinogenesis. It can be identified using various techniques in cytological smears. But, very few studies have been conducted on histopathological sections using calcofluor white M2R under fluorescent microscopy. Additionally, detection and quantification of Candida colonies and its correlation with various grades of oral leukoplakia and oral carcinomas have not been explored much. The current retrospective study included 80 samples from archives consisting of 60 samples in the study group (10 cases each of mild, moderate, and severe epithelial dysplasia (totally 30) and 30 cases of oral carcinoma). Sections were stained with calcofluor white (CFW) and 10% KOH for the observation under fluorescent microscopy and correlated with different grades of oral leukoplakia and oral carcinomas. Chi-square test was used in SSPS software to study the presence and absence of Candida sp. in different groups. The study groups of oral carcinoma and dysplasia showed a significant association with Candida sp. (P=0). When carcinoma was compared with each grade of dysplasia, except mild dysplasia (P=4.4E-05), both moderate (P=0.402195) and severe dysplasia (P=0.558746) showed an insignificant P-value. When the groups of mild (13.3%), moderate (30%), and severe (33.3%) dysplasia were considered independently, the incidence of Candida sp. increased as the grade of dysplasia increased. The number of colonies have been counted and the maximum number of colonies have been observed in carcinoma and the least have been observed in mild dysplasia. A significant association of Candida colonies with epithelial dysplasia and oral cancer was established. Further, CFW was found a promising candidate to identify Candida colonies in tissue sections using fluorescent microscopy.

  8. Increasing Access to Oral Health Care for People Living with HIV/AIDS in the U.S.: Baseline Evaluation Results of the Innovations in Oral Health Care Initiative

    PubMed Central

    Fox, Jane E.; Tobias, Carol R.; Bachman, Sara S.; Reznik, David A.; Rajabiun, Serena; Verdecias, Niko

    2012-01-01

    Objectives We provide an overview of the Health Resources and Services Administration HIV/AIDS Bureau's Special Projects of National Significance Innovations in Oral Health Care Initiative, describe the models developed by the 15 demonstration sites and associated evaluation center, and present initial descriptive data about the characteristics of the multisite evaluation study sample. Methods Baseline data were collected from May 2007–August 2009 for 2,469 adults living with HIV/AIDS who had been without dental care, except for emergency care, for 12 months or longer. Variables included sociodemographic characteristics, HIV status, medical care, history of dental care and oral health symptoms, oral health practices, and physical and mental health quality of life. Descriptive statistics of baseline variables were calculated. Results The study sample included 2,469 adults who had been HIV-positive for a decade; most were engaged in HIV care. The majority (52.4%) of patients had not seen a dentist in more than two years; 48.2% reported an unmet oral health-care need since testing positive for HIV, and 63.2% rated the health of their teeth and gums as “fair” or “poor.” Conclusions This study is the largest to examine oral health care among people living with HIV/AIDS in more than a decade. The need for access to oral health care among members of this HIV-positive patient sample is greater than in the general population, following previous trends. Findings from our study reinforce the necessity for continued federal and statewide advocacy and support for oral health programs targeting people living with HIV/AIDS; findings can be extended to other vulnerable populations. PMID:22547872

  9. Evaluation of oral microbiology lab curriculum reform.

    PubMed

    Nie, Min; Gao, Zhen Y; Wu, Xin Y; Jiang, Chen X; Du, Jia H

    2015-12-07

    According to the updated concept of oral microbiology, the School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, has carried out oral microbiology teaching reforms during the last 5 years. There was no lab curriculum before 2009 except for a theory course of oral microbiology. The school has implemented an innovative curriculum with oral medicine characteristics to strengthen understanding of knowledge, cultivate students' scientific interest and develop their potential, to cultivate the comprehensive ability of students. This study was designed to evaluate the oral microbiology lab curriculum by analyzing student performance and perceptions regarding the curriculum from 2009 to 2013. The lab curriculum adopted modalities for cooperative learning. Students collected dental plaque from each other and isolated the cariogenic bacteria with selective medium plates. Then they purified the enrichment culture medium and identified the cariogenic strains by Gram stain and biochemical tests. Both quantitative and qualitative data for 5 years were analysed in this study. Part One of the current study assessed student performance in the lab from 2009 to 2013. Part Two used qualitative means to assess students' perceptions by an open questionnaire. The 271 study students' grades on oral microbiology improved during the lab curriculum: "A" grades rose from 60.5 to 81.2 %, and "C" grades fell from 28.4 to 6.3 %. All students considered the lab curriculum to be interesting and helpful. Quantitative and qualitative data converge to suggest that the lab curriculum has strengthened students' grasp of important microbiology-related theory, cultivated their scientific interest, and developed their potential and comprehensive abilities. Our student performance and perception data support the continued use of the innovative teaching system. As an extension and complement of the theory course, the oral microbiology lab curriculum appears to improve the quality of oral medicine education and help to cultivate high-quality innovative medical talents.

  10. Pharmacokinetic and behavioural profile of THC, CBD, and THC+CBD combination after pulmonary, oral, and subcutaneous administration in rats and confirmation of conversion in vivo of CBD to THC.

    PubMed

    Hložek, Tomáš; Uttl, Libor; Kadeřábek, Lukáš; Balíková, Marie; Lhotková, Eva; Horsley, Rachel R; Nováková, Pavlína; Šíchová, Klára; Štefková, Kristýna; Tylš, Filip; Kuchař, Martin; Páleníček, Tomáš

    2017-12-01

    Metabolic and behavioural effects of, and interactions between Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are influenced by dose and administration route. Therefore we investigated, in Wistar rats, effects of pulmonary, oral and subcutaneous (sc.) THC, CBD and THC+CBD. Concentrations of THC, its metabolites 11-OH-THC and THC-COOH, and CBD in serum and brain were determined over 24h, locomotor activity (open field) and sensorimotor gating (prepulse inhibition, PPI) were also evaluated. In line with recent knowledge we expected metabolic and behavioural interactions between THC and CBD. While cannabinoid serum and brain levels rapidly peaked and diminished after pulmonary administration, sc. and oral administration produced long-lasting levels of cannabinoids with oral reaching the highest brain levels. Except pulmonary administration, CBD inhibited THC metabolism resulting in higher serum/brain levels of THC. Importantly, following sc. and oral CBD alone treatments, THC was also detected in serum and brain. S.c. cannabinoids caused hypolocomotion, oral treatments containing THC almost complete immobility. In contrast, oral CBD produced mild hyperlocomotion. CBD disrupted, and THC tended to disrupt PPI, however their combination did not. In conclusion, oral administration yielded the most pronounced behavioural effects which corresponded to the highest brain levels of cannabinoids. Even though CBD potently inhibited THC metabolism after oral and sc. administration, unexpectedly it had minimal impact on THC-induced behaviour. Of central importance was the novel finding that THC can be detected in serum and brain after administration of CBD alone which, if confirmed in humans and given the increasing medical use of CBD-only products, might have important legal and forensic ramifications. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved.

  11. Reply to Marquis: how things stand with the 'future like ours' argument.

    PubMed

    Strong, Carson

    2012-09-01

    In an earlier essay in this journal I critiqued Don Marquis's well-known argument against abortion. I distinguished two versions of Marquis's argument, which I refer to as 'the essence argument' and 'the sufficient condition argument'. I presented two counterexamples showing that the essence argument was mistaken, and I argued that the sufficient condition argument should be rejected because Marquis had not adequately responded to an important objection to it. In response to my critique, Marquis put forward in this journal a revised version of his argument. In his modified approach he no longer advocates the essence argument and he offers a new version of the sufficient condition argument. In the current essay, I discuss how Marquis's revised argument deals with my original objections, and I argue that his new sufficient condition argument is unsuccessful.

  12. Promising ethical arguments for product differentiation in the organic food sector. A mixed methods research approach.

    PubMed

    Zander, Katrin; Stolz, Hanna; Hamm, Ulrich

    2013-03-01

    Ethical consumerism is a growing trend worldwide. Ethical consumers' expectations are increasing and neither the Fairtrade nor the organic farming concept covers all the ethical concerns of consumers. Against this background the aim of this research is to elicit consumers' preferences regarding organic food with additional ethical attributes and their relevance at the market place. A mixed methods research approach was applied by combining an Information Display Matrix, Focus Group Discussions and Choice Experiments in five European countries. According to the results of the Information Display Matrix, 'higher animal welfare', 'local production' and 'fair producer prices' were preferred in all countries. These three attributes were discussed with Focus Groups in depth, using rather emotive ways of labelling. While the ranking of the attributes was the same, the emotive way of communicating these attributes was, for the most part, disliked by participants. The same attributes were then used in Choice Experiments, but with completely revised communication arguments. According to the results of the Focus Groups, the arguments were presented in a factual manner, using short and concise statements. In this research step, consumers in all countries except Austria gave priority to 'local production'. 'Higher animal welfare' and 'fair producer prices' turned out to be relevant for buying decisions only in Germany and Switzerland. According to our results, there is substantial potential for product differentiation in the organic sector through making use of production standards that exceed existing minimum regulations. The combination of different research methods in a mixed methods approach proved to be very helpful. The results of earlier research steps provided the basis from which to learn - findings could be applied in subsequent steps, and used to adjust and deepen the research design. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  13. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the injectable formulation of methadone hydrochloride and methadone in lipid nanocarriers administered orally to horses.

    PubMed

    Crosignani, N; Luna, S P; Dalla Costa, T; Pimenta, E L; Detoni, C B; Guterres, S S; Puoli Filho, J N; Pantoja, J C; Pigatto, M C

    2017-08-01

    We investigated the thermal, electrical and mechanical antinociceptive and physiological effects (heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, head height and abdominal auscultation score), and pharmacokinetics, of 0.5 mg/kg of the injectable formulation (ORAL) or nanoparticulated methadone (NANO) given orally, in six adult mares, using a crossover, blind and prospective design. Repeated-measure models were used to compare parametric data between and within treatments, followed by Tukey's test. Nonparametric data were analysed with Wilcoxon signed-rank, adjusted by Bonferroni tests. Blood samples were also collected up to 6 h after dosing for plasma drug quantification by LC-MS/MS. Methadone pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental and compartmental approaches. There were no differences in pharmacodynamic parameters. No statistical differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters from noncompartmental analysis for both groups, except a significant decrease in peak plasma concentration, increase in apparent volume of distribution per fraction absorbed (Vd ss /F) and increased mean residence time (MRT) for NANO. One-compartment open model with first order elimination best described the pharmacokinetic profiles for both groups. Neither ORAL nor NANO administered orally to horses produced antinociception. The nanoencapsulated formulation of methadone given orally to horses did not improve methadone pharmacokinetic parameters or increased systemic body exposure to methadone. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  14. Characterization of Bacteroides forsythus Strains from Cat and Dog Bite Wounds in Humans and Comparison with Monkey and Human Oral Strains

    PubMed Central

    Hudspeth, M. K.; Gerardo, S. Hunt; Maiden, M. F. J.; Citron, D. M.; Goldstein, E. J. C.

    1999-01-01

    Bacteroides forsythus strains recovered from cat and dog bite wound infections in humans (n = 3), monkey oral strains (n = 3), and the human oral ATCC 43037 type strain were characterized by using phenotypic characteristics, enzymatic tests, whole cell fatty acid analysis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis, PCR fingerprinting, and 16S rDNA (genes coding for rRNA) sequencing. All three bite wound isolates grew on brucella agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood, vitamin K1, and hemin. These strains, unlike the ATCC strain and previously described monkey oral and human clinical strains, did not require N-acetylmuramic acid supplementation for growth as pure cultures. However, their phenotypic characteristics, except for catalase production, were similar to those of previously identified strains. PCR fingerprinting analysis showed differences in band patterns from the ATCC strain. Also, SDS-PAGE and whole cell fatty acid analysis indicated that the dog and cat bite wound strains were similar but not identical to the human B. forsythus ATCC 43037 type strain and the monkey oral strains. The rDNA sequence analysis indicated that the three bite wound isolates had 99.93% homology with each other and 98.9 and 99.22% homology with the human ATCC 43037 and monkey oral strains, respectively. These results suggest that there are host-specific variations within each group. PMID:10325363

  15. Analysis of a Teacher's Pedagogical Arguments Using Toulmin's Model and Argumentation Schemes

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Metaxas, N.; Potari, D.; Zachariades, T.

    2016-01-01

    In this article, we elaborate methodologies to study the argumentation speech of a teacher involved in argumentative activities. The standard tool of analysis of teachers' argumentation concerning pedagogical matters is Toulmin's model. The theory of argumentation schemes offers an alternative perspective on the analysis of arguments. We propose…

  16. Understanding a High School Physics Teacher's Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Argumentation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Jianlan; Buck, Gayle A.

    2016-08-01

    Scientific argumentation is an important learning objective in science education. It is also an effective instructional approach to constructivist science learning. The implementation of argumentation in school settings requires science teachers, who are pivotal agents of transforming classroom practices, to develop sophisticated knowledge of argumentation. However, there is a lack of understanding about science teachers' knowledge of argumentation, especially the dialogic meaning of argumentation. In this case study, we closely examine a high school physics teacher's argumentation-related pedagogic content knowledge (PCK) in the context of dialogic argumentation. We synthesize the teacher's performed PCK from his argumentation practices and narrated PCK from his reflection on the argumentation practices, from which we summarize his PCK of argumentation from the perspectives of orientation, instructional strategies, students, curriculum, and assessment. Finally, we describe the teacher's perception and adaption of argumentation in his class. We also identity the barriers to argumentation implementation in this particular case and suggest solutions to overcome these barriers.

  17. Beyond R0 Maximisation: On Pathogen Evolution and Environmental Dimensions.

    PubMed

    Lion, Sébastien; Metz, Johan A J

    2018-06-01

    A widespread tenet is that evolution of pathogens maximises their basic reproduction ratio, R 0 . The breakdown of this principle is typically discussed as exception. Here, we argue that a radically different stance is needed, based on evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) arguments that take account of the 'dimension of the environmental feedback loop'. The R 0 maximisation paradigm requires this feedback loop to be one-dimensional, which notably excludes pathogen diversification. By contrast, almost all realistic ecological ingredients of host-pathogen interactions (density-dependent mortality, multiple infections, limited cross-immunity, multiple transmission routes, host heterogeneity, and spatial structure) will lead to multidimensional feedbacks. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  18. Chaos and the Double Function of Communication

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Aula, P. S.

    Since at least the needle model age, communication researchers have systematically sought means to explain, control and predict communication behavior between people. For many reasons, the accuracy of constructed models and the studies based upon them has not risen very high. It can be claimed that the reasons for the inaccuracy of communication models, and thus the poor predictability of everyday action, originate from the processes' innate chaos, apparent beneath their behavior. This leads to the argument that communication systems, which appear stable and have precisely identical starting points and identical operating environments, can nevertheless behave in an exceptional and completely different manner, despite the fact that their behavior is ruled or directed by the same rules or laws.

  19. Characterization of oral immune cells in birch pollen-allergic patients: impact of the oral allergy syndrome and sublingual allergen immunotherapy on antigen-presenting cells.

    PubMed

    Mascarell, L; Rak, S; Worm, M; Melac, M; Soulie, S; Lescaille, G; Lemoine, F; Jospin, F; Paul, S; Caplier, L; Hasséus, B; Björhn, C; Zeldin, R K; Baron-Bodo, V; Moingeon, P

    2015-04-01

    A detailed characterization of human oral immune cells is needed to better understand local mechanisms associated with allergen capture following oral exposure. Oral immune cells were characterized by immunohistology and immunofluorescence in biopsies obtained from three healthy individuals and 23 birch pollen-allergic patients with/without oral allergy syndrome (OAS), at baseline and after 5 months of sublingual allergen immunotherapy (AIT). Similar cell subsets (i.e., dendritic cells, mast cells, and T lymphocytes) were detected in oral tissues from healthy and birch pollen-allergic individuals. CD207+ Langerhans cells (LCs) and CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) were found in both the epithelium and the papillary layer of the Lamina propria (LP), whereas CD68+ macrophages, CD117+ mast cells, and CD4+ /CD8+ T cells were rather located in both the papillary and reticular layers of the LP. Patterns of oral immune cells were identical in patients with/without OAS, except lower numbers of CD207+ LCs found in oral tissues from patients with OAS, when compared to OAS- patients (P < 0.05). A 5-month sublingual AIT had a limited impact on oral immune cells, with only a significant increase in IgE+ cells in patients from the active group. Colocalization experiments confirmed that such IgE-expressing cells mostly encompass CD68+ macrophages located in the LP, and to a lesser extent CD207+ LCs in the epithelium. Two cell subsets contribute to antigen/allergen uptake in human oral tissues, including (i) CD207+ LCs possibly involved in the physiopathology of OAS and (ii) CD68+ macrophages likely critical in allergen capture via IgE-facilitated mechanisms during sublingual AIT. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  20. ``Who polluted the Potomac?'' The translation and implementation of a US environmental story in Brazilian and Turkish classrooms

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Oliveira, Alandeom W.; Colak, Huseyin; Akerson, Valarie L.

    2009-03-01

    In this study we examine how elementary teachers in Brazil and Turkey approached the translation and subsequent classroom implementation of an instructional activity that promotes environmental awareness through a combination of student role playing and teacher oral delivery of an environmental story about river pollution. A discourse analysis showed that translation into Portuguese was literal, an approach that fostered a classroom implementation that emphasized detached transmission of knowledge (the teacher frequently interrupted her delivery to provide textual, contextual and recontextualizing information to students). In contrast, translation into Turkish was free, that is, with many modifications that led to a decontextualized and detached text. Implementation of this text was focused on the creation of student involvement, being dominated by oral strategies such as religious analogies (heaven and hell), and parallel repetitions of statements of shared guilt. Based on these findings, it was concluded that neither translation promoted an equivalent form of environmental instruction (i.e., involved transmission of environmental knowledge). Furthermore, an argument is made that effective translation requires that original and translated curricula foster analogous levels of involvement (or detachment) as well as equivalent forms of classroom relationships and social roles (pragmatic equivalence).

  1. Writing for Science Literacy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chamberlin, Shannon Marie

    Scientific literacy is the foundation on which both California's currently adopted science standards and the recommended new standards for science are based (CDE, 2000; NRC, 2011). The Writing for Science Literacy (WSL) curriculum focuses on a series of writing and discussion tasks aimed at increasing students' scientific literacy. These tasks are based on three teaching and learning constructs: thought and language, scaffolding, and meta-cognition. To this end, WSL is focused on incorporating several strategies from the Rhetorical Approach to Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking to engage students in activities designed to increase their scientific literacy; their ability to both identify an author's claim and evidence and to develop their own arguments based on a claim and evidence. Students participated in scaffolded activities designed to strengthen their written and oral discourse, hone their rhetorical skills and improve their meta-cognition. These activities required students to participate in both writing and discussion tasks to create meaning and build their science content knowledge. Students who participated in the WSL curriculum increased their written and oral fluency and were able to accurately write an evidence-based conclusion all while increasing their conceptual knowledge. This finding implies that a discourse rich curriculum can lead to an increase in scientific knowledge.

  2. Science education researchers as orthographers: documenting Keiyo (Kenya) knowledge, learning and narratives about snakes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Thomson, Norman

    2003-01-01

    Using Keiyo (Kenya) knowledge, learning and oral narratives about snakes, the paper advances the argument that science educators have a pivotal role as orthographers in 'preserving and promoting science for all'. Linguists, and a growing number of scientists, realize that in processes of globalisation, many indigenous languages and cultures are facing extinction, especially languages that remain unwritten, such as the Keiyo language. Within these languages are several thousand years of indigenous science education that include knowledge, teaching and learning about local environments. Science educators are a missing link in the ongoing conversations between biologists, linguists and indigenous cultures. Today, it is also known that reptiles are at greater risk for extinction than amphibians. In an area noted for its reptiles (Kenya's Rift Valley), Keiyo elders and students (n = 748) were interviewed or given a questionnaire to determine indigenous names for snakes and how Keiyo oral narratives of snakes are used in teaching and learning. They provided names for 19 of 34 (55%) snake species and 278 narratives that include snakes. The data are being used to document Keiyo language and construct relevant written science curriculum materials for Keiyo children

  3. Religion and bioethics.

    PubMed

    Holm, Soren

    2004-01-01

    This paper discusses the role of religious arguments in public bioethical debate. It is argued that attempts to rule out religious arguments as valid contributions to the pubic debate fails for a number of reasons. There is no non-arbitrary way of dividing religious arguments from non-religious arguments, and all arguments refer ultimately to a background comprehensive worldview that is never fully consistent or coherent and which is furthermore always contested. There are thus no good arguments for treating religious arguments differently than any other type of argument.

  4. Application of oral contrast media in coregistered positron emission tomography-CT.

    PubMed

    Dizendorf, Elena V; Treyer, Valerie; Von Schulthess, Gustav K; Hany, Thomas F

    2002-08-01

    Coregistration of positron emission tomography (PET) and CT images results in significantly improved localization of abnormal FDG uptake compared with PET images alone. For delineation of intestinal structures, application of oral contrast media is a standard procedure in CT. The influence of oral contrast agents in PET imaging using CT data for attenuation correction was evaluated in a comparative study on an in-line PET-CT system. Sixty patients referred for PET-CT were evaluated in two groups. One group of 30 patients received oral Gastrografin 45 min before data acquisition. The second group received no contrast medium. PET images were reconstructed, using CT data for attenuation correction. Image analysis was performed by two reviewers in consensus, using a 4-point scale comparing FDG-uptake in the gastrointestinal tract in PET images of both groups. Furthermore, correlation of FDG uptake and localization of contrast media in the intestinal tract in CT images were determined. No significant difference in FDG uptake in PET images in all regions of the gastrointestinal tract except the ascending colon was seen in both groups. No correlation was found in the location of increased FDG uptake and contrast media in the CT images. An oral contrast agent can be used for coregistered PET-CT without the introduction of artifacts in PET.

  5. Toward an experimental account of argumentation: the case of the slippery slope and the ad hominem arguments

    PubMed Central

    Lillo-Unglaube, Marco; Canales-Johnson, Andrés; Navarrete, Gorka; Bravo, Claudio Fuentes

    2014-01-01

    Argumentation is a crucial component of our lives. Although in the absence of rational debate our legal, political, and scientific systems would not be possible, there is still no integrated area of research on the psychology of argumentation. Furthermore, classical theories of argumentation are normative (i.e., the acceptability of an argument is determined by a set of norms or logical rules), which sometimes creates a dissociation between the theories and people’s behavior. We think the current challenge for psychology is to bring together the cognitive and normative accounts of argumentation. In this article, we exemplify this point by analyzing two cases of argumentative structures experimentally studied in the context of cognitive psychology. Specifically, we focus on the slippery slope argument and the ad hominem argument under the frameworks of Bayesian and pragma-dialectics approaches, respectively. We think employing more descriptive and experimental accounts of argumentation would help Psychology to bring closer the cognitive and normative accounts of argumentation with the final goal of establishing an integrated area of research on the psychology of argumentation. PMID:25566112

  6. Toward an experimental account of argumentation: the case of the slippery slope and the ad hominem arguments.

    PubMed

    Lillo-Unglaube, Marco; Canales-Johnson, Andrés; Navarrete, Gorka; Bravo, Claudio Fuentes

    2014-01-01

    Argumentation is a crucial component of our lives. Although in the absence of rational debate our legal, political, and scientific systems would not be possible, there is still no integrated area of research on the psychology of argumentation. Furthermore, classical theories of argumentation are normative (i.e., the acceptability of an argument is determined by a set of norms or logical rules), which sometimes creates a dissociation between the theories and people's behavior. We think the current challenge for psychology is to bring together the cognitive and normative accounts of argumentation. In this article, we exemplify this point by analyzing two cases of argumentative structures experimentally studied in the context of cognitive psychology. Specifically, we focus on the slippery slope argument and the ad hominem argument under the frameworks of Bayesian and pragma-dialectics approaches, respectively. We think employing more descriptive and experimental accounts of argumentation would help Psychology to bring closer the cognitive and normative accounts of argumentation with the final goal of establishing an integrated area of research on the psychology of argumentation.

  7. Evaluating science arguments: evidence, uncertainty, and argument strength.

    PubMed

    Corner, Adam; Hahn, Ulrike

    2009-09-01

    Public debates about socioscientific issues are increasingly prevalent, but the public response to messages about, for example, climate change, does not always seem to match the seriousness of the problem identified by scientists. Is there anything unique about appeals based on scientific evidence-do people evaluate science and nonscience arguments differently? In an attempt to apply a systematic framework to people's evaluation of science arguments, the authors draw on the Bayesian approach to informal argumentation. The Bayesian approach permits questions about how people evaluate science arguments to be posed and comparisons to be made between the evaluation of science and nonscience arguments. In an experiment involving three separate argument evaluation tasks, the authors investigated whether people's evaluations of science and nonscience arguments differed in any meaningful way. Although some differences were observed in the relative strength of science and nonscience arguments, the evaluation of science arguments was determined by the same factors as nonscience arguments. Our results suggest that science communicators wishing to construct a successful appeal can make use of the Bayesian framework to distinguish strong and weak arguments. 2009 APA, all rights reserved

  8. The effectiveness of argumentation in tutorial dialogues with an Intelligent Tutoring System for genetic risk of breast cancer.

    PubMed

    Cedillos-Whynott, Elizabeth M; Wolfe, Christopher R; Widmer, Colin L; Brust-Renck, Priscila G; Weil, Audrey; Reyna, Valerie F

    2016-09-01

    BRCA Gist is an Intelligent Tutoring System that helps women understand issues related to genetic testing and breast cancer risk. In two laboratory experiments and a field experiment with community and web-based samples, an avatar asked 120 participants to produce arguments for and against genetic testing for breast cancer risk. Two raters assessed the number of argumentation elements (claim, reason, backing, etc.) found in response to prompts soliciting arguments for and against genetic testing for breast cancer risk (IRR=.85). When asked to argue for genetic testing, 53.3 % failed to meet the minimum operational definition of making an argument, a claim supported by one or more reasons. When asked to argue against genetic testing, 59.3 % failed to do so. Of those who failed to generate arguments most simply listed disconnected reasons. However, participants who provided arguments against testing (40.7 %) performed significantly higher on a posttest of declarative knowledge. In each study we found positive correlations between the quality of arguments against genetic testing (i.e., number of argumentation elements) and genetic risk categorization scores. Although most interactions did not contain two or more argument elements, when more elements of arguments were included in the argument against genetic testing interaction, participants had greater learning outcomes. Apparently, many participants lack skills in making coherent arguments. These results suggest an association between argumentation ability (knowing how to make complex arguments) and subsequent learning. Better education in developing arguments may be necessary for people to learn from generating arguments within Intelligent Tutoring Systems and other settings.

  9. The effectiveness of argumentation in tutorial dialogues with an Intelligent Tutoring System for genetic risk of breast cancer

    PubMed Central

    Cedillos-Whynott, Elizabeth M.; Wolfe, Christopher R.; Widmer, Colin L.; Brust-Renck, Priscila G.; Weil, Audrey; Reyna, Valerie F.

    2017-01-01

    BRCA Gist is an Intelligent Tutoring System that helps women understand issues related to genetic testing and breast cancer risk. In two laboratory experiments and a field experiment with community and web-based samples, an avatar asked 120 participants to produce arguments for and against genetic testing for breast cancer risk. Two raters assessed the number of argumentation elements (claim, reason, backing, etc.) found in response to prompts soliciting arguments for and against genetic testing for breast cancer risk (IRR=.85). When asked to argue for genetic testing, 53.3 % failed to meet the minimum operational definition of making an argument, a claim supported by one or more reasons. When asked to argue against genetic testing, 59.3 % failed to do so. Of those who failed to generate arguments most simply listed disconnected reasons. However, participants who provided arguments against testing (40.7 %) performed significantly higher on a posttest of declarative knowledge. In each study we found positive correlations between the quality of arguments against genetic testing (i.e., number of argumentation elements) and genetic risk categorization scores. Although most interactions did not contain two or more argument elements, when more elements of arguments were included in the argument against genetic testing interaction, participants had greater learning outcomes. Apparently, many participants lack skills in making coherent arguments. These results suggest an association between argumentation ability (knowing how to make complex arguments) and subsequent learning. Better education in developing arguments may be necessary for people to learn from generating arguments within Intelligent Tutoring Systems and other settings. PMID:26511370

  10. Modelling Scientific Argumentation in the Classroom : Teachers perception and practice

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Probosari, R. M.; Sajidan; Suranto; Prayitno, B. A.; Widyastuti, F.

    2017-02-01

    The purposes of this study were to investigate teacher’s perception about scientific argumentation and how they practice it in their classroom. Thirty biology teachers in high school participated in this study and illustrated their perception of scientific argumentation through a questionnaire. This survey research was developed to measure teachers’ understanding of scientific argumentation, what they know about scientific argumentation, the differentiation between argument and reasoning, how they plan teaching strategies in order to make students’ scientific argumentation better and the obstacles in teaching scientific argumentation. The result conclude that generally, teachers modified various representation to accommodate student’s active participation, but most of them assume that argument and reasoning are similar. Less motivation, tools and limited science’s knowledge were considered as obstacles in teaching argumentation. The findings can be helpful to improving students’ abilities of doing scientific argumentation as a part of inquiry.

  11. Fuzzy Trace Theory and Medical Decisions by Minors: Differences in Reasoning between Adolescents and Adults

    PubMed Central

    Wilhelms, Evan A.

    2013-01-01

    Standard models of adolescent risk taking posit that the cognitive abilities of adolescents and adults are equivalent, and that increases in risk taking that occur during adolescence are the result of socio emotional differences in impulsivity, sensation seeking, and lack of self-control. Fuzzy-trace theory incorporates these socio emotional differences. However, it predicts that there are also cognitive differences between adolescents and adults, specifically that there are developmental increases in gist-based intuition that reflects understanding. Gist understanding, as opposed to verbatim-based analysis, generally has been hypothesized to have a protective effect on risk taking in adolescence. Gist understanding is also an essential element of informed consent regarding risks in medical decision- making. Evidence thus supports the argument that adolescents’ status as mature minors should be treated as an exception rather than a presumption, because accuracy in verbatim analysis is not mature gist understanding. Use of the exception should be accompanied by medical experts’ input on the bottom-line gist of risks involved in treatment. PMID:23606728

  12. A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis to Synthesize the Influence of Contexts of Scaffolding Use on Cognitive Outcomes in STEM Education.

    PubMed

    Belland, Brian R; Walker, Andrew E; Kim, Nam Ju

    2017-12-01

    Computer-based scaffolding provides temporary support that enables students to participate in and become more proficient at complex skills like problem solving, argumentation, and evaluation. While meta-analyses have addressed between-subject differences on cognitive outcomes resulting from scaffolding, none has addressed within-subject gains. This leaves much quantitative scaffolding literature not covered by existing meta-analyses. To address this gap, this study used Bayesian network meta-analysis to synthesize within-subjects (pre-post) differences resulting from scaffolding in 56 studies. We generated the posterior distribution using 20,000 Markov Chain Monte Carlo samples. Scaffolding has a consistently strong effect across student populations, STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) disciplines, and assessment levels, and a strong effect when used with most problem-centered instructional models (exception: inquiry-based learning and modeling visualization) and educational levels (exception: secondary education). Results also indicate some promising areas for future scaffolding research, including scaffolding among students with learning disabilities, for whom the effect size was particularly large (ḡ = 3.13).

  13. A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis to Synthesize the Influence of Contexts of Scaffolding Use on Cognitive Outcomes in STEM Education

    PubMed Central

    Belland, Brian R.; Walker, Andrew E.; Kim, Nam Ju

    2017-01-01

    Computer-based scaffolding provides temporary support that enables students to participate in and become more proficient at complex skills like problem solving, argumentation, and evaluation. While meta-analyses have addressed between-subject differences on cognitive outcomes resulting from scaffolding, none has addressed within-subject gains. This leaves much quantitative scaffolding literature not covered by existing meta-analyses. To address this gap, this study used Bayesian network meta-analysis to synthesize within-subjects (pre–post) differences resulting from scaffolding in 56 studies. We generated the posterior distribution using 20,000 Markov Chain Monte Carlo samples. Scaffolding has a consistently strong effect across student populations, STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) disciplines, and assessment levels, and a strong effect when used with most problem-centered instructional models (exception: inquiry-based learning and modeling visualization) and educational levels (exception: secondary education). Results also indicate some promising areas for future scaffolding research, including scaffolding among students with learning disabilities, for whom the effect size was particularly large (ḡ = 3.13). PMID:29200508

  14. Evaluating arguments during instigations of defence motivation and accuracy motivation.

    PubMed

    Liu, Cheng-Hong

    2017-05-01

    When people evaluate the strength of an argument, their motivations are likely to influence the evaluation. However, few studies have specifically investigated the influences of motivational factors on argument evaluation. This study examined the effects of defence and accuracy motivations on argument evaluation. According to the compatibility between the advocated positions of arguments and participants' prior beliefs and the objective strength of arguments, participants evaluated four types of arguments: compatible-strong, compatible-weak, incompatible-strong, and incompatible-weak arguments. Experiment 1 revealed that participants possessing a high defence motivation rated compatible-weak arguments as stronger and incompatible-strong ones as weaker than participants possessing a low defence motivation. However, the strength ratings between the high and low defence groups regarding both compatible-strong and incompatible-weak arguments were similar. Experiment 2 revealed that when participants possessed a high accuracy motivation, they rated compatible-weak arguments as weaker and incompatible-strong ones as stronger than when they possessed a low accuracy motivation. However, participants' ratings on both compatible-strong and incompatible-weak arguments were similar when comparing high and low accuracy conditions. The results suggest that defence and accuracy motivations are two major motives influencing argument evaluation. However, they primarily influence the evaluation results for compatible-weak and incompatible-strong arguments, but not for compatible-strong and incompatible-weak arguments. © 2016 The British Psychological Society.

  15. Structure and pragmatics in informal argument: circularity and question-begging.

    PubMed

    Brem, Sarah K.

    2003-04-01

    Most everyday arguments are informal, as contrasted with the formal arguments of logic and mathematics. Whereas formal argument is well understood, the nature of informal argument is more elusive. A recent study by Rips (2002) provides further evidence regarding the roles of structure and pragmatics in informal argument.

  16. A Defense of Argument as Disagreement.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Benoit, Pamela J.

    1991-01-01

    Rejects Robert Rowland and J. Kevin Barge's conclusion (in an article in the same issue) that defining argument as reason giving is superior to defining argument as disagreement. Maintains that defining argument as disagreement is appropriate for an interpretive argumentation theorist, and that argumentation is a complex topic with room for more…

  17. A Comparison of Scientists' Arguments and School Argumentation Tasks

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    MacPherson, Anna C.

    2016-01-01

    This study sought to investigate the arguments that ecologists engage in as part of their work and to compare their arguments with the way in which ecological arguments have been presented in school argumentation tasks. Ten ecologists, in subfields ranging from individual/behavioral ecology to global ecology, participated in semistructured…

  18. Gravitationally Induced Entanglement between Two Massive Particles is Sufficient Evidence of Quantum Effects in Gravity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Marletto, C.; Vedral, V.

    2017-12-01

    All existing quantum-gravity proposals are extremely hard to test in practice. Quantum effects in the gravitational field are exceptionally small, unlike those in the electromagnetic field. The fundamental reason is that the gravitational coupling constant is about 43 orders of magnitude smaller than the fine structure constant, which governs light-matter interactions. For example, detecting gravitons—the hypothetical quanta of the gravitational field predicted by certain quantum-gravity proposals—is deemed to be practically impossible. Here we adopt a radically different, quantum-information-theoretic approach to testing quantum gravity. We propose witnessing quantumlike features in the gravitational field, by probing it with two masses each in a superposition of two locations. First, we prove that any system (e.g., a field) mediating entanglement between two quantum systems must be quantum. This argument is general and does not rely on any specific dynamics. Then, we propose an experiment to detect the entanglement generated between two masses via gravitational interaction. By our argument, the degree of entanglement between the masses is a witness of the field quantization. This experiment does not require any quantum control over gravity. It is also closer to realization than detecting gravitons or detecting quantum gravitational vacuum fluctuations.

  19. Gravitationally Induced Entanglement between Two Massive Particles is Sufficient Evidence of Quantum Effects in Gravity.

    PubMed

    Marletto, C; Vedral, V

    2017-12-15

    All existing quantum-gravity proposals are extremely hard to test in practice. Quantum effects in the gravitational field are exceptionally small, unlike those in the electromagnetic field. The fundamental reason is that the gravitational coupling constant is about 43 orders of magnitude smaller than the fine structure constant, which governs light-matter interactions. For example, detecting gravitons-the hypothetical quanta of the gravitational field predicted by certain quantum-gravity proposals-is deemed to be practically impossible. Here we adopt a radically different, quantum-information-theoretic approach to testing quantum gravity. We propose witnessing quantumlike features in the gravitational field, by probing it with two masses each in a superposition of two locations. First, we prove that any system (e.g., a field) mediating entanglement between two quantum systems must be quantum. This argument is general and does not rely on any specific dynamics. Then, we propose an experiment to detect the entanglement generated between two masses via gravitational interaction. By our argument, the degree of entanglement between the masses is a witness of the field quantization. This experiment does not require any quantum control over gravity. It is also closer to realization than detecting gravitons or detecting quantum gravitational vacuum fluctuations.

  20. Can't see the woods for the trees: exploring the range and connection of tobacco industry argumentation in the 2012 UK standardised packaging consultation.

    PubMed

    Lie, Jessamina Lih Yan; Fooks, Gary; de Vries, Nanne K; Heijndijk, Suzanne M; Willemsen, Marc C

    2017-07-25

    Transnational tobacco company (TTC) submissions to the 2012 UK standardised packaging consultation are studied to examine TTC argumentation in the context of Better Regulation practices. A content analysis was conducted of Philip Morris International and British American Tobacco submissions to the 2012 UK consultation. Industry arguments concerning expected costs and (contested) benefits of the policy were categorised into themes and frames. The inter-relationship between frames through linked arguments was mapped to analyse central arguments using an argumentation network. 173 arguments were identified. Arguments fell into one of five frames: ineffectiveness, negative economic consequences, harm to public health, increased crime or legal ramifications. Arguments highlighted high costs to a wide range of groups, including government, general public and other businesses. Arguments also questioned the public health benefits of standardised packaging and highlighted the potential benefits to undeserving groups. An increase in illicit trade was the most central argument and linked to the greatest variety of arguments. In policy-making systems characterised by mandatory impact assessments and public consultations, the wide range of cost (and contested benefits) based arguments highlights the risk of TTCs overloading policy actors and causing delays in policy adoption. Illicit trade related arguments are central to providing a rationale for these arguments, which include the claim that standardised packaging will increase health risks. The strategic importance of illicit trade arguments to industry argumentation in public consultations underlines the risks of relying on industry data relating to the scale of the illicit trade. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

  1. Effects of oral and intraperitoneal magnesium treatment against cadmium-induced oxidative stress in plasma of rats.

    PubMed

    Buha, Aleksandra; Bulat, Zorica; Dukić-Ćosić, Danijela; Matović, Vesna

    2012-09-01

    Cadmium (Cd) has been recognised as one of the most important environmental and industrial pollutants, and up-to-date investigations have shown that one of the mechanisms of its toxicity is associated with the induction of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine the connection between acute oral and intraperitoneal exposure to Cd and parameters indicative of oxidative stress in the plasma of rats, as well as to examine the potential protective effect of magnesium (Mg) in conditions of acute oral and intraperitoneal Cd poisoning. The experiment was performed on male albino Wistar rats (n=40) randomly divided into control group, Cdor group that received 30 mg kg-1 b.w. Cd by oral gavage, Cd+Mgor group that orally received 50 mg kg-1 b.w. Mg one hour before oral Cd, Cdip group that received 1.5 mg kg-1 b.w. Cd intraperitoneally, and Cd+Mgip group that intraperitoneally received 3 mg kg-1 b.w. Mg 10 min before intraperitoneal Cd. The animals were sacrificed 24 h after treatment and the following parameters were measured: superoxide dismutase activity, superoxide anion, total oxidative status, advanced oxidation protein products, and malondialdehyde. All parameters of oxidative stress in rat plasma were negatively affected by Cd treatment with more pronounced negative effects after intraperitoneal treatment, with the exception of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Although both oral and intraperitoneal Mg pretreatment had protective effects, more pronounced beneficial effects were observed after oral administration, since it managed to completely prevent Cd-induced changes in the investigated parameters. The observed results support the use of Mg as potential protective agent against toxic effects caused by Cd.

  2. Anticoagulation in pregnant women with mechanical heart valve prostheses

    PubMed Central

    Meschengieser, S; Fondevila, C; Santarelli, M; Lazzari, M

    1999-01-01

    OBJECTIVE—To evaluate the outcome of pregnancy in women with mechanical heart valve prostheses in relation to the anticoagulant treatment used in the first trimester and the incidence of thrombotic and bleeding complications.
METHODS—92 pregnancies in 59 women were followed between 1986 and 1997. In 31 pregnancies, oral anticoagulants were discontinued when pregnancy was diagnosed and subcutaneous heparin was started (12 500 U every 12 hours) adjusted to prolong the adjusted partial thromboplastin time to twice the control level. In the second trimester oral anticoagulants were resumed but changed to heparin again 15 days before the expected delivery date. In 61 pregnancies oral anticoagulants were continued during the first trimester. The same regimen of heparin was used for delivery.
RESULTS—Abortion or fetal losses were similar (p = 0.5717) in women exposed to oral anticoagulants in the first trimester (13/61; 25%) compared with those who received adjusted subcutaneous heparin (6/31; 19%). Embolic episodes were more common (p = 0.0029) in women who received heparin (4.92%) compared with those on oral anticoagulants (0.33%). Embolic episodes were cerebral and transient. No valve thromboses were observed. No malformations appeared in the 71 newborns, except for one case of hydrocephalus. There were no maternal deaths secondary to thrombotic complications. The only death was the result of major bleeding after the delivery of a premature stillborn.
CONCLUSIONS—Oral anticoagulants seem to be safer for the mother than adjusted subcutaneous heparin. Heparin does not offer a clear advantage over oral anticoagulation in the pregnancy outcome.


Keywords: pregnancy; oral anticoagulants; heparin; prosthetic valves PMID:10377303

  3. Factors impacting teachers' argumentation instruction in their science classrooms

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McNeill, Katherine L.; Katsh-Singer, Rebecca; González-Howard, María; Loper, Suzanna

    2016-08-01

    Science education research, reform documents and standards include scientific argumentation as a key learning goal for students. The role of the teacher is essential for implementing argumentation in part because their beliefs about argumentation can impact whether and how this science practice is integrated into their classroom. In this study, we surveyed 42 middle school science teachers and conducted follow-up interviews with 25 to investigate the factors that teachers believe impact their argumentation instruction. Teachers responded that their own learning goals had the greatest impact on their argumentation instruction while influences related to context, policy and assessment had the least impact. The minor influence of policy and assessment was in part because teachers saw a lack of alignment between these areas and the goals of argumentation. In addition, although teachers indicated that argumentation was an important learning goal, regardless of students' backgrounds and abilities, the teachers discussed argumentation in different ways. Consequently, it may be more important to help teachers understand what counts as argumentation, rather than provide a rationale for including argumentation in instruction. Finally, the act of trying out argumentation in their own classrooms, supported through resources such as curriculum, can increase teachers' confidence in teaching argumentation.

  4. An exploratory study on cultural variations in oral health attitudes, behaviour and values of freshman (first-year) dental students.

    PubMed

    Kawamura, M; Wright, F A C; Declerck, D; Freire, M C M; Hu, D Y; Honkala, E; Lévy, G; Kalwitzki, M; Polychronopoulou, A; Yip, H K; Kinirons, M J; Eli, I; Petti, S; Komabayashi, T; Kim, K J; Razak, A A A; Srisilapanan, P; Kwan, S Y L

    2005-08-01

    To identify similarities and differences in oral health attitudes, behaviour and values among freshman dental students. Cross-cultural survey of dental students. 18 cultural areas. 904 first-year dental students completed the Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU-DBI) translated into their own languages. Individual areas were clustered by similarity in responses to the questions. The first group displayed an 'occidental-culture orientation' with the exception of Brazil (Cluster 1 comprised: Australia, United Kingdom, Ireland, Belgium and Brazil, Cluster 2: Germany, Italy, Finland and France). The second group displayed an 'oriental-cultural orientation' with the exception of Greece and Israel (Cluster 3 comprised: China and Indonesia, and Cluster 4: Japan, Korea, Israel, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand and Greece). Australia and United Kingdom were the countries that were most alike. Ireland was the 'neighbour' to these countries. Greece and Malaysia had similar patterns of oral health behaviour although geographic conditions are very different. Although it was considered that in Hong Kong, occidental nations have affected the development of education, it remained in the oriental-culture group. Comparison with the data from the occidentals indicates that a higher percentage of the orientals put off going to the dentist until they have toothache (p < 0.001). Only a small proportion of the occidentals (8%) reported a perception of inevitability in having false teeth, whereas 33% of the orientals held this fatalistic belief (p = 0.001). Grouping the countries into key cultural orientations and international clusters yielded plausible results, using the HU-DBI.

  5. A 57-year follow-up of occlusal changes, oral health, and attitudes toward teeth.

    PubMed

    Stenvik, Arild; Espeland, Lisen; Berg, Rolf E

    2011-04-01

    Very few studies have addressed long-term development and risks associated with untreated malocclusion. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in occlusion in a lifelong perspective and to compare oral health and attitudes toward teeth among persons with malocclusion with those having normal occlusion. In 1950 an epidemiologic survey of 2349 8-year-olds was conducted and included 4 intraoral photographs. Three selected samples with different malocclusions (deep bite, crossbite, or irregular teeth) and 1 sample with normal occlusion (a total of 183 subjects) were, 57 years later, invited for examination and an extensive interview about dental experiences and attitudes. Sixty-nine responded (38%) and constitute the subjects studied. Malocclusion remained the same or worsened except in subjects having deep bite in childhood, which in some improved and in others became worse. Crowding generally increased. Sixteen persons reported moderate or severe temporomandular joint (TMJ) problems, and of these 7 belonged to the group with crossbite in childhood. With few exceptions, the subjects in all samples had good oral hygiene, visited the dentist regularly, and had well-preserved dentitions. Mean number of missing teeth was significantly lower among those with normal occlusion compared with the malocclusion groups. Individuals with normal occlusion responded favorably to all questions related to attitudes and experiences about their teeth, while responses in the malocclusion groups varied. Persons with the particular malocclusions examined experienced more problems related to teeth later in life compared with those having normal occlusion in childhood. Copyright © 2011 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

  6. How orthodox protestant parents decide on the vaccination of their children: a qualitative study

    PubMed Central

    2012-01-01

    Background Despite high vaccination coverage, there have recently been epidemics of vaccine preventable diseases in the Netherlands, largely confined to an orthodox protestant minority with religious objections to vaccination. The orthodox protestant minority consists of various denominations with either low, intermediate or high vaccination coverage. All orthodox protestant denominations leave the final decision to vaccinate or not up to their individual members. Methods To gain insight into how orthodox protestant parents decide on vaccination, what arguments they use, and the consequences of their decisions, we conducted an in-depth interview study of both vaccinating and non-vaccinating orthodox protestant parents selected via purposeful sampling. The interviews were thematically coded by two analysts using the software program Atlas.ti. The initial coding results were reviewed, discussed, and refined by the analysts until consensus was reached. Emerging concepts were assessed for consistency using the constant comparative method from grounded theory. Results After 27 interviews, data saturation was reached. Based on characteristics of the decision-making process (tradition vs. deliberation) and outcome (vaccinate or not), 4 subgroups of parents could be distinguished: traditionally non-vaccinating parents, deliberately non-vaccinating parents, deliberately vaccinating parents, and traditionally vaccinating parents. Except for the traditionally vaccinating parents, all used predominantly religious arguments to justify their vaccination decisions. Also with the exception of the traditionally vaccinating parents, all reported facing fears that they had made the wrong decision. This fear was most tangible among the deliberately vaccinating parents who thought they might be punished immediately by God for vaccinating their children and interpreted any side effects as a sign to stop vaccinating. Conclusions Policy makers and health care professionals should stimulate orthodox protestant parents to make a deliberate vaccination choice but also realize that a deliberate choice does not necessarily mean a choice to vaccinate. PMID:22672710

  7. Oral and Anal Vaccination Confers Full Protection against Enteric Redmouth Disease (ERM) in Rainbow Trout

    PubMed Central

    Ohtani, Maki; Strøm, Helene Kragelund; Raida, Martin Kristian

    2014-01-01

    The effect of oral vaccines against bacterial fish diseases has been a topic for debate for decades. Recently both M-like cells and dendritic cells have been discovered in the intestine of rainbow trout. It is therefore likely that antigens reaching the intestine can be taken up and thereby induce immunity in orally vaccinated fish. The objective of this project was to investigate whether oral and anal vaccination of rainbow trout induces protection against an experimental waterborne infection with the pathogenic enterobacteria Yersinia ruckeri O1 biotype 1 the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease (ERM). Rainbow trout were orally vaccinated with AquaVac ERM Oral (MERCK Animal Health) or an experimental vaccine bacterin of Y. ruckeri O1. Both vaccines were tested with and without a booster vaccination four months post the primary vaccination. Furthermore, two groups of positive controls were included, one group receiving the experimental oral vaccine in a 50 times higher dose, and the other group receiving a single dose administered anally in order to bypass the stomach. Each group was bath challenged with 6.3×108 CFU/ml Y. ruckeri, six months post the primary vaccination. The challenge induced significant mortality in all the infected groups except for the groups vaccinated anally with a single dose or orally with the high dose of bacterin. Both of these groups had 100% survival. These results show that a low dose of Y. ruckeri bacterin induces full protection when the bacterin is administered anally. Oral vaccination also induces full protection, however, at a dose 50 times higher than if the fish were to be vaccinated anally. This indicates that much of the orally fed antigen is digested in the stomach before it reaches the second segment of the intestine where it can be taken up as immunogenic antigens and presented to lymphocytes. PMID:24705460

  8. US Supreme Court set to hear oral arguments in Montana coal tax case

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1981-04-01

    Montana defends it 30% coal severance tax as proper compensation for exporting an exhaustible resource, but 11 utilities and four coal companies are suing on constitutional grounds. The suit charges that the tax does not balance costs and benefits and that it represents an effort to export tax burdens. Montana contends that the tax passed in 1975 recognizes the state's long-term needs by requiring that 50% of the revenue be placed in a permanent trust fund for future social and environmental adjustments and questions whether the courts can put a monetary value on these impacts. The plaintiffs see the trustmore » fund as an admission that the tax is excessive and the state's failure to comply with national energy policy. (DCK)« less

  9. Perceived mental stress in relation to oral health over time in middle-aged Swedish women.

    PubMed

    Wennström, A; Boman, U Wide; Ahlqwist, M; Björkelund, C; Hakeberg, M

    2015-12-01

    To study perceived mental stress in relation to oral health among Swedish middle-aged women over a 36-year period, including considerations concerning smoking and socioeconomic status (SES). This combined medical and dental study includes three cross-sectional (1968/9 N = 746, 1980/1 N = 432, 2004/5 N = 500) surveys of 38- and 50-year-old women included in the Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Panoramic radiography was used to register the number of teeth, filled teeth and decayed teeth and the level of periodontal bone loss. The information concerning perceived mental stress, smoking and education (chosen to represent SES) was questionnaire-based. Perceived mental stress increased over the 36-year period, but was not related to oral health. The time of examination year had a protective effect on oral health, with a larger number of remaining teeth, fewer decayed teeth and less periodontal bone loss in the later examination year, 2004/5, compared with 1968/9. Risk factors for poor oral health were smoking, greater age (50 vs. 38 years) and low educational level. Smokers had fewer filled teeth than non-smokers except in 2004/5, and there was a shift over time towards fewer filled teeth among highly educated women. A remarkable increase in perceived mental stress was seen among the women over time, but was not associated with oral health. Smoking, greater age and low educational were risk factors for poor oral health, whereas a later examination year was a protective factor.

  10. Sex and Gender Differences in Thromboprophylactic Treatment of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation After the Introduction of Non-Vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants.

    PubMed

    Loikas, Desirée; Forslund, Tomas; Wettermark, Björn; Schenck-Gustafsson, Karin; Hjemdahl, Paul; von Euler, Mia

    2017-10-15

    To examine sex differences in thromboprophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation before and after the introduction of non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants, we performed a cross-sectional registry study based on anonymized individual-level patient data of all individuals with a diagnosis of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision code I48) in the region of Stockholm, Sweden (2.2 million inhabitants), in 2011 and 2015, respectively. Thromboprophylaxis improved considerably during the period. During 2007 to 2011, 23,198 men and 18,504 women had an atrial fibrillation diagnosis. In 2011, more men than women (53% men vs 48% women) received oral anticoagulants (almost exclusively warfarin) and more women received aspirin only (35% women vs 30% men), whereas there was no sex difference for no thromboprophylaxis (17%). During 2011 to 2015, 27,237 men and 20,461 women had a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation. Compared with the earlier time period, a higher proportion used oral anticoagulants (71% women vs 70% men), but fewer women ≥80 years received anticoagulants (67% women vs 72% men), more women received aspirin (15% women vs 13% men), and fewer women had no thromboprophylaxis (15% women vs 17% men). Patients with co-morbidities potentially complicating oral anticoagulant use used more oral anticoagulant in 2015 compared with 2011. The sex differences observed in 2011 with fewer women using oral anticoagulants had disappeared in 2015 except in women 80 years and older and in patients with complicated co-morbidity. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  11. Argumentation, Dialogue Theory, and Probability Modeling: Alternative Frameworks for Argumentation Research in Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Nussbaum, E. Michael

    2011-01-01

    Toulmin's model of argumentation, developed in 1958, has guided much argumentation research in education. However, argumentation theory in philosophy and cognitive science has advanced considerably since 1958. There are currently several alternative frameworks of argumentation that can be useful for both research and practice in education. These…

  12. Can conditional health policies be justified? A policy analysis of the new NHS dental contract reforms.

    PubMed

    Laverty, Louise; Harris, Rebecca

    2018-06-01

    Conditional policies, which emphasise personal responsibility, are becoming increasingly common in healthcare. Although used widely internationally, they are relatively new within the UK health system where there have been concerns about whether they can be justified. New NHS dental contracts include the introduction of a conditional component that restricts certain patients from accessing a full range of treatment until they have complied with preventative action. A policy analysis of published documents on the NHS dental contract reforms from 2009 to 2016 was conducted to consider how conditionality is justified and whether its execution is likely to cause distributional effects. Contractualist, paternalistic and mutualist arguments that reflect notions of responsibility and obligation are used as justification within policy. Underlying these arguments is an emphasis on preserving the finite resources of a strained NHS. We argue that the proposed conditional component may differentially affect disadvantaged patients, who do not necessarily have access to the resources needed to meet the behavioural requirements. As such, the conditional component of the NHS dental contract reform has the potential to exacerbate oral health inequalities. Conditional health policies may challenge core NHS principles and, as is the case with any conditional policy, should be carefully considered to ensure they do not exacerbate health inequities. Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

  13. An Argumentation Framework based on Paraconsistent Logic

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Umeda, Yuichi; Takahashi, Takehisa; Sawamura, Hajime

    Argumentation is the most representative of intelligent activities of humans. Therefore, it is natural to think that it could have many implications for artificial intelligence and computer science as well. Specifically, argumentation may be considered a most primitive capability for interaction among computational agents. In this paper we present an argumentation framework based on the four-valued paraconsistent logic. Tolerance and acceptance of inconsistency that this logic has as its logical feature allow for arguments on inconsistent knowledge bases with which we are often confronted. We introduce various concepts for argumentation, such as arguments, attack relations, argument justification, preferential criteria of arguments based on social norms, and so on, in a way proper to the four-valued paraconsistent logic. Then, we provide the fixpoint semantics and dialectical proof theory for our argumentation framework. We also give the proofs of the soundness and completeness.

  14. The Selective Laziness of Reasoning.

    PubMed

    Trouche, Emmanuel; Johansson, Petter; Hall, Lars; Mercier, Hugo

    2016-11-01

    Reasoning research suggests that people use more stringent criteria when they evaluate others' arguments than when they produce arguments themselves. To demonstrate this "selective laziness," we used a choice blindness manipulation. In two experiments, participants had to produce a series of arguments in response to reasoning problems, and they were then asked to evaluate other people's arguments about the same problems. Unknown to the participants, in one of the trials, they were presented with their own argument as if it was someone else's. Among those participants who accepted the manipulation and thus thought they were evaluating someone else's argument, more than half (56% and 58%) rejected the arguments that were in fact their own. Moreover, participants were more likely to reject their own arguments for invalid than for valid answers. This demonstrates that people are more critical of other people's arguments than of their own, without being overly critical: They are better able to tell valid from invalid arguments when the arguments are someone else's rather than their own. Copyright © 2015 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.

  15. Argument in Transition: Proceedings of the Summer Conference on Argumentation (3rd, Alta, Utah, July 28-31, 1983).

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Zarefsky, David, Ed.; And Others

    Prepared by scholars from across the United States, the more than 80 papers in this collection address new developments and recurrent problems in the theory, practice, criticism, and teaching of argumentation. The papers are organized according to 10 broad categories: argumentation theory, argumentation in special fields, political argumentation,…

  16. On the Senses of "Argument."

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hample, Dale

    In order to clarify and define the subject matter of argumentation, this paper examines the two senses of argument identified by D. J. O'Keefe and then proposes a third sense of argument as another legitimate perspective in argumentation. As discussed in the paper, O'Keefe's two senses of argument are a thing people make and a kind of interaction…

  17. Honey prevents oral mocositis in children undergoing chemotherapy: A quasi-experimental study with a control group.

    PubMed

    Kobya Bulut, Hacer; Güdücü Tüfekci, Fatma

    2016-12-01

    There are numerous pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options available in the treatment of oral mucositis. However, in spite of so many methods and products, medical professionals have not come to a consensus as to which of these offer the best results. This study was conducted to assess the effect of oral care with honey on children undergoing chemotherapy for the prevention and healing of oral mucositis. This quasi-experimental study was conducted on children undergoing chemotherapy. The study group consisted of 83 children who attended clinics and polyclinics for chemotherapy. All the children were included in the study period. The study was completed with a total of 76 children except for seven patients who were excluded from the study. The data were collected using a form and the World Health Organization Mucositis Assessment Index. The data were analyzed using percentage distributions, means, a chi-square test, a t-test, a variance analysis, and a Friedman test. Ethics approval of the study was obtained from the Institution Ethics Committee. It was found that the severity of oral mucositis in the children in the experimental group was significantly less than the control group. The mucositis recovery period in the experimental group was significantly shorter than the control group. Regular oral care with honey for children undergoing chemotherapy for hematological cancers prevents mucositis and also accelerates recovery of it when started after mucositis onset. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  18. Impalement injuries of the oral cavity in children.

    PubMed

    Matsusue, Yumiko; Yamamoto, Kazuhiko; Horita, Satoshi; Inagake, Kotaro; Kirita, Tadaaki

    2011-06-01

    The purpose of this study was to analyze impalement injuries of the oral cavity in children. Data on 144 children with impalement injuries in the oral cavity at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were 93 boys and 51 girls (age range, 7 months to 10 years). One hundred thirty-two patients (91.7%) were younger than 5 years. Injuries occurred frequently by falling onto an object held in the mouth in 77 patients (53.5%). The impaled objects were a toothbrush in 30 patients (20.8%), a cylindrical toy in 27 (18.8%), and chopsticks in 19 (13.2%). The soft palate was frequently involved in 64 patients (44.4%), followed by the hard palate in 26 (18.1%). Computed tomographic examination was performed in 16 patients (11.1%). Observation with or without medication was most frequently chosen in 98 patients (68.1%). Surgical intervention was performed in 46 patients (31.9%), 41 under local anesthesia and 5 under general anesthesia. Admission was required in 12 patients (8.3%). No complications, such as deep infection or neurologic sequelae, were observed. Most impalement injuries in the oral cavity in children heal spontaneously or with minimal intervention. These children can be followed on an outpatient basis with instructions to their parents about possible complications, except for a few selected cases. Copyright © 2011 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  19. Factors associated with no dental treatment in preschoolers with toothache: a cross-sectional study in outpatient public emergency services.

    PubMed

    Machado, Geovanna C M; Daher, Anelise; Costa, Luciane R

    2014-08-08

    Many parents rely on emergency services to deal with their children's dental problems, mostly pain and infection associated with dental caries. This cross-sectional study analyzed the factors associated with not doing an oral procedure in preschoolers with toothache attending public dental emergency services. Data were obtained from the clinical files of preschoolers treated at all nine dental emergency centers in Goiania, Brazil, in 2011. Data were children's age and sex, involved teeth, oral procedures, radiography request, medications prescribed and referrals. A total of 531 files of children under 6 years old with toothache out of 1,108 examined were selected. Children's mean age was 4.1 (SD 1.0) years (range 1-5 years) and 51.6% were girls. No oral procedures were performed in 49.2% of cases; in the other 50.8%, most of the oral procedures reported were endodontic intervention and temporary restorations. Primary molars were involved in 48.4% of cases. With the exception of "sex", the independent variables tested in the regression analysis significantly associated with non-performance of oral procedures: age (OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.5-0.8), radiography request (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.7-8.2), medication prescribed (OR 7.5; 95% CI 4.9-11.5) and patient referred to another service (OR 5.7; 3.0-10.9). Many children with toothache received no oral procedure for pain relief.

  20. Patterns in Students' Argumentation Confronted with a Risk-focused Socio-scientific Issue

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kolstø, Stein Dankert

    2006-11-01

    This paper reports a qualitative study on students’ informal reasoning on a controversial socio-scientific issue. Twenty-two students from four science classes in Norway were interviewed about the local construction of new power lines and the possible increased risk of childhood leukaemia. The focus in the study is on what arguments the students employ when asked about their decision-making and the interplay between knowledge and personal values. Five different types of main arguments are identified: the relative risk argument, the precautionary argument, the uncertainty argument, the small risk argument, and the pros and cons argument. These arguments are presented through case studies, and crucial information and values are identified for each argument. The students made use of a range of both scientific and non-scientific knowledge. The findings are discussed in relation to possible consequences for teaching models aimed at increasing students’ ability to make thoughtful decisions on socio-scientific issues.

  1. Using the Cognitive Apprenticeship Web-based Argumentation System to Improve Argumentation Instruction

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tsai, Chun-Yen; Jack, Brady Michael; Huang, Tai-Chu; Yang, Jin-Tan

    2012-08-01

    This study investigated how the instruction of argumentation skills could be promoted by using an online argumentation system. This system entitled `Cognitive Apprenticeship Web-based Argumentation' (CAWA) system was based on cognitive apprenticeship model. One hundred eighty-nine fifth grade students took part in this study. A quasi-experimental design was adopted and qualitative and quantitative analyses were used to evaluate the effectiveness of this online system in measuring students' progress in learning argumentation. The results of this study showed that different teaching strategies had effects on students' use of argumentation in the topics of daily life and the concept of `vision.' When the CAWA system was employed during the instruction and practice of argumentation on these two topics, the students' argumentation performance improved. Suggestions on how the CAWA system could be used to enhance the instruction of argumentation skills in science education were also discussed.

  2. Tissue regeneration in dentistry: Can salamanders provide insight?

    PubMed

    Sader, F; Denis, J-F; Roy, S

    2018-05-01

    The ability to regenerate damaged tissues would be of tremendous benefit for medicine and dentistry. Unfortunately, humans are unable to regenerate tissues such as teeth and fingers or to repair injured spinal cord. With an aging population, health problems are more prominent and dentistry is no exception as loss of bone tissue in the orofacial sphere from periodontal disease is on the rise. Humans can repair oral soft tissues exceptionally well; however, hard tissues, such as bone and teeth, are devoid of the ability to repair well or at all. Fortunately, Mother Nature has solved nearly every problem that we would like to solve for our own benefit and tissue regeneration is no exception. By studying animals that can regenerate, like Axolotls (Mexican salamander), we hope to find ways to stimulate regeneration in humans. We will discuss the role of the transforming growth factor beta cytokines as they are central to wound healing in humans and regeneration in Axolotls. We will also compare wound healing in humans (skin and oral mucosa) to Axolotl skin wound healing and limb regeneration. Finally, we will address the problem of bone regeneration and present results in salamanders which indicate that in order to regenerate bone you need to recruit non-bone cells. Fundamental research, such as the work being performed in animals that can regenerate, offers insight to help understand why some treatments are successful while others fail when it comes to specific tissues such as bones. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  3. Assessment Strategies for Implementing Ngss in K12 Earth System Science Classrooms

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McAuliffe, C.

    2016-12-01

    Several science education researchers have led assessment efforts that provide strategies particularly useful for evaluating the threedimensional learning that is central to NGSS (DeBarger, A. H., Penuel, W. R., Harris, C. J., Kennedy, C. K., 2016; Knight, A. M. & McNeill, K. L., 2015; McNeill, K. L., KatshSinger, R. & Pelletier, P., 2015; McNeill K.L., et.al., 2015; McNeill, K.L., & Krajcik, J.S., 2011; Penuel, W., 2016). One of the basic premises of these researchers is that, "Assessment is a practice of argument from evidence based on what students say, do, and write" and that "the classroom is the richest place to gather evidence of what students know (Penuel, W., 2016). The implementation of the NGSS in Earth System Science provides a unique opportunity for geoscience education researchers to study student learning and contribute to the development of this research as well as for geoscience educators to apply these approaches and strategies in their own work with K12 inservice and preservice educators. DeBarger, A. H., Penuel, W. R., Harris, C. J., Kennedy, C. K. (2016). Building an Assessment Argument to Design and Use Next Generation Science Assessments in Efficacy Studies of Curriculum Interventions. American†Journal†of†Evaluation†37(2) 174192Æ Knight, A. M. & McNeill, K. L. (2015). Comparing students' individual written and collaborative oral socioscientific arguments. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education.10(5), 23647. McNeill, K. L., KatshSinger, R. & Pelletier, P. (2015). Assessing science practices-Moving your class along a continuum. Science Scope. McNeill, K.L., & Krajcik, J.S. (2011). Supporting Grade 5-8 Students in Constructing Explanations in Science: The Claim, Evidence, and Reasoning Framework for Talk and Writing. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. Penuel, W. (2016). Classroom Assessment Strategies for NGSS Earth and Space Sciences. Implementing†the†NGSS†Webinar†Series, February 11, 2016.

  4. Pharmacotherapy for hyperglycemia in pregnancy - Do oral agents have a place?

    PubMed

    Corcoy, Rosa; Balsells, Montserrat; García-Patterson, Apolonia; Shmueli, Anat; Hadar, Eran

    2018-04-19

    Diabetes is a frequent condition in pregnancy and achieving adequate glycemic control is of paramount importance. Insulin treatment is the gold standard, oral agents are more attractive, but their safety and efficiency should be a prerequisite for their use. We have more information regarding treatment of women with gestational diabetes mellitus where glyburide can induce a picture of fetal hyperinsulinism (higher birthweight and more neonatal hypoglycemia) whereas metformin requires supplemental insulin in a larger proportion of women but achieves satisfactory perinatal outcomes with the exception of preterm birth. Information in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is much more limited but also favors metformin. Combinations provide additional possibilities. However, as to long-term outcomes, we have no information on the impact of exposure to glyburide and it is still unclear if in utero exposure to metformin will have any effect on the offspring and the direction of this effect. Women prefer oral agents, indicating the need of additional studies. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  5. Discovery of methylsulfonyl indazoles as potent and orally active respiratory syncytial Virus(RSV) fusion inhibitors.

    PubMed

    Feng, Song; Li, Chao; Chen, Dongdong; Zheng, Xiufang; Yun, Hongying; Gao, Lu; Shen, Hong C

    2017-09-29

    Recently we described a novel class of imidazopyridine compounds that showed exceptional anti-RSV potency in cell culture. However, unfavorable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and glutathione (GSH) adduct liabilities impeded their further development. In a bid to address the PK and early safety concerns, a small compound library consisting of dozens of scaffold-hopping analogues was designed and synthesized for RSV CPE assay screening, which led to the identification of a new chemical starting point: methylsulfonyl indole compound 8. In this paper, we report the discovery and optimization of a series of methylsulfonyl indazoles as potent RSV fusion inhibitors. In particular, compound 47 was orally efficacious in a RSV mouse model, with 1.6 log unit viral load reduction at 25 mg/kg BID upon oral dosing. The results may have broad implications for the design of new RSV fusion inhibitors, and demonstrate the potential for developing novel therapies for RSV infection. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

  6. Enhancing oral bioavailability using preparations of apigenin-loaded W/O/W emulsions: In vitro and in vivo evaluations.

    PubMed

    Kim, Bum-Keun; Cho, Ah-Ra; Park, Dong-June

    2016-09-01

    We analyzed the physical properties and digestibility of apigenin-loaded emulsions as they passed through a simulated digestion model. As the emulsion passed through the simulated stages of digestion, the particle size and zeta potential of all the samples changed, except for the soybean oil-Tween 80 emulsion, in which zeta potential remained constant, through all stages, indicating that soybean oil-Tween 80 emulsions may have an effect on stability during all stages of digestion. Fluorescence microscopy was used to observe the morphology of the emulsions at each step. The in vivo pharmacokinetics revealed that apigenin-loaded soybean oil-Tween 80 emulsions had a higher oral bioavailability than did the orally administrated apigenin suspensions. These results suggest that W/O/W multiple emulsions formulated with soybean oil and tween 80 have great potential as targeted delivery systems for apigenin, and may enhance in vitro and in vivo bioavailability when they pass through the digestive tract. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  7. [Factors associated with oral health habits and use of dental services by adolescents].

    PubMed

    Davoglio, Rosane Silvia; Aerts, Denise Rangel Ganzo de Castro; Abegg, Claídes; Freddo, Silvia Letícia; Monteiro, Lisiane

    2009-03-01

    This was a cross-sectional study of 1,170 seventh-grade adolescents from the municipal public school system in Gravataí, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, investigating the association between socio-demographic, psychosocial, and lifestyle factors and oral health habits and use of dental services. Data were analyzed by Cox regression, modified for cross-sectional studies. Females showed higher frequency of brushing, as did adolescents that reported not feeling alone or discriminated. Daily flossing was associated with higher socioeconomic status (SES), use of private dental services, parental understanding, and lack of feeling of loneliness. Frequency of annual dental visits was higher among individuals with higher SES. Preventive dental checkups were more frequent among individuals with higher SES, those who felt understood by their parents, and those who did not habitually eat candy. Oral health habits were associated with family SES and psychosocial factors except for frequency of annual dental visits. As for lifestyle, low candy consumption had a positive impact on reasons for use of dental appointments.

  8. [The effect of a single inhalation of mineral water on the blood hormonal status in healthy volunteers].

    PubMed

    Khinchagov, B P; Polushina, N D; Frolkov, V K

    1998-01-01

    Concentrations of ACTH, TTH, STH, LH, PSH, hydrocortisone, insulin, glucagone, triiodthyronine, thyroxine, aldosterone, glucose and unesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured in the blood of 23 healthy male volunteers aged 18 to 35 years 15, 30 and 60 min after a single nose inhalation and oral intake of mineral water Essentuki No. 17. Inhalation of Essentuki No. 17 stimulated secretion of the hormones and some parameters of metabolic reactions: the levels of glucose, NEFA, hydrocortisone, aldosterone, TTH, PSH and LH rose while those of insulin and growth hormone decreased. Oral intake of this water brought about the same changes in the hormone status except blood insulin the levels of which went up.

  9. A Study of the Effects of Readers' Theater on Second and Third Grade Special Education Students' Fluency Growth

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Corcoran, Carol A.; Davis, A. Dia

    2005-01-01

    The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a readers' theater fluency program. The participants were 12 students with learning disabilities in a combined second/third grade exceptional education classroom. Through the use of pre and post reading attitude surveys, field notes recorded by the observer, and pre and post oral fluency…

  10. 15 CFR 740.2 - Restrictions on all License Exceptions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ...) “Space qualified” items. Commodities defined in ECCNs 3A001.b.8 (Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers (TWTAs) exceeding 18 GHz), 6A002.e, 6A008.j.1, or 6A998.b; “software” for commodities defined in ECCNs 3A001.b.8... wire, oral, or electronic communications, or related software, controlled under ECCNs 5A980 or 5D980...

  11. No evidence for Helicobacter pylori in oral lichen planus.

    PubMed

    Hulimavu, Shwetha R; Mohanty, Leeky; Tondikulam, Narayan V; Shenoy, Sadhana; Jamadar, Saleha; Bhadranna, Abhishek

    2014-09-01

    Oral lichen planus is a T-cell-mediated mucosal disease of unknown etiology. Numerous predisposing factors have been put forward in the etiology of this disease. This includes stress, drugs, genetic susceptibility, certain viruses, and bacterial infections. Recently, there have been studies published on possible role of Helicobacter pylori infection in pathogenesis of mucocutaneous diseases including oral lichen planus (OLP). The aim of this study was to detect immunohistochemically the presence of Helicobacter pylori in oral lichen planus. Paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of 50 cases of OLP and 10 cases of normal buccal mucosal biopsies and 6 endoscopic biopsies of patients with peptic ulcer (control group) were sectioned and stained by hematoxylin and eosin. Serial sections of same were stained immunohistochemically using Anti-Helicobacter pylori antibody and observed under microscope for presence or absence of Helicobacter pylori. Except for the control group, none of the cases of OLP and normal buccal mucosal biopsies showed positivity for Helicobacter pylori. As we did not detect the presence of Helicobacter pylori in any of the OLP cases, we question the role of these organisms in the pathogenesis of OLP planus if any. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  12. Dental therapists and dental hygienists educated for the New Zealand environment.

    PubMed

    Coates, Dawn E; Kardos, Thomas B; Moffat, Susan M; Kardos, Rosemary L

    2009-08-01

    New Zealand has a long history of dental care provided by school dental nurses, now known as dental therapists. The nature of their training courses, although delivered in different centers, had remained relatively constant until 1999 when educational responsibility was transferred to the universities. Dental hygienists were not trained in New Zealand until 1994, with the exception of the New Zealand Army hygienists. Since 2001, the education of both dental therapists and dental hygienists has been the responsibility of the universities. Significant and progressive changes in educational delivery have occurred since then, which have culminated in three-year degree qualifications for dual-trained oral health professionals. Factors influencing this change included increased professionalism associated with the new legislative requirements for registration, workforce shortages, and enhanced educational and clinical practice requirements. The Bachelor of Oral Health degree at the University of Otago has an added emphasis on social sciences and incorporates aspects of learning relating to New Zealand's cultural heritage. We explore in this article the rationale for the introduction of a Bachelor of Oral Health in New Zealand and how it is designed to equip graduates as professionals in oral health.

  13. Experimental transmission and tissue tropism of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in two species of lobsters, Panulirus homarus and Panulirus ornatus.

    PubMed

    Syed Musthaq, S; Sudhakaran, R; Balasubramanian, G; Sahul Hameed, A S

    2006-10-01

    The susceptibility of two species of lobsters, Panulirus homarus and Panulirus ornatus to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was tested by oral route and intramuscular injection. The results revealed that these lobsters were as highly susceptible as marine shrimp when the WSSV was administered intramuscularly. The WSSV caused 100% mortality in both Panulirus homarus and Panulirus ornatus, at 168 and 120 h, respectively, after intramuscular injection and failed to cause mortality when given orally. The presence of WSSV in moribund lobsters was confirmed by single-step and nested PCR, Western blot, histology, and bioassay test. It was found in eyestalk, gill, head muscle, tail muscle, hemolymph, appendages, and stomach. In lobsters with oral route infection, all tested organs except stomach and head muscle was negative for WSSV by nested PCR at 120 h post-inoculation. The stomach and head muscle was positive by nested PCR at 120 h p.i., but negative at 168 h p.i. Western blot analysis was negative in all the tested organs of both species of lobster at 120 h post-inoculation by oral route.

  14. Prevalence of herpes simplex, Epstein Barr and human papilloma viruses in oral lichen planus.

    PubMed

    Yildirim, Benay; Sengüven, Burcu; Demir, Cem

    2011-03-01

    The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of Herpes Simplex virus, Epstein Barr virus and Human Papilloma virus -16 in oral lichen planus cases and to evaluate whether any clinical variant, histopathological or demographic feature correlates with these viruses. The study was conducted on 65 cases. Viruses were detected immunohistochemically. We evaluated the histopathological and demographic features and statistically analysed correlation of these features with Herpes Simplex virus, Epstein Barr virus and Human Papilloma virus-16 positivity. Herpes Simplex virus was positive in six (9%) cases and this was not statistically significant. The number of Epstein Barr virus positive cases was 23 (35%) and it was statistically significant. Human Papilloma virus positivity in 14 cases (21%) was statistically significant. Except basal cell degeneration in Herpes Simplex virus positive cases, we did not observe any significant correlation between virus positivity and demographic or histopathological features. However an increased risk of Epstein Barr virus and Human Papilloma virus infection was noted in oral lichen planus cases. Taking into account the oncogenic potential of both viruses, oral lichen planus cases should be detected for the presence of these viruses.

  15. Oral drug therapy in elderly with dysphagia: between a rock and a hard place!

    PubMed Central

    Logrippo, Serena; Ricci, Giovanna; Sestili, Matteo; Cespi, Marco; Ferrara, Letizia; Palmieri, Giovanni F; Ganzetti, Roberta; Bonacucina, Giulia; Blasi, Paolo

    2017-01-01

    Demographic indicators forecast that by 2050, the elderly will account for about one-third of the global population. Geriatric patients require a large number of medicines, and in most cases, these products are administered as solid oral solid dosage forms, as they are by far the most common formulations on the market. However, this population tends to suffer difficulties with swallowing. Caregivers in hospital geriatric units routinely compound in solid oral dosage forms for dysphagic patients by crushing the tablets or opening the capsules to facilitate administration. The manipulation of a tablet or a capsule, if not clearly indicated in the product labeling, is an off-label use of the medicine, and must be supported by documented scientific evidence and requires the patient’s informed consent. Compounding of marketed products has been recognized as being responsible for an increased number of adverse events and medical errors. Since extemporaneous compounding is the rule and not the exception in geriatrics departments, the seriousness and scope of issues caused by this daily practice are probably underestimated. In this article, the potential problems associated with the manipulation of authorized solid oral dosage forms are discussed. PMID:28203065

  16. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin following oral and subcutaneous administration in the common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus).

    PubMed

    Scheelings, T F; Devi, J L; Woodward, A P; Whittem, T

    2015-10-01

    [Correction added on 23 March 2015, after first online publication: Terminal half-life values of enrofloxacin is corrected in the fourth sentence of the abstract] Clinically healthy common ringtail possums (n = 5) received single doses of 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin orally and then 2 weeks later subcutaneously. Serial plasma samples were collected over 24 h for each treatment phase, and enrofloxacin concentrations were determined using a validated HPLC assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis. Following oral administration, plasma concentrations were of therapeutic relevance (Cmax median 5.45 μg/mL, range 2.98-6.9 μg/mL), with terminal-phase half-life (t½ ) shorter than in other species (median 3.09 h, range 1.79-5.30 h). In contrast, subcutaneous administration of enrofloxacin did not achieve effective plasma concentrations, with plasma concentrations too erratic to fit the noncompartmental model except in one animal. On the basis of the AUC:MIC, enrofloxacin administered at 10 mg/kg orally, but not subcutaneously, is likely to be effective against a range of bacterial species that have been reported in common ringtail possums. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  17. Quality, Evolution, and Positional Change of University Students' Argumentation Patterns about Organic Agriculture during an Argument-Critique-Argument Experience

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Yu, Shu-Mey; Yore, Larry D.

    2013-01-01

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality, evolution, and position of university students' argumentation about organic agriculture over a 4-week argument-critique-argument e-learning experience embedded in a first year university biology course. The participants (N = 43) were classified into three groups based on their…

  18. Integrated argument-based inquiry with multiple representation approach to promote scientific argumentation skill

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Suminar, Iin; Muslim, Liliawati, Winny

    2017-05-01

    The purpose of this research was to identify student's written argument embedded in scientific inqury investigation and argumentation skill using integrated argument-based inquiry with multiple representation approach. This research was using quasi experimental method with the nonequivalent pretest-posttest control group design. Sample ot this research was 10th grade students at one of High School in Bandung using two classes, they were 26 students of experiment class and 26 students of control class. Experiment class using integrated argument-based inquiry with multiple representation approach, while control class using argument-based inquiry. This study was using argumentation worksheet and argumentation test. Argumentation worksheet encouraged students to formulate research questions, design experiment, observe experiment and explain the data as evidence, construct claim, warrant, embedded multiple modus representation and reflection. Argumentation testinclude problem which asks students to explain evidence, warrants, and backings support of each claim. The result of this research show experiment class students's argumentation skill performed better than control class students that of experiment class was 0.47 and control class was 0.31. The results of unequal variance t-test for independent means show that students'sargumentationskill of experiment class performed better significantly than students'sargumentationskill of control class.

  19. TAPping into argumentation: Developments in the application of Toulmin's Argument Pattern for studying science discourse

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Erduran, Sibel; Simon, Shirley; Osborne, Jonathan

    2004-11-01

    This paper reports some methodological approaches to the analysis of argumentation discourse developed as part of the two-and-a-half year project titled Enhancing the Quality of Argument in School Scienc'' supported by the Economic and Social Research Council in the United Kingdom. In this project researchers collaborated with middle-school science teachers to develop models of instructional activities in an effort to make argumentation a component of instruction. We begin the paper with a brief theoretical justification for why we consider argumentation to be of significance to science education. We then contextualize the use of Toulmin's Argument Pattern in the study of argumentation discourse and provide a justification for the methodological outcomes our approach generates. We illustrate how our work refines and develops research methodologies in argumentation analysis. In particular, we present two methodological approaches to the analysis of argumentation resulting in whole-class as well as small-group student discussions. For each approach, we illustrate our coding scheme and some results as well as how our methodological approach has enabled our inquiry into the quality of argumentation in the classroom. We conclude with some implications for future research in argumentation in science education.

  20. Analysis of scientific argumentation in two physical chemistry classrooms using the POGIL approach

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Moon, Alena C.

    The benefits of facilitating argumentation in science education have been well reported (Jimenez-Aleixandre & Erduran, 2007). Engaging in argumentation has shown to model authentic scientific inquiry as well as promote development of content knowledge. However, less emphasis has been placed on facilitating argumentation in upper level undergraduate courses, though it is important for evaluating undergraduate curricula to characterize upper level students' scientific reasoning. This work considers two implementations of the POGIL physical chemistry curriculum and evaluates the classroom argumentation. The researchers aimed to consider the content of the arguments and dialectical features characteristic of socially constructed arguments (Nielson, 2013). To do this, whole class sessions were videotaped and Toulmin's Argument Pattern (TAP) was used to identify the arguments generated during the class (Erduran, Simon, & Osborne, 2004). A learning progression on chemical thinking (Sevian & Talanquer, 2014) was used as a domain-specific measure of argument quality. Results show differences in argumentation between and across both classrooms that can be explained by analysis of instructor facilitation and the POGIL curriculum. The results from this work will be used to make recommendations for instructor facilitation of argumentation and reform of the POGIL curriculum.

  1. Using Computer-Assisted Argumentation Mapping to develop effective argumentation skills in high school advanced placement physics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Heglund, Brian

    Educators recognize the importance of reasoning ability for development of critical thinking skills, conceptual change, metacognition, and participation in 21st century society. There is a recognized need for students to improve their skills of argumentation, however, argumentation is not explicitly taught outside logic and philosophy---subjects that are not part of the K-12 curriculum. One potential way of supporting the development of argumentation skills in the K-12 context is through incorporating Computer-Assisted Argument Mapping to evaluate arguments. This quasi-experimental study tested the effects of such argument mapping software and was informed by the following two research questions: 1. To what extent does the collaborative use of Computer-Assisted Argumentation Mapping to evaluate competing theories influence the critical thinking skill of argument evaluation, metacognitive awareness, and conceptual knowledge acquisition in high school Advanced Placement physics, compared to the more traditional method of text tables that does not employ Computer-Assisted Argumentation Mapping? 2. What are the student perceptions of the pros and cons of argument evaluation in the high school Advanced Placement physics environment? This study examined changes in critical thinking skills, including argumentation evaluation skills, as well as metacognitive awareness and conceptual knowledge, in two groups: a treatment group using Computer-Assisted Argumentation Mapping to evaluate physics arguments, and a comparison group using text tables to evaluate physics arguments. Quantitative and qualitative methods for collecting and analyzing data were used to answer the research questions. Quantitative data indicated no significant difference between the experimental groups, and qualitative data suggested students perceived pros and cons of argument evaluation in the high school Advanced Placement physics environment, such as self-reported sense of improvement in argument evaluation and low perceived value of the learning task, respectively. The discussion presents implications for practice and research, such as introducing motivation scaffolds to support appreciation of task value, and addressing major differences between the design of this study and similar published studies, respectively. This work provides contributions in that it tested the effect of Computer-Assisted Argumentation Mapping on the critical thinking skills of twelfth-grade students within the context of evaluating physics arguments, a previously unexplored age group and domain.

  2. Explanation can cause Forgetting: Memory Dynamics in the Generation of New Arguments.

    PubMed

    Soares, Julia S; Storm, Benjamin C

    2017-10-01

    Retrieval-induced forgetting is observed when the retrieval of target information causes the forgetting of nontarget information. The present study investigated whether similar dynamics occur in the context of generating arguments in the process of explanation. Participants studied arguments associated with several issues before attempting to think of new arguments pertaining to a subset of those issues. When given a later memory test, participants were less likely to recall the studied arguments if they had attempted to think of new arguments than if they had not. This argument-induced forgetting effect was observed regardless of whether participants attempted to generate arguments that either agreed or disagreed with the position of the arguments they studied. The effect was significantly reduced, however, and even numerically reversed, when participants generated arguments that were highly related to the studied arguments. This finding fits well with previous research on retrieval-induced forgetting, which has shown that the retrieval or generation of new information fails to cause the forgetting of old information when the two types of information are well integrated or semantically associated.

  3. Argument-Driven Inquiry as a Way to Help Students Learn How to Participate in Scientific Argumentation and Craft Written Arguments: An Exploratory Study

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sampson, Victor; Grooms, Jonathon; Walker, Joi Phelps

    2011-01-01

    This exploratory study examines how a series of laboratory activities designed using a new instructional model, called Argument-Driven Inquiry (ADI), influences the ways students participate in scientific argumentation and the quality of the scientific arguments they craft as part of this process. The two outcomes of interest were assessed with a…

  4. Negotiating Competing Schemas for Discourse: A Framework and Study of Argument Construction. The Writing of Arguments across Diverse Contexts. Study 2. Final Report.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Higgins, Lorraine; Flower, Linda

    A study described college student writers as they constructed arguments, creating a picture of school-based argument drawn not from ideal models of arguments as envisioned by educators, but from experiences of students themselves. A three-part framework that synthesizes rhetorical perspectives on argument with a social-cognitive view of the…

  5. Evolution as represented through argumentation: A qualitative study on reasoning and argumentation in high school biology teaching practices

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yalcinoglu, Pelin

    This study aimed to explore high school biology teachers' epistemological criteria and their attention to reasoning and argumentation within their instructional practices. This study investigated: (1) what epistemological criteria do high school biology teachers use when justifying the validity of conclusions, (2) what is the frequency of the explicit use of reasoning and argumentation, if any, in high school biology teachers' instructional practices, and to what extend are reasoning and argumentation skills reflected, if at all, in high school biology teachers' modes of assessment. Three different data collection methods were employed in this study; face-to-face interviews, classroom observations, and document collections. Teachers' epistemological criteria were investigated to provide insight about their reasoning structures. This investigation was made possible by having teachers provide an argument about the validity of hypothetical conclusions drawn by the students based on two different scenarios related to evolution. Toulmin's Argument Pattern used to create rubric to analyze high school biology teachers' levels of reasoning through argumentation. Results of the data analysis suggested following findings. First, high school biology teachers participated in this study presented variety of epistemological criteria which were presented as high, moderate and low levels of reasoning through the argumentations. Second, elements of Toulmin's Argument Pattern were visible in the participants teaching practices, however students were not explicitly introduced to a well structured argument in those classrooms. High level of reasoning was not evident in the instructional practices of the observed teachers. High school biology classrooms which were observed in this study do not provide opportunities for students to practice high level of reasoning or improve their argumentation skills. Third, Interview Protocols designed for this study were found useful to identify the epistemological criteria and level of reasoning individuals presented through argumentation. Toulmin's Argument Pattern provides a practical method to analyze the structure of arguments. Results of this study suggest the following implications for improving science education. These implications might be helpful in increasing teacher awareness of the importance of explicit teaching of reasoning and argumentation in science classrooms. Toulmin's Argument Model should be introduced to teachers through teacher education or professional development programs to increase the use of reasoning and argumentation skills in instructional practices. Toulmin's Argument Pattern may be used to design lessons or unit plans which present science as argumentation. Therefore, by engaging students in argumentation, teachers may help students to improve their content knowledge along with reasoning and argumentation skills in science classrooms. The results of this study suggest that use of Toulmin's Argument Pattern to evaluate high school biology teachers' presented levels of reasoning is a promising approach to understanding the structure of reasoning and argumentation that biology teachers use when providing judgments about the validity of hypothetical conclusions. The interview protocols and the rubrics used in this study should be tested in different subject areas in order to enhance and validate the use of Toulmin's Argument Pattern in measuring individuals' epistemological criteria and level of reasoning.

  6. Argument structure hierarchy system and method for facilitating analysis and decision-making processes

    DOEpatents

    Janssen, Terry

    2000-01-01

    A system and method for facilitating decision-making comprising a computer program causing linkage of data representing a plurality of argument structure units into a hierarchical argument structure. Each argument structure unit comprises data corresponding to a hypothesis and its corresponding counter-hypothesis, data corresponding to grounds that provide a basis for inference of the hypothesis or its corresponding counter-hypothesis, data corresponding to a warrant linking the grounds to the hypothesis or its corresponding counter-hypothesis, and data corresponding to backing that certifies the warrant. The hierarchical argument structure comprises a top level argument structure unit and a plurality of subordinate level argument structure units. Each of the plurality of subordinate argument structure units comprises at least a portion of the grounds of the argument structure unit to which it is subordinate. Program code located on each of a plurality of remote computers accepts input from one of a plurality of contributors. Each input comprises data corresponding to an argument structure unit in the hierarchical argument structure and supports the hypothesis or its corresponding counter-hypothesis. A second programming code is adapted to combine the inputs into a single hierarchical argument structure. A third computer program code is responsive to the second computer program code and is adapted to represent a degree of support for the hypothesis and its corresponding counter-hypothesis in the single hierarchical argument structure.

  7. Latitudinal Dependence of the Radial IMF Component: Coronal Imprint

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Suess, S. T.; Smith, E. J.

    1996-01-01

    Measurements by Ulysses have confirmed that there is no significant gradient with respect to heliomagnetic latitude in the radial component, B(sub r,) of the interplanetary magnetic field. In the corona, the plasma, beta is much less than 1, except directly above streamers, so longitudinal and latitudinal gradients in field strength will relax due to the transverse magnetic pressure gradient force as the solar wind carries magnetic flux away from the Sun. This happens quickly enough so that the field is essentially uniform by 5 - 10 solar radius, apparently remaining so as it is carried to beyond 1 AU. Here, we illustrate the coronal relaxation with a qualitative physical argument and by reference to a detailed Magneto HydroDynamics (MHD) simulation.

  8. The glass ceiling is not fragile: A response to Odum (2000).

    PubMed

    McSweeney, F K; Swindell, S

    2001-01-01

    Odum (2000) criticized our recent conclusions about the participation of women in the experimental analysis of behavior (McSweeney & Swindell, 1998). We address her criticisms here. We argue against the need for statistical tests. We show that our conclusions still apply to all journals except the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior even when we include the senior editorial staff along with members of the editorial board. We argue that the data that Odum provides to show gender equity are limited, inconsistent with past findings, and hard to interpret in the absence of other data. Finally, we argue that Odum failed to address our most convincing argument for gender inequity and misinterpreted our suggestions for improvements.

  9. Using the Hitachi SEM to engage learners and promote next generation science standards inquiry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Menshew, D. E.

    2014-09-01

    In this study participants will learn how the Hitachi TM3000 scanning electron microscope (SEM) played a central role in one school's movement towards Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) and promoted exceptional student engagement. The device was used to create high quality images that were used by students in a variety of lab activities including a simulated crime scene investigation focusing on developing evidence based arguments as well as a real world conservation biology study. It provided opportunities for small group and independent investigations in support of NGSS, and peer-peer mentoring. Furthermore, use of the device was documented and were included to enhance secondary students' college and scholarship applications, all of which were successful.

  10. Sometimes a cigar [magazine] is more than just a cigar [magazine]: pro-smoking arguments in Cigar Aficionado, 1992-2000.

    PubMed

    DeSantis, Alan D; Morgan, Susan E

    2003-01-01

    Since its first issue in 1992, few periodicals have enjoyed the rapid growth and international popularity of Cigar Aficionado. Although the magazine professes to simply celebrate "the good life and the joys of cigar smoking," we argue that it serves a more insidious function; specifically, the periodical supplies readers with 7 persuasive strategies aimed at rebuking dominant anti-smoking health assertions: (a) the cigars-are-not-cigarettes argument, (b) the life-is-dangerous argument, (c) the health-benefits argument, (d) the moderation argument, (e) the old-smokers argument, (f) the bad-science argument, and (g) the good-science argument. These pro-smoking arguments ultimately serve to relieve the cognitive dissonance associated with the consumption of a potentially deadly product and to maintain a loyal readership, free from guilt or anxiety.

  11. The Skill of Identifying Argumentation.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    van Eemeren, Frans H.; And Others

    1989-01-01

    Investigates 14-year-old students' ability to recognize argumentation without having systematic instruction; and whether the identification of argumentation is an independent skill. Finds that after a 20-minute explanation, a large proportion of 14-year-olds could not identify simple argumentation. Concludes that identifying argumentation is a…

  12. Icelandic Morphosyntax and Argument Structure

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wood, Jim

    2012-01-01

    This dissertation is about the elements that build verbs, the elements that introduce arguments, and how these elements interact to determine the interpretation of arguments and events. A theory of argument structure is a theory how arguments are introduced syntactically, interpreted semantically, and marked morphologically, and how this…

  13. The nature and development of hypothetico-predictive argumentation with implications for science teaching

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lawson, Anton E.

    2003-11-01

    This paper explicates a pattern of scientific argumentation in which scientists respond to causal questions with the generation and test of alternative hypotheses through cycles of hypothetico-predictive argumentation. Hypothetico-predictive arguments are employed to test causal claims that exist on at least two levels (designated stage 4 in which the causal claims are perceptible, and stage 5 in which the causal claims are imperceptible). Origins of the ability to construct and comprehend hypothetico-predictive arguments at the highest level can be traced to pre-verbal reasoning of the sensory-motor child and the gradual internalization of verbally mediated arguments involving nominal, categorical, causal and, finally, theoretical propositions. Presumably, the ability to construct and comprehend hypothetico-predictive arguments (an aspect of procedural knowledge) is necessary for the construction of conceptual knowledge (an aspect of declarative knowledge) because such arguments are used during concept construction and conceptual change. Science instruction that focuses on the generation and debate of hypothetico-predictive arguments should improve students' conceptual understanding and their argumentative/reasoning skills.

  14. The Evaluation of Argument Mapping as a Learning Tool: Comparing the Effects of Map Reading versus Text Reading on Comprehension and Recall of Arguments

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Dwyer, Christopher P.; Hogan, Michael J.; Stewart, Ian

    2010-01-01

    The current study compared the effects on comprehension and memory of learning via text versus learning via argument map. Argument mapping is a method of diagrammatic representation of arguments designed to simplify the reading of an argument structure and allow for easy assimilation of core propositions and relations. In the current study, 400…

  15. An assessment of adhesion, aggregation and surface charges of Lactobacillus strains derived from the human oral cavity.

    PubMed

    Piwat, S; Sophatha, B; Teanpaisan, R

    2015-07-01

    There is limited information concerning the adhesion and aggregation of human oral lactobacilli. In this study, the adhesion of 10 Lactobacillus species was investigated using H357 oral keratinocyte cells as an in vitro model for oral mucosa. Coaggregation with the representative oral pathogen, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, and the physicochemical cell properties was also evaluated. The results demonstrated significant variations in adhesion (42-96%) and aggregation (autoaggregation, 14-95%; coaggregation, 19-65%). All strains showed a high affinity for chloroform, and most strains had a moderate-to-high hydrophobicity. All strains, except Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus gasseri, showed a moderate affinity for ethyl acetate. There was a strong association of autoaggregation with coaggregation (rs = 0·883, P < 0·001). The highest mean for autoaggregation (74%) and coaggregation (47%) belonged to the Lact. gasseri strains. Correlations between the adhesion and surface characteristics and aggregation were observed among the Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus paracasei strains; however, there was a variation in the strains properties within and between species. This study indicated that the Lact. gasseri, Lact. fermentum, and Lact. paracasei strains might be potential probiotics for the human oral cavity given their desirable properties. It should also be emphasized that a selective process for probiotic strains is required. Adhesion to host tissues and bacterial aggregation (auto- and coaggregation) are the highly important criteria for selecting strains with probiotic potential. These abilities are commonly involved with surface-charged characteristics. This is the first study to investigate the oral Lactobacillus species using an oral keratinocyte cell line. Significant results were found for the correlations between the adhesion and surface charge characteristics and for aggregation among certain strains of Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus paracasei. This observation could be useful when collecting background information for the selection of probiotic strains for use in oral health. © 2015 The Society for Applied Microbiology.

  16. Association of Candida sp. with the Degrees of Dysplasia and Oral Cancer: A Study by Calcofluor White under Fluorescent Microscopy

    PubMed Central

    Tamgadge, Sandhya; Tamgadge, Avinash; Pillai, Aswathy; chande, Mayura; Acharya, Siddharth; Kamat, Narayan

    2017-01-01

    Background and objective: Candida albicans (C. albicans) play a significant role in oral mucosal carcinogenesis. It can be identified using various techniques in cytological smears. But, very few studies have been conducted on histopathological sections using calcofluor white M2R under fluorescent microscopy. Additionally, detection and quantification of Candida colonies and its correlation with various grades of oral leukoplakia and oral carcinomas have not been explored much. Methods: The current retrospective study included 80 samples from archives consisting of 60 samples in the study group (10 cases each of mild, moderate, and severe epithelial dysplasia (totally 30) and 30 cases of oral carcinoma). Sections were stained with calcofluor white (CFW) and 10% KOH for the observation under fluorescent microscopy and correlated with different grades of oral leukoplakia and oral carcinomas. Chi-square test was used in SSPS software to study the presence and absence of Candida sp. in different groups. Results: The study groups of oral carcinoma and dysplasia showed a significant association with Candida sp. (P=0). When carcinoma was compared with each grade of dysplasia, except mild dysplasia (P=4.4E-05), both moderate (P=0.402195) and severe dysplasia (P=0.558746) showed an insignificant P-value. When the groups of mild (13.3%), moderate (30%), and severe (33.3%) dysplasia were considered independently, the incidence of Candida sp. increased as the grade of dysplasia increased. The number of colonies have been counted and the maximum number of colonies have been observed in carcinoma and the least have been observed in mild dysplasia. Conclusion: A significant association of Candida colonies with epithelial dysplasia and oral cancer was established. Further, CFW was found a promising candidate to identify Candida colonies in tissue sections using fluorescent microscopy. PMID:29563930

  17. Health workforce governance and oral health: Diversity and challenges in Europe.

    PubMed

    Gallagher, Jennifer E; Eaton, Kenneth A

    2015-12-01

    Throughout the life course, oral diseases are some of the most common non-communicable diseases globally, and in Europe. Human resources for oral health are fundamental to healthcare systems in general and dentistry is no exception. As political and healthcare systems change, so do forms of governance. The aim of this paper is to examine human resources for oral health in Europe, against a workforce governance framework, using England as a case study. The findings suggest that neo-liberalist philosophies are leading to multiple forms of soft governance at professional, system, organisational and individual levels, most notably in England, where there is no longer professional self-regulation. Benefits include professional regulation of a wider cadre of human resources for oral health, reorientation of care towards evidence-informed practice including prevention, and consideration of care pathways for patients. Across Europe there has been significant professional collaboration in relation to quality standards in the education of dentists, following transnational policies permitting freedom of movement of health professionals; however, the distribution of dentists is inequitable. Challenges include facilitating employment of graduates to serve the needs and demands of the population in certain countries, together with governance of workforce production and migration across Europe. Integrated trans-European approaches to monitoring mobility and governance are urgently required. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  18. Explicit argumentation instruction to facilitate conceptual understanding and argumentation skills

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Seda Cetin, Pinar

    2014-01-01

    Background: Argumentation is accepted by many science educators as a major component of science education. Many studies have investigated students' conceptual understanding and their engagement in argumentative activities. However, studies conducted in the subject of chemistry are very rare. Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of argumentation-based chemistry lessons on pre-service science teachers' understanding of reaction rate concepts, their quality of argumentation, and their consideration of specific reaction rate concepts in constructing an argument. Moreover, students' perceptions of argumentation lessons were explored. Sample: There were 116 participants (21 male and 95 female), who were pre-service first-grade science teachers from a public university. The participants were recruited from the two intact classes of a General Chemistry II course, both of which were taught by the same instructor. Design and methods: In the present study, non-equivalent control group design was used as a part of quasi-experimental design. The experimental group was taught using explicit argumentation activities, and the control group was instructed using traditional instruction. The data were collected using a reaction rate concept test, a pre-service teachers' survey, and the participants' perceptions of the argumentation lessons questionnaire. For the data analysis, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, the Mann-Whitney U-test and qualitative techniques were used. Results: The results of the study indicated that an argumentation-based intervention caused significantly better acquisition of scientific reaction rate-related concepts and positively impacted the structure and complexity of pre-service teachers' argumentation. Moreover, the majority of the participants reported positive feelings toward argumentation activities. Conclusions: As students are encouraged to state and support their view in the chemistry classroom when studying reaction rate, it was observed that their understanding increased in terms of both the context and the quality of the argumentation that they produced. In light of the findings, it is suggested that argumentation activities should be developed to promote students' science content knowledge and argumentation skills.

  19. Interplay between Content Knowledge and Scientific Argumentation

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hakyolu, Hanife; Ogan-Bekiroglu, Feral

    2016-01-01

    This research study aimed to analyze the relationship between content knowledge and argumentation by examining students' prior subject matter knowledge and their production of arguments as well as by comparing students' arguments with their knowledge-in-use during scientific argumentation sessions. A correlational research design was carried out…

  20. Individual Events as a Laboratory for Argument: Analogues for Limited Preparation Events.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kay, Jack

    To better serve as a laboratory for argument, individual events competition should represent analogues of "real world" argumentation/communication situations. The individual events laboratory must fulfill a pedagogical function, and should also "create" knowledge about argumentation strategies, specific fields of argument, and…

  1. 19 CFR 351.309 - Written argument.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Written argument. 351.309 Section 351.309 Customs... Information and Argument § 351.309 Written argument. (a) Introduction. Written argument may be submitted... these documents. (b) Written argument—(1) In general. In making the final determination in a...

  2. Individual Differences in the "Myside Bias" in Reasoning and Written Argumentation

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wolfe, Christopher R.

    2012-01-01

    Three studies examined the "myside bias" in reasoning, evaluating written arguments, and writing argumentative essays. Previous research suggests that some people possess a fact-based argumentation schema and some people have a balanced argumentation schema. I developed reliable Likert scale instruments (1-7 rating) for these constructs…

  3. Omitted Arguments and Complexity of Predication

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Port, Martin

    2010-01-01

    This work focuses on the licensing conditions and logical structure of understood-argument constructions, or complement-drop constructions, in English. There are two main types of such arguments: Indefinite Understood Arguments (IUA) and Definite Understood Arguments (DUA). IUA readings occur in such cases in "He ate, He cooked". In such cases,…

  4. Individual versus Group Argumentation: Student's Performance in a Malaysian Context

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Heng, Lee Ling; Surif, Johari; Seng, Cher Hau

    2014-01-01

    Scientific argumentation has been greatly emphasized in the National Science Standard due to its ability to enhance students' understanding of scientific concepts. This study investigated the mastery level of scientific argumentation, based on Toulmin's Argumentation Model (TAP), when students engage in individual and group argumentations. A total…

  5. Online debates to enhance critical thinking in pharmacotherapy.

    PubMed

    Charrois, Theresa L; Appleton, Michelle

    2013-10-14

    To assess the impact of teaching strategies on the complexity and structure of students' arguments and type of informal reasoning used in arguments. Students were given an introduction to argumentation followed by 2 formal debates, with feedback provided in between. Four debate groups were randomly selected for evaluation. In debate 1, all groups posted 1 argument, and all 4 arguments were rationalistic and ranked as high-level arguments. In debate 2, members of the 4 groups posted a total of 33 arguments, which were evaluated and received an overall median ranking lower than that for debate 1. All debates were categorized as rationalistic. Students were able to formulate rationalistic arguments to therapeutic controversies; however, their level of argumentation decreased over the course of the study. Changes planned for the future include conducting the debates in the context of patient scenarios to increase practical applicability.

  6. Two kinds of reasoning.

    PubMed

    Rips, L J

    2001-03-01

    According to one view of reasoning, people can evaluate arguments in at least two qualitatively different ways: in terms of their deductive correctness and in terms of their inductive strength. According to a second view, assessments of both correctness and strength are a function of an argument's position on a single psychological continuum (e.g., subjective conditional probability). A deductively correct argument is one with the maximum value on this continuum; a strong argument is one with a high value. The present experiment tested these theories by asking participants to evaluate the same set of arguments for correctness and strength. The results produced an interaction between type of argument and instructions: In some conditions, participants judged one argument deductively correct more often than a second, but judged the second argument inductively strong more often than the first. This finding supports the view that people have distinct ways to evaluate arguments.

  7. Social argumentation in online synchronous communication

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Angiono, Ivan

    In education, argumentation has an increasing importance because it can be used to foster learning in various fields including philosophy, history, sciences, and mathematics. Argumentation is also at the heart of scientific inquiry. Many educational technology researchers have been interested in finding out how technologies can be employed to improve students' learning of argumentation. Therefore, many computer-based tools or argumentation systems have been developed to assist students in their acquisition of argumentation skills. While the argumentation systems incorporating online debating tools present a good resource in formal settings, there is limited research revealing what argumentative skills students are portraying in informal online settings without the presence of a moderator. This dissertation investigates the nature of argumentative practices in a massively multiplayer online game where the system successfully incorporates the authentic use of online synchronous communication tools and the patterns that emerge from the interplay between a number of contextual variables including synchronicity, interest, authenticity, and topical knowledge.

  8. Social values as arguments: similar is convincing

    PubMed Central

    Maio, Gregory R.; Hahn, Ulrike; Frost, John-Mark; Kuppens, Toon; Rehman, Nadia; Kamble, Shanmukh

    2014-01-01

    Politicians, philosophers, and rhetors engage in co-value argumentation: appealing to one value in order to support another value (e.g., “equality leads to freedom”). Across four experiments in the United Kingdom and India, we found that the psychological relatedness of values affects the persuasiveness of the arguments that bind them. Experiment 1 found that participants were more persuaded by arguments citing values that fulfilled similar motives than by arguments citing opposing values. Experiments 2 and 3 replicated this result using a wider variety of values, while finding that the effect is stronger among people higher in need for cognition and that the effect is mediated by the greater plausibility of co-value arguments that link motivationally compatible values. Experiment 4 extended the effect to real-world arguments taken from political propaganda and replicated the mediating effect of argument plausibility. The findings highlight the importance of value relatedness in argument persuasiveness. PMID:25147529

  9. Online Debates to Enhance Critical Thinking in Pharmacotherapy

    PubMed Central

    Appleton, Michelle

    2013-01-01

    Objectives. To assess the impact of teaching strategies on the complexity and structure of students’ arguments and type of informal reasoning used in arguments. Design. Students were given an introduction to argumentation followed by 2 formal debates, with feedback provided in between. Assessment. Four debate groups were randomly selected for evaluation. In debate 1, all groups posted 1 argument, and all 4 arguments were rationalistic and ranked as high-level arguments. In debate 2, members of the 4 groups posted a total of 33 arguments, which were evaluated and received an overall median ranking lower than that for debate 1. All debates were categorized as rationalistic. Conclusion. Students were able to formulate rationalistic arguments to therapeutic controversies; however, their level of argumentation decreased over the course of the study. Changes planned for the future include conducting the debates in the context of patient scenarios to increase practical applicability. PMID:24159211

  10. Socioscientific Argumentation of Pre-Service Teachers about Genetically Modified Organisms

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Herawati, D.; Ardianto, D.

    2017-09-01

    This study aims to investigate socioscientific argumentation of pre-service teachers of science and non-science major regarding Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) issue. We used descriptive study and involved second-year pre-service teachers from two major, 28 pre-service science teachers (PSTs) and 28 pre-service non-science teachers (PNSTs) as participants. Paper and pencil test was administered in order to obtain the data of PSTs’ and PNSTs’ argument about GMOs. All of the data were analyzed by descriptive analysis. We applied Toulmin Argumentation Pattern (TAP) as a basic framework to identify the argumentation component. The result showed that both PSTs and PNSTs were able to propose an argument with a claim, data, and/or warrant.. Most of their argument contain data which provided in the text, without any further reasoning or relevant scientific knowledge. So, the coherency between argumentation component in both PSTs and PNSTs was limited. However, PSTs are more able to propose coherent arguments than PNSTs. These findings indicated that educational background and learning experiences may influence to pre-service teacher argumentation in the context of GMOs. Beside that, teaching and learning process which focused on the socioscientific issues is necessary to develop pre-service teachers’ argumentation

  11. Supporting Teachers to Attend to Generalisation in Science Classroom Argumentation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shemwell, Jonathan T.; Gwarjanski, Kalee R.; Capps, Daniel K.; Avargil, Shirly; Meyer, Joanna L.

    2015-03-01

    In scientific arguments, claims must have meaning that extends beyond the immediate circumstances of an investigation. That is, claims must be generalised in some way. Therefore, teachers facilitating classroom argumentation must be prepared to support students' efforts to construct or criticise generalised claims. However, widely used argumentation support tools, for instance, the claim-evidence-reasoning (CER) framework, tend not to address generalisation. Accordingly, teachers using these kinds of tools may not be prepared to help their students negotiate issues of generalisation in arguments. We investigated this possibility in a study of professional development activities of 18 middle school teachers using CER. We compared the teachers' approach to generalisation when using a published version of CER to their approach when using an alternate form of CER that increased support for generalisation. In several different sessions, the teachers: (1) responded to survey questions when using CER, (2) critiqued student arguments, (3) used both CER and alternate CER to construct arguments, and (4) discussed the experience of using CER and alternate CER. When using the standard CER, the teachers did not explicitly attend to generalisation in student arguments or in their own arguments. With alternate CER, the teachers generalised their own arguments, and they acknowledged the need for generalisation in student arguments. We concluded that teachers using frameworks for supporting scientific argumentation could benefit from more explicit support for generalisation than CER provides. More broadly, we concluded that generalisation deserves increased attention as a pedagogical challenge within classroom scientific argumentation.

  12. Positional differences in the wound transcriptome of skin and oral mucosa

    PubMed Central

    2010-01-01

    Background When compared to skin, oral mucosal wounds heal rapidly and with reduced scar formation. Recent studies suggest that intrinsic differences in inflammation, growth factor production, levels of stem cells, and cellular proliferation capacity may underlie the exceptional healing that occurs in oral mucosa. The current study was designed to compare the transcriptomes of oral mucosal and skin wounds in order to identify critical differences in the healing response at these two sites using an unbiased approach. Results Using microarray analysis, we explored the differences in gene expression in skin and oral mucosal wound healing in a murine model of paired equivalent sized wounds. Samples were examined from days 0 to 10 and spanned all stages of the wound healing process. Using unwounded matched tissue as a control, filtering identified 1,479 probe sets in skin wounds yet only 502 probe sets in mucosal wounds that were significantly differentially expressed over time. Clusters of genes that showed similar patterns of expression were also identified in each wound type. Analysis of functionally related gene expression demonstrated dramatically different reactions to injury between skin and mucosal wounds. To explore whether site-specific differences might be derived from intrinsic differences in cellular responses at each site, we compared the response of isolated epithelial cells from skin and oral mucosa to a defined in vitro stimulus. When cytokine levels were measured, epithelial cells from skin produced significantly higher amounts of proinflammatory cytokines than cells from oral mucosa. Conclusions The results provide the first detailed molecular profile of the site-specific differences in the genetic response to injury in mucosa and skin, and suggest the divergent reactions to injury may derive from intrinsic differences in the cellular responses at each site. PMID:20704739

  13. Overexpression of HOXB7 homeobox gene in oral cancer induces cellular proliferation and is associated with poor prognosis.

    PubMed

    De Souza Setubal Destro, Maria Fernanda; Bitu, Carolina Cavalcanti; Zecchin, Karina G; Graner, Edgard; Lopes, Marcio A; Kowalski, Luis Paulo; Coletta, Ricardo D

    2010-01-01

    A growing body of evidence has confirmed the involvement of dysregulated expression of HOX genes in cancer. HOX genes are a family of 39 transcription factors, divided in 4 clusters (HOXA to HOXD), that during normal development regulate cell proliferation and specific cell fate. In the present study it was investigated whether genes of the HOXB cluster play a role in oral cancer. We showed that most of the genes in the HOXB network are inactive in oral tissues, with exception of HOXB2, HOXB7 and HOXB13. Expression of HOXB7 was significantly higher in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) compared to normal oral mucosas. We further demonstrated that HOXB7 overexpression in HaCAT human epithelial cell line promoted proliferation, whereas downregulation of HOXB7 endogenous levels in human oral carcinoma cells (SCC9 cells) decreased proliferation. In OSCCs, expression of HOXB7 and Ki67, a marker of proliferation, correlate strongly with each other (rs=0.79, p<0.006). High immunohistochemical expression of HOXB7 was correlated with T stage (p=0.06), N stage (p=0.07), disease stage (p=0.09) and Ki67 expression (p=0.01), and patients with tumors showing high number of HOXB7-positive cells had shorter overall survival (p=0.08) and shorter disease-free survival after treatment (p=0.10) compared with patients with tumors exhibiting low amount of HOXB7-positive cells. Our data suggest that HOXB7 may contribute to oral carcinogenesis by increasing tumor cell proliferation, and imply that HOXB7 may be an important determinant of OSCC patient prognosis.

  14. Relationship between Primary and Secondary Dental Care in Public Health Services in Brazil.

    PubMed

    Martins, Renata Castro; Reis, Clarice Magalhães Rodrigues Dos; Matta Machado, Antonio Thomaz Gonzaga da; Amaral, João Henrique Lara do; Werneck, Marcos Azeredo Furquim; Abreu, Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães de

    2016-01-01

    This cross-sectional study evaluated the relationship between primary and secondary oral health care in Brazil. For this purpose, data from the National Program for Improving Access and Quality of Primary Care were used. Dentists from 12,403 oral health teams (OHTs) answered a structured questionnaire in 2012. The data were analyzed descriptively and by cluster analysis. Of the 12,387 (99.9%) OHTs that answered all the questions, 62.2% reported the existence of Dental Specialties Centers (DSCs) to which they could refer patients. The specialties with the highest frequencies were endodontics (68.4%), minor oral surgery (65.8%), periodontics (63.0%), radiology (46.8%), oral medicine (40.2%), orthodontics (20.5%) and implantology (6.2%). In all percentiles, the shortest wait time for secondary care was for radiology, followed by oral medicine and the other specialties. In the 50th percentile, the wait for endodontics, periodontics, minor oral surgery and orthodontics was 30 days, while for implantology, the wait was 60 days. Finally, in the 75th percentile, the wait for endodontics, orthodontics and implantology was 90 days or more. Two clusters, with different frequencies of OHT access to specialties, were identified. Cluster 1 (n = 7,913) included the OHTs with lower frequencies in all specialties except orthodontics and implantology compared with Cluster 2 (n = 4,474). Of the Brazilian regions, the South and Southeast regions had the highest frequencies for Cluster 2, with better rates for the relationship between primary and secondary care. This study suggests certain difficulties in the relationship between primary and secondary care in specific specialties in oral health, with a great number of OHTs with limited access to DSCs, in addition to different performance in terms of OHT access to DSCs across Brazilian regions.

  15. A clinicopathologic and epidemiologic study of chronic white lesions in the oral mucosa.

    PubMed

    Ghosh, Sampurna; Pal, Sudipta; Ghatak, Soumya; Saha, Somnath; Biswas, Surajit; Srivastava, Prabha

    2017-08-01

    Invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma is often preceded by the presence of clinically identifiable premalignant changes of the oral mucosa, including white lesions. We conducted a cross-sectional, observational study to assess the clinicopathologic and epidemiologic aspects of chronic oral mucosal white lesions to determine the necessity of early biopsy in these cases. Our study population was made up of 77 patients-50 males and 27 females, aged 15 to 70 years (mean: 42.9)-who presented with white lesions persisting for at least 4 weeks. All but 3 patients underwent a biopsy; the 3 exceptions were diagnosed with smear-proven candidiasis. Patients with moderate or severe dysplasia underwent an excision biopsy. The buccal mucosa was the single most common site of white lesions, occurring in 15 patients (19.5%), although 21 patients (27.3%) exhibited a diffuse involvement of the oral mucosa. Of the 77 patients, 59 (76.6%) had concerning findings: premalignant lesions in 45 patients (58.4%) and malignant lesions in 14 (18.2%). Also, dysplasia was seen in 8 patients (10.4%), all of whom had premalignant lesions. Tobacco chewing (p = 0.008) and betel quid chewing (p = 0.029) were significantly associated with the development of premalignant and malignant lesions; a longer duration of tobacco chewing (≥10 yr) was significantly associated with a higher risk of malignant but not premalignant lesions (p = 0.031). Finally, illiteracy was a significant risk factor for premalignant and malignant lesions (p = 0.03). Our findings support the necessity of biopsy in every case. Early detection of oral carcinoma by biopsy of all oral white lesions would not only prevent patients from undergoing disfiguring surgery and chemoradiation, but it also would increase the 5-year survival rate.

  16. Positional differences in the wound transcriptome of skin and oral mucosa.

    PubMed

    Chen, Lin; Arbieva, Zarema H; Guo, Shujuan; Marucha, Phillip T; Mustoe, Thomas A; DiPietro, Luisa A

    2010-08-12

    When compared to skin, oral mucosal wounds heal rapidly and with reduced scar formation. Recent studies suggest that intrinsic differences in inflammation, growth factor production, levels of stem cells, and cellular proliferation capacity may underlie the exceptional healing that occurs in oral mucosa. The current study was designed to compare the transcriptomes of oral mucosal and skin wounds in order to identify critical differences in the healing response at these two sites using an unbiased approach. Using microarray analysis, we explored the differences in gene expression in skin and oral mucosal wound healing in a murine model of paired equivalent sized wounds. Samples were examined from days 0 to 10 and spanned all stages of the wound healing process. Using unwounded matched tissue as a control, filtering identified 1,479 probe sets in skin wounds yet only 502 probe sets in mucosal wounds that were significantly differentially expressed over time. Clusters of genes that showed similar patterns of expression were also identified in each wound type. Analysis of functionally related gene expression demonstrated dramatically different reactions to injury between skin and mucosal wounds. To explore whether site-specific differences might be derived from intrinsic differences in cellular responses at each site, we compared the response of isolated epithelial cells from skin and oral mucosa to a defined in vitro stimulus. When cytokine levels were measured, epithelial cells from skin produced significantly higher amounts of proinflammatory cytokines than cells from oral mucosa. The results provide the first detailed molecular profile of the site-specific differences in the genetic response to injury in mucosa and skin, and suggest the divergent reactions to injury may derive from intrinsic differences in the cellular responses at each site.

  17. Pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of tetrahydropalmatine and tetrahydroberberine after oral administration of DA-9701, a new botanical gastroprokinetic agent, in rats.

    PubMed

    Jung, Ji Won; Kwon, Yong Sam; Jeong, Jin Seok; Son, Miwon; Kang, Hee Eun

    2015-01-01

    DA-9701, a new botanical gastroprokinetic agent, has potential for the management of delayed gastric emptying in Parkinson's disease if it has no central anti-dopaminergic activity. Therefore, we examined the pharmacokinetics of DA-9701 components having dopamine D2 receptor antagonizing activity, tetrahydropalmatine (THP) and tetrahydroberberine (THB), following various oral doses (80-328 mg/kg) of DA-9701. The distribution of THP and THB to the brain and/or other tissues was also evaluated after single or multiple oral administrations of DA-9701. Oral administration of DA-9701 yielded dose-proportional area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-8 h) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) values for THP and THB, indicating linear pharmacokinetics (except for THB at the lowest dose). THP and THB's large tissue-to-plasma concentration ratios indicated considerable tissue distribution. High concentrations of THP and THB in the stomach and small intestine suggest an explanation for DA-9701's potent gastroprokinetic activity. The maximum concentrations of THP and THB in brain following multiple oral DA-9701 for 7 d (150 mg/kg/d) was observed at 30 min after the last oral DA-9701 treatment: 131±67.7 ng/g for THP and 6.97±4.03 ng/g for THB. Although both THP and THB pass through the blood-brain barrier, as indicated by brain-to-plasma concentration ratios greater than unity (approximately 2-4), oral administration of DA-9701 at the effective dose in humans is not expected to lead to sufficient brain concentrations to exert central dopamine D2 receptor antagonism.

  18. Impact of Dental Rehabilitation on Oral Health-related Quality-of-life in Healthy Children and Those with Special Health Care Needs.

    PubMed

    Farsi, Deema J; Farsi, Nada J; El-Housseiny, Azza A; Turkistani, Jihan M; Farsi, Najat M

    2018-04-01

    Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the effect of dental rehabilitation on oral health-related quality-of-life (OHRQoL) in children with special health care needs (CSHCN) and healthy children. Materials and methods: The prospective study's sample consisted of 213 parents of caries-affected children, who were aged 6 years or younger and were scheduled for dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia (DRGA). The parent-child dyads were recruited from three public hospitals in Jeddah between October 2014 and May 2016. They comprised healthy children (n = 133) and CSHCN (n = 80). Parents self-completed the early childhood oral health impact scale (ECOHIS) before and 1 month after DRGA. The parents also rated the overall oral health status of their children by answering a global question before and after DRGA. Results: At baseline, the CSHCN had significantly worse OHRQoL in most of the scale domains at 25.9 [standard deviation (SD) 11.3] and 19.9 (SD 10.3) respectively. The OHRQoL significantly improved in both groups postoperatively (p = 0.005, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). The effect size of the improvement in the CSHCN group (+1.8) was greater than that in the healthy group (+1.5) in all domains, except for the family impact and parental distress sections. Conclusion: The DRGA markedly improves OHRQoL in children aged 6 years or younger, and the improvement is even greater in CSHCN. Clinical significance: The substantial improvement in OHRQoL after DRGA highlights the importance of oral health care in young children, which should receive higher priority than it has been done to date. Keywords: Children with special health care needs, Dental caries, Early childhood oral health impact scale, General anesthesia, Oral health-related quality-of-life.

  19. Public perceptions of arguments supporting and opposing recreational marijuana legalization.

    PubMed

    McGinty, Emma E; Niederdeppe, Jeff; Heley, Kathryn; Barry, Colleen L

    2017-06-01

    In debates about recreational marijuana legalization, pro-legalization arguments highlighting economic and other potential policy benefits compete with anti-legalization arguments emphasizing public health risks. In 2016, we conducted a national survey using an online panel (N=979) designed to answer two main research questions: (1) How do Americans perceive the relative strength of competing arguments about recreational marijuana legalization? (2) How are perceptions of argument strength associated with public support for recreational marijuana legalization? We examined differences in attitudes among individuals living in states that have/have not legalized recreational marijuana and among Democrats/Independents/Republicans. Ordered logit regression assessed the relationship between perceived argument strength and public support for recreational marijuana legalization. Respondents rated pro-legalization arguments highlighting beneficial economic and criminal justice consequences as more persuasive than anti-legalization arguments emphasizing adverse public health effects. Respondents were more likely to agree with arguments highlighting legalization's potential to increase tax revenue (63.9%) and reduce prison overcrowding (62.8%) than arguments emphasizing negative consequences on motor vehicle crashes (51.8%) and youth health (49.6%). The highest rated anti-legalization arguments highlighted the conflict between state and federal marijuana laws (63.0%) and asserted that legalization will fail to eliminate the black market (57.2%). Respondents who endorsed pro-legalization economic and criminal justice arguments were more likely than other respondents to support legalization. Our findings indicate that, on both side of the recreational marijuana legalization debate, there are arguments that resonate with the American public. However, public health risk messages were viewed as less compelling than pro-legalization economic and criminal justice-oriented arguments. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  20. Effects of various media on the activity of NXL103 (formerly XRP 2868), a new oral streptogramin, against Haemophilus influenzae.

    PubMed

    Pankuch, Glenn A; Hoellman, Dianne; Bryskier, André; Lowther, John; Appelbaum, Peter C

    2006-11-01

    The activity of NXL103 against 108 strains of Haemophilus influenzae was tested using Haemophilus test media (HTM) obtained from various sources. With the exception of those obtained with stored HTM, MICs did not differ significantly, with MIC(50) and MIC(90) values of 0.5 and 0.5 to 1 microg/ml, respectively, in each medium.

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