Ecuador Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2015-01-01

In Ecuador, the oil sector accounts for more than half of the country's export earnings and approximately two-fifths of public sector revenues. Resource nationalism and debates about the economic, strategic, and environmental implications of oil sector development are prominent issues in the politics of Ecuador and the policies of its government. Ecuador is the smallest producer in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and it produced 556,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) of petroleum and other liquids in 2014, of which crude oil production was 555,000 bbl/d. A lack of sufficient domestic refining capacity to meet local demand has forced Ecuador to import refined products, limiting net oil revenue.

History of United States Energy. A Basic Teaching Unit on Energy. Revised.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McDermott, Hugh, Ed.; Scharmann, Larry, Ed.

Intended as a supplement to the units "Oil: Fuel of the Past" and "Coal: Fuel of the Past, Hope of the Future," this 3-4 day unit contains three activities which briefly explain the chronological development of energy resources and the formation and development of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The…

World Hunger Crisis Kit. Hope for the Hungry.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Woito, Robert, Ed.

This booklet introduces the problem of world hunger and provides information, facts, and perspectives about the crisis. Section one presents the reader with the basic facts of the hunger crisis through a self-survey, a statistical study of the developed Oil Producing Export Countries (OPEC), and a one-page indication of what one would have to give…

Oman shows vision in leading Middle Eastern drilling

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ahmed-al Shanfari, S.B.

1989-12-01

Oman produced more than 600,000 bopd for the first time in 1988. The country led the Middle East in total wells drilled for the third consecutive year. This article presents an interview with H.E. Said bin Ahmed al-Shanfari, Oman's Minister of Petroleum and Minerals. Topics discussed include Oman's future production plans, Opec, future exploratory areas, and petroleum export levels.

Digging Deep for Meaning: A Critical Hermeneutic Analysis of CEO Letters to Shareholders in the Oil Industry.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Prasad, Anshuman; Mir, Raza

2002-01-01

Uses the methodology of critical hermeneutics to analyze Chief Executive Officers' letters to shareholders in the United States petroleum industry during the 1970s and 1980s. Suggests these letters were deployed to produce a certain attitude toward OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) among their readers that deflected attention of…

Venezuela Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2015-01-01

Venezuela is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of crude oil. The country has been one of the largest exporters of crude oil in the Americas. As a founding member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Venezuela is an important player in the global oil market. Although oil production has declined since its peak in the late 1990s, Venezuela has been among the top exporters of crude oil to the United States have been among the largest in the world. In recent years, through significant upfront investment, an increasing share of Venezuela’s exports has been delivered to China. While Venezuela is important to the global oil market, the government’s reinvestment of oil revenues into social programs instead of reinvestment into exploration, production, and refining has led to declines in output. In 2014, Venezuela consumed 3.3 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) of total energy.1 Oil continues to represent most of the country’s total energy consumed, and natural gas consumption has increased in the past five years. Hydroelectric power meets less than 25% of total demand, and coal represents less than 1%.

Oil and economic development in OPEC countries, with case studies about Iraq and Algeria

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Al-Khalil, M.A.

1984-01-01

This dissertation examines the impact of the increase in oil prices in 1973 and thereafter on economic development in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in general, and in Iraq and Algeria in particular. It attempts to investigate the extent to which these countries have succeeded in utilizing oil revenues to achieve their projected goals: diversification of their economies in order to reduce dependence on exporting crude oil which is an exhaustible resource; and acceleration of the rate of growth of the non-oil sector in order to increase its contribution to GDP and foreign-exchange earnings as well as tomore » maintain the growth of the economy in the post-oil age. While the increase in oil revenues greatly reduced the capital constraint to growth, it did not remove all other constraints at the same time. Thus, bottlenecks in transportation, institutions, skilled labor, raw and construction materials remained important obstacles. According to the criteria used by this study to judge the performance of the Iraqi and the Algerian economies after 1973, both countries did quite well. However, one of the findings about Iraq is that while the rate of growth of real per capita GDP accelerated after 1973, the rate of growth of real per capita non-oil GDP did not. Algeria succeeded in diversifying her economy, since the rate of growth of non-oil GDP accelerated after 1973, compared to the earlier period.« less

Country analysis briefs: 1994. Profiles of major world energy producers, consumers, and transport centers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1995-05-01

Country Analysis Briefs: 1994 is a compilation of country profiles prepared by the Energy Markets and Contingency Information Division (EMCID) of the Office of Energy Markets and End Use. EMCID maintains Country Analysis Briefs (CABs) for specific countries or geographical areas that are important to world energy markets. As a general rule, CABs are prepared for all members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), major non-OPEC oil producers (i.e., the North Sea, Russia), major energy transit areas (i.e., Ukraine), and other areas of current interest to energy analysts and policy makers. As of January 1995, EMCID maintained overmore » 40 CABs, updated on an annual schedule and subject to revision as events warrant. This report includes 25 CABs updated during 1994. All CABs contain a profile section, a map showing the country`s location, and a narrative section. The profile section includes outlines of the country`s economy, energy sector, and environment. The narrative provides further information and discussion of these topics. Some CABs also include a detailed map displaying locations of major oil and gas fields, pipelines, ports, etc. These maps were created as a result of special individual requests and so are not typically a standard feature of the CABs. They are presented here wherever available as a supplement to the information contained in the CABs.« less

Institutional arrangements for the reduction of proliferation risks formulation, evaluation, and implementation of institutional concepts. Appendices

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

The purpose of this supporting analysis is to provide a foundation for developing a model, an international or multinational institution capable of accomodating the back end of the fuel cycle, while meeting US nonproliferation goals. The analysis is based on a review of selected, defunct and extant institutions which, although not necessarily concerned with nonproliferation, have faced a trade-off between acceptability and effectiveness in meeting their objectives. Discussion of the various institutions is divided into three categories: international organizations, multinational consortia, and cartels or producer associations. Examples of international organizations include the International Seabed Authority, Intelsat, the United Nations andmore » the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The International Seabed Authority is discussed. Multinational consortia are organizations that have been developed primarily to meet common commercial objectives. Membership includes at least three member nations. Examples include the Scandinavian Airline System (SAS), URENCO, Unilever, Royal Dutch Shell, Eurochemic, Eurodif, Euratom, European Coal and Steel Community, and Serena. Cartels or producer associations are multinational agreements that restrict market forces; viz, production, market share, customers or prices. Examples include the Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries (CIPEC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and the Fifth International Tin Agreement (ITA), as well as agreements governing diamonds and uranium, bauxite and coffee. OPEC, CIPEC and ITA are discussed.« less

Iraq Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

Iraq is the second-largest crude oil producer in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) after Saudi Arabia, and it holds the world's fifth-largest proved crude oil reserves after Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Canada, and Iran. Most of Iraq's major known fields are producing or in development, although much of its known hydrocarbon resources have not been fully exploited. All of Iraq's known oil fields are onshore. The largest fields in the south have relatively low extraction costs owing to uncomplicated geology, multiple supergiant fields, fields located in relatively unpopulated areas with flat terrain, and the close proximity of fields to coastal ports.

International energy indicators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rosoi, E., Jr.

1982-01-01

Data are presented under the following headings: world crude oil production, OPEC crude oil productive capacity; world crude oil and refined product inventory levels; and oil consumption in the OECD countries. The USSR crude oil production and exports; free world and US nuclear electricity generation; US domestic oil supply; US gross imports of crude oil and products; landed cost of Saudi crude, current and 1974 dollars; US coal trade; US natural gas trade; summary of US merchandise trade; and energy/GNP ratio data are also included.

Exclusive: OPEC's story - denies it is a cartel (in English and Spanish)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1983-03-23

Coverage of OPEC news in the Western press exploded in 1973 during the Arab Oil Embargo and blossomed during the 1979 oil price hike. Since then, however, coverage wanes when OPEC's problems are its own and not widely impacting consuming nations. OPECNA, the OPEC News Agency, was established in 1980 to improve the quantity and quality of world press coverage of OPEC activities. Since then, OPECNA has also been OPEC's historian. It is felt that OPECNA has achieved its principal goal, that of providing reliable and frequent information about OPEC and the activities of its member countries; however, it appearsmore » to have little success in restructuring world opinion. Included here is an exclusive interview by Energy Detente with Mr. Gonzalo Plaza, Director of OPECNA. The Energy Detente fuel price/tax series and industrial fuel prices for March 1983 are presented for countries of the Western Hemisphere.« less

OPEC is springing another trap. [Bring on refineries to control petroleum-product market

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cook, J.

1979-10-29

Self-appointed authorities assure the American people that there is no oil crisis: just greed on the part of the big oil companies. But the turmoil in the gold market and the continual sinking of the US dollar make mockery of such facile demagoguery. The truth is simple: The US insists on importing more oil than it can pay for with exports, and so the world is flooded with dollars; meanwhile Congress, afraid to face the truth, fails to do anything either to provide alternative sources of energy or to enforce cutbacks on the American people. Consultant George Henry M. Schuler,more » former diplomat and oil company executive, says we are blundering into yet another OPEC trap because we are discouraging the oil industry from expanding refinery capacity in the US. The problem is a combination of import policy and environmental restrictions, he says, in a study recently completed for the consulting firm of Conant and Associates Ltd., Washington, DC. The prospect is that within a few years we will be dependent on OPEC countries for refined products as well as for crude oil - and that dependency will have dire consequences for the US. Congress cannot create oil reserves in this country, but is has total control over creating refineries, through incentives, consultant Schuler says. The situation is leading us straight to war while a whole chorus of voices assures Americans that it's all the oil companies fault. (MCW)« less

Selling energy conservation.

PubMed

Hinrichsen, D

1995-01-01

This article concerns the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) crisis and its impact on energy efficiency measures in the US. In 1985, when the OPEC collapsed, the US government had avoided the need to construct 350 gigawatts of new electric capacity. The most successful efficiency improvements, especially in household appliances and equipment, lighting and tightened energy efficiency standards in new buildings, resulted from the OPEC event. The real innovation of that time was the change in profit rules for utilities. This revolution and the way some US utilities view energy have not caught on elsewhere. Despite the initiative toward improving energy efficiency in homes, offices and industries, the change has been slow. Partly to blame are the big development banks, which pointed out that short-term conservation and efficiency measures could save at least 15% of the total energy demand without the need for major investment. The benefits of energy conservation was shown during the oil shock when per capita energy consumption fell by 5% in the member states of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, while the per capita gross domestic product grew by a third. There has been a decrease in energy expenditure worldwide, and the scope for further energy savings is enormous, but governments need to recognize and seize the opportunity.

Arab tankers move downstream

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Oppenheim, V.H.

A second oil embargo is expected to be even more effective than the one of 1973 because heavy Arab investment in tankers gives them greater control over the transportation as well as the supply and price of crude oil. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) nations, having used their surplus capital to buy a tanker fleet, can route oil onto their own ships rather than those of competing companies. Faced with increasing vertical integration of the OPEC nations, the International Energy Authority (IEA) finds its emergency plans for oil sharing threatened. Actual size of the Arab tanker fleet ismore » unknown because of joint ventures and the practice of sailing under flags of convenience, but Saudi Arabia is estimated to have enough ships to carry 50 percent of her oil and Arab control to be about 10 percent of the world tanker capacity. Military action in the event of another embargo is more likely if Arab tankers are present in world sea lanes. Involvement of the major international companies with OPEC allocations divides company loyalties between their suppliers and customers. Joint ventures between Arab oil companies and financial lending institutions are increasing, but could be somewhat balanced if legislation were passed requiring that oil for U.S. markets be transported by secure carriers. The use of surplus tankers as mobile storage units has been proposed as a means of stock-piling oil supplies against a future cutback. (DCK)« less

Guns and Butter: Security and the New Global Agenda

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-01-01

relationship. Admittedly, the entire Third World was unified and inspired by OPEC’s success in rearranging the terms of trade for a Third World export . Still... exports at high levels, debt rescheduling or moratorium, greater access to Western technology and Western markets, indexation to maintain parity between...the prices they get for their exports and the prices they pay for imports from the First World, greater flows of development aid, or changes in

International energy indicators, February - March 1982

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rossi, E., Jr.

Data are compiled and graphs are presented for: world crude oil production, 1974 to 1981; OPEC crude oil productive capacity; world crude oil and refined product inventory levels; 1975 to 1981; oil consumption in OECD countries, 1975 to 1981; USSR crude oil production and exports, 1975 to 1981; free world and US nuclear electricity generation, 1973-currrent capacity; US domestic oil supply, 1977 to 1981; US gross imports of crude oil and products, 1973 to 1981; landed cost of Saudi crude current and 1974 dollars; US coal trade, 1975 to 1981; US natural gas trade, 1975 to 1981; summary of US merchandise trade, 1977 to 1981; and energy/gross national product ratio.

Petroleum Prices: Past, Present, and Prospective,

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-01-01

other oil-exporting developing nations such as Mexico and Malaysia ) enjoyed relatively high export revenues and quickly adjusted their spending habits to... challenge Soviet oil production for first place in fuel-equivalent terms. Natural gas currently provides about 95 percent ansmuch energy as oil pro- duction...been expressed without challenge in many recent forecasts. By now, OPEC nations in general, and Persian Gulf producers in particular, appear to have

Petroleum - politics and power

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brossard, E.B.

1983-01-01

Governments all over the world are politically maneuvering themselves into positions where they can use this precious resource as a tool to gain power. Notes the author, ''Even the largest oil company can be powerless against the smallest government.'' This thesis is the foundation of Brossard's investigation of the international oil industry and the power and politics that are involved in the struggle for dominance. Contents: The petroleum age; The Russian nobles and the Soviet Union; The Majors - big oil; The complex operations of the oil industry; U.S. government controls; Natural gas - the most efficient fuel; The Organizationmore » of Petroleum Exporting Countries; OPEC and the international market; Canadian petroleum; Alaska - the hope of the Lower 48.« less

International energy indicators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rossi, E., Jr.

1981-12-01

Data on international energy indicators were tabulated and graphically represented. The following data are presented: world crude oil production, 1974 to October 1981; OPEC crude oil productive capacity; world crude oil and refined product inventory levels, 1975 to October, 1981; oil consumption in OECD countries, 1975 to October 1981; USSR crude oil production and exports, 1975 to October 1981; free world and US nuclear electricity generation, 1973 to December, 1981 and current capacity. Specific US data presented are: US domestic oil supply, 1977 to June, 1981; US gross imports of crude oil and products, 1973 to October, 1981; landed cost of Saudi crude current and 1974 dollars; US coal trade, 1975 to September, 1981; US natural gas trade, 1981; and energy/GNP ratio.

Strengths of OPEC

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Adelman, M.A.

The major distinction of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is obvious even to the casual observer: the nations composing it constitute the greatest monopoly in history; its tribute now is over $100 billion a year. For the immediate future, OPEC's elements of strength look more important than its elements of weakness. The cartel will not soon disappear. The forces acting against the cartel are subsumed in the fact of excess capacity. This is the traditional nemesis of cartels, since it puts in motion the sequence of small price reductions by some sellers to gain additional sales volume, then competitivemore » or matching reductions. To preserve the cartel, each member must avoid acting for his own independent good, and must do what is best for the group as a whole. The greater the temptation to act independently the greater the fear of others' independent action, and the higher the probability of severe erosion or breakdown. So the fate of the cartel depends essentially on the strength of exogenous factors, demand and uncontrolled supply, versus the strength of an endogenous factor, the cohesion of the group. All too often either one of these factors is treated in isolation as though the other were not there.« less

OPEC Aid to the Developing Countries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

OECD Observer, 1978

1978-01-01

For the third consecutive year, OPEC aid amounted to more than $5.5 billion, representing more than two percent of the gross national product. This is compared to 0.31 percent for members of OECD's Development Assistance Committee. (Author/BB)

United States geological survey's reserve-growth models and their implementation

USGS Publications Warehouse

Klett, T.R.

2005-01-01

The USGS has developed several mathematical models to forecast reserve growth of fields both in the United States (U.S.) and the world. The models are based on historical reserve growth patterns of fields in the U.S. The patterns of past reserve growth are extrapolated to forecast future reserve growth. Changes of individual field sizes through time are extremely variable, therefore, the reserve growth models take on a statistical approach whereby volumetric changes for populations of fields are used in the models. Field age serves as a measure of the field-development effort that is applied to promote reserve growth. At the time of the USGS World Petroleum Assessment 2000, a reserve growth model for discovered fields of the world was not available. Reserve growth forecasts, therefore, were made based on a model of historical reserve growth of fields of the U.S. To test the feasibility of such an application, reserve growth forecasts were made of 186 giant oil fields of the world (excluding the U.S. and Canada). In addition, forecasts were made for these giant oil fields subdivided into those located in and outside of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The model provided a reserve-growth forecast that closely matched the actual reserve growth that occurred from 1981 through 1996 for the 186 fields as a whole, as well as for both OPEC and non-OPEC subdivisions, despite the differences in reserves definition among the fields of the U.S. and the rest of the world. ?? 2005 International Association for Mathematical Geology.

International energy indicators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weiss, R. M.

1981-07-01

Data are presented in graphs and tables on the following: world crude oil production by area, annually, 1974 through 1980, and monthly, October 1980 through April 1981; OPEC crude oil productive capacity, installed, maximum sustainable, and available, by country; world crude oil and refined product inventory levels, 1975 through 1981; oil consumption in OCED countries, 1975 through 1981; USSR crude oil production and exports, 1975 through April 1981; free world (by country) and US nuclear electricity generation, 1973 through 1980 and January to May 1981 and current capacity by country; US domestic oil supply (monthly) 1977 through 1980; US gross imports of crude oil and products, 1973 and 1974 annually, and 1975 through 1980 and monthly from January to June 1981; cost of Saudi crude oil in current and 1974 dollars from December 1974 through March 1981; US coal trade from January 1975 to March 1981; US natural gas trade from January 1975 through April 1981; summary of US merchandise trade, quarterly, from Quarter I, 1977 through Quarter I, 1981; and US energy/GNP ratio, annually, 1974 through 1980, and quarterly from 1974 through March 1981.

Future global crude oil supply

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ivanhoe, L.F.

Inexpensive crude oil fuels the world's economies and armies. In 1986, for the first time, the global production of crude oil and natural liquids exceeded new reserves added. Proved oil reserves at the end of 1985 stood 707.6 billion bbl (BBO), but declined to 703.1 BBO by the end of 1986. The 1986 reserve decrease, 4.5 BBO, was 20.4% of total global production of 22.0 BBO. This handwriting on the wall is very bad news. The world's recoverable crude oil and natural gas liquids discovered through 1985 totaled 1258 BBO, including cumulative production of 551 BBO and 707 BBO ofmore » reserves. At current production rates, half of all discovered oil will have been burned up by 1989. Timing of the end of our oil age can be extrapolated from a modified Hubbert curve, with future production resembling a mirror image of past production. The watershed beginning of the inevitable decline in global crude oil supplies can be expected in the late 1990s, although the date may be over 30 years later in some super-oily Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Clearly the day of reckoning will be postponed by any new oil discoveries. These will probably be distributed much as are the present global reserves (e.g., 68% OPEC; 11% USSR and China; 21% rest of world). Of this 56% will be in the Persian Gulf area. Giant fields (more than 0.5 BBO reserves) contain 75% of the world's reserves. Discoveries of oil in the globe's 320 known giant fields peaked at 125 BBO during the period 1961-1965, after which giant field discoveries plunged to only 10 BBO during 1981-1985. Henceforth, they should expect to find few giant whales (but many minnows) in the non-OPEC world's fished-out basins. Every new field will help as global crude oil supplies dwindle. Therefore, it is essential that all large prospects outside the Persian Gulf be tested promptly, so the oil-importing nations will known what size of non-OPEC reserves are available.« less

Oil crises and African economies: oil wave on a tidal flood of industrial price inflation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Johnson, W.R.; Wilson, E.J. III

Escalating oil-import prices have left the developing African economies with high debts, unfinished projects, and bitterness over what they see as economic assassination by OPEC. Much of the blame for their suffering, however, can be placed on African leaders who failed to control internal factors. The authors review the impact of OPEC's pricing changes in terms of its relation to internal financial and energy characteristics and the purchasing and policy choices made by African nations in response to the price increases. They describe the African nations' ability to solve their energy and economic problems as less favorable than other less-developedmore » countries. The richer OPEC and industrial countries can do more than they are to help relieve the economic strain and to diversify African energy sources. 53 references, 7 tables. (DCK)« less

Qatar: development of an oil economy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

El Mallakh, R.

Since black gold catapulted the oil-producing countries into the limelight of the international political and economic scene, there has been a proliferation of studies on the larger exporting states, neglecting many of the small countries like Qatar. A detailed examination of the bases and extent of economic development in Qatar and consideration of the need to translate the petroleum-generated growth into viable, self-sustained development is presented for the first time. Qatar was first in the field of oil development and exhibits a number of special features not shared by its Gulf neighbors: in pre-oil boom days it was already inmore » advance of many other Gulf states in the field of education; it has a modest agricultural sector and there is a comparatively strong attachment to the land; and it has played an important role in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) as a member of the moderate price camp. The individual chapters trace the development of the oil industry, outline public financing and economic policy and sketch the issues involved in industrialization, absorptive capacity, and agricultural development. Examination is made of the social and physical infrastructure as well as money and banking, and the international linkages in trade, foreign aid, economic co-operation efforts and investment opportunities are elucidated. Planners in Qatar know that their revenue base in petroleum is finite, and thus investment of present surplus needs careful planning. Government priorities are outlined and areas for future investments are suggested.« less

An Analysis of the Impact of Sport Utility Vehicles in the United States

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Davis, S.C.; Truett, L.F.

2000-08-01

It may be labeled sport utility vehicle, SUV, sport-ute, suburban assault vehicle, or a friend of OPEC (Organization for Petroleum Exporting Countries). It has been the subject of comics, the object of high-finance marketing ploys, and the theme of Dateline. Whatever the label or the occasion, this vehicle is in great demand. The popularity of sport utility vehicles (SUVs) has increased dramatically since the late 1970s, and SUVs are currently the fastest growing segment of the motor vehicle industry. Hoping to gain market share due to the popularity of the expanding SUV market, more and more manufacturers are adding SUVsmore » to their vehicle lineup. One purpose of this study is to analyze the world of the SUV to determine why this vehicle has seen such a rapid increase in popularity. Another purpose is to examine the impact of SUVs on energy consumption, emissions, and highway safety.« less

From Toledo to Trieste--Renewing Our Commitment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Salam, Abdus

1980-01-01

Briefly reviews past endeavors at achieving international communication among scientists. Describes present accomplishments of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics. Makes appeals for scientific and technological development to the development countries, to the international community, and to representations of the OPEC countries. (CS)

Life is getting scary in the oil markets

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Uttal, B.

1980-01-28

In the four years prior to 1978, crude was plentiful and often sold on the spot market for less than official OPEC prices. Then in late 1978, Iran quit exporting, and a severe winter in Europe drove stocks of heating oil far below their usual levels. Fear of shortages sent spot prices for heating oil up 112%, and crude prices followed. Many OPEC members realized that sticking to the cartel's official selling price was no longer in their interests. Some OPEC members are now pulling contracts out from under the majors and are selling directly to consuming nations. The movemore » away from the majors has increased the chances that an end user will have its supplies disrupted, causing it to buy and stockpile supplies beyond storage capacity. The producing states' new dominance has had its greatest impact not on the majors but on a special class of customers who rely on the majors for much of their crude. These are the third-party buyers, a category that includes independent refiners, governments, and any other customer not directly associated with the majors' captive distribution networks. DOE estimates that some independent refiners have lost 40% of their third-party supplies; Japan has been informed that, as of March 1980, it will lose all of the oil it receives under third-party contracts. It now seems that none of the majors has enough crude to run its own refineries and to keep up supplies to its established third-party customers. And, when supplies are loose, cartel members are likely to cut production. One analyst has said that OPEC could fulfill all of their revenue needs and still slash production by about 70%. (MCW)« less

An analysis of macroeconomic fluctuations for a small open oil-based economy: The case of Saudi Arabia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al-Abdulkarim, Bander B.

The increasing fluctuations in the oil prices through the last decades have been transferred to the oil exporting countries. Thus, many oil exporting countries experienced significant changes in the economic activity due to changes in the oil markets. In light of this, oil exporting countries have attempted to implement a policy that would stabilize the fluctuations in the oil markets recognizing the adverse effects of such behavior on oil exporting countries, as well as oil importing countries. Saudi Arabia, as the largest oil-exporting country and a member of OPEC, takes the role of oil-markets stabilizer by behaving as the swing producer. This role has caused the global economic fluctuations to transfer into the domestic economy. In addition, Saudi Arabian government has adopted a fixed exchange rate currency regime. Although it has contributed to domestic price stabilizations, this policy has also exposed the country to global economic disturbances. The purpose of the study is to empirically investigate these aspects for Saudi Arabia. First, the effects of shocks originated in the international markets on the Saudi Arabian economy. Second, how the fixed exchange rate regimes influences the domestic macroeconomic variables. Third, to what extent the oil sector contributes to the non-oil domestic fluctuations. Finally, how the findings from the study can be explained by economic theory. In pursuing this, there are four economic theories that are considered to explain the causes of business cycles. These theories are Classical Theory, Keynesian Theory, Monetarist Theory, and the Real Business Cycles. In addition, a theoretical model is derived that is suitable for an oil-based economy. The model follows the set up of McCallum and Nelson (1999). Then, the empirical models of Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) and Error Correction Model (ECM) are implemented with three different specifications: Choleski Decomposition, Block Exogeneity and long-run Cointegration Model. The empirical models then are applied to sets of data from 1980 to 2002 for Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Venezuela and Norway. The rationale of including other oil-exporting countries is to distinguish whether the shocks are country-specific, regional-specific, or global. Two sets of shocks are considered: international shocks and domestic shocks. Three types of international shocks are chosen: commodity-price (oil price) shock, international financial (interest rate) shock, and international real (output) shock. In addition, five domestic shocks which are non-oil output shock, oil production shock, price level shock, monetary shock, and exchange rate shock. The findings reached in the study demonstrate that the international shocks are responsible for a high proportion of fluctuations in the economic activity in Saudi Arabia. Most importantly, the international financial shocks represented by the US interest rate and oil price shocks are the major sources of fluctuations in the Saudi Arabian economy. Domestically, the economy is mostly affected by the oil production and the non-oil output shocks for Saudi Arabia. These results emphasize that the Saudi Arabia's role in the international oil market and its fixed exchange rate regime have significant implications on the domestic economy. Thus, special considerations should be placed on designing the appropriate policies to lessen the dependency on the oil sector and strengthen the role of private sector to diversify the economic base, and provide an independent sound monetary policy to steer the economy from the fluctuations in the global economy. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Solar thermal technology development: Estimated market size and energy cost savings. Volume 1: Executive summary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gates, W. R.

1983-01-01

Estimated future energy cost savings associated with the development of cost-competitive solar thermal technologies (STT) are discussed. Analysis is restricted to STT in electric applications for 16 high-insolation/high-energy-price states. The fuel price scenarios and three 1990 STT system costs are considered, reflecting uncertainty over future fuel prices and STT cost projections. STT R&D is found to be unacceptably risky for private industry in the absence of federal support. Energy cost savings were projected to range from $0 to $10 billion (1990 values in 1981 dollars), dependng on the system cost and fuel price scenario. Normal R&D investment risks are accentuated because the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel can artificially manipulate oil prices and undercut growth of alternative energy sources. Federal participation in STT R&D to help capture the potential benefits of developing cost-competitive STT was found to be in the national interest.

Solar thermal technology development: Estimated market size and energy cost savings. Volume 1: Executive summary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gates, W. R.

1983-02-01

Estimated future energy cost savings associated with the development of cost-competitive solar thermal technologies (STT) are discussed. Analysis is restricted to STT in electric applications for 16 high-insolation/high-energy-price states. The fuel price scenarios and three 1990 STT system costs are considered, reflecting uncertainty over future fuel prices and STT cost projections. STT R&D is found to be unacceptably risky for private industry in the absence of federal support. Energy cost savings were projected to range from $0 to $10 billion (1990 values in 1981 dollars), dependng on the system cost and fuel price scenario. Normal R&D investment risks are accentuated because the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel can artificially manipulate oil prices and undercut growth of alternative energy sources. Federal participation in STT R&D to help capture the potential benefits of developing cost-competitive STT was found to be in the national interest.

Personal View

PubMed Central

Anderson, D. C.

1975-01-01

The first recorded case of iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome of a whole country is described. For no good reason the patient, an elderly insular country of limited endocrine resources, is receiving, among other things, enormous doses of opec ACTH in crude Arab oil (“givitbACTHen depot”). Since the patient is not under my care she will probably continue to deteriorate.

Nonlinear analysis and dynamic structure in the energy market

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aghababa, Hajar

This research assesses the dynamic structure of the energy sector of the aggregate economy in the context of nonlinear mechanisms. Earlier studies have focused mainly on the price of the energy products when detecting nonlinearities in time series data of the energy market, and there is little mention of the production side of the market. Moreover, there is a lack of exploration about the implication of high dimensionality and time aggregation when analyzing the market's fundamentals. This research will address these gaps by including the quantity side of the market in addition to the price and by systematically incorporating various frequencies for sample sizes in three essays. The goal of this research is to provide an inclusive and exhaustive examination of the dynamics in the energy markets. The first essay begins with the application of statistical techniques, and it incorporates the most well-known univariate tests for nonlinearity with distinct power functions over alternatives and tests different null hypotheses. It utilizes the daily spot price observations on five major products in the energy market. The results suggest that the time series daily spot prices of the energy products are highly nonlinear in their nature. They demonstrate apparent evidence of general nonlinear serial dependence in each individual series, as well as nonlinearity in the first, second, and third moments of the series. The second essay examines the underlying mechanism of crude oil production and identifies the nonlinear structure of the production market by utilizing various monthly time series observations of crude oil production: the U.S. field, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), non-OPEC, and the world production of crude oil. The finding implies that the time series data of the U.S. field, OPEC, and the world production of crude oil exhibit deep nonlinearity in their structure and are generated by nonlinear mechanisms. However, the dynamics of the non-OPEC production time series data does not reveal signs of nonlinearity. The third essay explores nonlinear structure in the case of high dimensionality of the observations, different frequencies of sample sizes, and division of the samples into sub-samples. It systematically examines the robustness of the inference methods at various levels of time aggregation by employing daily spot prices on crude oil for 26 years as well as monthly spot price index on crude oil for 41 years. The daily and monthly samples are divided into sub-samples as well. All the tests detect strong evidence of nonlinear structure in the daily spot price of crude oil; whereas in monthly observations the evidence of nonlinear dependence is less dramatic, indicating that the nonlinear serial dependence will not be as intense when the time aggregation increase in time series observations.

Arab petropolitics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Al Sowayegh, A.

1984-01-01

An examination is given of the role and significance of oil power as used by the Arab producing countries to achieve political aims. The author, a Saudi official, describes the history of petropolitics, OPEC, and the Arab-Israeli conflict; explores the triangular relationship of oil companies, consuming countries, and producing countries; evaluates the policy considerations influencing Arab oil decisions and actions; and focuses in depth on the oil relationship between the Arab nations and the United States.

Energy vulnerability relationships

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shaw, B.R.; Boesen, J.L.

The US consumption of crude oil resources has been a steadily growing indicator of the vitality and strength of the US economy. At the same time import diversity has also been a rapidly developing dimension of the import picture. In the early 1970`s, embargoes of crude oil from Organization of Producing and Exporting Countries (OPEC) created economic and political havoc due to a significant lack of diversity and a unique set of economic, political and domestic regulatory circumstances. The continued rise of imports has again led to concerns over the security of our crude oil resource but threats to thismore » system must be considered in light of the diversity and current setting of imported oil. This report develops several important issues concerning vulnerability to the disruption of oil imports: (1) The Middle East is not the major supplier of oil to the United States, (2) The US is not vulnerable to having its entire import stream disrupted, (3) Even in stable countries, there exist vulnerabilities to disruption of the export stream of oil, (4) Vulnerability reduction requires a focus on international solutions, and (5) DOE program and policy development must reflect the requirements of the diverse supply. Does this increasing proportion of imported oil create a {open_quotes}dependence{close_quotes}? Does this increasing proportion of imported oil present a vulnerability to {open_quotes}price shocks{close_quotes} and the tremendous dislocations experienced during the 1970`s? Finally, what is the vulnerability of supply disruptions from the current sources of imported oil? If oil is considered to be a finite, rapidly depleting resource, then the answers to these questions must be {open_quotes}yes.{close_quotes} However, if the supply of oil is expanding, and not limited, then dependence is relative to regional supply sources.« less

Solar thermal technology development: Estimated market size and energy cost savings. Volume 2: Assumptions, methodology and results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gates, W. R.

1983-02-01

Estimated future energy cost savings associated with the development of cost-competitive solar thermal technologies (STT) are discussed. Analysis is restricted to STT in electric applications for 16 high-insolation/high-energy-price states. Three fuel price scenarios and three 1990 STT system costs are considered, reflecting uncertainty over future fuel prices and STT cost projections. Solar thermal technology research and development (R&D) is found to be unacceptably risky for private industry in the absence of federal support. Energy cost savings were projected to range from $0 to $10 billion (1990 values in 1981 dollars), depending on the system cost and fuel price scenario. Normal R&D investment risks are accentuated because the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel can artificially manipulate oil prices and undercut growth of alternative energy sources. Federal participation in STT R&D to help capture the potential benefits of developing cost-competitive STT was found to be in the national interest. Analysis is also provided regarding two federal incentives currently in use: The Federal Business Energy Tax Credit and direct R&D funding.

Solar thermal technology development: Estimated market size and energy cost savings. Volume 2: Assumptions, methodology and results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gates, W. R.

1983-01-01

Estimated future energy cost savings associated with the development of cost-competitive solar thermal technologies (STT) are discussed. Analysis is restricted to STT in electric applications for 16 high-insolation/high-energy-price states. Three fuel price scenarios and three 1990 STT system costs are considered, reflecting uncertainty over future fuel prices and STT cost projections. Solar thermal technology research and development (R&D) is found to be unacceptably risky for private industry in the absence of federal support. Energy cost savings were projected to range from $0 to $10 billion (1990 values in 1981 dollars), depending on the system cost and fuel price scenario. Normal R&D investment risks are accentuated because the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel can artificially manipulate oil prices and undercut growth of alternative energy sources. Federal participation in STT R&D to help capture the potential benefits of developing cost-competitive STT was found to be in the national interest. Analysis is also provided regarding two federal incentives currently in use: The Federal Business Energy Tax Credit and direct R&D funding.

Arab oil and gas directory 1985

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1985-01-01

The directory provides detailed statistics and information on aspects of oil and gas production, exploration and developments in the 24 Arab countries of the Middle East and North Africa and in Iran. It includes the texts of relevant new laws and official documents, official surveys, current projects and developments, up-to-date statistics covering OPEC and OAPEC member countries, and has 26 maps.

More attention should be paid to making the U. S. less vulnerable to foreign oil price and supply decisions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Staats, E.B.

1978-01-03

A report is presented in which GAO recommends that the secretaries of State and Energy present to the Congress by July 1, 1978, a plan for improving security of U.S. imported oil supplies at reasonable prices by U.S. policy initiatives directed toward changes in access terms, incentives for production in other than OPEC countries, and bilateral and multilateral approaches to OPEC and other nations. Ultimately, this country, as well as the rest of the world, will become independent of oil. This is necessarily true because oil is a finite commodity and will run out someday. Accordingly, national attention ought tomore » be directed to truly responsible concerns about how to achieve an orderly transition to an economy based upon alternative resources of energy. Today's policies must buy time and provide the petroleum supplies needed while other energy sources are developed and put in operation to replace them.« less

Qatar: Energy and development

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

El Mallakh, R.

Despite the traumas that have been experienced in the Arabian Gulf over the past five years, Qatar has been remarkably successful in smoothing the transition of its economy from recession and oil glut to recovery and stabilization. This book examines the characteristics of Qatar's economic and social development that have assisted this process. These characteristics include; moderation in the development policy and the avoidance of excessive haste; a cohesive sense of political identity; and a relatively well educated labor force derived from an educational program that was in place prior to the oil boom. Qatar has also maintained a moderatemore » policy within OPEC. During the price hikes of 1979-80, caused by cutbacks in Iranian exports, Qatar maintained its policy of restraint; this was an important factor in permitting Qatar to confront the substantial drop in oil-generated revenues faced by all the oil exporters in 1982-84.« less

Oil prices in a new light

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fesharaki, F.

1994-05-01

For a clear picture of how oil prices develop, the author steps away from the price levels to which the world is accustomed, and evaluates scientifically. What makes prices jump from one notch to another The move results from a political or economic shock or the perception of a particular position by the futures market and the media. The shock could range from a war or an assassination to a promise of cooperation among OPEC members (when believed by the market) or to speculation about another failure at an OPEC meeting. In the oil market, only a couple of factualmore » figures can provide a floor to the price of oil. The cost of production of oil in the Gulf is around $2 to $3/bbl, and the cost of production of oil (capital and operating costs) in key non-OPEC areas is well under $10/bbl. With some adjustments for transport and quality, a price range of $13/bbl to $16/bbl would correspond to a reasonable sustainable floor price. The reason for prices above the floor price has been a continuous fear of oil supply interruptions. That fear kept prices above the floor price for many years. The fear factor has now almost fully disappeared. The market has gone through the drama of the Iranian Revolution, the Iran-Iraq war, the tanker war, the invasion of Kuwait, and the expulsions of the Iraqis. And still the oil flowed -- all the time. It has become abundantly clear that fears above the oil market were unjustified. Everyone needs to export oil, and oil will flow under the worst circumstances. The demise of the fear factor means that oil prices tend toward the floor price for a prolonged period.« less

Advanced neuroblastoma: improved response rate using a multiagent regimen (OPEC) including sequential cisplatin and VM-26.

PubMed

Shafford, E A; Rogers, D W; Pritchard, J

1984-07-01

Forty-two children, all over one year of age, were given vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and sequentially timed cisplatin and VM-26 (OPEC) or OPEC and doxorubicin (OPEC-D) as initial treatment for newly diagnosed stage III or IV neuroblastoma. Good partial response was achieved in 31 patients (74%) overall and in 28 (78%) of 36 patients whose treatment adhered to the chemotherapy protocol, compared with a 65% response rate achieved in a previous series of children treated with pulsed cyclophosphamide and vincristine with or without doxorubicin. Only six patients, including two of the six children whose treatment did not adhere to protocol, failed to respond, but there were five early deaths from treatment-related complications. Tumor response to OPEC, which was the less toxic of the two regimens, was at least as good as tumor response to OPEC-D. Cisplatin-induced morbidity was clinically significant in only one patient and was avoided in others by careful monitoring of glomerular filtration rate and hearing. Other centers should test the efficacy of OPEC or equivalent regimens in the treatment of advanced neuroblastoma.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shaaf, M.B.

The primary purpose of this dissertation was to explore the nature, purposes, benefits, and barriers of establishing a currency basket for OPEC as an alternative to the use the dollar for international trade in oil. The study included the construction and evaluation of three alternative currency baskets and the evaluation of two other baskets for the protection of the real price of OPEC oil from foreign-exchange fluctuations between 1971 and 1980. A secondary objective was to assess the inflationary impact on the real price of oil. Finally, the purpose was to evaluate the changes of the terms of trade ofmore » OPEC during the same period. The findings of the research are as follows: During 1971-1980, inflation and the relative weakness of the dollar have reduced the real price of oil to OPEC. In spite of this, the terms of trade of OPEC have substantially improved. This was because OPEC increased its oil prices much more than sufficient to compensate for inflation and the fluctuation of foreign-exchange rates.« less

Algeria: World Oil Report 1991

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1991-08-01

This paper reports that Algeria is positioned to achieve important, new natural gas markets. Over half of its hydrocarbon income is from exports of gas and derived products, liquified petroleum gas (LPG) and condensates, which are not subject to Opec quotas. Officials are moving away from inflexible past policies and are becoming vastly more realistic now that foreign investment laws have been liberalized and there is a need to attract foreign investors. Sonatrach must address three key issues to consolidate recent progress. Sales to existing customers in Europe, like Italy, must be expanded; new customers and markets need to found:more » and U.S. liquified natural gas (LNG) markets must be revived.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hartman, J.B.; Walker, T.L.

Significant rightholding changes took place in central and southern Africa during 1987. Angola, Benin, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Mauritania, Seychelles, Somali Republic, Tanzania, Zaire, and Zambia announced awards or acreage open for bidding. Decreases in exploratory rightholdings occurred in Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, and Tanzania. More wells and greater footage were drilled in 1987 than in 1986. Total wells increased by 18% as 254 wells were completed compared to 217 in 1986. Footage drilled during the year increased by 46% as about 1.9 million ft were drilled compared to about 1.3more » million ft in 1986. The success rate for exploration wells in 1987 improved slightly to 36% compared to 34% in 1986. Significant discoveries were made in Nigeria, Angola, Congo, and Gabon. Seismic acquisition in 1987 was the major geophysical activity during the year. Total oil production in 1987 was 773 million bbl (about 2.1 million b/d), a decrease of 7%. The decrease is mostly due to a 14% drop in Nigerian production, which comprises 60% of total regional production. The production share of OPEC countries (Nigeria and Gabon) versus non-OPEC countries of 67% remained unchanged from 1986. 24 figs., 5 tabs.« less

Effects of spermatozoa-oviductal cell coincubation time and oviductal cell age on spermatozoa-oviduct interactions.

PubMed

Aldarmahi, Ahmed; Elliott, Sarah; Russell, Jean; Fazeli, Alireza

2014-01-01

The oviduct plays a crucial role in sperm storage, maintenance of sperm viability and sperm transport to the site of fertilisation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of oviductal cell culture passage number, oviductal cell age and spermatozoa-oviduct coincubation times on gene expression in oviductal cells. Immortalised oviductal epithelial cells (OPEC) obtained from two different cell passages (36 and 57) were subcultured three times with and without spermatozoa for 24 h (control group). In a second study, OPEC were cocultured with spermatozoa for different time intervals (0, 4, 12 and 24 h). Expression of adrenomedullin (ADM), heat shock 70 kDa protein 8 (HSPA8) and prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) in OPEC was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression of ADM and HSPA8 was decreased significantly in OPEC cells from Passage 57, particularly in the later subculture group. These effects on HSPA8, but not ADM, expression in OPEC were further altered after coculture with spermatozoa for 24 h. We also demonstrated that spermatozoa-oviduct coculture for 12 and 24 h resulted in significantly higher expression of ADM, HSPA8 and PGES in OPEC. Overall, the data suggest that the OPEC lose some of their properties as a result of oviductal cell aging and that there are spermatozoa-oviduct interactions leading to increased oviductal cell gene expression.

OPEC behavior

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Bo

This thesis aims to contribute to a further understanding of the real dynamics of OPEC production behavior and its impacts on the world oil market. A literature review in this area shows that the existing studies on OPEC still have some major deficiencies in theoretical interpretation and empirical estimation technique. After a brief background review in chapter 1, chapter 2 tests Griffin's market-sharing cartel model on the post-Griffin time horizon with a simultaneous system of equations, and an innovative hypothesis of OPEC's behavior (Saudi Arabia in particular) is then proposed based on the estimation results. Chapter 3 first provides a conceptual analysis of OPEC behavior under the framework of non-cooperative collusion with imperfect information. An empirical model is then constructed and estimated. The results of the empirical studies in this thesis strongly support the hypothesis that OPEC has operated as a market-sharing cartel since the early 1980s. In addition, the results also provide some support of the theory of non-cooperative collusion under imperfect information. OPEC members collude under normal circumstances and behave competitively at times in response to imperfect market signals of cartel compliance and some internal attributes. Periodic joint competition conduct plays an important role in sustaining the collusion in the long run. Saudi Arabia acts as the leader of the cartel, accommodating intermediate unfavorable market development and punishing others with a tit-for-tat strategy in extreme circumstances.

International energy indicators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bauer, E. K.

1980-08-01

Data are compiled in tables and graphs on Iran and Saudi Arabia: crude oil capacity, production, and shut-in, June 1974 to July 1980; OPEC (Ex-Iran and Saudi Arabia); capacity, production, and shut-in, June 1974 to June 1980; non-OPEC Free World and US production of crude oil, January 1973 to May 1980; oil stocks: Free World, US, Japan, and Europe (landed), 1973 - 1st quarter 1980; petroleum consumption by industrial countries, January 1973 to February 1980; USSR crude oil production, January 1974 to July 1980; Free World and US nuclear generation capacity, January 1973 to June 1980; US import of crude oil and products, January 1973 to July 1980; landed cost of Saudi crude in current and 1974 dollars, April 1974 to May 1980; US trade in coal, January 1973 to June 1980; summary of US merchandise trade, 1976 to June 1980; and energy/GNP ratio, 1974-1st quarter 1980. The highlight of each is summarized in the table of contents.

Dioxin exerts anti-estrogenic actions in a novel dioxin-responsive telomerase-immortalized epithelial cell line of the porcine oviduct (TERT-OPEC).

PubMed

Hombach-Klonisch, Sabine; Pocar, Paola; Kauffold, Johannes; Klonisch, Thomas

2006-04-01

Oviduct epithelial cells are important for the nourishment and survival of ovulated oocytes and early embryos, and they respond to the steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone. Endocrine-disrupting polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAH) are environmental toxins that act in part through the ligand-activated transcription factor arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR; dioxin receptor), and exposure to PHAH has been shown to decrease fertility. To investigate effects of PHAHs on the oviduct epithelium as a potential target tissue of dioxin-type endocrine disruptors, we have established a novel telomerase-immortalized oviduct porcine epithelial cell line (TERT-OPEC). TERT-OPEC exhibited active telomerase and the immunoreactive epithelial marker cytokeratin but lacked the stromal marker vimentin. TERT-OPEC contained functional estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and AhR, as determined by the detection of ER-alpha- and AhR-specific target molecules. Treatment of TERT-OPEC with the AhR ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) resulted in a significant increase in the production of the cytochrome P-450 microsomal enzyme CYP1A1. Activated AhR caused a downregulation of ER nuclear protein fraction and significantly decreased ER-signaling in TERT-OPEC as determined by ERE-luciferase transient transfection assays. In summary, the TCDD-induced and AhR-mediated anti-estrogenic responses by TERT-OPEC suggest that PHAH affect the predominantly estrogen-dependent differentiation of the oviduct epithelium within the fallopian tube. This action then alters the local endocrine milieu, potentially resulting in a largely unexplored cause of impaired embryonic development and female infertility.

Heterogeneity and differentiation: the end for the Third World??

PubMed

Abdalla, I

1978-01-01

Dependence, with all its corollaries, is the common denominator of Third World countries. Comprehensive decolonization is the only way out. New categories and classifications, i.e., OPEC countries and NICs (Newly Industrialized Countries), fall short of destroying the fundamental community of condition and goal. China is not a Third World country. The case for heterogeneity of Third World countries is a faulty one. The average per capita GNP of the higher income group in 1975 was $1,270.00 against $142.70 for the lower income group, 8.9 times lower. Among OECD countries, Switzerland's per capita is 9.3 times Turkey's, yet no one speaks of heterogeneity within OECD. Development can, and should, proceed according to the conditions of each nation, but differences cannot and should not overshadow the commonality of interests in the Third World.

15 CFR 1300.1 - Reporting of exports of technology to nonmarket economy countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... nonmarket economy countries. 1300.1 Section 1300.1 Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations Relating to... § 1300.1 Reporting of exports of technology to nonmarket economy countries. (a) For purposes of complying... the export of technology to a nonmarket economy country, exporters of such technology shall be deemed...

15 CFR 1300.1 - Reporting of exports of technology to nonmarket economy countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... nonmarket economy countries. 1300.1 Section 1300.1 Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations Relating to... § 1300.1 Reporting of exports of technology to nonmarket economy countries. (a) For purposes of complying... the export of technology to a nonmarket economy country, exporters of such technology shall be deemed...

15 CFR 1300.1 - Reporting of exports of technology to nonmarket economy countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... nonmarket economy countries. 1300.1 Section 1300.1 Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations Relating to... § 1300.1 Reporting of exports of technology to nonmarket economy countries. (a) For purposes of complying... the export of technology to a nonmarket economy country, exporters of such technology shall be deemed...

Arab-American trade: performance and prospects. [With oil group and non-oil group countries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Al-Bustany, B.

1980-03-01

Twenty Arab countries were examined by dividing them into two groups depending on the relative share of oil exports (excluding re-exports) in total exports as an annual average for 1972-1978, with a demarcation line of 50%. The oil group (OG) comprises eight countries while the non-oil group covers twelve countries. The level of Arab exports and imports increased during the period between 1972 and 1978. Oil was the dominant export but NOG countries diversified with exports of cotton and phosphate. The balance of trade of the Arab countries was positive during this period despite the persistent, and increasing, deficit ofmore » the NOG countries, Combined Arab-American trade increased substantially during the 1970's but particularly after 1974. Oil has been the major factor affecting the size and pattern of Arab-American trade. Export earnings of the OG increased while import capacity of the NOG, supported by increased financial aid received from the OG, also increased. The American balance of trade will continue to be closely linked to Arab influence. (SAC)« less

OPEC chemotherapy (vincristine, prednisolone, etoposide and chlorambucil) for refractory and recurrent Hodgkin's disease.

PubMed

Barnett, M J; Man, A M; Richards, M A; Waxman, J H; Wrigley, P F; Lister, T A

1987-01-01

Fifteen adults with refractory or recurrent Hodgkin's disease were treated with a combination of: vincristine, prednisolone, etoposide and chlorambucil (OPEC). All had previously received mustine, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisolone (MVPP) and seven had subsequently been treated with alternative regimens. Responses were achieved in four, but complete remission in only one. Toxicity was considerable and five died of treatment related complications. Only two are alive (one in complete remission) more than three years after therapy. The toxicity of the OPEC regimen outweighed its benefit in this group of poor prognosis patients.

International energy indicators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bauer, E. K.

1980-03-01

For the international sector, a table of data is first presented followed by corresponding graphs of the data for the following: (1) Iran: crude oil capacity, production, and shut in, 1974 to February 1980; (2) Saudi Arabia (same as Iran); (3) OPEC (ex-Iran and Saudi Arabia); capacity, production, and shutin, 1974 to January 1980; (4) non-OPEC Free World and US production of crude oil, 1973 to January 1980; (5) oil stocks: Free World, US, Japan, and Europe (landed), 1973 to 1979; (6) petroleum consumption by industrial countries, 1973 to October 1979; (7) USSR crude oil production, 1974 to February 1980; (8) Free World and US nuclear generation capacity, 1973 to January 1980. For the United States, the same data format is used for the following: US imports of crude oil and products 1973 to January 1980; landed cost of Saudi Arabia crude oil in current and 1974 dollars, 1974 to October 1979; US trade in coal, 1973 to 1979; summary of US merchandise trade, 1976 to January 1980; and US energy/GNP ratio (in 1972 dollars), 1947 to 1979.

Export competitiveness of dairy products on global markets: the case of the European Union countries.

PubMed

Bojnec, Š; Fertő, I

2014-10-01

This paper analyzed the export competitiveness of dairy products of the European Union (EU) countries (EU-27) on intra-EU, extra-EU, and global markets, using the revealed comparative advantage index over the 2000-2011 period. The results indicated that about half of the EU-27 countries have had competitive exports in a certain segment of dairy products. The results differed by level of milk processing and for intra-EU and extra-EU markets, and did so over the analyzed years. Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, and the Netherlands are old EU-15 countries with competitive dairy exports (from the lowest to the highest according to the level of milk processing). The majority of the new EU-12 countries have faced difficulties in maintaining their level of export competitiveness, at least for some dairy products and market segments. The more competitive EU-12 countries in dairy exports were the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) and Poland. The duration of export competitiveness differed across the dairy groups of products according to the level of milk processing, indicating the importance of dairy chain product differentiation for export competitiveness and specialization. The export competitiveness of the higher level of processed milk products for final consumption can be significant for export dairy chain competitiveness on global markets. Copyright © 2014 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Toward an energy efficient community

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Horn, M.

1980-10-01

The current oil policy of the OPEC countries means that a substantial oil shortage may be expected in the future. Conservative estimates indicate an oil shortage of 65 billion tons in the year 2000. The results of numerous new studies show that (from the technological point of view) the savings potential is high enough to achieve an absolute decrease in total energy consumption by the year 2000, provided better use is made of secondary energy sources in the form of electric power, gas, and solar heat.

The cause and effect of exclusionary zoning within a jurisdiction, and, The stockpile of petroleum needed to contain OPEC's price shocks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vatter, Marc H.

In Part I, I model a jurisdiction where residents differ by income, and housing confers benefits on neighbors. By majority vote, residents choose minima on consumption of housing that differ by neighborhood, and they separate into neighborhoods by income. In practice, such laws take the form of minimum lot sizes, bans on multi-family units, building codes, and other restrictions. This policy maximizes a benefit-cost welfare criterion. Alternative policies include no minima and a uniform minimum citywide, based on libertarian and utilitarian welfare criteria, respectively. I compare the policies in terms of efficiency, implementability, and distributional consequences, and give numerical examples based on U.S. data. Willingness to pay for the benefit-cost optimum is convex in income. This helps to explain why neighborhood stratification by income has outpaced stratification of income itself in U.S metropolitan areas since 1970. In the examples, gains to a rich household are in the thousands and losses to the poor in the hundreds of dollars annually. In Part II, I estimate the stockpile of petroleum sufficient to contain a price shock perpetrated by the OPEC. I estimate world demand for petroleum such that the long run price elasticity exceeds that in the short run, and supply from non-OPEC producers with a similar kind of lagged response. Given this structure for elasticities, OPEC profits from sudden increases in price. I simulate interaction among consumers, non-OPEC producers, OPEC, and an International Energy Agency (IEA) that punishes OPEC by releasing oil onto the market. I endow the IEA with increasingly large stockpiles until they suffice to limit price shocks to specified levels. Every 5 reduction in the shock raises present-valued world GDP by about 650 billion. The IEA now has 1.4 billion barrels of petroleum, including 700 million in the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve. A 3 billion barrel stockpile would suffice to reduce a 35 price shock to 20, raising world GDP by about 2 trillion. A 5 billion barrel stockpile would cut the shock to 5. The benefits of doing so are in the trillions of dollars, while lost profits to OPEC are in the hundreds of billions.

Relevance of Global Health Security to the US Export Economy.

PubMed

Cassell, Cynthia H; Bambery, Zoe; Roy, Kakoli; Meltzer, Martin I; Ahmed, Zara; Payne, Rebecca L; Bunnell, Rebecca E

To reduce the health security risk and impact of outbreaks around the world, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and its partners are building capabilities to prevent, detect, and contain outbreaks in 49 global health security priority countries. We examine the extent of economic vulnerability to the US export economy posed by trade disruptions in these 49 countries. Using 2015 US Department of Commerce data, we assessed the value of US exports and the number of US jobs supported by those exports. US exports to the 49 countries exceeded $308 billion and supported more than 1.6 million jobs across all US states in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, oil and gas, services, and other sectors. These exports represented 13.7% of all US export revenue worldwide and 14.3% of all US jobs supported by all US exports. The economic linkages between the United States and these global health security priority countries illustrate the importance of ensuring that countries have the public health capacities needed to control outbreaks at their source before they become pandemics.

Relevance of Global Health Security to the US Export Economy

PubMed Central

Cassell, Cynthia H.; Bambery, Zoe; Roy, Kakoli; Meltzer, Martin I.; Ahmed, Zara; Payne, Rebecca L.

2017-01-01

To reduce the health security risk and impact of outbreaks around the world, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and its partners are building capabilities to prevent, detect, and contain outbreaks in 49 global health security priority countries. We examine the extent of economic vulnerability to the US export economy posed by trade disruptions in these 49 countries. Using 2015 US Department of Commerce data, we assessed the value of US exports and the number of US jobs supported by those exports. US exports to the 49 countries exceeded $308 billion and supported more than 1.6 million jobs across all US states in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, oil and gas, services, and other sectors. These exports represented 13.7% of all US export revenue worldwide and 14.3% of all US jobs supported by all US exports. The economic linkages between the United States and these global health security priority countries illustrate the importance of ensuring that countries have the public health capacities needed to control outbreaks at their source before they become pandemics. PMID:29199867

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hodel, D.P.

Energy Secretary Donald P. Hodel told participants at the 4th International Oil conference in London that no one really knows the future demand for oil or whether oil prices will be $29 or $80 per barrel. DOE and consumption-based forecasts do little more than indicate trends, such as the effort by industrial countries to reduce their dependence on oil and achieve a more balanced energy supply. The current OPEC prices indicate that market forces do seek equilibrium, but there is no guarantee that producing nations will not overproduce or seek new markets through price competition. Hodel projects that oil usemore » will go down in industrial countries and increase in developing countries. He anticipates few new supplies of low-cost oil, but expects new developments in renewable energy sources by the year 2000.« less

77 FR 66584 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-06

..., provided by certain countries exporting softwood lumber or softwood lumber products to the United States... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to the United States; Request for Comment AGENCY...

75 FR 22743 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-30

..., provided by certain countries exporting softwood lumber or softwood lumber products to the United States... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to the United States; Request for Comment AGENCY...

76 FR 23991 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-29

..., provided by certain countries exporting softwood lumber or softwood lumber products to the United States... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to the United States; Request for Comment AGENCY...

31 CFR 541.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 541... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software, or to...

31 CFR 549.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730 through 774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in...

31 CFR 542.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 542... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730 through 799, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software...

31 CFR 542.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 542... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730 through 799, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software...

31 CFR 541.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 541... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software, or to...

31 CFR 541.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 541... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software, or to...

31 CFR 548.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in the...

31 CFR 548.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in the...

31 CFR 549.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730 through 774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in...

31 CFR 541.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 541... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software, or to...

31 CFR 542.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 542... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730 through 799, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software...

31 CFR 541.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 541... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software, or to...

31 CFR 548.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in the...

31 CFR 549.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730 through 774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in...

31 CFR 549.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730 through 774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in...

31 CFR 548.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in the...

31 CFR 548.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in... authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730-774, or to the exportation of goods, technology, or software for use in the...

31 CFR 542.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials, as defined in § 542... regulation or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730 through 799, or to the exportation of goods, technology or software...

OPEC/OJEC for stage 4 neuroblastoma in children over 1 year of age.

PubMed

Tweddle, D A; Pinkerton, C R; Lewis, I J; Ellershaw, C; Cole, M; Pearson, A D

2001-01-01

This paper reports the toxicity of OPEC/OJEC chemotherapy in stage 4 neuroblastoma patients over 1 year of age. Ninety-five patients with stage 4 neuroblastoma received alternating courses of OPEC/OJEC--vincristine 1.5 mg/m2 (O), cisplatin 80 mg/m2 (P), etoposide 200 mg/m2 (E), cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 (C), and carboplatin 500 mg/m2 (J), every 21 days if there was haematological recovery. Seventy out of ninety-five (74%) patients completed seven or more courses and were evaluable for toxicity. Of these 70 patients, 33% had more than three episodes of fever and sepsis, 35% required more than five blood or platelet transfusions, 36% had grade 2 or more gastrointestinal toxicity and 9% had neurotoxicity. There was a median reduction in GFR of 32 ml/min/1.73 m2 (-46 to 134) and there was one toxic death. OPEC/OJEC is a well-tolerated therapy for stage 4 neuroblastoma over 1 year of age.

High-resolution record of pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon deposition during the 20th century.

PubMed

Lima, Ana Lúcia C; Eglinton, Timothy I; Reddy, Christopher M

2003-01-01

A high-resolution record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) deposition in Rhode Island over the past approximately 180 years was constructed using a sediment core from the anoxic Pettaquamscutt River basin. The record showed significantly more structure than has hitherto been reported and revealed four distinct maxima in PAH flux. The characteristic increase in PAH flux at the turn of the 20th century was captured in detail, leading to an initial maximum prior to the Great Depression. The overall peak in PAH flux in the 1950s was followed by a maximum that immediately preceded the 1973 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil embargo. During the most recent portion of the record, an abrupt increase in PAH flux between 1996 and 1999 has been found to follow a period of near constant fluxes. Because source-diagnostic ratios indicate that petrogenic inputs are minor throughout the record, these trends are interpreted in terms of past variations in the magnitude and type of combustion processes. For the most recent PAH maximum, energy consumption data suggest that diesel fuel combustion, and hence traffic of heavier vehicles, is the most probable cause for the increase in PAH flux. Systematic variations in the relative abundance of individual PAHs in conjunction with the above changes in flux are interpreted in relation to the evolution of combustion processes. Coronene, retene, and perylene are notable exceptions, exhibiting unique down-core profiles.

Exporting DBCP and other banned pesticides: consideration of ethical issues.

PubMed

Lowry, L K; Frank, A L

1999-01-01

Many developed countries permit the export of pesticides that are banned, restricted, or unregistered within their own borders. This practice, which leads to the exposure of agricultural workers in developing countries to high levels of pesticides that are not permitted in the country of manufacture, raises many ethical issues as well as economic, social, political, and public health issues. Worldwide attempts to control export of such pesticides, through the FAO/UNEP Prior Informed Consent program, moves this issue in the right direction. This article explores the current U.S. and international practices, using the specific example of export of DBCP to banana-producing countries. The actions taken by multinational corporations, manufacturers of the pesticides, and public health officials in both the exporting and importing countries are explored, along with the impacts on workers, local economies, governments, and the environment.

International sources of financial cooperation for health in developing countries.

PubMed

Howard, L M

1983-01-01

By direct consulation and review of published sources, a study of 16 selected official sources of international financial cooperation was conducted over the August 1979 to August 1980 period in order to assess the policies, programs, and prospects for support of established international health goals. This study demonstrated that approximately 90% of the external health sector funds are provided via development oriented agencies. The major agencies providing such assistance concur that no sector, including health, should be excluded "a priori," providing that the requesting nation conveys its proposals through the appropriate national development planning authority. The agencies in the study also were found to be supporting health related programs in all the geographic regions of the World Health Organization (WHO). An associated review of 30 external funding agencies revealed that only 5 reported providing health assistance in more than half of the countries where they provided assistance for general development purposes. Interviewed sources attributed this to the limited manner in which health proposals have been identified, prepared, and forwarded (with national development authority approval) to international agencies. In 1979 concessional development financing totaled approximately US$29.9 billion, US$24.2 billion being provided by 17 major industrial nations, US$4.7 billion by Organization of Petroleum Exporting (OPEC) countries, and less than US$1 billion by the countries of Eastern Europe. Approximately 2/3 of such concessional financing is administered bilaterally, only 1/3 passing through multilateral institutions. UN agencies receive only 12% of these total concessional development financing resources. In 1979, concessional funding for health totaled approximately US$3 billion, approximately 1/10 of which was administered by WHO and its regional offices. It is anticipated that future international funding for health in developing countries will continue to come mostly from public and private development institutions directly, rather than through WHO or UN channels. Thus, it is important to recognize that each donor has a specific programming cycle, and the donors' organizational structures and professional health staffs vary greatly. Additionally, agencies providing external assistance perceive the possibility of expediting the funding process by reducing constraints on program processing that exist in the recipient countries, and they believe that reduction of such constraints is necessary.

31 CFR 545.411 - Exportation to third countries; transshipments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... specified, exportation of goods, software, or technology from the United States to third countries is prohibited if the exporter knows, or has reason to know, that the goods, software, or technology are intended...

Maximum Entropy for the International Division of Labor.

PubMed

Lei, Hongmei; Chen, Ying; Li, Ruiqi; He, Deli; Zhang, Jiang

2015-01-01

As a result of the international division of labor, the trade value distribution on different products substantiated by international trade flows can be regarded as one country's strategy for competition. According to the empirical data of trade flows, countries may spend a large fraction of export values on ubiquitous and competitive products. Meanwhile, countries may also diversify their exports share on different types of products to reduce the risk. In this paper, we report that the export share distribution curves can be derived by maximizing the entropy of shares on different products under the product's complexity constraint once the international market structure (the country-product bipartite network) is given. Therefore, a maximum entropy model provides a good fit to empirical data. The empirical data is consistent with maximum entropy subject to a constraint on the expected value of the product complexity for each country. One country's strategy is mainly determined by the types of products this country can export. In addition, our model is able to fit the empirical export share distribution curves of nearly every country very well by tuning only one parameter.

Impact of a Hypothetical Infectious Disease Outbreak on US Exports and Export-Based Jobs

PubMed Central

Bambery, Zoe; Cassell, Cynthia H.; Bunnell, Rebecca E.; Roy, Kakoli; Ahmed, Zara; Payne, Rebecca L.

2018-01-01

We estimated the impact on the US export economy of an illustrative infectious disease outbreak scenario in Southeast Asia that has 3 stages starting in 1 country and, if uncontained, spreads to 9 countries. We used 2014-2016 West Africa Ebola epidemic–related World Bank estimates of 3.3% and 16.1% reductions in gross domestic product (GDP). We also used US Department of Commerce job data to calculate export-related jobs at risk to any outbreak-related disruption in US exports. Assuming a direct correlation between GDP reductions and reduced demand for US exports, we estimated that the illustrative outbreak would cost from approximately $13 million to approximately $64 million (1 country) to $8 billion to $41 billion (9 countries) and place 1,500 to almost 1.4 million export-related US jobs at risk. Our analysis illustrates how global health security is enhanced, and the US economy is protected, when public health threats are rapidly detected and contained at their source. PMID:29405775

Impact of a Hypothetical Infectious Disease Outbreak on US Exports and Export-Based Jobs.

PubMed

Bambery, Zoe; Cassell, Cynthia H; Bunnell, Rebecca E; Roy, Kakoli; Ahmed, Zara; Payne, Rebecca L; Meltzer, Martin I

We estimated the impact on the US export economy of an illustrative infectious disease outbreak scenario in Southeast Asia that has 3 stages starting in 1 country and, if uncontained, spreads to 9 countries. We used 2014-2016 West Africa Ebola epidemic-related World Bank estimates of 3.3% and 16.1% reductions in gross domestic product (GDP). We also used US Department of Commerce job data to calculate export-related jobs at risk to any outbreak-related disruption in US exports. Assuming a direct correlation between GDP reductions and reduced demand for US exports, we estimated that the illustrative outbreak would cost from $16 million to $27 million (1 country) to $10 million to $18 billion (9 countries) and place 1,500 to almost 1.4 million export-related US jobs at risk. Our analysis illustrates how global health security is enhanced, and the US economy is protected, when public health threats are rapidly detected and contained at their source.

76 FR 29991 - Live Goats and Swine for Export; Removal of Certain Testing Requirements

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-24

... testing of goats and breeding swine intended for export to countries that do not require such tests. This action will facilitate the exportation of goats and breeding swine by eliminating the need to conduct pre... prior to export. Some countries do not require that goats and breeding swine be tested for tuberculosis...

How the Dollar's Value Affects U.S. Farm Exports to Developing Countries. Foreign Agricultural Economic Report Number 237.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burfisher, Mary E.

United States exports may not necessarily increase when the dollar falls on the world market. Conventional thinking is that a weaker dollar means more demand for U.S. products because they become less expensive than goods from countries with stronger currencies. However, developing countries whose export revenues are denominated in the weakening…

Impacts of the Doha Round framework agreements on dairy policies.

PubMed

Suzuki, N; Kaiser, H M

2005-05-01

Dairy is highly regulated in many countries for several reasons. Perishability, seasonal imbalances, and inelastic supply and demand for milk can cause inherent market instability. Milk buyers typically have had more market power than dairy farmers. Comparative production advantages in some countries have led to regulations and policies to protect local dairy farmers by maintaining domestic prices higher than world prices. A worldwide consensus on reduction of border measures for protecting dairy products is unlikely, and dairy will probably be an exception in ongoing World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations. Under the Doha Round framework agreements, countries may name some products such as dairy as "sensitive," thereby excluding them from further reforms. However, new Doha Round framework agreements depart from the current WTO rule and call for product-specific spending caps. Such caps will greatly affect the dairy sector because dairy accounts for much of the aggregate measure of support (AMS) in several countries, including the United States and Canada. Also, the amounts of dairy AMS in several countries may be recalculated relative to an international reference price. In addition, all export subsidies are targeted for elimination in the Doha Round, including export credit programs and state trading enterprises, which will limit options for disposing of surplus dairy products in foreign markets. Currently, with higher domestic prices, measures for cutting or disposing of surpluses have been used in many countries. Supply control, which is not regulated by WTO rules, remains as an option. Although explicit export subsidies are restricted by WTO rules, many countries use esoteric measures to promote dairy exports. If countries agree to eliminate "consumer financed" export subsidies using a theoretical definition and measurements proposed herein as Export Subsidy Equivalents (ESE), dairy exports in many countries may be affected. Although domestic supports and export subsidies will be reduced in the Doha Round, possible exclusion of "sensitive" products from tariff reduction will help some countries' dairy sectors survive after those final agreements. A key concern for those countries will be the simultaneous restriction of surplus-disposing measures. With fewer marketing options for surpluses, countries that continue border protection and high internal prices will likely be forced to use domestic supply control programs in the future.

15 CFR 1300.1 - Reporting of exports of technology to nonmarket economy countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Reporting of exports of technology to nonmarket economy countries. 1300.1 Section 1300.1 Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations Relating to Commerce and Foreign Trade (Continued) EAST-WEST FOREIGN TRADE BOARD REPORTS ON EXPORTS OF TECHNOLOGY § 1300.1 Reporting of exports of technology t...

78 FR 2669 - Waste Import and Export; Inquiry To Learn Whether Businesses Assert Business Confidentiality Claims

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-14

... cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and spent lead acid batteries (SLABs) from the United States, and the export and... part 262, subpart H, through the United States and foreign countries; (4) export of cathode ray tubes... countries of intent to transit through the U.S.; (4) documents related to the export of cathode ray tubes...

Correlation between In Vitro and In Vivo Antifungal Activities in Experimental Fluconazole-Resistant Oropharyngeal and Esophageal Candidiasis

PubMed Central

Walsh, Thomas J.; Gonzalez, Corina E.; Piscitelli, Steven; Bacher, John D.; Peter, Joanne; Torres, Richard; Shetti, Daiva; Katsov, Victoria; Kligys, Kristina; Lyman, Caron A.

2000-01-01

Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis (OPEC) is a frequent opportunistic mycosis in immunocompromised patients. Azole-resistant OPEC is a refractory form of this infection occurring particularly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. The procedures developed by the Antifungal Subcommittee of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) are an important advance in standardization of in vitro antifungal susceptibility methodology. In order to further understand the relationship between NCCLS methodology and antifungal therapeutic response, we studied the potential correlation between in vitro susceptibility to fluconazole and in vivo response in a rabbit model of fluconazole-resistant OPEC. MICs of fluconazole were determined by NCCLS methods. Three fluconazole-susceptible (FS) (MIC, ≤0.125 μg/ml) and three fluconazole-resistant (FR) (MIC, ≥64 μg/ml) isolates of Candida albicans from prospectively monitored HIV-infected children with OPEC were studied. FR isolates were recovered from children with severe OPEC refractory to fluconazole, and FS isolates were recovered from those with mucosal candidiasis responsive to fluconazole. Fluconazole at 2 mg/kg of body weight/day was administered to infected animals for 7 days. The concentrations of fluconazole in plasma were maintained above the MICs for FS isolates throughout the dosing interval. Fluconazole concentrations in the esophagus were greater than or equal to those in plasma. Rabbits infected with FS isolates and treated with fluconazole had significant reductions in oral mucosal quantitative cultures (P < 0.001) and tissue burden of C. albicans in tongue, soft palate, and esophagus (P < 0.001). In comparison, rabbits infected with FR isolates were unresponsive to fluconazole and had no reduction in oral mucosal quantitative cultures or tissue burden of C. albicans versus untreated controls. We conclude that there is a strong correlation between in vitro fluconazole susceptibility by NCCLS methods and in vivo response to fluconazole therapy of OPEC due to C. albicans. PMID:10835005

Correlation between in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities in experimental fluconazole-resistant oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis.

PubMed

Walsh, T J; Gonzalez, C E; Piscitelli, S; Bacher, J D; Peter, J; Torres, R; Shetti, D; Katsov, V; Kligys, K; Lyman, C A

2000-06-01

Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis (OPEC) is a frequent opportunistic mycosis in immunocompromised patients. Azole-resistant OPEC is a refractory form of this infection occurring particularly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. The procedures developed by the Antifungal Subcommittee of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) are an important advance in standardization of in vitro antifungal susceptibility methodology. In order to further understand the relationship between NCCLS methodology and antifungal therapeutic response, we studied the potential correlation between in vitro susceptibility to fluconazole and in vivo response in a rabbit model of fluconazole-resistant OPEC. MICs of fluconazole were determined by NCCLS methods. Three fluconazole-susceptible (FS) (MIC, /=64 microgram/ml) isolates of Candida albicans from prospectively monitored HIV-infected children with OPEC were studied. FR isolates were recovered from children with severe OPEC refractory to fluconazole, and FS isolates were recovered from those with mucosal candidiasis responsive to fluconazole. Fluconazole at 2 mg/kg of body weight/day was administered to infected animals for 7 days. The concentrations of fluconazole in plasma were maintained above the MICs for FS isolates throughout the dosing interval. Fluconazole concentrations in the esophagus were greater than or equal to those in plasma. Rabbits infected with FS isolates and treated with fluconazole had significant reductions in oral mucosal quantitative cultures (P < 0.001) and tissue burden of C. albicans in tongue, soft palate, and esophagus (P < 0.001). In comparison, rabbits infected with FR isolates were unresponsive to fluconazole and had no reduction in oral mucosal quantitative cultures or tissue burden of C. albicans versus untreated controls. We conclude that there is a strong correlation between in vitro fluconazole susceptibility by NCCLS methods and in vivo response to fluconazole therapy of OPEC due to C. albicans.

Essays on the behavior of the oil market and OPEC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Algudhea, Salim

This dissertation consists of three essays. The first essay is mainly concerned with investigating the risk-responsive behavior of OPEC members. Economic theory suggests that producers respond to the risk of volatile price by lowering production level. In the case of OPEC, the risk of the volatility in the price of crude oil does not seem to be a key determinant in the production decision-making process. Engineering constraints, data frequency, and political consideration may be the main causes of such a result. In the second essay, we tested the presence of the asymmetric adjustment in the cheating behavior as a result of crude oil price shocks. We utilize a set of cointegration and error correction methods that do not assume a linear adjustment to test whether cheaters within OPEC respond more to positive or negative crude oil price shocks. We conclude that cheaters respond more to negative shocks than positive shocks in oil price. The inelastic nature of demand for oil seems to play a crucial role in such asymmetric behavior. When there is a negative price shock, OPEC producers compensate for the loss in revenue by overproducing (i.e. cheat). Yet, if there is a positive shock in the price of crude oil, OPEC producers have less incentive to overproduce because of the inelastic demand for oil. The third essay is concerned with testing for the asymmetric adjustment in gasoline prices in the U.S. We consider a Momentum Threshold Autoregressive (MTAR) process to test for the asymmetric adjustment in all of the possible stages that a gallon of gasoline goes through in order to find the source of asymmetry. Then, we examine the dynamics of gasoline prices using asymmetric error correction models based on the MTAR specifications. We find the asymmetric adjustment present in all stages. The asymmetry in the retail stage seems to be the result of insufficient demand faced by retailers.

Maximum Entropy for the International Division of Labor

PubMed Central

Lei, Hongmei; Chen, Ying; Li, Ruiqi; He, Deli; Zhang, Jiang

2015-01-01

As a result of the international division of labor, the trade value distribution on different products substantiated by international trade flows can be regarded as one country’s strategy for competition. According to the empirical data of trade flows, countries may spend a large fraction of export values on ubiquitous and competitive products. Meanwhile, countries may also diversify their exports share on different types of products to reduce the risk. In this paper, we report that the export share distribution curves can be derived by maximizing the entropy of shares on different products under the product’s complexity constraint once the international market structure (the country-product bipartite network) is given. Therefore, a maximum entropy model provides a good fit to empirical data. The empirical data is consistent with maximum entropy subject to a constraint on the expected value of the product complexity for each country. One country’s strategy is mainly determined by the types of products this country can export. In addition, our model is able to fit the empirical export share distribution curves of nearly every country very well by tuning only one parameter. PMID:26172052

15 CFR 744.1 - General provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... against exports, reexports, and selected transfers to certain end-users and end-uses as introduced under... by BIS. Sections 744.2, 744.3, 744.4 prohibit exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items.... Section 744.5 prohibits exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items subject to the EAR to...

15 CFR 744.1 - General provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... against exports, reexports, and selected transfers to certain end-users and end-uses as introduced under... by BIS. Sections 744.2, 744.3, 744.4 prohibit exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items.... Section 744.5 prohibits exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items subject to the EAR to...

15 CFR 744.1 - General provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... against exports, reexports, and selected transfers to certain end-users and end-uses as introduced under... by BIS. Sections 744.2, 744.3, 744.4 prohibit exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items.... Section 744.5 prohibits exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items subject to the EAR to...

15 CFR 744.1 - General provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... against exports, reexports, and selected transfers to certain end-users and end-uses as introduced under... by BIS. Sections 744.2, 744.3, 744.4 prohibit exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items.... Section 744.5 prohibits exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items subject to the EAR to...

31 CFR 500.575 - Certain services to Vietnamese nationals authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL... to Country Group Y, as set forth in Supplement No. 1 to part 770 of the Export Administration... that may not be exported under a general license to Country Group Y pursuant to the Export...

15 CFR 742.17 - Exports of firearms to OAS member countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... REGULATIONS CONTROL POLICY-CCL BASED CONTROLS § 742.17 Exports of firearms to OAS member countries. (a... not entered into force. (b) Licensing policy. Applications supported by an Import Certificate or... be approved, except there is a policy of denial for applications to export items linked to such...

Arab petrodollars: dashed hope for a new economic order

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gauhar, A.

The North-South debate is currently quiescent, partly because Arab oil producers have failed to provide long-term support for Third World concerns. The author examines why the oil producers have abandoned the call for a New International Economic Order, and concludes that the key to understanding this missed opportunity is in the manner in which the oil-producing countries, particularly the Arab OPEC nations, deployed their income during the years of abundance. The Arab governments adopted a pattern of expenditure and investment that was clearly opposed to the interests and welfare of their own people for a variety of social and politicalmore » reasons. An important fact, which precluded cooperation among Third World countries, was the integrated nature of Arab financial capital within world capitalism.« less

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Requirements for Previously Consented Exports of Hazardous Waste

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Requirements for 1) Exports from Canada, Chile, Mexico, or non-OECD countries 40 CFR Part 262 Subparts A-D, and previous E 2) Exports for Recovery from OECD Countries Listed in 40 CFR Section 262.58(a)(1) 40 CFR Part 262, Subparts A-D, previous E and H.

50 CFR 21.21 - Import and export permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)). (b) Exception to the import permit... bird or birds in, and exported them from, the country of origin. This evidence must include a hunting license and any export documentation required by the country of origin. You must keep these documents with...

50 CFR 21.21 - Import and export permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)). (b) Exception to the import permit... bird or birds in, and exported them from, the country of origin. This evidence must include a hunting license and any export documentation required by the country of origin. You must keep these documents with...

50 CFR 21.21 - Import and export permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)). (b) Exception to the import permit... bird or birds in, and exported them from, the country of origin. This evidence must include a hunting license and any export documentation required by the country of origin. You must keep these documents with...

15 CFR 740.9 - Temporary imports, exports, reexports, and transfers (in-country) (TMP).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... commodities and software may be placed in a bonded warehouse or a storage facility provided that the exporter... the end of the beta test period as defined by the software producer or, if the software producer does... software. (a) Temporary exports, reexports, and transfers (in-country). License Exception TMP authorizes...

15 CFR 1300.1 - Reporting of exports of technology to nonmarket economy countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Reporting of exports of technology to nonmarket economy countries. 1300.1 Section 1300.1 Commerce and Foreign Trade Regulations Relating to Commerce and Foreign Trade (Continued) EAST-WEST FOREIGN TRADE BOARD REPORTS ON EXPORTS OF TECHNOLOGY...

Emissions embodied in global trade have plateaued due to structural changes in China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan, Chen; Peters, Glen P.; Andrew, Robbie M.; Korsbakken, Jan Ivar; Li, Shantong; Zhou, Dequn; Zhou, Peng

2017-09-01

75 FR 78676 - De Facto Criteria for Establishing a Separate Rate in Antidumping Proceedings Involving Non...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-16

...In antidumping proceedings involving non-market economy (``NME'') countries,\\1\\ the Department of Commerce (``the Department'') has a rebuttable presumption that the export activities of all companies within the country are subject to government control and, thus, should be assessed a single antidumping duty rate (i.e., the NME- Entity rate). It is the Department's policy to assign to all exporters of merchandise subject to investigation in an NME country this single rate unless an exporter can demonstrate that it is sufficiently independent so as to be entitled to a ``separate rate'' (i.e., a dumping margin separate from the margin assigned to the NME-Entity). Exporters can demonstrate this independence through the absence of both de jure and de facto governmental control over their export activities. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Quantitative Risk Assessment for African Horse Sickness in Live Horses Exported from South Africa

PubMed Central

Sergeant, Evan S.

2016-01-01

African horse sickness (AHS) is a severe, often fatal, arbovirus infection of horses, transmitted by Culicoides spp. midges. AHS occurs in most of sub-Saharan Africa and is a significant impediment to export of live horses from infected countries, such as South Africa. A stochastic risk model was developed to estimate the probability of exporting an undetected AHS-infected horse through a vector protected pre-export quarantine facility, in accordance with OIE recommendations for trade from an infected country. The model also allows for additional risk management measures, including multiple PCR tests prior to and during pre-export quarantine and optionally during post-arrival quarantine, as well as for comparison of risk associated with exports from a demonstrated low-risk area for AHS and an area where AHS is endemic. If 1 million horses were exported from the low-risk area with no post-arrival quarantine we estimate the median number of infected horses to be 5.4 (95% prediction interval 0.5 to 41). This equates to an annual probability of 0.0016 (95% PI: 0.00015 to 0.012) assuming 300 horses exported per year. An additional PCR test while in vector-protected post-arrival quarantine reduced these probabilities by approximately 12-fold. Probabilities for horses exported from an area where AHS is endemic were approximately 15 to 17 times higher than for horses exported from the low-risk area under comparable scenarios. The probability of undetected AHS infection in horses exported from an infected country can be minimised by appropriate risk management measures. The final choice of risk management measures depends on the level of risk acceptable to the importing country. PMID:26986002

Quantitative Risk Assessment for African Horse Sickness in Live Horses Exported from South Africa.

PubMed

Sergeant, Evan S; Grewar, John D; Weyer, Camilla T; Guthrie, Alan J

2016-01-01

African horse sickness (AHS) is a severe, often fatal, arbovirus infection of horses, transmitted by Culicoides spp. midges. AHS occurs in most of sub-Saharan Africa and is a significant impediment to export of live horses from infected countries, such as South Africa. A stochastic risk model was developed to estimate the probability of exporting an undetected AHS-infected horse through a vector protected pre-export quarantine facility, in accordance with OIE recommendations for trade from an infected country. The model also allows for additional risk management measures, including multiple PCR tests prior to and during pre-export quarantine and optionally during post-arrival quarantine, as well as for comparison of risk associated with exports from a demonstrated low-risk area for AHS and an area where AHS is endemic. If 1 million horses were exported from the low-risk area with no post-arrival quarantine we estimate the median number of infected horses to be 5.4 (95% prediction interval 0.5 to 41). This equates to an annual probability of 0.0016 (95% PI: 0.00015 to 0.012) assuming 300 horses exported per year. An additional PCR test while in vector-protected post-arrival quarantine reduced these probabilities by approximately 12-fold. Probabilities for horses exported from an area where AHS is endemic were approximately 15 to 17 times higher than for horses exported from the low-risk area under comparable scenarios. The probability of undetected AHS infection in horses exported from an infected country can be minimised by appropriate risk management measures. The final choice of risk management measures depends on the level of risk acceptable to the importing country.

Measuring economic complexity of countries and products: which metric to use?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mariani, Manuel Sebastian; Vidmer, Alexandre; Medo, Matsúš; Zhang, Yi-Cheng

2015-11-01

Evaluating the economies of countries and their relations with products in the global market is a central problem in economics, with far-reaching implications to our theoretical understanding of the international trade as well as to practical applications, such as policy making and financial investment planning. The recent Economic Complexity approach aims to quantify the competitiveness of countries and the quality of the exported products based on the empirical observation that the most competitive countries have diversified exports, whereas developing countries only export few low quality products - typically those exported by many other countries. Two different metrics, Fitness-Complexity and the Method of Reflections, have been proposed to measure country and product score in the Economic Complexity framework. We use international trade data and a recent ranking evaluation measure to quantitatively compare the ability of the two metrics to rank countries and products according to their importance in the network. The results show that the Fitness-Complexity metric outperforms the Method of Reflections in both the ranking of products and the ranking of countries. We also investigate a generalization of the Fitness-Complexity metric and show that it can produce improved rankings provided that the input data are reliable.

Measuring the intangibles: a metrics for the economic complexity of countries and products.

PubMed

Cristelli, Matthieu; Gabrielli, Andrea; Tacchella, Andrea; Caldarelli, Guido; Pietronero, Luciano

2013-01-01

We investigate a recent methodology we have proposed to extract valuable information on the competitiveness of countries and complexity of products from trade data. Standard economic theories predict a high level of specialization of countries in specific industrial sectors. However, a direct analysis of the official databases of exported products by all countries shows that the actual situation is very different. Countries commonly considered as developed ones are extremely diversified, exporting a large variety of products from very simple to very complex. At the same time countries generally considered as less developed export only the products also exported by the majority of countries. This situation calls for the introduction of a non-monetary and non-income-based measure for country economy complexity which uncovers the hidden potential for development and growth. The statistical approach we present here consists of coupled non-linear maps relating the competitiveness/fitness of countries to the complexity of their products. The fixed point of this transformation defines a metrics for the fitness of countries and the complexity of products. We argue that the key point to properly extract the economic information is the non-linearity of the map which is necessary to bound the complexity of products by the fitness of the less competitive countries exporting them. We present a detailed comparison of the results of this approach directly with those of the Method of Reflections by Hidalgo and Hausmann, showing the better performance of our method and a more solid economic, scientific and consistent foundation.

Measuring the Intangibles: A Metrics for the Economic Complexity of Countries and Products

PubMed Central

Cristelli, Matthieu; Gabrielli, Andrea; Tacchella, Andrea; Caldarelli, Guido; Pietronero, Luciano

2013-01-01

We investigate a recent methodology we have proposed to extract valuable information on the competitiveness of countries and complexity of products from trade data. Standard economic theories predict a high level of specialization of countries in specific industrial sectors. However, a direct analysis of the official databases of exported products by all countries shows that the actual situation is very different. Countries commonly considered as developed ones are extremely diversified, exporting a large variety of products from very simple to very complex. At the same time countries generally considered as less developed export only the products also exported by the majority of countries. This situation calls for the introduction of a non-monetary and non-income-based measure for country economy complexity which uncovers the hidden potential for development and growth. The statistical approach we present here consists of coupled non-linear maps relating the competitiveness/fitness of countries to the complexity of their products. The fixed point of this transformation defines a metrics for the fitness of countries and the complexity of products. We argue that the key point to properly extract the economic information is the non-linearity of the map which is necessary to bound the complexity of products by the fitness of the less competitive countries exporting them. We present a detailed comparison of the results of this approach directly with those of the Method of Reflections by Hidalgo and Hausmann, showing the better performance of our method and a more solid economic, scientific and consistent foundation. PMID:23940633

10 CFR 110.42 - Export licensing criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... the common defense and security. (2) The receiving country, after being advised of the information... such material, will be retransferred to the jurisdiction of any other country or group of countries... the case of facility exports, does not constitute an unreasonable risk to the public health and safety...

10 CFR 110.42 - Export licensing criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... the common defense and security. (2) The receiving country, after being advised of the information... such material, will be retransferred to the jurisdiction of any other country or group of countries... the case of facility exports, does not constitute an unreasonable risk to the public health and safety...

World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators 2. Section 5. Raw Data File: Fractionalization and Concentration Measures and Inequality Indices

DTIC Science & Technology

1970-01-01

Haiti 041 234 HAI v Columbia 100 246 COL ^, Dominican Republic ’Jamaica 042 051 233 235 DOM JAM -" Venezuela Guyana -"’Ecuador 101 110...Language Groups, United Nations Export Commodities Export Receiving Countries Distribution of Votes by Party Distribution of Seats in the Lower House...indicates that the entry is a total of that variable group for a country, with the exception of export commodities. The export commodity total

75 FR 68328 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-05

..., provided by certain countries exporting softwood lumber or softwood lumber products to the United States... lumber products to the United States, we are soliciting public comment only on subsidies provided by... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries...

7 CFR 1218.6 - Exporter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BLUEBERRY PROMOTION, RESEARCH, AND INFORMATION ORDER Blueberry Promotion, Research, and Information Order Definitions § 1218.6 Exporter. Exporter means a person involved in exporting blueberries from another country to the United States. ...

7 CFR 1218.6 - Exporter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BLUEBERRY PROMOTION, RESEARCH, AND INFORMATION ORDER Blueberry Promotion, Research, and Information Order Definitions § 1218.6 Exporter. Exporter means a person involved in exporting blueberries from another country to the United States. ...

7 CFR 1218.6 - Exporter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BLUEBERRY PROMOTION, RESEARCH, AND INFORMATION ORDER Blueberry Promotion, Research, and Information Order Definitions § 1218.6 Exporter. Exporter means a person involved in exporting blueberries from another country to the United States. ...

7 CFR 1218.6 - Exporter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BLUEBERRY PROMOTION, RESEARCH, AND INFORMATION ORDER Blueberry Promotion, Research, and Information Order Definitions § 1218.6 Exporter. Exporter means a person involved in exporting blueberries from another country to the United States. ...

7 CFR 1218.6 - Exporter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BLUEBERRY PROMOTION, RESEARCH, AND INFORMATION ORDER Blueberry Promotion, Research, and Information Order Definitions § 1218.6 Exporter. Exporter means a person involved in exporting blueberries from another country to the United States. ...

Pricing behavior of USA exporter in wheat international market

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wibowo, R. P.; Sumono; Iddrisu, Y.; Darus, M.; Sihombing, L. P.; Jufri

2018-02-01

The number of wheat producing countries is changing over time. It is expected the change in wheat supply will lead world wheat market become more competitive and reduce market power of major exporter country. This paper tries to identify and examined the degree of market power on wheat international market for USA by using the Pricing to Market (PTM) method. USA is the biggest producer and exporter in wheat market. The PTM method found that USA impose noncompetitive strategy by applying price discrimination and apply market power to their importer country.

A Summary of the United States Food and Drug Administrations’ Food Safety Program for Imported Seafood; One Country’s Approach

PubMed Central

Koonse, Brett

2016-01-01

It is well known that the vast majority of seafood is captured or farmed in emerging countries and exported to developed countries. This has resulted in seafood being the number one traded food commodity in the world. Food safety is essential to this trade. Exporting countries should understand the regulatory food safety programs of the countries they ship to in order to comply with their applicable laws and regulations to avoid violations and disruptions in trade. The United States (U.S.) imports more seafood than any individual country in the world but the European Union (E.U.) countries, as a block, import significantly more. Each importing country has its own programs and systems in place to ensure the safety of imported seafood. However, most countries that export seafood have regulatory programs in place that comply with the import requirements of the E.U. The purpose of this paper is to describe the United States Food and Drug Administration’s (USFDA) imported seafood safety program. The primary audience for the information is foreign government regulators, seafood exporters, and U.S. importers. It can also give consumers confidence that f U.S. seafood is safe no matter which country it originates from. PMID:28231127

50 CFR 23.53 - What are the requirements for obtaining a retrospective CITES document?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... certain specimens for personal use as specified in paragraph (d)(7) of this section. (2) The exporter or re-exporter must notify the Management Authority in the exporting or re-exporting country of the...) In general, except when the exporter or re-exporter and importer have demonstrated they were not...

Bolivia Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2015-01-01

Hydrocarbons, primarily natural gas, are an important element of Bolivia's economy and account for 8% of the country's GDP. Bolivia's hydrocarbon exports accounted for 54% of total export revenue in 2014. The recent drop in oil prices caused Bolivia's energy export revenues to fall by nearly 1% to $6.57 billion in 2014 and is expected to negatively impact the amount of investment in hydrocarbon projects in Bolivia.

Impact of R&D expenditures on research publications, patents and high-tech exports among European countries.

PubMed

Meo, S A; Usmani, A M

2014-01-01

This study aimed to compare the impact of Research&Development (R&D) expenditures on research publications, patents and high-tech exports among European countries. In this study, 47 European countries were included. The information regarding European countries, their per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), R&D spending, number of universities, indexed scientific journals, high technology exports and number of patents were collected. We recorded the total number of research documents in various science and social sciences subjects during the period 1996-2011. The main source for information was World Bank, Web of Science, Thomson Reuters and SCImago/Scopus. The mean GDP per capita for all the European countries is 23372.64 ± 3588.42 US$, yearly per capita spending on R&D 1.14 ± 0.13 US$, number of universities 48.17 ± 10.26, mean number of Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) indexed journal per country 90.72 ± 38.47, high technology exports 12.86 ± 1.59 and number of patent applications 61504.23 ± 22961.85. The mean of research documents published in various science and social science subjects among all the European countries during the period 1996-2011 is 213405.70 ± 56493.04. Spending on R&D, number of universities, indexed journals, high technology exports and number of patents have a positive correlation with number of published documents in various science and social science subjects. We found a positive correlation between patent application and high-tech exports. However, there was no association between GDP per capita and research outcomes. It is concluded that, the most important contributing factors towards a knowledge based economy are spending on R&D, number of universities, scientific indexed journals and research publications, which in turn give a boast to patents, high technology exports and ultimately GDP.

United Arab Emirates expansion curtailed but production still exceeds quota

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vielvoye, R.

1987-08-24

This article reports that oil and gas activity in the United Arab Emirates has been hit be declining exploration, curtailed development schedules, and the shutdown of production facilities. But despite a mothballing program, production is still running way ahead of the quota set by OPEC for the UAE. According to OPEC's schedule, first half 1987 production should not have exceeded 902,000 b/d. And the increased quotas for the second half of the year would permit output to average 948,000 b/d. But production averaged 1.2 million b/d during the first half of the year, and there is no sign of amore » significant reduction. Rising output when most other OPEC members are attempting to discipline themselves stems from the failure of Abu Dhabi and Dubai to agree on how the quota should be split. Details are provided on the regions of production activity.« less

40 CFR 89.909 - Export exemptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Export exemptions. 89.909 Section 89....909 Export exemptions. (a) A new nonroad engine intended solely for export, and so labeled or tagged..., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460. New nonroad engines exported to such countries must...

40 CFR 91.1009 - Export exemptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Export exemptions. 91.1009 Section 91....1009 Export exemptions. (a) A new marine SI engine intended solely for export, and so labeled or tagged...., Washington, DC 20460. New marine SI engines exported to such countries must comply with EPA certification...

37 CFR 5.19 - Export of technical data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Export of technical data. 5..., DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE GENERAL SECRECY OF CERTAIN INVENTIONS AND LICENSES TO EXPORT AND FILE APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.19 Export of technical data. (a) Under...

Natural Gas Exports from Iran

EIA Publications

2012-01-01

This assessment of the natural gas sector in Iran, with a focus on Iran’s natural gas exports, was prepared pursuant to section 505 (a) of the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 (Public Law No: 112-158). As requested, it includes: (1) an assessment of exports of natural gas from Iran; (2) an identification of the countries that purchase the most natural gas from Iran; (3) an assessment of alternative supplies of natural gas available to those countries; (4) an assessment of the impact a reduction in exports of natural gas from Iran would have on global natural gas supplies and the price of natural gas, especially in countries identified under number (2); and (5) such other information as the Administrator considers appropriate.

[Analysis of characteristics and problems of international trade of Poria cocos in China].

PubMed

Chi, Xiu-Lian; Yang, Guang; Ma, Shuai; Cheng, Meng; Que, Ling

2018-01-01

Poria cocos is one of medical materials frequently used in China and well marketed at home and abroad. Based on the analysis of exports and imports data of P. cocos, we found that large proportions of P. cocos were exported, while only a small proportions of those were imported in China between 2011 and 2016. During periods of these six years, the annual exporting trade of P. cocos in quantity significantly decreased, but that in dollars tend to increase slightly and the unit-prices of P. cocos significantly increased. Statistically, the average annual export trade of P. cocos from 2011 to 2016 in quantity and dollars were 9 279.73 tons and 35.454 million dollars, respectively. And the average annual export in unit-price was 4.14 dollars per kilogram. In total, P. cocos came from 29 provinces and exported to 44 countries through 21 ports. More than 98% of total exports of P. cocos were flew to the markets of countries in Asia, of which Hong Kong was the major partner in import trade of P. cocos. Large amount of P. cocos came from Guangdong province and exported mainly through Shenzhen port. Except the exports, China also imports P. cocos from other countries, among which Korea was the major country exports largest amount of P. cocos to China. And most of P. cocos were imported by Jilin province and mainly through Changchun port. To improve the export kinetic, quality and profits of P. cocos, and thus enhance the international competitiveness of the industry of P. cocos, Chinese governments should emphasize the researches on the products of P. cocos, broaden the demand space of the high-end customers, stimulate the high-end market grow in high speed and accelerate the process of standardization in future. Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.

An application of seasonal ARIMA models on group commodities to forecast Philippine merchandise exports performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Natividad, Gina May R.; Cawiding, Olive R.; Addawe, Rizavel C.

2017-11-01

The increase in the merchandise exports of the country offers information about the Philippines' trading role within the global economy. Merchandise exports statistics are used to monitor the country's overall production that is consumed overseas. This paper investigates the comparison between two models obtained by a) clustering the commodity groups into two based on its proportional contribution to the total exports, and b) treating only the total exports. Different seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models were then developed for the clustered commodities and for the total exports based on the monthly merchandise exports of the Philippines from 2011 to 2016. The data set used in this study was retrieved from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) which is the central statistical authority in the country responsible for primary data collection. A test for significance of the difference between means at 0.05 level of significance was then performed on the forecasts produced. The result indicates that there is a significant difference between the mean of the forecasts of the two models. Moreover, upon a comparison of the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) of the models, it was found that the models used for the clustered groups outperform the model for the total exports.

Regional Seminars to Address Current Nuclear Export Control Issues

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Killinger, Mark H.

2002-07-01

The control of nuclear-related exports, a critical component of the nonproliferation regime, is facing several opportunities and challenges. As countries sign and ratify the International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA) safeguards Additional Protocol (AP), they will begin to report far more export information, including exports of a list of items similar to the Nuclear Supplier Group's Trigger List that existed when the AP was developed in the mid-1990s. This positive development contrasts with challenges such as globalization, transshipments, and tracking of end-uses. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is proposing that the US Department of Energy (DOE) develop regional seminars that address thesemore » types of issues related to export/import controls. The DOE seminars would be designed to supplement regional seminars sponsored by the IAEA and member states on topics related to the Additional Protocol (referred to as "IAEA seminars"). The topic of nuclear export/import controls is not thoroughly addressed in the IAEA seminars. The proposed DOE seminars would therefore have two objectives: familiarizing countries with the export/import provisions of the Additional Protocol, and addressing challenges such as those noted above. The seminars would be directed particularly at countries that have not ratified the AP, and at regions where export-related problems are particularly prevalent. The intent is to encourage governments to implement more effective nuclear export control systems that meet the challenges of the 21st century.« less

DoD STINFO Manager Training Course. Training Manual

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-02-01

The Export Control Classification Number ( ECCN ) 2. Types of controls, e.g., COCOM 3. Requirements, such as: a. Country groups for which a validated...see Export Administration Act EAR - see Export Administration Regulations ECCN - Export Control Classification Number ELINT - Electronic

Flux agreement above a Scots pine plantation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gay, L. W.; Vogt, R.; Bernhofer, Ch.; Blanford, J. H.

1996-03-01

The surface energy exchange of 12m high Scots pine plantation at Hartheim, Germany, was measured with a variety of methods during a 11-day period of fine weather in mid-May 1992. Net radiation and rate of thermal storage were measured with conventional net radiometers, soil heat flux discs and temperature-based storage models. The turbulent fluxes discussed in this report were obtained with an interchanging Bowen ratio energy budget system (BREB, at 14 m), two one-propeller eddy correlation systems (OPEC systems 1 and 2 at 17m), a 1-dimensional sonic eddy correlation system (SEC system 3) at 15 m, all on one “low” tower, and a 3-dimensional sonic eddy correlation system (SEC system 22) at 22 m on the “high” tower that was about 46 m distant. All systems measured sensible and latent heat (H and LE) directly, except for OPEC systems 1 and 2 which estimated LE as a residual term in the surface energy balance. Closure of turbulent fluxes from the two SEC systems was around 80% for daytime and 30% for night, with closure of 1-dimensional SEC system 3 exceeding that of 3-dimensional SEC system 22. The night measurements of turbulent fluxes contained considerable uncertainty, especially with the BREB system where measured gradients often yielded erroneous fluxes due to problems inherent in the method (i.e., computational instability as Bowen's ratio approaches -1). Also, both eddy correlation system designs (OPEC and SEC) appeared to underestimate |H| during stable conditions at night. In addition, both sonic systems (1- and 3-dimensional) underestimated |LE| during stable conditions. The underestimate of |H| at night generated residual estimates of OPEC LE containing a “phantom dew” error that erroneously decreased daily LE totals by about 10 percent. These special night problems are circumvented here by comparing results for daytime periods only, rather than for full days. To summarize, turbulent fluxes on the low tower from OPEC system 2 and the adjacent SEC system 3 were in reasonable agreement, while the BREB system appeared to overestimate H and underestimate LE; H and LE measured by SEC system 22 on the high tower were lower than from OPEC and SEC3 on the low tower. The turbulent flux measurements tended to converge, but the data exhibit unexplained differences between days, between systems, and between locations.

75 FR 52453 - Entry Requirements for Certain Softwood Lumber Products Exported From Any Country Into the United...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-26

...)(3)(iii)(B)(3), which states that ``the exporter has paid, or committed to pay, all export charges..., to his best knowledge and belief, that the exporter has paid or committed to pay ``all export charges... discrepancies between the export permit date and the entry summary data. The commenter suggests using the...

9 CFR 327.2 - Eligibility of foreign countries for importation of products into the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... regulations governing meat inspection of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Control numbers Name Address Date... country, with respect to establishments preparing products in such country for export to the United States... establishments throughout the system at which products are prepared for export to the United States; (B) Ultimate...

9 CFR 327.2 - Eligibility of foreign countries for importation of products into the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... regulations governing meat inspection of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Control numbers Name Address Date... country, with respect to establishments preparing products in such country for export to the United States... establishments throughout the system at which products are prepared for export to the United States; (B) Ultimate...

9 CFR 327.2 - Eligibility of foreign countries for importation of products into the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... regulations governing meat inspection of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Control numbers Name Address Date... country, with respect to establishments preparing products in such country for export to the United States... establishments throughout the system at which products are prepared for export to the United States; (B) Ultimate...

9 CFR 327.2 - Eligibility of foreign countries for importation of products into the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... regulations governing meat inspection of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Control numbers Name Address Date... country, with respect to establishments preparing products in such country for export to the United States... establishments throughout the system at which products are prepared for export to the United States; (B) Ultimate...

Turkey as an Emerging Energy Hub

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-01

respecting environment concerns.”27 It has two dimensions; one of them is the view of the importing country, the other the view of the exporting ...country. For an importing country (consumer), energy security refers primarily to access to the sources and security of supplies,28 for an exporting ...production is insufficient for the country’s needs. Turkey is a developing country and needs energy to sustain its economic growth . To sustain that

Arab oil weapon. [documents, treaties, commentaries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paust, J.J.; Blaustein, A.P.

1977-01-01

This compilation of publications dealing with the Arab oil weapon presents documents and commentaries. In Part I, the Embargo, fhe documents include: Historical Chronologies; The United States Oil Shortage and the Arab-Israelic Conflict; OPEC: Oil Negotations, OPEC, and the Stability of Supply; and OPEC Resolutions and Other Documents. Commentaries include: The Arab Oil Weapon--A Threat to International Peace, by Jordon J. Paust and Albert P. Blaustein; Destination Embargo of Arab Oil: Its Legality Under International Law, by Ibrahim F. I. Shihata; The Arab Oil Weapon: A Reply and Re-Affirmation of Illegality, by Jordan J. Paust and Albert P. Blaustein; Economicmore » Coercion and the International Legal Order, by Richard B. Lillich; Some Politico-Legal Aspects of Resource Scarcity, by Timothy Stanley; and OPEC in the Context of the Global Power Equation, by Jahangir Amuzegar. Part II, The Response, includes the following documents: Presidential Statements: Carter and Ford; The Energy Crisis: Strategy for Cooperative Action, by Henry A. Kissinger; Oil Fields as Military Objectives; and Data and Analysis: Concerning the Possibility of a U.S. Food Embargo as a Response to the present Arab Oil Boycott. The commentaries in Part II are: Oil: The Issue of American Intervention, by Robert W. Tucker; War--The Ultimate Antitrust Actions, by Andrew Tobias; and The Need for Negotiated Reforms, by John H. Jackson. Part III, Legal Framework, contains 10 United Nations documents and 4 treaties. (MCW)« less

Peak Oil, Peak Coal and Climate Change

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murray, J. W.

2009-05-01

Research on future climate change is driven by the family of scenarios developed for the IPCC assessment reports. These scenarios create projections of future energy demand using different story lines consisting of government policies, population projections, and economic models. None of these scenarios consider resources to be limiting. In many of these scenarios oil production is still increasing to 2100. Resource limitation (in a geological sense) is a real possibility that needs more serious consideration. The concept of 'Peak Oil' has been discussed since M. King Hubbert proposed in 1956 that US oil production would peak in 1970. His prediction was accurate. This concept is about production rate not reserves. For many oil producing countries (and all OPEC countries) reserves are closely guarded state secrets and appear to be overstated. Claims that the reserves are 'proven' cannot be independently verified. Hubbert's Linearization Model can be used to predict when half the ultimate oil will be produced and what the ultimate total cumulative production (Qt) will be. US oil production can be used as an example. This conceptual model shows that 90% of the ultimate US oil production (Qt = 225 billion barrels) will have occurred by 2011. This approach can then be used to suggest that total global production will be about 2200 billion barrels and that the half way point will be reached by about 2010. This amount is about 5 to 7 times less than assumed by the IPCC scenarios. The decline of Non-OPEC oil production appears to have started in 2004. Of the OPEC countries, only Saudi Arabia may have spare capacity, but even that is uncertain, because of lack of data transparency. The concept of 'Peak Coal' is more controversial, but even the US National Academy Report in 2007 concluded only a small fraction of previously estimated reserves in the US are actually minable reserves and that US reserves should be reassessed using modern methods. British coal production can be used as a case study for testing the applicability the Linearization Model approach. This model has been applied to the various world regions by D. Rutledge (Cal Tech). The regions are summed to estimate global production. The conclusion is that the world's coal resources may be much less (maybe by 10 times) than assumed by the IPCC scenarios. Several research groups, including K. Aleklett (Uppsala), the Energy Watch Group and the Institute of Energy (IFE) and have independently reached the same conclusion. Simulations by D. Rutledge of atmospheric CO2 levels, using these values of ultimate oil and coal production as an input, suggest that atmospheric CO2 could reach maximum concentrations as low as 450 ppm. While some of these conclusions are controversial, available data clearly suggest that resource limitation should be given serious consideration in future climate change scenarios. There are also serious implications for economic recovery and energy security as well.

76 FR 23872 - Editorial Corrections to the Export Administration Regulations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-29

... No. 100709293-1073-01] RIN 0694-AE96 Editorial Corrections to the Export Administration Regulations... Administration Regulations (EAR). In particular, this rule corrects the country entry for Syria on the Commerce... the Export Administration Regulations (EAR), including several Export Control Classification Number...

Estimating the actual ET from a pecan farm using the OPEC energy-balance and Penman- Monteith methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Debele, B.; Bawazir, S. A.

2006-12-01

Accurate estimation of ET from field crops/orchards is the basis for better irrigation water management. In areas like Mesilla Valley, NM, where water is scarce, it is even more important to precisely determine the crop ET. An OPEC energy balance system was run for 117 days (June 22 October 14, 2001) in a matured pecan farm at Mesilla Valley, NM. The actual evapotranspiration (ET) from pecan orchards was determined from the surface energy balance as a residual, having measured the net radiation, soil heat flux, and sensible heat components using the OPEC method. Since pecans are large trees, we have also examined the effect of including thermal energies stored in the air (Ga) and plant canopy (Gc), on top of the commonly used thermal energy stored in the soil (Gs), on surface energy balance, and hence ET. The results indicate that incorporating thermal energies stored in the air and canopy has a significant effect on total energy storage for shorter temporal resolutions, such as 30-minutes and an hour. Conversely, for longer temporal resolutions (e.g., diurnal and monthly averages), the effect of including thermal energies stored in the air and vegetation on total thermal energy storage is negligible. Our results also showed that the bulk of the total thermal energy storage (G = Gs + Ga + Gc) in the surface energy balance was stored in the soil (Gs). In addition, we have also determined the crop coefficient (Kc) of pecan by combining the actual ET obtained from the OPEC method and potential ET (ET0) calculated using weather data in the surrounding area. Our average pecan Kc values were comparable with the ones reported by other researchers using different methods. We conclude that the OPEC energy balance method can be used to calculate Kc values for pecan whereby farmers and extension agents use the calculated Kc values in combination with ET0 to determine the consumptive use of pecan trees.

19 CFR 113.55 - Cancellation of export bonds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Cancellation of export bonds. 113.55 Section 113... export bonds. (a) Manner of cancellation. A bond to assure exportation as defined in § 101.1 of this... shall be signed by a revenue officer of the foreign country to which the merchandise is exported, unless...

22 CFR 123.9 - Country of ultimate destination and approval of reexports or retransfers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... destination on an application for an export license, or on a Shipper's Export Declaration where an exemption... the export license, or on the Shipper's Export Declaration in cases where an exemption is claimed... the invoice whenever defense articles on the U.S. Munitions List are to be exported: These commodities...

10 CFR 110.41 - Executive Branch review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... export involving assistance to end uses related to isotope separation, chemical reprocessing, heavy water production, advanced reactors, or the fabrication of nuclear fuel containing plutonium, except for exports of... foreign reactor. (8) An export involving radioactive waste. (9) An export to any country listed in § 110...

The spatial impact of neighbouring on the exports activities of COMESA countries by using spatial panel models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hamzalouh, L.; Ismail, M. T.; Rahman, R. A.

2017-09-01

In this paper, spatial panel models were used and the method for selecting the best model amongst the spatial fixed effects model and the spatial random effects model to estimate the fitting model by using the robust Hausman test for analysis of the exports pattern of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern African (COMESA) countries. And examine the effects of the interactions of the economic statistic of explanatory variables on the exports of the COMESA. Results indicated that the spatial Durbin model with fixed effects specification should be tested and considered in most cases of this study. After that, the direct and indirect effects among COMESA regions were assessed, and the role of indirect spatial effects in estimating exports was empirically demonstrated. Regarding originality and research value, and to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt to examine exports between COMESA and its member countries through spatial panel models using XSMLE, which is a new command for spatial analysis using STATA.

7 CFR 1493.4 - Criteria for country allocations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS Restrictions and Criteria for... CCC in reviewing proposals for country allocations under the GSM-102 or GSM-103 programs, will include... to adequately service CCC guaranteed debt; (c) Financial status of participating banks in the...

7 CFR 1493.4 - Criteria for country allocations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS Restrictions and Criteria for... CCC in reviewing proposals for country allocations under the GSM-102 or GSM-103 programs, will include... to adequately service CCC guaranteed debt; (c) Financial status of participating banks in the...

7 CFR 1493.4 - Criteria for country allocations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPORT PROGRAMS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS Restrictions and Criteria for... CCC in reviewing proposals for country allocations under the GSM-102 or GSM-103 programs, will include... to adequately service CCC guaranteed debt; (c) Financial status of participating banks in the...

How log-normal is your country? An analysis of the statistical distribution of the exported volumes of products

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Annunziata, Mario Alberto; Petri, Alberto; Pontuale, Giorgio; Zaccaria, Andrea

2016-10-01

We have considered the statistical distributions of the volumes of 1131 products exported by 148 countries. We have found that the form of these distributions is not unique but heavily depends on the level of development of the nation, as expressed by macroeconomic indicators like GDP, GDP per capita, total export and a recently introduced measure for countries' economic complexity called fitness. We have identified three major classes: a) an incomplete log-normal shape, truncated on the left side, for the less developed countries, b) a complete log-normal, with a wider range of volumes, for nations characterized by intermediate economy, and c) a strongly asymmetric shape for countries with a high degree of development. Finally, the log-normality hypothesis has been checked for the distributions of all the 148 countries through different tests, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cramér-Von Mises, confirming that it cannot be rejected only for the countries of intermediate economy.

Trade in labour services and migrant worker protection with special reference to East Asia.

PubMed

Stahl, C W

1999-01-01

This article discusses the migrant worker protection policy of the East Asian international labor market. The labor-exporting countries of East Asia provide an onerous proportion of low-skilled migrant workers to the region and are responding to the perceived edge of a policy of labor export. Conversely, the movement of highly skilled and professional workers is the result of globalization and internationalization of education, training and professions, rather than the result of explicit labor export of certain countries. In view of the need of international bilateral arrangements for the protection and facilitation of low-skilled workers, the labor-exporting countries have introduced a number of policies aimed at protecting and promoting the welfare of the overseas workers. Thus, various policy measures are suggested to advance the cause of migrant worker protection in East Asia.

The adequacy of current import and export controls on sealed radioactive sources.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Longley, Susan W.; Cochran, John Russell; Price, Laura L.

2003-10-01

Millions of sealed radioactive sources (SRSs) are being used for a wide variety of beneficial purposes throughout the world. Security experts are now concerned that these beneficial SRSs could be used in a radiological dispersion device to terrorize and disrupt society. The greatest safety and security threat is from those highly radioactive Category 1 and 2 SRSs. Without adequate controls, it may be relatively easy to legally purchase a Category 1 or 2 SRS on the international market under false pretenses. Additionally, during transfer, SRSs are particularly susceptible to theft since the sources are in a shielded and mobile configuration,more » transportation routes are predictable, and shipments may not be adequately guarded. To determine if government controls on SRS are adequate, this study was commissioned to review the current SRS import and export controls of six countries. Canada, the Russian Federation, and South Africa were selected as the exporting countries, and Egypt, the Philippines, and the United States were selected as importing countries. A detailed review of the controls in each country is presented. The authors found that Canada and Russia are major exporters, and are exporting highly radioactive SRSs without first determining if the recipient is authorized by the receiving country to own and use the SRSs. Available evidence was used to estimate that on average there are tens to possibly hundreds of intercountry transfers of highly radioactive SRSs each day. Based on these and other findings, this reports recommends stronger controls on the export and import of highly radioactive SRSs.« less

31 CFR 500.533 - Exportations, reexportations, and incidental transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... CONTROL REGULATIONS Licenses, Authorizations and Statements of Licensing Policy § 500.533 Exportations..., software, or technology (including technical data) from the United States or reexportation of U.S.-origin goods, software, or technology from a foreign country to any person in a designated foreign country or...

Adjusting export tax rebates to reduce the environmental impacts of trade: Lessons from China.

PubMed

Song, Peng; Mao, Xianqiang; Corsetti, Gabriel

2015-09-15

Export tax rebates are an important policy instrument for stimulating exports, which many developing countries make use of. However, excessive export tax rebates and inappropriate structural arrangements can lead to over-production in highly polluting industries and cause the environment to deteriorate. This paper, taking China as the study case, tests and verifies the statistical significance of the causal relationship between export tax rebates and pollution emissions. With a computable general equilibrium modeling, the current study further analyzes the effectiveness of export tax rebate adjustments aimed at alleviating environmental pressure for different time periods. It is found that before 2003, export tax rebates primarily promoted exports and boosted foreign exchange reserves, and highly polluting sectors enjoyed above-average export tax rebates, which led to increased pollution emissions. Between 2003 and 2010, the export tax rebate system was reformed to reduce support for the highly polluting export sectors, which led to decreases in emissions. Canceling export tax rebates for highly polluting sectors is shown to be the most favorable policy choice for improving the environmental performance of China's international trade. This study can serve as reference for other developing countries which similarly rely on export tax rebates, so that they can adjust their policies so as to combine economic growth with pollution control. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Export of health services from developing countries: the case of Tunisia.

PubMed

Lautier, Marc

2008-07-01

Although the subject of health services exports by developing countries has been much discussed, the phenomenon is still in its early stage, and its real implications are not yet clear. Given the rapid development in this area, little empirical data are available. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing reliable data on consumption of health services abroad (GATS mode 2 of international service supply). It starts by assessing the magnitude of the volume of international trade in health services. This is followed by an in-depth analysis of the case of Tunisia based on an original field research. Because of the high quality of its health sector and its proximity with Europe, Tunisia has the highest export potential for health services in the Middle-East and North Africa (MENA) Region. Health services exports may represent a quarter of Tunisia's private health sector output and generate jobs for 5000 employees. If one takes into account tourism expenses by the incoming patient (and their relatives), these exports contribute to nearly 1% of the country's total exports. Finally, this case study highlights the regional dimension of external demand for health services and the predominance of South-South trade.

40 CFR 262.82 - General conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Recovery within the OECD § 262.82 General conditions. (a) Scope. The level of control for exports and...), COTIF (1985), and RID (1985). (3) Any transit of waste through a non-OECD member country must be... consent is received from all relevant OECD importing and transit countries. (2) Re-export of waste subject...

37 CFR 5.20 - Export of technical data relating to sensitive nuclear technology.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... relating to sensitive nuclear technology. 5.20 Section 5.20 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights UNITED... LICENSES TO EXPORT AND FILE APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.20 Export of technical data relating to sensitive nuclear technology. Under regulations (10 CFR 810.7...

37 CFR 5.20 - Export of technical data relating to sensitive nuclear technology.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... relating to sensitive nuclear technology. 5.20 Section 5.20 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights UNITED... LICENSES TO EXPORT AND FILE APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.20 Export of technical data relating to sensitive nuclear technology. Under regulations (10 CFR 810.7...

7 CFR 782.18 - Wheat purchased for export.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Wheat purchased for export. 782.18 Section 782.18... § 782.18 Wheat purchased for export. (a) This section applies to an importer or subsequent buyer who imports or purchases Canadian-produced wheat for the purpose of export to a foreign country or...

41 CFR 109-45.301-51 - Export/import clause.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Export/import clause... § 109-45.301-51 Export/import clause. The following clause shall be included in all sales invitations.../import from/into the country where the personal property is located. If export/import is allowed, the...

27 CFR 28.141 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Exportation, Use as Supplies on Vessels and Aircraft, or Transfer to a Foreign-Trade Zone § 28.141 General. (a...) Transfer to and deposit in a foreign-trade zone for exportation or for storage pending exportation. (b... foreign country; or (2) Transfer to and deposit in a foreign-trade zone for exportation or for storage...

27 CFR 28.141 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Exportation, Use as Supplies on Vessels and Aircraft, or Transfer to a Foreign-Trade Zone § 28.141 General. (a...) Transfer to and deposit in a foreign-trade zone for exportation or for storage pending exportation. (b... foreign country; or (2) Transfer to and deposit in a foreign-trade zone for exportation or for storage...

Quantifying the potential export flows of used electronic products in Macau: a case study of PCs.

PubMed

Yu, Danfeng; Song, Qingbin; Wang, Zhishi; Li, Jinhui; Duan, Huabo; Wang, Jinben; Wang, Chao; Wang, Xu

2017-12-01

The used electronic product (UEP) has attracted the worldwide attentions because part of e-waste may be exported from developed countries to developing countries in the name of UEP. On the basis of large foreign trade data of electronic products (e-products), this study adopted the trade data approach (TDA) to quantify the potential exports of UEP in Macau, taking a case study of personal computers (PCs). The results show that the desktop mainframes, LCD monitors, and CRT monitors have more low-unit-value trades with higher trade volumes in the past 10 years, while the laptop and tablet PCs, as the newer technologies, owned the higher ratios of the high-unit-value trades. During the period of 2005-2015, the total mean exports for used laptop and tablet PCs, desktop mainframes, and LCD monitors were approximately 18,592, 79,957, and 43,177 units, respectively, while the possible export volume of used CRT monitors was higher, up to 430,098 units in 2000-2010. Noticed that these potential export volumes could be the lower bound because not all used PCs may be shipped using the PC trade code. For all the four kinds of used PCs, the majority (61.6-98.82%) of the export volumes have gone to Hong Kong, followed by Mainland China and Taiwan. Since 2011, there was no CRT monitor export; however, the other kinds of used PC exports will still exist in Macau in the future. The outcomes are helpful to understand and manage the current export situations of used products in Macau, and can also provide a reference for other countries and regions.

Is the Hegemonic Position of American Culture Able to Subjugate Local Cultures of Importing Countries? A Constructive Analysis on the Phenomenon of Cultural Localization

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chiang, Tien-Hui

2014-01-01

It has been argued that globalization assists the USA to gain a hegemonic position, allowing it to export its culture. Because this exportation leads to the domination by American culture of the local cultures of importing countries, which are the key element in sustaining their citizens' national identity, citizens of these countries are…

OAPEC: Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maachou, A.

1983-01-01

The organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries plays an important role in furthering the aims of the New International Economic Order. Here, Abdelkader Maachou outlines its structure and its part in furthering the aims of its member countries. The study focuses on the newly created judicial branch and on the economic activities of this important Arab organization. Its contribution to the general intellectual climate of the area is also discussed.

Tracking the global generation and exports of e-waste. Do existing estimates add up?

PubMed

Breivik, Knut; Armitage, James M; Wania, Frank; Jones, Kevin C

2014-01-01

The transport of discarded electronic and electrical appliances (e-waste) to developing regions has received considerable attention, but it is difficult to assess the significance of this issue without a quantitative understanding of the amounts involved. The main objective of this study is to track the global transport of e-wastes by compiling and constraining existing estimates of the amount of e-waste generated domestically in each country MGEN, exported from countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) MEXP, and imported in countries outside of the OECD MIMP. Reference year is 2005 and all estimates are given with an uncertainty range. Estimates of MGEN obtained by apportioning a global total of ∼ 35,000 kt (range 20,000-50,000 kt) based on a nation's gross domestic product agree well with independent estimates of MGEN for individual countries. Import estimates MIMP to the countries believed to be the major recipients of e-waste exports from the OECD globally (China, India, and five West African countries) suggests that ∼ 5,000 kt (3,600 kt-7,300 kt) may have been imported annually to these non-OECD countries alone, which represents ∼ 23% (17%-34%) of the amounts of e-waste generated domestically within the OECD. MEXP for each OECD country is then estimated by applying this fraction of 23% to its MGEN. By allocating each country's MGEN, MIMP, MEXP and MNET = MGEN + MIMP - MEXP, we can map the global generation and flows of e-waste from OECD to non-OECD countries. While significant uncertainties remain, we note that estimated import into seven non-OECD countries alone are often at the higher end of estimates of exports from OECD countries.

Future oil and gas: Can Iran deliver?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Takin, M.

1996-11-01

Iran`s oil and gas production and exports constitute the country`s main source of foreign exchange earnings. The future level of these earnings will depend on oil prices, global demand for Iranian exports, the country`s productive capability and domestic consumption. The size of Iranian oil reserves suggests that, in principle, present productive capacity could be maintained and expanded. However, the greatest share of production in coming years still will come from fields that already have produced for several decades. In spite of significant remaining reserves, these fields are not nearly as prolific as they were in their early years. The operationsmore » required for further development are now more complicated and, in particular, more costly. These fields` size also implies that improving production, and instituting secondary and tertiary recovery methods (such as gas injection), will require mega-scale operations. This article discusses future oil and gas export revenues from the Islamic Republic of Iran, emphasizing the country`s future production and commenting on the effects of proposed US sanctions.« less

Grand canonical validation of the bipartite international trade network.

PubMed

Straka, Mika J; Caldarelli, Guido; Saracco, Fabio

2017-08-01

Devising strategies for economic development in a globally competitive landscape requires a solid and unbiased understanding of countries' technological advancements and similarities among export products. Both can be addressed through the bipartite representation of the International Trade Network. In this paper, we apply the recently proposed grand canonical projection algorithm to uncover country and product communities. Contrary to past endeavors, our methodology, based on information theory, creates monopartite projections in an unbiased and analytically tractable way. Single links between countries or products represent statistically significant signals, which are not accounted for by null models such as the bipartite configuration model. We find stable country communities reflecting the socioeconomic distinction in developed, newly industrialized, and developing countries. Furthermore, we observe product clusters based on the aforementioned country groups. Our analysis reveals the existence of a complicated structure in the bipartite International Trade Network: apart from the diversification of export baskets from the most basic to the most exclusive products, we observe a statistically significant signal of an export specialization mechanism towards more sophisticated products.

Grand canonical validation of the bipartite international trade network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Straka, Mika J.; Caldarelli, Guido; Saracco, Fabio

2017-08-01

Devising strategies for economic development in a globally competitive landscape requires a solid and unbiased understanding of countries' technological advancements and similarities among export products. Both can be addressed through the bipartite representation of the International Trade Network. In this paper, we apply the recently proposed grand canonical projection algorithm to uncover country and product communities. Contrary to past endeavors, our methodology, based on information theory, creates monopartite projections in an unbiased and analytically tractable way. Single links between countries or products represent statistically significant signals, which are not accounted for by null models such as the bipartite configuration model. We find stable country communities reflecting the socioeconomic distinction in developed, newly industrialized, and developing countries. Furthermore, we observe product clusters based on the aforementioned country groups. Our analysis reveals the existence of a complicated structure in the bipartite International Trade Network: apart from the diversification of export baskets from the most basic to the most exclusive products, we observe a statistically significant signal of an export specialization mechanism towards more sophisticated products.

The trade of virtual water: do property rights matter?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Ankai

2016-04-01

My paper examines the determinants of the virtual water trade - embodied in the trade of agriculture products - by estimating a structural gravity model. In particular, it tests the relationship between property rights and the export of water-intensive agricultural products based on water footprint data in Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2011, 2012). Using two different measures of property rights protection, I show that countries with weaker property rights have an apparent comparative advantage in the trade of water-intensive products. After controlling for the economic size, natural resource endowments, and possible effects of reverse causality, the trade flow of virtual water is negatively and significantly correlated with the property rights index of the exporting country. Holding other factors constant, one point increase in the property rights index of a country is associated with a 24% - 36% decrease in its virtual water export, whereas a 1% increase in the natural resource protection index of a country is associated with a 16% decrease in its virtual water export. This paper is the first empirical work that tests the relationship between property rights and trade of water-intensive products, offering a new perceptive in the debate of virtual water trade. The findings provide a possible explanation on the paradoxical evidence that some countries with scarce water resources export water-intensive products. The result is important not only in terms of its theoretical relevance, but also its policy implications. As prescribed by the model of trade and property rights, when countries with weaker property rights open to international trade, they are more likely to over-exploit and thus expedite the depletion of natural resources.

A Study of Comparative Advantage and Intra-Industry Trade in the Pharmaceutical Industry of Iran.

PubMed

Yusefzadeh, Hassan; Rezapour, Aziz; Lotfi, Farhad; Ebadifard Azar, Farbod; Nabilo, Bahram; Abolghasem Gorji, Hassan; Hadian, Mohammad; Shahidisadeghi, Niusha; Karami, Atiyeh

2015-04-23

Drug costs in Iran accounts for about 30% of the total health care expenditure. Moreover, pharmaceutical business lies among the world's greatest businesses. The aim of this study was to analyze Iran's comparative advantage and intra-industry trade in pharmaceuticals so that suitable policies can be developed and implemented in order to boost Iran's trade in this field. To identify Iran's comparative advantage in pharmaceuticals, trade specialization, export propensity, import penetration and Balassa and Vollrath indexes were calculated and the results were compared with other pharmaceutical exporting countries. The extent and growth of Iran's intra-industry trade in pharmaceuticals were measured and evaluated using the Grubel-Lloyd and Menon-Dixon indexes. The required data was obtained from Iran's Customs Administration, Iran's pharmaceutical Statistics, World Bank and International Trade Center. The results showed that among pharmaceutical exporting countries, Iran has a high level of comparative disadvantage in pharmaceutical products because it holds a small share in world's total pharmaceutical exports. Also, the low extent of bilateral intra-industry trade between Iran and its trading partners in pharmaceuticals shows the trading model of Iran's pharmaceutical industry is mostly inter-industry trade rather than intra-industry trade. In addition, the growth of Iran's intra-industry trade in pharmaceuticals is due to its shares of imports from pharmaceutical exporting countries to Iran and exports from Iran to its neighboring countries. The results of the analysis can play a valuable role in helping pharmaceutical companies and policy makers to boost pharmaceutical trade.

Y2K and International Agricultural Transportation: Analysis of Export Markets, Import Suppliers, and Major Food Aid Recipient Countries

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1999-09-01

USDA Y2K information assessment of international food transportation modes in : selected foreign countries. The assessment targeted 9 of the top 10 markets for : U.S. Agricultural exports and 7 of the top 8 suppliers of imported food products : to th...

22 CFR 126.1 - Prohibited exports and sales to certain countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... imports of defense articles and defense services, destined for or originating in certain countries. This... security and foreign policy of the United States. Information regarding certain other embargoes appears..., except § 123.17 of this subchapter, do not apply with respect to articles originating in or for export to...

10 CFR 110.41 - Executive Branch review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

.... (6) An export involving assistance to end uses related to isotope separation, chemical reprocessing, heavy water production, advanced reactors, or the fabrication of nuclear fuel containing plutonium... equipment to a foreign reactor. (8) An export involving radioactive waste. (9) An export to any country...

Regulatory aspects of pharmaceuticals' exports in gulf cooperation council countries.

PubMed

Pateriya, S; Janodia, Md; Deshpande, Pb; Ligade, Vs; Talole, Kb; Kulshrestha, T; Kamariya, Y; Musmade, Pb; Udupa, N

2011-04-01

The Gulf cooperation council (GCC) region is considered as "Emerging market" for pharmaceutical export and bilateral trade. The understanding of the regulatory requirements of this region can be beneficial for pharmaceutical export. Some incidents of the year 2008-09, like recession or economic slowdown in highly well-off and regulated market of the EU and US, raised the demand for alternate destinations for business. The regulations of Gulf countries are encouraging the import of quality generic products, which can be good news to the Indian drug manufacturers.

Regulatory Aspects of Pharmaceuticals’ Exports in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries

PubMed Central

Pateriya, S; Janodia, MD; Deshpande, PB; Ligade, VS; Talole, KB; Kulshrestha, T; Kamariya, Y; Musmade, PB; Udupa, N

2011-01-01

The Gulf cooperation council (GCC) region is considered as “Emerging market” for pharmaceutical export and bilateral trade. The understanding of the regulatory requirements of this region can be beneficial for pharmaceutical export. Some incidents of the year 2008-09, like recession or economic slowdown in highly well-off and regulated market of the EU and US, raised the demand for alternate destinations for business. The regulations of Gulf countries are encouraging the import of quality generic products, which can be good news to the Indian drug manufacturers. PMID:21731362

Phagocytosis of gram-negative bacteria by a unique CD14-dependent mechanism.

PubMed

Schiff, D E; Kline, L; Soldau, K; Lee, J D; Pugin, J; Tobias, P S; Ulevitch, R J

1997-12-01

THP-1-derived cell lines were stably transfected with constructs encoding glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored or transmembrane forms of human CD14. CD14 expression was associated with enhanced phagocytosis of serum (heat-inactivated)-opsonized Escherichia coli (opEc). Both the GPI-anchored and transmembrane forms of CD14 supported phagocytosis of opEc equally well. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) played a role in CD14-dependent phagocytosis as evidenced by inhibition of CD14-dependent phagocytosis of opEc with anti-LBP monoclonal antibody (mAb) and by enhanced phagocytosis of E. coli opsonized with purified LBP. CD14-dependent phagocytosis was inhibited by a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase inhibitor (wortmannin) and a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor (tyrphostin 23) but not a protein kinase C inhibitor (bisindolyl-maleimide) or a divalent cation chelator (ethylenediaminetetraacetate). Anti-LBP mAb 18G4 and anti-CD14 mAb 18E12 were used to differentiate between the pathways involved in CD14-dependent phagocytosis and CD14-dependent cell activation. F(ab')2 fragments of 18G4, a mAb to LBP that does not block cell activation, inhibited ingestion of opEc by THP1-wtCD14 cells. 18E12 (an anti-CD14 mAb that does not block LPS binding to CD14 but does inhibit CD14-dependent cell activation) did not inhibit phagocytosis of LBP-opEc by THP1-wtCD14 cells. Furthermore, CD14-dependent phagocytosis was not inhibited by anti-CD18 (CR3 and CR4 beta-chain) or anti-Fcgamma receptor mAb.

Export-oriented deforestation in Mato Grosso: harbinger or exception for other tropical forests?

PubMed

DeFries, Ruth; Herold, Martin; Verchot, Louis; Macedo, Marcia N; Shimabukuro, Yosio

2013-06-05

The Brazilian state of Mato Grosso was a global deforestation hotspot in the early 2000s. Deforested land is used predominantly to produce meat for distal consumption either through cattle ranching or soya bean for livestock feed. Deforestation declined dramatically in the latter part of the decade through a combination of market forces, policies, enforcement and improved monitoring. This study assesses how representative the national-level drivers underlying Mato Grosso's export-oriented deforestation are in other tropical forest countries based on agricultural exports, commercial agriculture and urbanization. We also assess how pervasive the governance and technical monitoring capacity that enabled Mato Grosso's decline in deforestation is in other countries. We find that between 41 and 54 per cent of 2000-2005 deforestation in tropical forest countries (other than Brazil) occurred in countries with drivers similar to Brazil. Very few countries had national-level governance and capacity similar to Brazil. Results suggest that the ecological, hydrological and social consequences of land-use change for export-oriented agriculture as discussed in this Theme Issue were applicable in about one-third of all tropical forest countries in 2000-2005. However, the feasibility of replicating Mato Grosso's success with controlling deforestation is more limited. Production landscapes to support distal consumption similar to Mato Grosso are likely to become more prevalent and are unlikely to follow a land-use transition model with increasing forest cover.

Export-oriented deforestation in Mato Grosso: harbinger or exception for other tropical forests?

PubMed Central

DeFries, Ruth; Herold, Martin; Verchot, Louis; Macedo, Marcia N.; Shimabukuro, Yosio

2013-01-01

The Brazilian state of Mato Grosso was a global deforestation hotspot in the early 2000s. Deforested land is used predominantly to produce meat for distal consumption either through cattle ranching or soya bean for livestock feed. Deforestation declined dramatically in the latter part of the decade through a combination of market forces, policies, enforcement and improved monitoring. This study assesses how representative the national-level drivers underlying Mato Grosso's export-oriented deforestation are in other tropical forest countries based on agricultural exports, commercial agriculture and urbanization. We also assess how pervasive the governance and technical monitoring capacity that enabled Mato Grosso's decline in deforestation is in other countries. We find that between 41 and 54 per cent of 2000–2005 deforestation in tropical forest countries (other than Brazil) occurred in countries with drivers similar to Brazil. Very few countries had national-level governance and capacity similar to Brazil. Results suggest that the ecological, hydrological and social consequences of land-use change for export-oriented agriculture as discussed in this Theme Issue were applicable in about one-third of all tropical forest countries in 2000–2005. However, the feasibility of replicating Mato Grosso's success with controlling deforestation is more limited. Production landscapes to support distal consumption similar to Mato Grosso are likely to become more prevalent and are unlikely to follow a land-use transition model with increasing forest cover. PMID:23610176

19 CFR 351.408 - Calculation of normal value of merchandise from nonmarket economy countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Calculation of normal value of merchandise from nonmarket economy countries. 351.408 Section 351.408 Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING DUTIES Calculation of Export Price, Constructed Export Price, Fair Value, and Normal Value §...

22 CFR 201.64 - Application of the price rules to commodities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... purchase price of a commodity exceeds the price in comparable export sales or in comparable domestic sales... addition to the price of the commodity at an internal point in the source country, transportation from that point to the port of export in the source country, and to the extent not already included in the price...

77 FR 72843 - Excelerate Liquefaction Solutions I, LLC; Application for Long-Term Authorization To Export...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-06

... Resources to Non-Free Trade Agreement Countries for a 20-Year Period AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy, DOE... million metric tons per annum (mtpa) of domestically produced liquefied natural gas (LNG), equivalent to.... law or policy (non-FTA Countries). ELS is requesting this authorization to export LNG both on its own...

A Study of Comparative Advantage and Intra-Industry Trade in the Pharmaceutical Industry of Iran

PubMed Central

Yusefzadeh, Hassan; Rezapour, Aziz; Lotfi, Farhad; Azar, Farbod Ebadifard; Nabilo, Bahram; Gorji, Hassan Abolghasem; Hadian, Mohammad; Shahidisadeghi, Niusha; Karami, Atiyeh

2015-01-01

Background: Drug costs in Iran accounts for about 30% of the total health care expenditure. Moreover, pharmaceutical business lies among the world’s greatest businesses. The aim of this study was to analyze Iran’s comparative advantage and intra-industry trade in pharmaceuticals so that suitable policies can be developed and implemented in order to boost Iran’s trade in this field. Methods: To identify Iran’s comparative advantage in pharmaceuticals, trade specialization, export propensity, import penetration and Balassa and Vollrath indexes were calculated and the results were compared with other pharmaceutical exporting countries. The extent and growth of Iran’s intra-industry trade in pharmaceuticals were measured and evaluated using the Grubel-Lloyd and Menon-Dixon indexes. The required data was obtained from Iran’s Customs Administration, Iran’s pharmaceutical Statistics, World Bank and International Trade Center. Results: The results showed that among pharmaceutical exporting countries, Iran has a high level of comparative disadvantage in pharmaceutical products because it holds a small share in world’s total pharmaceutical exports. Also, the low extent of bilateral intra-industry trade between Iran and its trading partners in pharmaceuticals shows the trading model of Iran’s pharmaceutical industry is mostly inter-industry trade rather than intra-industry trade. In addition, the growth of Iran’s intra-industry trade in pharmaceuticals is due to its shares of imports from pharmaceutical exporting countries to Iran and exports from Iran to its neighboring countries. Conclusions: The results of the analysis can play a valuable role in helping pharmaceutical companies and policy makers to boost pharmaceutical trade. PMID:26153184

Measuring the globalization of cities from the new regionalism perspective.

PubMed

Ergüzel, Oylum Şehvez; Tunahan, Hakan; Esen, Sinan

2016-01-01

The study aims to analyze the export performance of countries and of cities within them to identify synchronized or unsynchronized movement between them. In the empirical part of the study, the measurements used to analyze the export performance of the countries included in the literature are applied to establish the export performance of a single city-Sakarya, Turkey. These measurements include the Herfindahl-Hirchman product and market concentration indices, the Lawrence index, the trade complementarity index, and the Grubel-Lloyd intra-industry index, as well as additional indicators with local or regional contexts. The limited number of studies analyzing the export competitiveness of a single city with relevant formats in the literature reveal the significance of the study.

Dependent convergence: the importation of technological hazards by semiperipheral countries.

PubMed

Siqueira, C E; Levenstein, C

2000-01-01

This article complements the substantial body of literature produced over the last three decades on the export of hazards from developed countries to developing countries. After reviewing the central arguments proposed by this literature, the authors add to the debate by focusing on the role of national actors in the importation of these hazards, based on the experience of late 1970s' developments in the petrochemical industry in Brazil. The Brazilian case indicates that social struggles and/or interactions among actors in developing and developed nations determine to what extent hazardous technologies are imported without environmental controls and to what extent their hazardous effects are controlled by these nations. This study suggests that the future development of a more inclusive theory of export-import of hazardous technologies and products should take into account the dialectical relationship established between social actors internal to the exporting and importing countries.

Export Controls: Observations on Selected Countries’ Systems and Proposed Treaties

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-01

suspected violators of arms Investigates suspected criminal viol including potential export control v and dual-use export control lawse Source: GAO...those that present a strategic military conc substances, biological agents , and related items that could be used in the producti chemical and

7 CFR 1530.109 - Reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AGRICULTURE THE REFINED SUGAR RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, THE SUGAR CONTAINING PRODUCTS RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, AND THE... transaction; (2) The date of the entry, transfer (only a refiner shall report transfers to the Licensing... license number; (5) The country of origin (entry of raw sugar) or final destination (refined exports...

7 CFR 1530.109 - Reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AGRICULTURE THE REFINED SUGAR RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, THE SUGAR CONTAINING PRODUCTS RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, AND THE... transaction; (2) The date of the entry, transfer (only a refiner shall report transfers to the Licensing... license number; (5) The country of origin (entry of raw sugar) or final destination (refined exports...

7 CFR 1530.109 - Reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AGRICULTURE THE REFINED SUGAR RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, THE SUGAR CONTAINING PRODUCTS RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, AND THE... transaction; (2) The date of the entry, transfer (only a refiner shall report transfers to the Licensing... license number; (5) The country of origin (entry of raw sugar) or final destination (refined exports...

7 CFR 1530.109 - Reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AGRICULTURE THE REFINED SUGAR RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, THE SUGAR CONTAINING PRODUCTS RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, AND THE... transaction; (2) The date of the entry, transfer (only a refiner shall report transfers to the Licensing... license number; (5) The country of origin (entry of raw sugar) or final destination (refined exports...

7 CFR 1530.109 - Reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AGRICULTURE THE REFINED SUGAR RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, THE SUGAR CONTAINING PRODUCTS RE-EXPORT PROGRAM, AND THE... transaction; (2) The date of the entry, transfer (only a refiner shall report transfers to the Licensing... license number; (5) The country of origin (entry of raw sugar) or final destination (refined exports...

75 FR 48933 - 2010 Russian Export Certification for Fishery Products

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-12

... Establishments and approved by Rosselkhoznadzor for export of seafood products to Russia. The Seafood Inspection... the Russian Federation in the absence of an agreement between the exporting country and Russia...) officials met with representatives of Russia's Rosselkhoznadzor. The U.S. delegation clarified that FDA is...

International energy trade impacts on water resource crises: an embodied water flows perspective

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, J. C.; Zhong, R.; Zhao, P.; Zhang, H. W.; Wang, Y.; Mao, G. Z.

2016-07-01

Water and energy are coupled in intimate ways (Siddiqi and Anadon 2011 Energy Policy 39 4529-40), which is amplified by international energy trade. The study shows that the total volume of energy related international embodied water flows averaged 6298 Mm3 yr-1 from 1992-2010, which represents 10% of the water used for energy production including oil, coal, gas and electricity production. This study calculates embodied water import and export status of 219 countries from 1992 to 2010 and embodied water flow changes of seven regions over time (1992/2000/2010). In addition, the embodied water net export risk-crisis index and net embodied water import benefit index are established. According to the index system, 33 countries export vast amounts of water who have a water shortage, which causes water risk and crisis related to energy trade. While 29 countries abate this risk due to their rich water resource, 45 countries import embodied water linked to energy imports. Based on the different status of countries studied, the countries were classified into six groups with different policy recommendations.

Architecture of the global land acquisition system: applying the tools of network science to identify key vulnerabilities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seaquist, J. W.; Li Johansson, Emma; Nicholas, Kimberly A.

2014-11-01

Global land acquisitions, often dubbed ‘land grabbing’ are increasingly becoming drivers of land change. We use the tools of network science to describe the connectivity of the global acquisition system. We find that 126 countries participate in this form of global land trade. Importers are concentrated in the Global North, the emerging economies of Asia, and the Middle East, while exporters are confined to the Global South and Eastern Europe. A small handful of countries account for the majority of land acquisitions (particularly China, the UK, and the US), the cumulative distribution of which is best described by a power law. We also find that countries with many land trading partners play a disproportionately central role in providing connectivity across the network with the shortest trading path between any two countries traversing either China, the US, or the UK over a third of the time. The land acquisition network is characterized by very few trading cliques and therefore characterized by a low degree of preferential trading or regionalization. We also show that countries with many export partners trade land with countries with few import partners, and vice versa, meaning that less developed countries have a large array of export partnerships with developed countries, but very few import partnerships (dissassortative relationship). Finally, we find that the structure of the network is potentially prone to propagating crises (e.g., if importing countries become dependent on crops exported from their land trading partners). This network analysis approach can be used to quantitatively analyze and understand telecoupled systems as well as to anticipate and diagnose the potential effects of telecoupling.

75 FR 36481 - Encryption Export Controls: Revision of License Exception ENC and Mass Market Eligibility...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-25

... Eligibility for Most Encryption Technology, to Non-``Government End-Users'' Outside Country Group D:1 or E:1.... Encryption Export Controls: Revision of License Exception ENC and Mass Market Eligibility, Submission... Export Controls: Revision of License Exception ENC and Mass Market Eligibility, Submission Procedures...

United States, 2007 : exports : 2007 Economic Census : transportation : 2007 commodity flow survey

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-08-01

For the purposes of this report, an export is considered a shipment from any of the 50 states and the District of Columbia to a foreign country. Shipments to U.S. possessions and territories are also treated as exports. We asked the respondent to rep...

22 CFR 123.15 - Congressional certification pursuant to Section 36(c) of the Arms Export Control Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), or Australia, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, or the Republic of Korea that does not authorize a new sales territory; or (2) A license for export to a country that is a member country of NATO, or Australia, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, or the Republic of Korea...

Energy Security Strategies: An Analysis of Tanzania and Mozambique

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-01

prioritizes domestic consumption or export of energy resources. The strategy a government chooses affects the overall energy security of that country...This thesis seeks to explain why countries pursue energy strategies that focus on domestic consumption of indigenous energy resources instead of...energy strategy that either prioritizes domestic consumption or export of energy resources. The strategy a government chooses affects the overall

26 CFR 1.863-1 - Allocation of gross income under section 863(a).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... pipeline to the export terminal in country Y, refines the oil in the United States, and sells the refined... export terminal in country Y is $80, and that US Oil ultimately sells the refined product for $100. Under... inclusion income and net losses. An excess inclusion (as defined in section 860E(c)) shall be treated as...

26 CFR 1.863-1 - Allocation of gross income under section 863(a).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... pipeline to the export terminal in country Y, refines the oil in the United States, and sells the refined... export terminal in country Y is $80, and that US Oil ultimately sells the refined product for $100. Under... inclusion income and net losses. An excess inclusion (as defined in section 860E(c)) shall be treated as...

26 CFR 1.863-1 - Allocation of gross income under section 863(a).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... pipeline to the export terminal in country Y, refines the oil in the United States, and sells the refined... export terminal in country Y is $80, and that US Oil ultimately sells the refined product for $100. Under... inclusion income and net losses. An excess inclusion (as defined in section 860E(c)) shall be treated as...

26 CFR 1.863-1 - Allocation of gross income under section 863(a).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... pipeline to the export terminal in country Y, refines the oil in the United States, and sells the refined... export terminal in country Y is $80, and that US Oil ultimately sells the refined product for $100. Under... inclusion income and net losses. An excess inclusion (as defined in section 860E(c)) shall be treated as...

Hubbert's Peak -- A Physicist's View

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McDonald, Richard

2011-04-01

Oil, as used in agriculture and transportation, is the lifeblood of modern society. It is finite in quantity and will someday be exhausted. In 1956, Hubbert proposed a theory of resource production and applied it successfully to predict peak U.S. oil production in 1970. Bartlett extended this work in publications and lectures on the finite nature of oil and its production peak and depletion. Both Hubbert and Bartlett place peak world oil production at a similar time, essentially now. Central to these analyses are estimates of total ``oil in place'' obtained from engineering studies of oil reservoirs as this quantity determines the area under the Hubbert's Peak. Knowing the production history and the total oil in place allows us to make estimates of reserves, and therefore future oil availability. We will then examine reserves data for various countries, in particular OPEC countries, and see if these data tell us anything about the future availability of oil. Finally, we will comment on synthetic oil and the possibility of carbon-neutral synthetic oil for a sustainable future.

The May October energy budget of a Scots pine plantation at Hartheim, Germany

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gay, L. W.; Vogt, R.; Kessler, A.

1996-03-01

This paper describes measurements of the Hartheim forest energy budget for the 157-day period of May 11 Oct. 14, 1992. Data were collected as 30-min means. Energy available to the forest was measured with net radiometers and soil heat flux discs; sensible heat exchange between the canopy and atmosphere was measured with two “One-Propeller Eddy Correlation” (OPEC) systems, and latent energy (evapotranspiration or ET) was determined as a residual in the surface energy balance equation. Net rediation, change in thermal storage, and sensible heat flux were verified by independent measurements during the Hartheim Experiment (HartX, May 11 12), and again during the “HartX2” experiment over 20 days late in the summer (Sep. 10 29). Specifically, sensible heat estimates from the two adjacent OPEC sensor sets were in close agreement throughout the summer, and in excellent agreement with measurements of sonic eddy correlation systems in May and September. The eddy correlation/energy balance technique was observed to overestimate occurrence of dew, leading to an underestimate of daily ET of about 5%. After taking dew into account, estimates of OPEC ET totaled 358 mm over the 5.1-month period, which is in quite good agreement with an ET estimate of 328 mm from a hydrologic water balance. An observed decrease in forest ET in July and August was clearly associated with low rainfall and increased soil water deficit. The OPEC system required only modest technical supervision, and generated a data yield of 99.5% over the period DOY 144 288. The documented verification and precision of this energy budget appears to be unmatched by any other long-term forest study reported to date.

Vincristine, cisplatin, teniposide, and cyclophosphamide combination in the treatment of recurrent or metastatic adrenocortical cancer.

PubMed

Khan, Tanweera S; Sundin, Anders; Juhlin, Claes; Wilander, Erik; Oberg, Kjell; Eriksson, Barbro

2004-01-01

The efficacy and tolerability of a combination of vincristine, cisplatin, teniposide, and cyclophosphamide (OPEC) in 11 patients (median age, 45 yr) with recurrent and/or metastatic adrenocortical cancer (ACC) (seven functional and four nonfunctional) were evaluated. All patients received this regimen after the failure of streptozocin and o,p'-DDD (SO) combination therapy. The regimen comprised cyclophosphamide, 600 mg/m2, and vincristine, 1.5 mg/m2, maximum dose 2.0 mg (d 1); cisplatin, 100 mg/m2 (d 2) and teniposide, 150 mg/m2 (d 4). Cycles were repeated every 4 wk. One to eight cycles (median, six cycles) of OPEC were administered to each patient. The median duration of treatment was 6 mo. The overall 2-yr survival rate was 82% and the median survival since diagnosis was 44 mo while it was 21 mo since start of OPEC therapy. Responses were obtained in nine patients: partial response in two patients, and stable disease in seven patients. The median duration of response was 6.75 mo. A total of 60 cycles of chemotherapy were given to all patients; grade 1-2 toxicity occurred in 57 cycles, while grade 3 toxicity was observed only in two cycles, according to NCI's Common Toxicity Criteria. We conclude that the OPEC regimen may be considered in recurrent or metastatic ACC as a second-line medical treatment. However, the combination is accompanied by considerable side effects and dose modifications are necessary in order to be able to recommend the treatment. This regimen needs further evaluation compared with SO therapy preferably in a randomized multicenter trial.

Use of migrants' remittances in labor-exporting countries.

PubMed

Chandavarkar, A G

1980-06-01

For many developing countries, migrant workers' remittances comprise a substantial proportion of foreign exchange earnings. The most important macroeconomic requisite for inducing remittances through official channels is a realistic single rate of exchange for the currency of the labor exporting country. Convenient facilities for holding remittances in approved foreign currency accounts with banks in the country of origin are another useful incentive for attracting migrants' funds. In addition, policies must be formulated to ensure the optimal use, sectoral and regional, of cash remittances. There is a choice between consumption, saving, and investment. Generally, remittances have contributed little to the longterm development potential of most labor exporting countries. This reflects the lack of a coherent policy to mobilize the savings from remittances into productive investment. The 1st priority, given the lack of financial and managerial skills in many migrant households, is the creation of a specialized institution or specialized units within existing banks for remittances. It is important as well to ensure that remittances are utilized to inculcate a savings psychology among recipients. This can be achieved through the creation of contractual savings schemes and the linkage of savings to credit facilities. Such measures are contingent upon an adequate spread of banking facilities in rural areas and the development of an appropriate intermediate financial technology in the labor exporting countries. Institutional banking will have to adapt lending procedures to the viability of projects rather than to the availability of collateral. Advantageous interest rates in rural areas are also necessary to redress the urban bias of the financial system in developing countries.

Hierarchical time series bottom-up approach for forecast the export value in Central Java

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mahkya, D. A.; Ulama, B. S.; Suhartono

2017-10-01

The purpose of this study is Getting the best modeling and predicting the export value of Central Java using a Hierarchical Time Series. The export value is one variable injection in the economy of a country, meaning that if the export value of the country increases, the country’s economy will increase even more. Therefore, it is necessary appropriate modeling to predict the export value especially in Central Java. Export Value in Central Java are grouped into 21 commodities with each commodity has a different pattern. One approach that can be used time series is a hierarchical approach. Hierarchical Time Series is used Buttom-up. To Forecast the individual series at all levels using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN), and Hybrid ARIMA-RBFNN. For the selection of the best models used Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (sMAPE). Results of the analysis showed that for the Export Value of Central Java, Bottom-up approach with Hybrid ARIMA-RBFNN modeling can be used for long-term predictions. As for the short and medium-term predictions, it can be used a bottom-up approach RBFNN modeling. Overall bottom-up approach with RBFNN modeling give the best result.

USSR Report, International Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-05-16

25 Countries January—December 1984 1985 Malaysia Mongolian People’s Republic Nepal Pakistan Saudi Arabia Singapore Syria Turnover Export...mutual deliveries of machinery, equipment and other goods, increase of their export to third countries’ markets the Parties shall facilitate the further...physical or juridical persons on the basis of this Agreement, shall be established on the basis of world prices of the main markets for corresponding goods

Origin, imports and exports of HIV-1 subtype C in South Africa: A historical perspective.

PubMed

Wilkinson, Eduan; Rasmussen, David; Ratmann, Oliver; Stadler, Tanja; Engelbrecht, Susan; de Oliveira, Tulio

2016-12-01

While the HIV epidemic in South Africa had a later onset than epidemics in other southern African countries, prevalence grew rapidly during the 1990's when the country was going through socio-political changes with the end of Apartheid. South Africa currently has the largest number of people living with HIV in the world and the epidemic is dominated by a unique subtype, HIV-1 subtype C. This large epidemic is also characterized by high level of genetic diversity. We hypothesize that this diversity is due to multiple introductions of the virus during the period of change. In this paper, we apply novel phylogeographic methods to estimate the number of viral imports and exports from the start of the epidemic to the present. We assembled 11,289 unique subtype C pol sequences from southern Africa. These represent one of the largest sequence datasets ever analyzed in the region. Sequences were stratified based on country of sampling and levels of genetic diversity were estimated for each country. Sequences were aligned and a maximum-likelihood evolutionary tree was inferred. Least-Squares Dating was then used to obtain a dated phylogeny from which we estimated the number of introductions into and exports out of South Africa using parsimony-based ancestral location reconstructions. Our results identified 189 viral introductions into South Africa with the largest number of introductions attributed to Zambia (n=109), Botswana (n=32), Malawi (n=26) and Zimbabwe (n=13). South Africa also exported many viral lineages to its neighbours. The bulk viral imports and exports appear to have occurred between 1985 and 2000, coincident with the period of socio-political transition. The high level of subtype C genetic diversity in South Africa is related to multiple introductions of the virus to the country. While the number of viral imports and exports we identified was highly sensitive to the number of samples included from each country, they mostly clustered around the period of rapid political and socio-economic change in South Africa. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.

27 CFR 44.202 - To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... forces for subsequent exportation. 44.202 Section 44.202 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL... Proprietors Notice of Removal of Shipment § 44.202 To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation... for delivery to officers of the armed forces of the United States in this country for subsequent...

27 CFR 44.191 - To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... forces for subsequent exportation. 44.191 Section 44.191 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL... Proprietors Consignment of Shipment § 44.191 To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation. Where... delivery to officers of the armed forces of the United States in this country for subsequent shipment to...

27 CFR 44.258 - To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... forces for subsequent exportation. 44.258 Section 44.258 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL... forces for subsequent exportation. Where cigars are withdrawn from a customs warehouse for delivery to officers of the armed forces of the United States in this country for subsequent shipment to, and use by...

27 CFR 44.258 - To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... forces for subsequent exportation. 44.258 Section 44.258 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL... forces for subsequent exportation. Where cigars are withdrawn from a customs warehouse for delivery to officers of the armed forces of the United States in this country for subsequent shipment to, and use by...

27 CFR 44.202 - To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... forces for subsequent exportation. 44.202 Section 44.202 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL... Proprietors Notice of Removal of Shipment § 44.202 To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation... for delivery to officers of the armed forces of the United States in this country for subsequent...

27 CFR 44.191 - To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... forces for subsequent exportation. 44.191 Section 44.191 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL... Proprietors Consignment of Shipment § 44.191 To officers of the armed forces for subsequent exportation. Where... delivery to officers of the armed forces of the United States in this country for subsequent shipment to...

7 CFR 355.23 - Recordkeeping, access, and reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... business as an importer, exporter, or reexporter of terrestrial plants listed in 50 CFR part 17 or part 23...; the country or place of origin of the plants; the date and place of importation, exportation, or... proceeding under the Act or this part. (c) Any person engaged in business as an importer, exporter, or...

Global Research in an Age of Export Controls

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Monastersky, Richard

2008-01-01

When a jury convicted a Tennessee professor this month of illegally exporting information to foreign countries via his graduate students and a trip to China, it sent a message to colleges that they need to scrupulously monitor their faculty members' research and their compliance with the often confusing universe of export-control regulations. In…

76 FR 52935 - President's Export Council, Subcommittee on Export Administration; Notice of Open Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-24

... with all countries with which the United States has diplomatic or trading relations and of controlling... and Vice Chair. 2. Export Control Reform Update. 3. Presentation of Papers or Comments by the Public. 4. Review of Field Hearing. 5. Status of 2011 Workplan. 6. Discussion of 2012 Workplan. 7...

Yamani

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Robinson, J.

1988-01-01

In 1962, when oil was $2/bbl (*12.50/m/sup 3/), King Faisal appointed a lawyer as minister of petroleum. According to the author, he wrestled control of Saudi Arabia's oil away from the U.S. during the next 11 years and turned the OPEC cartel into a major world force. In Oct. 1973, when war broke out in the Middle East, this man held the world to ransom. Yet in 1989, a one-sentence edict brought his political career to an end. This book traces these events in a biographical account of the former Saudi Arabian oil minister and leading force behind OPEC, Sheikmore » Ahmed Zaki Yamani.« less

Tests of a robust eddy correlation system for sensible heat flux

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blanford, J. H.; Gay, L. W.

1992-03-01

Sensible heat flux estimates from a simple, one-propeller eddy correlation system (OPEC) were compared with those from a sonic anemometer eddy correlation system (SEC). In accordance with similarity theory, the performance of the OPEC system improved with increasing height of the sensor above the surface. Flux totals from the two systems at sites with adequate fetch were in excellent agreement after frequency response corrections were applied. The propeller system appears suitable for long periods of unattended measurement. The sensible heat flux measurements can be combined with net radiation and soil heat flux measurements to estimate latent heat as a residual in the surface energy balance.

Ecotoxicity by the biodegradation of alkylphenol polyethoxylates depends on the effect of trace elements.

PubMed

Hotta, Yudai; Hosoda, Akifumi; Sano, Fumihiko; Wakayama, Manabu; Niwa, Katsuki; Yoshikawa, Hiromichi; Tamura, Hiroto

2010-01-27

The bacteria Sphingomonas sp. strain BSN22, isolated from bean fields, degraded octylphenol polyethoxylates (OPEO(n)) to octylphenol (OP) under aerobic conditions. This biodegradation mechanism proceeded by the following two-step degradation process: (1) degradation of OPEO(n) to octylphenol triethoxylate (OPEO(3)), (2) degradation from OPEO(3) to OP via octylphenoxy acetic acid (OPEC(1)). The chemical structure of OPEC(1) was confirmed by analysis using (18)O-labeled water. Quantitative studies revealed that magnesium (Mg(2+)) and calcium (Ca(2+)) ions were essential for the biodegradation of OPEO(n). Furthermore, the rate of biodegradation was especially accelerated by ferric ions (Fe(3+)), and the accumulated amounts of endocrine active chemicals, such as OP, OPEO(1), and OPEC(1), significantly increased to the concentration of 22.8, 221.7, and 961.1 microM in the presence of 37.0 microM Fe(3+), respectively. This suggests that environmental elements significantly influence the resultant ecotoxicity as well as the rate of their biodegradation in the environment. This study on the mechanism of OPEO(n) biodegradation may play an important role in understanding and managing environmental safety, including drinking water safety.

Colombia Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

Colombia is South America's largest coal producer, and the region's third-largest oil producer after Venezuela and Brazil. In 2015, Colombia was the world's fifth-largest coal exporter. The country is also a significant oil exporter, ranking as the fifth-largest crude oil exporter to the United States in 2015. A series of regulatory reforms enacted in 2003 makes the oil and natural gas sector more attractive to foreign investors led to an increase in Colombian oil and natural gas production. The Colombian government implemented a partial privatization of state oil company Ecopetrol (formerly known as Empresa Colombiana de Petróleos S.A.) in an attempt to revive its upstream oil industry.

Quantifying export flows of used electronics: advanced methods to resolve used goods within trade data.

PubMed

Duan, Huabo; Miller, T Reed; Gregory, Jeremy; Kirchain, Randolph

2014-03-18

There is limited convincing quantitative data on the export of used electronics from the United States (U.S.). Thus, we advance a methodology to quantify the export flows of whole units of used electronics from the U.S. using detailed export trade data, and demonstrate the methodology using laptops. Since used electronics are not explicitly identified in export trade data, we hypothesize that exports with a low unit value below a used-new threshold specific to a destination world region are used. The importance of using the most disaggregated trade data set available when resolving used and new goods is illustrated. Two detailed U.S. export trade data sets were combined to arrive at quantities and unit values for each port, mode of transport, month, trade partner country, and trade code. We add rigor to the determination of the used-new threshold by utilizing both the Neighborhood valley-emphasis method (NVEM) and published sales prices. This analysis found that 748 to 1199 thousand units of used laptops were exported from the U.S. in 2010, of which 78-81% are destined for non-OECD countries. Asia was found to be the largest destination of used laptop exports across all used-new threshold methods. Latin American and the Caribbean was the second largest recipient of these exports. North America and Europe also received used laptops from the U.S. Only a small fraction of used laptops was exported to Africa. However, these quantities are lower bound estimates because not all shipments of used laptops may be shipped using the proper laptop trade code. Still, this approach has the potential to give insight into the quantity and destinations of the exports if applied to all used electronics product types across a series of years.

Impacts of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the wheat market: A global dynamic analysis.

PubMed

Gutierrez, Luciano

2017-01-01

Although the widespread influence of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) occurrences on crop yields of the main agricultural commodities is well known, the global socio-economic consequences of ENSO still remain uncertain. Given the global importance of wheat for global consumption by providing 20% of global calories and nourishment, the monitoring and prediction of ENSO-induced variations in the worldwide wheat market are essential for allowing national governments to manage the associated risks and to ensure the supplies of wheat for consumers, including the underprivileged. To this end, we propose a global dynamic model for the analysis of ENSO impacts on wheat yield anomalies, export prices, exports and stock-to-use ratios. Our framework focuses on seven countries/regions: the six main wheat-exporting countries-the United States, Argentina, Australia, Canada, the EU, and the group of the main Black Sea export countries, i.e. Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan-plus the rest of the world. The study shows that La Niña exerts, on average, a stronger and negative impact on wheat yield anomalies, exports and stock-to-use ratios than El Niño. In contrast, wheat export prices are positively related to La Niña occurrences evidencing, once again, its steady impact in both the short and long run. Our findings emphasize the importance of the two ENSO extreme phases for the worldwide wheat market.

31 CFR 542.526 - Exportation of services related to conferences in the United States or third countries authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... authorized. (a) The exportation, reexportation, sale, or supply of services from the United States or by a U... from the prohibitions of this part, the exportation, reexportation, sale, or supply of services...), is authorized, provided that the conference or other similar event is not tailored in whole or in...

10 CFR 75.45 - Content of advance notification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... information is being supplied under § 75.43. (b) The notifications required with respect to export and import... export license issued pursuant to part 110 of this chapter, or origin of import (by country and, if known... (for exports) or in the United States (for imports). [45 FR 50711, July 31, 1980, as amended at 73 FR...

10 CFR 75.45 - Content of advance notification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... information is being supplied under § 75.43. (b) The notifications required with respect to export and import... export license issued pursuant to part 110 of this chapter, or origin of import (by country and, if known... (for exports) or in the United States (for imports). [45 FR 50711, July 31, 1980, as amended at 73 FR...

ECOWAS and Lome,

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

purpose of exporting cash crops but which generally did not cross colonial frontiers, and preferential trading systems and banking arrange- ments which...divide through cooperation in specific functional organisations--the Cocoa Producers Alliance (founded 1962), the African Groundnut Council (1964), the...arrangements essentially allowed EEC exports privileged access to Associates’ markets vis-a-vis the exports of all other countries, including the neighboring

Macro policy responses to oil booms and busts in the United Arab Emirates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Al-Mutawa, A.K.

1991-01-01

The effects of oil shocks and macro policy changes in the United Arab Emirates are analyzed. A theoretical model is developed within the framework of the Dutch Disease literature. It contains four unique features that are applicable to the United Arab Emirates' economy. There are: (1) the presence of a large foreign labor force; (2) OPEC's oil export quotas; (3) the division of oil profits; and (4) the important role of government expenditures. The model is then used to examine the welfare effects of the above-mentioned shocks. An econometric model is then specified that conforms to the analytical model. Inmore » the econometric model the method of principal components' is applied owing to the undersized sample data. The principal components methodology is used in both the identification testing and the estimation of the structural equations. The oil and macro policy shocks are then simulated. The simulation results show that an oil-quantity boom leads to a higher welfare gain than an oil-price boom. Under certain circumstances, this finding is also confirmed by the comparative statistics that follow from the analytical model.« less

Economics of lifecycle analysis and greenhouse gas regulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rajagopal, Deepak

2009-11-01

Interest in alternatives to fossil fuels has risen significantly during the current decade. Although a variety of different alternative technologies have experienced rapid growth, biofuels have emerged as the main alternative transportation fuel. Energy policies in several countries envision blending biofuels with fossil fuels as the main mechanism to increase energy independence and energy security. Climate change policies in several regions are also riding on the same hope for reducing emissions from transportation. The main advantage of biofuels is that they are technically mature, cheaper to produce and more convenient to use relative to other alternative fuels. However, the impact of current biofuels on the environment and on economic welfare, is controversial. In my dissertation I focus on three topics relevant to future energy and climate policies. The first is the economics of lifecycle analysis and its application to the assessment of environmental impact of biofuel policies. The potential of biofuel for reducing greenhouse gas emissions was brought to the fore by research that relied on the methodology called lifecycle analysis (LCA). Subsequent research however showed that the traditional LCA fails to account for market-mediated effects that will arise when biofuel technologies are scaled up. These effects can increase or decrease emissions at each stage of the lifecycle. I discuss how the LCA will differ depending on the scale, a single firm versus a region and why LCA of the future should be distinguished from LCA of the past. I describe some approaches for extending the LCA methodology so that it can be applied under these different situations. The second topic is the economic impact of biofuels. Biofuels reduce the demand for oil and increase the demand for agricultural goods. To high income countries which tend to be both large importers of oil and large exporters of agricultural goods, this implies two major benefits. One of the one hand it reduces the market power of OPEC (Oil Producing and Exporting Countries), a cartel of nations which is the single largest oil exporting entity in the world, and is an entity considered unreliable. On the other hand, it reduces the demand for domestic farm subsidies. At the same crops comprise a small share of the retail price of food. As a result, the expected negative impact of biofuel was at worst a small increase in the retail price of food. However, the food price inflation in the year 2008 suggests that the negative impact on food consumers was significantly higher than expected and also outweighed the impact fuel consumers. I estimate the effect on biofuels on food and oil prices and compare them to other estimates in the literature and also relate these to prices observed in the real world. The third topic is the economics of greenhouse gas regulations of transportation fuels. Climate change policies such as United Nations' Kyoto protocol, European Union Emission Trading Scheme, and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in the US north-east mandate an aggregate emission target, called a cap and allow regulated entities to trade responsibilities for abatement. Furthermore, these policies have generally and sometimes exclusively targeted the electricity and industrial sector for emission reduction. However, the Low carbon fuel standard and Renewable fuel standard are two policies about to be implemented by the State of California and the US federal government, which exclusively target the transportation sector for emission reduction. Furthermore, these regulations mandate emission intensity target for fuels rather than aggregate emission reduction. I compare the cost-effectiveness of these two types of regulations, namely, aggregate emission caps versus emission intensity standards and discuss how prices, output and emissions vary between these two types of policies.

The production and exportation of artemisinin-derived drugs in China: current status and existing challenges.

PubMed

Huang, Yangmu; Li, Hui; Peng, Danlu; Wang, Yu; Ren, Qiaomeng; Guo, Yan

2016-07-15

As the discoverer and a major manufacturer of artemisinin, China has made valuable contributions to malaria control and the global market of artemisinin-derived drugs. This study aims to explore the production and export status of artemisinin-derived drugs in China during 2011 and 2014 to provide a clear understanding of China's participation in this field and also to provide guidance for its future role on global malaria control. Production and exportation data were obtained from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) database of the People's Republic China and monthly reports of the General Administration of Customs of China, respectively. The production volume, export volume, export value, and export area of artemisinin and its derivatives (artemether, artesunate, dihydroartemisinin), including both active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished pharmaceutical products (FPPs), were descripted and analysed by Microsoft Excel. Between 2011 and 2013, the total production volume of artemisinin-derived APIs and FPPs reached 543.41 metric tons (MT) and 14.79 MT, respectively. The total export value and volume of artemisinin-derived APIs during 2012 and 2014 was US$ 211.39 million and 338.53 MT; the total export value and volume of FPPs was US$ 227.17 million and 4401.44 MT. Compared with the sharply decreasing trend of API exports each year, the export value of FPPs kept at a more stable level, with 14.66 % increase in 2013 and 5.31 % decrease in 2014. As for exportation areas, India was the largest purchaser of APIs, accounting for nearly a half of the total amount, while FPPs mainly exported to African countries. Exports of artemisinin derivatives for China have been transforming from API-dominated to FPP-dominated. However, the exportation of artemisinin-derived drugs in China still face the challenges of small market share in the global FPP market and indirect sale of FPPs through a third country due to the deficiency in obtaining relevant certification into global market.

27 CFR 28.43 - Evidence of exportation and lading for use on vessels and aircraft: beer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... and lading for use on vessels and aircraft: beer. 28.43 Section 28.43 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and... lading for use on vessels and aircraft: beer. (a) Exportation. The exportation of beer to a foreign... certificate issued by an official of the country or possession where the beer has actually landed; or (6) Any...

Canada Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2015-01-01

Canada is a net exporter of most energy commodities and a significant producer of crude oil and other liquids from oil sands, natural gas, and hydroelectricity. Energy exports to the United States account for the vast majority of Canada's total energy exports. However, because of economic and other considerations, Canada is developing ways to diversify its trading partners, especially by expanding ties with emerging markets in Asia.

19 CFR 10.66 - Articles exported for temporary exhibition and returned; horses exported for horse racing and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... livestock or other animals, exported for temporary exhibition and returned and claimed to be exempt from... animals of foreign origin taken abroad for exhibition in connection with a circus or menagerie, a copy of an inventory of these animals filed prior to their leaving the country with the director of the port...

19 CFR 10.66 - Articles exported for temporary exhibition and returned; horses exported for horse racing and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... livestock or other animals, exported for temporary exhibition and returned and claimed to be exempt from... animals of foreign origin taken abroad for exhibition in connection with a circus or menagerie, a copy of an inventory of these animals filed prior to their leaving the country with the director of the port...

19 CFR 10.66 - Articles exported for temporary exhibition and returned; horses exported for horse racing and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... livestock or other animals, exported for temporary exhibition and returned and claimed to be exempt from... animals of foreign origin taken abroad for exhibition in connection with a circus or menagerie, a copy of an inventory of these animals filed prior to their leaving the country with the director of the port...

19 CFR 10.66 - Articles exported for temporary exhibition and returned; horses exported for horse racing and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... livestock or other animals, exported for temporary exhibition and returned and claimed to be exempt from... animals of foreign origin taken abroad for exhibition in connection with a circus or menagerie, a copy of an inventory of these animals filed prior to their leaving the country with the director of the port...

77 FR 25475 - Inquiry To Learn Whether Businesses Assert Business Confidentiality Claims Regarding Waste Import...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-30

... cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and spent lead acid batteries (SLABs) from the United States, and the export and..., subpart H, through the United States and foreign countries; (4) export of cathode ray tubes, during... related to the export of cathode ray tubes (CRTs), during calendar year 2011 or before, under 40 CFR part...

78 FR 75337 - Eos LNG LLC; Application for Long-Term Authorization To Export Liquefied Natural Gas Produced...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-11

... Authorization To Export Liquefied Natural Gas Produced From Domestic Natural Gas Resources to Non-Free Trade...- contract authorization to export LNG produced from domestic sources in a volume equivalent to approximately... treatment for trade in natural gas (non-FTA countries) with which trade is not prohibited by U.S. law or...

78 FR 75339 - Barca LNG LLC; Application for Long-Term Authorization To Export Liquefied Natural Gas Produced...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-11

... Authorization To Export Liquefied Natural Gas Produced From Domestic Natural Gas Resources to Non-Free Trade...- contract authorization to export LNG produced from domestic sources in a volume equivalent to approximately... treatment for trade in natural gas (non-FTA countries) with which trade is not prohibited by U.S. law or...

The product space conditions the development of nations.

PubMed

Hidalgo, C A; Klinger, B; Barabási, A-L; Hausmann, R

2007-07-27

Economies grow by upgrading the products they produce and export. The technology, capital, institutions, and skills needed to make newer products are more easily adapted from some products than from others. Here, we study this network of relatedness between products, or "product space," finding that more-sophisticated products are located in a densely connected core whereas less-sophisticated products occupy a less-connected periphery. Empirically, countries move through the product space by developing goods close to those they currently produce. Most countries can reach the core only by traversing empirically infrequent distances, which may help explain why poor countries have trouble developing more competitive exports and fail to converge to the income levels of rich countries.

Sonatrach prepares for greater exports of natural gas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Taleb, M.

1993-12-06

Algeria is increasing its capacity to export natural gas in order to reinforce its strong position in the growing international market. The country's reserves are estimated at more than 3.6 trillion cu m. Algerian energy and development policy is based on a rational exploitation of this resource. A liquefield natural gas (LNG) pioneer, Algeria has one of the world's most important LNG production capacities. With a location encouraging export to nearby countries, Algeria has an important place in the world natural gas market and an exclusive role within its trading region. The effort will especially focus on southern Europe. Themore » paper discusses Algeria's growing role in international markets, as well as local markets.« less

Information for Exporters of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Hazardous Waste

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Information for exporters of hazardous waste to OECD countries for recycling who are subject to the hazardous waste generator and importer requirements described in 40 CFR Part 262 Subpart H, under RCRA

31 CFR 560.506 - Importation and exportation of certain gifts authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... of certain gifts authorized. The importation into the United States of Iranian-origin goods from Iran or a third country, and the exportation from the United States to Iran of goods, are authorized for...

31 CFR 560.506 - Importation and exportation of certain gifts authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of certain gifts authorized. The importation into the United States of Iranian-origin goods from Iran or a third country, and the exportation from the United States to Iran of goods, are authorized for...

40 CFR 262.53 - Notification of intent to export.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... country (e.g., land or ocean incineration, other land disposal, ocean dumping, recycling); (vii) The name... forward an EPA Acknowledgment of Consent to the primary exporter for purposes of § 262.54(h). Where the...

40 CFR 262.53 - Notification of intent to export.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... country (e.g., land or ocean incineration, other land disposal, ocean dumping, recycling); (vii) The name... forward an EPA Acknowledgment of Consent to the primary exporter for purposes of § 262.54(h). Where the...

40 CFR 262.53 - Notification of intent to export.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... country (e.g., land or ocean incineration, other land disposal, ocean dumping, recycling); (vii) The name... forward an EPA Acknowledgment of Consent to the primary exporter for purposes of § 262.54(h). Where the...

40 CFR 262.53 - Notification of intent to export.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... country (e.g., land or ocean incineration, other land disposal, ocean dumping, recycling); (vii) The name... forward an EPA Acknowledgment of Consent to the primary exporter for purposes of § 262.54(h). Where the...

40 CFR 262.53 - Notification of intent to export.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... country (e.g., land or ocean incineration, other land disposal, ocean dumping, recycling); (vii) The name... forward an EPA Acknowledgment of Consent to the primary exporter for purposes of § 262.54(h). Where the...

7 CFR 1488.10 - Evidence of entry into country of destination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... COMMODITIES Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit... CCC, become due and payable and liquidated damages shall be payable in accordance with § 1488.11. The...

7 CFR 1488.10 - Evidence of entry into country of destination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... COMMODITIES Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit... CCC, become due and payable and liquidated damages shall be payable in accordance with § 1488.11. The...

7 CFR 1488.10 - Evidence of entry into country of destination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... COMMODITIES Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit... CCC, become due and payable and liquidated damages shall be payable in accordance with § 1488.11. The...

A New Metrics for Countries' Fitness and Products' Complexity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tacchella, Andrea; Cristelli, Matthieu; Caldarelli, Guido; Gabrielli, Andrea; Pietronero, Luciano

2012-10-01

Classical economic theories prescribe specialization of countries industrial production. Inspection of the country databases of exported products shows that this is not the case: successful countries are extremely diversified, in analogy with biosystems evolving in a competitive dynamical environment. The challenge is assessing quantitatively the non-monetary competitive advantage of diversification which represents the hidden potential for development and growth. Here we develop a new statistical approach based on coupled non-linear maps, whose fixed point defines a new metrics for the country Fitness and product Complexity. We show that a non-linear iteration is necessary to bound the complexity of products by the fitness of the less competitive countries exporting them. We show that, given the paradigm of economic complexity, the correct and simplest approach to measure the competitiveness of countries is the one presented in this work. Furthermore our metrics appears to be economically well-grounded.

Importing food damages domestic environment: Evidence from global soybean trade.

PubMed

Sun, Jing; Mooney, Harold; Wu, Wenbin; Tang, Huajun; Tong, Yuxin; Xu, Zhenci; Huang, Baorong; Cheng, Yeqing; Yang, Xinjun; Wei, Dan; Zhang, Fusuo; Liu, Jianguo

2018-05-22

Protecting the environment and enhancing food security are among the world's Sustainable Development Goals and greatest challenges. International food trade is an important mechanism to enhance food security worldwide. Nonetheless, it is widely concluded that in international food trade importing countries gain environmental benefits, while exporting countries suffer environmental problems by using land and other resources to produce food for exports. Our study shows that international food trade can also lead to environmental pollution in importing countries. At the global level, our metaanalysis indicates that there was increased nitrogen (N) pollution after much farmland for domestically cultivated N-fixing soybeans in importing countries was converted to grow high N-demanding crops (wheat, corn, rice, and vegetables). The findings were further verified by an intensive study at the regional level in China, the largest soybean-importing country, where the conversion of soybean lands to corn fields and rice paddies has also led to N pollution. Our study provides a sharp contrast to the conventional wisdom that only exports contribute substantially to environmental woes. Our results suggest the need to evaluate environmental consequences of international trade of all other major goods and products in all importing countries, which have significant implications for fundamental rethinking in global policy-making and debates on environmental responsibilities among consumers, producers, and traders across the world.

Substantial nitrogen pollution embedded in international trade

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oita, Azusa; Malik, Arunima; Kanemoto, Keiichiro; Geschke, Arne; Nishijima, Shota; Lenzen, Manfred

2016-02-01

Anthropogenic emissions of reactive nitrogen to the atmosphere and water bodies can damage human health and ecosystems. As a measure of a nation’s contribution to this potential damage, a country’s nitrogen footprint has been defined as the quantity of reactive nitrogen emitted during the production, consumption and transportation of commodities consumed within that country, whether those commodities are produced domestically or internationally. Here we use global emissions databases, a global nitrogen cycle model, and a global input-output database of domestic and international trade to calculate the nitrogen footprints for 188 countries as the sum of emissions of ammonia, nitrogen oxides and nitrous oxide to the atmosphere, and of nitrogen potentially exportable to water bodies. Per-capita footprints range from under 7 kg N yr-1 in some developing countries to over 100 kg N yr-1 in some wealthy nations. Consumption in China, India, the United States and Brazil is responsible for 46% of global emissions. Roughly a quarter of the global nitrogen footprint is from commodities that were traded across country borders. The main net exporters have significant agricultural, food and textile exports, and are often developing countries, whereas important net importers are almost exclusively developed economies. We conclude that substantial local nitrogen pollution is driven by demand from consumers in other countries.

Ifosfamide in previously untreated disseminated neuroblastoma. Results of Study 3A of the European Neuroblastoma Study Group.

PubMed

Kellie, S J; De Kraker, J; Lilleyman, J S; Bowman, A; Pritchard, J

1988-05-01

A prospective study of the effectiveness of ifosfamide as a single agent in the management of previously untreated patients with Evans stage IV neuroblastoma was undertaken. Eighteen children aged more than 1 year were treated with ifosfamide (IFX) 3 g/m2 daily for 2 days immediately after diagnosis and 3 weeks later. Treatment was continued with combination chemotherapy using vincristine, cyclophosphamide, cisplatinum and etoposide (OPEC) or a variant. Mesna (2-mercaptoethane sulphonate) was given to all patients during IFX treatment to prevent urotoxicity. Eight of the 18 patients (44%) responded to IFX. Nine had greater than 66% reduction in baseline tumor volume. Of 15 evaluable patients with raised pre-treatment urinary catecholamine excretion, six (40%) achieved greater than 50% reduction in pretreatment levels. Two of 10 patients evaluable for bone marrow response had complete clearance. Toxicity was mild in all patients. Upon completing 'first line' therapy, only four patients (22%) achieved a good partial remission (GPR) or complete response (CR). Median survival was 11 months. There was a lower rate of attaining GPR and shortened median survival in patients receiving phase II IFX before OPEC or variant, compared to patients with similar pre-treatment characteristics treated with OPEC from diagnosis in an earlier study.

Russia Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

Russia is a major producer and exporter of oil and natural gas. Russia's economic growth is driven by energy exports, given its high oil and natural gas production. Oil and natural gas revenues accounted for 43% of Russia's federal budget revenues in 2015.

7 CFR 782.16 - Designating end use on form FSA-751.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... applicable form FSA-751, Wheat Consumption and Resale Report, is “export,” the exporter must specify the final destination, by country, on form FSA-751. (b) If the end user utilizes the wheat for purposes...

Trinidad and Tobago Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

As the largest oil and natural gas producer in the Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago's hydrocarbon sector moved from an oil-dominant to a mostly natural gas-based sector in the early 1990s. In 2014, Trinidad and Tobago was the world's sixth-largest LNG exporter, according to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2015. The country was also the largest LNG exporter to the United States, accounting for nearly 71% of U.S. LNG imports in 2014.

Consumption climbs in central and eastern countries, stagnates in the west : markets for paper, paperboard and woodpulp, 2003-2004

Treesearch

Peter J. Ince; Eduard Akim; Bernard Lombard; Tomas Parik

2004-01-01

Annual paper and paperboard output climbed by 2.2% in the EU/EFTA subregion in 2003, a record year for European papermakers, while the subregion’s woodpulp output climbed by 2.8%. Higher paper and paperboard exports from the EU/EFTA subregion to non-UNECE countries, and a 16% increase in net exports in 2003, propelled expansion of output. Paper and paperboard...

Resource nationalism in Indonesia—Effects of the 2014 mineral export ban

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lederer, Graham W.

2016-09-27

Resource nationalism encompasses a broad range of political and economic actions taken by Governments to regulate the extraction of natural resources within their borders. Policies such as increased tariffs or export restrictions can have far-reaching economic effects on international trade. As the Governments of several developing countries consider enacting nationalistic policies, an examination of the 2014 mineral export ban in Indonesia provides an instructive example of the possible impacts of resource nationalism. Significant changes in the production and trade of unprocessed (that is, ores and concentrates) and processed (that is, refined metal) aluminum, copper, and nickel before and after the export ban form the basis of this study.The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Minerals Information Center (NMIC) tracks production and trade of mineral commodities between producer and consumer countries. Materials flow studies clarify the effects of an export ban on different mineral commodities by assessing changes in production, processing capacity, and trade. Using extensive data collection and monitoring procedures, the USGS NMIC investigated the effects of resource nationalism on the flow of mineral commodities from Indonesia to the global economy.

Changes in U.S. hardwood lumber exports, 1990 to 2008

Treesearch

William Luppold; Matthew Bumgardner

2011-01-01

The volume of hardwood lumber exported from the United States grew by 63 percent between 1990 and 2006 before decreasing by 29 percent between 2006 and 2008. Canada is both the largest export market for U.S. hardwood lumber and the largest source country for hardwood lumber imported into the United States. In the last 19 years China/Hong Kong has displaced Japan as the...

7 CFR 1487.4 - Are there any limits on the scope of proposals?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

.... The 5 years do not need to be consecutive. (c) Target countries. Proposals may target all eligible export markets, including single countries or reasonable regional groupings of countries. (d) Multiple...

Measuring efficiency of international crude oil markets: A multifractality approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Niere, H. M.

2015-01-01

The three major international crude oil markets are treated as complex systems and their multifractal properties are explored. The study covers daily prices of Brent crude, OPEC reference basket and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude from January 2, 2003 to January 2, 2014. A multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) is employed to extract the generalized Hurst exponents in each of the time series. The generalized Hurst exponent is used to measure the degree of multifractality which in turn is used to quantify the efficiency of the three international crude oil markets. To identify whether the source of multifractality is long-range correlations or broad fat-tail distributions, shuffled data and surrogated data corresponding to each of the time series are generated. Shuffled data are obtained by randomizing the order of the price returns data. This will destroy any long-range correlation of the time series. Surrogated data is produced using the Fourier-Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (F-DFA). This is done by randomizing the phases of the price returns data in Fourier space. This will normalize the distribution of the time series. The study found that for the three crude oil markets, there is a strong dependence of the generalized Hurst exponents with respect to the order of fluctuations. This shows that the daily price time series of the markets under study have signs of multifractality. Using the degree of multifractality as a measure of efficiency, the results show that WTI is the most efficient while OPEC is the least efficient market. This implies that OPEC has the highest likelihood to be manipulated among the three markets. This reflects the fact that Brent and WTI is a very competitive market hence, it has a higher level of complexity compared against OPEC, which has a large monopoly power. Comparing with shuffled data and surrogated data, the findings suggest that for all the three crude oil markets, the multifractality is mainly due to long-range correlations.

77 FR 13070 - Notice of Request for Approval of a New Information Collection for Export/Health Certificate Forms

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-05

... as negotiations continue with more countries. DATES: Comments on this notice must be received by May... 16 different export certificate request forms with ongoing negotiations with at least 5 more...

19 CFR 192.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... (CONTINUED) EXPORT CONTROL Exportation of Used Self-Propelled Vehicles, Vessels, and Aircraft § 192.1... entered into the commerce of a foreign country. Self-propelled vehicle. “Self-propelled vehicle” includes any automobile, truck, tractor, bus, motorcycle, motor home, self-propelled agricultural machinery...

19 CFR 192.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... (CONTINUED) EXPORT CONTROL Exportation of Used Self-Propelled Vehicles, Vessels, and Aircraft § 192.1... entered into the commerce of a foreign country. Self-propelled vehicle. “Self-propelled vehicle” includes any automobile, truck, tractor, bus, motorcycle, motor home, self-propelled agricultural machinery...

50 CFR 300.185 - Documentation, reporting and recordkeeping requirements for consignment documents and re-export...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... issuing country must be written legibly and indelibly on the outside of the package. (ix) Customs forms... permit holder must email, fax, or mail a copy of the completed consignment document and re-export...

48 CFR 652.225-71 - Section 8(a) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, as Amended.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... to United States law or regulation. The Boycott of Israel by Arab League countries is such a boycott... Arab League Boycott of Israel, are prohibited activities under the Export Administration Act: (1...

48 CFR 652.225-71 - Section 8(a) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, as Amended.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... to United States law or regulation. The Boycott of Israel by Arab League countries is such a boycott... Arab League Boycott of Israel, are prohibited activities under the Export Administration Act: (1...

48 CFR 652.225-71 - Section 8(a) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, as Amended.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... to United States law or regulation. The Boycott of Israel by Arab League countries is such a boycott... Arab League Boycott of Israel, are prohibited activities under the Export Administration Act: (1...

48 CFR 652.225-71 - Section 8(a) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, as Amended.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... to United States law or regulation. The Boycott of Israel by Arab League countries is such a boycott... Arab League Boycott of Israel, are prohibited activities under the Export Administration Act: (1...

Why the spending stopped in Nigeria

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rapoport, C.

Nigeria will have an income of about $14 billion this year from the sale of crude, mostly from the US. Nigeria is our second-largest foreign oil supplier. But, lacking the expertise and financial sophistication of other oil producers, Nigeria began squandering its oil earnings soon after petroleum prices quadrupled following the 1973 OPEC boycott. The country plunged into a series of overindulgent development plans that sent imports and government expenditures soaring, mainly on projects of little value. Improvements that were constructed have not been maintained or are not working, i.e., telecommunication systems, elevators in high-rise buildings, etc. The spiraling importsmore » and lavish spending was brought to an abrupt halt in mid-1978, when the country's military government began imposing a series of drastic restrictions on spending. This year, Nigeria's imports are running a full third below last year's level. The austerity measures have helped to plunge the counry into recession, but if things go according to plan, the hard times should enable Nigeria to right itself and to become an economic leader of Africa.« less

76 FR 70337 - Exports and Reexports to the Principality of Liechtenstein

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-14

..., possession, dependency or department of a country included on the Country Chart, the EAR accords your destination the same licensing treatment as the country of which it is a territory, possession, dependency or...

19 CFR 10.173 - Evidence of country of origin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... entry—(1) Merchandise not wholly the growth, product, or manufacture of a beneficiary developing country... growth, product, or manufacture of a single beneficiary developing country, the exporter of the... treatment. (2) Merchandise wholly the growth, product, or manufacture of a beneficiary developing country...

19 CFR 10.173 - Evidence of country of origin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... entry—(1) Merchandise not wholly the growth, product, or manufacture of a beneficiary developing country... growth, product, or manufacture of a single beneficiary developing country, the exporter of the... treatment. (2) Merchandise wholly the growth, product, or manufacture of a beneficiary developing country...

International energy indicators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weiss, R. M.

1981-05-01

Tabulated data and graphic displays are presented for: world crude oil production for each year since 1974; OPEC crude oil production capacity; world crude oil and refined product inventory level for each year since 1975; oil consumption in CECD Countries for each year since 1975; USSR crude oil production for each year since 1975; and the free World and US nuclear electricity generation for 1973 and the current capacity. Also, tabulated data and graphic displays are included on: US domestic oil supply for each year since 1977; US gross imports of crude oil and products for each year since 1973; landed cost of Saudi crude in current and 1974 dollars; US coal trade for each year since 1975; US natural gas trade for each year since 1975; a summary of US merchandise trade for each year since 1977; and the US energy/GNP ratio in 1972 dollars.

International energy indicators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bauer, E. K.

1981-02-01

Extensive data are compiled for energy on the international scene and for the US. Data included are: world crude oil production, 1975 to date; Iran: crude oil capacity, production, and shut-in, 1974 to date; Saudi Arabia: crude oil capacity, production, and shut-in, 1974 to date; OPEC (Ex-Iran and Saudi Arabia): capacity, production, and shut-in, 1974 to date; oil stocks: Free World, US, Japan, and Europe (landed), 1973 to date; petroleum consumption by industrial countries, 1973 to date; USSR crude oil production, 1974 to date; Free World and US nuclear generation capacity, 1973 to date. Data are supplied specifically for the US on US gross imports of crude oil and products, 1973 to date; landed cost of Saudi crude in current and 1974 dollars; US trade in bituminous coal, 1973 to date; summary of US merchandise trade, 1976 to date; and energy/GNP ratio.

From deficit to surplus: An econometric analysis of US trade balance in forest products

Treesearch

Daowei Zhang; Ying Lin; Jeffrey P. Prestemon

2017-01-01

Although the US trade deficit has persisted since 1975, the country changed in 2009 from a net importer to a net exporter of forest products, emerging as the world's largest exporter of forest products. Drawing on recent data, we model the real dollar value of US exports, imports, and the trade balance in forest products to identify factors likely to explain this...

31 CFR 515.405 - Exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., checks, drafts and promissory notes. 515.405 Section 515.405 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations..., drafts and promissory notes. Section 515.201 prohibits the exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes to a designated foreign country. ...

31 CFR 515.405 - Exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., checks, drafts and promissory notes. 515.405 Section 515.405 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations..., drafts and promissory notes. Section 515.201 prohibits the exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes to a designated foreign country. ...

31 CFR 515.405 - Exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., checks, drafts and promissory notes. 515.405 Section 515.405 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations..., drafts and promissory notes. Section 515.201 prohibits the exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes to a designated foreign country. ...

31 CFR 515.405 - Exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., checks, drafts and promissory notes. 515.405 Section 515.405 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations..., drafts and promissory notes. Section 515.201 prohibits the exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes to a designated foreign country. ...

31 CFR 515.405 - Exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., checks, drafts and promissory notes. 515.405 Section 515.405 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations..., drafts and promissory notes. Section 515.201 prohibits the exportation of securities, currency, checks, drafts and promissory notes to a designated foreign country. ...

Ocean Pollution as a Result of Onshore Offshore Petroleum Activities in the African Gulf of Guinea Region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abubakar, B.

2007-05-01

The Gulf of Guinea region is located on the Atlantic side of Africa; the sub region has a total population of approximately 190million people. It comprises of five different countries and their territorial waters, which are as follows: Nigeria, Sao Tome & Principe, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Cameroon. The sub region is blessed with so many types of natural resources ranging from petroleum, Natural gas, Bitumen, Uranium Diamond and Gold to mention but a few. However the region since the last two decades started attracting the World's attention as a result of the continuous increasing discoveries of new oil fields on both its on shores and off shores. In view of this extra ordinary increasing discoveries of new oil fields in the region, the Gulf of Guinea has become a "Gold rush" to the oil companies and it has so far attracted almost all the top oil firms in the world including; Exxon Mobil, Shell, Total, Texaco, Agip, Chevron, Slumberger, Stat Oil and Conoco Phillips among many other oil giants. In the more recent time even the U.S. Marine Corp have stationed their War Ship in the territorial waters of the Gulf in the name of providing protection to the "Liquid Gold" (Petroleum) underlying the beneath of the region. OIL ACTIVITIES AND ITS ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS IN THE GULF OF GUINEA As a result of the geometrically increasing oil activities in the region ranging from Drilling, Gas flaring, Bunkering and Exploration activities, there was increase in the general pollution of the region. For example recent reports released in June, 2005 by the internationally renown nongovernmental organization on environmental pollution the Netherlands based Climate Justice programme and the Nigeria's Environmental Rights Action, Under the aegis of friends of the Earth, had it that the region is ranked top on the world's total flare with Nigeria along accounting for 16 percent of the world's total flare. Another example is the increasing cases of oil spillages leading to the increasing cases of pollution of farmlands, rivers, wells and the environment in general. Apart from all these, what is even becoming more worrisome is that none of all these oil firms operating in the region is able to account on how it disposes its industrial toxic waste generated as a result of its industrial activities within the region. Finally Geological strata are adversely destroyed by seismographic activities, Sea creatures are destroyed by oil pollution and Means of livelihood of revering dwellers are often threatened by pollution. RECOMMENDATIONS After identifying how the pollution in the Gulf of Guinea region is increasing in relation to the increasing petroleum activities, I have come up with the following suggestions/recommendations. 1. AFRICAN UNION RESOLUTION The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in conjunction with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) should use their capacity to be able to influence the African Union (AU) to pass a resolution banning the illegal dumping of radioactive waste, Gas flaring and Costal bunkering in this part of the world. 2. RESEARCH AND INVESTIGATION The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, in conjunction with the United Nations Environmental Agency, the International Atomic Energy Agency and with the corporation of the African Union should send team of researchers to come and investigate this trend on petroleum pollution in the Gulf of Guinea region and proffer possible solutions in checking the menace.

A Statistical Analysis of Venezuelan Defense Spending.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-03-01

destined for the world market via exports [Ref. 13]. Venezuelan petroleum had accounted for more than half the world’s exports in the immediate post ...Organizacion Politica Electoral Independiente (COPEI) party was elected president. His March 1969 inauguration marked the country’s first peaceful

7 CFR 981.474 - Other reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... classification (domestic and export by countries of destination); and on ABC Form 25-2 all commitments (almonds...-contract. If the destination of any export is unknown to the handler, such handler shall have the broker...

78 FR 44562 - Application for Final Commitment for a Long-Term Loan or Financial Guarantee in Excess of $100...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-24

... long-haul air service between Norway/Sweden and destinations in Asia, United States and other countries... Air Shuttle ASA. Guarantor(s): N/A. Description of Items Being Exported: The items being exported are...

Can Multiculturalism Be Exported? Dilemmas of Diversity on Nigeria's "Sesame Square"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moland, Naomi A.

2015-01-01

While scholars argue that "multicultural education" initiatives are rooted in liberal Western ideals, such projects are increasingly being exported to non-Western countries with significantly different sociohistorical contexts. This article examines the adaptation of multicultural education on the Nigerian version of "Sesame…

Exporting vices: smoking in Asia.

PubMed

Cutler, B

1988-08-01

Marketing statistics of U.S. cigarette exports indicate that despite notable declines in sales at home, sales to foreign countries, especially in Asia, Africa and Latin America, are growing dramatically. World cigarette consumption has doubled since 1960, mainly in less developed countries. In 1987, American tobacco firms increased cigarette exports 76%, or 1 billion in new sales. U.S. smoking dropped in 1985-86 from 30.4 to 26.5% of adults. In Taiwan, tariffs were removed from U.S. cigarettes, lowering prices from $2.86 to 1.30, and raising U.S. imports from $4.4 to 119 million. South Korean trade barriers were removed in May 1988, creating a large market. Japan imports 32% of exported U.S. cigarettes, has 120 million smokers, and is the beneficiary of a massive advertising campaign centered on young people and women. The Asian response to the smoking phenomenon is emerging in the form of restrictions on timing of TV advertising (Japan and Taiwan), health warnings (Japan and Taiwan), and restriction of smoking in public places (Hong Kong).

Rethinking Import and Export Controls for Defense-Related Goods

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-01

restrictions were imposed on the basis of country (Trading with the Enemy Act) or product (Neutrality Act). However, in the post-war environment, a more mixed...described below. • Arms Export Control Act (AECA) of 1976—grants the President the power to control the export of defense products and services. The act...defense-related items and services. The products regulated include weapons systems (e.g., aircraft, tanks, etc.) but also include subsystems or

Bringing the Firms into Globalization Research: The Effects of Foreign Investment and Exports on Wages in Mexican Manufacturing Firms

PubMed Central

Villarreal, Andrés; Sakamoto, Arthur

2011-01-01

Researchers specializing in organizations and labor markets have paid insufficient attention to the effects that foreign ownership of a firm and its orientation towards export production may have on the wages it pays to its workers. Using information from a nationally-representative sample of manufacturing firms in Mexico, a paradigmatic case of a developing country that is highly integrated into world markets, we find that foreign-owned and export-oriented firms pay considerably more than nationally-owned firms engaged in the production of goods for sale in the domestic market. Second, beyond paying higher wages to their workers, foreign-owned firms also raise the wages paid by domestic firms operating in the same regional labor markets. The wage premium in foreign and export-oriented firms cannot be explained by their size, industry, geographical location, productivity, use of advanced technology, or the sociodemographic composition of their workforce. We find evidence that wages in foreign-owned companies in Mexico are dependent on the country of origin of the capital investment. A greater difference between the industry-specific wages paid in the country of ownership and Mexico is associated with a higher wage premium in Mexican affiliates. Future work should strive to link information from foreign-owned affiliates with their parent companies abroad. PMID:21566699

Effect of a pre-freezing treatment with cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrins on boar sperm longevity, capacitation dynamics, ability to adhere to porcine oviductal epithelial cells in vitro and DNA fragmentation dynamics.

PubMed

Tomás, C; Blanch, E; Fazeli, A; Mocé, E

2013-01-01

The aim of this work was to examine how a pre-freezing treatment with cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrins (CLC) affects boar sperm longevity, capacitation dynamics, ability to bind to a porcine telomerase-immortalised oviductal epithelial cell line (TERT-OPEC) in vitro and DNA integrity dynamics after freeze-thawing. Although the samples treated with CLC exhibited lower sperm quality than the control samples (P<0.05) immediately after thawing, these differences disappeared (P>0.05) after long-term incubation (26h at 37 or 16°C). Additionally, the CLC-treated spermatozoa underwent similar capacitation and DNA fragmentation dynamics as the control spermatozoa (P>0.05). However, CLC-treated spermatozoa were better able to bind to TERT-OPEC in vitro (P<0.0001). In conclusion, the pre-freezing treatment of boar spermatozoa with CLC enhanced the ability of the spermatozoa to bind to TERT-OPEC in vitro, which could have an effect on the establishment of the sperm reservoir in the ampullary--isthmic junction in vivo. Additionally, frozen-thawed spermatozoa can be stored at 16°C for at least 6h without a significant observable decline in sperm quality, which could be beneficial for the transport of thawed diluted doses of spermatozoa from the laboratory to the farm.

Papua New Guinea.

PubMed

1989-07-01

The eastern half of the island of New Guinea (85% of total area); the Bismarck, Trobriand, Louisiade, and D'Entrecasteaux Archipelagos; and Bougainville, Buka, and Woodlark islands constitute the predominantly mountainous country of Papua New Guinea. It is located 160 km northeast of Australia in the South Pacific Ocean. This tropical country has 2 monsoon seasons with average annual rainfall ranging from 200-250 cm. It has 1 of the most heterogenous populations in the world with as many as several 1000 separate communities. Only 650 languages have yet been identified with 160 of them totally unrelated to each other or to any other language. At different times in its history, the country (or parts thereof) has been under the control of Germany, Australia (its largest bilateral aid donor), Japan, and Britain. After independence in 1975, Papua New Guinea established a veritable and strong parliamentary democracy. This democracy has an excellent human rights record and has a clear respect for these rights. 75% of the population live predominately at subsistence level. Gross domestic product (GDP) increased about 2%/year during the 1980s with agriculture making up 35% of GDP (40% of exports) and mining (copper and gold) 15%. In 1989, exports included 40% of GDP. Other than mining, the industrial sector made up 9% of GDP with little contributing to exports. Food processing was the fastest growing segment of the industrial segment. 45% of agricultural production consisted of subsistence cultivation. Coffee and cocoa were the 2 leading cash crops. Financially, the country was sound in 1989 with exports and imports almost equal from 1986. The United States relationship with Papua New Guinea is friendly and the 2 countries have a good trade relationship.

Mozambique Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

There have been prolific natural gas discoveries in Mozambique's northern offshore Rovuma basin since 2010 that have the ability to transform Mozambique into a substantial exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG). However, international companies involved have not made a final investment decision and LNG exports are unlikely to start before 2020.

37 CFR 5.15 - Scope of license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... through 130; or (ii) Restricted Data, sensitive nuclear technology or technology useful in the production... COMMERCE GENERAL SECRECY OF CERTAIN INVENTIONS AND LICENSES TO EXPORT AND FILE APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.15 Scope of license. (a) Applications or other...

37 CFR 5.15 - Scope of license.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... through 130; or (ii) Restricted Data, sensitive nuclear technology or technology useful in the production... COMMERCE GENERAL SECRECY OF CERTAIN INVENTIONS AND LICENSES TO EXPORT AND FILE APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.15 Scope of license. (a) Applications or other...

78 FR 51746 - Trade Barriers That U.S. Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Perceive as Affecting Exports to the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-21

... this report, an SME is defined as a firm with fewer than 500 U.S.-based employees.) The Commission is... countries; the relative effect on exports of different EU trade barriers; and ways in which SME...

U.S. Africa Policy: Some Possible Course Adjustment

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-08-29

installations on behalf of an African Marxist government. A lot of Angola’s oil was exported to the United States; the U.S. companies involved made money. The...country, with major legitimate social service and infrastructure needs and, probably, very greedy leadership, would be able to forego exportation of its...droughts like the Sahel-and fully capable of feeding its population and producing for agricultural export . It has diamonds for ready cash. The size of

78 FR 22659 - Revisions to the Export Administration Regulations: Initial Implementation of Export Control Reform

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-16

... Designed'' Definition B. Other Definitions XXIV. Part 774--The Commerce Control List A. Product Group... Changes H. Country Groups XII. Part 742--Control Policy A. National Security (NS) Review Policy B...-all controls on parts, components, accessories, and attachments specifically designed or modified for...

15 CFR 701.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Export Sales—Exports that are either Foreign Military Sales (FMS) or commercial (direct) sales of defense...) Example 7. Company A, a U.S. firm, makes an investment in Company B, a foreign firm located in country C... categorized as investment and would be direct because the investment involves an item covered by the offset...

76 FR 56489 - Request for a License To Export Radioactive Waste

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-13

... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION Request for a License To Export Radioactive Waste Pursuant to 10 CFR... quantity End use country Duratek Services, Inc., August Class A radioactive Radionuclide Non-conforming Canada. 17, 2011, August 18, 2011, waste in the form reallocation: materials XW010/02, 11005620. of...

76 FR 1400 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-10

... number. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Title: Certificate for Poultry and Hatching Eggs for... poultry. The export of agricultural commodities, including poultry and hatching eggs is a major business... import health requirements of other countries for poultry and hatching eggs exported from the U.S. Most...

Strategies for Long Term Economic Growth in Vietnam

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-11-01

26 IHS Global Insight , "Country Report Vietnam,Ŝ. 6 years due to trade deficits, reliance on imports for manufacturing materials and a weak...increase in exports some 2500 percent from 1991-2008. 69 The biggest exports were crude oil, agricultural and fish-products, textiles and footwear and

Export of commercial 'Hass' avocados from Argentina poses negligible risk of ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) infestation

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Quarantine restrictions due to the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), prevent Argentina from exporting avocados, Persea americana Miller, cv. Hass, to certain countries. Hass avocado at the hard, mature green stage is potentially a conditional nonhost for C. capitata, which cou...

31 CFR 560.521 - Diplomatic pouches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... authorized: (a) The importation into the United States from Iran, or the exportation from the United States to Iran, of diplomatic pouches and their contents; and (b) The exportation, reexportation, sale, or... goods or technology to a third-country government, or to its contractors or agents, for shipment to Iran...

31 CFR 560.521 - Diplomatic pouches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... authorized: (a) The importation into the United States from Iran, or the exportation from the United States to Iran, of diplomatic pouches and their contents; and (b) The exportation, reexportation, sale, or... goods or technology to a third-country government, or to its contractors or agents, for shipment to Iran...

31 CFR 560.521 - Diplomatic pouches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... authorized: (a) The importation into the United States from Iran, or the exportation from the United States to Iran, of diplomatic pouches and their contents; and (b) The exportation, reexportation, sale, or... goods or technology to a third-country government, or to its contractors or agents, for shipment to Iran...

22 CFR 124.14 - Exports to warehouses or distribution points outside the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... distribution, end-use and reporting. Licenses for exports pursuant to such agreements must be obtained prior to... country, either in their original form or after being incorporated through an intermediate process into...., sporting firearms for commercial resale, cryptographic devices and software for financial and business...

31 CFR 560.521 - Diplomatic pouches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... authorized: (a) The importation into the United States from Iran, or the exportation from the United States to Iran, of diplomatic pouches and their contents; and (b) The exportation, reexportation, sale, or... goods or technology to a third-country government, or to its contractors or agents, for shipment to Iran...

31 CFR 560.521 - Diplomatic pouches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... authorized: (a) The importation into the United States from Iran, or the exportation from the United States to Iran, of diplomatic pouches and their contents; and (b) The exportation, reexportation, sale, or... goods or technology to a third-country government, or to its contractors or agents, for shipment to Iran...

78 FR 7818 - Request To Amend a License To Export Radioactive Waste

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-04

... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION Request To Amend a License To Export Radioactive Waste Pursuant to 10 CFR 110.70 (b) ``Public Notice of Receipt of an Application,'' please take notice that the Nuclear... Recipient country application no.; docket No. Eastern Technologies, Inc.; Class A radioactive The total...

English, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese? Code Choice and Austrian Export

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lavric, Eva; Back, Bernhard

2009-01-01

This article deals with how "export oriented Austrian companies effect code choice in their business relationships with customers from Romance language speaking countries". The focus lies on the most widespread Romance languages, therefore on French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese speaking customers.The question of code choice in export…

78 FR 12315 - Application for Final Commitment for a Long-Term Loan or Financial Guarantee in Excess of $100...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-22

... airline service in Mexico and between Mexico and other countries in North, Central and South America. To... exports or provide services in competition with the exportation of goods or provision of services by a United States industry. [[Page 12316

75 FR 1235 - Revisions to the Requirements for: Transboundary Shipments of Hazardous Wastes Between OECD...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-08

... of Spent Lead- Acid Batteries, Submitting Exception Reports for Export Shipments of Hazardous Wastes... of Spent Lead-Acid Batteries, Submitting Exception Reports for Export Shipments of Hazardous Wastes... batteries intended for reclamation in a foreign country, specify that all exception reports concerning...

37 CFR 5.18 - Arms, ammunition, and implements of war.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Arms, ammunition, and... APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.18 Arms, ammunition, and implements of war. (a) The exportation of technical data relating to arms, ammunition, and implements of war...

37 CFR 5.18 - Arms, ammunition, and implements of war.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Arms, ammunition, and... APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.18 Arms, ammunition, and implements of war. (a) The exportation of technical data relating to arms, ammunition, and implements of war...

37 CFR 5.18 - Arms, ammunition, and implements of war.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Arms, ammunition, and... APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.18 Arms, ammunition, and implements of war. (a) The exportation of technical data relating to arms, ammunition, and implements of war...

37 CFR 5.18 - Arms, ammunition, and implements of war.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Arms, ammunition, and... APPLICATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Licenses for Foreign Exporting and Filing § 5.18 Arms, ammunition, and implements of war. (a) The exportation of technical data relating to arms, ammunition, and implements of war...

21 CFR 312.110 - Import and export requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... drug has valid marketing authorization in Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland..., and § 1.101 of this chapter; or (3) The drug is being exported to Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan... specifications; (iv) The drug is not in conflict with the importing country's laws; (v) The outer shipping...

21 CFR 312.110 - Import and export requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... drug has valid marketing authorization in Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland..., and § 1.101 of this chapter; or (3) The drug is being exported to Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan... specifications; (iv) The drug is not in conflict with the importing country's laws; (v) The outer shipping...

21 CFR 312.110 - Import and export requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... drug has valid marketing authorization in Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland..., and § 1.101 of this chapter; or (3) The drug is being exported to Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan... specifications; (iv) The drug is not in conflict with the importing country's laws; (v) The outer shipping...

7 CFR 1493.4 - Criteria for country allocations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CCC EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE PROGRAMS... criteria considered by CCC in reviewing proposals for country allocations under the GSM-102 or GSM-103... importing country to adequately service CCC guaranteed debt; (c) Financial status of participating banks in...

Estimation of the contribution of exports to the provincial economy: an analysis based on China's multi-regional input-output tables.

PubMed

Wu, Sanmang; Li, Shantong; Lei, Yalin

2016-01-01

This paper developed an estimation model for the contribution of exports to a country's regional economy based on the Chenery-Moses model and conducted an empirical analysis using China's multi-regional input-output tables for 1997, 2002, and 2007. The results indicated that China's national exports make significantly different contributions to the provincial economy in various regions, with the greatest contribution being observed in the eastern region and the smallest in the central region. The provinces are also subjected to significantly different export spillover effects. The boosting effect for the eastern provinces is primarily generated from local exports, whereas the western provinces primarily benefit from the export spillover effect from the eastern provinces. The eastern provinces, such as Guangdong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Shanghai, are the primary sources of export spillover effects, and Guangdong is the largest source of export spillover effects for almost all of the provinces in China.

Virtual industrial water usage and wastewater generation in the Middle East/North African region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sakhel, S. R.; Geissen, S.-U.; Vogelpohl, A.

2013-01-01

This study deals with the quantification of volumes of water usage, wastewater generation, virtual water export, and wastewater generation from export for eight export relevant industries present in the Middle East/North Africa (MENA). It shows that about 3400 million m3 of water is used per annum while around 793 million m3 of wastewater is generated from products that are meant for domestic consumption and export. The difference between volumes of water usage and wastewater generation is due to water evaporation or injecting underground (oil wells pressure maintenance). The wastewater volume generated from production represents a population equivalent of 15.5 million in terms of wastewater quantity and 30.4 million in terms of BOD. About 409 million m3 of virtual water flows from MENA to EU27 (resulting from export of eight commodities) which is equivalent to 12.1% of the water usage of those industries and Libya is the largest virtual water exporter (about 87 million m3). Crude oil and refined petroleum products represent about 89% of the total virtual water flow, fertilizers represent around 10% and 1% remaining industries. EU27 poses the greatest indirect pressure on the Kuwaiti hydrological system where the virtual water export represents about 96% of the actual renewable water resources in this country. The Kuwaiti crude oil water use in relation to domestic water withdrawal is about 89% which is highest among MENA countries. Pollution of water bodies, in terms of BOD, due to production is very relevant for crude oil, slaughterhouses, refineries, olive oil, and tanneries while pollution due to export to EU27 is most relevant for crude oil industry and olive oil mills.

75 FR 1020 - Amendments to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) Based Upon the Accession of Albania and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-08

...--Commerce Country Chart [Reason for control] Countries Chemical & biological Nuclear National Security Missile Regional Stability Firearms Crime control Anti-terrorism weapons nonproliferation Tech convention...

Current Perspective in the International Trade of Medicinal Plants Material: An Update.

PubMed

Vasisht, Karan; Sharma, Neetika; Karan, Maninder

2016-01-01

The recent years have seen an increased interest in medicinal plants together with the therapeutic use of phytochemicals. Medicinal plants are utilized by the industry for the production of extracts, phytopharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals and their use is expected to grow faster than the conventional drugs. The enormous demand of medicinal plant material has resulted in huge trade both at domestic and international levels. The trade data of medicinal plant material with commodity code HS 1211 (SITC.4, code 292.4) and their derived/related products which are traded under different commodity codes has been acquired from COMTRADE, Trade Map, country reports, technical documents etc for the period 2001 to 2014. The data was analyzed using statistical tools to draw conclusions. The significant features of the global trade; the leading source, consumer, import and export countries; and the striking trends are presented. The trade of the ten key countries and the selected important items is also discussed in detail. The conservative figure of trade of medicinal plants materials and their derived/related products including extracts, essential oils, phytopharmaceuticals, gums, spices used in medicine, tannins for pharmaceutical use, ingredients for cosmetics etc. as calculated from the global export data for the year 2014 is estimated at USD 33 billion. The average global export in medicinal plants under HS 1211 for the fourteen year period was USD 1.92 billion for 601,357 tons per annum and for the year 2014 it stood at 702,813 tons valued at USD 3.60 billion. For the studied period, an annual average growth rate (AAGR) of 2.4% in volumes and 9.2% in values of export was observed. Nearly 30% of the global trade is made up by top two countries of the import and export. China and India from Asia; Egypt and Morocco from Africa; Poland, Bulgaria and Albania from Europe; Chile and Peru from South America are important supply sources. The USA, Japan and Europe are the major consumers of the world.

22 CFR 228.01 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... categorized by the World Bank as upper middle income countries according to their gross national income per... advanced developing countries primarily based on the most recent World Bank determinations, and will make...: export packing, local drayage in the source country (including waiting time at the dock), ocean and other...

22 CFR 228.01 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... categorized by the World Bank as upper middle income countries according to their gross national income per... advanced developing countries primarily based on the most recent World Bank determinations, and will make...: export packing, local drayage in the source country (including waiting time at the dock), ocean and other...

Brunei Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2017-01-01

Brunei's small, wealthy economy is based heavily upon proceeds from exports of crude oil and natural gas. Brunei relies on hydrocarbon revenues for about 60% of its gross domestic product and about 90% of its merchandise exports and government revenues. Lower international oil prices since late 2014 have dampened the country’s export revenues. However, the government intends to bolster investment in its oil and gas sector and diversify the country’s economic base by promoting growth in other industries over the long term.

Inspection report: the Department of Energy's export licensing process for dual-use and munitions commodities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Friedman, Gregory H.

1999-05-01

Export of commodities, encouraged by both the private sector and the Federal Government, helps to improve our position in the global economy and is in the national interest of the US. However, exports of commodities or technologies, without regard to whether they may significantly contribute to the military potential of individual countries or combination of countries or enhance the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, may adversely affect the national security of the US. The Federal Government, therefore, implements several laws, Executive Orders, and regulations to control the export of certain commodities and technologies. These commodities and technologies require amore » license for export. Some of the controlled items are designated as ''dual-use,'' that is, commodities and technologies that have both civilian and military application. Some dual-use commodities are designated as ''nuclear dual-use''--items controlled for nuclear nonproliferation purposes. Another group of controlled commodities is designated as munitions, which are goods and technologies that have solely military uses. The Department of Energy (Energy) conducts reviews of export license applications for nuclear dual-use items and certain munitions. On August 26, 1998, the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs requested that the Inspectors General from the Departments of Commerce, Defense, Energy, State, and Treasury, and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), update and expand on a 1993 interagency review conducted by the Inspectors General of the Departments of Commerce, Defense, Energy, and State of the export licensing processes for dual-use and munitions commodities.« less

Coping with increasing water and land resources limitation for meeting world's food needs: the role of virtual water and virtual land trade

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soriano, Barbara; Garrido, Alberto; Novo, Paula

2013-04-01

Increasing pressure to expand agriculture production is giving rise to renewed interest to obtain access to land and water resources in the world. Water footprint evaluations show the importance of green water in global food trade and production. Green water and land are almost inseparable resources. In this work we analyse the role of foreign direct investment and cooperation programmes from developed countries in developing counties, focusing on virtual water trade and associated resources. We develop econometric models with the aim to explain observed trends in virtual water exports from developing countries as explained by the inverse flow of investments and cooperation programmes. We analyse the main 19 emerging food exporters, from Africa, Asia and America, using 15 years of data. Results show that land per capita availability and foreign direct investments explain observed flows of virtual water exports. However, there is no causality with these and flows cooperation investments. Our analysis sheds light on the underlying forces explaining the phenomenon of land grab, which is the appropriation of land access in developing countries by food-importers.

Petroleum scene heating in fledgling crude exporter Papua New Guinea

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1994-04-18

Operators, paced by a feisty independent based in Port Moresby, have drilled a string of discoveries near the infrastructure of the Kutubu development project that supports Papua New Guinea crude exports. All signs point to the increasing likelihood of good sized -- maybe world class -- oil discoveries that promise to sustain exploration and development interest beyond 2000. Also in the offing are world class gas strikes that eventually could support a liquefied natural gas export project. And integration is the newest concept in Papua New Guinea petroleum. Efforts are under way to build the country's first refineries. Most operatorsmore » in Papua New Guinea believe thy have merely scratched the surface of the country's oil and gas potential. Thy agree there still will be frustrations and setbacks -- political as well as technical -- but the prevailing opinion is that these problems are no greater than they are in a number of other countries with similar exploration/development potential. The paper discusses the development of Papua New Guinea's oil and gas industry, and exploratory drilling in areas other than Kutubu.« less

15 CFR 768.1 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... item. Sufficient quantity. The amount of an item that would render the U.S. export control, or the... the quantity that meets the military needs of that country so that U.S. exports of the item to that... items that were formerly controlled on the U.S. Munitions List and that were transferred to the Commerce...

15 CFR 768.1 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... item. Sufficient quantity. The amount of an item that would render the U.S. export control, or the... the quantity that meets the military needs of that country so that U.S. exports of the item to that... items that were formerly controlled on the U.S. Munitions List and that were transferred to the Commerce...

15 CFR 768.1 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... item. Sufficient quantity. The amount of an item that would render the U.S. export control, or the... the quantity that meets the military needs of that country so that U.S. exports of the item to that... items that were formerly controlled on the U.S. Munitions List and that were transferred to the Commerce...

15 CFR 768.1 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... item. Sufficient quantity. The amount of an item that would render the U.S. export control, or the... the quantity that meets the military needs of that country so that U.S. exports of the item to that... items that were formerly controlled on the U.S. Munitions List and that were transferred to the Commerce...

15 CFR 768.1 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... item. Sufficient quantity. The amount of an item that would render the U.S. export control, or the... the quantity that meets the military needs of that country so that U.S. exports of the item to that... items that were formerly controlled on the U.S. Munitions List and that were transferred to the Commerce...

78 FR 9746 - Request To Amend a License To Export Radioactive Waste

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-11

... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION Request To Amend a License To Export Radioactive Waste Pursuant to... radioactive disposition. Amend which was imported mixed waste) in to: 1) add four from Canada under NRC a....; docket No. country Diversified Scientific Class A radioactive Up to a maximum Return of non- Canada...

77 FR 44239 - Application for Long-Term Loan or Financial Guarantee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-27

... Norway. Brief non-proprietary description of the anticipated use of the items being exported: To provide airline services within Norway and between Norway and other countries. To the extent that Ex-Im Bank is... competition with the exportation of goods or provision of services by a United States industry. Parties...

10 CFR 110.23 - General license for the export of byproduct material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... section does not authorize the export of byproduct material in the form of radioactive waste. (2) The... form (e.g., luminescent light sources and paint, accelerator targets, calibration standards, labeled....03 grams)) per calendar year to any one country. (ii) For tritium in any dispersed form (e.g...

10 CFR 110.23 - General license for the export of byproduct material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... section does not authorize the export of byproduct material in the form of radioactive waste. (2) The... form (e.g., luminescent light sources and paint, accelerator targets, calibration standards, labeled....03 grams)) per calendar year to any one country. (ii) For tritium in any dispersed form (e.g...

10 CFR 110.23 - General license for the export of byproduct material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... section does not authorize the export of byproduct material in the form of radioactive waste. (2) The... form (e.g., luminescent light sources and paint, accelerator targets, calibration standards, labeled....03 grams)) per calendar year to any one country. (ii) For tritium in any dispersed form (e.g...

10 CFR 110.23 - General license for the export of byproduct material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... section does not authorize the export of byproduct material in the form of radioactive waste. (2) The... form (e.g., luminescent light sources and paint, accelerator targets, calibration standards, labeled....03 grams)) per calendar year to any one country. (ii) For tritium in any dispersed form (e.g...

78 FR 11640 - Information Collection Request Submitted to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment Request...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-19

... Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (Protocol) and Title VI of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) established limits on total U.S. production, import, and export of class I and class II... transformed, destroyed, or exported to developing countries. The Protocol also establishes limits and...

48 CFR 225.7300 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... military sales (FMS) under the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. Chapter 39). Section 22 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2762) authorizes DoD to enter into contracts for resale to foreign countries or international organizations. (b) This subpart does not apply to— (1) FMS made from inventories...

Statistiques sur la production, les commandes et les exportations de navires en 1997 = Statistics on ship production, exports and orders in 1997

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-01-01

These statistics are broken down for each country into four sets of tables: I. State of the orderbook, II. Ships completed, III. New orders, and IV. Specifications in compensation tonnage. Statistics for the United States and the United Kingdom can b...

75 FR 56912 - Live Goats and Swine for Export; Removal of Certain Testing Requirements

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-17

... DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 9 CFR Part 91 [Docket No... AGENCY: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA. ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: We are... tuberculosis and brucellosis testing of goats and breeding swine intended for export to countries that do not...

22 CFR 126.1 - Prohibited exports, imports, and sales to or from certain countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... other approvals for exports and imports of defense articles and defense services destined for or... in furtherance of world peace and the security and foreign policy of the United States. Information... a U.S. Government department or agency, do not apply with respect to defense articles or defense...

22 CFR 126.1 - Prohibited exports, imports, and sales to or from certain countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... other approvals for exports and imports of defense articles and defense services, destined for or... in furtherance of world peace and the security and foreign policy of the United States. Information... a U.S. Government department or agency, do not apply with respect to defense articles or defense...

Solar Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report

EIA Publications

2017-01-01

Summary data for the photovoltaic industry in the United States. Data includes manufacturing, imports, and exports of modules in the United States and its territories. Summary data include volumes in peak kilowatts and average prices. Where possible, imports and exports are listed by country, and shipments to the United States are listed by state.

Phytosanitary cold treatment for oranges infested with Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders), attacks a wide range of tree fruits in countries from Egypt to Vietnam and is occasionally trapped in the US. Phytosanitary treatments are required to export fruit hosts of this insect from infested countries to non-infested countries where it might...

NBER working paper series: oil and the dollar. Working Paper No. 554

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Krugman, P.

1980-01-01

This paper develops a simple theoretical model of the effect of an oil price increase on exchange rates. The model shows that the direction of this effect depends on a comparison of the direct balance of payments burden of the higher oil price with the indirect balance of payments benefits of OPEC spending and investment. In the short run, what matters is whether the US share of world oil imports is more or less than its share of OPEC asset holdings; in the long run, whether its share of oil imports is more or less than its share of OPECmore » imports. Casual empiricism suggests that the initial effect and the long run effect will run in opposite directions; an oil price increase will initially lead to dollar appreciation, but eventually leads to dollar depreciation.« less

Energy and remote sensing applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Summers, R. A.; Smith, W. L.; Short, N. M.

1978-01-01

The nature of the U.S. energy problem is examined. Based upon the best available estimates, it appears that demand for OPEC oil will exceed OPEC productive capacity in the early to mid-eighties. The upward pressure on world oil prices resulting from this supply/demand gap could have serious international consequences, both financial and in terms of foreign policy implementation. National Energy Plan objectives in response to this situation are discussed. Major strategies for achieving these objectives include a conversion of industry and utilities from oil and gas to coal and other abundant fuels. Remote sensing from aircraft and spacecraft could make significant contributions to the solution of energy problems in a number of ways, related to exploration of energy-related resources, the efficiency and safety of exploitation procedures, power plant siting, environmental monitoring and assessment, and the transportation infrastructure.

Chemotherapy for neuroendocrine tumors: the Beatson Oncology Centre experience.

PubMed

Hatton, M Q; Reed, N S

1997-01-01

The role of chemotherapy in malignant neuroendocrine tumours is difficult to assess because of their rarity and variation in biological behaviour. We present a retrospective review of chemotherapy given to 18 patients with metastatic and one with locally advanced neuroendocrine tumours. There were eight poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumours, six thyroid medullary carcinomas, two phaeochromocytomas, two pancreatic islet cell tumours and one undifferentiated neuroblastoma. Four patients were given 3-weekly dacarbazine, vincristine and cyclophosphamide (DOC) chemotherapy. In eight patients, this regimen was modified by substituting the dacarbazine and cisplatin and etoposide (OPEC). A further six patients were treated with dacarbazine reintroduced into the 3-weekly regimen (DOPEC). The remaining patient received cisplatin and etoposide. There were two complete responses (both with OPEC) and eight partial responses (two with DOC, three with OPEC and three with DOPEC). Five patients had stable disease and four progressed. Four received further chemotherapy on relapse, producing one complete and one partial response. The median response duration to initial chemotherapy was 10 months (range 3-34). The median survival was 12 months (range 1-42). The main toxicity was haematological, with grade 3-4 neutropenia in 12 patients; eight suffered episodes of sepsis. One death was treatment related. Other toxicity was mild although three patients discontinued vincristine with grade 2 neurotoxicity. The response rate and side effects of these three regimens appear comparable. We conclude that, although these patient numbers are small, combination chemotherapy produces an encouraging response rate (53%; 95% CI 30-75) in malignant neuroendocrine tumours, with acceptable toxicity.

Reuse of samples: ethical issues encountered by two institutional ethics review committees in Kenya.

PubMed

Langat, Simon K

2005-10-01

There is growing concern about the reuse and exploitation of biological materials (human tissues) for use in research worldwide. Most discussions about samples have taken place in developed countries, where genetic manipulation techniques have greatly advanced in recent years. There is very little discussion in developing countries, although collaborative research with institutions from developed countries is on the increase. The study sought to identify and describe ethical issues arising in the storage, reuse and exportation of samples in a developing country. Research protocols presented to two Ethics Review Committees in Kenya during a period of two years were reviewed. A record was made of the protocol title, sample collected, request for storage, reuse or exportation and whether or not subject consent was sought. The findings indicated that about 25% out of the 388 protocols sought permission for reuse and only half of those actually informed subjects of the contemplated re-use. Less than 20% requested storage and again, about half of them sought consent from subjects. There is an indication that investigators do not see the need to seek consent for storage, reuse and exportation of samples. It is proposed that these issues should be addressed through policy interventions at both the national and global levels.

Market or government: lessons from a comparative analysis of the experience of Pakistan and India.

PubMed

Papanek, G F

1991-01-01

A comparison of India and Pakistan (and Bangladesh) in the last 40 years is made in view of the consensus emerging in the 1980s about the supremacy of market-oriented strategy to overcome and alleviate poverty even in less developed countries (LDC). For 4 decades India consistently intervened in the economy, while Pakistan had periods of deregulation and more reliance on market forces. The period from 1947 to 1969-1970, the 1970's, and the 1980s were examined. Dirigiste strategy produced similar or lower production in Pakistan and Bangladesh as in India (1% growth), however, market strategy production in the former countries (3%). Foreign aid (over 10% of gross domestic product in Pakistan and less than one-half of that in India) also stimulated growth. In the late 1970s and late 1980s the import surplus of Pakistan and Bangladesh was 11% vs. 25% of that in India. In the 1950s Pakistan's exports grew rapidly, and in the 1960s the rate of growth in manufactured goods was double that of India due to the Export Bonus Voucher System. The reverse was true during 1969-70 and 1976-77 when India's total manufactured exports grew at twice the rate of Pakistan as the abolition of the voucher scheme occurred, inflation climbed and export duties were imposed. In the late 1970s to mid 1980s military governments in Pakistan and Bangladesh relied heavily on the market devaluing by 100%, deregulating imported inputs, and introducing incentives for exports. Dirigism produced a 50% higher grown in India vs. 200% in the other countries by market efforts. Government intervention tended to aggravate market distortions, although it produced positive results in nontraditional exports in Pakistan and in agricultural infrastructure building, primary school attendance and health services, electrification, and road building in India. Market-induced rapid growth used more unskilled labor and alleviated poverty.

Carbon taxes and the petroleum wealth

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rosendahl, K.E.

1995-12-31

A global carbon tax may have considerable impact on the petroleum wealth of fossil fuel producers. However, it is not clear to what extent such a tax eventually will decrease the producer prices, rather than increase the consumer prices. Thus, an interesting question is: How will the tax burden be shared between producers and consumers? This question is of course of major importance for countries with relatively large petroleum reserves, like for instance the OPEC-countries as well as Norway. In this study we are addressing this question, trying to reveal how different carbon taxes may change the petroleum wealth, bothmore » for the average producer and for Norway in particular. Even if a global climate treaty at present seems a bit distant, several OECD-countries are or have been discussing a carbon tax to restrict their emissions of CO{sub 2}. Hence, there is a fair possibility that such a tax, or eventually some quota restrictions, will be imposed in at least the main countries of the OECD-area, which stands for almost 60 percent of the worlds oil consumption. The size of this tax is difficult to foresee, and in addition, the tax may not be constant over time. However, some concrete proposals of a carbon tax have been put forward in e.g. the EU and the US, and several research projects have come up with appropriate suggestions (see e.g. Manne and Richels and Oliveira Martins et al.).« less

Energy policies of the world: Arab states of the Persian Gulf. [Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Oman

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barger, T.C.

An attempt is made to trace the historical and social factors that affect the policies of the Arab states on the Gulf, especially with respect to the oil industry. The states are Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Oman; Oman qualifies as contiguous to the Gulf by reason of its possession of the point of land that comprises the southern shore of the Straits of Hormuz. The book analyzes pricing, production, and participation in the oil industry in the Gulf region; the formation of the organization of OPEC; and the Arab embargo of 1973. By examiningmore » both the general policies of these countries and their individual needs and goals, an objective observer may be able to evaluate the future timing and tenor of energy policy in this region, which will surely affect world policies. Also discussed is the greatest assemblage of offshore oil fields in the world in the Persian Gulf. Considerations in making energy policy and the policies of the seven countries are discussed in Chapters 5 and 6. A bibliographical note follows a concluding chapter. (MCW)« less

Impacts of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the wheat market: A global dynamic analysis

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Although the widespread influence of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) occurrences on crop yields of the main agricultural commodities is well known, the global socio-economic consequences of ENSO still remain uncertain. Given the global importance of wheat for global consumption by providing 20% of global calories and nourishment, the monitoring and prediction of ENSO-induced variations in the worldwide wheat market are essential for allowing national governments to manage the associated risks and to ensure the supplies of wheat for consumers, including the underprivileged. To this end, we propose a global dynamic model for the analysis of ENSO impacts on wheat yield anomalies, export prices, exports and stock-to-use ratios. Our framework focuses on seven countries/regions: the six main wheat-exporting countries—the United States, Argentina, Australia, Canada, the EU, and the group of the main Black Sea export countries, i.e. Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan—plus the rest of the world. The study shows that La Niña exerts, on average, a stronger and negative impact on wheat yield anomalies, exports and stock-to-use ratios than El Niño. In contrast, wheat export prices are positively related to La Niña occurrences evidencing, once again, its steady impact in both the short and long run. Our findings emphasize the importance of the two ENSO extreme phases for the worldwide wheat market. PMID:28594886

CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS OF EXPORTING DOMESTIC WOOD HARVEST TO NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

EPA Science Inventory

Among wealthy countries, increasing imports of natural resources to allow for unchecked consumption and greater domestic environmental conservation has become commonplace. This practice can negatively affect biodiversity conservation planning if natural resource harvest is merely...

Demonstration and development of control mechanism for radioactive sources in Saudi Arabia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al-Kheliewi, A. S.

2012-06-01

Saudi Arabia have no nuclear industry. Nevertheless, many radioactive sources, for different purposes, have been used in the country. There is upswing in the number of companies that recruit nuclear technology in their daily work. The National Center for Radiation Protection (NCRP) takes the full commitment and responsibility for monitoring and regulating the movement of radioactive sources in the country. NCRP issues the licenses for import, export, and use of radioactive sources. It, also, protects the country from any trespassing radiation through a sizable net of early warning and radiation monitoring stations along the borders of Saudi Arabia. This paper talks about the procedures of licensing, importing, exporting of radioactive sources. It, also, sheds light on types of implementing radioactive sources in different practices encompass medicine, industry, research. The NCRP has established an electronic web site to ease the communication with all users in the country. This site is yet in the experimental stage.

Health tourism on the rise? Evidence from the Balance of Payments Statistics.

PubMed

Loh, Chung-Ping A

2014-09-01

The study assesses the presence and magnitude of global trends in health tourism using health-related travel (HRT) spending reported in the International Monetary Fund's Balance of Payments Statistics database. Linear regression and quantile regression are applied to estimate secular trends of the import and export of HRT based on a sample of countries from 2003 to 2009. The results show that from 2003 to 2009 the import and export of health tourism rose among countries with a high volume of such activities (accounting for the upper 40% of the countries), but not among those with a low volume. The uneven growth in health tourism has generated greater contrast between countries with high and low volumes of health tourism activities. However, the growth in the total import of health tourism did not outpace the population growth, implying that in general the population's tendency to engage in health tourism remained static.

26 CFR 1.863-1 - Allocation of gross income under section 863(a).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... the United States. Example 3. Sale in third country. US Gold, a U.S. corporation, mines gold in country X, produces gold jewelry in the United States, and sells the jewelry in country Y. Assume that the fair market value of the gold at the export terminal in country X is $40, and that US Gold ultimately...

19 CFR 351.107 - Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. 351.107 Section 351.107 Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING DUTIES Scope and Definitions § 351.107 Cash deposit...

40 CFR 707.70 - EPA notice to foreign governments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false EPA notice to foreign governments. 707... SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT CHEMICAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS Notices of Export Under Section 12(b) § 707.70 EPA notice to foreign governments. (a)(1) Notice by EPA to the importing country shall be sent no later than 5...

40 CFR 707.70 - EPA notice to foreign governments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false EPA notice to foreign governments. 707... SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT CHEMICAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS Notices of Export Under Section 12(b) § 707.70 EPA notice to foreign governments. (a)(1) Notice by EPA to the importing country shall be sent no later than 5...

40 CFR 82.11 - Exports of class I controlled substances to Article 5 Parties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... substances to Article 5 Parties. 82.11 Section 82.11 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... Controls § 82.11 Exports of class I controlled substances to Article 5 Parties. (a) If apportioned Article... substances) to foreign states listed in appendix E to this subpart (Article 5 countries). (1) A person must...

15 CFR Appendix C to Part 30 - Summary of Exemptions and Exclusions From EEI Filing

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... or transshipped and exported directly from the port of arrival never having made entry into the United States. If entry for consumption or warehousing in the United States is made, then an EEI is... foreign country. Goods that were imported under bond for processing and re-exportation are not covered by...

15 CFR Appendix C to Part 30 - Summary of Exemptions and Exclusions From EEI Filing

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... or transshipped and exported directly from the port of arrival never having made entry into the United States. If entry for consumption or warehousing in the United States is made, then an EEI is... foreign country. Goods that were imported under bond for processing and re-exportation are not covered by...

77 FR 23114 - Addition of Certain Persons on the Entity List: Addition of Persons Acting Contrary to the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-18

... exports, reexports, and transfers (in-country) to entities identified on the Entity List require a license... CONTACT: Karen Nies-Vogel, Chair, End-User Review Committee, Office of the Assistant Secretary, Export...) to entities identified on the Entity List require a license from the Bureau of Industry and Security...

76 FR 37632 - Addition of Certain Persons on the Entity List: Addition of Persons Acting Contrary to the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-28

..., Iran and the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.). The Entity List provides notice to the public that certain exports, reexports, and transfers (in-country) to parties identified on the Entity List require a license... Nies-Vogel, Chair, End-User Review Committee, Office of the Assistant Secretary, Export Administration...

9 CFR 381.107 - Special procedures as to certification of poultry products for export to certain countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Special procedures as to certification...; MANDATORY MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS INSPECTION AND VOLUNTARY INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION POULTRY PRODUCTS... Procedures § 381.107 Special procedures as to certification of poultry products for export to certain...

78 FR 44937 - Sabine Pass Liquefaction, LLC; Application for Long-Term Authorization To Export Liquefied...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-25

...-Term Authorization To Export Liquefied Natural Gas Produced From Domestic Natural Gas Resources to Non... equivalent of 101 billion standard cubic feet (Bcf) of natural gas per year), pursuant to the LNG Sale and... States does not have an FTA requiring national treatment for trade in natural gas (non-FTA countries...

15 CFR 2007.1 - Information required of interested parties in submitting requests for modifications in the last...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... duty-free treatment under the GSP have on competition and the business of the interest on whose behalf..., total quantity, value and trends in exports; (8) Information on exports to the United States in terms of... beneficiary countries and trends in their production and promotional activities; (9) Analysis of cost...

15 CFR 2007.1 - Information required of interested parties in submitting requests for modifications in the last...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... duty-free treatment under the GSP have on competition and the business of the interest on whose behalf..., total quantity, value and trends in exports; (8) Information on exports to the United States in terms of... beneficiary countries and trends in their production and promotional activities; (9) Analysis of cost...

Nutrition security under extreme events

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martinez, A.

2017-12-01

Nutrition security under extreme events. Zero hunger being one of the Sustainable Development Goal from the United Nations, food security has become a trending research topic. However extreme events impact on global food security is not yet 100% understood and there is a lack of comprehension of the underlying mechanisms of global food trade and nutrition security to improve countries resilience to extreme events. In a globalized world, food is still a highly regulated commodity and a strategic resource. A drought happening in a net food-exporter will have little to no effect on its own population but the repercussion on net food-importers can be extreme. In this project, we propose a methodology to describe and quantify the impact of a local drought to human health at a global scale. For this purpose, nutrition supply and global trade data from FAOSTAT have been used with domestic food production from national agencies and FAOSTAT, global precipitation from the Climate Research Unit and health data from the World Health Organization. A modified Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) has been developed to measure the level of resilience of one country to a drought happening in another country. This index describes how a country is dependent of importation and how diverse are its importation. Losses of production and exportation due to extreme events have been calculated using yield data and a simple food balance at country scale. Results show that countries the most affected by global droughts are the one with the highest dependency to one exporting country. Changes induced by droughts also disturbed their domestic proteins, fat and calories supply resulting most of the time in a higher intake of calories or fat over proteins.

Virtual water flows in the international trade of agricultural products of China.

PubMed

Zhang, Yu; Zhang, Jinhe; Tang, Guorong; Chen, Min; Wang, Lachun

2016-07-01

With the rapid development of the economy and population, water scarcity and poor water quality caused by water pollution have become increasingly severe in China. Virtual water trade is a useful tool to alleviate water shortage. This paper focuses on a comprehensive study of China's international virtual water flows from agricultural products trade and completes a diachronic analysis from 2001 to 2013. The results show that China was in trade surplus in relation to the virtual water trade of agricultural products. The exported virtual water amounted to 29.94billionm(3)/yr. while 155.55billionm(3)/yr. was embedded in imported products. The trend that China exported virtual water per year was on the decline while the imported was on a rising trend. Virtual water trade of China was highly concentrated. Not all of the exported products had comparative advantages in virtual water content. Imported products were excessively concentrated on water intensive agricultural products such as soya beans, cotton, and palm oil. The exported virtual water mainly flowed to the Republic of Korea, Hong Kong of China and Japan, while the imported mainly flowed from the United States of America, Brazil and Argentina. From the ethical point of view, the trade partners were classified into four types in terms of "net import" and "water abundance": mutual benefit countries, such as Australia and Canada; unilateral benefit countries, such as Mongolia and Norway; supported countries, such as Egypt and Singapore; and double pressure countries, such as India and Pakistan. Virtual water strategy refers to water resources, agricultural products and human beings. The findings are beneficial for innovating water resources management system, adjusting trade structure, ensuring food security in China, and promoting the construction of national ecological security system. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Vitamin A--fortified vegetable oil exported from Malaysia and Indonesia can significantly contribute to vitamin A intake worldwide.

PubMed

Laillou, Arnaud; Panagides, Dora; Garrett, Greg S; Moench-Pfanner, Regina

2013-06-01

Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem worldwide, affecting approximately 190 million preschool-aged children and 19.1 million pregnant women. Fortification of vegetable oils with vitamin A is an effective, low-cost technology to improve vitamin A intake. To examine the potential contribution of fortification of vegetable oils with vitamin A in Indonesia and Malaysia to increasing vitamin A consumption in these two countries and in countries to which oil is exported. Detailed interviews were administered and a desk review was conducted. We also estimated potential vitamin A intakes from fortified vegetable oil. Malaysia and Indonesia are two of the largest producers and exporters of vegetable oil. Fortification of vegetable oil in both countries has the potential to be used as a tool for control of vitamin A deficiency. Both countries have the capacity to export fortified vegetable oil. Vegetable oil fortified at a level of 45 IU/g could provide 18.8% of the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for an Ethiopian woman, 30.9% and 46.9% of the EAR for a Bangladeshi child and woman, respectively, and 17.5% of the EAR for a Cambodian woman. Although concerns about obesity are valid, fortification of existing vegetable oil supplies does not promote overconsumption of oil but rather promotes consumption of vegetable oil of higher nutrient quality. Fortifying vegetable oil on a large scale in Malaysia and Indonesia can reach millions of people globally, including children less than 5 years old. The levels of fortification used are far from reaching the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). Vegetable oil fortification has the potential to become a global public health intervention strategy.

The economic impact of foot and mouth disease and its control in South-East Asia: a preliminary assessment with special reference to Thailand.

PubMed

Perry, B D; Kalpravidh, W; Coleman, P G; Horst, H S; McDermott, J J; Randolph, T F; Gleeson, L J

1999-08-01

A pilot study of the economic impact of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in the countries and region of South-East Asia is described. Previous economic impact assessments are reviewed and summarised and a synthesis of these contributions is constructed. A framework for the future economic impact of the disease is then developed, incorporating analyses at the sectoral (production system), national and regional levels. Data requirements for such studies are also identified. Integrated epidemiological and economic models for impact assessment were developed and applied to the case study country of Thailand. The models were used to evaluate the economic viability of FMD control programmes in the country. Scenarios evaluated include the effect of improving vaccination coverage and thus reducing productivity losses, and the effect of eventual eradication of the disease. The results indicate that economic returns to the high expenditures incurred in FMD control could be achieved in the short term if greater international trade in pork products was made possible and export prices higher than those in the domestic market could be attained. If FMD were to be eradicated from Thailand in 2010, the eradication would be economically viable, even without exports, with a predicted benefit-cost ratio of 3.73. With additional exports, the economic justification for control becomes much stronger with a benefit-cost ratio of up to 15:1 being achieved. If eradication is not achieved until 2020, returns remain positive without exports, but at a lower rate. The authors propose that the integrated epidemiological and economic models developed be applied to other countries of the region to gain a more accurate insight into the future benefits of FMD control and eradication in the region.

Middle East fuel supply & gas exports for power generation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mitchell, G.K.; Newendorp, T.

1995-12-31

The Middle East countries that border on, or are near, the Persian Gulf hold over 65% of the world`s estimated proven crude oil reserves and 32% of the world`s estimated proven natural gas reserves. In fact, approximately 5% of the world`s total proven gas reserves are located in Qatar`s offshore North Field. This large natural gas/condensate field is currently under development to supply three LNG export projects, as well as a sub-sea pipeline proposal to export gas to Pakistan. The Middle East will continue to be a major source of crude oil and oil products to world petroleum markets, includingmore » fuel for existing and future base load, intermediate cycling and peaking electric generation plants. In addition, as the Persian Gulf countries turn their attention to exploiting their natural gas resources, the fast-growing need for electricity in the Asia-Pacific and east Africa areas offers a potential market for both pipeline and LNG export opportunities to fuel high efficiency, gas-fired combustion turbine power plants. Mr. Mitchell`s portion of this paper will discuss the background, status and timing of several Middle Eastern gas export projects that have been proposed. These large gas export projects are difficult and costly to develop and finance. Consequently, any IPP developers that are considering gas-fired projects which require Mid-East LNG as a fuel source, should understand the numerous sources and timing to securing project debt, loan terms and conditions, and, restrictions/credit rating issues associated with securing financing for these gas export projects. Mr. Newendorp`s section of the paper will cover the financing aspects of these projects, providing IPP developers with additional considerations in selecting the primary fuel supply for an Asian-Pacific or east African electric generation project.« less

75 FR 77561 - Regulations Issued Under the Export Grape and Plum Act; Revision to the Minimum Requirements

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-13

...'' would be deleted, and the following countries would be added to the remaining list: Bosnia, Croatia..., Europe (defined to mean the following countries: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia...

The export of hazardous industries in 2015.

PubMed

Castleman, Barry

2016-01-19

In the 1970s, there were many reports of toxic hazards at corporate subsidiaries in the developing world that were no longer tolerated in the corporations' "home" countries. Following the chemical disaster in Bhopal, India, in 1984, leading corporations then announced that they applied uniform standards of worker and environmental protection worldwide. With globalization, corporations should also be obliged to take responsibility for their separate supplier, contractor and distributor companies, and licensees of their technology.The asbestos industry today consists of national corporations. Individual countries must overcome the influence of the asbestos-exporting countries and asbestos companies and stop building with asbestos, as recommended by WHO, ILO, and World Bank. WHO precautions for limiting governmental interaction with the tobacco industry should be applied in dealing with the asbestos industry.

Prediction in complex systems: The case of the international trade network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vidmer, Alexandre; Zeng, An; Medo, Matúš; Zhang, Yi-Cheng

2015-10-01

Predicting the future evolution of complex systems is one of the main challenges in complexity science. Based on a current snapshot of a network, link prediction algorithms aim to predict its future evolution. We apply here link prediction algorithms to data on the international trade between countries. This data can be represented as a complex network where links connect countries with the products that they export. Link prediction techniques based on heat and mass diffusion processes are employed to obtain predictions for products exported in the future. These baseline predictions are improved using a recent metric of country fitness and product similarity. The overall best results are achieved with a newly developed metric of product similarity which takes advantage of causality in the network evolution.

Growing vegetables in developing countries for local urban populations and export markets: problems confronting small-scale producers.

PubMed

Dinham, Barbara

2003-05-01

Vegetables attract high applications of pesticides, and farmers in developing countries use many acutely toxic insecticides to control pests on these crops. With the liberalisation of agricultural markets in developing countries, the number of small-scale farmers growing vegetables for both domestic and export markets is increasing. Demand for supplies of year-round and exotic fruit and vegetables has grown in industrialised countries, but with rising quality standards and traceability requirements it is difficult for small-scale farmers to benefit from this lucrative non-traditional agricultural export trade. The demand is high for vegetables in the expanding cities in developing countries, and farmers in peri-urban areas, or rural areas with good access to the cities, are in a position to find a growing market for their produce. Poor storage facilities will often mean that farmers are forced to sell at peak times when prices are low. Farmers rarely have access to training in pesticide use, and have only limited or no access to advice on the complicated management of pesticides. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN is concerned about high levels of poor quality and adulterated pesticides on sale in developing countries. Surveys repeatedly show that without training, farmers are unable to make good crop decisions: recognition of pests and their predators is generally low, leading to decisions to spray to kill any insect; knowledge of product selection, application rates and timing is poor; different products are often combined in the belief that the effect will be greater; re-entry periods after spraying and essential harvest intervals are not known; and without knowledge of alternatives, farmers will often assume that the only solution to pest problems is to spray more frequently. From a consumer's point of view, few developing countries are able to monitor pesticide residues, particularly for produce grown for home consumption: most countries do not have laboratories for even simple residue testing. Changes in European Maximum Residue Limits means that export crops will be rejected if they contain residues at the Limit of Detection of pesticides not registered in Europe. Season-long field level training in Integrated Pest Management can help farmers to become better decision-makers, and to greatly reduce pesticide use while reducing risks to their own health and environment, producing safer products for consumers, maintaining yields, and increasing incomes.

19 CFR 351.107 - Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. 351.107 Section 351.107 Customs... proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. (a) Introduction. This section deals with the establishment... involving imports from a nonmarket economy country. (b) Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters—(1...

19 CFR 351.107 - Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. 351.107 Section 351.107 Customs... proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. (a) Introduction. This section deals with the establishment... involving imports from a nonmarket economy country. (b) Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters—(1...

19 CFR 351.107 - Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. 351.107 Section 351.107 Customs... proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. (a) Introduction. This section deals with the establishment... involving imports from a nonmarket economy country. (b) Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters—(1...

19 CFR 351.107 - Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...; rates in antidumping proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. 351.107 Section 351.107 Customs... proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country. (a) Introduction. This section deals with the establishment... involving imports from a nonmarket economy country. (b) Cash deposit rates for nonproducing exporters—(1...

International food trade reduces environmental effects of nitrogen pollution in China.

PubMed

Shi, Yaxing; Wu, Shaohua; Zhou, Shenglu; Wang, Chunhui; Chen, Hao

2016-09-01

The globalization of agricultural trade has dramatically altered global nitrogen flows by changing the spatial pattern of nitrogen utilization and emissions at a global scale. As a major trading country, China uses a large amount of nitrogen, which has a profound impact on global nitrogen flows. Using data on food production and trade between China and 26 other countries and regions, we calculated nitrogen inputs and outputs in food production ecosystem in each country. We estimated nitrogen flows in international food trade and analyzed their impact on nitrogen pollution in China. We divided nitrogen flows into embodied and virtual nitrogen flows. Embodied nitrogen is taken up by the plant and incorporated into the final food product, whereas virtual nitrogen is lost to the environment throughout the food production process and is not contained in the final food product. Our results show that China mainly imports food products from America and Asia, accounting for 95 % of all imported food. Asia (mainly Japan) and Europe are the main exporters of food from China, with Japan and the EU accounting for 17 and 10 % of all exported food, respectively. Total nitrogen inputs and outputs in food production in China were 55,400 and 61,000 Gg respectively, which were much higher than in other countries. About 1440 and 950 Gg of embodied and virtual nitrogen respectively flow into China through the food trade, mainly from food-exporting countries such as the USA, Argentina, and Brazil. Meanwhile, 177 and 160 Gg of embodied and virtual nitrogen respectively flow out of China from the export of food products, mainly to Japan. China's net food imports have reduced 720 and 458 Gg for nitrogen utilization and outputs, respectively, which accounted for 1.3 and 0.78 % of total nitrogen inputs and outputs in China. These results suggest that food trade in China has a profound effect on nitrogen flows and has greatly reduced environmental impacts on nitrogen pollution in China.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Santini, Danilo J.; Poyer, David A.

Vector error correction (VEC) was used to test the importance of a theoretical causal chain from transportation fuel cost to vehicle sales to macroeconomic activity. Real transportation fuel cost was broken into two cost components: real gasoline price (rpgas) and real personal consumption of gasoline and other goods (gas). Real personal consumption expenditure on vehicles (RMVE) represented vehicle sales. Real gross domestic product (rGDP) was used as the measure of macroeconomic activity. The VEC estimates used quarterly data from the third quarter of 1952 to the first quarter of 2014. Controlling for the financial causes of the recent Great Recession,more » real homeowners’ equity (equity) and real credit market instruments liability (real consumer debt, rcmdebt) were included. Results supported the primary hypothesis of the research, but also introduced evidence that another financial path through equity is important, and that use of the existing fleet of vehicles (not just sales of vehicles) is an important transport-related contributor to macroeconomic activity. Consumer debt reduction is estimated to be a powerful short-run force reducing vehicle sales. Findings are interpreted in the context of the recent Greene, Lee, and Hopson (2012) (hereafter GLH) estimation of the magnitude of three distinct macroeconomic damage effects that result from dependence on imported oil, the price of which is manipulated by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The three negative macroeconomic impacts are due to (1) dislocation (positive oil price shock), (2) high oil price levels, and (3) a high value of the quantity of oil imports times an oil price delta (cartel price less competitive price). The third of these is the wealth effect. The VEC model addresses the first two, but the software output from the model (impulse response plots) does not isolate them. Nearly all prior statistical tests in the literature have used vector autoregression (VAR) and autoregressive distributed lag models that considered effects of oil price changes, but did not account for effects of oil price levels. Gasoline prices were rarely examined. The tests conducted in this report evaluate gasoline instead of oil.« less

Alberta's economic development of the Athabasca oil sands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Steinmann, Michael

This dissertation examines the 61-year evolution of public policies pertaining to development of Alberta's non-conventional source of crude oil. The Athabasca oil sands contain an estimated 1.5 trillion barrels and provide for a safe continental supply. The Provincial Government first sponsored this undertaking in 1943. The period from then to 1971 was one of a transition from a wheat economy to a natural-resource economic base. A stable government emerged and was able to negotiate viable development policies. A second period, 1971 to 1986, was marked by unstable world conditions that afforded the Alberta government the ability to set terms of development with multi-national oil firms. A 50% profit-sharing plan was implemented, and basic 1973 terms lasted until 1996. However, 1986 was a critical year because the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) reduced prices, causing the Alberta economy to lapse into recession. During a third period, 1986 to 1996, the Alberta Government was unable to adapt quickly to world conditions. A new leadership structure in 1996 made major changes to create ongoing fiscal and development policies. That history provides answers to two primary research questions: How do public policies affect the behaviors of the modern corporation and visa versa? What are the implications for development theory? Two sources of information were used for this study. First, it was possible to review the Premier's files located in the Provincial Archives. Materials from various government libraries were also examined. Some 7,000 documents were used to show the evolution of government policymaking. Second, interviews with leaders of oil companies and federal research facilities were important. Findings support the thesis that, to facilitate oil sands development, government and the private sector have closely collaborated. In particular, revenue policies have allowed for effective R&D organization. Relying on intensive technological innovations to achieve economic oil sands productivity, the oil companies have responded successfully to declining rates of American conventional oil production. With respect to North American hinterlands, implications for development theory center on connections among established and changing political coalitions, capacities for technological innovations, and responses to dynamic world conditions.

Communication imperialism and dependency: a conceptual clarification.

PubMed

Lee, P S

1988-01-01

Communications imperialism has to do with the domination of a country's media activities by another. The ownership, structure, distribution or content of the media in 1 country are affected by pressures from media interests of another country or group out of proportion with those of that country. To determine if this is happening we should consider the country's policies, the private sector;s efforts to export communications elements, and actions of the dominant country against the dominated. The 4 aspects of international media in this situation are television program exportation, foreign ownership and control of media distribution, the infringement of capital opinions on other societies, and the transfer of commercialism and broadcasting norms. In addition to the software and hardware and the other forms of communication such as satellites, computers, and transportation of the mass media, there are the cultural effects on the developing countries. In the case of involuntary of voluntary dependency of the recipient country, the effect of the unbalanced international communication can be harmful or beneficial. Communication dependency may not be harmful to the culture of the recipient country. In determining the theory of unbalanced international communications 3 factors should be considered. There are: the role of the interacting countries, the nature of the dependency of the recipient country, and the beneficial or harmful effect of unbalanced communication pattern on that country.

China's "Exported Carbon" Peak: Patterns, Drivers, and Implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mi, Zhifu; Meng, Jing; Green, Fergus; Coffman, D'Maris; Guan, Dabo

2018-05-01

Over the past decade, China has entered a "new normal" phase in economic development, with its role in global trade flows changing significantly. This study estimates the driving forces of Chinese export-embodied carbon emissions in the new normal phase, based on environmentally extended multiregional input-output modeling and structural decomposition analysis. We find that Chinese export-embodied CO2 emissions peaked in 2008 at a level of 1,657 million tones. The subsequent decline in CO2 emissions was mainly due to the changing structure of Chinese production. The peak in Chinese export-embodied emissions is encouraging from the perspective of global climate change mitigation, as it implies downward pressure on global CO2 emissions. However, more attention should focus on ensuring that countries that may partly replace China as major production bases increase their exports using low-carbon inputs.

Tanzania Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

Tanzania is a small natural gas producer, but the country is planning to become an exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the future. There have been several natural gas discoveries made in offshore southern Tanzania since 2010 large enough to support an LNG plant.

Israel Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

Israel, once dependent on imports to supply its energy, now has a growing natural gas industry. Recent discoveries of offshore natural gas fields have the potential to provide adequate amounts of energy to meet domestic demand, while allowing the country to export excess volumes.

Uganda Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

Uganda does not produce hydrocarbons currently, but after discovering oil ten years ago, the country is expected to start producing oil within the next decade. Commercial oil production is expected to start at the earliest in 2020 but most likely beyond this period. The production start date has been pushed back several times in the past. Contractual and tax disputes, differences between the Ugandan government and international investors over the portion of oil production to be exported versus refined locally, and disagreements over the export pipeline route have all contributed to a later-than-expected production start date. Sustained low global oil prices have also contributed to delays.

The other aspect of solar energy utilization. Solar technologies export enhancement: A central European point of view

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Winter, C. J.; Nitsch, J.; Klaiss, H.; Voigt, C.

1985-11-01

It is shown that solar energy utilization can, on a moderate scale, supplement the indigenous energy supply of the Federal Republic of Germany. It can contribute to the prevention of fatal ecological damage, open an attractive export market and, in the long run, prepare ground for North-South compensation, where energy-poor but technology rich countries cooperate with countries of the Third World, which are often rich in raw materials and are situated in the solar belt of the world, for the benefit of the implementation of a solar industry or the production of a marketable synthetic solar energy carrier.

Dynamics of financial crises in the world trade network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Askari, Marziyeh; Shirazi, Homayoun; Aghababaei Samani, Keivan

2018-07-01

A simple dynamical model is introduced to simulate the spreading of financial crises in the world trade network. In this model a directed network is constructed in which a weighted and directed link indicates the export value between two countries. The weights are subject to the change by a simple dynamical rule. The process begins with a crisis, i.e. a sudden decrease in the export value of a certain country and spreads throughout the whole network. We compare our results with the real values corresponding to the global financial crisis of 2008 and show that the results of our model are in good agreement with reality.

Monitoring Agricultural Production in Primary Export Countries within the framework of the GEOGLAM Initiative

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Becker-Reshef, I.; Justice, C. O.; Vermote, E.

2012-12-01

Up to date, reliable, global, information on crop production prospects is indispensible for informing and regulating grain markets and for instituting effective agricultural policies. The recent price surges in the global grain markets were in large part triggered by extreme weather events in primary grain export countries. These events raise important questions about the accuracy of current production forecasts and their role in market fluctuations, and highlight the deficiencies in the state of global agricultural monitoring. Satellite-based earth observations are increasingly utilized as a tool for monitoring agricultural production as they offer cost-effective, daily, global information on crop growth and extent and their utility for crop production forecasting has long been demonstrated. Within this context, the Group on Earth Observations developed the Global Agricultural Monitoring (GEOGLAM) initiative which was adopted by the G20 as part of the action plan on food price volatility and agriculture. The goal of GEOGLAM is to enhance agricultural production estimates through the use of Earth observations. This talk will explore the potential contribution of EO-based methods for improving the accuracy of early production estimates of main export countries within the framework of GEOGLAM.

Mercury transport and human exposure from global marine fisheries.

PubMed

Lavoie, Raphael A; Bouffard, Ariane; Maranger, Roxane; Amyot, Marc

2018-04-30

Human activities have increased the global circulation of mercury, a potent neurotoxin. Mercury can be converted into methylmercury, which biomagnifies along aquatic food chains and leads to high exposure in fish-eating populations. Here we quantify temporal trends in the ocean-to-land transport of total mercury and methylmercury from fisheries and we estimate potential human mercury intake through fish consumption in 175 countries. Mercury export from the ocean increased over time as a function of fishing pressure, especially on upper-trophic-level organisms. In 2014, over 13 metric tonnes of mercury were exported from the ocean. Asian countries were important contributors of mercury export in the last decades and the western Pacific Ocean was identified as the main source. Estimates of per capita mercury exposure through fish consumption showed that populations in 38% of the 175 countries assessed, mainly insular and developing nations, were exposed to doses of methylmercury above governmental thresholds. Our study shows temporal trends and spatial patterns of Hg transport by fisheries. Given the high mercury intake through seafood consumption observed in several understudied yet vulnerable coastal communities, we recommend a comprehensive assessment of the health exposure risk of those populations.

Optimizing coffee cultivation and its impact on economic growth and export earnings of the producing countries: The case of Saudi Arabia.

PubMed

Al-Abdulkader, Ahmed M; Al-Namazi, Ali A; AlTurki, Turki A; Al-Khuraish, Muteb M; Al-Dakhil, Abdullah I

2018-05-01

Coffee is one of the historical socioeconomic crops. It has received an increasing attention at the global level, due to its positive interlinkage with the economic growth and on the gross domestic product for most of the producing countries, particularly, developing and least developed countries. Saudi Arabia is one of the coffee producing countries that has a relative comparative advantage of coffee cultivation. Yet, coffee cultivation has not received as much attention in Saudi Arabia as that of producing countries around the world. This study aims to assess the current state of coffee cultivation in Saudi Arabia and to investigate the potential to optimize coffee cultivation in Saudi Arabia that maximizes the net national economic return and export earnings, given limitation of cultivated areas, local market activities, and international trade activities. The study statistically analyzed primary data collected from around (65) coffee farms and traders in the study regions at the south and southwest Saudi Arabia, and optimized coffee cultivation in Saudi Arabia using LINGO optimization software. Empirical results of the study revealed the great potential of Saudi Arabia to expand coffee cultivation at south and southwest regions to meet the escalating local demand and to increase its share at the world market up to 2%. Optimization of coffee cultivation in Saudi Arabia showed a high potential to meet the local demand for coffee by producing 80.07 thousand tons grown over 2861.78 hectares and to generate a net return equivalent to $395.72 million a year, which is equivalent to $138.28 thousand per hectare and $4.94 thousand per ton of coffee. Optimizing coffee cultivation will play a substantial role to increase market share of Saudi Arabia to about 1-2% of the world market by increasing its export volume, respectively, to about 69.66 and 112.56 thousand tons, the national net economic return by about $395.86 and $395.95 million a year, and the export earnings of coffee by about $219.43-354.57 million a year, which in turns, will serve the national strategic trend to diversify the economic base and lower the dependency of incomes generated from oil exportation.

77 FR 19211 - Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Preliminary...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-30

..., and it did not export any subject merchandise to the United States through a trading company... on Import and Export Tax, goods imported from foreign countries into non-tariff zones for use only in non-tariff zones are not liable for import duties. In accordance with Decree 29/2008/ND-CP issuing...

78 FR 33090 - Application for Final Commitment for a Long-Term Loan or Financial Guarantee in Excess of $100...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-03

... for long-haul passenger service from Australia to other countries. To the extent that Ex-Im Bank is... EXPORT-IMPORT BANK [Public Notice 2013-0030] Application for Final Commitment for a Long-Term Loan or Financial Guarantee in Excess of $100 Million: AP087980XX AGENCY: Export-Import Bank of the United...

The Single European Act for 1992 and U.S. Television Programming.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Noor Al-Deen, Hana S.

Global exports of television programs have been dominated by U.S. companies. Most of their exports are sold to Western European countries. Such a large influx of imports brings with it cultural values that can subvert the indigenous culture and may lead to cultural hegemony. To reach some balance with the United States in the cultural/media…

Changes in the international trade balance of U.S. hardwood products from 1990 to 2013

Treesearch

William G. Luppold; Matthew S. Bumgardner

2014-01-01

We examine U.S. exports and imports of hardwood products from 1990 to 2013. These products include logs, lumber, veneer, chips, molding, cooperage, plywood, and flooring. The values of hardwood products exported and imported have fluctuated over the years but have generally inceased. More substantial changs have occurred with the countries and regions receiving U.S....

78 FR 44934 - Sabine Pass Liquefaction, LLC; Application for Long-Term Authorization To Export Liquefied...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-25

...-Term Authorization To Export Liquefied Natural Gas Produced From Domestic Natural Gas Resources to Non... equivalent of 88.3 billion standard cubic feet (Bcf) of natural gas per year), pursuant to the LNG Sale and... treatment for trade in natural gas (non-FTA countries) with which trade is not prohibited by U.S. law or...

Caribean markets for U.S. wood products

Treesearch

Harold W. Wisdom; James E. Granskog; Keith A. Blatner

1986-01-01

The West Indies and the continental countries bordering the Caribbean Sea constitute a significant market for U.S. wood products. In 1983, wood product exports to the region totaled almost $157 million. The Caribbean Basin primarily is a market for softwood products, with pine lumber being the most prominent item. The flow of exports to the region is dominated by (1)...

48 CFR 652.225-71 - Section 8(a) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, as Amended.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... to United States law or regulation. The Boycott of Israel by Arab League countries is such a boycott... Arab League Boycott of Israel, are prohibited activities under the Export Administration Act: (1) Refusing, or requiring any U.S. person to refuse to do business with or in Israel, with any Israeli...

Price corrected domestic technology assumption--a method to assess pollution embodied in trade using primary official statistics only. With a case on CO2 emissions embodied in imports to Europe.

PubMed

Tukker, Arnold; de Koning, Arjan; Wood, Richard; Moll, Stephan; Bouwmeester, Maaike C

2013-02-19

Environmentally extended input output (EE IO) analysis is increasingly used to assess the carbon footprint of final consumption. Official EE IO data are, however, at best available for single countries or regions such as the EU27. This causes problems in assessing pollution embodied in imported products. The popular "domestic technology assumption (DTA)" leads to errors. Improved approaches based on Life Cycle Inventory data, Multiregional EE IO tables, etc. rely on unofficial research data and modeling, making them difficult to implement by statistical offices. The DTA can lead to errors for three main reasons: exporting countries can have higher impact intensities; may use more intermediate inputs for the same output; or may sell the imported products for lower/other prices than those produced domestically. The last factor is relevant for sustainable consumption policies of importing countries, whereas the first factors are mainly a matter of making production in exporting countries more eco-efficient. We elaborated a simple correction for price differences in imports and domestic production using monetary and physical data from official import and export statistics. A case study for the EU27 shows that this "price-adjusted DTA" gives a partial but meaningful adjustment of pollution embodied in trade compared to multiregional EE IO studies.

Land-use and alternative bioenergy pathways for waste biomass.

PubMed

Campbell, J E; Block, E

2010-11-15

Rapid escalation in biofuels consumption may lead to a trade regime that favors exports of food-based biofuels from tropical developing countries to developed countries. There is growing interest in mitigating the land-use impacts of these potential biofuels exports by converting biorefinery waste streams into cellulosic ethanol, potentially reducing the amount of land needed to meet production goals. This increased land-use efficiency for ethanol production may lower the land-use greenhouse gas emissions of ethanol but would come at the expense of converting the wastes into bioelectricity which may offset fossil fuel-based electricity and could provide a vital source of domestic electricity in developing countries. Here we compare these alternative uses of wastes with respect to environmental and energy security outcomes considering a range of electricity production efficiencies, ethanol yields, land-use scenarios, and energy offset assumptions. For a given amount of waste biomass, we found that using bioelectricity production to offset natural gas achieves 58% greater greenhouse gas reductions than using cellulosic ethanol to offset gasoline but similar emissions when cellulosic ethanol is used to offset the need for more sugar cane ethanol. If bioelectricity offsets low-carbon energy sources such as nuclear power then the liquid fuels pathway is preferred. Exports of cellulosic ethanol may have a small impact on the energy security of importing nations while bioelectricity production may have relatively large impacts on the energy security in developing countries.

Caribbean Musical Social Commentary and the Exportation/Importation Perspective of Communication and Cultural Imperialism.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Regis, Humphrey A.

Cultural imperialism is seen not as a static phenomenon but as a dynamic process in which the more developed countries (the dominating "centers" of the world system) influence the less developed countries (the dominated "periphery" of the system). In this process the more developed countries produce artifacts and content that…

76 FR 54928 - Export Administration Regulations: Netherlands Antilles, Curaçao, Sint Maarten and Timor-Leste

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-06

... Chart. The territories and dependencies of a country are treated as the parent country under the EAR..., these dependencies are treated like the Netherlands and will not be listed on the Commerce Country Chart... adding in its place ``territory, possession, dependency or department'' in two places. The Commerce...

The Pacific Asian Countries: A Force for Growth in the Global Economy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clausen, A. W.

The market-oriented countries of Pacific Asia have been contributing to economic growth in the industrialized West. The market developing countries of East Asia have averaged economic growth of 7.5 percent a year over the last 20 years. The most prominent feature of their economic development has been rapid growth in manufactured exports, expanded…

An Adapted Porter Diamond Model for the Evaluation of Transnational Education Host Countries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tsiligiris, Vangelis

2018-01-01

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to propose an adapted Porter Diamond Model (PDM) that can be used by transnational education (TNE) countries and institutions as an analytical framework for the strategic evaluation of TNE host countries in terms of attractiveness for exporting higher education. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses a…

48 CFR Appendix J to Chapter 7 - Direct USAID Contracts With a Cooperating Country National and With a Third Country National for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... in the attached General Provisions (GPs). B. The amount budgeted and available as personal... in the attached General Provisions (GPs). B. The amount budgeted and available as personal..., sale, import, or export of personal property or automobiles in the cooperating country by the...

Sudan and South Sudan Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2014-01-01

South Sudan gained independence from Sudan in July 2011. Most of the oil production capacity is now in South Sudan, but the country is landlocked and remains dependent on Sudan because it must use Sudan's export pipelines and port. Disagreements over oil revenue sharing and armed conflict have curtailed oil production from both countries over the past few years.

77 FR 25961 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-02

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries...: Import Administration, International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce. SUMMARY: The Department of Commerce (Department) seeks public comment on any subsidies, including stumpage subsidies...

76 FR 67148 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-31

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries...: Import Administration, International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce. SUMMARY: The Department of Commerce (Department) seeks public comment on any subsidies, including stumpage subsidies...

78 FR 24724 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-26

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries...: Import Administration, International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce. SUMMARY: The Department of Commerce (Department) seeks public comment on any subsidies, including stumpage subsidies...

The OECD Member Countries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

OECD Observer, 1986

1986-01-01

Presents 24 tables showing the diversity of the economies in 24 countries. Included are data on area, population, unemployment rate, civilian employment, expenditures on research and development, currency, imports, exports, infant mortality, public expenditures on education 1983 (as percent of the gross national product), energy consumption, and…

The OECD Member Countries, l985 Edition - 2lst Year.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

OECD Observer, 1985

1985-01-01

Presents statistics showing the diversity of economics in 24 countries. Tables include information on: agricultural area; population; labor force (percent females); agricultural/industry/services employment; gross domestic product; government expenditure and revenue; trade balance, imports/exports; consumer prices; infant mortality; animal…

The OECD Member Countries--1984 Edition--20th Year.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

OECD Observer, 1984

1984-01-01

Lists Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries with corresponding data on: area; agricultural area; population; labor force; unemployment rate; civilian employment; gross domestic produce; currency; imports; exports; consumer prices; industrial production change for 1983; infant mortality; public expenditure…

Global risk of pharmaceutical contamination from highly populated developing countries.

PubMed

Rehman, Muhammad Saif Ur; Rashid, Naim; Ashfaq, Muhammad; Saif, Ameena; Ahmad, Nasir; Han, Jong-In

2015-11-01

Global pharmaceutical industry has relocated from the west to Asian countries to ensure competitive advantage. This industrial relocation has posed serious threats to the environment. The present study was carried out to assess the possible pharmaceutical contamination in the environment of emerging pharmaceutical manufacturing countries (Bangladesh, China, India and Pakistan). Although these countries have made tremendous progress in the pharmaceutical sector but most of their industrial units discharge wastewater into domestic sewage network without any treatment. The application of untreated wastewater (industrial and domestic) and biosolids (sewage sludge and manure) in agriculture causes the contamination of surface water, soil, groundwater, and the entire food web with pharmaceutical compounds (PCs), their metabolites and transformed products (TPs), and multidrug resistant microbes. This pharmaceutical contamination in Asian countries poses global risks via product export and international traveling. Several prospective research hypotheses including the development of new analytical methods to monitor these PCs/TPs and their metabolites, highly resistant microbial strains, and mixture toxicity as a consequence of pharmaceutical contamination in these emerging pharmaceutical exporters have also been proposed based on the available literature. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Trade, TRIPS, and pharmaceuticals.

PubMed

Smith, Richard D; Correa, Carlos; Oh, Cecilia

2009-02-21

The World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) set global minimum standards for the protection of intellectual property, substantially increasing and expanding intellectual-property rights, and generated clear gains for the pharmaceutical industry and the developed world. The question of whether TRIPS generates gains for developing countries, in the form of increased exports, is addressed in this paper through consideration of the importance of pharmaceuticals in health-care trade, outlining the essential requirements, implications, and issues related to TRIPS, and TRIPS-plus, in which increased restrictions are imposed as part of bilateral free-trade agreements. TRIPS has not generated substantial gains for developing countries, but has further increased pharmaceutical trade in developed countries. The unequal trade between developed and developing countries (ie, exporting and importing high-value patented drugs, respectively) raises the issue of access to medicines, which is exacerbated by TRIPS-plus provisions, although many countries have not even enacted provision for TRIPS flexibilities. Therefore this paper focuses on options that are available to the health community for negotiation to their advantage under TRIPS, and within the presence of TRIPS-plus.

31 CFR 536.205 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... not involve the transfer of anything of value. (b) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as... transactions related to information and informational materials not fully created and in existence at the date...

31 CFR 536.205 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... not involve the transfer of anything of value. (b) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as... transactions related to information and informational materials not fully created and in existence at the date...

31 CFR 536.205 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... not involve the transfer of anything of value. (b) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as... transactions related to information and informational materials not fully created and in existence at the date...

31 CFR 536.205 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... not involve the transfer of anything of value. (b) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as... transactions related to information and informational materials not fully created and in existence at the date...

31 CFR 576.209 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... does not involve the transfer of anything of value. (b) Information or informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials... regulation or authorize transactions related to information or informational materials not fully created and...

31 CFR 536.205 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... not involve the transfer of anything of value. (b) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as... transactions related to information and informational materials not fully created and in existence at the date...

31 CFR 560.210 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... not apply to donations by United States persons of articles, such as food, clothing, and medicine, intended to be used to relieve human suffering. (c) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information and informational materials as...

31 CFR 560.210 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... not apply to donations by United States persons of articles, such as food, clothing, and medicine, intended to be used to relieve human suffering. (c) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information and informational materials as...

31 CFR 560.210 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... not apply to donations by United States persons of articles, such as food, clothing, and medicine, intended to be used to relieve human suffering. (c) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information and informational materials as...

Demonstration and development of control mechanism for radioactive sources in Saudi Arabia

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Al-Kheliewi, A. S.

2012-06-06

Saudi Arabia have no nuclear industry. Nevertheless, many radioactive sources, for different purposes, have been used in the country. There is upswing in the number of companies that recruit nuclear technology in their daily work. The National Center for Radiation Protection (NCRP) takes the full commitment and responsibility for monitoring and regulating the movement of radioactive sources in the country. NCRP issues the licenses for import, export, and use of radioactive sources. It, also, protects the country from any trespassing radiation through a sizable net of early warning and radiation monitoring stations along the borders of Saudi Arabia. This papermore » talks about the procedures of licensing, importing, exporting of radioactive sources. It, also, sheds light on types of implementing radioactive sources in different practices encompass medicine, industry, research. The NCRP has established an electronic web site to ease the communication with all users in the country. This site is yet in the experimental stage.« less

Al Qaeda in Iraq: Demobilizing the Threat

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-12-01

sources of manpower, finances , and material resources as well as an informational forum for disseminating the group’s message.9 Preexisting...education within their own country and finance the educational export of their form of Islam throughout the region as visible evidence of their...activists, finances , and military equipment. In a parallel effort, other Muslim states also exported their militant activists to Afghanistan to do their

22 CFR 124.15 - Special Export Controls for Defense Articles and Defense Services Controlled under Category XV...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... country (including a post liftoff failure to reach proper orbit)— (1) The activities of U.S. persons or... must identify the U.S. Government officials familiar with the preparation of the draft TTCPs. The TTCP must require any U.S. person or entity involved in the export to notify the Department of Defense in...

22 CFR 124.15 - Special Export Controls for Defense Articles and Defense Services Controlled under Category XV...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... country (including a post liftoff failure to reach proper orbit)— (1) The activities of U.S. persons or... must identify the U.S. Government officials familiar with the preparation of the draft TTCPs. The TTCP must require any U.S. person or entity involved in the export to notify the Department of Defense in...

22 CFR 124.15 - Special Export Controls for Defense Articles and Defense Services Controlled under Category XV...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... country (including a post liftoff failure to reach proper orbit)— (1) The activities of U.S. persons or... must identify the U.S. Government officials familiar with the preparation of the draft TTCPs. The TTCP must require any U.S. person or entity involved in the export to notify the Department of Defense in...

22 CFR 124.15 - Special Export Controls for Defense Articles and Defense Services Controlled under Category XV...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... country (including a post liftoff failure to reach proper orbit)— (1) The activities of U.S. persons or... must identify the U.S. Government officials familiar with the preparation of the draft TTCPs. The TTCP must require any U.S. person or entity involved in the export to notify the Department of Defense in...

22 CFR 124.15 - Special Export Controls for Defense Articles and Defense Services Controlled under Category XV...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... country (including a post liftoff failure to reach proper orbit)— (1) The activities of U.S. persons or... must identify the U.S. Government officials familiar with the preparation of the draft TTCPs. The TTCP must require any U.S. person or entity involved in the export to notify the Department of Defense in...

Promoting International Energy Security. Volume 2: Turkey and the Caspian

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

RAND reports un- dergo rigorous peer review to ensure that they meet high standards for research quality and objectivity. Promoting International...Russian invasion of Georgia in 2008 did not directly target energy infrastructure, most export routes for oil and natural gas from Azerbai- jan to...particular focus on the three countries with appreciable energy export potential: Azerbai- jan , Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. It also provides an

The potential impact on farmer health of enhanced export horticultural trade between the U.K. and Uganda.

PubMed

Cross, Paul; Edwards, Rhiannon T; Nyeko, Philip; Edwards-Jones, Gareth

2009-05-01

The export of vegetables from African countries to European markets presents consumers with an ethical dilemma: should they support local, but relatively well-off farmers, or poorer farmers from distant countries? This paper considers the issue of farm worker health in the U.K. and Uganda, and considers the dilemma facing U.K. consumers if Uganda achieves their aim of exporting more vegetables to the U.K. Self-reported health scores of 1,200 farm workers in the U.K. and Uganda were measured with the internationally recognised SF-36 questionnaire and compared to an international population norm. The age-corrected health status of U.K. farm workers was significantly lower than the population norm, whereas Ugandans scored significantly higher (indicating good health) for physical health and lower for mental health. If Ugandan produce enters U.K. markets, then consumers may wish to consider both the potential benefits that enhanced trade could offer Ugandan farmers compared with its impacts on U.K. workers.

15 CFR 770.3 - Interpretations related to exports of technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. 770.3 Section 770.3 Commerce and Foreign Trade... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. (a) Introduction. This section is intended to provide you additional guidance on how to determine whether your technology or software would be eligible...

15 CFR 770.3 - Interpretations related to exports of technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. 770.3 Section 770.3 Commerce and Foreign Trade... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. (a) Introduction. This section is intended to provide you additional guidance on how to determine whether your technology or software would be eligible...

15 CFR 770.3 - Interpretations related to exports of technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. 770.3 Section 770.3 Commerce and Foreign Trade... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. (a) Introduction. This section is intended to provide you additional guidance on how to determine whether your technology or software would be eligible...

15 CFR 770.3 - Interpretations related to exports of technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. 770.3 Section 770.3 Commerce and Foreign Trade... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. (a) Introduction. This section is intended to provide you additional guidance on how to determine whether your technology or software would be eligible...

15 CFR 770.3 - Interpretations related to exports of technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. 770.3 Section 770.3 Commerce and Foreign Trade... technology and software to destinations in Country Group D:1. (a) Introduction. This section is intended to provide you additional guidance on how to determine whether your technology or software would be eligible...

Third Country Transfers

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-01-01

number of countries in the FY 1983 Congressional Presentation Document (CPD) that the United States has security assistance programs with in one form...or another one would find 109 countries listed. Security assistance is a far reaching program and has as its major elements Foreign Military Sales...FMS), International Military Education and Training (IMET), the Military Assistance Program (MAP), commercial sales licensed under the Arms Export

US reliance on Arab oil stronger still: Lower cost, greater distance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1990-03-27

This issue details points of origin of U.S. oil imports, and finds that dependence upon the Eastern Hemisphere, especially upon members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, and most of all Arab nation members, has grown again. U.S. reliance on Eastern Hemisphere exporters has grown from about 43.4% of total imports in 1985 to 56.5% in 1989. This issue also contains the following: (1) ED Refining Netback Data Series for the US Gulf and West Coasts, Rotterdam, and Singapore as of March 9, 1990; and (2) ED Fuel Price/Tax Series for countries of the Western Hemisphere, March 1990 edition.more » 10 figs., 5 tabs.« less

31 CFR 538.212 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... donations by United States persons of articles, such as food, clothing, and medicine, intended to be used to relieve human suffering. (c) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as defined in § 538.306...

31 CFR 545.208 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... not involve the transfer of anything of value. (b) Information or informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as defined in § 545.305, whether commercial or otherwise, regardless of format or medium of transmission, are...

31 CFR 538.212 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... donations by United States persons of articles, such as food, clothing, and medicine, intended to be used to relieve human suffering. (c) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as defined in § 538.306...

31 CFR 538.212 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... donations by United States persons of articles, such as food, clothing, and medicine, intended to be used to relieve human suffering. (c) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as defined in § 538.306...

31 CFR 538.212 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... donations by United States persons of articles, such as food, clothing, and medicine, intended to be used to relieve human suffering. (c) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as defined in § 538.306...

31 CFR 538.212 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... donations by United States persons of articles, such as food, clothing, and medicine, intended to be used to relieve human suffering. (c) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as defined in § 538.306...

31 CFR 586.206 - Exempt transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... communication, which does not involve the transfer of anything of value. (b) Information and informational materials. (1) The importation from any country and the exportation to any country of information or informational materials as defined in § 586.309, whether commercial or otherwise, regardless of format or medium...

Virtual water flows and water-footprint of agricultural crop production, import and export: A case study for Israel.

PubMed

Shtull-Trauring, E; Bernstein, N

2018-05-01

Agriculture is the largest global consumer of freshwater. As the volume of international trade continues to rise, so does the understanding that trade of water-intensive crops from areas with high precipitation, to arid regions can help mitigate water scarcity, highlighting the importance of crop water accounting. Virtual-Water, or Water-Footprint [WF] of agricultural crops, is a powerful indicator for assessing the extent of water use by plants, contamination of water bodies by agricultural practices and trade between countries, which underlies any international trade of crops. Most available studies of virtual-water flows by import/export of agricultural commodities were based on global databases, which are considered to be of limited accuracy. The present study analyzes the WF of crop production, import, and export on a country level, using Israel as a case study, comparing data from two high-resolution local databases and two global datasets. Results for local datasets demonstrate a WF of ~1200Million Cubic Meters [MCM]/year) for total crop production, ~1000MCM/year for import and ~250MCM/year for export. Fruits and vegetables comprise ~80% of Export WF (~200MCM/year), ~50% of crop production and only ~20% of the imports. Economic Water Productivity [EWP] ($/m 3 ) for fruits and vegetables is 1.5 higher compared to other crops. Moreover, the results based on local and global datasets varied significantly, demonstrating the importance of developing high-resolution local datasets based on local crop coefficients. Performing high resolution WF analysis can help in developing agricultural policies that include support for low WF/high EWP and limit high WF/low EWP crop export, where water availability is limited. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

International energy indicators, October-November 1981

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rossi, E., Jr.

Detailed data are presented for energy indicators in tables and graphs. Specific international data are presented: world crude oil production, 1974 to July 1981; OPEC crude oil productive capacity; world crude oil and refined product inventory levels, 1975 through the first half of 1981; oil consumption in OFCD countries, 1975 through the first half of 1981; USSR crude oil production, 1975 through July 1981; and free world and US nuclear electricity generation, 1973 through September 1981 and current capacity. Data presented for energy indicators in the US are: US domestic oil supply and crude oil production, 1977 through March 1981; US gross imports of crude oil and products, 1973 through August 1981; landed cost of Saudi crude oil in current and 1974 dollars; US coal trade, 1975 through July 1981; US natural gas trade, 1975 through August 1981; summary of US merchandise trade, 1977 through the first half of 1981; and the energy/gross national product ratio from 1974 through the first half of 1981.

Guide to investment and trade in the forest-product sectors of Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Working paper

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Krutilia, K.

1988-01-01

Declining timber resources, an increase in value-added wood-base processing, new export markets, and a growing stress on joint ventures have been key factors in the rapid evolution since 1975 of Southeast Asia's forest products industry. The report profiles the industry and its prospects in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia, each of which differs with respect to stage of wood-industry development and investment climate. The countries' forest management policies, timber resources, and the status of their wood-based processing industries are reviewed first, followed by an overview of the business environment in each country, the latter covering policies toward foreign investment (includingmore » the increasingly important investments from other less-developed countries), investment licensing and regulation, taxation, exporting/importing regulations, and policies governing currency and capital controls. Includes a 5-page list of references and a short annotated bibliography.« less

International nurse migration: lessons from the Philippines.

PubMed

Brush, Barbara L; Sochalski, Julie

2007-02-01

Developed countries facing nursing shortages have increasingly turned to aggressive foreign nurse recruitment, primarily from developing nations, to offset their lagging domestic nurse supplies and meet growing health care demands. Few donor nations are prepared to manage the loss of their nurse workforce to migration. The sole country with an explicit nurse export policy and the world's leading donor of nurse labor - the Philippines - is itself facing serious provider maldistribution and countrywide health disparities. Examining the historical roots of Philippines nurse migration provides lessons from which other nurse exporting countries may learn. The authors discuss factors that have predicated nurse migration and policies that have eased the way. Furthermore, the authors analyze how various stakeholders influence migratory patterns, the implications of migration for nurses and the public in their care, and the challenges that future social policy and political systems face in addressing global health issues engendered by unfettered recruitment of nurses and other health workers.

Embodied carbon dioxide flow in international trade: A comparative analysis based on China and Japan.

PubMed

Long, Ruyin; Li, Jinqiu; Chen, Hong; Zhang, Linling; Li, Qianwen

2018-03-01

Carbon dioxide embodied flow in international trade has become an important factor in defining global carbon emission responsibility and climate policy. We conducted an empirical analysis for China and Japan for the years 2000-2014, using a multi-region input-output model and considering the rest of the world as a comparison group. We compared the two countries' direct and complete carbon dioxide emissions intensity and bilateral economic activities such as imports and exports, production and consumption to analyze the difference between China and Japan. The results showed that the intensities of carbon emissions in all sectors of China were higher than that in Japan and that China's annual production-based emissions were greater than consumption-based emissions, the opposite of these relationships in Japan. China was a typical net carbon export country, and carbon embodied in its imports and exports continued to increase throughout the study period. In contrast, Japan's volume and growth rate of embodied carbon emissions were far less than China's and Japan was a typical net carbon import country. Finally, the conclusions of this study support recommendations for the formulation of international carbon emission responsibility allocation, domestic abatement policy as well as China's trade policy. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

International trade of health services: global trends and local impact.

PubMed

Lautier, Marc

2014-10-01

Globalization is a key challenge facing health policy-makers. A significant dimension of this is trade in health services. Traditionally, the flow of health services exports went from North to South, with patients travelling in the opposite direction. This situation is changing and a number of papers have discussed the growth of health services exports from Southern countries in its different dimensions. Less attention has been paid to assess the real scope of this trade at the global level and its potential impact at the local level. Given the rapid development of this area, there are little empirical data. This paper therefore first built an estimate of the global size and of the growth trend of international trade in health services since 1997, which is compared with several country-based studies. The second purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the significant economic impact of this trade at the local level for the exporting country. We consider the case of health providers in the South-Mediterranean region for which the demand potential, the economic effects and the consequence for the health system are presented. These issues lead to the overall conclusion that different policy options would be appropriate, in relation to the nature of the demand. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Chinese import ban and its impact on global plastic waste trade

PubMed Central

Wang, Shunli

2018-01-01

The rapid growth of the use and disposal of plastic materials has proved to be a challenge for solid waste management systems with impacts on our environment and ocean. While recycling and the circular economy have been touted as potential solutions, upward of half of the plastic waste intended for recycling has been exported to hundreds of countries around the world. China, which has imported a cumulative 45% of plastic waste since 1992, recently implemented a new policy banning the importation of most plastic waste, begging the question of where the plastic waste will go now. We use commodity trade data for mass and value, region, and income level to illustrate that higher-income countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation have been exporting plastic waste (70% in 2016) to lower-income countries in the East Asia and Pacific for decades. An estimated 111 million metric tons of plastic waste will be displaced with the new Chinese policy by 2030. As 89% of historical exports consist of polymer groups often used in single-use plastic food packaging (polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate), bold global ideas and actions for reducing quantities of nonrecyclable materials, redesigning products, and funding domestic plastic waste management are needed. PMID:29938223

China’s Exchange Rate Policy: A Double Edged Sword

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-01

acts as a subsidy to industry, but is a tax on savers. Although this process has facilitated past growth by providing a subsidy to exports and allowing...competing nations makes exports less expensive and imports more expensive, thereby providing advantages to specific sectors in the country with the...domestic economy can subsequently harm American competitors. Conversely, Chinese sectors harmed by these same policies may provide an advantage to