Sample records for export control guide

  1. Physicist falls foul of US export law

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gwynne, Peter

    2008-10-01

    A retired US plasma physicist is seeking to overturn his conviction last month of offences under the American Arms Export Control Act, which prohibits the export, without a government licence, of technology and data to foreign nationals or nations. A jury in Knoxville, Tennessee, found JReece Roth, 70, guilty of illegally exporting technical information about a military project to develop plasma technology for guiding spyplanes that operate as weapons or surveillance devices.

  2. Export Control Guide: Loose Parts Monitoring Systems for Nuclear Power Plants

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Langenberg, Donald W.

    2012-12-01

    This report describes a typical LPMS, emphasizing its application to the RCS of a modern NPP. The report also examines the versatility of AE monitoring technology by describing several nuclear applications other than loose parts monitoring, as well as some non-nuclear applications. In addition, LPMS implementation requirements are outlined, and LPMS suppliers are identified. Finally, U.S. export controls applicable to LPMSs are discussed.

  3. Sierra/SolidMechanics 4.48 User's Guide: Addendum for Shock Capabilities.

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Plews, Julia A.; Crane, Nathan K; de Frias, Gabriel Jose

    This is an addendum to the Sierra/SolidMechanics 4.48 User's Guide that documents additional capabilities available only in alternate versions of the Sierra/SolidMechanics (Sierra/SM) code. These alternate versions are enhanced to provide capabilities that are regulated under the U.S. Department of State's International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) export-control rules. The ITAR regulated codes are only distributed to entities that comply with the ITAR export-control requirements. The ITAR enhancements to Sierra/SM in- clude material models with an energy-dependent pressure response (appropriate for very large deformations and strain rates) and capabilities for blast modeling. Since this is an addendum to the standardmore » Sierra/SM user's guide, please refer to that document first for general descriptions of code capability and use.« less

  4. How to Build an Export Business. An International Marketing Guide for the Minority-Owned Firm.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Joyner, Nelson T., Jr.; Lurie, Richard G.

    Designed to aid minority firms who are inexperienced in the export market, this handbook provides a step-by-step guide to the development of an export business, describing what to do, how to do it, and where to find more information on specific international marketing help. Starting with the easiest opportunities that do not require any…

  5. Analysis of streamflow distribution of non-point source nitrogen export from long-term urban-rural catchments to guide watershed management in the Chesapeake Bay watershed

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Duncan, J. M.; Band, L. E.; Groffman, P.

    2017-12-01

    Discharge, land use, and watershed management practices (stream restoration and stormwater control measures) have been found to be important determinants of nitrogen (N) export to receiving waters. We used long-term water quality stations from the Baltimore Ecosystem Study Long-Term Ecological Research (BES LTER) Site to quantify nitrogen export across streamflow conditions at the small watershed scale. We calculated nitrate and total nitrogen fluxes using methodology that allows for changes over time; weighted regressions on time, discharge, and seasonality. Here we tested the hypotheses that a) while the largest N stream fluxes occur during storm events, there is not a clear relationship between N flux and discharge and b) N export patterns are aseasonal in developed watersheds where sources are larger and retention capacity is lower. The goal is to scale understanding from small watersheds to larger ones. Developing a better understanding of hydrologic controls on nitrogen export is essential for successful adaptive watershed management at societally meaningful spatial scales.

  6. 75 FR 29993 - Department of Commerce: Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee Renewable Energy and Energy...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-28

    ... Coordinating Committee Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Export Strategy To Support the National Export... Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee's (TPCC) Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Working Group is developing a U.S. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Export Strategy (the Strategy) to guide U.S...

  7. On The Export Control Of High Speed Imaging For Nuclear Weapons Applications

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Watson, Scott Avery; Altherr, Michael Robert

    Since the Manhattan Project, the use of high-speed photography, and its cousins flash radiography1 and schieleren photography have been a technological proliferation concern. Indeed, like the supercomputer, the development of high-speed photography as we now know it essentially grew out of the nuclear weapons program at Los Alamos2,3,4. Naturally, during the course of the last 75 years the technology associated with computers and cameras has been export controlled by the United States and others to prevent both proliferation among non-P5-nations and technological parity among potential adversaries among P5 nations. Here we revisit these issues as they relate to high-speed photographicmore » technologies and make recommendations about how future restrictions, if any, should be guided.« less

  8. A lagged variable model for characterizing temporally dynamic export of legacy anthropogenic nitrogen from watersheds to rivers.

    PubMed

    Chen, Dingjiang; Guo, Yi; Hu, Minpeng; Dahlgren, Randy A

    2015-08-01

    Legacy nitrogen (N) sources originating from anthropogenic N inputs (NANI) may be a major cause of increasing riverine N exports in many regions, despite a significant decline in NANI. However, little quantitative knowledge exists concerning the lag effect of NANI on riverine N export. As a result, the N leaching lag effect is not well represented in most current watershed models. This study developed a lagged variable model (LVM) to address temporally dynamic export of watershed NANI to rivers. Employing a Koyck transformation approach used in economic analyses, the LVM expresses the indefinite number of lag terms from previous years' NANI with a lag term that incorporates the previous year's riverine N flux, enabling us to inversely calibrate model parameters from measurable variables using Bayesian statistics. Applying the LVM to the upper Jiaojiang watershed in eastern China for 1980-2010 indicated that ~97% of riverine export of annual NANI occurred in the current year and succeeding 10 years (~11 years lag time) and ~72% of annual riverine N flux was derived from previous years' NANI. Existing NANI over the 1993-2010 period would have required a 22% reduction to attain the target TN level (1.0 mg N L(-1)), guiding watershed N source controls considering the lag effect. The LVM was developed with parsimony of model structure and parameters (only four parameters in this study); thus, it is easy to develop and apply in other watersheds. The LVM provides a simple and effective tool for quantifying the lag effect of anthropogenic N input on riverine export in support of efficient development and evaluation of watershed N control strategies.

  9. Borders Uncorked: Exporting Wine to the United States

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Alpern, Barbara E.; Odett, David C.

    2008-01-01

    Last fall, in an effort to raise awareness of Canadian table wines, the Consulate General commissioned a group of International Business MBA students from Walsh College, in suburban Detroit, to create the "Canadian Wine Exporter's Guide." This report, which was officially presented to Canadian wine producers prior to the tasting,…

  10. 75 FR 54540 - Effects of Foreign Policy-Based Export Controls

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-08

    .... 100719301-0303-02] Effects of Foreign Policy-Based Export Controls AGENCY: Bureau of Industry and Security... foreign policy-based export controls in the Export Administration Regulations to determine whether they... comments on how existing foreign policy-based export controls have affected exporters and the general...

  11. Coal Export Financing: methods and trends (from the series Market Guides for Steam-Coal Exports from Appalachia). Report for January 1982-December 1983

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1984-05-01

    The new 1984 version of Coal Export Financing is published as a joint effort of the ARC and the U.S. Department of Commerce. It was updated to include information on new trends and developments that have occurred since late 1982 in coal-export financing as a result of the intense price competition from other coal-exporting nations. This includes new information on developments under the Export Trading Company Act of 1982, reverse investments, and barter/countertrade. Information previously provided on political and commercial risk insurance and on governmental assistance has been expanded to reflect the increasing importance of these areas. Any information onmore » banks providing coal-export financing services has been updated, as well as expanded to encompass the entire United States, rather than just the Appalachian region.« less

  12. 21 CFR 1312.22 - Application for export permit.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Application for export permit. 1312.22 Section... EXPORTATION OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES Exportation of Controlled Substances § 1312.22 Application for export permit. (a) An application for a permit to export controlled substances shall be made on DEA Form 161...

  13. Export Now: A Practical Guide for U.S. Minority and Small Business Exporters.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    American Association of Community and Junior Colleges, Washington, DC.

    This guidebook was designed to orient minority entrepreneurs to the basics of international trade. Market research and strategy are examined, as well as finance, contract negotiations, trade logistics, and business communications. Part I acknowledges that small firms often lack the resources to take even the first step in developing the knowledge,…

  14. GenCade Version 1 Quick-Start Guide: How to Start a Successful GenCade Project

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-03-01

    Properly defining the inlets is a crucial part of a GenCade project and can be difficult. A user should become familiar with the Inlet Reservoir Model ( IRM ...GenCade Report 2 provide additional documentation on IRM variable names and functions. 3.9.4 Export data The data may easily be exported to a text

  15. Influence of export control policy on the competitiveness of machine tool producing organizations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ahrstrom, Jeffrey D.

    The possible influence of export control policies on producers of export controlled machine tools is examined in this quantitative study. International market competitiveness theories hold that market controlling policies such as export control regulations may influence an organization's ability to compete (Burris, 2010). Differences in domestic application of export control policy on machine tool exports may impose throttling effects on the competitiveness of participating firms (Freedenberg, 2010). Commodity shipments from Japan, Germany, and the United States to the Russian market will be examined using descriptive statistics; gravity modeling of these specific markets provides a foundation for comparison to actual shipment data; and industry participant responses to a user developed survey will provide additional data for analysis using a Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance. There is scarce academic research data on the topic of export control effects within the machine tool industry. Research results may be of interest to industry leadership in market participation decisions, advocacy arguments, and strategic planning. Industry advocates and export policy decision makers could find data of interest in supporting positions for or against modifications of export control policies.

  16. 48 CFR 235.071 - Export-controlled items.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Export-controlled items..., DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONTRACTING 235.071 Export-controlled items. For requirements regarding access to export-controlled items, see Subpart 204.73. [73 FR...

  17. 48 CFR 1825.1103-70 - Export control.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true Export control. 1825.1103...-70 Export control. (a) Background. (1) NASA contractors and subcontractors are subject to U.S. export control laws and regulations, including the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), 22 CFR parts...

  18. 48 CFR 1825.1103-70 - Export control.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Export control. 1825.1103...-70 Export control. (a) Background. (1) NASA contractors and subcontractors are subject to U.S. export control laws and regulations, including the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), 22 CFR parts...

  19. Guide to investment and trade in the forest-product sectors of Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Working paper

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Krutilia, K.

    1988-01-01

    Declining timber resources, an increase in value-added wood-base processing, new export markets, and a growing stress on joint ventures have been key factors in the rapid evolution since 1975 of Southeast Asia's forest products industry. The report profiles the industry and its prospects in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia, each of which differs with respect to stage of wood-industry development and investment climate. The countries' forest management policies, timber resources, and the status of their wood-based processing industries are reviewed first, followed by an overview of the business environment in each country, the latter covering policies toward foreign investment (includingmore » the increasingly important investments from other less-developed countries), investment licensing and regulation, taxation, exporting/importing regulations, and policies governing currency and capital controls. Includes a 5-page list of references and a short annotated bibliography.« less

  20. 78 FR 61743 - Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations: Initial Implementation of Export Control...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-03

    ... ``attachments'' that are ``specially designed'' for a commodity subject to control in this ECCN or a defense... Implementation of Export Control Reform; Correction; Final Rule #0;#0;Federal Register / Vol. 78 , No. 192... Administration Regulations: Initial Implementation of Export Control Reform; Correction AGENCY: Bureau of...

  1. 78 FR 54623 - Effects of Foreign Policy-Based Export Controls

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-05

    ... Foreign Policy-Based Export Controls AGENCY: Bureau of Industry and Security, Commerce. ACTION: Request... export controls in the Export Administration Regulations. BIS is requesting public comments to conduct... with industry on the effect of such controls and to report the results of the consultations to Congress...

  2. 77 FR 42973 - Export and Reexport Controls to Rwanda and United Nations Sanctions Under the Export...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-23

    ... Control List), Category 0--Nuclear Materials, Facilities, and Equipment [and Miscellaneous Items]--Export... Control List), Category 0--Nuclear Materials, Facilities, and Equipment [and Miscellaneous Items]--Export... Supplement No. 1 to Part 774 (the Commerce Control List), Category 0--Nuclear Materials, Facilities, and...

  3. 76 FR 12371 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comments Requested: Application...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-07

    ... Controlled Substances/Export Controlled Substances for Re-Export--DEA Forms 161 and 161r ACTION: 60-Day... Administration (DEA), will submit the following information collection request to the Office of Management and...: Application for Permit to Export Controlled Substances/Export Controlled Substances for Reexport--DEA Forms...

  4. 22 CFR 125.1 - Exports subject to this part.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... EXPORT OF TECHNICAL DATA AND CLASSIFIED DEFENSE ARTICLES § 125.1 Exports subject to this part. (a) The controls of this part apply to the export of technical data and the export of classified defense articles... to the controls of this subchapter. (b) A license for the export of technical data and the exemptions...

  5. DoD STINFO Manager Training Course. Training Manual

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1993-02-01

    The Export Control Classification Number ( ECCN ) 2. Types of controls, e.g., COCOM 3. Requirements, such as: a. Country groups for which a validated...see Export Administration Act EAR - see Export Administration Regulations ECCN - Export Control Classification Number ELINT - Electronic

  6. 76 FR 35275 - Export Control Reform Initiative: Strategic Trade Authorization License Exception

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-16

    .... The Export Control Reform Initiative is designed to enhance U.S. national security and strengthen the... Security 15 CFR Parts 732, 738, 740, et al. Export Control Reform Initiative: Strategic Trade Authorization... Parts 732, 738, 740, 743, and 774 [Docket No. 100923470-1230-03] RIN 0694-AF03 Export Control Reform...

  7. 77 FR 37523 - Proposed Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations: Implementation of Export Control...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-21

    ... manufacturers to design out and avoid U.S.-origin content and services, and (iii) allowing export control... they are ``dual- use'' items. The CCL controls ``dual use'' (e.g., items designed for both military and...: Implementation of Export Control Reform; Revisions to License Exceptions After Retrospective Regulatory Review...

  8. Unprecedented NES non-antagonistic inhibitor for nuclear export of Rev from Sida cordifolia.

    PubMed

    Tamura, Satoru; Kaneko, Masafumi; Shiomi, Atsushi; Yang, Guang-Ming; Yamaura, Toshiaki; Murakami, Nobutoshi

    2010-03-15

    Bioassay-guided separation from the MeOH extract of the South American medicinal plant Sida cordifolia resulted in isolation of (10E,12Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid (1) as an unprecedented NES non-antagonistic inhibitor for nuclear export of Rev. This mechanism of action was established by competitive experiment by the biotinylated probe derived from leptomycin B, the known NES antagonistic inhibitor. Additionally, structure-activity relationship analysis by use of the synthesized analogs clarified cooperation of several functionalities in the Rev-export inhibitory activity of 1. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  9. Hanford Borehole Geologic Information System (HBGIS) Updated User’s Guide for Web-based Data Access and Export

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Mackley, Rob D.; Last, George V.; Allwardt, Craig H.

    2008-09-24

    The Hanford Borehole Geologic Information System (HBGIS) is a prototype web-based graphical user interface (GUI) for viewing and downloading borehole geologic data. The HBGIS is being developed as part of the Remediation Decision Support function of the Soil and Groundwater Remediation Project, managed by Fluor Hanford, Inc., Richland, Washington. Recent efforts have focused on improving the functionality of the HBGIS website in order to allow more efficient access and exportation of available data in HBGIS. Users will benefit from enhancements such as a dynamic browsing, user-driven forms, and multi-select options for selecting borehole geologic data for export. The need formore » translating borehole geologic data into electronic form within the HBGIS continues to increase, and efforts to populate the database continue at an increasing rate. These new web-based tools should help the end user quickly visualize what data are available in HBGIS, select from among these data, and download the borehole geologic data into a consistent and reproducible tabular form. This revised user’s guide supersedes the previous user’s guide (PNNL-15362) for viewing and downloading data from HBGIS. It contains an updated data dictionary for tables and fields containing borehole geologic data as well as instructions for viewing and downloading borehole geologic data.« less

  10. 21 CFR 1312.23 - Issuance of export permit.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Issuance of export permit. 1312.23 Section 1312.23... CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES Exportation of Controlled Substances § 1312.23 Issuance of export permit. (a) The... regulation in § 1312.30 of this part be exported only pursuant to the issuance of an export permit. The...

  11. 48 CFR 204.7302 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... DEFENSE GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS Export-Controlled Items 204.7302 General. Certain types of items are subject to export controls in accordance with the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751, et seq.), the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (22 CFR parts 120-130), the Export Administration Act of...

  12. 48 CFR 204.7302 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... DEFENSE GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS Export-Controlled Items 204.7302 General. Certain types of items are subject to export controls in accordance with the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751, et seq.), the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (22 CFR parts 120-130), the Export Administration Act of...

  13. Non-FG mediated transport of the large pre-ribosomal subunit through the nuclear pore complex by the mRNA export factor Gle2

    PubMed Central

    Occhipinti, Laura; Chang, Yiming; Altvater, Martin; Menet, Anna M.; Kemmler, Stefan; Panse, Vikram G.

    2013-01-01

    Multiple export receptors passage bound pre-ribosomes through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) by transiently interacting with the Phe-Gly (FG) meshwork of their transport channels. Here, we reveal how the non-FG interacting yeast mRNA export factor Gly-Leu-FG lethal 2 (Gle2) functions in the export of the large pre-ribosomal subunit (pre-60S). Structure-guided studies uncovered conserved platforms used by Gle2 to export pre-60S: an uncharacterized basic patch required to bind pre-60S, and a second surface that makes non-FG contacts with the nucleoporin Nup116. A basic patch mutant of Gle2 is able to function in mRNA export, but not pre-60S export. Thus, Gle2 provides a distinct interaction platform to transport pre-60S to the cytoplasm. Notably, Gle2’s interaction platforms become crucial for pre-60S export when FG-interacting receptors are either not recruited to pre-60S or are impaired. We propose that large complex cargos rely on non-FG as well as FG-interactions for their efficient translocation through the nuclear pore complex channel. PMID:23907389

  14. 31 CFR 592.201 - Prohibited importation and exportation of any rough diamond; permitted importation or exportation...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... of any rough diamond; permitted importation or exportation of any rough diamond. 592.201 Section 592... FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ROUGH DIAMONDS CONTROL REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 592.201 Prohibited importation and exportation of any rough diamond; permitted importation or exportation...

  15. 31 CFR 592.201 - Prohibited importation and exportation of any rough diamond; permitted importation or exportation...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... of any rough diamond; permitted importation or exportation of any rough diamond. 592.201 Section 592... FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ROUGH DIAMONDS CONTROL REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 592.201 Prohibited importation and exportation of any rough diamond; permitted importation or exportation...

  16. 31 CFR 592.201 - Prohibited importation and exportation of any rough diamond; permitted importation or exportation...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... of any rough diamond; permitted importation or exportation of any rough diamond. 592.201 Section 592... FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ROUGH DIAMONDS CONTROL REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 592.201 Prohibited importation and exportation of any rough diamond; permitted importation or exportation...

  17. 31 CFR 592.201 - Prohibited importation and exportation of any rough diamond; permitted importation or exportation...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... of any rough diamond; permitted importation or exportation of any rough diamond. 592.201 Section 592... FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ROUGH DIAMONDS CONTROL REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 592.201 Prohibited importation and exportation of any rough diamond; permitted importation or exportation...

  18. 22 CFR 125.1 - Exports subject to this part.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... EXPORT OF TECHNICAL DATA AND CLASSIFIED DEFENSE ARTICLES § 125.1 Exports subject to this part. (a) The controls of this part apply to the export of technical data and the export of classified defense articles... defense articles if the technical data is determined by the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls to be...

  19. Factors controlling the long-term temporal and spatial patterns of nitrate-nitrogen export in a dairy farming watershed.

    PubMed

    Jiang, Rui; Wang, Chun-ying; Hatano, Ryusuke; Kuramochi, Kanta; Hayakawa, Atsushi; Woli, Krishna P

    2015-04-01

    It is difficult to investigate the factors that control the riverine nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) export in a watershed which gains or losses groundwater. To control the NO3--N contamination in these watersheds, it is necessary to investigate the factors that are related to the export of NO3--N that is only produced by the watershed itself. This study was conducted in the Shibetsu watershed located in eastern Hokkaido, Japan, which gains external groundwater contribution (EXT) and 34% of the annual NO3--N loading occurs through EXT. The riverine NO3--N exports from 1980 to 2009 were simulated by the SWAT model, and the factors controlling the temporal and spatial patterns of NO3--N exports were investigated without considering the EXT. The results show that hydrological events control NO3--N export at the seasonal scale, while the hydrological and biogeochemical processes are likely to control NO3--N export at the annual scale. There was an integrated effect among the land use, topography, and soil type related to denitrification process, that regulated the spatial patterns of NO3--N export. The spatial distribution of NO3--N export from hydrologic response units (HRUs) identified the agricultural areas with surplus N that are vulnerable to nitrate contamination. A new standard for the N fertilizer application rate including manure application should be given to control riverine NO3--N export. This study demonstrates that applying the SWAT model is an appropriate method to determine the temporal and spatial patterns of NO3--N export from the watershed which includes EXT and to identify the crucial pollution areas within a watershed in which the management practices can be improved to more effectively control NO3--N export to water bodies.

  20. 75 FR 33989 - Export Administration Regulations: Technical Corrections

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-16

    ... 0694-AE69 Export Administration Regulations: Technical Corrections AGENCY: Bureau of Industry and... section of Export Control Classification Number 2B001 and the other is in the Technical Note on Adjusted... language regarding certain performance criteria of turning machines covered by Export Control...

  1. 15 CFR 30.15 - Introduction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... export control purposes. All parties to an export transaction must comply with all relevant export... convenience, references to provisions of the EAR, ITAR, CBP, and OFAC regulations that affect the statistical... information may be required for export control purposes by the regulations of CBP, BIS, State Department, or...

  2. 15 CFR 30.15 - Introduction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... export control purposes. All parties to an export transaction must comply with all relevant export... convenience, references to provisions of the EAR, ITAR, CBP, and OFAC regulations that affect the statistical... information may be required for export control purposes by the regulations of CBP, BIS, State Department, or...

  3. 15 CFR 30.15 - Introduction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... export control purposes. All parties to an export transaction must comply with all relevant export... convenience, references to provisions of the EAR, ITAR, CBP, and OFAC regulations that affect the statistical... information may be required for export control purposes by the regulations of CBP, BIS, State Department, or...

  4. 15 CFR 30.15 - Introduction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... export control purposes. All parties to an export transaction must comply with all relevant export... convenience, references to provisions of the EAR, ITAR, CBP, and OFAC regulations that affect the statistical... information may be required for export control purposes by the regulations of CBP, BIS, State Department, or...

  5. 75 FR 69573 - Export Enforcement Coordination Center

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-15

    ... Export Enforcement Coordination Center By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and... enforcement of United States export control laws and enhanced intelligence exchange in support of such enforcement efforts, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Policy. Export controls are critical to...

  6. Agencies Should Assess Vulnerabilities and Improve Guidance for Protecting Export-Controlled Information at Companies

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-12-01

    Supplement DOD Department of Defense DOL Department of Labor DTSA Defense Technology Security Administration EAR Export Administration Regulations...and outreach to companies on the export regulations. DOD: The Defense Technology Security Administration ( DTSA ) represents DOD on export control...and technologies, which DOD oversees. DTSA serves an advisory role in State’s and Commerce’s export license review processes and offers technical

  7. 78 FR 45168 - Acquisition Regulations: Export Control

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-26

    ... Control AGENCY: Department of Energy. ACTION: Notice of reopening of public comment period. SUMMARY: On... (78 FR 35195) to amend the Department of Energy Acquisition Regulation (DEAR) to add export control... ``DEAR: Export Control and RIN 1991-AB99,'' by any of the following methods: Federal eRulemaking Portal...

  8. 78 FR 61873 - Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) To Make the Commerce Control List (CCL...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-04

    ...This final rule implements changes that were proposed on November 29, 2012 in a proposed rule entitled Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) To Make the Commerce Control List (CCL) Clearer. The changes in the November 29 proposed rule were informed by public comments received in response to an advance notice of proposed rulemaking entitled Commerce Control List: Revising Descriptions of Items and Foreign Availability published as part of the President's Export Control Reform (ECR) Initiative on December 9, 2010. This final rule implements changes that can be made to the CCL without requiring changes to multilateral export control regime guidelines or lists. This final rule also makes conforming changes and minor clarifications as a result of the publication of two final rules implementing the Export Control Reform Initiative: the April 16, 2013 final rule entitled Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations: Initial Implementation of Export Control Reform; and the July 8, 2013 final rule entitled Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations: Military Vehicles; Vessels of War; Submersible Vessels, Oceanographic Equipment; Related Items; and Auxiliary and Miscellaneous Items that the President Determines No Longer Warrant Control under the United States Munitions List. Lastly, this final rule is making revisions to the EAR as a result of public comments received in response to the November 29 proposed rule and to a notice of inquiry (NOI) entitled Request for Public Comments on Shipping Tolerances for Export Licenses Issued by the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS), that BIS published on July 5, 2012.

  9. 75 FR 7548 - Amendments to the Select Agents Controls in Export Control Classification Number (ECCN) 1C360 on...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-22

    ...-91434-01] RIN 0694-AE67 Amendments to the Select Agents Controls in Export Control Classification Number... controls on certain select agents identified in Export Control Classification Number (ECCN) 1C360 on the...) list of select agents and toxins. The changes made by APHIS were part of a biennial review and...

  10. The Encryption Export Policy Controversy: Searching for Balance in the Information Age

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2000-01-01

    of the American ,Encryption Standard is released in 2002 Source: "Reforming Encryption Export Controls," The Democratic Leadership Council Briefing...34Reforming Encryption Export Controls," The Democratic Leadership Council Briefmg, May 24, 1999; available at <http://www.dlcppi.org/briefing/b990524...denning/crypto/lib2000.html>; accessed on November 27, 1999. "Reforming Encryption Export Controls." The Democratic Leadership Council Briefing, May

  11. Why the Lack of Academic Literature on Export Controls?

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kremic, Tibor

    2001-01-01

    Export controls is currently a relevant and dynamic topic. Given the growth of global operations and the high-tech nature of many products, an increase in awareness and understanding of the impacts of export controls are necessary. A structured approach to export controls has been in existence since 1949. Despite over 50 years of history, surprisingly little academic research and literature exists on the topic. This paper explores the current export control environment and explores possible reasons for the limited academic interest. Five possible reasons are discussed: (1) dynamic nature of the topic; (2) difficulty in ensuring accurate data; (3) Complexity of the problem; (4) relatively small economic impact; and (5) sensitive information. A research approach is recommended that considers these potential obstacles.

  12. 78 FR 37518 - Order Denying Export Privileges

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-21

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security Order Denying Export Privileges In the... Texas, Lee Roy Perez (``Perez'') was convicted of violating Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act... of knowingly and willfully exporting and causing to be exported and attempting to export and...

  13. Export Controls: Observations on Selected Countries’ Systems and Proposed Treaties

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-05-01

    suspected violators of arms Investigates suspected criminal viol including potential export control v and dual-use export control lawse Source: GAO...those that present a strategic military conc substances, biological agents , and related items that could be used in the producti chemical and

  14. 3 CFR - Continuation of Emergency Regarding Export Control Regulations

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 3 The President 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Continuation of Emergency Regarding Export Control Regulations Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of August 12, 2011 Continuation of Emergency Regarding Export Control Regulations On August 17, 2001, consistent with the authority provided to...

  15. 21 CFR 1312.29 - Domestic release prohibited.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Domestic release prohibited. 1312.29 Section 1312... OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES Exportation of Controlled Substances § 1312.29 Domestic release prohibited. An exporter or a forwarding agent acting for an exporter must either deliver the controlled...

  16. Regional Seminars to Address Current Nuclear Export Control Issues

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Killinger, Mark H.

    2002-07-01

    The control of nuclear-related exports, a critical component of the nonproliferation regime, is facing several opportunities and challenges. As countries sign and ratify the International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA) safeguards Additional Protocol (AP), they will begin to report far more export information, including exports of a list of items similar to the Nuclear Supplier Group's Trigger List that existed when the AP was developed in the mid-1990s. This positive development contrasts with challenges such as globalization, transshipments, and tracking of end-uses. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is proposing that the US Department of Energy (DOE) develop regional seminars that address thesemore » types of issues related to export/import controls. The DOE seminars would be designed to supplement regional seminars sponsored by the IAEA and member states on topics related to the Additional Protocol (referred to as "IAEA seminars"). The topic of nuclear export/import controls is not thoroughly addressed in the IAEA seminars. The proposed DOE seminars would therefore have two objectives: familiarizing countries with the export/import provisions of the Additional Protocol, and addressing challenges such as those noted above. The seminars would be directed particularly at countries that have not ratified the AP, and at regions where export-related problems are particularly prevalent. The intent is to encourage governments to implement more effective nuclear export control systems that meet the challenges of the 21st century.« less

  17. A Proven Method for Meeting Export Control Objectives in Postal and Shipping Sectors

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-02-01

    Mellon University for the operation of the Software Engineering Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the United...Export Control at USPS 5 3.3 Objectives for Improving Export Screening at USPS 6 4 Development of the New Screening Process 7 4.1 “Walking the Model...Export Screening Development Process 10 Figure 2: Induction and Processing of International Mail 10 Figure 3: The Export Screening Process 11

  18. 3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Export Control Regulations

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 3 The President 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Export Control Regulations Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of August 15, 2012 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Export Control Regulations On August 17...

  19. 75 FR 36481 - Encryption Export Controls: Revision of License Exception ENC and Mass Market Eligibility...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-25

    ... Eligibility for Most Encryption Technology, to Non-``Government End-Users'' Outside Country Group D:1 or E:1.... Encryption Export Controls: Revision of License Exception ENC and Mass Market Eligibility, Submission... Export Controls: Revision of License Exception ENC and Mass Market Eligibility, Submission Procedures...

  20. JPL Export Compliance Program

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Momjian, E.; Lam, C.

    2000-01-01

    The transfer of commodities, software, or technlogies to foreign persons is subject to U.S. export control laws and regulations. These export controls are applicable, regardless of whether the transfer occurs in the U.S. or outside of the U.S.

  1. 75 FR 47548 - President's Export Council Subcommittee on Export Administration; Notice of Recruitment of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-06

    ... selected from firms producing a broad range of goods, software, and technologies presently controlled for... their services. The PECSEA is seeking private-sector members with senior export control expertise and...

  2. 78 FR 33692 - Implementation of the Understandings Reached at the 2012 Australia Group (AG) Plenary Meeting and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-05

    ... Australia Group (AG) ``List of Biological Agents for Export Control,'' as follows: b.1. Reconstructed.... Bacteria identified on the Australia Group (AG) ``List of Biological Agents for Export Control,'' as... Group (AG) ``List of Plant Pathogens for Export Control'']. b. Fungi, as follows: b.1. Colletotrichum...

  3. 77 FR 71213 - Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) To Make the Commerce Control List (CCL...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-29

    ...On December 9, 2010, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) published an advance notice of proposed rulemaking entitled Commerce Control List: Revising Descriptions of Items and Foreign Availability as part of the President's Export Control Reform (ECR) Initiative. The December 9, 2010 notice sought, among other things, public comments on how descriptions of items controlled on the Commerce Control List (CCL) could be made clearer. This proposed rule would implement changes identified by BIS and the public that would make the CCL clearer. This rule would only implement changes that can be made to the CCL without requiring changes to multilateral export control regime guidelines or lists. However, BIS has identified changes that would require a decision of a multilateral regime to implement. For those changes, the U.S. Government is developing regime change proposals for consideration by members of those multilateral export control regimes. BIS will implement those changes in separate rulemakings, if approved by the respective multilateral export control regimes.

  4. Inspection of the Department`s export licensing process for dual-use and munitions commodities

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1993-08-10

    The purpose of our inspection was to review the Department of Energy`s (Energy) export licensing process for dual-use and military (munitions) commodities subject to nuclear nonproliferation controls. Specifically, we reviewed Energy`s authorities, procedures, and policies pertaining to the export licensing process and examined procedures for safeguarding data transmitted between Energy and other agencies involved in the export licensing process. We also reviewed Energy`s role as a member of the Subgroup on Nuclear Export Coordination. Our review of the sample of 60 export cases did not find evidence to lead us to believe that Energy`s recommendations for these cases were inappropriatemore » or incorrect. We identified, however, problems regarding management systems associated with the export license review process. We found that without documentation supporting export licensing decisions by the Export Control Operations Division (ECOD), we could not determine whether ECOD analysts considered all required criteria in their review of export cases referred to Energy. For example, we found that the ECOD did not retain records documenting the bases for its advice, recommendations, or decisions regarding its reviews of export license cases or revisions to lists of controlled commodities and, therefore, was not in compliance with certain provisions of the Export Administration Act, as amended, and Energy records management directives. Additionally, we found that the degree of compliance by Energy with the export licensing review criteria contained in the Export Administration Regulations and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978 could not be determined because ECOD did not retain records documenting the bases for its advice and recommendations on export cases.« less

  5. Role of ER Export Signals in Controlling Surface Potassium Channel Numbers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ma, Dzwokai; Zerangue, Noa; Lin, Yu-Fung; Collins, Anthony; Yu, Mei; Jan, Yuh Nung; Yeh Jan, Lily

    2001-01-01

    Little is known about the identity of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export signals and how they are used to regulate the number of proteins on the cell surface. Here, we describe two ER export signals that profoundly altered the steady-state distribution of potassium channels and were required for channel localization to the plasma membrane. When transferred to other potassium channels or a G protein-coupled receptor, these ER export signals increased the number of functional proteins on the cell surface. Thus, ER export of membrane proteins is not necessarily limited by folding or assembly, but may be under the control of specific export signals.

  6. 3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Export Control Regulations

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 3 The President 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Export Control Regulations Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of August 8, 2013 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Export Control Regulations On August 17, 2001, consistent with the authority provided t...

  7. 32 CFR 250.9 - Notice to accompany the dissemination of export-controlled technical data.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Commerce for items controlled by the Export Administration Regulations (EAR), may constitute a violation of..., the penalty for unlawful export of items or information controlled under the EAR is a fine of up to $1... resulting from manufacture or use for any purpose of any product, article, system, or material involving...

  8. 32 CFR 250.9 - Notice to accompany the dissemination of export-controlled technical data.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Commerce for items controlled by the Export Administration Regulations (EAR), may constitute a violation of..., the penalty for unlawful export of items or information controlled under the EAR is a fine of up to $1... resulting from manufacture or use for any purpose of any product, article, system, or material involving...

  9. 32 CFR 250.9 - Notice to accompany the dissemination of export-controlled technical data.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... Commerce for items controlled by the Export Administration Regulations (EAR), may constitute a violation of..., the penalty for unlawful export of items or information controlled under the EAR is a fine of up to $1... resulting from manufacture or use for any purpose of any product, article, system, or material involving...

  10. 32 CFR 250.9 - Notice to accompany the dissemination of export-controlled technical data.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Commerce for items controlled by the Export Administration Regulations (EAR), may constitute a violation of..., the penalty for unlawful export of items or information controlled under the EAR is a fine of up to $1... resulting from manufacture or use for any purpose of any product, article, system, or material involving...

  11. 40 CFR 799.19 - Chemical imports and exports.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Chemical imports and exports. 799.19... CONTROL ACT (CONTINUED) IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE AND MIXTURE TESTING REQUIREMENTS General Provisions § 799.19 Chemical imports and exports. Persons who export or who intend to export...

  12. 40 CFR 799.19 - Chemical imports and exports.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Chemical imports and exports. 799.19... CONTROL ACT (CONTINUED) IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE AND MIXTURE TESTING REQUIREMENTS General Provisions § 799.19 Chemical imports and exports. Persons who export or who intend to export...

  13. 40 CFR 799.19 - Chemical imports and exports.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Chemical imports and exports. 799.19... CONTROL ACT (CONTINUED) IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE AND MIXTURE TESTING REQUIREMENTS General Provisions § 799.19 Chemical imports and exports. Persons who export or who intend to export...

  14. 40 CFR 799.19 - Chemical imports and exports.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Chemical imports and exports. 799.19... CONTROL ACT (CONTINUED) IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE AND MIXTURE TESTING REQUIREMENTS General Provisions § 799.19 Chemical imports and exports. Persons who export or who intend to export...

  15. Heme controls ferroportin1 (FPN1) transcription involving Bach1, Nrf2 and a MARE/ARE sequence motif at position -7007 of the FPN1 promoter.

    PubMed

    Marro, Samuele; Chiabrando, Deborah; Messana, Erika; Stolte, Jens; Turco, Emilia; Tolosano, Emanuela; Muckenthaler, Martina U

    2010-08-01

    Macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system play a key role in recycling iron from hemoglobin of senescent or damaged erythrocytes. Heme oxygenase 1 degrades the heme moiety and releases inorganic iron that is stored in ferritin or exported to the plasma via the iron export protein ferroportin. In the plasma, iron binds to transferrin and is made available for de novo red cell synthesis. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the regulatory mechanisms that control the transcriptional response of iron export protein ferroportin to hemoglobin in macrophages. Iron export protein ferroportin mRNA expression was analyzed in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages in response to hemoglobin, heme, ferric ammonium citrate or protoporphyrin treatment or to siRNA mediated knockdown or overexpression of Btb And Cnc Homology 1 or nuclear accumulation of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-like. Iron export protein ferroportin promoter activity was analyzed using reporter constructs that contain specific truncations of the iron export protein ferroportin promoter or mutations in a newly identified MARE/ARE element. We show that iron export protein ferroportin is transcriptionally co-regulated with heme oxygenase 1 by heme, a degradation product of hemoglobin. The protoporphyrin ring of heme is sufficient to increase iron export protein ferroportin transcriptional activity while the iron released from the heme moiety controls iron export protein ferroportin translation involving the IRE in the 5'untranslated region. Transcription of iron export protein ferroportin is inhibited by Btb and Cnc Homology 1 and activated by Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-like involving a MARE/ARE element located at position -7007/-7016 of the iron export protein ferroportin promoter. This finding suggests that heme controls a macrophage iron recycling regulon involving Btb and Cnc Homology 1 and Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-like to assure the coordinated degradation of heme by heme oxygenase 1, iron storage and detoxification by ferritin, and iron export by iron export protein ferroportin.

  16. The Export Administration Act: Evolution, Provisions, and Debate

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-07-15

    an export control classification number ( ECCN ) based on the above categories and functional group. Each ECCN is accompanied by a description of the...item and the reason for control. Currently, there are about 500 ECCN listings. In addition to discrete items on the CCL, nearly all U.S.-origin...establishment of new military end-use controls on 20 product categories consisting of 31 export control classification numbers ( ECCN ). Currently, these

  17. 40 CFR 82.23 - Transfers of allowances of class II controlled substances.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ..., any production, and allowable imports and exports of class II controlled substances reported by the... quantity of the transferor's class II consumption allowances, production allowances, export production... EPA; and (G) For trades of consumption allowances, production allowances, export production allowances...

  18. 19 CFR 192.3 - Penalties.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ...) EXPORT CONTROL Exportation of Used Self-Propelled Vehicles, Vessels, and Aircraft § 192.3 Penalties. (a... importer or exporter who knowingly imports, exports or attempts to import or export: (1) Any stolen self-propelled vehicle, vessel, aircraft or part of a self-propelled vehicle, vessel or aircraft; or (2) Any self...

  19. 19 CFR 192.3 - Penalties.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ...) EXPORT CONTROL Exportation of Used Self-Propelled Vehicles, Vessels, and Aircraft § 192.3 Penalties. (a... importer or exporter who knowingly imports, exports or attempts to import or export: (1) Any stolen self-propelled vehicle, vessel, aircraft or part of a self-propelled vehicle, vessel or aircraft; or (2) Any self...

  20. 78 FR 37520 - Order Denying Export Privileges

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-21

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security Order Denying Export Privileges In the... Molina, Jr. (``Molina'') was convicted of violating Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C... attempting to export and causing to be exported from the United States to Mexico two AK47 semi-automatic...

  1. 77 FR 60377 - Order Denying Export Privileges

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-03

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security Order Denying Export Privileges In the... causing to be violated the United States trade restriction with Iran by exporting and attempting to export... Foreign Assets Control for such an export. Avanessian was also convicted of one count of conspiracy (18 U...

  2. American export control, technology spillover and innovation of Chinese pharmaceutical Industry.

    PubMed

    Hui, Jiang

    2017-05-01

    This paper was aimed to analyze whether the U.S. strict export control to China affects the technological innovation of Chinese pharmaceutical industry. This paper selected the data of technological innovation and the expenditure of high and new technology adoption in China's pharmaceutical industry from 1995 to 2014, created panel regression model to study the impact of export controls on technology spillovers and the impact of technology spillovers on innovation capacity. The results show that US export control has a significant impact on technology spillovers, but foreign technology spillovers have no significant impact on the innovation of Chinese pharmaceutical industry. Although the US export control prevented foreign technology spillovers to China, but indirectly stimulated the domestic technology spillovers to pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in China. Statistical analysis show that the correlation coefficient between innovation capacity and expenditure for high technology adoption is not significant, but the expenditure of purchasing domestic technical is essential to pharmaceutical innovation. This study shows that US export control indirectly, not directly, affected the technological innovation of China's pharmaceutical industry, affected the allocation of innovative resources, but failed to prevent the technological progress and competitiveness improvement of Chinese pharmaceutical industry.

  3. 26 CFR 1.970-1 - Export trade corporations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 10 2014-04-01 2013-04-01 true Export trade corporations. 1.970-1 Section 1.970... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Export Trade Corporations § 1.970-1 Export trade corporations. (a) In general. Sections 970 through 972 provide in general that if a controlled foreign corporation is an export...

  4. 26 CFR 1.970-1 - Export trade corporations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 10 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Export trade corporations. 1.970-1 Section 1... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Export Trade Corporations § 1.970-1 Export trade corporations. (a) In general. Sections 970 through 972 provide in general that if a controlled foreign corporation is an export...

  5. 26 CFR 1.970-1 - Export trade corporations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 10 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Export trade corporations. 1.970-1 Section 1... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Export Trade Corporations § 1.970-1 Export trade corporations. (a) In general. Sections 970 through 972 provide in general that if a controlled foreign corporation is an export...

  6. 26 CFR 1.970-1 - Export trade corporations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 10 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Export trade corporations. 1.970-1 Section 1... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Export Trade Corporations § 1.970-1 Export trade corporations. (a) In general. Sections 970 through 972 provide in general that if a controlled foreign corporation is an export...

  7. 26 CFR 1.970-1 - Export trade corporations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 10 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Export trade corporations. 1.970-1 Section 1... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Export Trade Corporations § 1.970-1 Export trade corporations. (a) In general. Sections 970 through 972 provide in general that if a controlled foreign corporation is an export trade...

  8. 78 FR 11947 - 60-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Directorate of Defense Trade Controls...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-20

    ...: Directorate of Defense Trade Controls Information Collection: Export Declaration of Defense Technical Data or... . SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title of Information Collection: Export Declaration of Defense Technical Data or... collection: Actual export of defense technical data and defense services must be reported directly to the...

  9. 22 CFR 123.5 - Temporary export licenses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... DEFENSE ARTICLES § 123.5 Temporary export licenses. (a) The Directorate of Defense Trade Controls may issue a license for the temporary export of unclassified defense articles (DSP-73). Such licenses are... license or other written approval must be obtained from the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls if the...

  10. 22 CFR 123.5 - Temporary export licenses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... AND TEMPORARY IMPORT OF DEFENSE ARTICLES § 123.5 Temporary export licenses. (a) The Directorate of Defense Trade Controls may issue a license for the temporary export of unclassified defense articles (DSP... Defense Trade Controls if the article is to remain outside the United States beyond the period for which...

  11. 22 CFR 123.5 - Temporary export licenses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... DEFENSE ARTICLES § 123.5 Temporary export licenses. (a) The Directorate of Defense Trade Controls may issue a license for the temporary export of unclassified defense articles (DSP-73). Such licenses are... license or other written approval must be obtained from the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls if the...

  12. 75 FR 33375 - 30-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: DS-2031, Shrimp Exporter's/Importer's...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-11

    ...-2031, Shrimp Exporter's/Importer's Declaration, OMB Control Number 1405-0095 ACTION: Notice of request... Information Collection: Shrimp Exporter's/ Importer's Declaration. OMB Control Number: 1405-0095. Type of... imports of shrimp pursuant to the State Department's implementation of Section 609 of Public Law 101-162...

  13. 31 CFR 500.575 - Certain services to Vietnamese nationals authorized.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL... to Country Group Y, as set forth in Supplement No. 1 to part 770 of the Export Administration... that may not be exported under a general license to Country Group Y pursuant to the Export...

  14. 15 CFR 742.17 - Exports of firearms to OAS member countries.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... REGULATIONS CONTROL POLICY-CCL BASED CONTROLS § 742.17 Exports of firearms to OAS member countries. (a... not entered into force. (b) Licensing policy. Applications supported by an Import Certificate or... be approved, except there is a policy of denial for applications to export items linked to such...

  15. HIV-1 Rev protein specifies the viral RNA export pathway by suppressing TAP/NXF1 recruitment

    PubMed Central

    Taniguchi, Ichiro; Mabuchi, Naoto; Ohno, Mutsuhito

    2014-01-01

    Nuclear RNA export pathways in eukaryotes are often linked to the fate of a given RNA. Therefore, the choice of export pathway should be well-controlled to avoid an unfavorable effect on gene expression. Although some RNAs could be exported by more than one pathway, little is known about how the choice is regulated. This issue is highlighted when the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev protein induces the export of singly spliced and unspliced HIV-1 transcripts. How these RNAs are exported is not well understood because such transcripts should have the possibility of utilizing CRM1-dependent export via Rev or cellular TAP/NXF1-dependent export via the transcription/export (TREX) complex, or both. Here we found that Rev suppressed TAP/NXF1-dependent export of model RNA substrates that recapitulated viral transcripts. In this effect, Rev interacted with the cap-binding complex and inhibited the recruitment of the TREX complex. Thus, Rev controls the identity of the factor occupying the cap-proximal region that determines the RNA export pathway. This ribonucleoprotein remodeling activity of Rev may favor viral gene expression. PMID:24753416

  16. 15 CFR 732.5 - Steps regarding Shipper's Export Declaration or Automated Export System record, Destination...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... than anti-terrorism (AT). The only exception to this requirement would be the return of unwanted... be entered on the invoice and on the bill of lading, air waybill, or other export control document... THE EAR § 732.5 Steps regarding Shipper's Export Declaration or Automated Export System record...

  17. 15 CFR 732.5 - Steps regarding Shipper's Export Declaration or Automated Export System record, Destination...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... than anti-terrorism (AT). The only exception to this requirement would be the return of unwanted... be entered on the invoice and on the bill of lading, air waybill, or other export control document... THE EAR § 732.5 Steps regarding Shipper's Export Declaration or Automated Export System record...

  18. 15 CFR 732.5 - Steps regarding Shipper's Export Declaration or Automated Export System record, Destination...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... than anti-terrorism (AT). The only exception to this requirement would be the return of unwanted... be entered on the invoice and on the bill of lading, air waybill, or other export control document... THE EAR § 732.5 Steps regarding Shipper's Export Declaration or Automated Export System record...

  19. 15 CFR 732.5 - Steps regarding Shipper's Export Declaration or Automated Export System record, Destination...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... than anti-terrorism (AT). The only exception to this requirement would be the return of unwanted... be entered on the invoice and on the bill of lading, air waybill, or other export control document... THE EAR § 732.5 Steps regarding Shipper's Export Declaration or Automated Export System record...

  20. 75 FR 33682 - Export Administration Regulations; Technical Amendments

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-15

    ...-01] RIN 0694-AE93 Export Administration Regulations; Technical Amendments AGENCY: Bureau of Industry... Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) makes a technical amendment to the Export Administration... review of final decisions and orders issued in BIS export control administrative enforcement proceedings...

  1. Global Research in an Age of Export Controls

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Monastersky, Richard

    2008-01-01

    When a jury convicted a Tennessee professor this month of illegally exporting information to foreign countries via his graduate students and a trip to China, it sent a message to colleges that they need to scrupulously monitor their faculty members' research and their compliance with the often confusing universe of export-control regulations. In…

  2. 76 FR 52935 - President's Export Council, Subcommittee on Export Administration; Notice of Open Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-24

    ... with all countries with which the United States has diplomatic or trading relations and of controlling... and Vice Chair. 2. Export Control Reform Update. 3. Presentation of Papers or Comments by the Public. 4. Review of Field Hearing. 5. Status of 2011 Workplan. 6. Discussion of 2012 Workplan. 7...

  3. U.S. government export control reform initiative - what's going on?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cook, J.; Cook, K.

    While there is still more work to be done, taken together, these reforms will focus our resources on the threats that matter most, and help us work more effectively with our allies in the field. They'll bring transparency and coherence to a field of regulation which has long been lacking both. And by enhancing the competitiveness of our manufacturing and technology sectors, they'll help us not just increase exports and create jobs, but strengthen our national security as well.” - President Obama, Department of Commerce Annual Export Controls Update Conference, August 30, 2010. This paper will provide background information and discuss the need for export control reform. It will lay out the schedule for the Export Control Reform Initiative as well as provide an update on the current status of the ECR Initiative, including advances made in Phases I and II. It will provide insight into the proposed changes to the USML and the CCL and will discuss the proposed IT system modernization and the Export Enforcement Coordination Center (E2C2).

  4. mRNA quality control is bypassed for immediate export of stress-responsive transcripts.

    PubMed

    Zander, Gesa; Hackmann, Alexandra; Bender, Lysann; Becker, Daniel; Lingner, Thomas; Salinas, Gabriela; Krebber, Heike

    2016-12-12

    Cells grow well only in a narrow range of physiological conditions. Surviving extreme conditions requires the instantaneous expression of chaperones that help to overcome stressful situations. To ensure the preferential synthesis of these heat-shock proteins, cells inhibit transcription, pre-mRNA processing and nuclear export of non-heat-shock transcripts, while stress-specific mRNAs are exclusively exported and translated. How cells manage the selective retention of regular transcripts and the simultaneous rapid export of heat-shock mRNAs is largely unknown. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the shuttling RNA adaptor proteins Npl3, Gbp2, Hrb1 and Nab2 are loaded co-transcriptionally onto growing pre-mRNAs. For nuclear export, they recruit the export-receptor heterodimer Mex67-Mtr2 (TAP-p15 in humans). Here we show that cellular stress induces the dissociation of Mex67 and its adaptor proteins from regular mRNAs to prevent general mRNA export. At the same time, heat-shock mRNAs are rapidly exported in association with Mex67, without the need for adapters. The immediate co-transcriptional loading of Mex67 onto heat-shock mRNAs involves Hsf1, a heat-shock transcription factor that binds to heat-shock-promoter elements in stress-responsive genes. An important difference between the export modes is that adaptor-protein-bound mRNAs undergo quality control, whereas stress-specific transcripts do not. In fact, regular mRNAs are converted into uncontrolled stress-responsive transcripts if expressed under the control of a heat-shock promoter, suggesting that whether an mRNA undergoes quality control is encrypted therein. Under normal conditions, Mex67 adaptor proteins are recruited for RNA surveillance, with only quality-controlled mRNAs allowed to associate with Mex67 and leave the nucleus. Thus, at the cost of error-free mRNA formation, heat-shock mRNAs are exported and translated without delay, allowing cells to survive extreme situations.

  5. 15 CFR 744.9 - Restrictions on certain exports and reexports of cameras controlled by ECCN 6A003.b.4.b.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... reexports of cameras controlled by ECCN 6A003.b.4.b. 744.9 Section 744.9 Commerce and Foreign Trade... on certain exports and reexports of cameras controlled by ECCN 6A003.b.4.b. (a) General prohibitions... license is required to export or reexport to any destination other than Canada cameras described in ECCN...

  6. 15 CFR 744.9 - Restrictions on certain exports and reexports of cameras controlled by ECCN 6A003.b.4.b.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... reexports of cameras controlled by ECCN 6A003.b.4.b. 744.9 Section 744.9 Commerce and Foreign Trade... on certain exports and reexports of cameras controlled by ECCN 6A003.b.4.b. (a) General prohibitions... license is required to export or reexport to any destination other than Canada cameras described in ECCN...

  7. 15 CFR 744.9 - Restrictions on certain exports and reexports of cameras controlled by ECCN 6A003.b.4.b.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... reexports of cameras controlled by ECCN 6A003.b.4.b. 744.9 Section 744.9 Commerce and Foreign Trade... on certain exports and reexports of cameras controlled by ECCN 6A003.b.4.b. (a) General prohibitions... license is required to export or reexport to any destination other than Canada cameras described in ECCN...

  8. 77 FR 60379 - Order Denying Export Privileges

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-03

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security Order Denying Export Privileges In the... Andro Jamison (``Jamison'') was convicted of violating Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778 (2000)) (``AECA''). Specifically, Jamison was convicted of knowingly and willfully exporting...

  9. 78 FR 60249 - Order Denying Export Privileges

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-01

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security Order Denying Export Privileges In the... (``Silcox''), was convicted of violating Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778 (2006 & Supp. IV 2010)) (``AECA''). Specifically, Silcox was convicted of knowingly and willfully exporting...

  10. 76 FR 23872 - Editorial Corrections to the Export Administration Regulations

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-29

    ... No. 100709293-1073-01] RIN 0694-AE96 Editorial Corrections to the Export Administration Regulations... Administration Regulations (EAR). In particular, this rule corrects the country entry for Syria on the Commerce... the Export Administration Regulations (EAR), including several Export Control Classification Number...

  11. 48 CFR 1852.225-70 - Export Licenses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... writing, that the Contracting Officer authorizes it to export ITAR-controlled technical data (including... licenses or other approvals, if required, for exports of hardware, technical data, and software, or for the provision of technical assistance. (b) The Contractor shall be responsible for obtaining export licenses, if...

  12. 77 FR 60378 - Order Denying Export Privileges

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-03

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security Order Denying Export Privileges In the... 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778 (2000)) (``AECA''). Specifically, Fermanova was convicted of knowingly and willfully attempting to export from the United States to Russia night sighting...

  13. 77 FR 27418 - Order Denying Export Privileges

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-10

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security Order Denying Export Privileges In the... violating Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778 (2000)) (``AECA''). Specifically, Baniameri was convicted of conspiring to export goods and technology to Iran, in violation of IEEPA...

  14. 15 CFR 30.16 - Export Administration Regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Export Administration Regulations. 30... OF THE CENSUS, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE FOREIGN TRADE REGULATIONS Export Control and Licensing Requirements § 30.16 Export Administration Regulations. The EAR issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce, BIS...

  15. 75 FR 70961 - 30-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Voluntary Disclosures

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-19

    ... message. Fax: 202-395-5806. Attention: Desk Officer for Department of State. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION... collection: The export, temporary import, temporary export and brokering of defense articles, defense... of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA). Those who manufacture or export defense articles, defense...

  16. Hydrology and landscape structure control subalpine catchment carbon export

    Treesearch

    Vincent Jerald Pacific

    2009-01-01

    Carbon export from high elevation ecosystems is a critical component of the global carbon cycle. Ecosystems in northern latitudes have become the focus of much research due to their potential as large sinks of carbon in the atmosphere. However, there exists limited understanding of the controls of carbon export from complex mountain catchments due to strong spatial and...

  17. 3 CFR - Eligibility of the Gulf Cooperation Council To Receive Defense Articles and Defense Services...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Receive Defense Articles and Defense Services Under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and the Arms Export... Services Under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and the Arms Export Control Act Memorandum for the...) of the Arms Export Control Act, I hereby find that the furnishing of defense articles and defense...

  18. Rethinking Import and Export Controls for Defense-Related Goods

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-05-01

    restrictions were imposed on the basis of country (Trading with the Enemy Act) or product (Neutrality Act). However, in the post-war environment, a more mixed...described below. • Arms Export Control Act (AECA) of 1976—grants the President the power to control the export of defense products and services. The act...defense-related items and services. The products regulated include weapons systems (e.g., aircraft, tanks, etc.) but also include subsystems or

  19. Following Up: Huygens Data, Questions Will Guide Cassini on Its Future Titan Passes

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Morring, Frank, Jr.; Taverna, Michael A.

    2005-01-01

    Planetary scientists plan to use the instruments on NASA's Cassini Saturn orbiter in future flybys of Titan to answer questions raised by Europe's Huygens probe. In particular, they hope to discover whether the dark, flat areas on the moon's surface are liquid or quasi-liquid methane seas. As the scientists plotted their next moves, European Space Agency (ESA) officials continued their investigation into how a critical command in the Huygens descent sequence was omitted costing the imaging team half of its data and rendering another Huygens instrument useless. There were suggestions that U.S. export-control rules may have hampered the sort of close international cooperation that might have caught the error.

  20. 77 FR 34340 - Order Denying Export Privileges

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-11

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security Order Denying Export Privileges In the... Nanyang Plaza, No. 57 Hung To Road, Kwum Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Related Persons. A. Denial of Export... Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq. (2000)) (``IEEPA'') and Section 38 of the Arms Export Control...

  1. 78 FR 60248 - Order Denying Export Privileges

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-01

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security Order Denying Export Privileges In the... commit an offense against the United States, that is, to willfully export from the United States to Belarus export-controlled items, including but not limited to L-3 x200xp Handheld Thermal Imaging Cameras...

  2. 77 FR 34342 - Order Denying Export Privileges

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-11

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security Order Denying Export Privileges In the... Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq. (2000)) (``IEEPA'') and violating Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778 (2000)) (``AECA''). Specifically, Wu was convicted of illegally exporting...

  3. 15 CFR 30.3 - Electronic Export Information filer requirements, parties to export transactions, and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    .../units of measure. (ix) Value. (x) Export Control Classification Number (ECCN) or sufficient technical information to determine the ECCN. (xi) All licensing information necessary to file the EEI for commodities... export. (xi) Foreign port of unloading. (xii) Shipping weight. (xiii) ECCN. (xiv) License or license...

  4. 15 CFR 30.3 - Electronic Export Information filer requirements, parties to export transactions, and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    .../units of measure. (ix) Value. (x) Export Control Classification Number (ECCN) or sufficient technical information to determine the ECCN. (xi) All licensing information necessary to file the EEI for commodities... export. (xi) Foreign port of unloading. (xii) Shipping weight. (xiii) ECCN. (xiv) License or license...

  5. 15 CFR 30.3 - Electronic Export Information filer requirements, parties to export transactions, and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    .../units of measure. (ix) Value. (x) Export Control Classification Number (ECCN) or sufficient technical information to determine the ECCN. (xi) All licensing information necessary to file the EEI for commodities... export. (xi) Foreign port of unloading. (xii) Shipping weight. (xiii) ECCN. (xiv) License or license...

  6. 15 CFR 30.3 - Electronic Export Information filer requirements, parties to export transactions, and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    .../units of measure. (ix) Value. (x) Export Control Classification Number (ECCN) or sufficient technical information to determine the ECCN. (xi) All licensing information necessary to file the EEI for commodities... export. (xi) Foreign port of unloading. (xii) Shipping weight. (xiii) ECCN. (xiv) License or license...

  7. 15 CFR 30.3 - Electronic Export Information filer requirements, parties to export transactions, and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    .../units of measure. (ix) Value. (x) Export Control Classification Number (ECCN) or sufficient technical information to determine the ECCN. (xi) All licensing information necessary to file the EEI for commodities... export. (xi) Foreign port of unloading. (xii) Shipping weight. (xiii) ECCN. (xiv) License or license...

  8. 15 CFR 754.5 - Horses for export by sea.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Horses for export by sea. 754.5... CONTROLS § 754.5 Horses for export by sea. (a) License requirement. As indicated by the letters “SS” in the... No. 1 to part 774 of the EAR) a license is required for the export of horses exported by sea to all...

  9. 15 CFR 754.5 - Horses for export by sea.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Horses for export by sea. 754.5... CONTROLS § 754.5 Horses for export by sea. (a) License requirement. As indicated by the letters “SS” in the... No. 1 to part 774 of the EAR) a license is required for the export of horses exported by sea to all...

  10. 15 CFR 754.5 - Horses for export by sea.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Horses for export by sea. 754.5... CONTROLS § 754.5 Horses for export by sea. (a) License requirement. As indicated by the letters “SS” in the... No. 1 to part 774 of the EAR) a license is required for the export of horses exported by sea to all...

  11. 15 CFR 754.5 - Horses for export by sea.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Horses for export by sea. 754.5... CONTROLS § 754.5 Horses for export by sea. (a) License requirement. As indicated by the letters “SS” in the... No. 1 to part 774 of the EAR) a license is required for the export of horses exported by sea to all...

  12. 15 CFR 754.5 - Horses for export by sea.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Horses for export by sea. 754.5... CONTROLS § 754.5 Horses for export by sea. (a) License requirement. As indicated by the letters “SS” in the... No. 1 to part 774 of the EAR) a license is required for the export of horses exported by sea to all...

  13. 15 CFR 730.6 - Control purposes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    .... Multilateral export control cooperation is sought through arrangements such as the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Australia Group, and the Missile Technology Control Regime. The EAR also include some export controls to... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Control purposes. 730.6 Section 730.6...

  14. 76 FR 76072 - Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR): Control of Gas Turbine Engines and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-06

    ... WAML numbering approach, BIS believes that it would be more efficient to list all 600 series controls... ``specially designed'' for articles in the relevant 600 series ECCN and corresponding USML category. ECCN... export of a 600 series item is eligible for License Exception STA if, at the time of export, reexport or...

  15. 3 CFR - Eligibility of the Maldives to Receive Defense Articles and Defense Services Under the Foreign...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Articles and Defense Services Under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended, and the Arms Export... Services Under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended, and the Arms Export Control Act, as Amended... section 3(a)(1) of the Arms Export Control Act, as amended, I hereby find that the furnishing of defense...

  16. 31 CFR 592.304 - Exporting authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ROUGH DIAMONDS CONTROL REGULATIONS General Definitions... a Participant from whose territory a shipment of rough diamonds is being exported as having the...

  17. 31 CFR 592.304 - Exporting authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ROUGH DIAMONDS CONTROL REGULATIONS General Definitions... a Participant from whose territory a shipment of rough diamonds is being exported as having the...

  18. 31 CFR 592.304 - Exporting authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ROUGH DIAMONDS CONTROL REGULATIONS General Definitions... a Participant from whose territory a shipment of rough diamonds is being exported as having the...

  19. 31 CFR 592.304 - Exporting authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ROUGH DIAMONDS CONTROL REGULATIONS General Definitions... a Participant from whose territory a shipment of rough diamonds is being exported as having the...

  20. Characterizing the Effects of Stormwater Mitigation on Nutrient Export and Stream Concentrations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bell, Colin D.; McMillan, Sara K.; Clinton, Sandra M.; Jefferson, Anne J.

    2017-04-01

    Urbanization increases nutrient loading and lowers residence times for processing of reactive solutes, including nitrate, total dissolved nitrogen, orthophosphate, and dissolved organic carbon), which leads to increased stream concentrations and mass export. Stormwater control measures mitigate the impacts of urbanization, and have the potential to improve stream water quality, however the net effect instream is not well understood. We monitored two urban and two suburban watersheds in Charlotte, NC to determine if mitigation controlled the fraction of total mass export during storm, if development classification as either urban or suburban (defined by the age, density and distribution of urban development) controlled storm nutrient and carbon dynamics, and if stormwater control measures were able to change stream water chemistry. While average concentrations during stormflow were generally greater than baseflow, indicating that storms are important times of solute export, the fraction of storm-derived export was unrelated to mitigation by stormwater control measures. Development classification was generally not an important control on export of N and dissolved organic carbon. However, event mean concentrations of orthophosphate were higher at the suburban sites, possibly from greater fertilizer application. Stormwater control measures influenced instream water chemistry at only one site, which also had the greatest mitigated area, but differences between stormwater control measure outflow and stream water suggest the potential for water quality improvements. Together, results suggest stormwater control measures have the potential to decrease solute concentrations from urban runoff, but the type, location, and extent of urban development in the watershed may influence the magnitude of this effect.

  1. 78 FR 35195 - Acquisition Regulations: Export Control

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-12

    ... Control AGENCY: Department of Energy. ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking. SUMMARY: The Department of... control requirements applicable to the performance of DOE contracts. DATES: Written comments on this... comments, identified by ``DEAR: Export Control and RIN 1991-AB99,'' by any of the following methods...

  2. Building a knowledge based economy in Russia using guided entrepreneurship

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Reznik, Boris N.; Daniels, Marc; Ichim, Thomas E.; Reznik, David L.

    2005-06-01

    Despite advanced scientific and technological (S&T) expertise, the Russian economy is presently based upon manufacturing and raw material exports. Currently, governmental incentives are attempting to leverage the existing scientific infrastructure through the concept of building a Knowledge Based Economy. However, socio-economic changes do not occur solely by decree, but by alteration of approach to the market. Here we describe the "Guided Entrepreneurship" plan, a series of steps needed for generation of an army of entrepreneurs, which initiate a chain reaction of S&T-driven growth. The situation in Russia is placed in the framework of other areas where Guided Entrepreneurship has been successful.

  3. 77 FR 37346 - Export Control Reform Transition Plan

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-21

    ... review the appropriate Export Control Classification Number (ECCN) to determine the classification of their item. Licensees who are unsure of the proper ECCN designation may request a Commodity...

  4. 40 CFR 205.5-3 - Export exemptions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Export exemptions. 205.5-3 Section 205... TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT NOISE EMISSION CONTROLS General Provisions § 205.5-3 Export exemptions. (a) A new product intended solely for export, and so labeled or marked on the outside of the container and on the...

  5. 19 CFR 192.11 - Description of the AES.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Description of the AES. 192.11 Section 192.11... TREASURY (CONTINUED) EXPORT CONTROL Filing of Export Information Through the Automated Export System (AES) § 192.11 Description of the AES. AES is a voluntary program that allows all exporters required to report...

  6. 19 CFR 192.11 - Description of the AES.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Description of the AES. 192.11 Section 192.11... TREASURY (CONTINUED) EXPORT CONTROL Filing of Export Information Through the Automated Export System (AES) § 192.11 Description of the AES. AES is a voluntary program that allows all exporters required to report...

  7. 19 CFR 192.11 - Description of the AES.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Description of the AES. 192.11 Section 192.11... TREASURY (CONTINUED) EXPORT CONTROL Filing of Export Information Through the Automated Export System (AES) § 192.11 Description of the AES. AES is a voluntary program that allows all exporters required to report...

  8. 19 CFR 192.11 - Description of the AES.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Description of the AES. 192.11 Section 192.11... TREASURY (CONTINUED) EXPORT CONTROL Filing of Export Information Through the Automated Export System (AES) § 192.11 Description of the AES. AES is a voluntary program that allows all exporters required to report...

  9. 19 CFR 18.45 - Supervision of exportation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Supervision of exportation. 18.45 Section 18.45 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE... Control Exported Under Cover of A Tir Carnet § 18.45 Supervision of exportation. The provisions of §§ 18...

  10. 19 CFR 18.45 - Supervision of exportation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Supervision of exportation. 18.45 Section 18.45 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE... Control Exported Under Cover of A Tir Carnet § 18.45 Supervision of exportation. The provisions of §§ 18...

  11. 19 CFR 18.45 - Supervision of exportation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Supervision of exportation. 18.45 Section 18.45 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE... Control Exported Under Cover of A Tir Carnet § 18.45 Supervision of exportation. The provisions of §§ 18...

  12. 19 CFR 18.45 - Supervision of exportation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Supervision of exportation. 18.45 Section 18.45 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE... Control Exported Under Cover of A Tir Carnet § 18.45 Supervision of exportation. The provisions of §§ 18...

  13. 19 CFR 18.45 - Supervision of exportation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Supervision of exportation. 18.45 Section 18.45 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE... Control Exported Under Cover of A Tir Carnet § 18.45 Supervision of exportation. The provisions of §§ 18...

  14. Relevance of Global Health Security to the US Export Economy.

    PubMed

    Cassell, Cynthia H; Bambery, Zoe; Roy, Kakoli; Meltzer, Martin I; Ahmed, Zara; Payne, Rebecca L; Bunnell, Rebecca E

    To reduce the health security risk and impact of outbreaks around the world, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and its partners are building capabilities to prevent, detect, and contain outbreaks in 49 global health security priority countries. We examine the extent of economic vulnerability to the US export economy posed by trade disruptions in these 49 countries. Using 2015 US Department of Commerce data, we assessed the value of US exports and the number of US jobs supported by those exports. US exports to the 49 countries exceeded $308 billion and supported more than 1.6 million jobs across all US states in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, oil and gas, services, and other sectors. These exports represented 13.7% of all US export revenue worldwide and 14.3% of all US jobs supported by all US exports. The economic linkages between the United States and these global health security priority countries illustrate the importance of ensuring that countries have the public health capacities needed to control outbreaks at their source before they become pandemics.

  15. Relevance of Global Health Security to the US Export Economy

    PubMed Central

    Cassell, Cynthia H.; Bambery, Zoe; Roy, Kakoli; Meltzer, Martin I.; Ahmed, Zara; Payne, Rebecca L.

    2017-01-01

    To reduce the health security risk and impact of outbreaks around the world, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and its partners are building capabilities to prevent, detect, and contain outbreaks in 49 global health security priority countries. We examine the extent of economic vulnerability to the US export economy posed by trade disruptions in these 49 countries. Using 2015 US Department of Commerce data, we assessed the value of US exports and the number of US jobs supported by those exports. US exports to the 49 countries exceeded $308 billion and supported more than 1.6 million jobs across all US states in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, oil and gas, services, and other sectors. These exports represented 13.7% of all US export revenue worldwide and 14.3% of all US jobs supported by all US exports. The economic linkages between the United States and these global health security priority countries illustrate the importance of ensuring that countries have the public health capacities needed to control outbreaks at their source before they become pandemics. PMID:29199867

  16. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hagen, Gary D.

    Export Control Reform has been in motion for six years. In 2014, the ITAR regulations surrendered export control of nuclear weapons technology to the control of DOE. Yet no Federal Register notice by DOE detailed where those new regulations could be found. This article explains the disposition that occurred.

  17. 78 FR 22659 - Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations: Initial Implementation of Export Control Reform

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-16

    ... Designed'' Definition B. Other Definitions XXIV. Part 774--The Commerce Control List A. Product Group... Changes H. Country Groups XII. Part 742--Control Policy A. National Security (NS) Review Policy B...-all controls on parts, components, accessories, and attachments specifically designed or modified for...

  18. 76 FR 10004 - President's Export Council; Subcommittee on Export Administration; Notice of Open Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-23

    ... Security. 2. Opening remarks by the Chairman. 3. Presentation of papers or comments by the public. 4. Export Control Reform Update. 5. Administrative issues. The open session will be accessible via...

  19. 31 CFR 538.510 - Importation and exportation of certain gifts authorized.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY SUDANESE SANCTIONS... as gifts between individuals; and the goods are not controlled for chemical and biological weapons... Control List, 15 CFR part 774 of the Export Administration Regulations). ...

  20. 77 FR 71575 - Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews and Request for...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-03

    ... No Sales If a producer or exporter named in this notice of initiation had no exports, sales, or... from government control of its export activities to be entitled to a separate rate, the Department analyzes each entity exporting the subject merchandise under a test arising from the Final Determination of...

  1. 31 CFR 545.519 - Payments and transfers authorized for goods and services exported to the territory of Afghanistan...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... for the benefit of a person with respect to goods, software, technology, or services exported prior to... authorize the exportation of goods, software, technology, or services after the effective date pursuant to a... goods and services exported to the territory of Afghanistan controlled by the Taliban prior to the...

  2. 15 CFR 758.1 - The Shipper's Export Declaration (SED) or Automated Export System (AES) record.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... entered on the loading document (e.g., Cargo Declaration, manifest, bill of lading, (master) air waybill... for all items being exported under the NLR provisions that have a reason for control other than anti-terrorism (AT). The designator “TSPA” may be used, but is not required, when the export consists of...

  3. 15 CFR 758.1 - The Shipper's Export Declaration (SED) or Automated Export System (AES) record.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... entered on the loading document (e.g., Cargo Declaration, manifest, bill of lading, (master) air waybill... for all items being exported under the NLR provisions that have a reason for control other than anti-terrorism (AT). The designator “TSPA” may be used, but is not required, when the export consists of...

  4. 31 CFR 594.305 - Information or informational materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY GLOBAL TERRORISM SANCTIONS..., controlled for export pursuant to section 5 of the Export Administration Act of 1979, 50 U.S.C. App. 2401...

  5. The Scenario Analysis Tool Suite: A User’s Guide

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-01-01

    be exported at any stage and continued manually. The free, open-source integrated development environment (IDE) NetBeans [14] was used in the creation...and Technology Organisation, Australia. 14. Sun Microsystems & CollabNet (2008) NetBeans IDE 6.0, http://wwwnetbeans.org. 15. Tri, N., Boswell, S

  6. A Proven Method for Meeting Export Control Objectives in Postal and Shipping Sectors

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-02-01

    months, the USPIS team developed and implemented an export screening standard operating procedure, implemented new and updated processes and systems ...support and protect the U.S. Postal Service and its employees, infrastructure, and customers; enforce the laws that defend the nation’s mail system ...the incidence of mail shipments violating export control laws, regulations, and standards . • Evaluate current processes and systems and identify

  7. 31 CFR 560.506 - Importation and exportation of certain gifts authorized.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY IRANIAN TRANSACTIONS AND... controlled for chemical and biological weapons (CB), missile technology (MT), national security (NS), or nuclear proliferation (NP). See Commerce Control List, Export Administration Regulations (15 CFR part 774). ...

  8. 31 CFR 560.506 - Importation and exportation of certain gifts authorized.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY IRANIAN TRANSACTIONS AND... controlled for chemical and biological weapons (CB), missile technology (MT), national security (NS), or nuclear proliferation (NP). See Commerce Control List, Export Administration Regulations (15 CFR part 774). ...

  9. 31 CFR 560.506 - Importation and exportation of certain gifts authorized.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY IRANIAN... controlled for chemical and biological weapons (CB), missile technology (MT), national security (NS), or nuclear proliferation (NP). See Commerce Control List, Export Administration Regulations (15 CFR part 774...

  10. 31 CFR 538.510 - Importation and exportation of certain gifts authorized.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY SUDANESE... normally given as gifts between individuals; and the goods are not controlled for chemical and biological... Control List, 15 CFR part 774 of the Export Administration Regulations). ...

  11. 76 FR 30647 - President's Export Council; Subcommittee on Export Administration; Notice of Open Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-26

    ... foreign policy reasons. Agenda 1. Opening remarks by the Chairman. 2. Opening remarks by the Bureau of.... Export Control Reform Update. The open session will be accessible via teleconference to 20 participants...

  12. 78 FR 70916 - President's Export Council Subcommittee on Export Administration; Notice of Open Meeting...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-27

    ... security and foreign policy reasons. Agenda: 1. Opening remarks by the Chairman. 2. Opening remarks by the Bureau of Industry and Security. 3. Export Control Reform Update. 4. Presentation of papers or comments...

  13. Interagency Review of Prior Inspector General Recommendations Related to U.S. Export Controls. Volume I

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-09-01

    applications that require referral to the Office of Export Enforcement ( OEE ), and sends them simultaneously to OEE and licensing officers in Export...Enforcement ( OEE ) and the Office of Enforcement Analysis (OEA). We also spoke with staff from OEE ’ s Boston field office regarding closed...OExS staff should refer them to the Office of Export Enforcement ( OEE ). However, in the two cases of noncompliance, both exporters had shipped

  14. 76 FR 43662 - 36(b)(1) Arms Sales Notification

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-21

    ... and control systems with modern technology. The new guidance and control system uses a mixture of... Issuance of Letter of Offer Pursuant to Section 36(b)(1) of the Arms Export Control Act, as amended (i... million TOTAL $86 million * as defined in Section 47(6) of the Arms Export Control Act. (iii) Description...

  15. 22 CFR 126.10 - Disclosure of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ....10 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS REGULATIONS GENERAL POLICIES... Trade Controls. (b) Determinations required by law. Section 38(e) of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S... of certain persons, in accordance with Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act. The requirements...

  16. 19 CFR 162.61 - Importing and exporting controlled substances.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Importing and exporting controlled substances. 162.61 Section 162.61 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INSPECTION, SEARCH, AND SEIZURE Controlled Substances, Narcotics, and...

  17. 77 FR 30500 - President's Export Council; Subcommittee on Export Administration; Notice of Open Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-23

    ... security and foreign policy reasons. Agenda 1. Opening remarks by the Chairman and Vice Chairman. 2. Export Control Reform Update. 3. Presentation of Papers or Comments by the Public. 4. Working Group Updates. 5...

  18. 78 FR 54450 - President's Export Council Subcommittee on Export Administration; Notice of Open Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-04

    ... foreign policy reasons. Agenda: 1. Opening remarks by the Chairman. 2. Opening remarks by the Bureau of Industry and Security. 3. Export Control Reform Update. 4. Presentation of papers or comments by the Public...

  19. 77 FR 50463 - President's Export Council Subcommittee on Export Administration; Notice of Partially Closed Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-21

    ... security and foreign policy reasons. Agenda Open Session 1. Opening remarks by the Chairman and Vice Chairman. 2. Export Control Reform Update. 3. Presentation of Papers or Comments by the Public. 4. Working...

  20. 75 FR 78676 - De Facto Criteria for Establishing a Separate Rate in Antidumping Proceedings Involving Non...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-16

    ...In antidumping proceedings involving non-market economy (``NME'') countries,\\1\\ the Department of Commerce (``the Department'') has a rebuttable presumption that the export activities of all companies within the country are subject to government control and, thus, should be assessed a single antidumping duty rate (i.e., the NME- Entity rate). It is the Department's policy to assign to all exporters of merchandise subject to investigation in an NME country this single rate unless an exporter can demonstrate that it is sufficiently independent so as to be entitled to a ``separate rate'' (i.e., a dumping margin separate from the margin assigned to the NME-Entity). Exporters can demonstrate this independence through the absence of both de jure and de facto governmental control over their export activities. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  1. 14 CFR 1274.942 - Export licenses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... writing, that the Agreement Officer authorize it to export ITAR-controlled technical data (including... appropriate licenses or other approvals, if required, for exports of hardware, technical data, and software, or for the provision of technical assistance. (b) The Recipient shall be responsible for obtaining...

  2. Reforming The U.S. Security Assistance Export Process To Build Existing Capabilities

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-12-01

    NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA JOINT APPLIED PROJECT REFORMING THE U.S. SECURITY ASSISTANCE EXPORT PROCESS TO...December 2015 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Joint applied project 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE REFORMING THE U.S. SECURITY ASSISTANCE EXPORT PROCESS TO...the programs. While acknowledging the expanding role of the programs, the findings indicate a need for reforms in the export -control mechanisms

  3. 15 CFR 745.1 - Advance notification and annual report of all exports of Schedule 1 chemicals to other States...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... plan to export any quantity of a Schedule 1 chemical controlled under the EAR and licensed by the... chemicals subject to the EAR or from the Department of State for the export of Schedule 1 chemicals subject... State Party. This is in addition to the requirement to obtain an export license under the EAR for...

  4. 15 CFR 745.1 - Advance notification and annual report of all exports of Schedule 1 chemicals to other States...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... plan to export any quantity of a Schedule 1 chemical controlled under the EAR and licensed by the... chemicals subject to the EAR or from the Department of State for the export of Schedule 1 chemicals subject... State Party. This is in addition to the requirement to obtain an export license under the EAR for...

  5. 15 CFR 745.1 - Advance notification and annual report of all exports of Schedule 1 chemicals to other States...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... plan to export any quantity of a Schedule 1 chemical controlled under the EAR and licensed by the... chemicals subject to the EAR or from the Department of State for the export of Schedule 1 chemicals subject... State Party. This is in addition to the requirement to obtain an export license under the EAR for...

  6. Precipitation control over inorganic nitrogen import-export budgets across watersheds: a synthesis of long-term ecological research

    Treesearch

    E.S. Kane; E.F. Betts; A.J. Burgin; H.M. Cliverd; C.L. Crenshaw; J.B. Fellman; I.H. Myers-Smith; J.A. O' Donnell; D.J. Sobota; W.J. Van Verseveld; J.B. Jones

    2008-01-01

    We investigated long-term and seasonal patterns of N imports and exports, as well as patterns following climate perturbations, across biomes using data from 15 watersheds from nine Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites in North America. Mean dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) import-export budgets (N import via precipitation-N export via stream flow) for common...

  7. The adequacy of current import and export controls on sealed radioactive sources.

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Longley, Susan W.; Cochran, John Russell; Price, Laura L.

    2003-10-01

    Millions of sealed radioactive sources (SRSs) are being used for a wide variety of beneficial purposes throughout the world. Security experts are now concerned that these beneficial SRSs could be used in a radiological dispersion device to terrorize and disrupt society. The greatest safety and security threat is from those highly radioactive Category 1 and 2 SRSs. Without adequate controls, it may be relatively easy to legally purchase a Category 1 or 2 SRS on the international market under false pretenses. Additionally, during transfer, SRSs are particularly susceptible to theft since the sources are in a shielded and mobile configuration,more » transportation routes are predictable, and shipments may not be adequately guarded. To determine if government controls on SRS are adequate, this study was commissioned to review the current SRS import and export controls of six countries. Canada, the Russian Federation, and South Africa were selected as the exporting countries, and Egypt, the Philippines, and the United States were selected as importing countries. A detailed review of the controls in each country is presented. The authors found that Canada and Russia are major exporters, and are exporting highly radioactive SRSs without first determining if the recipient is authorized by the receiving country to own and use the SRSs. Available evidence was used to estimate that on average there are tens to possibly hundreds of intercountry transfers of highly radioactive SRSs each day. Based on these and other findings, this reports recommends stronger controls on the export and import of highly radioactive SRSs.« less

  8. 77 FR 25932 - Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR): Control of Energetic Materials and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-02

    ... the fact that they apply to the same group of destinations as missile technology controls (i.e., both... Requirements section of ECCN 1E101, consistent with the ``technology'' controls of the Nuclear Suppliers Group.... 120105018-2011-01] RIN 0694-AF53 Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR): Control of...

  9. Export Controls: Controls Over the Export Licensing Process for Chemical and Biological Items

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2005-03-30

    Akabane virus Bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent Camel pox virus Central European tick-borne encephalitis Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1...Herpes B virus) Coccidioides immitis Coccidioides posadasii Cowdria ruminantium (Heartwater) Far Eastern tick-borne encephalitis Liberobacter

  10. Searching for nuclear export elements in hepatitis D virus RNA.

    PubMed

    Freitas, Natália; Cunha, Celso

    2013-08-12

    To search for the presence of cis elements in hepatitis D virus (HDV) genomic and antigenomic RNA capable of promoting nuclear export. We made use of a well characterized chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase reporter system based on plasmid pDM138. Twenty cDNA fragments corresponding to different HDV genomic and antigenomic RNA sequences were inserted in plasmid pDM138, and used in transfection experiments in Huh7 cells. The relative amounts of HDV RNA in nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions were then determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Northern blotting. The secondary structure of the RNA sequences that displayed nuclear export ability was further predicted using a web interface. Finally, the sensitivity to leptomycin B was assessed in order to investigate possible cellular pathways involved in HDV RNA nuclear export. Analysis of genomic RNA sequences did not allow identifying an unequivocal nuclear export element. However, two regions were found to promote the export of reporter mRNAs with efficiency higher than the negative controls albeit lower than the positive control. These regions correspond to nucleotides 266-489 and 584-920, respectively. In addition, when analyzing antigenomic RNA sequences a nuclear export element was found in positions 214-417. Export mediated by the nuclear export element of HDV antigenomic RNA is sensitive to leptomycin B suggesting a possible role of CRM1 in this transport pathway. A cis-acting nuclear export element is present in nucleotides 214-417 of HDV antigenomic RNA.

  11. Inspection report: the Department of Energy's export licensing process for dual-use and munitions commodities

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Friedman, Gregory H.

    1999-05-01

    Export of commodities, encouraged by both the private sector and the Federal Government, helps to improve our position in the global economy and is in the national interest of the US. However, exports of commodities or technologies, without regard to whether they may significantly contribute to the military potential of individual countries or combination of countries or enhance the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, may adversely affect the national security of the US. The Federal Government, therefore, implements several laws, Executive Orders, and regulations to control the export of certain commodities and technologies. These commodities and technologies require amore » license for export. Some of the controlled items are designated as ''dual-use,'' that is, commodities and technologies that have both civilian and military application. Some dual-use commodities are designated as ''nuclear dual-use''--items controlled for nuclear nonproliferation purposes. Another group of controlled commodities is designated as munitions, which are goods and technologies that have solely military uses. The Department of Energy (Energy) conducts reviews of export license applications for nuclear dual-use items and certain munitions. On August 26, 1998, the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs requested that the Inspectors General from the Departments of Commerce, Defense, Energy, State, and Treasury, and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), update and expand on a 1993 interagency review conducted by the Inspectors General of the Departments of Commerce, Defense, Energy, and State of the export licensing processes for dual-use and munitions commodities.« less

  12. 31 CFR 538.507 - Reexports by non-U.S. persons.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY SUDANESE SANCTIONS REGULATIONS Licenses... technology subject to export license application requirements under other United States regulations. The... the United States, the exportation of which to Sudan is subject to export or reexport license...

  13. How can we reduce phosphorus export from lowland polders? Implications from a sensitivity analysis of a coupled model.

    PubMed

    Huang, Jiacong; Gao, Junfeng; Yan, Renhua

    2016-08-15

    Phosphorus (P) export from lowland polders has caused severe water pollution. Numerical models are an important resource that help water managers control P export. This study coupled three models, i.e., Phosphorus Dynamic model for Polders (PDP), Integrated Catchments model of Phosphorus dynamics (INCA-P) and Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), to describe the P dynamics in polders. Based on the coupled models and a dataset collected from Polder Jian in China, sensitivity analysis were carried out to analyze the cause-effect relationships between environmental factors and P export from Polder Jian. The sensitivity analysis results showed that P export from Polder Jian were strongly affected by air temperature, precipitation and fertilization. Proper fertilization management should be a strategic priority for reducing P export from Polder Jian. This study demonstrated the success of model coupling, and its application in investigating potential strategies to support pollution control in polder systems. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.

  14. The production and exportation of artemisinin-derived drugs in China: current status and existing challenges.

    PubMed

    Huang, Yangmu; Li, Hui; Peng, Danlu; Wang, Yu; Ren, Qiaomeng; Guo, Yan

    2016-07-15

    As the discoverer and a major manufacturer of artemisinin, China has made valuable contributions to malaria control and the global market of artemisinin-derived drugs. This study aims to explore the production and export status of artemisinin-derived drugs in China during 2011 and 2014 to provide a clear understanding of China's participation in this field and also to provide guidance for its future role on global malaria control. Production and exportation data were obtained from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) database of the People's Republic China and monthly reports of the General Administration of Customs of China, respectively. The production volume, export volume, export value, and export area of artemisinin and its derivatives (artemether, artesunate, dihydroartemisinin), including both active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished pharmaceutical products (FPPs), were descripted and analysed by Microsoft Excel. Between 2011 and 2013, the total production volume of artemisinin-derived APIs and FPPs reached 543.41 metric tons (MT) and 14.79 MT, respectively. The total export value and volume of artemisinin-derived APIs during 2012 and 2014 was US$ 211.39 million and 338.53 MT; the total export value and volume of FPPs was US$ 227.17 million and 4401.44 MT. Compared with the sharply decreasing trend of API exports each year, the export value of FPPs kept at a more stable level, with 14.66 % increase in 2013 and 5.31 % decrease in 2014. As for exportation areas, India was the largest purchaser of APIs, accounting for nearly a half of the total amount, while FPPs mainly exported to African countries. Exports of artemisinin derivatives for China have been transforming from API-dominated to FPP-dominated. However, the exportation of artemisinin-derived drugs in China still face the challenges of small market share in the global FPP market and indirect sale of FPPs through a third country due to the deficiency in obtaining relevant certification into global market.

  15. 78 FR 64470 - Availability of FSIS Compliance Guide for a Systematic Approach to the Humane Handling of Livestock

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-29

    ... benefits for producers, processors, and consumers which tend to expedite an orderly flow of livestock and... implement handling practices that minimize distress and injury to livestock; (3) Periodically evaluate... to export information to regulations, directives, and notices. Customers can add or delete...

  16. Function of the conserved FHIPEP domain of the flagellar type III export apparatus, protein FlhA.

    PubMed

    Barker, Clive S; Inoue, Tomoharu; Meshcheryakova, Irina V; Kitanobo, Seiya; Samatey, Fadel A

    2016-04-01

    The Type III flagellar protein export apparatus of bacteria consists of five or six membrane proteins, notably FlhA, which controls the export of other proteins and is homologous to the large family of FHIPEP export proteins. FHIPEP proteins contain a highly-conserved cytoplasmic domain. We mutagenized the cloned Salmonella flhA gene for the 692 amino acid FlhA, changing a single, conserved amino acid in the 68-amino acid FHIPEP region. Fifty-two mutations at 30 positions mostly led to loss of motility and total disappearance of microscopically visible flagella, also Western blot protein/protein hybridization showed no detectable export of hook protein and flagellin. There were two exceptions: a D199A mutant strain, which produced short-stubby flagella; and a V151L mutant strain, which did not produce flagella and excreted mainly un-polymerized hook protein. The V151L mutant strain also exported a reduced amount of hook-cap protein FlgD, but when grown with exogenous FlgD it produced polyhooks and polyhook-filaments. A suppressor mutant in the cytoplasmic domain of the export apparatus membrane protein FlhB rescued export of hook-length control protein FliK and facilitated growth of full-length flagella. These results suggested that the FHIPEP region is part of the gate regulating substrate entry into the export apparatus pore. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  17. Nuclear routing networks span between nuclear pore complexes and genomic DNA to guide nucleoplasmic trafficking of biomolecules

    PubMed Central

    Malecki, Marek; Malecki, Bianca

    2012-01-01

    In health and disease, biomolecules, which are involved in gene expression, recombination, or reprogramming have to traffic through the nucleoplasm, between nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and genomic DNA (gDNA). This trafficking is guided by the recently revealed nuclear routing networks (NRNs). In this study, we aimed to investigate, if the NRNs have established associations with the genomic DNA in situ and if the NRNs have capabilities to bind the DNA de novo. Moreover, we aimed to study further, if nucleoplasmic trafficking of the histones, rRNA, and transgenes’ vectors, between the NPCs and gDNA, is guided by the NRNs. We used Xenopus laevis oocytes as the model system. We engineered the transgenes’ DNA vectors equipped with the SV40 LTA nuclear localization signals (NLS) and/or HIV Rev nuclear export signals (NES). We purified histones, 5S rRNA, and gDNA. We rendered all these molecules superparamagnetic and fluorescent for detection with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), total reflection x-ray fluorescence (TXRF), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). The NRNs span between the NPCs and genomic DNA. They form firm bonds with the gDNA in situ. After complete digestion of the nucleic acids with the RNases and DNases, the newly added DNA - modified with the dNTP analogs, bonds firmly to the NRNs. Moreover, the NRNs guide the trafficking of the DNA transgenes’ vectors - modified with the SV40 LTA NLS, following their import into the nuclei through the NPCs. The pathway is identical to that of histones. The NRNs also guide the trafficking of the DNA transgenes’ vectors, modified with the HIV Rev NES, to the NPCs, followed by their export out of the nuclei. Ribosomal RNAs follow the same pathway. To summarize, the NRNs are the structures connecting the NPCs and the gDNA. They guide the trafficking of the biomolecules between the NPCs and the gDNA. PMID:23275893

  18. 32 CFR 249.5 - Procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... meeting organization include, but are not limited to, proprietary data, export-controlled data, Privacy Act information, and foreign government-provided data. (1) Classified information may be presented...) Unclassified export-controlled DoD technical data may be presented only in sessions where recipients are...

  19. 32 CFR 249.5 - Procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... meeting organization include, but are not limited to, proprietary data, export-controlled data, Privacy Act information, and foreign government-provided data. (1) Classified information may be presented...) Unclassified export-controlled DoD technical data may be presented only in sessions where recipients are...

  20. 19 CFR 10.849 - Importer obligations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... requested, CBP may arrange for the direct submission by the exporter, producer, or entity controlling production of business confidential or other sensitive information, including cost and sourcing information. (b) Information provided by exporter, producer, or entity controlling production. The fact that the...

  1. Amounts, isotopic character, and ages of organic and inorganic carbon exported from rivers to ocean margins: 2. Assessment of natural and anthropogenic controls

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hossler, Katie; Bauer, James E.

    2013-04-01

    Riverine exports of carbon (C) and organic matter (OM) are regulated by a variety of natural and anthropogenic factors. Understanding the relationships between these various factors and C and OM exports can help to constrain global C budgets and allow assessment of current and future anthropogenic impacts on both riverine and global C cycles. We quantified the effects of multiple natural and anthropogenic controls on riverine export fluxes and compositions of particulate organic C, dissolved organic C, and dissolved inorganic C for a regional group of eight rivers in the northeastern U.S. Potential controls related to hydrogeomorphology and regional climate, soil order, soil texture, bedrock lithology, land use, and anthropogenic factors were analyzed individually, collectively, and at scales of both local and regional influence. Factors related to hydrogeomorphology and climate, followed in importance by land use and anthropogenic factors, exhibited the strongest impacts on riverine C exports and compositions, particularly at smaller localized scales. The effects of hydrogeomorphology and climate were primarily related to volumetric flow, which resulted in greater exports of terrestrial and total C. Principal anthropogenic factors included impacts of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and river impoundments. The presence of WWTPs as well as anthropogenic use of carbonate-based materials (e.g., limestone) may have substantially increased riverine C exports, particularly fossil C exports, in the study region. The presence of nuclear power plants in the associated watersheds is also discussed because of the potential for anthropogenic 14C inputs and subsequent biasing of aquatic C studies utilizing natural abundance 14C.

  2. Impacts of U.S. Export Control Policies on Science and Technology Activities and Competitiveness

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-02-25

    coffee table. However, under the current export control regime, the stand was considered ‘ITAR hardware’ and we were required to have two security...should survive without an effective method for pruning items from the control lists when they no longer serve a significant definable national

  3. Control of Sediment Export From The Forest Road Prism

    Treesearch

    Johnny M. Grace

    2002-01-01

    The effectiveness of four road turn-out ditch treatments (vegetation, rip-rap, sediment fences, and settling basins) in reducing sediment export to the forest floor was evaluated. These four runoff control method are commonly prescribed to control forest road runoff and sediments. The study utilized runoff samplers, runoff diversion walls, sediment filter bags, and...

  4. 32 CFR 250.9 - Notice to accompany the dissemination of export-controlled technical data.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... PUBLIC DISCLOSURE § 250.9 Notice to accompany the dissemination of export-controlled technical data. (a... for items controlled by the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), or the Department of... not include or involve any license rights. (h) A copy of this notice shall be provided with any...

  5. 40 CFR 205.5-3 - Export exemptions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ....5-3 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) NOISE ABATEMENT PROGRAMS TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT NOISE EMISSION CONTROLS General Provisions § 205.5-3 Export exemptions. (a) A new.... (b) No request for an export exemption is required. (c) For purposes of section 11(d) of the Noise...

  6. 14 CFR 1274.942 - Export licenses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... appropriate licenses or other approvals, if required, for exports of hardware, technical data, and software... installation], where the foreign person will have access to export-controlled technical data or software. (c... software) pursuant to the exemption at 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3). The Agreement Officer or designated...

  7. WATERSHED LEVEL RISK ASSESSMENT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHOROUS EXPORT

    EPA Science Inventory



    The distribution of different types of land cover across a watershed is a principal factor in controlling the amount of nitrogen and phosphorous exported from a watershed. A well developed literature of nutrient export coefficients by land-cover class was used to model t...

  8. 76 FR 12412 - Proposed Information Collections; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-07

    ... Management and Budget (OMB) approval of the relevant information collection. All comments are part of the...: Drawback on Beer Exported. OMB Control Number: 1513-0017. TTB Form Number: 5130.6. Abstract: When taxpaid beer is removed from a brewery and ultimately exported, the brewer exporting the beer is eligible for a...

  9. 78 FR 43849 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-22

    ...: Export Fruit Regulations. OMB Control Number: 0581-0143. Summary of Collection: Fresh apples and grapes... requirements established by regulations issued under the Export Apple Act (7 CFR Part 33) and the Export Grape... States in apples and grapes; to protect the reputation of these American-grown commodities; and to...

  10. 76 FR 7846 - Agency Information Collection: Emergency Submission for OMB Review

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-11

    ... Export Import Bank's credit insurance programs. Affected Public: This form affects entities involved in... EXPORT IMPORT BANK OF THE UNITED STATES [OMB Control No: 3048-0024 EIB 92-79] Agency Information Collection: Emergency Submission for OMB Review AGENCY: Export Import Bank of the United States. ACTION...

  11. 19 CFR 192.11 - Description of the AES.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Description of the AES. 192.11 Section 192.11 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) EXPORT CONTROL Filing of Export Information Through the Automated Export System (AES...

  12. 48 CFR 1852.225-70 - Export Licenses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... licenses or other approvals, if required, for exports of hardware, technical data, and software, or for the... will have access to export-controlled technical data or software. (c) The Contractor shall be... software) pursuant to the exemption at 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3). The Contracting Officer or designated...

  13. Countering Iranian Sponsored Terrorism

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-06-10

    AND NEW DEALS ........................................................................................... 59  IRAN’S OIL EXPORTS ...lack of regional influence, which may be supplanting the export of the revolution as Iran’s primary national interest. Sponsorship of terrorism is...isolate Iran diplomatically, militarily and economically, relying on wide-ranging unilateral sanctions and export controls.”16 This policy of

  14. 75 FR 10997 - Cuban Assets Control Regulations; Sudanese Sanctions Regulations; Iranian Transactions Regulations

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-10

    ... Iranian Transactions Regulations to authorize the exportation of certain services and software incident to... authorize the exportation to persons in Sudan and Iran, respectively, of certain services and software... specific license, or otherwise exempt, the exportation of such services and software from the United States...

  15. 22 CFR 126.14 - Special comprehensive export authorizations for NATO, Australia, and Japan.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ..., Australia, Japan, and Sweden, the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls may provide the comprehensive... a commercial export endeavor including the needed defense exports can be well anticipated and... authorization. With respect to NATO members, Australia, Japan, and Sweden, the Directorate of Defense Trade...

  16. Biome-specific scaling of ocean productivity, temperature, and carbon export efficiency

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Britten, Gregory L.; Primeau, François W.

    2016-05-01

    Mass conservation and metabolic theory place constraints on how marine export production (EP) scales with net primary productivity (NPP) and sea surface temperature (SST); however, little is empirically known about how these relationships vary across ecologically distinct ocean biomes. Here we compiled in situ observations of EP, NPP, and SST and used statistical model selection theory to demonstrate significant biome-specific scaling relationships among these variables. Multiple statistically similar models yield a threefold variation in the globally integrated carbon flux (~4-12 Pg C yr-1) when applied to climatological satellite-derived NPP and SST. Simulated NPP and SST input variables from a 4×CO2 climate model experiment further show that biome-specific scaling alters the predicted response of EP to simulated increases of atmospheric CO2. These results highlight the need to better understand distinct pathways of carbon export across unique ecological biomes and may help guide proposed efforts for in situ observations of the ocean carbon cycle.

  17. Sources, distribution and export coefficient of phosphorus in lowland polders of Lake Taihu Basin, China.

    PubMed

    Huang, Jiacong; Gao, Junfeng; Jiang, Yong; Yin, Hongbin; Amiri, Bahman Jabbarian

    2017-12-01

    Identifying phosphorus (P) sources, distribution and export from lowland polders is important for P pollution management, however, is challenging due to the high complexity of hydrological and P transport processes in lowland areas. In this study, the spatial pattern and temporal dynamics of P export coefficient (PEC) from all the 2539 polders in Lake Taihu Basin, China were estimated using a coupled P model for describing P dynamics in a polder system. The estimated amount of P export from polders in Lake Taihu Basin during 2013 was 1916.2 t/yr, with a spatially-averaged PEC of 1.8 kg/ha/yr. PEC had peak values (more than 4.0 kg/ha/yr) in the polders near/within the large cities, and was high during the rice-cropping season. Sensitivity analysis based on the coupled P model revealed that the sensitive factors controlling the PEC varied spatially and changed through time. Precipitation and air temperature were the most sensitive factors controlling PEC. Culvert controlling and fertilization were sensitive factors controlling PEC during some periods. This study demonstrated an estimation of PEC from 2539 polders in Lake Taihu Basin, and an identification of sensitive environmental factors affecting PEC. The investigation of polder P export in a watershed scale is helpful for water managers to learn the distribution of P sources, to identify key P sources, and thus to achieve best management practice in controlling P export from lowland areas. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  18. Hydrologic and biogeochemical controls on phosphorus export from western Lake Erie tributaries

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Understanding the processes controlling phosphorus (P) export from agricultural watersheds is essential for predicting and mitigating adverse environmental impacts. In this study, discharge, dissolved reactive phosphorus load, and total phosphorus load time series data (1975-2014) from two Lake Erie...

  19. 40 CFR 82.11 - Exports of class I controlled substances to Article 5 Parties.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... substances to Article 5 Parties. 82.11 Section 82.11 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... Controls § 82.11 Exports of class I controlled substances to Article 5 Parties. (a) If apportioned Article... substances) to foreign states listed in appendix E to this subpart (Article 5 countries). (1) A person must...

  20. Export Controls and the Tensions between Academic Freedom and National Security

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Evans, Samuel A. W.; Valdivia, Walter D.

    2012-01-01

    In the U.S.A., advocates of academic freedom--the ability to pursue research unencumbered by government controls--have long found sparring partners in government officials who regulate technology trade. From concern over classified research in the 1950s, to the expansion of export controls to cover trade in information in the 1970s, to current…

  1. 78 FR 75458 - Addition of Certain Persons to the Entity List; Amendment of Entity List Entries; and Removal of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-12

    ... and export control violations involving abuse of human rights. Certain exports, reexports, and... (Control Policy: End-User and End-Use Based) of the EAR. The End-user Review Committee (ERC), composed of... Assets Control regulations and the EAR: Anvik Technologies Sdn. Bhd., Montana Advanced Engineering Sdn...

  2. 15 CFR 758.6 - Destination control statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... be entered on the invoice and on the bill of lading, air waybill, or other export control document... Control List that are not classified as EAR99, unless the export may be made under License Exception BAG or GFT (see part 740 of the EAR). At a minimum, the DCS must state: “These commodities, technology or...

  3. 15 CFR 758.6 - Destination control statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... be entered on the invoice and on the bill of lading, air waybill, or other export control document... Control List that are not classified as EAR99, unless the export may be made under License Exception BAG or GFT (see part 740 of the EAR). At a minimum, the DCS must state: “These commodities, technology or...

  4. The localization of nuclear exporters of the importin-beta family is regulated by Snf1 kinase, nutrient supply and stress.

    PubMed

    Quan, XinXin; Yu, Jennifer; Bussey, Howard; Stochaj, Ursula

    2007-07-01

    In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, four members of the importin-beta family of nuclear carriers, Xpo1p/Crm1p, Cse1p, Msn5p and Los1p, function as exporters of protein and tRNA. Under normal growth conditions GFP-tagged exporters are predominantly associated with nuclei. The presence of Snf1 kinase, a key regulator of cell growth and a metabolic sensor, controls the localization of GFP-exporters. Additional glucose-dependent, but Snf1-independent, mechanisms regulate carrier distribution and a switch from fermentable to non-fermentable carbon sources relocates all of the carriers, suggesting a link to the nutritional status of the cell. Moreover, stress controls the proper localization of GFP-exporters, which mislocalize upon exposure to heat, ethanol and starvation. Stress may activate the MAPK cell integrity cascade, and we tested the role of this pathway in exporter localization. Under non-stress conditions, the proper distribution of GFP-Cse1p and Xpo1p/Crm1p-GFP requires kinases of the cell integrity cascade. By contrast, Msn5p-GFP and Los1p-GFP rely on the MAPK module to relocate to the cytoplasm when cells are stressed with ethanol. Our results indicate that the association of nuclear exporters with nuclei is controlled by multiple mechanisms that are organized in a hierarchical fashion and linked to the physiological state of the cell.

  5. Predictors of Preference for the Exported Campus Model of Study Abroad

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Goldstein, Susan B.

    2015-01-01

    Since the early 1960s, there has been a steady increase in the number of students enrolled in institutions of higher education outside of their home countries. This study contributes to the information available to study abroad professionals seeking to guide students in selecting programs that are best suited to their individual characteristics…

  6. 75 FR 75677 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request; Exports...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-06

    ... requirements for persons exporting human drugs, biological products, devices, animal drugs, food, and cosmetics... Control Number 0910-0482)--Extension The respondents to this information collection are exporters who have... States as allowed under section 801(e) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the FD&C Act) (21 U.S...

  7. 76 FR 7846 - Agency Information Collection: Emergency Submission for OMB Review

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-11

    ... EXPORT IMPORT BANK OF THE UNITED STATES [OMB Control No: 3048-0016 EIB 92-36] Agency Information Collection: Emergency Submission for OMB Review AGENCY: Export Import Bank of the United States. ACTION...., 3501-3521), this notice announces that the Export Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im), will submit...

  8. 15 CFR 758.1 - The Automated Export System (AES) record.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... entered on the loading document (e.g., Cargo Declaration, manifest, bill of lading, (master) air waybill... for all items being exported under the NLR provisions that have a reason for control other than anti-terrorism (AT). The designator “TSPA” may be used, but is not required, when the export consists of...

  9. 27 CFR 479.193 - Arms Export Control Act.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Arms Export Control Act. 479.193 Section 479.193 Alcohol, Tobacco Products, and Firearms BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, FIREARMS, AND EXPLOSIVES, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION MACHINE GUNS, DESTRUCTIVE DEVICES, AND...

  10. 27 CFR 479.193 - Arms Export Control Act.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2012-04-01 2010-04-01 true Arms Export Control Act. 479.193 Section 479.193 Alcohol, Tobacco Products, and Firearms BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, FIREARMS, AND EXPLOSIVES, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION MACHINE GUNS, DESTRUCTIVE DEVICES, AND...

  11. 27 CFR 479.193 - Arms Export Control Act.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2011-04-01 2010-04-01 true Arms Export Control Act. 479.193 Section 479.193 Alcohol, Tobacco Products, and Firearms BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, FIREARMS, AND EXPLOSIVES, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION MACHINE GUNS, DESTRUCTIVE DEVICES, AND...

  12. 27 CFR 479.193 - Arms Export Control Act.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Arms Export Control Act. 479.193 Section 479.193 Alcohol, Tobacco Products, and Firearms BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, FIREARMS, AND EXPLOSIVES, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION MACHINE GUNS, DESTRUCTIVE DEVICES, AND...

  13. 27 CFR 479.193 - Arms Export Control Act.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Arms Export Control Act. 479.193 Section 479.193 Alcohol, Tobacco Products, and Firearms BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, FIREARMS, AND EXPLOSIVES, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION MACHINE GUNS, DESTRUCTIVE DEVICES, AND...

  14. 15 CFR Supplement No. 2 to Part 730 - Technical Advisory Committees

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... (Continued) BUREAU OF INDUSTRY AND SECURITY, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE EXPORT ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS GENERAL..., materials, or supplies, including technology, software, and other information, that are subject to export controls, or are being considered for such controls because of their significance to the national security...

  15. A Herpesvirus Protein Selectively Inhibits Cellular mRNA Nuclear Export.

    PubMed

    Gong, Danyang; Kim, Yong Hoon; Xiao, Yuchen; Du, Yushen; Xie, Yafang; Lee, Kevin K; Feng, Jun; Farhat, Nisar; Zhao, Dawei; Shu, Sara; Dai, Xinghong; Chanda, Sumit K; Rana, Tariq M; Krogan, Nevan J; Sun, Ren; Wu, Ting-Ting

    2016-11-09

    Nuclear mRNA export is highly regulated to ensure accurate cellular gene expression. Viral inhibition of cellular mRNA export can enhance viral access to the cellular translation machinery and prevent anti-viral protein production but is generally thought to be nonselective. We report that ORF10 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a nuclear DNA virus, inhibits mRNA export in a transcript-selective manner to control cellular gene expression. Nuclear export inhibition by ORF10 requires an interaction with an RNA export factor, Rae1. Genome-wide analysis reveals a subset of cellular mRNAs whose nuclear export is blocked by ORF10 with the 3' UTRs of ORF10-targeted transcripts conferring sensitivity to export inhibition. The ORF10-Rae1 interaction is important for the virus to express viral genes and produce infectious virions. These results suggest that a nuclear DNA virus can selectively interfere with RNA export to restrict host gene expression for optimal replication. Published by Elsevier Inc.

  16. Revision of Import and Export Requirements for Controlled Substances, Listed Chemicals, and Tableting and Encapsulating Machines, Including Changes To Implement the International Trade Data System (ITDS); Revision of Reporting Requirements for Domestic Transactions in Listed Chemicals and Tableting and Encapsulating Machines; and Technical Amendments. Final rule.

    PubMed

    2016-12-30

    The Drug Enforcement Administration is updating its regulations for the import and export of tableting and encapsulating machines, controlled substances, and listed chemicals, and its regulations relating to reports required for domestic transactions in listed chemicals, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, and tableting and encapsulating machines. In accordance with Executive Order 13563, the Drug Enforcement Administration has reviewed its import and export regulations and reporting requirements for domestic transactions in listed chemicals (and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid) and tableting and encapsulating machines, and evaluated them for clarity, consistency, continued accuracy, and effectiveness. The amendments clarify certain policies and reflect current procedures and technological advancements. The amendments also allow for the implementation, as applicable to tableting and encapsulating machines, controlled substances, and listed chemicals, of the President's Executive Order 13659 on streamlining the export/import process and requiring the government-wide utilization of the International Trade Data System (ITDS). This rule additionally contains amendments that implement recent changes to the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (CSIEA) for reexportation of controlled substances among members of the European Economic Area made by the Improving Regulatory Transparency for New Medical Therapies Act. The rule also includes additional substantive and technical and stylistic amendments.

  17. 15 CFR 743.1 - Wassenaar Arrangement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... exports of certain commodities, software and technology controlled under the Wassenaar Arrangement. Such...). Note that exports of technology and source code under License Exception TSR to foreign nationals... 2B001.b.2) of the Commerce Control List (CCL). Reports for 2E001, are for “technology” according to the...

  18. 75 FR 50679 - Continuation of Emergency Regarding Export Control Regulations

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-16

    ... Part III The President Notice of August 12, 2010--Continuation of Emergency Regarding Export Control Regulations #0; #0; #0; Presidential Documents #0; #0; #0;#0;Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 157 / Monday, August 16, 2010 / Presidential Documents#0;#0; #0; #0;Title 3-- #0;The President [[Page 50681...

  19. 78 FR 18814 - Amendment to the Export Administration Regulations: List of Items Classified Under Export Control...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-28

    ... RIN 0694-AF73. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Elizabeth Sangine, Director, Chemical and Biological... detection, identification, warning or monitoring of biological agents that is subject to the licensing... approved collections: (1) The Simplified Network Application Processing + System (control number 0694-0088...

  20. 76 FR 74041 - Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews and Request for...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-30

    ... the People's Republic of China for one exporter. All deadlines for the submission of various types of... notice of initiation had no exports, sales, or entries during the period of review (``POR''), it must... government control of its export activities to be entitled to a separate rate, the Department analyzes each...

  1. 31 CFR 585.205 - Prohibited exportation and reexportation of goods, technology, or services to the FRY (S&M).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... reexportation of goods, technology, or services to the FRY (S&M). 585.205 Section 585.205 Money and Finance... exportation and reexportation of goods, technology, or services to the FRY (S&M). Except as otherwise authorized, no goods, technology (including technical data or other information controlled for export...

  2. 22 CFR 122.4 - Notification of changes in information furnished by registrants.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... export or temporarily import defense articles or defense services from any agency of the U.S. government... obtaining the approval required under this subchapter for the export of defense articles or defense services... authority of § 38(g)(6) of the Arms Export Control Act regarding licenses or other approvals for certain...

  3. 22 CFR 122.4 - Notification of changes in information furnished by registrants.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... export or temporarily import defense articles or defense services from any agency of the U.S. government... obtaining the approval required under this subchapter for the export of defense articles or defense services... authority of § 38(g)(6) of the Arms Export Control Act regarding licenses or other approvals for certain...

  4. 19 CFR 192.12 - Criteria for denial of applications requesting AES post-departure (Option 4) filing status...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Criteria for denial of applications requesting AES...) EXPORT CONTROL Filing of Export Information Through the Automated Export System (AES) § 192.12 Criteria for denial of applications requesting AES post-departure (Option 4) filing status; appeal procedures...

  5. 19 CFR 192.12 - Criteria for denial of applications requesting AES post-departure (Option 4) filing status...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Criteria for denial of applications requesting AES...) EXPORT CONTROL Filing of Export Information Through the Automated Export System (AES) § 192.12 Criteria for denial of applications requesting AES post-departure (Option 4) filing status; appeal procedures...

  6. 19 CFR 192.12 - Criteria for denial of applications requesting AES post-departure (Option 4) filing status...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Criteria for denial of applications requesting AES...) EXPORT CONTROL Filing of Export Information Through the Automated Export System (AES) § 192.12 Criteria for denial of applications requesting AES post-departure (Option 4) filing status; appeal procedures...

  7. 19 CFR 192.12 - Criteria for denial of applications requesting AES post-departure (Option 4) filing status...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Criteria for denial of applications requesting AES...) EXPORT CONTROL Filing of Export Information Through the Automated Export System (AES) § 192.12 Criteria for denial of applications requesting AES post-departure (Option 4) filing status; appeal procedures...

  8. 19 CFR 192.12 - Criteria for denial of applications requesting AES post-departure (Option 4) filing status...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Criteria for denial of applications requesting AES...) EXPORT CONTROL Filing of Export Information Through the Automated Export System (AES) § 192.12 Criteria for denial of applications requesting AES post-departure (Option 4) filing status; appeal procedures...

  9. 22 CFR 124.3 - Exports of technical data in furtherance of an agreement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... approved in writing by the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) and the technical data does not... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Exports of technical data in furtherance of an... REGULATIONS AGREEMENTS, OFF-SHORE PROCUREMENT AND OTHER DEFENSE SERVICES § 124.3 Exports of technical data in...

  10. 22 CFR 123.24 - Shipments by U.S. Postal Service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... with this subchapter by clearly marking on the package “This export is subject to the controls of the...) The export of any technical data using a license in this subchapter by the U.S. Postal Service must be... either a license or exemption, must certify, by clearly marking on the package, “This export is subject...

  11. The DISAM Journal of International Security Assistance Management. Volume 24, Number 3, Spring 2002

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2002-01-01

    to security cooperation such as human rights, economics, export control, and disarmament. Others are more regionally centered in South America and...Military Affairs “ Export Control” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 John R...related legislation recently enacted for fiscal year (FY) 2002. While funding for the fiscal year was appropriated by the Foreign Operations, Export

  12. Proteome-wide search for functional motifs altered in tumors: Prediction of nuclear export signals inactivated by cancer-related mutations

    PubMed Central

    Prieto, Gorka; Fullaondo, Asier; Rodríguez, Jose A.

    2016-01-01

    Large-scale sequencing projects are uncovering a growing number of missense mutations in human tumors. Understanding the phenotypic consequences of these alterations represents a formidable challenge. In silico prediction of functionally relevant amino acid motifs disrupted by cancer mutations could provide insight into the potential impact of a mutation, and guide functional tests. We have previously described Wregex, a tool for the identification of potential functional motifs, such as nuclear export signals (NESs), in proteins. Here, we present an improved version that allows motif prediction to be combined with data from large repositories, such as the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC), and to be applied to a whole proteome scale. As an example, we have searched the human proteome for candidate NES motifs that could be altered by cancer-related mutations included in the COSMIC database. A subset of the candidate NESs identified was experimentally tested using an in vivo nuclear export assay. A significant proportion of the selected motifs exhibited nuclear export activity, which was abrogated by the COSMIC mutations. In addition, our search identified a cancer mutation that inactivates the NES of the human deubiquitinase USP21, and leads to the aberrant accumulation of this protein in the nucleus. PMID:27174732

  13. Mechanisms underlying export of N from high-elevation catchments during seasonal transitions

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Sickman, J.O.; Leydecker, A.L.; Chang, Cecily C.Y.; Kendall, C.; Melack, J.M.; Lucero, D.M.; Schimel, J.

    2003-01-01

    Mechanisms underlying catchment export of nitrogen (N) during seasonal transitions (i.e., winter to spring and summer to autumn) were investigated in high-elevation catchments of the Sierra Nevada using stable isotopes of nitrate and water, intensive monitoring of stream chemistry and detailed catchment N-budgets. We had four objectives: (1) determine the relative contribution of snowpack and soil nitrate to the spring nitrate pulse, (2) look for evidence of biotic control of N losses at the catchment scale, (3) examine dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) export patterns to gain a better understanding of the biological and hydrological controls on DON loss, and (4) examine the relationship between soil physico-chemical conditions and N export. At the Emerald Lake watershed, nitrogen budgets and isotopic analyses of the spring nitrate pulse indicate that 50 to 70% of the total nitrate exported during snowmelt (ca. April to July) is derived from catchment soils and talus; the remainder is snowpack nitrate. The spring nitrate pulse occurred several weeks after the start of snowmelt and was different from export patterns of less biologically labile compounds such as silica and DON suggesting that: (1) nitrate is produced and released from soils only after intense flushing has occurred and (2) a microbial N-sink is operating in catchment soils during the early stages of snowmelt. DON concentrations varied less than 20-30% during snowmelt, indicating that soil processes tightly controlled DON losses.

  14. Nitrogen and phosphorus flux from the production of Nile tilapia through the application of environmental indicators.

    PubMed

    Osti, J A S; Moraes, M A B; Carmo, C F; Mercante, C T J

    2018-02-01

    We aimed in this study utilize environmental indicators as a quantitative method to evaluate and discuss the nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) flux by a production stage grow-out (termination) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in fishpond. The TN and TP load, the mass balance, the input of TN and TP via feed and the converted nutrients in fish biomass are the environmental indicators applied in this study. During the production cycle (128 days), the system exported 15,931 g TN and 4,189 g TP that were related to the amount of feed supplied (r Pearson = 0.8825 and r = 0.8523, respectively), corroborated by the feed conversion ratio (1.61:1). The indicators showed that 26% TN and 45% TP were reversed into fish biomass, 62% TN and 40% TP were retained in the fishpond, and 12% TN and 15% TP were exported via effluent. The largest contribution of nutrients generated by the system and exported via effluent was observed in phase III and IV. This result is supported by the feed conversion ratio 2.14 and 2.21:1 obtained at this phase, a fact explained by the amount of feed offered and the fish metabolism. Application of environmental indicators showed to be an efficient tool to quantify flux of TN and TP produced during the grow-out period of Nile tilapia and therefore, guide management practices more sustainable. Concerning the environmental sustainability of the activity the implementation of best management practices such as the better control of the feed amount offered would lead to a smaller loss of TN and TP to the water. Furthermore, the use of better quality feeds would allow greater nutrient assimilation efficiency.

  15. An improved export coefficient model to estimate non-point source phosphorus pollution risks under complex precipitation and terrain conditions.

    PubMed

    Cheng, Xian; Chen, Liding; Sun, Ranhao; Jing, Yongcai

    2018-05-15

    To control non-point source (NPS) pollution, it is important to estimate NPS pollution exports and identify sources of pollution. Precipitation and terrain have large impacts on the export and transport of NPS pollutants. We established an improved export coefficient model (IECM) to estimate the amount of agricultural and rural NPS total phosphorus (TP) exported from the Luanhe River Basin (LRB) in northern China. The TP concentrations of rivers from 35 selected catchments in the LRB were used to test the model's explanation capacity and accuracy. The simulation results showed that, in 2013, the average TP export was 57.20 t at the catchment scale. The mean TP export intensity in the LRB was 289.40 kg/km 2 , which was much higher than those of other basins in China. In the LRB topographic regions, the TP export intensity was the highest in the south Yanshan Mountains and was followed by the plain area, the north Yanshan Mountains, and the Bashang Plateau. Among the three pollution categories, the contribution ratios to TP export were, from high to low, the rural population (59.44%), livestock husbandry (22.24%), and land-use types (18.32%). Among all ten pollution sources, the contribution ratios from the rural population (59.44%), pigs (14.40%), and arable land (10.52%) ranked as the top three sources. This study provides information that decision makers and planners can use to develop sustainable measures for the prevention and control of NPS pollution in semi-arid regions.

  16. Nuclear Imprisonment: Viral Strategies to Arrest Host mRNA Nuclear Export

    PubMed Central

    Kuss, Sharon K.; Mata, Miguel A.; Zhang, Liang; Fontoura, Beatriz M. A.

    2013-01-01

    Viruses possess many strategies to impair host cellular responses to infection. Nuclear export of host messenger RNAs (mRNA) that encode antiviral factors is critical for antiviral protein production and control of viral infections. Several viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to inhibit nuclear export of host mRNAs, including targeting mRNA export factors and nucleoporins to compromise their roles in nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking of cellular mRNA. Here, we present a review of research focused on suppression of host mRNA nuclear export by viruses, including influenza A virus and vesicular stomatitis virus, and the impact of this viral suppression on host antiviral responses. PMID:23872491

  17. A novel mitochondrial carrier protein Mme1 acts as a yeast mitochondrial magnesium exporter.

    PubMed

    Cui, Yixian; Zhao, Shanke; Wang, Juan; Wang, Xudong; Gao, Bingquan; Fan, Qiangwang; Sun, Fei; Zhou, Bing

    2015-03-01

    The homeostasis of magnesium (Mg2+), an abundant divalent cation indispensable for many biological processes including mitochondrial functions, is underexplored. Previously, two mitochondrial Mg2+ importers, Mrs2 and Lpe10, were characterized for mitochondrial Mg2+ uptake. We now show that mitochondrial Mg2+ homeostasis is accurately controlled through the combined effects of previously known importers and a novel exporter, Mme1 (mitochondrial magnesium exporter 1). Mme1 belongs to the mitochondrial carrier family and was isolated for its mutation that is able to suppress the mrs2Δ respiration defect. Deletion of MME1 significantly increased steady-state mitochondrial Mg2+ concentration, while overexpression decreased it. Measurements of Mg2+ exit from proteoliposomes reconstituted with purified Mme1 provided definite evidence for Mme1 as an Mg2+ exporter. Our studies identified, for the first time, a mitochondrial Mg2+ exporter that works together with mitochondrial importers to ensure the precise control of mitochondrial Mg2+ homeostasis. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  18. Adjusting export tax rebates to reduce the environmental impacts of trade: Lessons from China.

    PubMed

    Song, Peng; Mao, Xianqiang; Corsetti, Gabriel

    2015-09-15

    Export tax rebates are an important policy instrument for stimulating exports, which many developing countries make use of. However, excessive export tax rebates and inappropriate structural arrangements can lead to over-production in highly polluting industries and cause the environment to deteriorate. This paper, taking China as the study case, tests and verifies the statistical significance of the causal relationship between export tax rebates and pollution emissions. With a computable general equilibrium modeling, the current study further analyzes the effectiveness of export tax rebate adjustments aimed at alleviating environmental pressure for different time periods. It is found that before 2003, export tax rebates primarily promoted exports and boosted foreign exchange reserves, and highly polluting sectors enjoyed above-average export tax rebates, which led to increased pollution emissions. Between 2003 and 2010, the export tax rebate system was reformed to reduce support for the highly polluting export sectors, which led to decreases in emissions. Canceling export tax rebates for highly polluting sectors is shown to be the most favorable policy choice for improving the environmental performance of China's international trade. This study can serve as reference for other developing countries which similarly rely on export tax rebates, so that they can adjust their policies so as to combine economic growth with pollution control. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. 31 CFR 592.502 - Annual reports by rough diamond importers and exporters.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Annual reports by rough diamond... and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ROUGH DIAMONDS CONTROL REGULATIONS Records and Reports § 592.502 Annual reports by rough diamond importers and exporters...

  20. 31 CFR 592.502 - Annual reports by rough diamond importers and exporters.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Annual reports by rough diamond... and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ROUGH DIAMONDS CONTROL REGULATIONS Records and Reports § 592.502 Annual reports by rough diamond importers and exporters...

  1. 31 CFR 592.502 - Annual reports by rough diamond importers and exporters.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Annual reports by rough diamond... and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ROUGH DIAMONDS CONTROL REGULATIONS Records and Reports § 592.502 Annual reports by rough diamond importers and exporters...

  2. 31 CFR 592.502 - Annual reports by rough diamond importers and exporters.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Annual reports by rough diamond... and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY ROUGH DIAMONDS CONTROL REGULATIONS Records and Reports § 592.502 Annual reports by rough diamond importers and exporters...

  3. 15 CFR 768.1 - Introduction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... item. Sufficient quantity. The amount of an item that would render the U.S. export control, or the... the quantity that meets the military needs of that country so that U.S. exports of the item to that... items that were formerly controlled on the U.S. Munitions List and that were transferred to the Commerce...

  4. 15 CFR 768.1 - Introduction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... item. Sufficient quantity. The amount of an item that would render the U.S. export control, or the... the quantity that meets the military needs of that country so that U.S. exports of the item to that... items that were formerly controlled on the U.S. Munitions List and that were transferred to the Commerce...

  5. 15 CFR 768.1 - Introduction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... item. Sufficient quantity. The amount of an item that would render the U.S. export control, or the... the quantity that meets the military needs of that country so that U.S. exports of the item to that... items that were formerly controlled on the U.S. Munitions List and that were transferred to the Commerce...

  6. 15 CFR 768.1 - Introduction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... item. Sufficient quantity. The amount of an item that would render the U.S. export control, or the... the quantity that meets the military needs of that country so that U.S. exports of the item to that... items that were formerly controlled on the U.S. Munitions List and that were transferred to the Commerce...

  7. 15 CFR 768.1 - Introduction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... item. Sufficient quantity. The amount of an item that would render the U.S. export control, or the... the quantity that meets the military needs of that country so that U.S. exports of the item to that... items that were formerly controlled on the U.S. Munitions List and that were transferred to the Commerce...

  8. 48 CFR 225.7300 - Scope of subpart.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... military sales (FMS) under the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. Chapter 39). Section 22 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2762) authorizes DoD to enter into contracts for resale to foreign countries or international organizations. (b) This subpart does not apply to— (1) FMS made from inventories...

  9. 77 FR 72917 - Editorial Corrections to the Commerce Control List of the Export Administration Regulations

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-07

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security 15 CFR Part 774 [Docket No. 120320200-2296-01] RIN 0694-AF62 Editorial Corrections to the Commerce Control List of the Export Administration Regulations AGENCY: Bureau of Industry and Security, Commerce. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: This final rule...

  10. 77 FR 12201 - Amendment to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations: Haiti

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-29

    ... controlling the import and export of defense articles and services is a foreign affairs function of the United... Department is of the opinion that controlling the import and export of defense articles and services is a... this rulemaking will not have tribal implications, will not impose substantial direct compliance costs...

  11. 31 CFR 592.201 - Prohibited importation and exportation of any rough diamond; permitted importation or exportation...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ..., unless the rough diamond has been controlled through the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. (b) The... States of any rough diamond not controlled through the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme do not... Process Certification Scheme and thus is not permitted, except in the following circumstance. The...

  12. Effects of Light Quality and Intensity on Diurnal Patterns and Rates of Photo-Assimilate Translocation and Transpiration in Tomato Leaves.

    PubMed

    Lanoue, Jason; Leonardos, Evangelos D; Grodzinski, Bernard

    2018-01-01

    Translocation of assimilates is a fundamental process involving carbon and water balance affecting source/sink relationships. Diurnal patterns of CO 2 exchange, translocation (carbon export), and transpiration of an intact tomato source leaf were determined during 14 CO 2 steady-state labeling under different wavelengths at three pre-set photosynthetic rates. Daily patterns showed that photosynthesis and export were supported by all wavelengths of light tested including orange and green. Export in the light, under all wavelengths was always higher than that at night. Export in the light varied from 65-83% of the total daily carbon fixed, depending on light intensity. Photosynthesis and export were highly correlated under all wavelengths ( r = 0.90-0.96). Export as a percentage of photosynthesis (relative export) decreased as photosynthesis increased by increasing light intensity under all wavelengths. These data indicate an upper limit for export under all spectral conditions. Interestingly, only at the medium photosynthetic rate, relative export under the blue and the orange light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were higher than under white and red-white LEDs. Stomatal conductance, transpiration rates, and water-use-efficiency showed similar daily patterns under all wavelengths. Illuminating tomato leaves with different spectral quality resulted in similar carbon export rates, but stomatal conductance and transpiration rates varied due to wavelength specific control of stomatal function. Thus, we caution that the link between transpiration and C-export may be more complex than previously thought. In summary, these data indicate that orange and green LEDs, not simply the traditionally used red and blue LEDs, should be considered and tested when designing lighting systems for optimizing source leaf strength during plant production in controlled environment systems. In addition, knowledge related to the interplay between water and C-movement within a plant and how they are affected by environmental stimuli, is needed to develop a better understanding of source/sink relationships.

  13. Effects of Light Quality and Intensity on Diurnal Patterns and Rates of Photo-Assimilate Translocation and Transpiration in Tomato Leaves

    PubMed Central

    Lanoue, Jason; Leonardos, Evangelos D.; Grodzinski, Bernard

    2018-01-01

    Translocation of assimilates is a fundamental process involving carbon and water balance affecting source/sink relationships. Diurnal patterns of CO2 exchange, translocation (carbon export), and transpiration of an intact tomato source leaf were determined during 14CO2 steady-state labeling under different wavelengths at three pre-set photosynthetic rates. Daily patterns showed that photosynthesis and export were supported by all wavelengths of light tested including orange and green. Export in the light, under all wavelengths was always higher than that at night. Export in the light varied from 65–83% of the total daily carbon fixed, depending on light intensity. Photosynthesis and export were highly correlated under all wavelengths (r = 0.90–0.96). Export as a percentage of photosynthesis (relative export) decreased as photosynthesis increased by increasing light intensity under all wavelengths. These data indicate an upper limit for export under all spectral conditions. Interestingly, only at the medium photosynthetic rate, relative export under the blue and the orange light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were higher than under white and red-white LEDs. Stomatal conductance, transpiration rates, and water-use-efficiency showed similar daily patterns under all wavelengths. Illuminating tomato leaves with different spectral quality resulted in similar carbon export rates, but stomatal conductance and transpiration rates varied due to wavelength specific control of stomatal function. Thus, we caution that the link between transpiration and C-export may be more complex than previously thought. In summary, these data indicate that orange and green LEDs, not simply the traditionally used red and blue LEDs, should be considered and tested when designing lighting systems for optimizing source leaf strength during plant production in controlled environment systems. In addition, knowledge related to the interplay between water and C-movement within a plant and how they are affected by environmental stimuli, is needed to develop a better understanding of source/sink relationships. PMID:29915612

  14. 76 FR 41046 - Addition of the New State of the Republic of South Sudan to the Export Administration Regulations

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-13

    ... Administration Regulations AGENCY: Bureau of Industry and Security, Commerce. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: In this final rule, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) amends the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) to add controls on exports and reexports of U.S.-origin dual-use items to a new nation, the...

  15. 15 CFR 720.4 - Effect of denial.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... considered a “person denied export privileges” for purposes of the Export Administration Regulations (EAR... EAR are published in the Federal Register when they are issued and are legally controlling documents...

  16. 15 CFR 720.4 - Effect of denial.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... considered a “person denied export privileges” for purposes of the Export Administration Regulations (EAR... EAR are published in the Federal Register when they are issued and are legally controlling documents...

  17. 15 CFR 720.4 - Effect of denial.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... considered a “person denied export privileges” for purposes of the Export Administration Regulations (EAR... EAR are published in the Federal Register when they are issued and are legally controlling documents...

  18. Portfolio Purchasing Decision for Mobile Power Equipment of B2C E-Commerce Export Retailer Based on CVaR

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yanchun, Wan; Qiucen, Chen

    2017-11-01

    Purchasing is an important part of export e-commerce of B2C, which plays an important role on risk and cost control in supply management. From the perspective of risk control, the paper construct a CVaR model for portfolio purchase. We select a heavy sales mobile power equipment from a typical B2C e-commerce export retailer as study sample. This study optimizes the purchasing strategy of this type of mobile power equipment. The research has some reference for similar enterprises in purchasing portfolio decision.

  19. Energy law service. Volume 2. Monographs

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Green, H.P.

    1978-01-01

    This volume (a companion to the Energy Guide, Vol. 1) contains the following: Monograph 1A - The National Energy Act; Monograph 3A - The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act; Monograph 4A - Gasoline: regulation of price and supply; Monograph 5A - Electric utility rate design; Monograph 6A - Nuclear export control; Monograph 6B - Nuclear Regulatory Commission practice and procedure; Monograph 6C - The Three Mile Island episode: liability and financial implications; Monograph 8A - The Environmental Policy Act; Monograph 10A - Collection and analysis of energy information by the Federal Government; Monograph 11A - Management of energy resourcesmore » on Federal lands; Monograph 12A - Regulation of costs under Department of Energy contracts; Monograph 13A - Foreign investment in United States energy resources; and Monograph 14A - Transportation of energy resources. In addition, a Supplement published July 1979, with updated information on Monographs 4A, 5A, 6B, 10A, 11A, and 12A is included.« less

  20. Research gaps related to tobacco product marketing and sales in the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act.

    PubMed

    Ribisl, Kurt M

    2012-01-01

    This paper is part of a collection that identifies research priorities that will help guide the efforts of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as it regulates tobacco products. This paper examines the major provisions related to tobacco product advertising, marketing, sales, and distribution included in Public Law 111-31, the "Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act". This paper covers 5 areas related to (a) marketing regulations (e.g., ban on color and imagery in ads, ban on nontobacco gifts with purchase); (b) granting FDA authority over the sale, distribution, accessibility, advertising, and promotion of tobacco and lifting state preemption over advertising; (c) remote tobacco sales (mail order and Internet); (d) prevention of illicit and cross-border trade; and (e) noncompliant export products. Each of the 5 sections of this paper provides a description and brief history of regulation, what is known about this regulatory strategy, and research opportunities.

  1. Risk assessment and cost-effectiveness of animal health certification methods for livestock export in Somalia

    PubMed Central

    Knight-Jones, T.J.D.; Njeumi, F.; Elsawalhy, A.; Wabacha, J.; Rushton, J.

    2014-01-01

    Livestock export is vital to the Somali economy. To protect Somali livestock exports from costly import bans used to control the international spread of disease, better certification of livestock health status is required. We performed quantitative risk assessment and cost-effectiveness analysis on different health certification protocols for Somali livestock exports for six transboundary diseases. Examining stock at regional markets alone without port inspection and quarantine was inexpensive but was ineffective for all but contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia and peste des petits ruminants. While extended pre-export quarantine improves detection of infections that cause clinical disease, if biosecurity is suboptimal quarantine provides an opportunity for transmission and increased risk. Clinical examination, laboratory screening and vaccination of animals for key diseases before entry to the quarantine station reduced the risk of an exported animal being infected. If vaccination could be reliably performed weeks before arrival at quarantine its effect would be greatly enhanced. The optimal certification method depends on the disease. Laboratory diagnostic testing was particularly important for detecting infections with limited clinical signs in male animals (only males are exported); for Rift Valley fever (RVF) the probability of detection was 99% or 0% with and without testing. Based on our findings animal inspection and certification at regional markets combined with quarantine inspection and certification would reduce the risk of exporting infected animals and enhance disease control at the regional level. This is especially so for key priority diseases, that is RVF, foot-and-mouth disease and Brucellosis. Increased data collection and testing should be applied at point of production and export. PMID:24462194

  2. The freshwater export from the Arctic Ocean and the circulation of liquid freshwater around Greenland - constraints, interactions & consequences

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rudels, Bert

    2010-05-01

    The freshwater added to the Arctic Ocean is stored as sea ice and as liquid freshwater residing primarily in the upper layers. This allows for simple zero order estimates of the liquid freshwater content and export based on rotationally controlled baroclinic flow. At present the freshwater outflow occurs on both sides of Greenland. In Fram Strait the sea ice export in the East Greenland Current is significantly larger than the liquid freshwater outflow, while the liquid freshwater export dominates in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Although the outflow in the upper layer and the freshwater export respond to short periodic wind events and longer periodic atmospheric circulation patterns, the long-term trend is controlled by the net freshwater supply - the freshwater input minus the ice export. As the ice formation and ice export are expected to diminish in a warmer climate the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, comprising several passages, should gradually carry more of the total Arctic Ocean freshwater outflow. However, the channels in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago discharge into the restricted Baffin, which also receives a part of the Fram Strait freshwater export via the West Greenland Current. In a situation with increased glacial melting and freshwater discharge from Greenland the density of the upper layer in Baffin Bay may decrease considerably. This would reduce the sea level difference between the Arctic Ocean and Baffin Bay and thus weaken the outflow through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, in extreme cases perhaps even reverse the flow. This would shift the main Arctic Ocean liquid freshwater export from The Canadian Arctic Archipelago to Fram Strait. The zero order dynamics of the exchanges through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Baffin Bay are described and the possibility for a weakening of the outflow is examined.

  3. Risk assessment and cost-effectiveness of animal health certification methods for livestock export in Somalia.

    PubMed

    Knight-Jones, T J D; Njeumi, F; Elsawalhy, A; Wabacha, J; Rushton, J

    2014-03-01

    Livestock export is vital to the Somali economy. To protect Somali livestock exports from costly import bans used to control the international spread of disease, better certification of livestock health status is required. We performed quantitative risk assessment and cost-effectiveness analysis on different health certification protocols for Somali livestock exports for six transboundary diseases. Examining stock at regional markets alone without port inspection and quarantine was inexpensive but was ineffective for all but contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia and peste des petits ruminants. While extended pre-export quarantine improves detection of infections that cause clinical disease, if biosecurity is suboptimal quarantine provides an opportunity for transmission and increased risk. Clinical examination, laboratory screening and vaccination of animals for key diseases before entry to the quarantine station reduced the risk of an exported animal being infected. If vaccination could be reliably performed weeks before arrival at quarantine its effect would be greatly enhanced. The optimal certification method depends on the disease. Laboratory diagnostic testing was particularly important for detecting infections with limited clinical signs in male animals (only males are exported); for Rift Valley fever (RVF) the probability of detection was 99% or 0% with and without testing. Based on our findings animal inspection and certification at regional markets combined with quarantine inspection and certification would reduce the risk of exporting infected animals and enhance disease control at the regional level. This is especially so for key priority diseases, that is RVF, foot-and-mouth disease and Brucellosis. Increased data collection and testing should be applied at point of production and export. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  4. 75 FR 18029 - Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement; Export-Controlled Items (DFARS Case 2004-D010)

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-08

    ... increased security benefits will be reaped if DoD diligently identifies those portions of fundamental.... Fundamental Research and the Clause at DFARS 252.204-7000, Disclosure of Information Comments: The fundamental..., universities under contracts with DoD can and do have access to export-controlled items in fundamental research...

  5. 22 CFR 120.1 - General authorities, receipt of licenses, and ineligibility.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... ineligibility. 120.1 Section 120.1 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS...) Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778), as amended, authorizes the President to... well as other relevant authorities in the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.). By virtue...

  6. 22 CFR 126.6 - Foreign-owned military aircraft and naval vessels, and the Foreign Military Sales program.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS REGULATIONS GENERAL POLICIES AND PROVISIONS § 126.6 Foreign-owned military... pursuant to the Arms Export Control Act or the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, and (2) The... the Arms Export Control Act pursuant to an Letter of Offer and Acceptance (LOA) authorizing such...

  7. Implications of Integrated Computational Materials Engineering with Respect to Export Control

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-09-01

    domain. The university also advises its staff to ask for any ECCN that may be associated with a procured software package in order to understand the...industry? • Models can transform input data, which can be of various export control levels, and provide new, transformed data. If EAR ECCN 9E991 data is

  8. 48 CFR 252.204-7008 - Export-Controlled Items.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ...) Defense items, defined in the Arms Export Control Act, 22 U.S.C. 2778(j)(4)(A), as defense articles, defense services, and related technical data, and further defined in the ITAR, 22 CFR part 120. (2) Items, defined in the EAR as “commodities, software, and technology,” terms that are also defined in the EAR, 15...

  9. 48 CFR 252.204-7008 - Export-Controlled Items.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ...) Defense items, defined in the Arms Export Control Act, 22 U.S.C. 2778(j)(4)(A), as defense articles, defense services, and related technical data, and further defined in the ITAR, 22 CFR part 120. (2) Items, defined in the EAR as “commodities, software, and technology,” terms that are also defined in the EAR, 15...

  10. 48 CFR 252.204-7008 - Export-Controlled Items.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ...) Defense items, defined in the Arms Export Control Act, 22 U.S.C. 2778(j)(4)(A), as defense articles, defense services, and related technical data, and further defined in the ITAR, 22 CFR part 120. (2) Items, defined in the EAR as “commodities, software, and technology,” terms that are also defined in the EAR, 15...

  11. 76 FR 56147 - Certain Steel Nails From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results and Preliminary...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-12

    ... electroplating or hot dipping one or more times), phosphate cement, and paint. Head styles include, but are not... control and thus should be assessed a single antidumping duty rate.\\28\\ Exporters can demonstrate this independence through the absence of both de jure and de facto government control over export activities. Id...

  12. Global carbon export from the terrestrial biosphere controlled by erosion.

    PubMed

    Galy, Valier; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Bernhard; Eglinton, Timothy

    2015-05-14

    Riverine export of particulate organic carbon (POC) to the ocean affects the atmospheric carbon inventory over a broad range of timescales. On geological timescales, the balance between sequestration of POC from the terrestrial biosphere and oxidation of rock-derived (petrogenic) organic carbon sets the magnitude of the atmospheric carbon and oxygen reservoirs. Over shorter timescales, variations in the rate of exchange between carbon reservoirs, such as soils and marine sediments, also modulate atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. The respective fluxes of biospheric and petrogenic organic carbon are poorly constrained, however, and mechanisms controlling POC export have remained elusive, limiting our ability to predict POC fluxes quantitatively as a result of climatic or tectonic changes. Here we estimate biospheric and petrogenic POC fluxes for a suite of river systems representative of the natural variability in catchment properties. We show that export yields of both biospheric and petrogenic POC are positively related to the yield of suspended sediment, revealing that POC export is mostly controlled by physical erosion. Using a global compilation of gauged suspended sediment flux, we derive separate estimates of global biospheric and petrogenic POC fluxes of 157(+74)(-50) and 43(+61)(-25) megatonnes of carbon per year, respectively. We find that biospheric POC export is primarily controlled by the capacity of rivers to mobilize and transport POC, and is largely insensitive to the magnitude of terrestrial primary production. Globally, physical erosion rates affect the rate of biospheric POC burial in marine sediments more strongly than carbon sequestration through silicate weathering. We conclude that burial of biospheric POC in marine sediments becomes the dominant long-term atmospheric carbon dioxide sink under enhanced physical erosion.

  13. Bap31 enhances the ER export and quality control of human class I MHC molecules

    PubMed Central

    Ladasky, John J.; Boyle, Sarah; Seth, Malini; Li, Hewang; Pentcheva, Tsvetelina; Abe, Fumiyoshi; Steinberg, Steven J.; Edidin, Michael

    2006-01-01

    The assembly of class I MHC molecules and their export from the endoplasmic reticulum is governed by chaperones and accessory proteins. We present evidence that the putative cargo receptor protein Bap31 participates in the transport and the quality control of human class I molecules. Transfection of the human adenocarcinoma cell line HeLa with YFP-Bap31 chimeras increased surface levels of class I in a dose-dependent manner, by as much as 3.7-fold. The increase in surface class I resulted from an increase in the rate of export of newly-synthesized class I molecules to the cell surface and from an increase in the stability of the exported molecules. We propose that Bap31 performs quality control on class I molecules in two distinct phases: first, by exporting peptide-loaded class I molecules to the ERGIC and second, by retrieving class I molecules which have lost peptides in the acidic post-ER environment. This function of Bap31 is conditional or redundant, since we find that Bap31 deficiency does not reduce surface class I levels. Overexpression of the Bap31 homolog, Bap29, decreases surface class levels in HeLa, indicating that it does not substitute for Bap31. PMID:17056546

  14. Joint Logistics Commanders Guide for the Management of Multinational Program,

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1981-07-01

    purchase of the A-300 Airbus and the 1977 record-breaking export performance of the French and UK aerospace industries of around $5 billion and $2 billion...DIS. They are the Defense Industrial Security Clearance Office ( DISCO ), the Defense Industrial Security Institute (DISI), and the Office of Industrial...Security International (ISI). Defense Industrial Security Clearance Office ( DISCO ) The Defense Industrial Security Program (DISP) establishes pro

  15. DATALINK: Records inventory data collection software. User`s guide

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Cole, B.A.

    1995-03-01

    DATALINK was created to provide an easy to use data collection program for records management software products. It provides several useful tools for capturing and validating record index data in the field. It also allows users to easily create a comma delimited, ASCII text file for data export into most records management software products. It runs on virtually any computer us MS-DOS.

  16. 78 FR 70917 - Emerging Technology and Research Advisory Committee; Notice of Open Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-27

    ... to deemed exports. Agenda Thursday, December 19 Open Session 1. Opening Remarks and Comments 2. Discussion on status of the Export Control Reform Initiative 3. Emerging Technology Issues --Harmonization of...

  17. Export Controls and Nonproliferation Policy

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1994-05-01

    Export Control Classification Numbers ( ECCNs ). The ECCNs do not correspond one-for-one to single commodity technology, or software items: in some...cases an ECCN covers only a single, narrowly defined item, but in many cases multiple related items fall under the same ECCN . The reason for control of...each ECCN category may be single or multiple (e.g., for both National Security and Nuclear Proliferation) but the reason(s) listed may in fact apply

  18. Spatial Patterns in the Efficiency of the Biological Pump: What Controls Export Ratios at the Global Scale?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Moore, J. K.

    2016-02-01

    The efficiency of the biological pump is influenced by complex interactions between chemical, biological, and physical processes. The efficiency of export out of surface waters and down through the water column to the deep ocean has been linked to a number of factors including biota community composition, production of mineral ballast components, physical aggregation and disaggregation processes, and ocean oxygen concentrations. I will examine spatial patterns in the export ratio and the efficiency of the biological pump at the global scale using the Community Earth System Model (CESM). There are strong spatial variations in the export efficiency as simulated by the CESM, which are strongly correlated with new nutrient inputs to the euphotic zone and their impacts on phytoplankton community structure. I will compare CESM simulations that include dynamic, variable export ratios driven by the phytoplankton community structure, with simulations that impose a near-constant export ratio to examine the effects of export efficiency on nutrient and surface chlorophyll distributions. The model predicted export ratios will also be compared with recent satellite-based estimates.

  19. In Vitro Reconstitution of Functional Type III Protein Export and Insights into Flagellar Assembly.

    PubMed

    Terashima, Hiroyuki; Kawamoto, Akihiro; Tatsumi, Chinatsu; Namba, Keiichi; Minamino, Tohru; Imada, Katsumi

    2018-06-26

    The type III secretion system (T3SS) forms the functional core of injectisomes, protein transporters that allow bacteria to deliver virulence factors into their hosts for infection, and flagella, which are critical for many pathogens to reach the site of infection. In spite of intensive genetic and biochemical studies, the T3SS protein export mechanism remains unclear due to the difficulty of accurate measurement of protein export in vivo Here, we developed an in vitro flagellar T3S protein transport assay system using an inverted cytoplasmic membrane vesicle (IMV) for accurate and controlled measurements of flagellar protein export. We show that the flagellar T3SS in the IMV fully retains export activity. The flagellar hook was constructed inside the lumen of the IMV by adding purified component proteins externally to the IMV solution. We reproduced the hook length control and export specificity switch in the IMV consistent with that seen in the native cell. Previous in vivo analyses showed that flagellar protein export is driven by proton motive force (PMF) and facilitated by ATP hydrolysis by FliI, a T3SS-specific ATPase. Our in vitro assay recapitulated these previous in vivo observations but furthermore clearly demonstrated that even ATP hydrolysis by FliI alone can drive flagellar protein export. Moreover, this assay showed that addition of the FliH 2 /FliI complex to the assay solution at a concentration similar to that in the cell dramatically enhanced protein export, confirming that the FliH 2 /FliI complex in the cytoplasm is important for effective protein transport. IMPORTANCE The type III secretion system (T3SS) is the functional core of the injectisome, a bacterial protein transporter used to deliver virulence proteins into host cells, and bacterial flagella, critical for many pathogens. The molecular mechanism of protein transport is still unclear due to difficulties in accurate measurements of protein transport under well-controlled conditions in vivo We succeeded in developing an in vitro transport assay system of the flagellar T3SS using inverted membrane vesicles (IMVs). Flagellar hook formation was reproduced in the IMV, suggesting that the export apparatus in the IMV retains a protein transport activity similar to that in the cell. Using this system, we revealed that ATP hydrolysis by the T3SS ATPase can drive protein export without PMF. Copyright © 2018 Terashima et al.

  20. 78 FR 23675 - Importation of Defense Articles and Defense Services-U.S. Munitions Import List (2011R-20P)

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-22

    ... No. ATF-50F; AG Order No. 3383-2013] RIN 1140-AA46 Importation of Defense Articles and Defense... pursuant to the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) and Executive Order 13637 to designate defense articles and... whether the Secretary of State controls such defense articles or defense services for purposes of export...

  1. 15 CFR Supplement No. 1 to Part 710 - States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... (EAR) (15 CFR parts 730 through 774). ** For export control purposes, Cook Islands and Niue are not... as New Zealand, in accordance with § 738.3(b) of the EAR. *** For CWC States Parties purposes, a... * For export control purposes, these destinations are identified using a different nomenclature under...

  2. 15 CFR Supplement No. 1 to Part 710 - States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... (EAR) (15 CFR parts 730 through 774). ** For export control purposes, Cook Islands and Niue are not... as New Zealand, in accordance with § 738.3(b) of the EAR. *** For CWC States Parties purposes, a... * For export control purposes, these destinations are identified using a different nomenclature under...

  3. 15 CFR Supplement No. 1 to Part 710 - States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... (EAR) (15 CFR parts 730 through 774). ** For export control purposes, Cook Islands and Niue are not... as New Zealand, in accordance with § 738.3(b) of the EAR. *** For CWC States Parties purposes, a... * For export control purposes, these destinations are identified using a different nomenclature under...

  4. Variable flushing mechanisms and landscape structure control stream DOC export during snowmelt in a set of nested catchments

    Treesearch

    Vincent J. Pacific; Kelsey G. Jencso; Brian L. McGlynn

    2010-01-01

    Stream DOC dynamics during snowmelt have been the focus of much research, and numerous DOC mobilization and delivery mechanisms from riparian and upland areas have been proposed. However, landscape structure controls on DOC export from riparian and upland landscape elements remains poorly understood. We investigated stream and groundwater DOC dynamics across three...

  5. 3 CFR - Eligibility of the Economic Community of Central African States To Receive Defense Articles and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ..., as Amended, and the Arms Export Control Act, as Amended Presidential Documents Other Presidential... Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended, and the Arms Export Control Act, as Amended Memorandum for the Secretary..., including section 503(a) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, and section 3(a)(1) of the Arms...

  6. 48 CFR 252.225-7048 - Export-Controlled Items.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ...) “Defense items,” defined in the Arms Export Control Act, 22 U.S.C. 2778(j)(4)(A), as defense articles, defense services, and related technical data, and further defined in the ITAR, 22 CFR Part 120; and (2) “Items,” defined in the EAR as “commodities”, “software”, and “technology,” terms that are also defined...

  7. 48 CFR 252.225-7048 - Export-Controlled Items.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ...) “Defense items,” defined in the Arms Export Control Act, 22 U.S.C. 2778(j)(4)(A), as defense articles, defense services, and related technical data, and further defined in the ITAR, 22 CFR Part 120; and (2) “Items,” defined in the EAR as “commodities”, “software”, and “technology,” terms that are also defined...

  8. 77 FR 6782 - In the Matter of: Kok Tong Lim, a/k/a Thomas Lim Blk 258A Compassvale Road #07-551 Singapore...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-09

    ... (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq. (2000)) (``IEEPA''). Specifically, Lim conspired to illegally export wound... the Internal Security Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 783(b)), or section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22... Export Administration Act (50 U.S.C. app. Sec. Sec. 2401-2420 (2000)) (``EAA''). Since August 21, 2001...

  9. Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-12-17

    the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), Congress must be formally notified 30 calendar days before the Administration can take the final steps to...Commercially licensed arms sales also must be formally notified to Congress 30 calendar days before the export license is issued if they involve the sale...also be formally notified to Congress for review 30 days prior to the license for export being approved. In the case of proposed licences for such

  10. 48 CFR 204.7301 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Definitions. 204.7301 Section 204.7301 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS Export-Controlled Items 204.7301 Definitions. Export...

  11. 48 CFR 204.7301 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Definitions. 204.7301 Section 204.7301 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS Export-Controlled Items 204.7301 Definitions. Export...

  12. 48 CFR 204.7301 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Definitions. 204.7301 Section 204.7301 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS Export-Controlled Items 204.7301 Definitions. Export...

  13. 75 FR 11113 - Action Affecting Export Privileges; Aviation Services International, B.V.

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-10

    ... the United States on behalf of Iranian customers and give U.S. manufacturers false information regarding the ultimate destination, end user, and end use of the items, thereby causing false export control...

  14. NAS Panel faults export controls

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Katzoff, Judith A.

    A study prepared by a top-level panel says that current export controls on militarily sensitive U.S. technology may be “overcorrecting” previous weaknesses in that system, resulting in “a complex and confusing control system” that makes it more difficult for U.S. businesses to compete in international markets. Moreover, this control system has “an increasingly corrosive effect” on U.S. relations with allies. The panel recommended that the United States concentrate more effort on bringing about uniformity in the export control policies of countries belonging to the Coordinating Committee on Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom), i.e., most of the member nations in NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and Japan.The 21-member panel was appointed by the Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP), a joint unit of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the Institute of Medicine (IOM). The panel, composed of administrators, researchers, and former government officials, was chaired by AGU member Lew Allen, Jr., director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, Calif.) and former chief of staff of the U.S. Air Force. Their report was supported by NAS funds, by a number of private organizations (including AGU), by the U.S. Departments of Commerce, Defense, Energy, and State, by the National Science Foundation, and by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

  15. Quantifying the time lag between organic matter production and export in the surface ocean: Implications for estimates of export efficiency

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stange, P.; Bach, L. T.; Le Moigne, F. A. C.; Taucher, J.; Boxhammer, T.; Riebesell, U.

    2017-01-01

    The ocean's potential to export carbon to depth partly depends on the fraction of primary production (PP) sinking out of the euphotic zone (i.e., the e-ratio). Measurements of PP and export flux are often performed simultaneously in the field, although there is a temporal delay between those parameters. Thus, resulting e-ratio estimates often incorrectly assume an instantaneous downward export of PP to export flux. Evaluating results from four mesocosm studies, we find that peaks in organic matter sedimentation lag chlorophyll a peaks by 2 to 15 days. We discuss the implications of these time lags (TLs) for current e-ratio estimates and evaluate potential controls of TL. Our analysis reveals a strong correlation between TL and the duration of chlorophyll a buildup, indicating a dependency of TL on plankton food web dynamics. This study is one step further toward time-corrected e-ratio estimates.

  16. The temperature-ballast hypothesis explains carbon export efficiency observations in the Southern Ocean

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Britten, Gregory L.; Wakamatsu, Lael; Primeau, François W.

    2017-02-01

    Carbon export from the Southern Ocean exerts a strong control on the ocean carbon sink, yet recent observations from the region demonstrate poorly understood relationships in which carbon export efficiency is weakly related to temperature. These observations conflict with traditional theory where export efficiency increases in colder waters. A recently proposed "temperature-ballast hypothesis" suggests an explanatory mechanism where the effect of temperature-dependent respiration is masked by variation in particle-ballast as upwelling waters move northward from Antarctica. We use observations and statistical models to test this mechanism and find positive support for the hypothesized temperature-ballast interactions. Best fitting models indicate a significant relation between export efficiency and silica-ballast while simultaneously revealing the expected inverse effect of temperature once ballast is accounted for. These findings reconcile model predictions, metabolic theory, and carbon export observations in the Southern Ocean and have consequences for how the ocean carbon sink responds to climate change.

  17. Effects of different N sources on riverine DIN export and retention in a subtropical high-standing island, Taiwan

    PubMed Central

    Huang, Jr-Chuan; Lee, Tsung-Yu; Lin, Teng-Chiu; Hein, Thomas; Lee, Li-Chin; Shih, Yu-Ting; Kao, Shuh-Ji; Shiah, Fuh-Kwo; Lin, Neng-Huei

    2016-01-01

    Increases in nitrogen (N) availability and mobility resulting from anthropogenic activities have substantially altered the N cycle, both locally and globally. Taiwan characterized by the subtropical montane landscape with abundant rainfall, downwind of the most rapidly industrializing eastern coast of China, can be a demonstration site for extremely high N input and riverine DIN (dissolved inorganic N) export. We used 49 watersheds with similar climatic and landscape settings but classified into low, moderate, and highly disturbed categories based on population density to illustrate their differences in nitrogen inputs (through atmospheric N deposition, synthetic fertilizers, and human emission) and DIN export ratios. Our results showed that the island-wide average riverine DIN export is ~ 3800 kg N km−2 yr−1, approximately 18 times the global average. The average riverine DIN export ratios are 0.30−0.51, which are much higher than the averages of 0.20−0.25 of large rivers around the world, indicating excessive N input relative to ecosystem demand or retention capacity. The low disturbed watersheds have a high N retention capacity and DIN export ratios of 0.06−0.18 in spite of the high N input (~ 4900 kg N km−2 yr−1). The high retention capacity is likely due to effective uptake by secondary forests in the watersheds. The moderately disturbed watersheds show a linear increase in DIN export with increases in total N inputs and mean DIN export ratios of 0.20 to 0.31. The main difference in land use between low and moderately disturbed watersheds is the greater proportion of agricultural land cover in the moderately disturbed watersheds. Thus, their greater DIN export could be attributed to N fertilizers used in the agricultural lands. The greater export ratios also imply that agricultural lands have a lower proportional N retention capacity and that reforestation could be an effective land management practice to reduce riverine DIN export. The export ratios of the highly disturbed watersheds are very high, 0.42–0.53, suggesting that much of the N input is transported downstream directly, and urges the need to increase the proportion of households connected to a sewage system and improve the effectiveness of wastewater treatment systems. The increases in the riverine DIN export ratio along the gradient of human disturbance also suggest a gradient in N saturation in subtropical Taiwan. Our results help to improve our understanding of factors controlling riverine DIN export and provide empirical evidence that calls for sound N emission/pollution control measures. PMID:27212969

  18. Effects of different N sources on riverine DIN export and retention in a subtropical high-standing island, Taiwan.

    PubMed

    Huang, Jr-Chuan; Lee, Tsung-Yu; Lin, Teng-Chiu; Hein, Thomas; Lee, Li-Chin; Shih, Yu-Ting; Kao, Shuh-Ji; Shiah, Fuh-Kwo; Lin, Neng-Huei

    Increases in nitrogen (N) availability and mobility resulting from anthropogenic activities have substantially altered the N cycle, both locally and globally. Taiwan characterized by the subtropical montane landscape with abundant rainfall, downwind of the most rapidly industrializing eastern coast of China, can be a demonstration site for extremely high N input and riverine DIN (dissolved inorganic N) export. We used 49 watersheds with similar climatic and landscape settings but classified into low, moderate, and highly disturbed categories based on population density to illustrate their differences in nitrogen inputs (through atmospheric N deposition, synthetic fertilizers, and human emission) and DIN export ratios. Our results showed that the island-wide average riverine DIN export is ~ 3800 kg N km -2 yr -1 , approximately 18 times the global average. The average riverine DIN export ratios are 0.30-0.51, which are much higher than the averages of 0.20-0.25 of large rivers around the world, indicating excessive N input relative to ecosystem demand or retention capacity. The low disturbed watersheds have a high N retention capacity and DIN export ratios of 0.06-0.18 in spite of the high N input (~ 4900 kg N km -2 yr -1 ). The high retention capacity is likely due to effective uptake by secondary forests in the watersheds. The moderately disturbed watersheds show a linear increase in DIN export with increases in total N inputs and mean DIN export ratios of 0.20 to 0.31. The main difference in land use between low and moderately disturbed watersheds is the greater proportion of agricultural land cover in the moderately disturbed watersheds. Thus, their greater DIN export could be attributed to N fertilizers used in the agricultural lands. The greater export ratios also imply that agricultural lands have a lower proportional N retention capacity and that reforestation could be an effective land management practice to reduce riverine DIN export. The export ratios of the highly disturbed watersheds are very high, 0.42-0.53, suggesting that much of the N input is transported downstream directly, and urges the need to increase the proportion of households connected to a sewage system and improve the effectiveness of wastewater treatment systems. The increases in the riverine DIN export ratio along the gradient of human disturbance also suggest a gradient in N saturation in subtropical Taiwan. Our results help to improve our understanding of factors controlling riverine DIN export and provide empirical evidence that calls for sound N emission/pollution control measures.

  19. Effects of different N sources on riverine DIN export and retention in a subtropical high-standing island, Taiwan

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Huang-Chuan, Jr.; Lee, Tsung-Yu; Lin, Teng-Chiu; Hein, Thomas; Lee, Li-Chin; Shih, Yu-Ting; Kao, Shuh-Ji; Shiah, Fuh-Kwo; Lin, Neng-Huei

    2016-03-01

    Increases in nitrogen (N) availability and mobility resulting from anthropogenic activities have substantially altered the N cycle, both locally and globally. Taiwan characterized by the subtropical montane landscape with abundant rainfall, downwind of the most rapidly industrializing eastern coast of China, can be a demonstration site for extremely high N input and riverine DIN (dissolved inorganic N) export. We used 49 watersheds with similar climatic and landscape settings but classified into low, moderate, and highly disturbed categories based on population density to illustrate their differences in nitrogen inputs (through atmospheric N deposition, synthetic fertilizers, and human emission) and DIN export ratios. Our results showed that the island-wide average riverine DIN export is ˜ 3800 kg N km-2 yr-1, approximately 18 times the global average. The average riverine DIN export ratios are 0.30-0.51, which are much higher than the averages of 0.20-0.25 of large rivers around the world, indicating excessive N input relative to ecosystem demand or retention capacity. The low disturbed watersheds have a high N retention capacity and DIN export ratios of 0.06-0.18 in spite of the high N input (˜ 4900 kg N km-2 yr-1). The high retention capacity is likely due to effective uptake by secondary forests in the watersheds. The moderately disturbed watersheds show a linear increase in DIN export with increases in total N inputs and mean DIN export ratios of 0.20 to 0.31. The main difference in land use between low and moderately disturbed watersheds is the greater proportion of agricultural land cover in the moderately disturbed watersheds. Thus, their greater DIN export could be attributed to N fertilizers used in the agricultural lands. The greater export ratios also imply that agricultural lands have a lower proportional N retention capacity and that reforestation could be an effective land management practice to reduce riverine DIN export. The export ratios of the highly disturbed watersheds are very high, 0.42-0.53, suggesting that much of the N input is transported downstream directly, and urges the need to increase the proportion of households connected to a sewage system and improve the effectiveness of wastewater treatment systems. The increases in the riverine DIN export ratio along the gradient of human disturbance also suggest a gradient in N saturation in subtropical Taiwan. Our results help to improve our understanding of factors controlling riverine DIN export and provide empirical evidence that calls for sound N emission/pollution control measures.

  20. Control of nuclear β-dystroglycan content is crucial for the maintenance of nuclear envelope integrity and function.

    PubMed

    Vélez-Aguilera, Griselda; de Dios Gómez-López, Juan; Jiménez-Gutiérrez, Guadalupe E; Vásquez-Limeta, Alejandra; Laredo-Cisneros, Marco S; Gómez, Pablo; Winder, Steve J; Cisneros, Bulmaro

    2018-02-01

    β-Dystroglycan (β-DG) is a plasma membrane protein that has ability to target to the nuclear envelope (NE) to maintain nuclear architecture. Nevertheless, mechanisms controlling β-DG nuclear localization and the physiological consequences of a failure of trafficking are largely unknown. We show that β-DG has a nuclear export pathway in myoblasts that depends on the recognition of a nuclear export signal located in its transmembrane domain, by CRM1. Remarkably, NES mutations forced β-DG nuclear accumulation resulting in mislocalization and decreased levels of emerin and lamin B1 and disruption of various nuclear processes in which emerin (centrosome-nucleus linkage and β-catenin transcriptional activity) and lamin B1 (cell cycle progression and nucleoli structure) are critically involved. In addition to nuclear export, the lifespan of nuclear β-DG is restricted by its nuclear proteasomal degradation. Collectively our data show that control of nuclear β-DG content by the combination of CRM1 nuclear export and nuclear proteasome pathways is physiologically relevant to preserve proper NE structure and activity. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  1. 78 FR 70916 - Regulations and Procedures Technical Advisory Committee; Notice of Partially Closed Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-27

    ... Session 1. Opening remarks by the Chairman. 2. Opening remarks by Bureau of Industry and Security. 3. Export Enforcement update. 4. Regulations update. 5. Update on Export Control Reform Training for Customs...

  2. The export and fate of organic matter in the ocean: New constraints from combining satellite and oceanographic tracer observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    DeVries, Tim; Weber, Thomas

    2017-03-01

    The ocean's biological pump transfers carbon from the surface euphotic zone into the deep ocean, reducing the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Despite its climatic importance, there are large uncertainties in basic metrics of the biological pump. Previous estimates of the strength of the biological pump, as measured by the amount of organic carbon exported from the euphotic zone, range from about 4 to 12 Pg C yr-1. The fate of exported carbon, in terms of how efficiently it is transferred into the deep ocean, is even more uncertain. Here we present a new model of the biological pump that assimilates satellite and oceanographic tracer observations to constrain rates and patterns of organic matter production, export, and remineralization in the ocean. The data-assimilated model predicts a global particulate organic carbon (POC) flux out of the euphotic zone of ˜9 Pg C yr-1. The particle export ratio (the ratio of POC export to net primary production) is highest at high latitudes and lowest at low latitudes, but low-latitude export is greater than predicted by previous models, in better agreement with observed patterns of long-term carbon export. Particle transfer efficiency (Teff) through the mesopelagic zone is controlled by temperature and oxygen, with highest Teff for high-latitude regions and oxygen minimum zones. In contrast, Teff in the deep ocean (below 1000 m) is controlled by particle sinking speed, with highest deep ocean Teff below the subtropical gyres. These results emphasize the utility of both remote sensing and oceanographic tracer observations for constraining the operation of the biological pump.

  3. Longitudinal Effects of Job Change Upon Interest Utilization and Satisfaction Attitudes.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1980-10-01

    USAF Commander SUBJECT TO EXPORT CONTROL LAWS This document contains information for manufacturing or using munitions of war. Export of the information...contained herein, or release to foreign nationals within the United States, without first obtaining an export license, is a violation of the...information was then interpreted as an index of the stability of a job type over time. The second kind of information indicating which job types the

  4. 76 FR 68675 - Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR): Control of Aircraft and Related Items...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-07

    ...(g) of the July 15 proposed rule) and all other 600 series items if, at the time of export, reexport... designed'' for a defense article would become subject to the new 600 series controls on the CCL as... the extent an item is ``specially designed'' for a military use, it is subject to a 600 series ECCN in...

  5. 22 CFR 124.15 - Special Export Controls for Defense Articles and Defense Services Controlled under Category XV...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... country (including a post liftoff failure to reach proper orbit)— (1) The activities of U.S. persons or... must identify the U.S. Government officials familiar with the preparation of the draft TTCPs. The TTCP must require any U.S. person or entity involved in the export to notify the Department of Defense in...

  6. 22 CFR 124.15 - Special Export Controls for Defense Articles and Defense Services Controlled under Category XV...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... country (including a post liftoff failure to reach proper orbit)— (1) The activities of U.S. persons or... must identify the U.S. Government officials familiar with the preparation of the draft TTCPs. The TTCP must require any U.S. person or entity involved in the export to notify the Department of Defense in...

  7. 22 CFR 124.15 - Special Export Controls for Defense Articles and Defense Services Controlled under Category XV...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... country (including a post liftoff failure to reach proper orbit)— (1) The activities of U.S. persons or... must identify the U.S. Government officials familiar with the preparation of the draft TTCPs. The TTCP must require any U.S. person or entity involved in the export to notify the Department of Defense in...

  8. 22 CFR 124.15 - Special Export Controls for Defense Articles and Defense Services Controlled under Category XV...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... country (including a post liftoff failure to reach proper orbit)— (1) The activities of U.S. persons or... must identify the U.S. Government officials familiar with the preparation of the draft TTCPs. The TTCP must require any U.S. person or entity involved in the export to notify the Department of Defense in...

  9. 22 CFR 124.15 - Special Export Controls for Defense Articles and Defense Services Controlled under Category XV...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... country (including a post liftoff failure to reach proper orbit)— (1) The activities of U.S. persons or... must identify the U.S. Government officials familiar with the preparation of the draft TTCPs. The TTCP must require any U.S. person or entity involved in the export to notify the Department of Defense in...

  10. Inhibition of mRNA export in vertebrate cells by nuclear export signal conjugates

    PubMed Central

    Pasquinelli, Amy E.; Powers, Maureen A.; Lund, Elsebet; Forbes, Douglass; Dahlberg, James E.

    1997-01-01

    Leucine-rich nuclear export signals (NESs) are recognized by the NES receptor exportin 1 and are central to the export of multiple shuttling proteins and RNAs. The export of messenger RNA in vertebrates was, however, thought to occur by a different pathway, because inhibition by injection of a synthetic Rev NES conjugate could not be demonstrated. Here we find that peptide conjugates composed of the NES of either protein kinase A inhibitor protein (PKI) or the HIV-1 Rev protein, when coupled to human serum albumin, are potent inhibitors of mRNA and small nuclear RNA export. These results provide direct evidence that mRNA export in vertebrates depends on interactions between an NES and its cognate NES receptors. PKI NES conjugates are significantly more efficient at inhibiting RNA export than are REV NES conjugates, indicating that different NESs may have different abilities to promote protein and RNA export. Surprisingly, an expected control conjugate containing the mutant Rev NES sequence M10 strongly inhibited the export of intronless dihydrofolate reductase mRNA. Nuclear injection of NES peptide conjugates led to mislocalization to the nucleus of 10–20% of the cytoplasmic Ran GTPase-binding protein (RanBP1) indicating that RanBP1 shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm via an NES pathway. These results demonstrate that in vertebrates the export of mRNA, like that of small nuclear RNA, 5S rRNA, and transport factors such as RanBP1, employs NES-mediated molecular machinery. PMID:9405623

  11. Mercury exports from a High-Arctic river basin in Northeast Greenland (74°N) largely controlled by glacial lake outburst floods.

    PubMed

    Søndergaard, Jens; Tamstorf, Mikkel; Elberling, Bo; Larsen, Martin M; Mylius, Maria Rask; Lund, Magnus; Abermann, Jakob; Rigét, Frank

    2015-05-01

    Riverine mercury (Hg) export dynamics from the Zackenberg River Basin (ZRB) in Northeast Greenland were studied for the period 2009-2013. Dissolved and sediment-bound Hg was measured regularly in the Zackenberg River throughout the periods with running water (June-October) and coupled to water discharge measurements. Also, a few samples of snow, soil, and permafrost were analysed for Hg. Mean concentrations of dissolved and sediment-bound Hg in the river water (±SD) were 0.39 ± 0.13 and 5.5 ± 1.4 ngL(-1), respectively, and mean concentrations of Hg in the river sediment were 0.033 ± 0.025 mg kg(-1). Temporal variations in river Hg were mainly associated with snowmelt, sudden erosion events, and outburst floods from a glacier-dammed lake in the upper part of the ZRB. Annual Hg exports from the 514 km(2) ZRB varied from 0.71 to >1.57 kg and the majority (86-96%) was associated with sediment-bound Hg. Hg yields from the ZRB varied from 1.4-3.1 gH gk m(-2)yr(-1) and were among the highest yields reported from Arctic river basins. River exports of Hg from ZRB were found to be largely controlled by the frequency, magnitude and timing of the glacial lake outburst floods, which occurred in four of the five years in July-August. Floods accounted for 5 to >10% of the annual water discharge, and up to >31% of the annual Hg export. Also, the winter snowfall and the summer temperatures were found to be important indirect controls on the annual Hg export. The occurrence and timing of glacial lake outburst floods in the ZRB in late summer at the time of maximum soil thaw depth, the location of the glacier in the upper ZRB, and increased thawing of the permafrost in Zackenberg in recent years leading to destabilisation of river banks are considered central factors explaining the high fraction of flood-controlled Hg export in this area. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  12. 19 CFR 192.1 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... (CONTINUED) EXPORT CONTROL Exportation of Used Self-Propelled Vehicles, Vessels, and Aircraft § 192.1... entered into the commerce of a foreign country. Self-propelled vehicle. “Self-propelled vehicle” includes any automobile, truck, tractor, bus, motorcycle, motor home, self-propelled agricultural machinery...

  13. 19 CFR 192.1 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... (CONTINUED) EXPORT CONTROL Exportation of Used Self-Propelled Vehicles, Vessels, and Aircraft § 192.1... entered into the commerce of a foreign country. Self-propelled vehicle. “Self-propelled vehicle” includes any automobile, truck, tractor, bus, motorcycle, motor home, self-propelled agricultural machinery...

  14. AKT3 controls mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy via regulation of the major nuclear export protein CRM-1

    PubMed Central

    Corum, Daniel G.; Tsichlis, Philip N.; Muise-Helmericks, Robin C.

    2014-01-01

    Our previous work has shown that Akt3 is required for mitochondrial biogenesis in primary human endothelial cells (ECs) and in Akt3-null mice; Akt3 affects subcellular localization of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1α), the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. The purpose of this study is to determine the mechanism by which Akt3 controls the subcellular distribution of PGC-1α and to explore the effect on mitochondrial biogenesis and turnover during angiogenesis. Here we use standard biochemical analyses and Akt3-knockdown strategies to show that Akt3 controls the stabilization of chromosome maintenance region-1 (CRM-1), the major nuclear export receptor. Site-directed mutagenesis and association analyses show that PGC-1α nuclear export is CRM-1 dependent. Akt3 knockdown and CRM-1 overexpression cause 3-fold reductions in PGC-1α target gene expression, compared to control levels. Akt3 inhibition causes autophagy, as measured by autophagosome formation, in a CRM-1-dependent, Akt1/mTOR-independent pathway. In vivo, Akt3-null and heterozygous mice show dose-dependent decreases in angiogenesis compared to wild-type littermates (∼5- and 2.5-fold decreases, respectively), as assessed by Matrigel plug assays. This correlates with an ∼1.5-fold decrease in mitochondrial Cox IV expression. Our studies suggest that Akt3 is a regulator of mitochondrial dynamics in the vasculature via regulation of CRM-1-dependent nuclear export.—Corum, D. G., Tsichlis, P. N., Muise-Helmericks, R. C. AKT3 controls mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy via regulation of the major nuclear export protein CRM-1. PMID:24081905

  15. Military Standard. Marking Technical Data Prepared by or for the Department of Defense

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1990-02-01

    Regulations f. ECCN - Export Commodity Control Number g. ED - Executive Order h. FOIA - Freedom of Information Act i. IEP - International Exchange...critical are explicitly covered in the CCL, ",, the Export Commodity Control Number ( ECCN ) reference is provided. In o~ner cases where the ECCN statement...controlling mechanism is in supplement three of the EAR. 3,7 MIL-STD-1806 APPENDIX B A listing such as " ECCN 1355A" means the technology is specifically

  16. Twelve year interannual and seasonal variability of stream carbon export from a boreal peatland catchment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Leach, J. A.; Larsson, A.; Wallin, M. B.; Nilsson, M. B.; Laudon, H.

    2016-07-01

    Understanding stream carbon export dynamics is needed to accurately predict how the carbon balance of peatland catchments will respond to climatic and environmental change. We used a 12 year record (2003-2014) of continuous streamflow and manual spot measurements of total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), methane (CH4), and organic carbon quality (carbon-specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm per dissolved organic carbon) to assess interannual and seasonal variability in stream carbon export for a peatland catchment (70% mire and 30% forest cover) in northern Sweden. Mean annual total carbon export for the 12 year period was 12.2 gCm-2 yr-1, but individual years ranged between 6 and 18 gCm-2 yr-1. TOC, which was primarily composed of dissolved organic carbon (>99%), was the dominant form of carbon being exported, comprising 63% to 79% of total annual exports, and DIC contributed between 19% and 33%. CH4 made up less than 5% of total export. When compared to previously published annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) for the studied peatland system, stream carbon export typically accounted for 12 to 50% of NEE for most years. However, in 2006 stream carbon export accounted for 63 to 90% (estimated uncertainty range) of NEE due to a dry summer which suppressed NEE, followed by a wet autumn that resulted in considerable stream export. Runoff exerted a primary control on stream carbon export from this catchment; however, our findings suggest that seasonal variations in biologic and hydrologic processes responsible for production and transport of carbon within the peatland were secondary influences on stream carbon export. Consideration of these seasonal dynamics is needed when predicting stream carbon export response to environmental change.

  17. Effects of different N sources on riverine DIN export and retention in subtropical high-standing island, Taiwan

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Huang, J.-C.; Lee, T.-Y.; Lin, T.-C.; Hein, T.; Lee, L.-C.; Shih, Y.-T.; Kao, S.-J.; Shiah, F.-K.; Lin, N.-H.

    2015-10-01

    Increases in nitrogen (N) availability and mobility resulting from anthropogenic activities has substantially altered N cycle both locally and globally. Taiwan characterized by the subtropical montane landscape with abundant rainfall, downwind to the most rapidly industrializing east coast of China can be a demonstration site for extreme high N input and riverine DIN (dissolved inorganic N) export. We used 49 watersheds classified into low-, moderate-, and highly-disturbed categories based on population density to illustrate their differences in nitrogen inputs through atmospheric N deposition, synthetic fertilizers and human emission and DIN export ratios. Our results showed that the island-wide average riverine DIN export is ~ 3800 kg N km-2 yr-1, approximately 18-fold higher than the global average mostly due to the large input of synthetic fertilizers. The average riverine DIN export ratio is 0.30-0.51, which is much higher than the average of 0.20-0.25 of large rivers around the world indicating excessive N input relative to ecosystem demand or retention capacity. The low-disturbed watersheds, despite of high N input, only export 0.06-0.18 of the input so were well buffered to changes in input quantity suggesting high efficiency of nitrogen usage or high N retention capacity of the less disturbed watersheds. The high retention capacity probably is due to the effective uptake by secondary forests in the watersheds. The moderate-disturbed watersheds show a linear increase of output with increases in total N inputs and a mean DIN export ratio of 0.20 to 0.31. The main difference in land use between low and moderately disturbed watershed is the relative proportions of agricultural land and forests, not the built-up lands. Thus, their greater DIN export quantity could be attributed to N fertilizers used in the agricultural lands. The greater export ratios also imply that agricultural lands have lower proportional N retention capacity and that reforestation could be an effective land management practice to reduce riverine DIN export. The export ratio of the highly-disturbed watersheds is 0.42-0.53, which is very high and suggests that much of the N input is transported downstream and the need of improvement in wastewater treatment capacity or sewerage systems. The increases in riverine DIN export ratio along with the gradient of human disturbance indicates a gradient in N saturation in subtropical Taiwan. Our results help to understand factors controlling riverine DIN export and provide a sound basis for N emissions/pollution control.

  18. Carbon fluxes in the Arabian Sea: Export versus recycling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rixen, Tim; Gaye, Birgit; Ramaswamy, Venkitasubramani

    2016-04-01

    The organic carbon pump strongly influences the exchange of carbon between the ocean and the atmosphere. It is known that it responds to global change but the magnitude and the direction of change are still unpredictable. Sediment trap experiments carried out at various sites in the Arabian Sea between 1986 and 1998 have shown differences in the functioning of the organic carbon pump (OCP). An OCP driven by eukaryotic phytoplankton operated in the upwelling region off Oman and during the spring bloom in the northern Arabian Sea. Cyanobacteria capable of fixing nitrogen seem to dominate the phytoplankton community during all other seasons. The export driven by cyanobacteria was much lower than the export driven by eukaryotic phytoplankton. Productivity and nutrient availability seems to be a main factor controlling fluxes during blooms of eukaryotic phytoplankton. The ballast effect caused by inputs of dust into the ocean and its incorporation into sinking particles seems to be the main factor controlling the export during times when cyanobacteria dominate the phytoplankton community. C/N ratios of organic matter exported from blooms dominated by nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria are enhanced and, furthermore, indicate a more efficient recycling of nutrients at shallower water depth. This implies that the bacterial-driven OCP operates more in a recycling mode that keeps nutrients closer to the euphotic zone whereas the OCP driven by eukaryotic phytoplankton reduces the recycling of nutrients by exporting them into greater water-depth.

  19. Biogeochemical Process Comparison of the Five USGS Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budget (WEBB) Sites

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shanley, J. B.; Peters, N. E.; Aulenbach, B. T.; Blum, A. E.; Campbell, D. H.; Clow, D. W.; Larsen, M. C.; Mast, M. A.; Stallard, R. F.; Troester, J. W.; Walker, J. F.; Webb, R. M.; White, A. F.

    2001-12-01

    Input - output budgets (in wet deposition and streamwater) have been constructed for water and major solutes at the five USGS Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budget (WEBB) sites for the period 1992-97 (Peters et al., 2000). In this poster we interpret the net chemical fluxes to identify the controlling biogeochemical processes, as influenced by the strong physical and biological contrasts (climate, geology, physiography, and vegetation types) in the five diverse environments. The five sites are: Allequash Creek, Wisconsin (low-relief humid continental forest); Andrews Creek, Colorado (cold alpine, taiga/tundra, and subalpine boreal forest); Icacos River, Puerto Rico (lower montane, wet tropical forest); Panola Mountain, Georgia (humid subtropical piedmont forest); and Sleepers River, Vermont (humid northern hardwood forest). Base cations and Si produced by chemical weathering displayed a net export at each site. The magnitude and stoichiometry of export reflects mineralogy, climate (temperature and rainfall), and water residence time in the subsurface. The lowest and highest mass export generally was for Andrews Creek and Icacos River, respectively, consistent with their extreme mean annual temperatures (0/degC in Colorado to 21/degC in Puerto Rico) and the limited residence time of meltwater at Andrews Creek. Calcite in bedrock at the three coldest watersheds caused somewhat higher relative export of Ca, especially at Sleepers River where calcite weathering is a dominant control on stream chemistry. In contrast, the high Mg content of the volcaniclastic rocks at Icacos River and glacial deposits at Allequash Creek caused disproportionately high Mg export relative to the other sites. Relatively high Na export at Panola Mountain and K export at Sleepers River are probably caused by plagioclase and biotite weathering, respectively. SO4 is retained at the two warmest sites, Panola Mountain and Icacos River. SO4 adsorption is known to limit SO4- export in highly weathered subtropical and tropical soils. At Sleepers River, net SO4 export occurs as a result of weathering of sulfide minerals in the bedrock, and correspondingly limited soil SO4 adsorption capacity. A small net export of SO4 occurs at Allequash Creek and Andrews Creek, but the SO4 may be in balance if dry deposition were added to the inputs. All sites except Icacos River retain NO3. At Andrews Creek and Sleepers River, net export of NO3 occurs during the peak snowmelt months, as soils are flushed during a time of low biological uptake. Additional analysis will be performed to evaluate the relative importance of temperature (affecting weathering rates and biological uptake) and water yield (i.e., the amount of water flushing through a catchment) in controlling solute fluxes.

  20. Semiconductor Technology and U.S. National Security

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-04-21

    control regime as hindrances to compete in the global market.45 Interestingly, DOD’s Defense Technology Security Administration ( DTSA ) reviews export...licenses and only advises DOS or DOC.46 DTSA has neither compliance nor enforcement authority. There is no lead organization or a centralized...which lists several semiconductor technologies, is out of date and not used, even by DOD’s DTSA .51 In order to remove certain export controls on

  1. 3 CFR 13637 - Executive Order 13637 of March 8, 2013. Administration of Reformed Export Controls

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the Arms Export Control Act, as amended (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.) (the “Act”), and section 301 of title 3... under section 3 of the Act (22 U.S.C. 2753), with the exception of subsections (a)(1), (b), (c)(3), (c...

  2. 78 FR 21346 - Emerging Technology and Research Advisory Committee; Notice of Partially Closed Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-10

    ...:30 a.m. 1. Opening Remarks. 2. Panel Discussion on Deemed Exports. 3. Emerging Technologies--Results..., April 26 Open Session: 8:30 a.m.-3:30 p.m. 1. Discussion on status of the Export Control Reform...

  3. Characteristics of Riverine DIN Export in Subtropical High-standing Island, Taiwan

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Huang, J. C.; Kao, S. J.; Lee, T. Y.; Lin, T. C.

    2016-12-01

    Increases in nitrogen (N) availability and mobility resulting from anthropogenic activities has substantially altered nitrogen cycle both locally and globally. Taiwan characterized by the subtropical montane landscape with abundant rainfall, downwind to the most rapidly industrializing east coast of China can be a demonstration site for extreme high N input and riverine DIN (dissolved inorganic N) export. We used 49 watersheds with similar climatic and landscape settings, but classified into low-, moderate-, and highly-disturbed categories based on population density to illustrate their differences in nitrogen inputs through atmospheric N deposition, synthetic fertilizer and human emission and DIN export ratios. Our results showed that the island-wide average riverine DIN export is 3800 kg-N/km2yr, approximately 18-fold higher than the global average mostly due to the large input of synthetic fertilizer. The average riverine DIN export ratio is 0.30-0.51, which is much higher than the average of 0.20-0.25 of large rivers around the world indicating excessive N input relative to ecosystem demand or retention capacity. The low-disturbed watersheds despite of high input only export 0.06-0.18 of the input and well buffered to changes in input quantity suggesting high efficiency of nitrogen usage or high N retention capacity of the less disturbed watersheds. The moderate-disturbed watersheds show a linear increase of output with increases in total N inputs and a mean DIN export ratio of 0.20 to 0.31. The main differences in land use between low and moderately disturbed watershed are the relative proportions of agricultural land and forests, not the built-up lands. The export ratio of the highly-disturbed watersheds is 0.42-0.53, which is very high and suggests that much of the N input is transported downstream. The increases in riverine DIN export ratio along with the gradient of human disturbance in subtropical Taiwan shows a gradient in excess N saturation. Our results help to understand factors controlling riverine DIN export and provide a sound basis for N emissions/pollution control.

  4. Navigation and Image Injection for Control of Bone Removal and Osteotomy Planes in Spine Surgery.

    PubMed

    Kosterhon, Michael; Gutenberg, Angelika; Kantelhardt, Sven Rainer; Archavlis, Elefterios; Giese, Alf

    2017-04-01

    In contrast to cranial interventions, neuronavigation in spinal surgery is used in few applications, not tapping into its full technological potential. We have developed a method to preoperatively create virtual resection planes and volumes for spinal osteotomies and export 3-D operation plans to a navigation system controlling intraoperative visualization using a surgical microscope's head-up display. The method was developed using a Sawbone ® model of the lumbar spine, demonstrating feasibility with high precision. Computer tomographic and magnetic resonance image data were imported into Amira ® , a 3-D visualization software. Resection planes were positioned, and resection volumes representing intraoperative bone removal were defined. Fused to the original Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine data, the osteotomy planes were exported to the cranial version of a Brainlab ® navigation system. A navigated surgical microscope with video connection to the navigation system allowed intraoperative image injection to visualize the preplanned resection planes. The workflow was applied to a patient presenting with a congenital hemivertebra of the thoracolumbar spine. Dorsal instrumentation with pedicle screws and rods was followed by resection of the deformed vertebra guided by the in-view image injection of the preplanned resection planes into the optical path of a surgical microscope. Postoperatively, the patient showed no neurological deficits, and the spine was found to be restored in near physiological posture. The intraoperative visualization of resection planes in a microscope's head-up display was found to assist the surgeon during the resection of a complex-shaped bone wedge and may help to further increase accuracy and patient safety. Copyright © 2017 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons

  5. 77 FR 29564 - Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations: Auxiliary and Miscellaneous Items That No...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-18

    ...The Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) publishes this action to propose how auxiliary and miscellaneous military equipment and related articles the President determines no longer warrant control under Category XIII (Auxiliary Military Equipment) of the United States Munitions List (USML) would be controlled under the Commerce Control List (CCL) in new Export Control Classification Numbers (ECCNs) 0A617, 0B617, 0C617, 0D617, and 0E617 as part of the proposed new ``600 series'' of ECCNs. This rule proposes also to integrate into those five new ECCNs items within the scope of Wassenaar Arrangement Munitions List (WAML) Category 17 that would be removed from the USML, or that are not specifically identified on the USML or CCL but that are currently subject to USML jurisdiction. Finally, this rule proposes to control some items now classified under ECCNs 0A018, 0A918 and 0E018 under new ECCNs 0A617 and 0E617. This action would consolidate the above- mentioned auxiliary and miscellaneous military equipment and related articles on the CCL in the proposed new ``600 series.'' This rule is one of a planned series proposing how various types of articles that the President determines, as part of the Administration's Export Control Reform Initiative, no longer warrant control on the USML under the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), would be controlled on the CCL in accordance with the requirements of the Export Administration Regulations (EAR). This proposed rule is being published in conjunction with a proposed rule from the Department of State, Directorate of Defense Trade Controls, which would amend the list of articles controlled by USML Category XIII.

  6. 78 FR 37371 - Wassenaar Arrangement 2012 Plenary Agreements Implementation: Commerce Control List, Definitions...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-20

    ...The Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) maintains, as part of its Export Administration Regulations (EAR), the Commerce Control List (CCL), which identifies certain of the items subject to Department of Commerce jurisdiction. This final rule revises the CCL to implement changes made to the Wassenaar Arrangement's List of Dual-Use Goods and Technologies (Wassenaar List) maintained and agreed to by governments participating in the Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies (Wassenaar Arrangement, or WA) at the December 2012 WA Plenary Meeting (the Plenary). The Wassenaar Arrangement advocates implementation of effective export controls on strategic items with the objective of improving regional and international security and stability. This rule harmonizes the CCL with the changes made to the WA List at the Plenary by revising ECCNs controlled for national security reasons in each category of the CCL, except category 8, as well as amending the General Software Note, WA reporting requirements, and definitions section in the EAR. BIS is adding unilateral controls to the CCL for specific software and technology for aviation control systems, which the WA agreements removed from the WA List, i.e., EAR national security controls.

  7. 15 CFR 742.15 - Encryption items.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Memorandum of November 15, 1996, exports and reexports of encryption software, like exports and reexports of... because of any informational or theoretical value that such software may reflect, contain, or represent... encryption software are distinguished from controls on other software regulated under the EAR. (a) Licensing...

  8. mRNA export in the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii: emerging divergent components of a crucial pathway.

    PubMed

    Ávila, Andréa Rodrigues; Cabezas-Cruz, Alexjandro; Gissot, Mathieu

    2018-01-25

    Control of gene expression is crucial for parasite survival and is the result of a series of processes that are regulated to permit fine-tuning of gene expression in response to biological changes during the life-cycle of apicomplexan parasites. Control of mRNA nuclear export is a key process in eukaryotic cells but is poorly understood in apicomplexan parasites. Here, we review recent knowledge regarding this process with an emphasis on T. gondii. We describe the presence of divergent orthologs and discuss structural and functional differences in export factors between apicomplexans and other eukaryotic lineages. Undoubtedly, the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in high throughput screenings associated with the discovery of mRNA nuclear export complexes by proteomic analysis will contribute to identify these divergent factors. Ligand-based or structure-based strategies may be applied to investigate the potential use of these proteins as targets for new antiprotozoal agents.

  9. Dissolved organic carbon export and its contribution to the carbon budget in a boreal peat landscape undergoing rapid permafrost thaw

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sonnentag, O.; Fouche, J.; Helbig, M.; Karoline, W.; Hould Gosselin, G.; Hanisch, J.; Quinton, W. L.; Moore, T. R.

    2017-12-01

    Northern permafrost soils store 1035 ± 150 Pg of organic carbon in the first 3 m. In boreal lowlands with warm and thin isolated, sporadic and discontinuous permafrost, increasing temperatures cause a thaw-induced expansion of permafrost-free wetlands at the expense of forested permafrost peat plateaus. Permafrost thaw associated with warmer soils may enhance microbial decomposition of near-surface and deeper organic matter but also increase dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export to aquatic systems. Recent studies suggest that, under a warmer climate, the current net CO2 sink strength of boreal peat landscapes may decline over the next few decades, eventually turning them into net CO2 sources. DOC export from these organic-rich landscapes undergoing rapid permafrost thaw may play a non-negligible role for the carbon budget in a warmer climate. In this study, we quantify the DOC export from a boreal peat landscape in the southern Northwest Territories (Canada). We use half-hourly discharge measurements and DOC concentrations sampled at the outlets of three small catchments ( 0.1 km2) to quantify runoff and DOC export from April to August 2014, 2015 and 2016. We estimate the DOC export contribution to the overall carbon budget using concurrent eddy covariance measurements of net CO2 and methane exchanges. The primary control of DOC export is discharge. In 2016, 70% of the DOC was exported during the two weeks of the spring freshet in early May. DOC export from the three catchments was 3g C m-2 from April to August, which accounted for 15% of the annual net ecosystem exchange. For the same period, the cumulative methane emissions were 6 g C-CH4 m-2. Our findings suggest that thawing boreal peat landscapes along the southern limit of permafrost currently act as net carbon sinks with 11 g C m-2 y-1. Investigating the optical properties of the dissolved organic matter across the different landforms (e.g., transition between forested permafrost peat plateau and permafrost-free wetland) will allow us to assess the different contributions to catchment DOC export and better forecast the changes in DOC lability with permafrost thaw and wetland expansion. Associated with a more rainfall-controlled runoff regime, changes in DOC export with warming may affect the carbon budget in the southern boundaries of the permafrost region.

  10. Exporting DBCP and other banned pesticides: consideration of ethical issues.

    PubMed

    Lowry, L K; Frank, A L

    1999-01-01

    Many developed countries permit the export of pesticides that are banned, restricted, or unregistered within their own borders. This practice, which leads to the exposure of agricultural workers in developing countries to high levels of pesticides that are not permitted in the country of manufacture, raises many ethical issues as well as economic, social, political, and public health issues. Worldwide attempts to control export of such pesticides, through the FAO/UNEP Prior Informed Consent program, moves this issue in the right direction. This article explores the current U.S. and international practices, using the specific example of export of DBCP to banana-producing countries. The actions taken by multinational corporations, manufacturers of the pesticides, and public health officials in both the exporting and importing countries are explored, along with the impacts on workers, local economies, governments, and the environment.

  11. COCOM (Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Exports), Technology Transfer and Its Impact on National Security

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1989-06-01

    ORGANZA - 0% If applicable) 8( ADDRESS (C t Stare a-d ZIP CooI 10 SOUPCE O FKNDNG NMBERS PROGRAM PROAECT TASK . ORK )NIT ELEMENT NO NO NO .<ESSiON NO...investigations which ended up in a total restructuring of their export process. Both Norway and Japan started a heavy lobbying process as well, in an effort...respective controls. Norway permanently suspended all sales to the Soviet Union and initiated a total restructuring of their export process. Japan

  12. 36 year trends in dissolved organic carbon export from Finnish rivers to the Baltic Sea.

    PubMed

    Räike, Antti; Kortelainen, Pirkko; Mattsson, Tuija; Thomas, David N

    2012-10-01

    Increasing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in lakes, rivers and streams in northern mid latitudes have been widely reported during the last two decades, but relatively few studies have dealt with trends in DOC export. We studied the export of DOC from Finnish rivers to the Baltic Sea between 1975 and 2010, and estimated trends in DOC fluxes (both flow normalised and non-normalised). The study encompassed the whole Finnish Baltic Sea catchment area (301,000 km(2)) covering major land use patterns in the boreal zone. Finnish rivers exported annually over 900,000 t DOC to the Baltic Sea, and the mean area specific export was 3.5 t km(-2). The highest export (7.3t km(-2)) was measured in peat dominated catchments, whereas catchments rich in lakes had the lowest export (2.2 t km(-2)). Inter-annual variation in DOC export was high and controlled mainly by hydrology. There was no overall trend in the annual water flow, although winter flow increased in northern Finland over 36 years. Despite the numerous studies showing increases in DOC concentrations in streams and rivers in the northern hemisphere, we could not find any evidence of increases in DOC export to the northern Baltic Sea from Finnish catchments since 1975. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  13. 76 FR 80282 - Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR): Control of Vessels of War and Related...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-23

    ... (ECCNs) 8A609, 8B609, 8C609, 8D609, and 8E609. This rule is one of a planned series of proposed rules... controlled on the CCL--the military vehicles proposal was the first in a series of such proposed rules to be... additional exceptions. The goal of such amendments would be to give exporters sufficient time to implement...

  14. Stemming the Flow of Improvised Explosive Device Making Materials through Global Export Control Regimes

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-09-01

    reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number ______N/A______. 12a. DISTRIBUTION...Warfare DHS Department of Homeland Security DoD Department of Defense DTMF Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal EU European...Organization JMTC Joint Multinational Training Command JTF Joint Task Force MANPADS Man Portable Air Defense Systems MERC Multilateral Export Control

  15. Reforming U.S. Export Controls Reforms: Advancing U.S. Army Interests

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-12-01

    The author wishes to thank several anonymous and peer re- viewers as well as Alex Barnes, Rachel Bauman, Justin Blaszczyk, William Cardon ...is worth noting in that it requires, pursuant to the Arms Export Control Act, that: certification be provided to Congress prior to the granting of...security. Otherwise, approval cannot be granted until 15 days after Congress has re- ceived the certification for the manufacturing license or technical

  16. New Tools for Managing Agricultural P

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nieber, J. L.; Baker, L. A.; Peterson, H. M.; Ulrich, J.

    2014-12-01

    Best management practices (BMPs) generally focus on retaining nutrients (especially P) after they enter the watershed. This approach is expensive, unsustainable, and has not led to reductions of P pollution at large scales (e.g., Mississippi River). Although source reduction, which results in reducing inputs of nutrients to a watershed, has long been cited as a preferred approach, we have not had tools to guide source reduction efforts at the watershed level. To augment conventional TMDL tools, we developed an "actionable" watershed P balance approach, based largely on watershed-specific information, yet simple enough to be utilized as a practical tool. Interviews with farmers were used to obtain detailed farm management data, data from livestock permits were adjusted based on site visits, stream P fluxes were calculated from 3 years of monitoring data, and expert knowledge was used to model P fluxes through animal operations. The overall P use efficiency. Puse was calculated as the sum of deliberate exports (P in animals, milk, eggs, and crops) divided by deliberate inputs (P inputs of fertilizer, feed, and nursery animals x 100. The crop P use efficiency was 1.7, meaning that more P was exported as products that was deliberately imported; we estimate that this mining would have resulted in a loss of 6 mg P/kg across the watershed. Despite the negative P balance, the equivalent of 5% of watershed input was lost via stream export. Tile drainage, the presence of buffer strips, and relatively flat topography result in dominance of P loads by ortho-P (66%) and low particulate P. This, together with geochemical analysis (ongoing) suggest that biological processes may be at least as important as sediment transport in controlling P loads. We have developed a P balance calculator tool to enable watershed management organizations to develop watershed P balances and identify opportunities for improving the efficiency of P utilization.

  17. Sources of nitrate yields in the Mississippi River Basin.

    PubMed

    David, Mark B; Drinkwater, Laurie E; McIsaac, Gregory F

    2010-01-01

    Riverine nitrate N in the Mississippi River leads to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Several recent modeling studies estimated major N inputs and suggested source areas that could be targeted for conservation programs. We conducted a similar analysis with more recent and extensive data that demonstrates the importance of hydrology in controlling the percentage of net N inputs (NNI) exported by rivers. The average fraction of annual riverine nitrate N export/NNI ranged from 0.05 for the lower Mississippi subbasin to 0.3 for the upper Mississippi River basin and as high as 1.4 (4.2 in a wet year) for the Embarras River watershed, a mostly tile-drained basin. Intensive corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] watersheds on Mollisols had low NNI values and when combined with riverine N losses suggest a net depletion of soil organic N. We used county-level data to develop a nonlinear model ofN inputs and landscape factors that were related to winter-spring riverine nitrate yields for 153 watersheds within the basin. We found that river runoff times fertilizer N input was the major predictive term, explaining 76% of the variation in the model. Fertilizer inputs were highly correlated with fraction of land area in row crops. Tile drainage explained 17% of the spatial variation in winter-spring nitrate yield, whereas human consumption of N (i.e., sewage effluent) accounted for 7%. Net N inputs were not a good predictor of riverine nitrate N yields, nor were other N balances. We used this model to predict the expected nitrate N yield from each county in the Mississippi River basin; the greatest nitrate N yields corresponded to the highly productive, tile-drained cornbelt from southwest Minnesota across Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. This analysis can be used to guide decisions about where efforts to reduce nitrate N losses can be most effectively targeted to improve local water quality and reduce export to the Gulf of Mexico.

  18. Petroleum and Political Change in Mexico,

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1980-01-01

    and exploitation of our petroleum resources." The argument continued that "private entrepreneurs are disposed to work in this area under the control of...membership was designed to jar the non-petroleum export sector into a more competitive posture, thereby incresing exports from that sector and diminishing

  19. 31 CFR 500.533 - Exportations, reexportations, and incidental transactions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... CONTROL REGULATIONS Licenses, Authorizations and Statements of Licensing Policy § 500.533 Exportations..., software, or technology (including technical data) from the United States or reexportation of U.S.-origin goods, software, or technology from a foreign country to any person in a designated foreign country or...

  20. 75 FR 8917 - Action Affecting Export Privileges; Afshin Rezaei

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-26

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security Action Affecting Export Privileges; Afshin... any item subject to the Regulations; B. Take any action that facilitates the acquisition or attempted..., possession or control; C. Take any action to acquire from or to facilitate the acquisition or attempted...

  1. 15 CFR Supplement No. 2 to Part 730 - Technical Advisory Committees

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ..., materials, or supplies, including technology, software, and other information, that are subject to export... to a clearly defined grouping of articles, materials, or supplies, including technology, software, or..., including technology, software, and other information, that are subject to export controls because of their...

  2. 15 CFR Supplement No. 2 to Part 730 - Technical Advisory Committees

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ..., materials, or supplies, including technology, software, and other information, that are subject to export... to a clearly defined grouping of articles, materials, or supplies, including technology, software, or..., including technology, software, and other information, that are subject to export controls because of their...

  3. 15 CFR Supplement No. 2 to Part 730 - Technical Advisory Committees

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ..., materials, or supplies, including technology, software, and other information, that are subject to export... to a clearly defined grouping of articles, materials, or supplies, including technology, software, or..., including technology, software, and other information, that are subject to export controls because of their...

  4. UAP56 is a conserved crucial component of a divergent mRNA export pathway in Toxoplasma gondii.

    PubMed

    Serpeloni, Mariana; Jiménez-Ruiz, Elena; Vidal, Newton Medeiros; Kroeber, Constanze; Andenmatten, Nicole; Lemgruber, Leandro; Mörking, Patricia; Pall, Gurman S; Meissner, Markus; Ávila, Andréa R

    2016-11-01

    Nucleo-cytoplasmic RNA export is an essential post-transcriptional step to control gene expression in eukaryotic cells and is poorly understood in apicomplexan parasites. With the exception of UAP56, a component of TREX (Transcription Export) complex, other components of mRNA export machinery are not well conserved in divergent supergroups. Here, we use Toxoplasma gondii as a model system to functionally characterize TgUAP56 and its potential interaction factors. We demonstrate that TgUAP56 is crucial for mRNA export and that functional interference leads to significant accumulation of mRNA in the nucleus. It was necessary to employ bioinformatics and phylogenetic analysis to identify orthologs related to mRNA export, which show a remarkable low level of conservation in T. gondii. We adapted a conditional Cas9/CRISPR system to carry out a genetic screen to verify if these factors were involved in mRNA export in T. gondii. Only the disruption of TgRRM_1330 caused accumulation of mRNA in the nucleus as found with TgUAP56. This protein is potentially a divergent partner of TgUAP56, and provides insight into a divergent mRNA export pathway in apicomplexans. © 2016 The Authors. Molecular Microbiology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  5. UAP56 is a conserved crucial component of a divergent mRNA export pathway in Toxoplasma gondii

    PubMed Central

    Serpeloni, Mariana; Jiménez‐Ruiz, Elena; Vidal, Newton Medeiros; Kroeber, Constanze; Andenmatten, Nicole; Lemgruber, Leandro; Mörking, Patricia; Pall, Gurman S.

    2016-01-01

    Summary Nucleo‐cytoplasmic RNA export is an essential post‐transcriptional step to control gene expression in eukaryotic cells and is poorly understood in apicomplexan parasites. With the exception of UAP56, a component of TREX (Transcription Export) complex, other components of mRNA export machinery are not well conserved in divergent supergroups. Here, we use Toxoplasma gondii as a model system to functionally characterize TgUAP56 and its potential interaction factors. We demonstrate that TgUAP56 is crucial for mRNA export and that functional interference leads to significant accumulation of mRNA in the nucleus. It was necessary to employ bioinformatics and phylogenetic analysis to identify orthologs related to mRNA export, which show a remarkable low level of conservation in T. gondii. We adapted a conditional Cas9/CRISPR system to carry out a genetic screen to verify if these factors were involved in mRNA export in T. gondii. Only the disruption of TgRRM_1330 caused accumulation of mRNA in the nucleus as found with TgUAP56. This protein is potentially a divergent partner of TgUAP56, and provides insight into a divergent mRNA export pathway in apicomplexans. PMID:27542978

  6. 15 CFR 748.9 - Support documents for license applications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Foreign Aid, U.S. Agency for International Development, for export to a member agency in the foreign... circumstances beyond your control. An exception will not be granted contrary to the objectives of the U.S... (Continued) BUREAU OF INDUSTRY AND SECURITY, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE EXPORT ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS...

  7. 15 CFR 748.9 - Support documents for license applications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Foreign Aid, U.S. Agency for International Development, for export to a member agency in the foreign... circumstances beyond your control. An exception will not be granted contrary to the objectives of the U.S... (Continued) BUREAU OF INDUSTRY AND SECURITY, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE EXPORT ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS...

  8. 15 CFR 748.9 - Support documents for license applications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Foreign Aid, U.S. Agency for International Development, for export to a member agency in the foreign... circumstances beyond your control. An exception will not be granted contrary to the objectives of the U.S... (Continued) BUREAU OF INDUSTRY AND SECURITY, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE EXPORT ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS...

  9. 40 CFR 262.82 - General conditions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Recovery within the OECD § 262.82 General conditions. (a) Scope. The level of control for exports and...), COTIF (1985), and RID (1985). (3) Any transit of waste through a non-OECD member country must be... consent is received from all relevant OECD importing and transit countries. (2) Re-export of waste subject...

  10. 76 FR 23641 - Proposed Information Collection: Export Declaration of Defense Technical Data or Services

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-27

    ... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice: 7431] Proposed Information Collection: Export Declaration of Defense Technical Data or Services AGENCY: Department of State. ACTION: Notice of request for public..., Directorate of Defense Trade Controls, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, U.S. Department of State...

  11. NITROGEN LOSS FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS IN THE OREGON CASCADES: A STUDY OF FOREST SUCCESSION INFLUENCE

    EPA Science Inventory

    Traditional biogeochemical theory suggests that biotic N limitation (N demand by plants and soil microorganisms) controls ecosystem nitrogen (N) losses, and that stream N export should increase with successional age. I am examining patterns of inorganic and organic N export from...

  12. 15 CFR 758.5 - Conformity of documents and unloading of items.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... disposition from BIS. (ii) Contact information. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security... Trade (Continued) BUREAU OF INDUSTRY AND SECURITY, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE EXPORT ADMINISTRATION... documents. When a license is issued by BIS, the information entered on related export control documents (e.g...

  13. 19 CFR 192.4 - Liability of carriers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Liability of carriers. 192.4 Section 192.4 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) EXPORT CONTROL Exportation of Used Self-Propelled Vehicles, Vessels, and Aircraft § 192.4...

  14. 19 CFR 192.4 - Liability of carriers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Liability of carriers. 192.4 Section 192.4 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) EXPORT CONTROL Exportation of Used Self-Propelled Vehicles, Vessels, and Aircraft § 192.4...

  15. 15 CFR 758.5 - Conformity of documents and unloading of items.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... and Shipper's Export Declaration (SED) or AES electronic equivalent. (2) Optional ports of unloading... ultimate destination or are included on the BIS license and SED or AES electronic equivalent. (ii... ports of unloading on the SED or AES electronic equivalent and other export control documents, so long...

  16. Riparian forest effects on nitrogen export to an agricultural stream inferred from experimental data and a model

    EPA Science Inventory

    The effects of riparian vegetation on the reduction of agricultural nitrogen export to streams have been well described experimentally, but a clear understanding of process-level hydrological and biogeochemical controls can be difficult to ascertain from data alone. We apply a ne...

  17. Identifying green infrastructure BMPs for reducing nitrogen export to a Chesapeake Bay agricultural stream: model synthesis and extension of experimental data

    EPA Science Inventory

    Background/Question/Methods The effectiveness of riparian forest buffers and other green infrastructure for reducing nitrogen export to agricultural streams has been well described experimentally, but a clear understanding of process-level hydrological and biogeochemical control...

  18. Factors influencing export of dissolved inorganic nitrogen by major rivers: a new seasonal, spatially explicit, global model

    EPA Science Inventory

    Background/Question/Methods Substantial effort has focused on understanding spatial variation in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) export to the coastal zone and specific basins have been studied in some depth. Much less is known, however, about seasonal patterns and controls ...

  19. 77 FR 58437 - 30-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collections: Two Directorate of Defense Trade Controls...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-20

    .... Attention: Desk Officer for Department of State. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Direct requests for... proposed collection: The export, temporary import, temporary export and brokering of defense articles... articles, defense services, and related technical data, or the brokering thereof, must register with the...

  20. 75 FR 28848 - Lifting of Policy of Denial of Munitions Export Licenses and Other Approvals Destined for Tula...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-24

    ...The Department of State is lifting the policy of denial for Tula Instrument Design Bureau pursuant to section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) and section 126.7 of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR).

  1. 78 FR 15800 - 60-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Shrimp Exporter's/Importer's Declaration

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-12

    ... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 8222] 60-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Shrimp... Information Collection: Shrimp Importer's/ Exporter's Declaration. OMB Control Number: 1405-0095. Type of... Form DS-2031 is necessary to document imports of shrimp pursuant to the State Department's...

  2. 22 CFR 120.27 - U.S. criminal statutes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS REGULATIONS PURPOSE AND DEFINITIONS... means: (1) Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778); (2) Section 11 of the Export... underlying offense involves a defense article, including technical data, or violations related to the Arms...

  3. 22 CFR 123.16 - Exemptions of general applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... FOR THE EXPORT OF DEFENSE ARTICLES § 123.16 Exemptions of general applicability. (a) The following exemptions apply to exports of unclassified defense articles for which no approval is needed from the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls. These exemptions do not apply to: Proscribed destinations under § 126.1...

  4. Factors influencing export of dissolved inorganic nitrogen by major rivers: A new, seasonal, spatially explicit, global model

    EPA Science Inventory

    Substantial effort has focused on understanding spatial variation in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) export to the coastal zone and specific basins have been studied in depth. Much less is known, however, about seasonal patterns and controls of coastal DIN delivery across larg...

  5. 77 FR 39521 - Application for a License To Export Nuclear Reactor Major Components and Equipment

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-03

    ... LLC reactor coolant equipment for four constructing four plant May 14, 2012 pumps with motors, APR1400... Emirates. XR176 monitoring and plant in Braka. 110060011 control equipment, auxiliary equipment and... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION Application for a License To Export Nuclear Reactor Major Components...

  6. 75 FR 32742 - Action Affecting Export Privileges; Joseph Piquet

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-09

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security Action Affecting Export Privileges; Joseph... on behalf of the Denied Person any item subject to the Regulations; B. Take any action that... or attempts to acquire such ownership, possession or control; C. Take any action to acquire from or...

  7. 76 FR 13127 - Action Affecting Export Privileges; Amy Farrow

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-10

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security Action Affecting Export Privileges; Amy... reexport to or on behalf of the Denied Person any item subject to the Regulations; B. Take any action that... Denied Person acquires or attempts to acquire such ownership, possession or control; C. Take any action...

  8. 7 CFR 1488.14 - Interest charges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank Obligations and Repayment § 1488.14 Interest charges. The account receivable assigned to CCC and..., CCC after consultation with the Controller, CCC, to be in the interest of CCC, be lower than the...

  9. 7 CFR 1488.14 - Interest charges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Bank Obligations and Repayment § 1488.14 Interest charges. The account receivable assigned to CCC and..., CCC after consultation with the Controller, CCC, to be in the interest of CCC, be lower than the...

  10. Role of transition metal exporters in virulence: the example of Neisseria meningitidis.

    PubMed

    Guilhen, Cyril; Taha, Muhamed-Kheir; Veyrier, Frédéric J

    2013-01-01

    Transition metals such as iron, manganese, and zinc are essential micronutrients for bacteria. However, at high concentration, they can generate non-functional proteins or toxic compounds. Metal metabolism is therefore regulated to prevent shortage or overload, both of which can impair cell survival. In addition, equilibrium among these metals has to be tightly controlled to avoid molecular replacement in the active site of enzymes. Bacteria must actively maintain intracellular metal concentrations to meet physiological needs within the context of the local environment. When intracellular buffering capacity is reached, they rely primarily on membrane-localized exporters to maintain metal homeostasis. Recently, several groups have characterized new export systems and emphasized their importance in the virulence of several pathogens. This article discusses the role of export systems as general virulence determinants. Furthermore, it highlights the contribution of these exporters in pathogens emergence with emphasis on the human nasopharyngeal colonizer Neisseria meningitidis.

  11. The nuclear tRNA aminoacylation-dependent pathway may be the principal route used to export tRNA from the nucleus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

    PubMed

    Steiner-Mosonyi, Marta; Mangroo, Dev

    2004-03-15

    Nuclear tRNA export in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been proposed to involve three pathways, designated Los1p-dependent, Los1p-independent nuclear aminoacylation-dependent, and Los1p- and nuclear aminoacylation-independent. Here, a comprehensive biochemical analysis was performed to identify tRNAs exported by the aminoacylation-dependent and -independent pathways of S. cerevisiae. Interestingly, the major tRNA species of at least 19 families were found in the aminoacylated form in the nucleus. tRNAs known to be exported by the export receptor Los1p were also aminoacylated in the nucleus of both wild-type and mutant Los1p strains. FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) analyses showed that tRNA(Tyr) co-localizes with the U18 small nucleolar RNA in the nucleolus of a tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase mutant strain defective in nuclear tRNA(Tyr) export because of a block in nuclear tRNA(Tyr) aminoacylation. tRNA(Tyr) was also found in the nucleolus of a utp8 mutant strain defective in nuclear tRNA export but not nuclear tRNA aminoacylation. These results strongly suggest that the nuclear aminoacylation-dependent pathway is principally responsible for tRNA export in S. cerevisiae and that Los1p is an export receptor of this pathway. It is also likely that in mammalian cells tRNAs are mainly exported from the nucleus by the nuclear aminoacylation-dependent pathway. In addition, the data are consistent with the idea that nuclear aminoacylation is used as a quality control mechanism for ensuring nuclear export of only mature and functional tRNAs, and that this quality assurance step occurs in the nucleolus.

  12. Storm Event Suspended Sediment-Discharge Hysteresis and Controls in Agricultural Watersheds: Implications for Watershed Scale Sediment Management.

    PubMed

    Sherriff, Sophie C; Rowan, John S; Fenton, Owen; Jordan, Philip; Melland, Alice R; Mellander, Per-Erik; hUallacháin, Daire Ó

    2016-02-16

    Within agricultural watersheds suspended sediment-discharge hysteresis during storm events is commonly used to indicate dominant sediment sources and pathways. However, availability of high-resolution data, qualitative metrics, longevity of records, and simultaneous multiwatershed analyses has limited the efficacy of hysteresis as a sediment management tool. This two year study utilizes a quantitative hysteresis index from high-resolution suspended sediment and discharge data to assess fluctuations in sediment source location, delivery mechanisms and export efficiency in three intensively farmed watersheds during events over time. Flow-weighted event sediment export was further considered using multivariate techniques to delineate rainfall, stream hydrology, and antecedent moisture controls on sediment origins. Watersheds with low permeability (moderately- or poorly drained soils) with good surface hydrological connectivity, therefore, had contrasting hysteresis due to source location (hillslope versus channel bank). The well-drained watershed with reduced connectivity exported less sediment but, when watershed connectivity was established, the largest event sediment load of all watersheds occurred. Event sediment export was elevated in arable watersheds when low groundcover was coupled with high connectivity, whereas in the grassland watershed, export was attributed to wetter weather only. Hysteresis analysis successfully indicated contrasting seasonality, connectivity and source availability and is a useful tool to identify watershed specific sediment management practices.

  13. Modeling study of air pollution due to the manufacture of export goods in China's Pearl River Delta.

    PubMed

    Streets, David G; Yu, Carolyne; Bergin, Michael H; Wang, Xuemei; Carmichael, Gregory R

    2006-04-01

    The Pearl River Delta is a major manufacturing region on the south coast of China that produces more than dollar 100 billion of goods annually for export to North America, Europe, and other parts of Asia. Considerable air pollution is caused by the manufacturing industries themselves and by the power plants, trucks, and ships that support them. We estimate that 10-40% of emissions of primary SO2, NO(x), RSP, and VOC in the region are caused by export-related activities. Using the STEM-2K1 atmospheric transport model, we estimate that these emissions contribute 5-30% of the ambient concentrations of SO2, NO(x), NO(z), and VOC in the region. One reason that the exported goods are cheap and therefore attractive to consumers in developed countries is that emission controls are lacking or of low performance. We estimate that state-of-the-art controls could be installed at an annualized cost of dollar 0.3-3 billion, representing 0.3-3% of the value of the goods produced. We conclude that mitigation measures could be adopted without seriously affecting the prices of exported goods and would achieve considerable human health and other benefits in the form of reduced air pollutant concentrations in densely populated urban areas.

  14. Mesoscale Effects on Carbon Export: A Global Perspective

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Harrison, Cheryl S.; Long, Matthew C.; Lovenduski, Nicole S.; Moore, Jefferson K.

    2018-04-01

    Carbon export from the surface to the deep ocean is a primary control on global carbon budgets and is mediated by plankton that are sensitive to physical forcing. Earth system models generally do not resolve ocean mesoscale circulation (O(10-100) km), scales that strongly affect transport of nutrients and plankton. The role of mesoscale circulation in modulating export is evaluated by comparing global ocean simulations conducted at 1° and 0.1° horizontal resolution. Mesoscale resolution produces a small reduction in globally integrated export production (<2%) however, the impact on local export production can be large (±50%), with compensating effects in different ocean basins. With mesoscale resolution, improved representation of coastal jets block off-shelf transport, leading to lower export in regions where shelf-derived nutrients fuel production. Export is further reduced in these regions by resolution of mesoscale turbulence, which restricts the spatial area of production. Maximum mixed layer depths are narrower and deeper across the Subantarctic at higher resolution, driving locally stronger nutrient entrainment and enhanced summer export production. In energetic regions with seasonal blooms, such as the Subantarctic and North Pacific, internally generated mesoscale variability drives substantial interannual variation in local export production. These results suggest that biogeochemical tracer dynamics show different sensitivities to transport biases than temperature and salinity, which should be considered in the formulation and validation of physical parameterizations. Efforts to compare estimates of export production from observations and models should account for large variability in space and time expected for regions strongly affected by mesoscale circulation.

  15. 3D-Printed Patient-Specific ACL Femoral Tunnel Guide from MRI.

    PubMed

    Rankin, Iain; Rehman, Haroon; Frame, Mark

    2018-01-01

    Traditional ACL reconstruction with non-anatomic techniques can demonstrate unsatisfactory long-term outcomes with regards instability and the degenerative knee changes observed with these results. Anatomic ACL reconstruction attempts to closely reproduce the patient's individual anatomic characteristics with the aim of restoring knee kinematics, in order to improve patient short and long-term outcomes. We designed an arthroscopic, patient-specific, ACL femoral tunnel guide to aid anatomical placement of the ACL graft within the femoral tunnel. The guide design was based on MRI scan of the subject's uninjured contralateral knee, identifying the femoral footprint and its anatomical position relative to the borders of the femoral articular cartilage. Image processing software was used to create a 3D computer aided design which was subsequently exported to a 3D-printing service. Transparent acrylic based photopolymer, PA220 plastic and 316L stainless steel patient-specific ACL femoral tunnel guides were created; the models produced were accurate with no statistical difference in size and positioning of the center of the ACL femoral footprint guide to MRI ( p =0.344, p =0.189, p =0.233 respectively). The guides aim to provide accurate marking of the starting point of the femoral tunnel in arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. This study serves as a proof of concept for the accurate creation of 3D-printed patient-specific guides for the anatomical placement of the femoral tunnel during ACL reconstruction.

  16. quantGenius: implementation of a decision support system for qPCR-based gene quantification.

    PubMed

    Baebler, Špela; Svalina, Miha; Petek, Marko; Stare, Katja; Rotter, Ana; Pompe-Novak, Maruša; Gruden, Kristina

    2017-05-25

    Quantitative molecular biology remains a challenge for researchers due to inconsistent approaches for control of errors in the final results. Due to several factors that can influence the final result, quantitative analysis and interpretation of qPCR data are still not trivial. Together with the development of high-throughput qPCR platforms, there is a need for a tool allowing for robust, reliable and fast nucleic acid quantification. We have developed "quantGenius" ( http://quantgenius.nib.si ), an open-access web application for a reliable qPCR-based quantification of nucleic acids. The quantGenius workflow interactively guides the user through data import, quality control (QC) and calculation steps. The input is machine- and chemistry-independent. Quantification is performed using the standard curve approach, with normalization to one or several reference genes. The special feature of the application is the implementation of user-guided QC-based decision support system, based on qPCR standards, that takes into account pipetting errors, assay amplification efficiencies, limits of detection and quantification of the assays as well as the control of PCR inhibition in individual samples. The intermediate calculations and final results are exportable in a data matrix suitable for further statistical analysis or visualization. We additionally compare the most important features of quantGenius with similar advanced software tools and illustrate the importance of proper QC system in the analysis of qPCR data in two use cases. To our knowledge, quantGenius is the only qPCR data analysis tool that integrates QC-based decision support and will help scientists to obtain reliable results which are the basis for biologically meaningful data interpretation.

  17. Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein Promotes Efficient Nuclear Export of Unspliced Viral M1 mRNA.

    PubMed

    Pereira, Carina F; Read, Eliot K C; Wise, Helen M; Amorim, Maria J; Digard, Paul

    2017-08-01

    Influenza A virus mRNAs are transcribed by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in the cell nucleus before being exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Segment 7 produces two major transcripts: an unspliced mRNA that encodes the M1 matrix protein and a spliced transcript that encodes the M2 ion channel. Export of both mRNAs is dependent on the cellular NXF1/TAP pathway, but it is unclear how they are recruited to the export machinery or how the intron-containing but unspliced M1 mRNA bypasses the normal quality-control checkpoints. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization to monitor segment 7 mRNA localization, we found that cytoplasmic accumulation of unspliced M1 mRNA was inefficient in the absence of NS1, both in the context of segment 7 RNPs reconstituted by plasmid transfection and in mutant virus-infected cells. This effect was independent of any major effect on steady-state levels of segment 7 mRNA or splicing but corresponded to a ∼5-fold reduction in the accumulation of M1. A similar defect in intronless hemagglutinin (HA) mRNA nuclear export was seen with an NS1 mutant virus. Efficient export of M1 mRNA required both an intact NS1 RNA-binding domain and effector domain. Furthermore, while wild-type NS1 interacted with cellular NXF1 and also increased the interaction of segment 7 mRNA with NXF1, mutant NS1 polypeptides unable to promote mRNA export did neither. Thus, we propose that NS1 facilitates late viral gene expression by acting as an adaptor between viral mRNAs and the cellular nuclear export machinery to promote their nuclear export. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus is a major pathogen of a wide variety of mammalian and avian species that threatens public health and food security. A fuller understanding of the virus life cycle is important to aid control strategies. The virus has a small genome that encodes relatively few proteins that are often multifunctional. Here, we characterize a new function for the NS1 protein, showing that, as well as previously identified roles in antagonizing the innate immune defenses of the cell and directly upregulating translation of viral mRNAs, it also promotes the nuclear export of the viral late gene mRNAs by acting as an adaptor between the viral mRNAs and the cellular mRNA nuclear export machinery. Copyright © 2017 Pereira et al.

  18. Water-controlled wealth of nations.

    PubMed

    Suweis, Samir; Rinaldo, Andrea; Maritan, Amos; D'Odorico, Paolo

    2013-03-12

    Population growth is in general constrained by food production, which in turn depends on the access to water resources. At a country level, some populations use more water than they control because of their ability to import food and the virtual water required for its production. Here, we investigate the dependence of demographic growth on available water resources for exporting and importing nations. By quantifying the carrying capacity of nations on the basis of calculations of the virtual water available through the food trade network, we point to the existence of a global water unbalance. We suggest that current export rates will not be maintained and consequently we question the long-term sustainability of the food trade system as a whole. Water-rich regions are likely to soon reduce the amount of virtual water they export, thus leaving import-dependent regions without enough water to sustain their populations. We also investigate the potential impact of possible scenarios that might mitigate these effects through (i) cooperative interactions among nations whereby water-rich countries maintain a tiny fraction of their food production available for export, (ii) changes in consumption patterns, and (iii) a positive feedback between demographic growth and technological innovations. We find that these strategies may indeed reduce the vulnerability of water-controlled societies.

  19. 19 CFR 10.248 - Additional requirements for preferential treatment of brassieres.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... the port of exportation; (C) In the case of fabric components purchased by the producer or entity... expenses for cutting or other processing to create the fabric components other than knitting to shape, that... shape, that the producer or entity controlling production can verify; or (2) If no exportation to an...

  20. 19 CFR 10.228 - Additional requirements for preferential treatment of brassieres.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... the port of exportation; (C) In the case of fabric components purchased by the producer or entity... expenses for cutting or other processing to create the fabric components other than knitting to shape, that... shape, that the producer or entity controlling production can verify; or (2) If no exportation to a...

  1. 19 CFR 10.228 - Additional requirements for preferential treatment of brassieres.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... the port of exportation; (C) In the case of fabric components purchased by the producer or entity... expenses for cutting or other processing to create the fabric components other than knitting to shape, that... shape, that the producer or entity controlling production can verify; or (2) If no exportation to a...

  2. 19 CFR 10.248 - Additional requirements for preferential treatment of brassieres.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... the port of exportation; (C) In the case of fabric components purchased by the producer or entity... expenses for cutting or other processing to create the fabric components other than knitting to shape, that... shape, that the producer or entity controlling production can verify; or (2) If no exportation to an...

  3. 75 FR 56052 - Action Affecting Export Privileges; Mahan Airways and Gatewick LLC

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-15

    .... On August 13, 2010, BIS, through its Office of Export Enforcement (``OEE''), filed a written request.... The TDO and BIS's Request for Renewal OEE's request for renewal is based upon the facts underlying the... the aircraft. OEE's evidence indicates that Aircraft 1-3 remain in Mahan Airways' possession, control...

  4. 75 FR 36511 - Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations Based Upon a Systematic Review of the Commerce...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-28

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Bureau of Industry and Security 15 CFR Parts 734, 738, 740, 742, 772, and... Based Upon a Systematic Review of the Commerce Control List: Additional Changes AGENCY: Bureau of Industry and Security, Commerce. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: This rule amends the Export Administration...

  5. 10 CFR 110.46 - Conduct resulting in termination of nuclear exports.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL Review of License Applications § 110.46 Conduct resulting in termination of nuclear... technology to the sovereign control of a non-nuclear weapon state, except in connection with an international... 10 Energy 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Conduct resulting in termination of nuclear exports. 110...

  6. 10 CFR 110.46 - Conduct resulting in termination of nuclear exports.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL Review of License Applications § 110.46 Conduct resulting in termination of nuclear... technology to the sovereign control of a non-nuclear weapon state, except in connection with an international... 10 Energy 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Conduct resulting in termination of nuclear exports. 110...

  7. 78 FR 56857 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-16

    ...: Export Health Certificate For Animal Products. OMB Control Number: 0579-0256. Summary of Collection: The... animal products, is a major business in the United States and contributes to a favorable balance of trade. To facilitate the export of U.S. animals and products, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and...

  8. 31 CFR 537.202 - Prohibited exportation or reexportation of financial services to Burma.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Prohibited exportation or reexportation of financial services to Burma. 537.202 Section 537.202 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY...

  9. 31 CFR 538.205 - Prohibited exportation and reexportation of goods, technology, or services to Sudan.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Prohibited exportation and reexportation of goods, technology, or services to Sudan. 538.205 Section 538.205 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE...

  10. 75 FR 53328 - Proposed Information Collection; OMB Control Number 1018-0093; Federal Fish and Wildlife License...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-31

    ...; hunters; taxidermists; commercial importers/exporters of wildlife and plants; freight forwarders/brokers...). 3-200-33/Export of Artificially 20 303 2 hours 606 Propagated Plants (Multiple Commercial Shipments...-200-65/Registration of 2 2 40 hours 80 Appendix-I Commercial Breeding Operations (CITES). 3-200-66...

  11. 21 CFR 1312.25 - Expiration date.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Expiration date. 1312.25 Section 1312.25 Food and... SUBSTANCES Exportation of Controlled Substances § 1312.25 Expiration date. An export permit shall not be valid after the date specified therein, which date shall conform to the expiration date specified in the...

  12. 21 CFR 1312.25 - Expiration date.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Expiration date. 1312.25 Section 1312.25 Food and... SUBSTANCES Exportation of Controlled Substances § 1312.25 Expiration date. An export permit shall not be valid after the date specified therein, which date shall conform to the expiration date specified in the...

  13. 22 CFR 120.27 - U.S. criminal statutes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false U.S. criminal statutes. 120.27 Section 120.27 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS REGULATIONS PURPOSE AND DEFINITIONS... means: (1) Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778); (2) Section 11 of the Export...

  14. 22 CFR 120.27 - U.S. criminal statutes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false U.S. criminal statutes. 120.27 Section 120.27 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS REGULATIONS PURPOSE AND DEFINITIONS... means: (1) Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778); (2) Section 11 of the Export...

  15. 22 CFR 120.27 - U.S. criminal statutes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false U.S. criminal statutes. 120.27 Section 120.27 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS REGULATIONS PURPOSE AND DEFINITIONS... means: (1) Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778); (2) Section 11 of the Export...

  16. 48 CFR 1825.1103-70 - Export control.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... State or the Department of Commerce when it exports hardware, technical data, or software, or provides technical assistance to a foreign destination or “foreign person”, as defined in 22 CFR 120.16, and there... exemption at 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3) may only be used when technical data (including software) is exchanged with...

  17. 48 CFR 1825.1103-70 - Export control.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... State or the Department of Commerce when it exports hardware, technical data, or software, or provides technical assistance to a foreign destination or “foreign person”, as defined in 22 CFR 120.16, and there... exemption at 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3) may only be used when technical data (including software) is exchanged with...

  18. 48 CFR 1825.1103-70 - Export control.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... State or the Department of Commerce when it exports hardware, technical data, or software, or provides technical assistance to a foreign destination or “foreign person”, as defined in 22 CFR 120.16, and there... exemption at 22 CFR 125.4(b)(3) may only be used when technical data (including software) is exchanged with...

  19. 75 FR 14335 - Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations To Enhance U.S. Homeland Security: Addition of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-25

    ... identified by an interagency working group that is reviewing export control issues related to homeland security. The interagency working group is made up of representatives from the Departments of Commerce, Defense, Homeland Security and State. The purpose of the interagency working group is to ensure that...

  20. 76 FR 66685 - President's Export Council Subcommittee on Export Administration; Notice of Open Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-27

    ... public. 4. Review of Deliverables for the PEC. 5. Discussion of 2012 Workplan. 6. Subcommittee Breakout... which the United States has diplomatic or trading relations and of controlling trade for national....gov , no later than, November 7, 2011. A limited number of seats will be available for the public...

  1. 77 FR 8807 - President's Export Council, Subcommittee on Export Administration; Notice of Open Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-15

    ... diplomatic or trading relations and of controlling trade for national security and foreign policy reasons.... Welcome and remarks by Chairman and Vice Chair. 2. Presentation of Papers or Comments by the Public. 3. Review of Field Hearing. 4. Discussion/Status of 2012 Workplan. 5. Subcommittee Breakout Sessions. 6...

  2. 7 CFR 1488.12 - Coverage of bank obligations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales... be confirmed by an agency bank when determined by the President or Vice President, CCC after consultation with the Controller, CCC, to be in the interest of CCC. (c) A U.S. bank must confirm the full...

  3. 7 CFR 1488.12 - Coverage of bank obligations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales... be confirmed by an agency bank when determined by the President or Vice President, CCC after consultation with the Controller, CCC, to be in the interest of CCC. (c) A U.S. bank must confirm the full...

  4. 22 CFR 124.14 - Exports to warehouses or distribution points outside the United States.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Exports to warehouses or distribution points... to warehouses or distribution points outside the United States. (a) Agreements. Agreements (e.g... military nomenclature, the Federal stock number, nameplate data, and any control numbers under which the...

  5. Soluble components of the flagellar export apparatus, FliI, FliJ, and FliH, do not deliver flagellin, the major filament protein, from the cytosol to the export gate.

    PubMed

    Sajó, Ráchel; Liliom, Károly; Muskotál, Adél; Klein, Agnes; Závodszky, Péter; Vonderviszt, Ferenc; Dobó, József

    2014-11-01

    Flagella, the locomotion organelles of bacteria, extend from the cytoplasm to the cell exterior. External flagellar proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and exported by the flagellar type III secretion system. Soluble components of the flagellar export apparatus, FliI, FliH, and FliJ, have been implicated to carry late export substrates in complex with their cognate chaperones from the cytoplasm to the export gate. The importance of the soluble components in the delivery of the three minor late substrates FlgK, FlgL (hook-filament junction) and FliD (filament-cap) has been convincingly demonstrated, but their role in the transport of the major filament component flagellin (FliC) is still unclear. We have used continuous ATPase activity measurements and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) studies to characterize interactions between the soluble export components and flagellin or the FliC:FliS substrate-chaperone complex. As controls, interactions between soluble export component pairs were characterized providing Kd values. FliC or FliC:FliS did not influence the ATPase activity of FliI alone or in complex with FliH and/or FliJ suggesting lack of interaction in solution. Immobilized FliI, FliH, or FliJ did not interact with FliC or FliC:FliS detected by QCM. The lack of interaction in the fluid phase between FliC or FliC:FliS and the soluble export components, in particular with the ATPase FliI, suggests that cells use different mechanisms for the export of late minor substrates, and the major substrate, FliC. It seems that the abundantly produced flagellin does not require the assistance of the soluble export components to efficiently reach the export gate. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  6. Export Control Requirements for Tritium Processing Design and R&D

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hollis, William Kirk; Maynard, Sarah-Jane Wadsworth

    This document will address requirements of export control associated with tritium plant design and processes. Los Alamos National Laboratory has been working in the area of tritium plant system design and research and development (R&D) since the early 1970’s at the Tritium Systems Test Assembly (TSTA). This work has continued to the current date with projects associated with the ITER project and other Office of Science Fusion Energy Science (OS-FES) funded programs. ITER is currently the highest funding area for the DOE OS-FES. Although export control issues have been integrated into these projects in the past a general guidance documentmore » has not been available for reference in this area. To address concerns with currently funded tritium plant programs and assist future projects for FES, this document will identify the key reference documents and specific sections within related to tritium research. Guidance as to the application of these sections will be discussed with specific detail to publications and work with foreign nationals.« less

  7. Biological and physical controls in the Southern Ocean on past millennial-scale atmospheric CO2 changes.

    PubMed

    Gottschalk, Julia; Skinner, Luke C; Lippold, Jörg; Vogel, Hendrik; Frank, Norbert; Jaccard, Samuel L; Waelbroeck, Claire

    2016-05-17

    Millennial-scale climate changes during the last glacial period and deglaciation were accompanied by rapid changes in atmospheric CO2 that remain unexplained. While the role of the Southern Ocean as a 'control valve' on ocean-atmosphere CO2 exchange has been emphasized, the exact nature of this role, in particular the relative contributions of physical (for example, ocean dynamics and air-sea gas exchange) versus biological processes (for example, export productivity), remains poorly constrained. Here we combine reconstructions of bottom-water [O2], export production and (14)C ventilation ages in the sub-Antarctic Atlantic, and show that atmospheric CO2 pulses during the last glacial- and deglacial periods were consistently accompanied by decreases in the biological export of carbon and increases in deep-ocean ventilation via southern-sourced water masses. These findings demonstrate how the Southern Ocean's 'organic carbon pump' has exerted a tight control on atmospheric CO2, and thus global climate, specifically via a synergy of both physical and biological processes.

  8. Biological and physical controls in the Southern Ocean on past millennial-scale atmospheric CO2 changes

    PubMed Central

    Gottschalk, Julia; Skinner, Luke C.; Lippold, Jörg; Vogel, Hendrik; Frank, Norbert; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Waelbroeck, Claire

    2016-01-01

    Millennial-scale climate changes during the last glacial period and deglaciation were accompanied by rapid changes in atmospheric CO2 that remain unexplained. While the role of the Southern Ocean as a 'control valve' on ocean–atmosphere CO2 exchange has been emphasized, the exact nature of this role, in particular the relative contributions of physical (for example, ocean dynamics and air–sea gas exchange) versus biological processes (for example, export productivity), remains poorly constrained. Here we combine reconstructions of bottom-water [O2], export production and 14C ventilation ages in the sub-Antarctic Atlantic, and show that atmospheric CO2 pulses during the last glacial- and deglacial periods were consistently accompanied by decreases in the biological export of carbon and increases in deep-ocean ventilation via southern-sourced water masses. These findings demonstrate how the Southern Ocean's 'organic carbon pump' has exerted a tight control on atmospheric CO2, and thus global climate, specifically via a synergy of both physical and biological processes. PMID:27187527

  9. Export Control Requirements for Tritium Processing Design and R&D

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hollis, William Kirk; Maynard, Sarah-Jane Wadsworth

    2015-10-30

    This document will address requirements of export control associated with tritium plant design and processes. Los Alamos National Laboratory has been working in the area of tritium plant system design and research and development (R&D) since the early 1970’s at the Tritium Systems Test Assembly (TSTA). This work has continued to the current date with projects associated with the ITER project and other Office of Science Fusion Energy Science (OS-FES) funded programs. ITER is currently the highest funding area for the DOE OS-FES. Although export control issues have been integrated into these projects in the past a general guidance documentmore » has not been available for reference in this area. To address concerns with currently funded tritium plant programs and assist future projects for FES, this document will identify the key reference documents and specific sections within related to tritium research. Guidance as to the application of these sections will be discussed with specific detail to publications and work with foreign nationals.« less

  10. HyperPASS, a New Aeroassist Tool

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gates, Kristin; McRonald, Angus; Nock, Kerry

    2005-01-01

    A new software tool designed to perform aeroassist studies has been developed by Global Aerospace Corporation (GAC). The Hypersonic Planetary Aeroassist Simulation System (HyperPASS) [1] enables users to perform guided aerocapture, guided ballute aerocapture, aerobraking, orbit decay, or unguided entry simulations at any of six target bodies (Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Titan, or Neptune). HyperPASS is currently being used for trade studies to investigate (1) aerocapture performance with alternate aeroshell types, varying flight path angle and entry velocity, different gload and heating limits, and angle of attack and angle of bank variations; (2) variable, attached ballute geometry; (3) railgun launched projectile trajectories, and (4) preliminary orbit decay evolution. After completing a simulation, there are numerous visualization options in which data can be plotted, saved, or exported to various formats. Several analysis examples will be described.

  11. Globalization Theory: Lessons from the Exportation of McDonaldization and the New Means of Consumption

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ritzer, George; Malone, Elizabeth L.; Ritzer, George

    2001-07-30

    McDonaldization and the exportation of the new means of consumption tend to support the view that in at least some sectors the world is growing more homogeneous than heterogeneous. Against those globalization theorists who tend to focus on the importance of the local and therefore on heterogeneity, the study of McDonaldization and the new means of consumption emphasizes transnational issues and uniformity throughout the world. Fast-food restaurants do adapt to local markets, but the basic procedures of operation and marketing remain the same across a wide range of international settings. This is true even of indigenous versions. The uniformity ismore » exported by transnational corporations, with nation-states less and less able to control or restrict such exports.« less

  12. Globalization Theory: Lessons from the Exportation of McDonaldization and the New Means of Consumption

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ritzer, George; Malone, Elizabeth L.

    2000-07-31

    McDonaldization and the exportation of the new means of consumption tend to support the view that in at least some sectors the world is growing more homogeneous than heterogeneous. Against those globalization theorists who tend to focus on the importance of the local and therefore on heterogeneity, the study of McDonaldization and the new means of consumption emphasizes transnational issues and uniformity throughout the world. Fast-food restaurants do adapt to local markets, but the basic procedures of operation and marketing remain the same across a wide range of international settings. This is true even of indigenous versions. The uniformity ismore » exported by transnational corporations, with nation-states less and less able to control or restrict such exports.« less

  13. AKT3 controls mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy via regulation of the major nuclear export protein CRM-1.

    PubMed

    Corum, Daniel G; Tsichlis, Philip N; Muise-Helmericks, Robin C

    2014-01-01

    Our previous work has shown that Akt3 is required for mitochondrial biogenesis in primary human endothelial cells (ECs) and in Akt3-null mice; Akt3 affects subcellular localization of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1α), the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. The purpose of this study is to determine the mechanism by which Akt3 controls the subcellular distribution of PGC-1α and to explore the effect on mitochondrial biogenesis and turnover during angiogenesis. Here we use standard biochemical analyses and Akt3-knockdown strategies to show that Akt3 controls the stabilization of chromosome maintenance region-1 (CRM-1), the major nuclear export receptor. Site-directed mutagenesis and association analyses show that PGC-1α nuclear export is CRM-1 dependent. Akt3 knockdown and CRM-1 overexpression cause 3-fold reductions in PGC-1α target gene expression, compared to control levels. Akt3 inhibition causes autophagy, as measured by autophagosome formation, in a CRM-1-dependent, Akt1/mTOR-independent pathway. In vivo, Akt3-null and heterozygous mice show dose-dependent decreases in angiogenesis compared to wild-type littermates (~5- and 2.5-fold decreases, respectively), as assessed by Matrigel plug assays. This correlates with an ~1.5-fold decrease in mitochondrial Cox IV expression. Our studies suggest that Akt3 is a regulator of mitochondrial dynamics in the vasculature via regulation of CRM-1-dependent nuclear export.

  14. Landscape controls on dissolved organic carbon export from watersheds of the British Columbia outer-coast

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Giesbrecht, I.; Tank, S. E.; Frazer, G. W.; Gonzalez Arriola, S.; Korver, M.; Floyd, B. C.; Oliver, A. A.; Lertzman, K. P.

    2016-12-01

    Global models suggest that the Pacific Coastal Temperate Rainforest of North America (PCTR) exports significant quantities of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the coastal ocean. This aquatic flux from land to sea has implications for marine ecosystems and regional carbon budgets. However, DOC concentrations and flux estimates vary substantially across watersheds and drivers of spatial variation are poorly described for this region. For an outer-coast area of the PCTR, with among the highest per unit area DOC yields in the world (Oliver et al. in prep.), we describe and model landscape controls on DOC exports to the coastal ocean. In 2015 we collected three rounds of synoptic samples on Calvert Island, observing a nine-fold variation in DOC concentration (3.8 - 34.3 mg/L) across 59 watersheds that range in size from 0.26 to 21.12 km2 and reach a maximum elevation of 1012 m. We use standard ecosystem maps (Province of BC), LiDAR and other remote sensing data to measure watershed attributes. We use freshwater cation concentrations to explore geochemical signals of bedrock and surficial deposits that may be poorly represented by available geospatial data. We examine the role of topography, climate, waterbodies, geology and the local ecosystem mosaic in controlling DOC concentration and flux. An improved model of spatial controls on freshwater DOC export from the outer-coast of the PCTR will inform regional carbon modeling efforts and enhance our understanding of ecosystem processes at the coastal margin.

  15. 19 CFR 12.152 - Prohibitions and conditions on the importation and exportation of rough diamonds.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... exportation of rough diamonds. 12.152 Section 12.152 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION... rough diamonds. (a) General. The Clean Diamond Trade Act (Pub. L. 108-19) requires the President... States, of any rough diamond, from whatever source, that has not been controlled through the Kimberley...

  16. 40 CFR 707.70 - EPA notice to foreign governments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false EPA notice to foreign governments. 707... SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT CHEMICAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS Notices of Export Under Section 12(b) § 707.70 EPA notice to foreign governments. (a)(1) Notice by EPA to the importing country shall be sent no later than 5...

  17. 40 CFR 707.70 - EPA notice to foreign governments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false EPA notice to foreign governments. 707... SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT CHEMICAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS Notices of Export Under Section 12(b) § 707.70 EPA notice to foreign governments. (a)(1) Notice by EPA to the importing country shall be sent no later than 5...

  18. 26 CFR 1.927(a)-1T - Temporary regulations; definition of export property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... as commission agent, to another FSC which is a member of the same controlled group (as defined in... customers generally would not constitute services and would be export property if the requirements of this... manufactured or produced, as defined in § 1.954-3(a)(4). For purposes of this section, however, in determining...

  19. 9 CFR 327.2 - Eligibility of foreign countries for importation of products into the United States.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... regulations governing meat inspection of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Control numbers Name Address Date... country, with respect to establishments preparing products in such country for export to the United States... establishments throughout the system at which products are prepared for export to the United States; (B) Ultimate...

  20. 9 CFR 327.2 - Eligibility of foreign countries for importation of products into the United States.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... regulations governing meat inspection of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Control numbers Name Address Date... country, with respect to establishments preparing products in such country for export to the United States... establishments throughout the system at which products are prepared for export to the United States; (B) Ultimate...

  1. US seeks to lift export ban on satellite technology

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gwynne, Peter

    2009-05-01

    The US House of Representatives began hearings last month with the aim of reducing export controls on commercial satellite technology. Fulfilling a campaign promise, the Obama administration is encouraging Congress to amend a decade old law that defines commercial satellites as weapons. The amendment would allow US satellite firms to increase sales abroad, particularly to China.

  2. 9 CFR 327.2 - Eligibility of foreign countries for importation of products into the United States.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... regulations governing meat inspection of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Control numbers Name Address Date... country, with respect to establishments preparing products in such country for export to the United States... establishments throughout the system at which products are prepared for export to the United States; (B) Ultimate...

  3. 9 CFR 327.2 - Eligibility of foreign countries for importation of products into the United States.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... regulations governing meat inspection of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Control numbers Name Address Date... country, with respect to establishments preparing products in such country for export to the United States... establishments throughout the system at which products are prepared for export to the United States; (B) Ultimate...

  4. 10 CFR Appendix A to Part 110 - Illustrative List of Nuclear Reactor Equipment Under NRC Export Licensing Authority

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Illustrative List of Nuclear Reactor Equipment Under NRC... List of Nuclear Reactor Equipment Under NRC Export Licensing Authority Note—A nuclear reactor basically includes the items within or attached directly to the reactor vessel, the equipment which controls the...

  5. 10 CFR Appendix A to Part 110 - Illustrative List of Nuclear Reactor Equipment Under NRC Export Licensing Authority

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Illustrative List of Nuclear Reactor Equipment Under NRC... List of Nuclear Reactor Equipment Under NRC Export Licensing Authority Note—A nuclear reactor basically includes the items within or attached directly to the reactor vessel, the equipment which controls the...

  6. 77 FR 22191 - Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR): Export Control Classification Number...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-13

    ... for one year following the date of Federal Register publication, unless the item is re-classified... two one-year periods to provide time for the U.S. Government and multilateral regime(s) to reach... for no more than two one-year extensions provided that the Departments of Commerce, State and Defense...

  7. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Supplement to IUCN Bulletin, 1973

    1973-01-01

    Concern for the endangered species of wild animals and plants of the world prompted the drafting of this international convention regulating the import, export, and re-export of such species. Nations signing this document are required to impose strict controls on the international trade of these plants and animals or their recognizable parts. The…

  8. 76 FR 22339 - Effectiveness of Licensing Procedures for Exportation of Agricultural Commodities, Medicine, and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-21

    ... Sudan and Iran; Comment Request AGENCY: Office of Foreign Assets Control, Treasury. ACTION: Request for... exportation of agricultural commodities, medicine, and medical devices to Sudan and Iran. Pursuant to section... commodities, medicine, and medical devices to Sudan and Iran are set forth in 31 CFR 538.523-526 and 31 CFR...

  9. The Changing Hardwood Export Market and Research to Keep the U.S. Competitive

    Treesearch

    Philip A. Araman

    1988-01-01

    Primary hardwood processors face many interrelated market, product, processing, and resource problems generated by the increasing export market. In processing, yields and quality must be increased and costs must be reduced to stay competitive. Computer-aided and computer-controlled automated processing is also needed. The industry needs to keep its products competitive...

  10. 78 FR 42753 - Materials Technical Advisory Committee; Notice of Partially Closed Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-17

    ... BIS senior management and export control reform update including the proposed Routed Export....'' 4. Report of Composite Working Group and discussion on (1) feasibility of universal test for modulus... values for 1C008-10,1C210, and 1C990. 5. Report of Biological and Pump/Valves Working Group. 6. Report on...

  11. 9 CFR 92.2 - Application for recognition of the animal health status of a region.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Administrator, c/o National Center for Import and Export, VS, APHIS, 4700 River Road Unit 38, Riverdale, MD... the Director, Sanitary Trade Issues Team, National Center for Import and Export, VS, APHIS, 4700 River Road Unit 38, Riverdale, MD 20737. (1) Scope of the evaluation being requested. (2) Veterinary control...

  12. 76 FR 4292 - Certain Frozen Fish Fillets From the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Preliminary Results of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-01-25

    ... manufacturing priorities, and (3) there is a significant potential for manipulation of price or production. See... that there is a significant potential for the manipulation of price or production; (2) the level of... control over exports is based on whether the respondent: (1) Sets its own export prices independent of the...

  13. 31 CFR 515.530 - Exportation of powers of attorney or instructions relating to certain types of transactions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Exportation of powers of attorney or instructions relating to certain types of transactions. 515.530 Section 515.530 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE...

  14. 31 CFR 515.530 - Exportation of powers of attorney or instructions relating to certain types of transactions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Exportation of powers of attorney or instructions relating to certain types of transactions. 515.530 Section 515.530 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE...

  15. 31 CFR 515.530 - Exportation of powers of attorney or instructions relating to certain types of transactions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Exportation of powers of attorney or instructions relating to certain types of transactions. 515.530 Section 515.530 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE...

  16. 31 CFR 515.530 - Exportation of powers of attorney or instructions relating to certain types of transactions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Exportation of powers of attorney or instructions relating to certain types of transactions. 515.530 Section 515.530 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE...

  17. 22 CFR 123.24 - Shipments by U.S. Postal Service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... subchapter by clearly marking on the package “This export is subject to the controls of the ITAR, 22 CFR... any technical data using a license in this subchapter by the U.S. Postal Service must be notified... or exemption, must certify, by clearly marking on the package, “This export is subject to the...

  18. 22 CFR 123.24 - Shipments by U.S. Postal Service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... subchapter by clearly marking on the package “This export is subject to the controls of the ITAR, 22 CFR... any technical data using a license in this subchapter by the U.S. Postal Service must be notified... or exemption, must certify, by clearly marking on the package, “This export is subject to the...

  19. 22 CFR 123.24 - Shipments by U.S. Postal Service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... subchapter by clearly marking on the package “This export is subject to the controls of the ITAR, 22 CFR... any technical data using a license in this subchapter by the U.S. Postal Service must be notified... or exemption, must certify, by clearly marking on the package, “This export is subject to the...

  20. 22 CFR 123.24 - Shipments by U.S. Postal Service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... subchapter by clearly marking on the package “This export is subject to the controls of the ITAR, 22 CFR... any technical data using a license in this subchapter by the U.S. Postal Service must be notified... or exemption, must certify, by clearly marking on the package, “This export is subject to the...

  1. 78 FR 22740 - Amendment to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations: Initial Implementation of Export...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-16

    ...As part of the President's Export Control Reform (ECR) effort, the Department of State is amending the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) to revise four U.S Munitions List (USML) categories and provide new definitions and other changes. Additionally, policies and procedures regarding the licensing of items moving from the export jurisdiction of the Department of State to the Department of Commerce are provided. The revisions contained in this rule are part of the Department of State's retrospective plan under E.O. 13563 completed on August 17, 2011.

  2. Amounts, isotopic character and ages of organic and inorganic carbon exported from rivers to ocean margins: Assessment of natural and anthropogenic controls

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bauer, J. E.; Hossler, K.

    2012-12-01

    Riverine exports of carbon (C) and organic matter (OM) are regulated by a variety of natural and anthropogenic factors. Understanding the relationships between these various factors and C and OM exports can help to constrain global C budgets, as well allow assessment of current and future anthropogenic impacts on both riverine and global C cycles. We quantified the effects of multiple natural and anthropogenic controls on riverine export fluxes and compositions of particulate organic C (POC), dissolved organic C (DOC), and dissolved inorganic C (DIC) for a regional group of eight rivers in the northeastern U.S. For allochthonous and aged C contributions to POC, DOC and DIC exports, we first estimated fractional contributions from six potential sources for POC and DOC (i.e., modern C3 plant material (C3-OC), modern C4 plant material (C4-OC), modern algal material (algal OC), slow-turnover soil OC (slow SOC; turnover time 25 yr), passive-turnover soil OC (passive SOC; turnover time 5,000 yr) and fossil OC and four potential sources for DIC (i.e., modern atmospheric CO2 exchange, carbonate dissolution, POC remineralization and DOC remineralization) using a novel time-varying isotope mixing model. Using these estimated source contributions, we then estimated the allochthonous proportions of (a) the POC and DOC pools to be the C3-OC, C4-OC, slow SOC, passive SOC, and fossil OC contributions; and (b) the DIC pools to be the dissolved carbonates, remineralized allochthonous POC, and remineralized allochthonous DOC contributions. We considered aged C to be anything older than ˜ 60 yr, which included passive SOC and fossil OC for POC and DOC and dissolved carbonates and aged fractions of remineralized POC and DOC for DIC. Potential controls related to hydrogeomorphology and regional climate, soil order, soil texture, bedrock lithology, land use, and additional anthropogenic factors were analyzed collectively, individually, and at scales of both local and regional influence. Factors related either to hydrogeomorphology and climate or to anthropogenic factors exhibited the strongest impacts on riverine C exports and compositions, particularly at broader regional scales. The effect of hydrogeomorphology and climate was primarily one of size, as larger watersheds with greater discharge exported more total C and terrestrial C. Principal anthropogenic factors included impacts of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and river impoundments. The presence of WWTPs as well as anthropogenic use of carbonate-based materials (e.g., limestone) may have substantially increased riverine C exports, particularly fossil C exports, in the study region. The presence of nuclear power plants in the associated watersheds is also discussed because of the potential for anthropogenic 14C inputs and subsequent biasing of aquatic C studies utilizing natural abundance 14C.

  3. GHGs and air pollutants embodied in China's international trade: Temporal and spatial index decomposition analysis.

    PubMed

    Liu, Zhengyan; Mao, Xianqiang; Song, Peng

    2017-01-01

    Temporal index decomposition analysis and spatial index decomposition analysis were applied to understand the driving forces of the emissions embodied in China's exports and net exports during 2002-2011, respectively. The accumulated emissions embodied in exports accounted for approximately 30% of the total emissions in China; although the contribution of the sectoral total emissions intensity (technique effect) declined, the scale effect was largely responsible for the mounting emissions associated with export, and the composition effect played a largely insignificant role. Calculations of the emissions embodied in net exports suggest that China is generally in an environmentally inferior position compared with its major trade partners. The differences in the economy-wide emission intensities between China and its major trade partners were the biggest contribution to this reality, and the trade balance effect played a less important role. However, a lower degree of specialization in pollution intensive products in exports than in imports helped to reduce slightly the emissions embodied in net exports. The temporal index decomposition analysis results suggest that China should take effective measures to optimize export and supply-side structure and reduce the total emissions intensity. According to spatial index decomposition analysis, it is suggested that a more aggressive import policy was useful for curbing domestic and global emissions, and the transfer of advanced production technologies and emission control technologies from developed to developing countries should be a compulsory global environmental policy option to mitigate the possible leakage of pollution emissions caused by international trade.

  4. The role of hydrology in annual organic carbon loads and terrestrial organic matter export from a midwestern agricultural watershed

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dalzell, Brent J.; Filley, Timothy R.; Harbor, Jon M.

    2007-03-01

    Defining the control that hydrology exerts on organic carbon (OC) export at the watershed scale is important for understanding how the source and quantity of OC in streams and rivers is influenced by climate change or by landscape drainage. To this end, molecular (lignin phenol), stable carbon isotope, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) data were collected over a range of flow conditions to examine the influence of hydrology on annual OC export from an 850 km 2 Midwestern United States agricultural watershed located in west central Indiana. In years 2002 and 2003, modeled annual DOC loads were 19.5 and 14.1 kg ha -1yr -1, while 71% and 85%, respectively, of the total annual OC was exported in flow events occurring during less than 20% of that time. These results highlight the importance of short-duration, high-discharge events (common in smaller watersheds) in controlling annual OC export. Based on reported increases in annual stream discharge coupled with current estimates of DOC export, annual DOC loads in this watershed may have increased by up to 40% over the past 50 years. Molecular (lignin phenol) characterization of quantity and relative degradation state of terrestrial OC shows as much temporal variability of lignin parameters (in high molecular weight dissolved organic carbon) in this one watershed as that demonstrated in previously published studies of dissolved organic matter in the Mississippi and Amazon Rivers. These results suggest that hydrologic variability is at least as important in determining the nature and extent of OC export as geographic variability. Moreover, molecular and bulk stable carbon isotope data from high molecular weight dissolved organic carbon and colloidal organic carbon showed that increased stream flow from the study watershed was responsible for increased export of agriculturally derived OC. When considered in the context of results from other studies that show the importance of flood events and in-stream processing of terrestrial organic carbon, our results show how hydrologic variability in smaller watersheds can reflect landscape-scale carbon dynamics in ways that cannot necessarily be measured at the outlets of large rivers due to multiple source signals and attenuated hydrology.

  5. Impacts of the Doha Round framework agreements on dairy policies.

    PubMed

    Suzuki, N; Kaiser, H M

    2005-05-01

    Dairy is highly regulated in many countries for several reasons. Perishability, seasonal imbalances, and inelastic supply and demand for milk can cause inherent market instability. Milk buyers typically have had more market power than dairy farmers. Comparative production advantages in some countries have led to regulations and policies to protect local dairy farmers by maintaining domestic prices higher than world prices. A worldwide consensus on reduction of border measures for protecting dairy products is unlikely, and dairy will probably be an exception in ongoing World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations. Under the Doha Round framework agreements, countries may name some products such as dairy as "sensitive," thereby excluding them from further reforms. However, new Doha Round framework agreements depart from the current WTO rule and call for product-specific spending caps. Such caps will greatly affect the dairy sector because dairy accounts for much of the aggregate measure of support (AMS) in several countries, including the United States and Canada. Also, the amounts of dairy AMS in several countries may be recalculated relative to an international reference price. In addition, all export subsidies are targeted for elimination in the Doha Round, including export credit programs and state trading enterprises, which will limit options for disposing of surplus dairy products in foreign markets. Currently, with higher domestic prices, measures for cutting or disposing of surpluses have been used in many countries. Supply control, which is not regulated by WTO rules, remains as an option. Although explicit export subsidies are restricted by WTO rules, many countries use esoteric measures to promote dairy exports. If countries agree to eliminate "consumer financed" export subsidies using a theoretical definition and measurements proposed herein as Export Subsidy Equivalents (ESE), dairy exports in many countries may be affected. Although domestic supports and export subsidies will be reduced in the Doha Round, possible exclusion of "sensitive" products from tariff reduction will help some countries' dairy sectors survive after those final agreements. A key concern for those countries will be the simultaneous restriction of surplus-disposing measures. With fewer marketing options for surpluses, countries that continue border protection and high internal prices will likely be forced to use domestic supply control programs in the future.

  6. Comparison of sediment and nutrient export and runoff characteristics from watersheds with centralized versus distributed stormwater management

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Hopkins, Kristina G.; Loperfido, J.V.; Craig, Laura S.; Noe, Gregory; Hogan, Dianna

    2017-01-01

    Stormwater control measures (SCMs) are used to retain stormwater and pollutants. SCMs have traditionally been installed in a centralized manner using detention to mitigate peak flows. Recently, distributed SCM networks that treat runoff near the source have been increasingly utilized. The aim of this study was to evaluate differences among watersheds that vary in SCM arrangement by assessing differences in baseflow nutrient (NOx-N and PO4−) concentrations and fluxes, stormflow export of suspended sediments and particulate phosphorus (PP), and runoff characteristics. A paired watershed approach was used to compare export between 2004 and 2016 from one forested watershed (For-MD), one suburban watershed with centralized SCMs (Cent-MD), and one suburban watershed with distributed SCMs (Dist-MD). Results indicated baseflow nitrate (NOx-N) concentrations typically exceeded 1 mg-N/L in all watersheds and were highest in Dist-MD. Over the last 10 years in Dist-MD, nitrate concentrations in both stream baseflow and in a groundwater well declined as land use shifted from agriculture to suburban. Baseflow nitrate export temporarily increased during the construction phase of SCM development in Dist-MD. This temporary pulse of nitrate may be attributed to the conversion of sediment control facilities to SCMs and increased subsurface flushing as infiltration SCMs came on line. During storm flow, Dist-MD tended to have less runoff and lower maximum specific discharge than Cent-MD for small events (<1.3 cm), but runoff responses became increasingly similar to Cent-MD with increasing precipitation (>1.3 cm). Mass export estimated during paired storm events indicated Dist-MD exported 30% less sediment and 31% more PP than Cent-MD. For large precipitation events, export of sediment and PP was similar among all three watersheds. Results suggest that distributed SCMs can reduce runoff and sediment loads during small rain events compared to centralized SCMs, but these differences become less evident for large events when peak discharge likely leads to substantial bank erosion.

  7. Impact of rainfall patterns and frequency on the export of pesticides and heavy-metals from agricultural soils.

    PubMed

    Meite, Fatima; Alvarez-Zaldívar, Pablo; Crochet, Alexandre; Wiegert, Charline; Payraudeau, Sylvain; Imfeld, Gwenaël

    2018-03-01

    The combined influence of soil characteristics, pollutant aging and rainfall patterns on the export of pollutants from topsoils is poorly understood. We used laboratory experiments and parsimonious modeling to evaluate the impact of rainfall characteristics on the ponding and the leaching of a pollutant mixture from topsoils. The mixture included the fungicide metalaxyl, the herbicide S-metolachlor, as well as copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Four rainfall patterns, which differed in their durations and intensities, were applied twice successively with a 7days interval on each soil type. To evaluate the influence of soil type and aging, experiments included crop and vineyard soils and two stages of pollutant aging (0 and 10days). The global export of pollutants was significantly controlled by the rainfall duration and frequency (P<0.01). During the first rainfall event, the longest and most intense rainfall pattern yielded the largest export of metalaxyl (44.5±21.5% of the initial mass spiked in the soils), S-metolachlor (8.1±3.1%) and Cu (3.1±0.3%). Soil compaction caused by the first rainfall reduced in the second rainfall the leaching of remaining metalaxyl, S-metolachlor, Cu and Zn by 2.4-, 2.9-, 30- and 50-fold, respectively. In contrast, soil characteristics and aging had less influence on pollutant mass export. The soil type significantly influenced the leaching of Zn, while short-term aging impacted Cu leaching. Our results suggest that rainfall characteristics predominantly control export patterns of metalaxyl and S-metolachlor, in particular when the aging period is short. We anticipate our study to be a starting point for more systematic evaluation of the dissolved pollutant ponding/leaching partitioning and the export of pollutant mixtures from different soil types in relation to rainfall patterns. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  8. Precision vineyard management from space - from Bacchus to Eneide

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cheli, Simonetta; Fusco, Luigi; Sandrelli, Stefano

    2005-08-01

    In a highly competitive global market such as the wine business, consistent quality is a must, especially if Europe wants to maintain its position as world leader. It currently accounts for 55% of the world's vine-growing areas, 60% of wine production and 70% of exports. In this very special sector of agriculture, technology and science play fundamental roles in all phases of activity, from the start of the vine-growing season, through the ripening of the grapes, to the bottling of the wine. The quality of the wine produced depends on many parameters, including the soil characteristics in the area, the weather and growth conditions during the season, the ability to monitor and control vine diseases, the degree of maturity of the grapes at harvest time, their grade, colour, organic acis, etc. during fermentation and, finally, the wine production techniques employed. In general, however, European vineyard managers still have little access to technical means or reliable systems to guide them in their decision-making.

  9. 75 FR 76653 - Export Control Modernization: Strategic Trade Authorization License Exception

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-09

    ...); nuclear nonproliferation (NP); regional stability (RS); encryption items (EI); crime control (CC) (but not... weapons (CB); nuclear nonproliferation (NP); regional stability (RS); encryption items (EI); crime control...

  10. Dependent convergence: the importation of technological hazards by semiperipheral countries.

    PubMed

    Siqueira, C E; Levenstein, C

    2000-01-01

    This article complements the substantial body of literature produced over the last three decades on the export of hazards from developed countries to developing countries. After reviewing the central arguments proposed by this literature, the authors add to the debate by focusing on the role of national actors in the importation of these hazards, based on the experience of late 1970s' developments in the petrochemical industry in Brazil. The Brazilian case indicates that social struggles and/or interactions among actors in developing and developed nations determine to what extent hazardous technologies are imported without environmental controls and to what extent their hazardous effects are controlled by these nations. This study suggests that the future development of a more inclusive theory of export-import of hazardous technologies and products should take into account the dialectical relationship established between social actors internal to the exporting and importing countries.

  11. 15 CFR 744.21 - Restrictions on certain military end-uses in the People's Republic of China (PRC).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... PRC without a license if, at the time of the export, reexport, or transfer, you know, meaning either... the license requirements for “600 series” items specified on the Commerce Control List (CCL), you may not export, reexport, or transfer any “600 series” item, including .y items described in a “600 series...

  12. 75 FR 50793 - Bureau of Political-Military Affairs: Directorate of Defense Trade Controls; Notifications to the...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-17

    ... of $25,000,000 or more. The transaction contained in the attached certification involves the export... articles in the amount of $50,000,000 or more. The transaction contained in the attached certification... military equipment abroad and the export of firearms in the amount of $1,000,000 or more. The transaction...

  13. 22 CFR 123.15 - Congressional certification pursuant to Section 36(c) of the Arms Export Control Act.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), or Australia, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, or the Republic of Korea that does not authorize a new sales territory; or (2) A license for export to a country that is a member country of NATO, or Australia, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, or the Republic of Korea...

  14. 76 FR 54734 - Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; Application for Export Trade; Certificate of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-02

    ... private suits, by limiting liability in private actions to actual damages when the challenged activities are covered by an Export Trade Certificate of Review. II. Method of Collection The form is sent by request to U.S. firms. III. Data OMB Control Number: 0625-0125. Form Number(s): ITA-4093P. Type of Review...

  15. A new potential secretion pathway for recombinant proteins in Bacillus subtilis.

    PubMed

    Wang, Guangqiang; Xia, Yongjun; Gu, Zhennan; Zhang, Hao; Chen, Yong Q; Chen, Haiqin; Ai, Lianzhong; Chen, Wei

    2015-11-10

    Secretion of cytoplasmic expressed proteins into growth media has significant advantages. Due to the lack of an outer membrane, Bacillus subtilis is considered as a desirable 'cell factory' for the secretion of recombinant proteins. However, bottlenecks in the classical pathway for the secretion of recombinant proteins limit its use on a wide scale. In this study, we attempted to use four typical non-classically secreted proteins as signals to export three recombinant model proteins to the culture medium. All four non-classically secreted proteins can direct the export of the intrinsically disordered nucleoskeletal-like protein (Nsp). Two of them can guide the secretion of alkaline phosphatase (PhoA). One can lead the secretion of the thermostable β-galactosidase BgaB, which cannot be secreted with the aid of typical Sec-dependent signal peptides. Our results show that the non-classically secreted proteins lead the recombinant proteins to the culture medium, and thus non-classical protein secretion pathways can be exploited as a novel secretion pathway for recombinant proteins.

  16. Regulation of RNA-binding proteins affinity to export receptors enables the nuclear basket proteins to distinguish and retain aberrant mRNAs

    PubMed Central

    Soheilypour, M.; Mofrad, M. R. K.

    2016-01-01

    Export of messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) into the cytoplasm is a fundamental step in gene regulation processes, which is meticulously quality controlled by highly efficient mechanisms in eukaryotic cells. Yet, it remains unclear how the aberrant mRNAs are recognized and retained inside the nucleus. Using a new modelling approach for complex systems, namely the agent-based modelling (ABM) approach, we develop a minimal model of the mRNA quality control (QC) mechanism. Our results demonstrate that regulation of the affinity of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to export receptors along with the weak interaction between the nuclear basket protein (Mlp1 or Tpr) and RBPs are the minimum requirements to distinguish and retain aberrant mRNAs. Our results show that the affinity between Tpr and RBPs is optimized to maximize the retention of aberrant mRNAs. In addition, we demonstrate how the length of mRNA affects the QC process. Since longer mRNAs spend more time in the nuclear basket to form a compact conformation and initiate their export, nuclear basket proteins could more easily capture and retain them inside the nucleus. PMID:27805000

  17. Regulation of RNA-binding proteins affinity to export receptors enables the nuclear basket proteins to distinguish and retain aberrant mRNAs.

    PubMed

    Soheilypour, M; Mofrad, M R K

    2016-11-02

    Export of messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) into the cytoplasm is a fundamental step in gene regulation processes, which is meticulously quality controlled by highly efficient mechanisms in eukaryotic cells. Yet, it remains unclear how the aberrant mRNAs are recognized and retained inside the nucleus. Using a new modelling approach for complex systems, namely the agent-based modelling (ABM) approach, we develop a minimal model of the mRNA quality control (QC) mechanism. Our results demonstrate that regulation of the affinity of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to export receptors along with the weak interaction between the nuclear basket protein (Mlp1 or Tpr) and RBPs are the minimum requirements to distinguish and retain aberrant mRNAs. Our results show that the affinity between Tpr and RBPs is optimized to maximize the retention of aberrant mRNAs. In addition, we demonstrate how the length of mRNA affects the QC process. Since longer mRNAs spend more time in the nuclear basket to form a compact conformation and initiate their export, nuclear basket proteins could more easily capture and retain them inside the nucleus.

  18. Export of nutrients and major ionic solutes from a rain forest catchment in the Central Amazon Basin

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lesack, Lance F. W.

    1993-03-01

    The relative roles of base flow runoff versus storm flow runoff versus subsurface outflow in controlling total export of solutes from a 23.4-ha catchment of undisturbed rain forest in the central Amazon Basin were evaluated from water and solute flux measurements performed over a 1 year period. Solutes exported via 173 storms during the study were estimated from stream water samples collected during base flow conditions and during eight storms, and by utilizing a hydrograph separation technique in combination with a mixing model to partition storm flow from base flow fluxes. Solutes exported by subsurface outflow were estimated from groundwater samples from three nests of piezometers installed into the streambed, and concurrent measurements of hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic head gradients. Base flow discharge represented 92% of water outflow from the basin and was the dominant pathway of solute export. Although storm flow discharge represented only 5% of total water outflow, storm flow solute fluxes represented up to 25% of the total annual export flux, though for many solutes the portion was less. Subsurface outflow represented only 2.5% of total water outflow, and subsurface solute fluxes never represented more than 5% of the total annual export flux. Measurement errors were relatively high for storm flow and subsurface outflow fluxes, but cumulative measurement errors associated with the total solute fluxes exported from the catchment, in most cases, ranged from only ±7% to 14% because base flow fluxes were measured relatively well. The export fluxes of most solutes are substantially less than previously reported for comparable small catchments in the Amazon basin, and these differences cannot be reconciled by the fact that storm flow and subsurface outflows were not appropriately measured in previous studies.

  19. A calreticulin-dependent nuclear export signal is involved in the regulation of liver receptor homologue-1 protein folding.

    PubMed

    Yang, Feng-Ming; Feng, Shan-Jung; Lai, Tsai-Chun; Hu, Meng-Chun

    2015-10-15

    As an orphan member of the nuclear receptor family, liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1) controls a tremendous range of transcriptional programmes that are essential for metabolism and hormone synthesis. Our previous studies have shown that nuclear localization of the LRH-1 protein is mediated by two nuclear localization signals (NLSs) that are karyopherin/importin-dependent. It is unclear whether LRH-1 can be actively exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. In the present study, we describe a nuclear export domain containing two leucine-rich motifs [named nuclear export signal (NES)1 and NES2] within the ligand-binding domain (LBD). Mutation of leucine residues in NES1 or NES2 abolished nuclear export, indicating that both NES1 and NES2 motifs are essential for full nuclear export activity. This NES-mediated nuclear export was insensitive to the chromosomal region maintenance 1 (CRM1) inhibitor leptomycin B (LMB) or to CRM1 knockdown. However, knockdown of calreticulin (CRT) prevented NES-mediated nuclear export. Furthermore, our data show that CRT interacts with LRH-1 and is involved in the nuclear export of LRH-1. With full-length LRH-1, mutation of NES1 led to perinuclear accumulation of the mutant protein. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that these perinuclear aggregates were co-localized with the centrosome marker, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), ubiquitin and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), indicating that the mutant was misfolded and sequestered into aggresome-like structures via the autophagic clearance pathway. Our study demonstrates for the first time that LRH-1 has a CRT-dependent NES which is not only required for cytoplasmic trafficking, but also essential for correct protein folding to avoid misfolding-induced aggregation. © 2015 Authors; published by Portland Press Limited.

  20. Quantifying export production in the Southern Ocean: Implications for the Baxs proxy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hernandez-Sanchez, Maria T.; Mills, Rachel A.; Planquette, HéLèNe; Pancost, Richard D.; Hepburn, Laura; Salter, Ian; Fitzgeorge-Balfour, Tania

    2011-12-01

    The water column and sedimentary Baxs distribution around the Crozet Plateau is used to decipher the controls and timing of barite formation and to evaluate how export production signals are recorded in sediments underlying a region of natural Fe fertilization within the Fe limited Southern Ocean. Export production estimated from preserved, vertical sedimentary Baxs accumulation rates are compared with published export fluxes assessed from an integrated study of the biological carbon pump to determine the validity of Baxs as a quantitative proxy under different Fe supply conditions typical of the Southern Ocean. Detailed assessment of the geochemical partitioning of Ba in sediments and the lithogenic end-member allows appropriate correction of the bulk Ba content and determination of the Baxs content of sediments and suspended particles. The upper water column distribution of Baxs is extremely heterogeneous spatially and temporally. Organic carbon/Baxs ratios in deep traps from the Fe fertilized region are similar to other oceanic settings allowing quantification of the inferred carbon export based on established algorithms. There appears to be some decoupling of POC and Ba export in the Fe limited region south of the Plateau. The export production across the Crozet Plateau inferred from the Baxs sedimentary proxy indicates that the Fe fertilized area to the north of the Plateau experiences enhanced export relative to equivalent Southern Ocean settings throughout the Holocene and that this influence may also have impacted the site to the south for significant periods. This interpretation is corroborated by alternative productivity proxies (opal accumulation, 231Paxs/230Thxs). Baxs can be used to quantify export production in complex settings such as naturally Fe-fertilized (volcanoclastic) areas, providing appropriate lithogenic correction is undertaken, and sediment focusing is corrected for along with evaluation of barite preservation.

  1. SR proteins are NXF1 adaptors that link alternative RNA processing to mRNA export

    PubMed Central

    Müller-McNicoll, Michaela; Botti, Valentina; de Jesus Domingues, Antonio M.; Brandl, Holger; Schwich, Oliver D.; Steiner, Michaela C.; Curk, Tomaz; Poser, Ina; Zarnack, Kathi; Neugebauer, Karla M.

    2016-01-01

    Nuclear export factor 1 (NXF1) exports mRNA to the cytoplasm after recruitment to mRNA by specific adaptor proteins. How and why cells use numerous different export adaptors is poorly understood. Here we critically evaluate members of the SR protein family (SRSF1–7) for their potential to act as NXF1 adaptors that couple pre-mRNA processing to mRNA export. Consistent with this proposal, >1000 endogenous mRNAs required individual SR proteins for nuclear export in vivo. To address the mechanism, transcriptome-wide RNA-binding profiles of NXF1 and SRSF1–7 were determined in parallel by individual-nucleotide-resolution UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (iCLIP). Quantitative comparisons of RNA-binding sites showed that NXF1 and SR proteins bind mRNA targets at adjacent sites, indicative of cobinding. SRSF3 emerged as the most potent NXF1 adaptor, conferring sequence specificity to RNA binding by NXF1 in last exons. Interestingly, SRSF3 and SRSF7 were shown to bind different sites in last exons and regulate 3′ untranslated region length in an opposing manner. Both SRSF3 and SRSF7 promoted NXF1 recruitment to mRNA. Thus, SRSF3 and SRSF7 couple alternative splicing and polyadenylation to NXF1-mediated mRNA export, thereby controlling the cytoplasmic abundance of transcripts with alternative 3′ ends. PMID:26944680

  2. The economic impact of foot and mouth disease and its control in South-East Asia: a preliminary assessment with special reference to Thailand.

    PubMed

    Perry, B D; Kalpravidh, W; Coleman, P G; Horst, H S; McDermott, J J; Randolph, T F; Gleeson, L J

    1999-08-01

    A pilot study of the economic impact of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in the countries and region of South-East Asia is described. Previous economic impact assessments are reviewed and summarised and a synthesis of these contributions is constructed. A framework for the future economic impact of the disease is then developed, incorporating analyses at the sectoral (production system), national and regional levels. Data requirements for such studies are also identified. Integrated epidemiological and economic models for impact assessment were developed and applied to the case study country of Thailand. The models were used to evaluate the economic viability of FMD control programmes in the country. Scenarios evaluated include the effect of improving vaccination coverage and thus reducing productivity losses, and the effect of eventual eradication of the disease. The results indicate that economic returns to the high expenditures incurred in FMD control could be achieved in the short term if greater international trade in pork products was made possible and export prices higher than those in the domestic market could be attained. If FMD were to be eradicated from Thailand in 2010, the eradication would be economically viable, even without exports, with a predicted benefit-cost ratio of 3.73. With additional exports, the economic justification for control becomes much stronger with a benefit-cost ratio of up to 15:1 being achieved. If eradication is not achieved until 2020, returns remain positive without exports, but at a lower rate. The authors propose that the integrated epidemiological and economic models developed be applied to other countries of the region to gain a more accurate insight into the future benefits of FMD control and eradication in the region.

  3. [Thermal energy utilization analysis and energy conservation measures of fluidized bed dryer].

    PubMed

    Xing, Liming; Zhao, Zhengsheng

    2012-07-01

    To propose measures for enhancing thermal energy utilization by analyzing drying process and operation principle of fluidized bed dryers,in order to guide optimization and upgrade of fluidized bed drying equipment. Through a systematic analysis on drying process and operation principle of fluidized beds,the energy conservation law was adopted to calculate thermal energy of dryers. The thermal energy of fluidized bed dryers is mainly used to make up for thermal consumption of water evaporation (Qw), hot air from outlet equipment (Qe), thermal consumption for heating and drying wet materials (Qm) and heat dissipation to surroundings through hot air pipelines and cyclone separators. Effective measures and major approaches to enhance thermal energy utilization of fluidized bed dryers were to reduce exhaust gas out by the loss of heat Qe, recycle dryer export air quantity of heat, preserve heat for dry towers, hot air pipes and cyclone separators, dehumidify clean air in inlets and reasonably control drying time and air temperature. Such technical parameters such air supply rate, air inlet temperature and humidity, material temperature and outlet temperature and humidity are set and controlled to effectively save energy during the drying process and reduce the production cost.

  4. MRI-guided Therapeutic Ultrasound : In vitro Validation of a New MR Compatible, Phased Array, Contact Endorectal Ultrasound Transducer with Active Feedback Control of Temperature Evolution

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Salomir, Rares; Rata, Mihaela; Lafon, Cyril; Melodelima, David; Chapelon, Jean-Yves; Mathias, Adrien; Cotton, François; Bonmartin, Alain; Cathignol, Dominique

    2006-05-01

    Contact application of high intensity ultrasound was demonstrated to be suitable for thermal ablation of sectorial tumours of the digestive duct. Experimental validation of a new MR compatible ultrasonic device is described here, dedicated to the minimal invasive therapy of localized colorectal cancer. This is a cylindrical 1D 64-element phased array transducer of 14 mm diameter and 25 mm height (Imasonic, France) allowing electronic rotation of the acoustic beam. Operating frequency ranges from 3.5 to 4.0 MHz and up to 5 effective electrical watts per element are available. A plane wave is reconstructed by simultaneous excitation of eigth adjacent elements with an appropriate phase law. Driving electronics operates outside the Faraday cage of the scanner and provides fast switching capabilities. Excellent passive and active compatibility with the MRI data acquisition has been demonstrated. In addition, feasibility of active temperature control has been demonstrated based on real-time data export out of the MR scanner and a PID feedback algorithm. Further studies will address the in-vivo validation and the integration of a miniature NMR coil for increased SNR in the near field.

  5. Model and Analytic Processes for Export License Assessments

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Thompson, Sandra E.; Whitney, Paul D.; Weimar, Mark R.

    2011-09-29

    This paper represents the Department of Energy Office of Nonproliferation Research and Development (NA-22) Simulations, Algorithms and Modeling (SAM) Program's first effort to identify and frame analytical methods and tools to aid export control professionals in effectively predicting proliferation intent; a complex, multi-step and multi-agency process. The report focuses on analytical modeling methodologies that alone, or combined, may improve the proliferation export control license approval process. It is a follow-up to an earlier paper describing information sources and environments related to international nuclear technology transfer. This report describes the decision criteria used to evaluate modeling techniques and tools to determinemore » which approaches will be investigated during the final 2 years of the project. The report also details the motivation for why new modeling techniques and tools are needed. The analytical modeling methodologies will enable analysts to evaluate the information environment for relevance to detecting proliferation intent, with specific focus on assessing risks associated with transferring dual-use technologies. Dual-use technologies can be used in both weapons and commercial enterprises. A decision-framework was developed to evaluate which of the different analytical modeling methodologies would be most appropriate conditional on the uniqueness of the approach, data availability, laboratory capabilities, relevance to NA-22 and Office of Arms Control and Nonproliferation (NA-24) research needs and the impact if successful. Modeling methodologies were divided into whether they could help micro-level assessments (e.g., help improve individual license assessments) or macro-level assessment. Macro-level assessment focuses on suppliers, technology, consumers, economies, and proliferation context. Macro-level assessment technologies scored higher in the area of uniqueness because less work has been done at the macro level. An approach to developing testable hypotheses for the macro-level assessment methodologies is provided. The outcome of this works suggests that we should develop a Bayes Net for micro-level analysis and continue to focus on Bayes Net, System Dynamics and Economic Input/Output models for assessing macro-level problems. Simultaneously, we need to develop metrics for assessing intent in export control, including the risks and consequences associated with all aspects of export control.« less

  6. Iterative algorithm-guided design of massive strain libraries, applied to itaconic acid production in yeast.

    PubMed

    Young, Eric M; Zhao, Zheng; Gielesen, Bianca E M; Wu, Liang; Benjamin Gordon, D; Roubos, Johannes A; Voigt, Christopher A

    2018-05-09

    Metabolic engineering requires multiple rounds of strain construction to evaluate alternative pathways and enzyme concentrations. Optimizing multigene pathways stepwise or by randomly selecting enzymes and expression levels is inefficient. Here, we apply methods from design of experiments (DOE) to guide the construction of strain libraries from which the maximum information can be extracted without sampling every possible combination. We use Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a host for a novel six-gene pathway to itaconic acid, selected by comparing alternative shunt pathways that bypass the mitochondrial TCA cycle. The pathway is distinctive for the use of acetylating acetaldehyde dehydrogenase to increase cytosolic acetyl-CoA pools, a bacterial enzyme to synthesize citrate in the cytosol, and an itaconic acid exporter. Precise control over the expression of each gene is enabled by a set of promoter-terminator pairs that span a 174-fold range. Two large combinatorial libraries (160 variants, 2.4Mb and 32 variants, 0.6Mb) are designed where the expression levels are selected by statistical methods (I-optimal response surface methodology, full factorial, or Plackett-Burman) with the intent of extracting different types of guiding information after the screen. This is applied to the design of a third library (24 variants, 0.5Mb) intended to alleviate a bottleneck in cis-aconitate decarboxylase (CAD) expression. The top strain produces 815mg/l itaconic acid, a 4-fold improvement over the initial strain achieved by iteratively balancing pathway expression. Including a methylated product in the total, the strain produces 1.3g/l combined itaconic acids. Further, a regression analysis of the libraries reveals the optimal expression level of CAD as well as pairwise interdependencies between genes that result in increased titer and purity of itaconic acid. This work demonstrates adapting algorithmic design strategies to guide automated yeast strain construction and learn information after each iteration. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.

  7. GHGs and air pollutants embodied in China’s international trade: Temporal and spatial index decomposition analysis

    PubMed Central

    Liu, Zhengyan; Mao, Xianqiang; Song, Peng

    2017-01-01

    Temporal index decomposition analysis and spatial index decomposition analysis were applied to understand the driving forces of the emissions embodied in China’s exports and net exports during 2002–2011, respectively. The accumulated emissions embodied in exports accounted for approximately 30% of the total emissions in China; although the contribution of the sectoral total emissions intensity (technique effect) declined, the scale effect was largely responsible for the mounting emissions associated with export, and the composition effect played a largely insignificant role. Calculations of the emissions embodied in net exports suggest that China is generally in an environmentally inferior position compared with its major trade partners. The differences in the economy-wide emission intensities between China and its major trade partners were the biggest contribution to this reality, and the trade balance effect played a less important role. However, a lower degree of specialization in pollution intensive products in exports than in imports helped to reduce slightly the emissions embodied in net exports. The temporal index decomposition analysis results suggest that China should take effective measures to optimize export and supply-side structure and reduce the total emissions intensity. According to spatial index decomposition analysis, it is suggested that a more aggressive import policy was useful for curbing domestic and global emissions, and the transfer of advanced production technologies and emission control technologies from developed to developing countries should be a compulsory global environmental policy option to mitigate the possible leakage of pollution emissions caused by international trade. PMID:28441399

  8. Inhibiting cancer cell hallmark features through nuclear export inhibition.

    PubMed

    Sun, Qingxiang; Chen, Xueqin; Zhou, Qiao; Burstein, Ezra; Yang, Shengyong; Jia, Da

    2016-01-01

    Treating cancer through inhibition of nuclear export is one of the best examples of basic research translation into clinical application. Nuclear export factor chromosomal region maintenance 1 (CRM1; Xpo1 and exportin-1) controls cellular localization and function of numerous proteins that are critical for the development of many cancer hallmarks. The diverse actions of CRM1 are likely to explain the broad ranging anti-cancer potency of CRM1 inhibitors observed in pre-clinical studies and/or clinical trials (phase I-III) on both advanced-stage solid and hematological tumors. In this review, we compare and contrast the mechanisms of action of different CRM1 inhibitors, and discuss the potential benefit of unexplored non-covalent CRM1 inhibitors. This emerging field has uncovered that nuclear export inhibition is well poised as an attractive target towards low-toxicity broad-spectrum potent anti-cancer therapy.

  9. Regulation of stream water dissolved organic carbon concentrations ([DOC]) during snowmelt in forest streams; the role of discharge, winter climate and memory effects

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ågren, A.; Haei, M.; Öquist, M.; Buffam, I.; Ottosson-Löfvenius, M.; Kohler, S.; Bishop, K.; Blomkvist, P.; Laudon, H.

    2011-12-01

    Using 15 year stream records from two forested northern boreal catchments, coupled with soil frost experiments in the riparian zone, we demonstrate the complex inter-annual control on [DOC] and export during snowmelt. Stream [DOC] varied by a factor of 2 during those 15 years with no consistent trend. Based on our long-term analysis, we demonstrate, for the first time, that stream water [DOC] is strongly linked to the climatic conditions during the preceding winter, but that there is also a long-term memory effect in the catchment soils, related to the extent of the previous export from the catchment. Hydrology had a first order control on the inter-annual variation in concentrations, and the length of the winter was more important than the memory effect. By removing the effect of discharge on [DOC], using a conceptual hydrological model, we could detect processes that would otherwise have been overshadowed. A short and intense snowmelt gave higher [DOC] in the stream. During a prolonged snowmelt, one soil layer at the time might have been "flushed" from easily exported DOC, resulting in slightly lower stream [DOC] during such years. We found that longer and colder winters resulted in higher [DOC] during the subsequent snowmelt. A soil frost manipulation experiment in the riparian soils of the study catchment showed that the DOC concentrations in the soil water increased with the duration of the soil frost. A high antecedent DOC export during the preceding summer and autumn resulted in lower concentrations during the following spring, indicating a long-term "memory effect" of the catchment soils. In a nearby stream draining mire, we found a different response to hydrology but similar response to climate and memory effect. The inter-annual variation in snowmelt DOC exports was mostly controlled by the amount of runoff, but the variability in [DOC] also exerted a significant control on the exports, accounting for 15% of the variance in exports. We conclude that winter climatic conditions can play a substantial role in controlling stream [DOC] in ways not previously understood. These findings are especially important for northern latitude regions expected to be most affected by climate change. It's difficult to directly translate this to a future climate change prediction. If warmer winters with less insulating snow cover increase the soil frost, the results from the soil frost manipulation experiment then suggest increasing [DOC] in a future climate. At the same time the statistical analysis of the stream records suggest that a shorter and warmer winter would decrease the [DOC]. Our results do, however, highlight the role of winter climate for regulating DOC in areas with seasonally frozen soils which should be considered when resolving the sensitivity of stream [DOC] to global environmental change.

  10. Space Science and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations: Summary of a Workshop

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Finarelli, Margaret G.; Alexander, Joseph K.

    2008-01-01

    The United States seeks to protect its security and foreign-policy interests, in part, by actively controlling the export of goods, technologies, and services that are or may be useful for military development in other nations. "Export" is defined not simply as the sending abroad of hardware but also as the communication of related technology and know-how to foreigners in the United States and overseas. The U.S. government mechanism for controlling dual-use items--items in commerce that have potential military use is the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) administered by the Department of Commerce; items defined in law as defense articles fall under the jurisdiction of the Department of State and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). Because of the potential military implications of the export of defense articles, the ITAR regime imposes much greater burdens (on both the applicant and the government) than does the EAR regime during the process of applying for, and implementing the provisions of, licenses and technical-assistance agreements. Until the early 1990s export control activity related to all space satellites (commercial and scientific) was handled under ITAR. Between 1992 and 1996 the George H.W. Bush and the Clinton administrations transferred jurisdiction over the licensing of civilian communications satellites to the Commerce Department under EAR. In 1999, however, in response to broad concerns about Chinese attempts to acquire U.S. high technology, the U.S. House of Representatives convened the Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People s Republic of China, also known as the Cox Committee. One of the many consequences of the Cox Committee's report was Congress's mandate that jurisdiction over export and licensing of satellites and related equipment and services, irrespective of military utility, be transferred from the Department of Commerce to the State Department and that such equipment and services be covered as defense articles under ITAR. Scientific satellites were explicitly included despite their use for decades in peaceful internationally conducted cooperative scientific research. It is widely recognized that the shift in regulatory regime from EAR to ITAR has had major deleterious effects on international scientific research activities that depend on satellites, spaceflight hardware, and other items that are now controlled by ITAR. Furthermore, contravening U.S. interests in attracting foreign students to U.S. universities, the capture of space technology by ITAR has caused serious problems in the teaching of university space science and engineering classes, virtually all of which include non-U.S. students. This report is a summary of a September 2007 workshop in which participants from the space research communities and the export-control administration and policy communities came together to discuss problems, effects, and potential solutions regarding the application of ITAR to space science. The principal themes and ideas that emerged from the discussions are summarized.

  11. SR proteins are NXF1 adaptors that link alternative RNA processing to mRNA export.

    PubMed

    Müller-McNicoll, Michaela; Botti, Valentina; de Jesus Domingues, Antonio M; Brandl, Holger; Schwich, Oliver D; Steiner, Michaela C; Curk, Tomaz; Poser, Ina; Zarnack, Kathi; Neugebauer, Karla M

    2016-03-01

    Nuclear export factor 1 (NXF1) exports mRNA to the cytoplasm after recruitment to mRNA by specific adaptor proteins. How and why cells use numerous different export adaptors is poorly understood. Here we critically evaluate members of the SR protein family (SRSF1-7) for their potential to act as NXF1 adaptors that couple pre-mRNA processing to mRNA export. Consistent with this proposal, >1000 endogenous mRNAs required individual SR proteins for nuclear export in vivo. To address the mechanism, transcriptome-wide RNA-binding profiles of NXF1 and SRSF1-7 were determined in parallel by individual-nucleotide-resolution UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (iCLIP). Quantitative comparisons of RNA-binding sites showed that NXF1 and SR proteins bind mRNA targets at adjacent sites, indicative of cobinding. SRSF3 emerged as the most potent NXF1 adaptor, conferring sequence specificity to RNA binding by NXF1 in last exons. Interestingly, SRSF3 and SRSF7 were shown to bind different sites in last exons and regulate 3' untranslated region length in an opposing manner. Both SRSF3 and SRSF7 promoted NXF1 recruitment to mRNA. Thus, SRSF3 and SRSF7 couple alternative splicing and polyadenylation to NXF1-mediated mRNA export, thereby controlling the cytoplasmic abundance of transcripts with alternative 3' ends. © 2016 Müller-McNicoll et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

  12. The exported chaperone Hsp70-x supports virulence functions for Plasmodium falciparum blood stage parasites

    PubMed Central

    Charnaud, Sarah C.; Dixon, Matthew W. A.; Nie, Catherine Q.; Chappell, Lia; Sanders, Paul R.; Nebl, Thomas; Hanssen, Eric; Berriman, Matthew; Chan, Jo-Anne; Blanch, Adam J.; Beeson, James G.; Rayner, Julian C.; Przyborski, Jude M.; Tilley, Leann; Crabb, Brendan S.

    2017-01-01

    Malaria is caused by five different Plasmodium spp. in humans each of which modifies the host erythrocyte to survive and replicate. The two main causes of malaria, P. falciparum and P. vivax, differ in their ability to cause severe disease, mainly due to differences in the cytoadhesion of infected erythrocytes (IE) in the microvasculature. Cytoadhesion of P. falciparum in the brain leads to a large number of deaths each year and is a consequence of exported parasite proteins, some of which modify the erythrocyte cytoskeleton while others such as PfEMP1 project onto the erythrocyte surface where they bind to endothelial cells. Here we investigate the effects of knocking out an exported Hsp70-type chaperone termed Hsp70-x that is present in P. falciparum but not P. vivax. Although the growth of Δhsp70-x parasites was unaffected, the export of PfEMP1 cytoadherence proteins was delayed and Δhsp70-x IE had reduced adhesion. The Δhsp70-x IE were also more rigid than wild-type controls indicating changes in the way the parasites modified their host erythrocyte. To investigate the cause of this, transcriptional and translational changes in exported and chaperone proteins were monitored and some changes were observed. We propose that PfHsp70-x is not essential for survival in vitro, but may be required for the efficient export and functioning of some P. falciparum exported proteins. PMID:28732045

  13. A modification of the Regional Nutrient Management model (ReNuMa) to identify long-term changes in riverine nitrogen sources

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hu, Minpeng; Liu, Yanmei; Wang, Jiahui; Dahlgren, Randy A.; Chen, Dingjiang

    2018-06-01

    Source apportionment is critical for guiding development of efficient watershed nitrogen (N) pollution control measures. The ReNuMa (Regional Nutrient Management) model, a semi-empirical, semi-process-oriented model with modest data requirements, has been widely used for riverine N source apportionment. However, the ReNuMa model contains limitations for addressing long-term N dynamics by ignoring temporal changes in atmospheric N deposition rates and N-leaching lag effects. This work modified the ReNuMa model by revising the source code to allow yearly changes in atmospheric N deposition and incorporation of N-leaching lag effects into N transport processes. The appropriate N-leaching lag time was determined from cross-correlation analysis between annual watershed individual N source inputs and riverine N export. Accuracy of the modified ReNuMa model was demonstrated through analysis of a 31-year water quality record (1980-2010) from the Yongan watershed in eastern China. The revisions considerably improved the accuracy (Nash-Sutcliff coefficient increased by ∼0.2) of the modified ReNuMa model for predicting riverine N loads. The modified model explicitly identified annual and seasonal changes in contributions of various N sources (i.e., point vs. nonpoint source, surface runoff vs. groundwater) to riverine N loads as well as the fate of watershed anthropogenic N inputs. Model results were consistent with previously modeled or observed lag time length as well as changes in riverine chloride and nitrate concentrations during the low-flow regime and available N levels in agricultural soils of this watershed. The modified ReNuMa model is applicable for addressing long-term changes in riverine N sources, providing decision-makers with critical information for guiding watershed N pollution control strategies.

  14. 15 CFR 730.6 - Control purposes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... carry out its international obligations. Some controls are designed to restrict access to dual use items... controls designed to stem the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and controls designed to limit.... Multilateral export control cooperation is sought through arrangements such as the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the...

  15. 15 CFR 730.6 - Control purposes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... carry out its international obligations. Some controls are designed to restrict access to dual use items... controls designed to stem the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and controls designed to limit.... Multilateral export control cooperation is sought through arrangements such as the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the...

  16. 15 CFR 730.6 - Control purposes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... carry out its international obligations. Some controls are designed to restrict access to dual use items... controls designed to stem the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and controls designed to limit.... Multilateral export control cooperation is sought through arrangements such as the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the...

  17. 15 CFR 752.5 - Steps you must follow to apply for an SCL.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... items controlled for nuclear nonproliferation or chemical and biological control reasons. (3) ICP. You.... The items exported will be retained under my (our) ownership and control, and will be returned by me...

  18. Latin America Report No. 2722.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-08-11

    private business owners and officials of state agencies, and that the trip was intended to increase exports to that socialist country. Carlos Cleri...officers of the armed forces and AFNE board members. The ceremony began with the words of the head of AFNE, Vice Adm Carlos Toriaschi (ret.), who pointed...Commercial Exporting Companies, Carlos Sehbe. According to him, the state-controlled companies "are not alert but they are advancing with monopolistic

  19. The National Drug Control Policy Strategy: Effectiveness of Eradication in Colombia

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2003-04-07

    century. For decades, the mainstay of Colombia’s economic growth and stability revolved around the growing, production, and exportation of coffee ...which represented sixty percent of its exports. This all changed in the mid-1990s with the fall of coffee prices worldwide. Many farmers then sought...1970s, this agrarian deforestation was practiced heavily in Colombia by cannabis growers. Following successful eradication efforts, growers simply

  20. Contribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to diffuse pollution in a typical hilly red soil catchment in southern China.

    PubMed

    Shen, Jianlin; Liu, Jieyun; Li, Yong; Li, Yuyuan; Wang, Yi; Liu, Xuejun; Wu, Jinshui

    2014-09-01

    Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is currently high and meanwhile diffuse N pollution is also serious in China. The correlation between N deposition and riverine N export and the contribution of N deposition to riverine N export were investigated in a typical hilly red soil catchment in southern China over a two-year period. N deposition was as high as 26.1 to 55.8kgN/(ha·yr) across different land uses in the studied catchment, while the riverine N exports ranged from 7.2 to 9.6kgN/(ha·yr) in the forest sub-catchment and 27.4 to 30.3kgN/(ha·yr) in the agricultural sub-catchment. The correlations between both wet N deposition and riverine N export and precipitation were highly positive, and so were the correlations between NH4(+)-N or NO3(-)-N wet deposition and riverine NH4(+)-N or NO3(-)-N exports except for NH4(+)-N in the agricultural sub-catchment, indicating that N deposition contributed to riverine N export. The monthly export coefficients of atmospheric deposited N from land to river in the forest sub-catchment (with a mean of 14%) presented a significant positive correlation with precipitation, while the monthly contributions of atmospheric deposition to riverine N export (with a mean of 18.7% in the agricultural sub-catchment and a mean of 21.0% in the whole catchment) were significantly and negatively correlated with precipitation. The relatively high contribution of N deposition to diffuse N pollution in the catchment suggests that efforts should be done to control anthropogenic reactive N emissions to the atmosphere in hilly red soil regions in southern China. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V.

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