Sample records for f-35 lightning ii

  1. Intelligence Support for the F-35A Lightning II

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-01-01

    106 | Air & Space Power Journal Intelligence Support for the F-35A Lightning II Capt Stephanie Anne Fraioli, USAF Disclaimer: The views and opinions...reproduced in whole or in part without permission. If it is reproduced, the Air and Space Power Journal requests a courtesy line. The F-35 Lightning II is...airspace. Specifi- cally, the F-35 Lightning II is advertised as a multirole follow-on to the A-10, AV-8B, F-16, and F/A-18A/B/C/D aircraft. The F-35 is

  2. Is the F-35B the Right Fit for the MAGTF?

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-05-01

    F-35C Lightning II, consolidating three separate models of tactical aircraft into a fifth generation strike fighter. The F-35 provides "Day One...current replacement solution for the Marine Corps is the F-35B and F-35C Lightning II, consolidating three separate models of tactical aircraft into a...66.9 million. This aircraft has been operationally tested and is a familiar model of aircraft to the Marine Corps (see Appendix E). The F/A-18E or F

  3. The F-35 JSF: Beginning of the End for Blue-Water Ops?

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-04-06

    DAMAGED BY INGESTING DEBRIS, THE RESULT OF SWITCHING TO A SINGLE-ENGINE AIRCRAFT FOR THE NAW’S PRIMARY FIGHTER. THE LOCKHEED MARTIN F-35 LIGHTNING II JOINT...States Navy Thesis: Single-engine aircraft have long been considered unsuitable for Naval Aviation, but now the future of blue-water operations is...dependent on the success and reliability of an aircraft · powered by a single engine, the Lockheed -Martin F-35Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter

  4. F-35 Lightning II Program Quality Assurance and Corrective Action Evaluation

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-03-11

    5000.02, “Operation of the Defense Acquisition System,” enclosure 1; and DoD Manual 4140.01, “DoD Supply Chain Materiel Management Procedures...initiated several initiatives to reduce nonconformances of all types both within their facilities and throughout their supply chains . The F-35 JPO is...agreed and stated: There are effective Corrective Action processes already in place within Lockheed Martin and the supply chain . DCMA and F-35 JPO

  5. United States Air Force F-35A Operational Basing Environmental Impact Statement. Volume 1

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-09-01

    Evaluation (FDE) program and Weapons School (WS) beddown, the F-22 designator was used. Subsequent testing , development, and deployment resulted in...Initial F-35A Operational Basing EIS Final, September 2013 contract to develop the JSF ( designated the F-35 Lightning II). Since then, testing of F...of the aircraft even with system failures. Throughout the design and testing process, safety initiatives took previous best practices for single

  6. 14 CFR 35.38 - Lightning strike.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... STANDARDS: PROPELLERS Tests and Inspections § 35.38 Lightning strike. The applicant must demonstrate, by tests, analysis based on tests, or experience on similar designs, that the propeller can withstand a lightning strike without causing a major or hazardous propeller effect. The limit to which the propeller has...

  7. 14 CFR 35.38 - Lightning strike.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... STANDARDS: PROPELLERS Tests and Inspections § 35.38 Lightning strike. The applicant must demonstrate, by tests, analysis based on tests, or experience on similar designs, that the propeller can withstand a lightning strike without causing a major or hazardous propeller effect. The limit to which the propeller has...

  8. 14 CFR 35.38 - Lightning strike.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... STANDARDS: PROPELLERS Tests and Inspections § 35.38 Lightning strike. The applicant must demonstrate, by tests, analysis based on tests, or experience on similar designs, that the propeller can withstand a lightning strike without causing a major or hazardous propeller effect. The limit to which the propeller has...

  9. 14 CFR 35.38 - Lightning strike.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... STANDARDS: PROPELLERS Tests and Inspections § 35.38 Lightning strike. The applicant must demonstrate, by tests, analysis based on tests, or experience on similar designs, that the propeller can withstand a lightning strike without causing a major or hazardous propeller effect. The limit to which the propeller has...

  10. 14 CFR 35.38 - Lightning strike.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... STANDARDS: PROPELLERS Tests and Inspections § 35.38 Lightning strike. The applicant must demonstrate, by tests, analysis based on tests, or experience on similar designs, that the propeller can withstand a lightning strike without causing a major or hazardous propeller effect. The limit to which the propeller has...

  11. F-5F Shark Nose radome lightning test

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Scott, G. W.

    1980-01-01

    A unique F-5F radome wtih a geometry similar to a Shark Nose profile was tested with a high voltage Marx generator, 1,200,000 volts in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the lightning protection system with currents from 5,000 amperes or greater. An edge discontinuity configuration is a characteristic feature in the forward region of the radome and occasionally serves as an attachment point. The results of nineteen attachment tests at various aspect angles with an air gap of one meter indicated that no damage occurred to the dielectric material of the radom. The test proved the effectiveness of the lightning protection system.

  12. Interpretation of F-106B in-flight lightning signatures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Trost, T. F.; Grothaus, M. G.; Wen, C. T.

    1985-01-01

    Various characteristics of the electromagnetic data obtained on a NASA F-106B aircraft during direct lightning strikes are presented. Time scales of interest range from 10 ns to 400 microsecond. The following topics are discussed: (1) Lightning current, I, measured directly versus I obtained from computer integration of measured I-dot; (2) A method of compensation for the low frequency cutoff of the current transformer used to measure I; (3) Properties of fast pulses observed in the lightning time-derivative waveforms; (4) The characteristic D-dot signature of the F-106B aircraft; (5) An RC-discharge interpretation for some lightning waveforms; (6) A method for inferring the locations of lightning channel attachment points on the aircraft by using B-dot data; (7) Simple, approximate relationships between D-dot and I-dot and between B and I; and (8) Estimates of energy, charge, voltage, and resistance for a particular lightning event.

  13. Lightning Tracking Tool for Assessment of Total Cloud Lightning within AWIPS II

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Burks, Jason E.; Stano, Geoffrey T.; Sperow, Ken

    2014-01-01

    Total lightning (intra-cloud and cloud-to-ground) has been widely researched and shown to be a valuable tool to aid real-time warning forecasters in the assessment of severe weather potential of convective storms. The trend of total lightning has been related to the strength of a storm's updraft. Therefore a rapid increase in total lightning signifies the strengthening of the parent thunderstorm. The assessment of severe weather potential occurs in a time limited environment and therefore constrains the use of total lightning. A tool has been developed at NASA's Short-term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) Center to assist in quickly analyzing the total lightning signature of multiple storms. The development of this tool comes as a direct result of forecaster feedback from numerous assessments requesting a real-time display of the time series of total lightning. This tool also takes advantage of the new architecture available within the AWIPS II environment. SPoRT's lightning tracking tool has been tested in the Hazardous Weather Testbed (HWT) Spring Program and significant changes have been made based on the feedback. In addition to the updates in response to the HWT assessment, the lightning tracking tool may also be extended to incorporate other requested displays, such as the intra-cloud to cloud-to-ground ratio as well as incorporate the lightning jump algorithm.

  14. The 1981 direct strike lightning data. [utilizing the F-106 aircraft

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Pitts, F. L.; Thomas, M. E.

    1982-01-01

    Data waveforms obtained during the 1981 direct strike lightning tests, utilizing the NASA F-106B aircraft specially instrumented for lightning electromagnetic measurements are presented. The aircraft was operated in a thunderstorm environment to elicit strikes. Electromagnetic field data were recorded for both attached lightning and free field excitation of the aircraft.

  15. Experimental and analytic studies of the triggered lightning environment of the F106B

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rudolph, Terence; Easterbrook, Calvin C.; Ng, Poh H.; Haupt, Robert W.; Perala, Rodney A.

    1987-01-01

    The triggered lightning environment of the F106B aircraft is investigated. Scale modeling of the F106B with a metallized model was done to measure electric field enhancement factors on the aircraft and on canonically shaped conducting objects. These are then compared to numerically determined quantities. Detailed numerical modeling is done of the development of the triggered lightning channel. This is done using nonlinear air chemistry models to model a variety of physical phenomena which occur in a triggered lightning event. The effect of a triggered lightning strike on internal wires in the F106B is investigated using finite difference models and transmission line models to calculate the electromagnetic coupling of lightning currents through seams and joints of the aircraft to internal cables. Time domain waveforms are computed and compared to measured waveforms. The effect of thunderstorm particles on the initial triggering of a lightning strike is investigated. The electric field levels needed to cause air breakdown in the presence and absence of thunderstorm particles are calculated. This is done as a function of the size, shape, and density of the particles.

  16. Application of triggered lightning numerical models to the F106B and extension to other aircraft

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ng, Poh H.; Dalke, Roger A.; Horembala, Jim; Rudolph, Terence; Perala, Rodney A.

    1988-01-01

    The goal of the F106B Thunderstorm Research Program is to characterize the lightning environment for aircraft in flight. This report describes the application of numerical electromagnetic models to this problem. Topics include: (1) Extensive application of linear triggered lightning to F106B data; (2) Electrostatic analysis of F106B field mill data; (3) Application of subgrid modeling to F106B nose region, including both static and nonlinear models; (4) Extension of F106B results to other aircraft of varying sizes and shapes; and (5) Application of nonlinear model to interaction of F106B with lightning leader-return stroke event.

  17. F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Aircraft (F-35)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-12-01

    Selected Acquisition Report ( SAR ) RCS: DD-A&T(Q&A)823-198 F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Aircraft (F-35) As of FY 2017 President’s Budget Defense...Acquisition Management Information Retrieval (DAMIR) March 21, 2016 08:47:09 UNCLASSIFIED F-35 December 2015 SAR March 21, 2016 08:47:09 UNCLASSIFIED 2...Document OSD - Office of the Secretary of Defense O&S - Operating and Support PAUC - Program Acquisition Unit Cost F-35 December 2015 SAR March 21

  18. Investigation of severe lightning strike incidents to two USAF F-106A aircraft

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Plumer, J. A.

    1981-01-01

    The results of the inspection and analysis of two F-106A aircraft that were struck by separate lightning strikes within a few minutes of each other are presented. Each aircraft sustained severe lightning strikes to the pitot booms, resulting in extensive damage to the pitot heater power harness, number 8 ground wire, and lightning suppressors, but there was no damage to either aircraft's electrical or avionic systems. A simulated lightning current of 226 kA and 3.8 million A(2)*S was required to reproduce the damage to the ground wires in the radomes. Photographs and detailed assessments of the damage are included.

  19. Lightning effects on the NASA F-8 digital-fly-by-wire airplane

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Plumer, J. A.; Fisher, F. A.; Walko, L. C.

    1975-01-01

    The effects of lightning on a Digital Fly-By-Wire (DFBW)aircraft control system were investigated. The aircraft was a NASA operated F-8 fitted with a modified Apollo guidance computer. Current pulses similar in waveshape to natural lightning, but lower in amplitude, were injected into the aircraft. Measurements were made of the voltages induced on the DFBW circuits, the total current induced on the bundles of wires, the magnetic field intensity inside the aircraft, and the current density on the skin of the aircraft. Voltage measurements were made in both the line-to-ground and line-to-line modes. Voltages measured at the non-destructive test level were then scaled upward to determine how much would be produced by actual lightning. A 200,000 ampere severe lightning flash would produce between 40 and 2000 volts in DFBW circuits. Some system components are expected to be vulnerable to these voltages.

  20. F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Aircraft (F-35)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-12-01

    Critical Design Review; announcing the decision to terminate development of an alternate Helmet Mounted Display System (HMDS); completing the 2nd F-35B...the 100th aircraft from the production facility at Fort Worth, Texas; and resolving lingering technical design shortfalls to include the F-35C...emphasis on: regular design reviews, systems engineering discipline, software development planning with baseline review boards, and focused metrics

  1. An Integrated 0-1 Hour First-Flash Lightning Nowcasting, Lightning Amount and Lightning Jump Warning Capability

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mecikalski, John; Jewett, Chris; Carey, Larry; Zavodsky, Brad; Stano, Geoffrey; Chronis, Themis

    2015-01-01

    Using satellite-based methods that provide accurate 0-1 hour convective initiation (CI) nowcasts, and rely on proven success coupling satellite and radar fields in the Corridor Integrated Weather System (CIWS; operated and developed at MIT-Lincoln Laboratory), to subsequently monitor for first-flash lightning initiation (LI) and later period lightning trends as storms evolve. Enhance IR-based methods within the GOES-R CI Algorithm (that must meet specific thresholds for a given cumulus cloud before the cloud is considered to have an increased likelihood of producing lightning next 90 min) that forecast LI. Integrate GOES-R CI and LI fields with radar thresholds (e.g., first greater than or equal to 40 dBZ echo at the -10 C altitude) and NWP model data within the WDSS-II system for LI-events from new convective storms. Track ongoing lightning using Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) and pseudo-Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) data to assess per-storm lightning trends (e.g., as tied to lightning jumps) and outline threat regions. Evaluate the ability to produce LI nowcasts through a "lightning threat" product, and obtain feedback from National Weather Service forecasters on its value as a decision support tool.

  2. Lightning Technology: Proceedings of a Technical Symposium

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1980-01-01

    Several facets of lightning technology are considered including phenomenology, measurement, detection, protection, interaction, and testing. Lightning electromagnetics, protection of ground systems, and simulated lightning testing are emphasized. The lightning-instrumented F-106 aircraft is described.

  3. MSFC shuttle lightning research

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Vaughan, Otha H., Jr.

    1993-01-01

    The shuttle mesoscale lightning experiment (MLE), flown on earlier shuttle flights, and most recently flown on the following space transportation systems (STS's), STS-31, -32, -35, -37, -38, -40, -41, and -48, has continued to focus on obtaining additional quantitative measurements of lightning characteristics and to create a data base for use in demonstrating observation simulations for future spaceborne lightning mapping systems. These flights are also providing design criteria data for the design of a proposed shuttle MLE-type lightning research instrument called mesoscale lightning observational sensors (MELOS), which are currently under development here at MSFC.

  4. Research in lightning swept-stroke attachment patterns and flight conditions with the NASA F-106B airplane

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Fisher, B. D.; Brown, P. W.; Plumer, J. A.

    1985-01-01

    Data on 637 direct lightning strikes and 117 close flashes observed by the NASA instrumented F-106B aircraft as part of the Storm Hazards Program at NASA Langley during 1980-1984 are compiled and analyzed, updating the report of Fisher and Plumer (1983). The airborne and ground-based measurement and recording apparatus and the flight and data-reduction procedures are described, and the results are discussed in terms of lightning-strike-conducive flight conditions and lightning attachment patterns. A peak strike rate of 2.1/min is found at altitude 38,000-40,000 ft and temperature below -40 C, with very few strikes below 20,000 ft. Four categories of swept-flash attachment pattern are identified, but it is pointed out that all exterior surfaces of the F-106B are potential attachment sites.

  5. Investigations into the triggered lightning response of the F106B thunderstorm research aircraft

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rudolph, Terence H.; Perala, Rodney A.; Mckenna, Paul M.; Parker, Steven L.

    1985-01-01

    An investigation has been conducted into the lightning characteristics of the NASA F106B thunderstorm research aircraft. The investigation includes analysis of measured data from the aircraft in the time and frequency domains. Linear and nonlinear computer modelling has also been performed. In addition, new computer tools have been developed, including a new enhanced nonlinear air breakdown model, and a subgrid model useful for analyzing fine details of the aircraft's geometry. Comparison of measured and calculated electromagnetic responses of the aircraft to a triggered lightning environment are presented.

  6. Linear and nonlinear interpretation of the direct strike lightning response of the NASA F106B thunderstorm research aircraft

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rudolph, T. H.; Perala, R. A.

    1983-01-01

    The objective of the work reported here is to develop a methodology by which electromagnetic measurements of inflight lightning strike data can be understood and extended to other aircraft. A linear and time invariant approach based on a combination of Fourier transform and three dimensional finite difference techniques is demonstrated. This approach can obtain the lightning channel current in the absence of the aircraft for given channel characteristic impedance and resistive loading. The model is applied to several measurements from the NASA F106B lightning research program. A non-linear three dimensional finite difference code has also been developed to study the response of the F106B to a lightning leader attachment. This model includes three species air chemistry and fluid continuity equations and can incorporate an experimentally based streamer formulation. Calculated responses are presented for various attachment locations and leader parameters. The results are compared qualitatively with measured inflight data.

  7. Analysis of electromagnetic fields on an F-106B aircraft during lightning strikes

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Trost, T. F.; Pitts, F. L.

    1982-01-01

    Information on the exterior electromagnetic environment of an aircraft when it is struck by lightning has been obtained during thunderstorm penetrations with an F-106B aircraft. Electric and magnetic fields were observed, using mainly time-derivative type sensors, with bandwidths to 50 MHz. Lightning pulse lengths ranging from 25 ns to 7 microsec have been recorded. Sufficient high-frequency content was present to excite electromagnetic resonances of the aircraft, and peaks in the frequency spectra of the waveforms in the range 7 to 23 MHz are in agreement with the resonant frequencies determined in laboratory scale-model tests. Both positively and negatively charged strikes were experienced, and most of the data suggest low values of peak current.

  8. Quality Assurance Assessment of the F-35 Lightning II Program

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-09-30

    assurance personnel had not verified epoxy primer, urethane topcoat, and abrasion - resistant coating processes. In another case, there was no indication...other for electrical resistance . A review of drawing requirements and discussions Contractor Assessments DODIG-2013-140 │ 11 with personnel noted that...the operators were not required to perform the electrical resistance verification, even though it was later determined to be required. Finally, the

  9. WWLLN lightning and satellite microwave radiometrics at 37 to 183 GHz: Thunderstorms in the broad tropics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Solorzano, N. N.; Thomas, J. N.; Hutchins, M. L.; Holzworth, R. H.

    2016-10-01

    We investigate lightning strokes and deep convection through the examination of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) and passive microwave radiometer data. Microwave channels at 37 to 183.3 GHz are provided by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite F16. The present study compares WWLLN stroke rates and minimum radiometer brightness temperatures (Tbs) for two Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere summers (2009-2011) in the broad tropics (35°S to 35°N). To identify deep convection, we use lightning data and Tbs derived from all channels and differences in the Tbs (ΔTbs) of the three water vapor channels near 183.3 GHz. We find that stroke probabilities increase with increasing Tb depressions for all frequencies examined. Moreover, we apply methods that use the 183.3 GHz channels to pinpoint deep convection associated with lightning. High lightning stroke probabilities are found over land regions for both intense and relatively weak convective systems, although the TMI 85 GHz results should be used with caution as they are affected by a 7 km gap between the conical scans. Over the ocean, lightning is associated mostly with larger Tb depressions. Generally, our results support the noninductive thundercloud charging mechanism but do not rule out the inductive mechanism during the mature stages of storms. Lastly, we present a case study in which lightning stroke rates are used to reconstruct microwave radiometer Tbs.

  10. Interpretation methodology and analysis of in-flight lightning data

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rudolph, T.; Perala, R. A.

    1982-01-01

    A methodology is presented whereby electromagnetic measurements of inflight lightning stroke data can be understood and extended to other aircraft. Recent measurements made on the NASA F106B aircraft indicate that sophisticated numerical techniques and new developments in corona modeling are required to fully understand the data. Thus the problem is nontrivial and successful interpretation can lead to a significant understanding of the lightning/aircraft interaction event. This is of particular importance because of the problem of lightning induced transient upset of new technology low level microcircuitry which is being used in increasing quantities in modern and future avionics. Inflight lightning data is analyzed and lightning environments incident upon the F106B are determined.

  11. Objective Lightning Probability Forecast Tool Phase II

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lambert, Winnie

    2007-01-01

    This presentation describes the improvement of a set of lightning probability forecast equations that are used by the 45th Weather Squadron forecasters for their daily 1100 UTC (0700 EDT) weather briefing during the warm season months of May-September. This information is used for general scheduling of operations at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and Kennedy Space Center. Forecasters at the Spaceflight Meteorology Group also make thunderstorm forecasts during Shuttle flight operations. Five modifications were made by the Applied Meteorology Unit: increased the period of record from 15 to 17 years, changed the method of calculating the flow regime of the day, calculated a new optimal layer relative humidity, used a new smoothing technique for the daily climatology, and used a new valid area. The test results indicated that the modified equations showed and increase in skill over the current equations, good reliability, and an ability to distinguish between lightning and non-lightning days.

  12. F-35 Pollution Prevention Activities

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-02-26

    Cover Page Bushing Replacement Lab Testing • F-35 Evaluation of Alternative Materials – ToughMet, Nitronic 50 /60, 304/HBN, SBIR Developed, etc...Completed SCC and Salt Fog exposure – All F-35 Bushings ɚ.5”Ø Switched to Cold Worked Nitronic 60 – Phase 5 test plan Evaluating Installation Issues • ASC

  13. Lightning attachment patterns and flight conditions experienced by the NASA F-106B airplane from 1980 to 1983

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Fisher, B. D.; Plumer, J. A.

    1984-01-01

    The direct lightning strike data and associated flight conditions recorded from 1980 to 1983 during 742 thunderstorm penetrations with a NASA F-106B in Oklahoma and Virginia are studied with an emphasis on aircraft protection design. The individual lightning attachment spots were plotted on isometric projections of the aircraft to identify lightning entry and exit points and swept flash patterns. The altitudes, ambient temperatures, turbulence, and precipitation at which the strikes occurred are summarized and discussed. It was noted that peak strike rates (0.81 strikes/min and 3 strikes/penetration) occurred at altitudes between 11 km and 11.6 km corresponding to ambient temperatures between -40 C and -45 C. The data confirmed that initial entry and exit points most frequently occur at aircraft extremities, in this case the nose boom, the wing tips, the vertical fin cap, and the afterburner. The swept-flash attachment paths and burn marks found in this program indicate that the mid-span areas of swept aircraft may be more susceptible to lightning than previously thought. It was also found that lightning strikes may attach to spots within the engine tail pipe.

  14. Lightning electric field measurements which correlate with strikes to the NASA F-106B aircraft, 22 July 1980

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Levine, D. M.

    1981-01-01

    Ground-based data collected on lightning monitoring equipment operated by Goddard Space Flight Center at Wallops Island, Virginia, during a storm being monitored by NASA's F-106B, are presented. The slow electric field change data and RF radiation data were collected at the times the lightning monitoring equipment on the aircraft was triggered. The timing of the ground-based events correlate well with events recorded on the aircraft and provide an indication of the type of flash with which the aircraft was involved.

  15. Spatio-temporal dimension of lightning flashes based on three-dimensional Lightning Mapping Array

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    López, Jesús A.; Pineda, Nicolau; Montanyà, Joan; Velde, Oscar van der; Fabró, Ferran; Romero, David

    2017-11-01

    3D mapping system like the LMA - Lightning Mapping Array - are a leap forward in lightning observation. LMA measurements has lead to an improvement on the analysis of the fine structure of lightning, allowing to characterize the duration and maximum extension of the cloud fraction of a lightning flash. During several years of operation, the first LMA deployed in Europe has been providing a large amount of data which now allows a statistical approach to compute the full duration and horizontal extension of the in-cloud phase of a lightning flash. The "Ebro Lightning Mapping Array" (ELMA) is used in the present study. Summer and winter lighting were analyzed for seasonal periods (Dec-Feb and Jun-Aug). A simple method based on an ellipse fitting technique (EFT) has been used to characterize the spatio-temporal dimensions from a set of about 29,000 lightning flashes including both summer and winter events. Results show an average lightning flash duration of 440 ms (450 ms in winter) and a horizontal maximum length of 15.0 km (18.4 km in winter). The uncertainties for summer lightning lengths were about ± 1.2 km and ± 0.7 km for the mean and median values respectively. In case of winter lightning, the level of uncertainty reaches up to 1 km and 0.7 km of mean and median value. The results of the successful correlation of CG discharges with the EFT method, represent 6.9% and 35.5% of the total LMA flashes detected in summer and winter respectively. Additionally, the median value of lightning lengths calculated through this correlative method was approximately 17 km for both seasons. On the other hand, the highest median ratios of lightning length to CG discharges in both summer and winter were reported for positive CG discharges.

  16. The 1983 direct strike lightning data, part 1

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Thomas, Mitchel E.

    1985-01-01

    Data waveforms are presented which were obtained during the 1983 direct strike lightning tests utilizing the NASA F106-B aircraft specially instrumented for lightning electromagnetic measurements. The aircraft was operated in the vicinity of the NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, in a thunderstorm environment to elicit strikes. Electromagnetic field data and conduction currents on the aircraft were recorded for attached lightning. Part 1 contains 435 pages of lightning strike data in chart form.

  17. The 1983 direct strike lightning data, part 2

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Thomas, Mitchel E.

    1985-01-01

    Data waveforms are presented which were obtained during the 1983 direct strike lightning tests utilizing the NASA F106-B aircraft specially instrumented for lightning electromagnetic measurements. The aircraft was operated in the vicinity of the NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, in a thunderstorm environment to elicit strikes. Electromagnetic field data and conduction currents on the aircraft were recorded for attached lightning. Part 2 contains 443 pages of lightning strike data in chart form.

  18. Interpretation of F106B and CV580 in-flight lightning data and form factor determination

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rudolph, T.; Horembala, J.; Eriksen, F. J.; Weigel, H. S.; Elliott, J. R.; Parker, S. L.; Perala, R. A.

    1989-01-01

    Two topics of in-flight aircraft/lightning interaction are addressed. The first is the analysis of measured data from the NASA F106B Thunderstorm Research Aircraft and the CV580 research program run by the FAA and Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. The CV580 data was investigated in a mostly qualitative sense, while the F106B data was subjected to both statistical and quantitative analysis using linear triggered lightning finite difference models. The second main topic is the analysis of field mill data and the calibration of the field mill systems. The calibration of the F106B field mill system was investigated using an improved finite difference model of the aircraft having a spatial resolution of one-quarter meter. The calibration was applied to measured field mill data acquired during the 1985 thunderstorm season. The experimental determination of form factors useful for field mill calibration was also investigated both experimentally and analytically. The experimental effort involved the use of conducting scale models and an electrolytic tank. An analytic technique was developed to aid in the understanding of the experimental results.

  19. An Integrated 0-1 Hour First-Flash Lightning Nowcasting, Lightning Amount and Lightning Jump Warning Capability

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mecikalski, John; Jewett, Chris; Carey, Larry; Zavodsky, Brad; Stano, Geoffrey

    2015-01-01

    . 2011) to monitor lightning trends and to anticipate/forecast severe weather (hail > or =2.5 cm, winds > or =25 m/s, tornadoes). The result will be a time-continuous algorithm that uses GOES satellite, radar fields, and HRRR model fields to nowcast first-flash LI and QL, and subsequently monitors lightning trends on a perstorm basis within the LJ algorithm for possible severe weather occurrence out to > or =3 hours. The LI-QL-LJ product will also help prepare the operational forecast community for Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) data expected in late 2015, as these data are monitored for ongoing convective storms. The LI-QL-LJ product will first predict where new lightning is highly probable using GOES imagery of developing cumulus clouds, followed by n analysis of NWS (dual-polarization) radar indicators (reflectivity at the -10 C altitude) of lightning occurrence, to increase confidence that LI is immanent. Once lightning is observed, time-continuous lightning mapping array and Pseudo-GLM observations will be analyzed to assess trends and the severe weather threat as identified by trends in lightning (i.e. LJs). Additionally, 5- and 15-min GOES imagery will then be evaluated on a per-storm basis for overshooting and other cloud-top features known to be associated with severe storms. For the processing framework, the GOES-R 0-1 hour convective initiation algorithm's output will be developed within the Warning Decision Support System - Integrated Information (WDSS-II) tracking tool, and merged with radar and lightning (LMA/Psuedo-GLM) datasets for active storms. The initial focus of system development will be over North Alabama for select lightning-active days in summer 2014, yet will be formed in an expandable manner. The lightning alert tool will also be developed in concert with National Weather Service (NWS) forecasters to meet their needs for real-time, accurate first-flash LI and timing, as well as anticipated lightning trends, amounts, continuation and

  20. Giant elves: Lightning-generated electromagnetic pulses in giant planets.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Luque Estepa, Alejandro; Dubrovin, Daria; José Gordillo-Vázquez, Francisco; Ebert, Ute; Parra-Rojas, Francisco Carlos; Yair, Yoav; Price, Colin

    2015-04-01

    We currently have direct optical observations of atmospheric electricity in the two giant gaseous planets of our Solar System [1-5] as well as radio signatures that are possibly generated by lightning from the two icy planets Uranus and Neptune [6,7]. On Earth, the electrical activity of the troposphere is associated with secondary electrical phenomena called Transient Luminous Events (TLEs) that occur in the mesosphere and lower ionosphere. This led some researchers to ask if similar processes may also exist in other planets, focusing first on the quasi-static coupling mechanism [8], which on Earth is responsible for halos and sprites and then including also the induction field, which is negligible in our planet but dominant in Saturn [9]. However, one can show that, according to the best available estimation for lightning parameters, in giant planets such as Saturn and Jupiter the effect of the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) dominates the effect that a lightning discharge has on the lower ionosphere above it. Using a Finite-Differences, Time-Domain (FDTD) solver for the EMP we found [10] that electrically active storms may create a localized but long-lasting layer of enhanced ionization of up to 103 cm-3 free electrons below the ionosphere, thus extending the ionosphere downward. We also estimate that the electromagnetic pulse transports 107 J to 1010 J toward the ionosphere. There emissions of light of up to 108 J would create a transient luminous event analogous to a terrestrial elve. Although these emissions are about 10 times fainter than the emissions coming from the lightning itself, it may be possible to target them for detection by filtering the appropiate wavelengths. [1] Cook, A. F., II, T. C. Duxbury, and G. E. Hunt (1979), First results on Jovian lightning, Nature, 280, 794, doi:10.1038/280794a0. [2] Little, B., C. D. Anger, A. P. Ingersoll, A. R. Vasavada, D. A. Senske, H. H. Breneman, W. J. Borucki, and The Galileo SSI Team (1999), Galileo images of

  1. Diurnal Lightning Distributions as Observed by the Optical Transient Detector (OTD) and the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bailey, Jeff C.; Blakeslee, Richard J.; Buechler, Dennis E.; Christian, Hugh J.

    2007-01-01

    Data obtained from the Optical Transient Detector (April 1995 to March 2000) and the Lightning Imaging Sensor (December 1997 to December 2005) satellites (70 and 35 inclination low earth orbits, respectively) are used to statistically determine the number of flashes in the annual and seasonal diurnal cycle as a function of local and universal time. The data are further subdivided by season, land versus ocean, northern versus southern hemisphere, and other spatial (e.g., continents) and temporal (e.g., time of peak diurnal amplitude) categories. The data include corrections for detection efficiency and instrument view time. Continental results display strong diurnal variation, with a lightning peak in the late afternoon and a minimum in late morning. In regions of the world dominated by large mesoscale convective systems the peak in the diurnal curve shifts toward late evening or early morning hours. The maximum diurnal flash rate occurs in June-August, corresponding to the Northern Hemisphere summer, while the minimum occurs in December-February. Summer lightning dominates over winter activity and springtime lightning dominates over autumn activity at most continental locations. This latter behavior occurs especially strongly over the Amazon region in South America in September-November. Oceanic lightning activity in winter and autumn tends to exceed that in summer and spring. Global lightning is well correlated in phase but not in amplitude with the Carnegie curve. The diurnal flash rate varies about 4-35 percent about the mean, while the Carnegie curve varies around 4-15 percent.

  2. Three-Dimensional Radar and Total Lightning Characteristics of Mesoscale Convective Systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McCormick, T. L.; Carey, L. D.; Murphy, M. J.; Demetriades, N. W.

    2002-12-01

    Preliminary analysis of three-dimensional radar and total lightning characteristics for two mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) occurring in the Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas area during 12-13 October 2001 and 7-8 April 2002 are presented. This study utilizes WSR-88D Level II radar (KFWS), Vaisala GAI Inc. Lightning Detection and Ranging II (LDAR II), and National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) data to gain a better understanding of the structure and evolution of MCSs, with special emphasis on total lightning. More specifically, this research examines the following topics: 1) the characteristics and evolution of total lightning in MCS's, 2) the correlation between radar reflectivity and lightning flash origins in MCSs, 3) the evolution of the dominant cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning polarity and peak current in both the stratiform and convective regions of MCSs, and 4) the similarities and differences in mesoscale structure and lightning behavior between the two MCSs being studied. Results thus far are in good agreement with previous studies. For example, CG lightning polarity in both MCSs is predominately negative (~90%). Also, the storm cells within the MCSs that exhibit very strong updrafts, identified by high (> 50 dBZ) radar reflectivities, weak echo regions, hook echoes, and/or confirmed severe reports, have higher mean lightning flash origin heights than storm cells with weaker updrafts. Finally, a significant increase in total lightning production (from ~10 to ~18 flashes/min) followed by a significant decrease (from ~18 to ~12 to ~5 flashes/min) is evident approximately one-half hour and ten minutes, respectively, prior to tornado touchdown from a severe storm cell located behind the main convective squall line of the 12-13 October 2001 MCS. These preliminary results, as well as other total lightning and radar characteristics of two MCSs, will be presented.

  3. Update Direct-Strike Lightning Environment for Stockpile-to-Target Sequence

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Uman, M A; Rakov, V A; Elisme, J O

    2008-10-01

    The University of Florida has surveyed all relevant publications reporting lightning characteristics and presents here an up-to-date version of the direct-strike lightning environment specifications for nuclear weapons published in 1989 by R. J. Fisher and M. A. Uman. Further, we present functional expressions for current vs. time, current derivative vs. time, second current derivative vs. time, charge transfer vs. time, and action integral (specific energy) vs. time for first return strokes, for subsequent return strokes, and for continuing currents; and we give sets of constants for these expressions so that they yield approximately the median and extreme negative lightning parametersmore » presented in this report. Expressions for the median negative lightning waveforms are plotted. Finally, we provide information on direct-strike lightning damage to metals such as stainless steel, which could be used as components of storage containers for nuclear waste materials; and we describe UF's new experimental research program to add to the sparse data base on the properties of positive lightning. Our literature survey, referred to above, is included in four Appendices. The following four sections (II, III, IV, and V) of this final report deal with related aspects of the research: Section II. Recommended Direct-Strike Median and Extreme Parameters; Section III. Time-Domain Waveforms for First Strokes, Subsequent Strokes, and Continuing Currents; Section IV. Damage to Metal Surfaces by Lightning Currents; and Section V. Measurement of the Characteristics of Positive Lightning. Results of the literature search used to derive the material in Section II and Section IV are found in the Appendices: Appendix 1. Return Stroke Current, Appendix 2. Continuing Current, Appendix 3. Positive Lightning, and Appendix 4. Lightning Damage to Metal Surfaces.« less

  4. Investment Strategies for Improving Fifth-Generation Fighter Training

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-01-01

    The pod is part of the fifth-generation P5 Combat Training System/Tactical Combat Training System designed by Cubic Corporation. (See Shamim , 2007...http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1286/ Shamim , Asif, “F-35 Lightning II News: Cubic Lands Contract for F-35 ACMI Training System,” F-16.net

  5. Ionospheric signatures of Lightning

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hsu, M.; Liu, J.

    2003-12-01

    The geostationary metrology satellite (GMS) monitors motions of thunderstorm cloud, while the lightning detection network (LDN) in Taiwan and the very high Frequency (VHF) radar in Chung-Li (25.0›XN, 121.2›XE) observed occurrences of lightning during May and July, 1997. Measurements from the digisonde portable sounder (DPS) at National Central University shows that lightning results in occurrence of the sporadic E-layer (Es), as well as increase and decrease of plasma density at the F2-peak and E-peak in the ionosphere, respectively. A network of ground-based GPS receivers is further used to monitor the spatial distribution of the ionospheric TEC. To explain the plasma density variations, a model is proposed.

  6. An automatic lightning detection and photographic system

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Wojtasinski, R. J.; Holley, L. D.; Gray, J. L.; Hoover, R. B.

    1973-01-01

    Conventional 35-mm camera is activated by an electronic signal every time lightning strikes in general vicinity. Electronic circuit detects lightning by means of antenna which picks up atmospheric radio disturbances. Camera is equipped with fish-eye lense, automatic shutter advance, and small 24-hour clock to indicate time when exposures are made.

  7. Lightning criteria relative to space shuttles: Currents and electric field intensity in Florida lightning

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Uman, M. A.; Mclain, D. K.

    1972-01-01

    The measured electric field intensities of 161 lightning strokes in 39 flashes which occurred between 1 and 35 km from an observation point at Kennedy Space Center, Florida during June and July of 1971 have been analyzed to determine the lightning channel currents which produced the fields. In addition, typical channel currents are derived and from these typical electric fields at distances between 0.5 and 100 km are computed and presented. On the basis of the results recommendations are made for changes in the specification of lightning properties relative to space vehicle design as given in NASA TMX-64589 (Daniels, 1971). The small sample of lightning analyzed yielded several peak currents in the 100 kA range. Several current rise-times from zero to peak of 0.5 microsec or faster were found; and the fastest observed current rate-of-rise was near 200 kA/microsec. The various sources of error are discussed.

  8. The 1984 direct strike lightning data, part 3

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Thomas, Mitchel E.; Carney, Harold K.

    1986-01-01

    Data waveforms are presented which were obtained during the 1984 direct-strike lightning tests utilizing the NASA F106-B aircraft specially instrumented for lightning electromagnetic measurements. The aircraft was operated in the vicinity of the NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, in a thunderstorm environment to elicit strikes. Electromagnetic field data and conduction currents on the aircraft were recorded for attached lightning. This is part 3, consisting entirely of charts and graphs.

  9. Developing an Enhanced Lightning Jump Algorithm for Operational Use

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Schultz, Christopher J.; Petersen, Walter A.; Carey, Lawrence D.

    2009-01-01

    Overall Goals: 1. Build on the lightning jump framework set through previous studies. 2. Understand what typically occurs in nonsevere convection with respect to increases in lightning. 3. Ultimately develop a lightning jump algorithm for use on the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM). 4 Lightning jump algorithm configurations were developed (2(sigma), 3(sigma), Threshold 10 and Threshold 8). 5 algorithms were tested on a population of 47 nonsevere and 38 severe thunderstorms. Results indicate that the 2(sigma) algorithm performed best over the entire thunderstorm sample set with a POD of 87%, a far of 35%, a CSI of 59% and a HSS of 75%.

  10. Pulse generator with intermediate inductive storage as a lightning simulator

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kovalchuk, B. M.; Kharlov, A. V.; Zherlytsyn, A. A.; Kumpyak, E. V.; Tsoy, N. V.

    2016-06-01

    Compact transportable generators are required for simulating a lightning current pulse for electrical apparatus testing. A bi-exponential current pulse has to be formed by such a generator (with a current rise time of about two orders of magnitude faster than the damping time). The objective of this study was to develop and investigate a compact pulse generator with intermediate inductive storage and a fuse opening switch as a simulator of lightning discharge. A Marx generator (six stages) with a capacitance of 1 μF and an output voltage of 240 kV was employed as primary storage. In each of the stages, two IK-50/3 (50 kV, 3 μF) capacitors are connected in parallel. The generator inductance is 2 μH. A test bed for the investigations was assembled with this generator. The generator operates without SF6 and without oil in atmospheric air, which is very important in practice. Straight copper wires with adjustable lengths and diameters were used for the electro-explosive opening switch. Tests were made with active-inductive loads (up to 0.1 Ω and up to 6.3 μH). The current rise time is lower than 1200 ns, and the damping time can be varied from 35 to 125 μs, following the definition of standard lightning current pulse in the IEC standard. Moreover, 1D MHD calculations of the fuse explosion were carried out self-consistently with the electric circuit equations, in order to calculate more accurately the load pulse parameters. The calculations agree fairly well with the tests. On the basis of the obtained results, the design of a transportable generator was developed for a lightning simulator with current of 50 kA and a pulse shape corresponding to the IEEE standard.

  11. Characterizing the Relationships Among Lightning and Storm Parameters: Lightning as a Proxy Variable

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Goodman, S. J.; Raghavan, R.; William, E.; Weber, M.; Boldi, B.; Matlin, A.; Wolfson, M.; Hodanish, S.; Sharp. D.

    1997-01-01

    We have gained important insights from prior studies that have suggested relationships between lightning and storm growth, decay, convective rain flux, vertical distribution of storm mass and echo volume in the region, and storm energetics. A study was initiated in the Summer of 1996 to determine how total (in-cloud plus ground) lightning observations might provide added knowledge to the forecaster in the determination and identification of severe thunderstorms and weather hazards in real-time. The Melbourne Weather Office was selected as a primary site to conduct this study because Melbourne is the only site in the world with continuous and open access to total lightning (LDAR) data and a Doppler (WSR-88D) radar. A Lightning Imaging Sensor Data Applications Demonstration (LISDAD) system was integrated into the forecaster's workstation during the Summer 1996 to allow the forecaster to interact in real-time with the multi-sensor data being displayed. LISDAD currently ingests LDAR data, the cloud-to-ground National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) data, and the Melbourne radar data in f real-time. The interactive features provide the duty forecaster the ability to perform quick diagnostics on storm cells of interest. Upon selection of a storm cell, a pop-up box appears displaying the time-history of various storm parameters (e.g., maximum radar reflectivity, height of maximum reflectivity, echo-top height, NLDN and LDAR lightning flash rates, storm-based vertically integrated liquid water content). This product is archived to aid on detailed post-analysis.

  12. Using the VAHIRR Radar Algorithm to Investigate Lightning Cessation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Stano, Geoffrey T.; Schultz, Elise V.; Petersen, Walter A.

    2012-01-01

    Accurately determining the threat posed by lightning is a major area for improved operational forecasts. Most efforts have focused on the initiation of lightning within a storm, with far less effort spent investigating lightning cessation. Understanding both components, initiation and cessation, are vital to improving lightning safety. Few organizations actively forecast lightning onset or cessation. One such organization is the 45th Weather Squadron (45WS) for the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS). The 45WS has identified that charged anvil clouds remain a major threat of continued lightning and can greatly extend the window of a potential lightning strike. Furthermore, no discernable trend of total lightning activity has been observed consistently for all storms. This highlights the need for more research to find a robust method of knowing when a storm will cease producing lightning. Previous lightning cessation work has primarily focused on forecasting the cessation of cloud-to -ground lightning only. A more recent, statistical study involved total lightning (both cloud-to-ground and intracloud). Each of these previous works has helped the 45WS take steps forward in creating improved and ultimately safer lightning cessation forecasts. Each study has either relied on radar data or recommended increased use of radar data to improve cessation forecasts. The reasoning is that radar data is able to either directly or by proxy infer more about dynamical environment leading to cloud electrification and eventually lightning cessation. The authors of this project are focusing on a two ]step approach to better incorporate radar data and total lightning to improve cessation forecasts. This project will utilize the Volume Averaged Height Integrated Radar Reflectivity (VAHIRR) algorithm originally developed during the Airborne Field Mill II (ABFM II) research project. During the project, the VAHIRR product showed a trend of increasing

  13. Lightning attachment patterns and flight conditions for storm hazards, 1980

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Fisher, B. D.; Keyser, G. L., Jr.; Deal, P. L.

    1982-01-01

    As part of the NASA Langley Research Center Storm Hazards Program, 69 thunderstorm pentrations were made in 1980 with an F-106B airplane in order to record direct strike lightning data and the associated flight conditions. Ground based weather radar measurements in conjunction with these penetrations were made by NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory in Oklahoma and by NASA Wallops Flight Center in Virginia. In 1980, the airplane received 10 direct lightning strikes; in addition, lightning transient data were recorded from 6 nearby flashes. Following each flight, the airplane was thoroughly inspected for evidence of lightning attachment, and the individual lightning attachment points were plotted on isometric projections of the airplane to identify swept flash patterns. This report presents pilot descriptions of the direct strikes to the airplane, shows the strike attachment patterns that were found, and discusses the implications of the patterns with respect to aircraft protection design. The flight conditions are also included. Finally, the lightning strike scenarios for three U.S. Air Force F-106A airplanes which were struck during routine operations are given in the appendix to this paper.

  14. Lightning Mapping and Leader Propagation Reconstruction using LOFAR-LIM

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hare, B.; Ebert, U.; Rutjes, C.; Scholten, O.; Trinh, G. T. N.

    2017-12-01

    LOFAR (LOw Frequency ARray) is a radio telescope that consists of a large number of dual-polarized antennas spread over the northern Netherlands and beyond. The LOFAR for Lightning Imaging project (LOFAR-LIM) has successfully used LOFAR to map out lightning in the Netherlands. Since LOFAR covers a large frequency range (10-90 MHz), has antennas spread over a large area, and saves the raw trace data from the antennas, LOFAR-LIM can combine all the strongest aspects of both lightning mapping arrays and lightning interferometers. These aspects include a nanosecond resolution between pulses, nanosecond timing accuracy, and an ability to map lightning in all 3 spatial dimensions and time. LOFAR should be able to map out overhead lightning with a spatial accuracy on the order of meters. The large amount of complex data provide by LOFAR has presented new data processing challenges, such as handling the time offsets between stations with large baselines and locating as many sources as possible. New algorithms to handle these challenges have been developed and will be discussed. Since the antennas are dual-polarized, all three components of the electric field can be extracted and the structure of the R.F. pulses can be investigated at a large number of distances and angles relative to the lightning source, potentially allowing for modeling of lightning current distributions relevant to the 10 to 90 MHz frequency range. R.F. pulses due to leader propagation will be presented, which show a complex sub-structure, indicating intricate physics that could potentially be reconstructed.

  15. Exploring Lightning Jump Characteristics

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Chronis, Themis; Carey, Larry D.; Schultz, Christopher J.; Schultz, Elise; Calhoun, Kristin; Goodman, Steven J.

    2014-01-01

    This study is concerned with the characteristics of storms exhibiting an abrupt temporal increase in the total lightning flash rate (i.e., lightning jump, LJ). An automated storm tracking method is used to identify storm "clusters" and total lightning activity from three different lightning detection systems over Oklahoma, northern Alabama and Washington, D.C. On average and for different employed thresholds, the clusters that encompass at least one LJ (LJ1) last longer, relate to higher Maximum Expected Size of Hail, Vertical Integrated Liquid and lightning flash rates (area-normalized) than the clusters that did not exhibit any LJ (LJ0). The respective mean values for LJ1 (LJ0) clusters are 80 min (35 min), 14 mm (8 mm), 25 kg per square meter (18 kg per square meter) and 0.05 flash per min per square kilometer (0.01 flash per min per square kilometer). Furthermore, the LJ1 clusters are also characterized by slower decaying autocorrelation functions, a result that implies a less "random" behavior in the temporal flash rate evolution. In addition, the temporal occurrence of the last LJ provides an estimate of the time remaining to the storm's dissipation. Depending of the LJ strength (i.e., varying thresholds), these values typically range between 20-60 min, with stronger jumps indicating more time until storm decay. This study's results support the hypothesis that the LJ is a proxy for the storm's kinematic and microphysical state rather than a coincidental value.

  16. LOFAR Lightning Imaging: Mapping Lightning With Nanosecond Precision

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hare, B. M.; Scholten, O.; Bonardi, A.; Buitink, S.; Corstanje, A.; Ebert, U.; Falcke, H.; Hörandel, J. R.; Leijnse, H.; Mitra, P.; Mulrey, K.; Nelles, A.; Rachen, J. P.; Rossetto, L.; Rutjes, C.; Schellart, P.; Thoudam, S.; Trinh, T. N. G.; ter Veen, S.; Winchen, T.

    2018-03-01

    Lightning mapping technology has proven instrumental in understanding lightning. In this work we present a pipeline that can use lightning observed by the LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR) radio telescope to construct a 3-D map of the flash. We show that LOFAR has unparalleled precision, on the order of meters, even for lightning flashes that are over 20 km outside the area enclosed by LOFAR antennas (˜3,200 km2), and can potentially locate over 10,000 sources per lightning flash. We also show that LOFAR is the first lightning mapping system that is sensitive to the spatial structure of the electrical current during individual lightning leader steps.

  17. Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in Colombia: A 14-year study using lightning location system data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Herrera, J.; Younes, C.; Porras, L.

    2018-05-01

    This paper presents the analysis of 14 years of cloud-to-ground lightning activity observation in Colombia using lightning location systems (LLS) data. The first Colombian LLS operated from 1997 to 2001. After a few years, this system was upgraded and a new LLS has been operating since 2007. Data obtained from these two systems was analyzed in order to obtain lightning parameters used in designing lightning protection systems. The flash detection efficiency was estimated using average peak current maps and some theoretical results previously published. Lightning flash multiplicity was evaluated using a stroke grouping algorithm resulting in average values of about 1.0 and 1.6 for positive and negative flashes respectively and for both LLS. The time variation of this parameter changes slightly for the years considered in this study. The first stroke peak current for negative and positive flashes shows median values close to 29 kA and 17 kA respectively for both networks showing a great dependence on the flash detection efficiency. The average percentage of negative and positive flashes shows a 74.04% and 25.95% of occurrence respectively. The daily variation shows a peak between 23 and 02 h. The monthly variation of this parameter exhibits a bimodal behavior typical of the regions located near The Equator. The lightning flash density was obtained dividing the study area in 3 × 3 km cells and resulting in maximum average values of 25 and 35 flashes km- 2 year- 1 for each network respectively. A comparison of these results with global lightning activity hotspots was performed showing good correlation. Besides, the lightning flash density variation with altitude shows an inverse relation between these two variables.

  18. Lightning protection technology for small general aviation composite material aircraft

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Plumer, J. A.; Setzer, T. E.; Siddiqi, S.

    1993-01-01

    An on going NASA (Small Business Innovative Research) SBIR Phase II design and development program will produce the first lightning protected, fiberglass, General Aviation aircraft that is available as a kit. The results obtained so far in development testing of typical components of the aircraft kit, such as the wing and fuselage panels indicate that the lightning protection design methodology and materials chosen are capable of protecting such small composite airframes from lightning puncture and structural damage associated with severe threat lightning strikes. The primary objective of the program has been to develop a lightening protection design for full scale test airframe and verify its adequacy with full scale laboratory testing, thus enabling production and sale of owner-built, lightning-protected, Stoddard-Hamilton Aircraft, Inc. Glasair II airplanes. A second objective has been to provide lightning protection design guidelines for the General Aviation industry, and to enable these airplanes to meet lightening protection requirements for certification of small airplanes. This paper describes the protection design approaches and development testing results obtained thus far in the program, together with design methodology which can achieve the design goals listed above. The presentation of this paper will also include results of some of the full scale verification tests, which will have been completed by the time of this conference.

  19. Situational Lightning Climatologies for Central Florida: Phase IV: Central Florida Flow Regime Based Climatologies of Lightning Probabilities

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bauman, William H., III

    2009-01-01

    The threat of lightning is a daily concern during the warm season in Florida. Research has revealed distinct spatial and temporal distributions of lightning occurrence that are strongly influenced by large-scale atmospheric flow regimes. Previously, the Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU) calculated the gridded lightning climatologies based on seven flow regimes over Florida for 1-, 3- and 6-hr intervals in 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-NM diameter range rings around the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) and eight other airfields in the National Weather Service in Melbourne (NWS MLB) county warning area (CWA). In this update to the work, the AMU recalculated the lightning climatologies for using individual lightning strike data to improve the accuracy of the climatologies. The AMU included all data regardless of flow regime as one of the stratifications, added monthly stratifications, added three years of data to the period of record and used modified flow regimes based work from the AMU's Objective Lightning Probability Forecast Tool, Phase II. The AMU made changes so the 5- and 10-NM radius range rings are consistent with the aviation forecast requirements at NWS MLB, while the 20- and 30-NM radius range rings at the SLF assist the Spaceflight Meteorology Group in making forecasts for weather Flight Rule violations during Shuttle landings. The AMU also updated the graphical user interface with the new data.

  20. F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Program

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-02-16

    Operational Test and Evaluation ( IOT &E), a subset of SDD.61 The eight partner countries are expected to purchase hundreds of F-35s, with the United...Netherlands have agreed to participate in the IOT &E program. UK, the senior F-35 partner, will have the strongest participation in the IOT &E phase...testing. (Telephone conversation with OSD/AT&L, October 3, 2007.) Other partner nations are still weighing their option to participate in the IOT &E

  1. [Neurological diseases after lightning strike : Lightning strikes twice].

    PubMed

    Gruhn, K M; Knossalla, Frauke; Schwenkreis, Peter; Hamsen, Uwe; Schildhauer, Thomas A; Tegenthoff, Martin; Sczesny-Kaiser, Matthias

    2016-06-01

    Lightning strikes rarely occur but 85 % of patients have lightning-related neurological complications. This report provides an overview about different modes of energy transfer and neurological conditions related to lightning strikes. Moreover, two case reports demonstrate the importance of interdisciplinary treatment and the spectrum of neurological complications after lightning strikes.

  2. Lightning NOx Production in CMAQ: Part II - Parameterization Based on Relationship between Observed NLDN Lightning Strikes and Modeled Convective Precipitation Rates

    EPA Science Inventory

    Lightning-produced nitrogen oxides (NOX=NO+NO2) in the middle and upper troposphere play an essential role in the production of ozone (O3) and influence the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere. Despite much effort in both observing and modeling lightning NOX during the past dec...

  3. [The study on the characteristics and particle densities of lightning discharge plasma].

    PubMed

    Wang, Jie; Yuan, Ping; Zhang, Hua-ming; Shen, Xiao-zhi

    2008-09-01

    According to the wavelengths, relative intensities and transition parameters of lines in cloud-to-ground lightning spectra obtained by a slit-less spectrograph in Qinghai province and Xizang municipality, and by theoretical calculations of plasma, the average temperature and electron density for individual lightning discharge channel were calculated, and then, using Saha equations, electric charge conservation equations and particle conservation equations, the particle densities of every ionized-state, the mass density, pressure and the average ionization degree were obtained. Moreover, the average ionization degree and characteristics of particle distributions in each lightning discharge channel were analyzed. Local thermodynamic equilibrium and an optically thin emitting gas were assumed in the calculations. The result shows that the characteristics of lightning discharge plasma have strong relationships with lightning intensities. For a certain return stroke channel, both temperatures and electron densities of different positions show tiny trend of falling away with increasing height along the discharge channel. Lightning channels are almost completely ionized, and the first ionized particles occupy the main station while N II has the highest particle density. On the other hand, the relative concentrations of N II and O II are near a constant in lightning channels with different intensities. Generally speaking, the more intense the lightning discharge, the higher are the values of channel temperature, electron density and relative concentrations of highly ionized particles, but the lower the concentration of the neutral atoms. After considering the Coulomb interactions between positive and negative particles in the calculations, the results of ionization energies decrease, and the particle densities of atoms and first ionized ions become low while high-ionized ions become high. At a temperature of 28000 K, the pressure of the discharge channel due to electrons

  4. Lightning control system using high power microwave FEL

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Shiho, M.; Watanbe, A.; Kawasaki, S.

    A research project for developing a thunder lightning control system using an induction linac based high power microwave free electron laser (FEL) started at JAERI The system will produce weakly ionized plasma rod in the atmosphere by high power microwaves and control a lightning path, away from , e. g., nuclear power stations and rocket launchers. It has been known that about MW/cm{sup 2} power density is enough for the atmospheric breakdown in the microwave region, and which means high power microwave FEL with GW level output power is feasible for atmospheric breakdown, and accordingly is feasible for thunder lightningmore » control tool with making a conductive plasma channel in the atmosphere. From the microwave attenuation consideration in the atmosphere, FEL of 35GHz(0.13dB/km), 90GHz(0.35dB/km), 140GHz(1.7dB/km), and of 270 GHz(4.5dB/km) are the best candidates for the system. Comparing with other proposed lightning control system using visible or ultraviolet laser, the system using microwave has an advantage that microwave suffers smaller attenuation by rain or snow which always exist in the real atmospheric circumstances when lightning occurs.« less

  5. A solid state lightning propagation speed sensor

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mach, Douglas M.; Rust, W. David

    1989-01-01

    A device to measure the propagation speeds of cloud-to-ground lightning has been developed. The lightning propagation speed (LPS) device consists of eight solid state silicon photodetectors mounted behind precision horizontal slits in the focal plane of a 50-mm lens on a 35-mm camera. Although the LPS device produces results similar to those obtained from a streaking camera, the LPS device has the advantages of smaller size, lower cost, mobile use, and easier data collection and analysis. The maximum accuracy for the LPS is 0.2 microsec, compared with about 0.8 microsecs for the streaking camera. It is found that the return stroke propagation speed for triggered lightning is different than that for natural lightning if measurements are taken over channel segments less than 500 m. It is suggested that there are no significant differences between the propagation speeds of positive and negative flashes. Also, differences between natural and triggered dart leaders are discussed.

  6. Advancements in the Development of an Operational Lightning Jump Algorithm for GOES-R GLM

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Shultz, Chris; Petersen, Walter; Carey, Lawrence

    2011-01-01

    Rapid increases in total lightning have been shown to precede the manifestation of severe weather at the surface. These rapid increases have been termed lightning jumps, and are the current focus of algorithm development for the GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM). Recent lightning jump algorithm work has focused on evaluation of algorithms in three additional regions of the country, as well as, markedly increasing the number of thunderstorms in order to evaluate the each algorithm s performance on a larger population of storms. Lightning characteristics of just over 600 thunderstorms have been studied over the past four years. The 2 lightning jump algorithm continues to show the most promise for an operational lightning jump algorithm, with a probability of detection of 82%, a false alarm rate of 35%, a critical success index of 57%, and a Heidke Skill Score of 0.73 on the entire population of thunderstorms. Average lead time for the 2 algorithm on all severe weather is 21.15 minutes, with a standard deviation of +/- 14.68 minutes. Looking at tornadoes alone, the average lead time is 18.71 minutes, with a standard deviation of +/-14.88 minutes. Moreover, removing the 2 lightning jumps that occur after a jump has been detected, and before severe weather is detected at the ground, the 2 lightning jump algorithm s false alarm rate drops from 35% to 21%. Cold season, low topped, and tropical environments cause problems for the 2 lightning jump algorithm, due to their relative dearth in lightning as compared to a supercellular or summertime airmass thunderstorm environment.

  7. New methods and results for quantification of lightning-aircraft electrodynamics

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Pitts, Felix L.; Lee, Larry D.; Perala, Rodney A.; Rudolph, Terence H.

    1987-01-01

    The NASA F-106 collected data on the rates of change of electromagnetic parameters on the aircraft surface during over 700 direct lightning strikes while penetrating thunderstorms at altitudes from 15,000 t0 40,000 ft (4,570 to 12,190 m). These in situ measurements provided the basis for the first statistical quantification of the lightning electromagnetic threat to aircraft appropriate for determining indirect lightning effects on aircraft. These data are used to update previous lightning criteria and standards developed over the years from ground-based measurements. The proposed standards will be the first which reflect actual aircraft responses measured at flight altitudes. Nonparametric maximum likelihood estimates of the distribution of the peak electromagnetic rates of change for consideration in the new standards are obtained based on peak recorder data for multiple-strike flights. The linear and nonlinear modeling techniques developed provide means to interpret and understand the direct-strike electromagnetic data acquired on the F-106. The reasonable results obtained with the models, compared with measured responses, provide increased confidence that the models may be credibly applied to other aircraft.

  8. Smart CMOS image sensor for lightning detection and imaging.

    PubMed

    Rolando, Sébastien; Goiffon, Vincent; Magnan, Pierre; Corbière, Franck; Molina, Romain; Tulet, Michel; Bréart-de-Boisanger, Michel; Saint-Pé, Olivier; Guiry, Saïprasad; Larnaudie, Franck; Leone, Bruno; Perez-Cuevas, Leticia; Zayer, Igor

    2013-03-01

    We present a CMOS image sensor dedicated to lightning detection and imaging. The detector has been designed to evaluate the potentiality of an on-chip lightning detection solution based on a smart sensor. This evaluation is performed in the frame of the predevelopment phase of the lightning detector that will be implemented in the Meteosat Third Generation Imager satellite for the European Space Agency. The lightning detection process is performed by a smart detector combining an in-pixel frame-to-frame difference comparison with an adjustable threshold and on-chip digital processing allowing an efficient localization of a faint lightning pulse on the entire large format array at a frequency of 1 kHz. A CMOS prototype sensor with a 256×256 pixel array and a 60 μm pixel pitch has been fabricated using a 0.35 μm 2P 5M technology and tested to validate the selected detection approach.

  9. Lightning NOx Estimates from Space-Based Lightning Imagers

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Koshak, William J.

    2017-01-01

    The intense heating of air by a lightning channel, and subsequent rapid cooling, leads to the production of lightning nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) as discussed in Chameides [1979]. In turn, the lightning nitrogen oxides (or "LNOx" for brevity) indirectly influences the Earth's climate because the LNOx molecules are important in controlling the concentration of ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the atmosphere. Climate is most sensitive to O3 in the upper troposphere, and LNOx is the most important source of NOx in the upper troposphere at tropical and subtropical latitudes; hence, lightning is a useful parameter to monitor for climate assessments. The National Climate Assessment (NCA) program was created in response to the Congressionally-mandated Global Change Research Act (GCRA) of 1990. Thirteen US government organizations participate in the NCA program which examines the effects of global change on the natural environment, human health and welfare, energy production and use, land and water resources, human social systems, transportation, agriculture, and biological diversity. The NCA focuses on natural and human-induced trends in global change, and projects major trends 25 to 100 years out. In support of the NCA, the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) continues to assess lightning-climate inter-relationships. This activity applies a variety of NASA assets to monitor in detail the changes in both the characteristics of ground- and space- based lightning observations as they pertain to changes in climate. In particular, changes in lightning characteristics over the conterminous US (CONUS) continue to be examined by this author using data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Lightning Imaging Sensor. In this study, preliminary estimates of LNOx trends derived from TRMM/LIS lightning optical energy observations in the 17 yr period 1998-2014 are provided. This represents an important first step in testing the ability to make remote retrievals

  10. 3D modeling of lightning-induced electromagnetic pulses on Venus, Jupiter and Saturn

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pérez-Invernón, Francisco J.; Luque, Alejandro; Gordillo-Vázquez, Francisco J.

    2017-04-01

    powerful tool to obtain information about planetary atmospheres, such as density profiles of electrons or other components. Our model may also be useful to extend some studies about the chemical impact of EMP pulses in the terrestrial atmosphere [4]. References [1] Luque, A., D. Dubrovin, F. J. Gordillo-Vázquez, U. Ebert, F. C. Parra-Rojas, Y. Yair, and C. Price (2014), Coupling between atmospheric layers in gaseous giant planets due to lightning-generated electromagnetic pulses, J. Geophys. Res. (Space Phys), 119, 8705, doi: 10.1002/2014JA020457. [2] Pérez-Invernón, F. J., A. Luque, and F. J. Gordillo-Vázquez (2016), Mesospheric optical signatures of possible lightning on Venus, J. Geophys. Res. (Space Phys), 121, 7026, doi: 10.1029/2016JA022886. [3] Lee, J. H., and D. K. Kalluri (1999), Three-dimensional FDTD simulation of electromagnetic wave transformation in a dynamic inhomogeneous magnetized plasma, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 47, 1146, doi:10.1109/8.785745. [4] Marshall, R. A., U. S. Inan, and V. S. Glukhov (2010), Elves and associated electron density changes due to cloud-to-ground and in-cloud lightning discharges, J. Geophys. Res. (Space Phys), 115, A00E17, doi:10.1029/2009JA014469.

  11. The start of lightning: Evidence of bidirectional lightning initiation.

    PubMed

    Montanyà, Joan; van der Velde, Oscar; Williams, Earle R

    2015-10-16

    Lightning flashes are known to initiate in regions of strong electric fields inside thunderstorms, between layers of positively and negatively charged precipitation particles. For that reason, lightning inception is typically hidden from sight of camera systems used in research. Other technology such as lightning mapping systems based on radio waves can typically detect only some aspects of the lightning initiation process and subsequent development of positive and negative leaders. We report here a serendipitous recording of bidirectional lightning initiation in virgin air under the cloud base at ~11,000 images per second, and the differences in characteristics of opposite polarity leader sections during the earliest stages of the discharge. This case reveals natural lightning initiation, propagation and a return stroke as in negative cloud-to-ground flashes, upon connection to another lightning channel - without any masking by cloud.

  12. Aircraft Lightning Electromagnetic Environment Measurement

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ely, Jay J.; Nguyen, Truong X.; Szatkowski, George N.

    2011-01-01

    This paper outlines a NASA project plan for demonstrating a prototype lightning strike measurement system that is suitable for installation onto research aircraft that already operate in thunderstorms. This work builds upon past data from the NASA F106, FAA CV-580, and Transall C-180 flight projects, SAE ARP5412, and the European ILDAS Program. The primary focus is to capture airframe current waveforms during attachment, but may also consider pre and post-attachment current, electric field, and radiated field phenomena. New sensor technologies are being developed for this system, including a fiber-optic Faraday polarization sensor that measures lightning current waveforms from DC to over several Megahertz, and has dynamic range covering hundreds-of-volts to tens-of-thousands-of-volts. A study of the electromagnetic emission spectrum of lightning (including radio wave, microwave, optical, X-Rays and Gamma-Rays), and a compilation of aircraft transfer-function data (including composite aircraft) are included, to aid in the development of other new lightning environment sensors, their placement on-board research aircraft, and triggering of the onboard instrumentation system. The instrumentation system will leverage recent advances in high-speed, high dynamic range, deep memory data acquisition equipment, and fiber-optic interconnect.

  13. Relationship between ionospheric plasma bubble occurrence and lightning strikes over the Amazon region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sousasantos, Jonas; Sobral, José Humberto Andrade; Alam Kherani, Esfhan; Magalhães Fares Saba, Marcelo; Rodolfo de Campos, Diovane

    2018-03-01

    The vertical coupling between the troposphere and the ionosphere presents some remarkable features. Under intense tropospheric convection, gravity waves may be generated, and once they reach the ionosphere, these waves may seed instabilities and spread F and equatorial plasma bubble events may take place. Additionally, there is a close association between severe tropospheric convection and lightning strikes. In this work an investigation covering an equinox period (September-October) during the deep solar minimum (2009) presents the relation between lightning strike activity and spread F (equatorial plasma bubble) detected over a low-latitude Brazilian region. The results show a considerable correlation between these two phenomena. The common element in the center of this conformity seems to be the gravity waves. Once gravity waves and lightning strikes share the same source (intense tropospheric convection) and the effects of such gravity waves in the ionosphere include the seeding of instabilities according to the gravity waves magnitude, the monitoring of the lightning strike activity seems to offer some information about the subsequent development of spread F over the equatorial region.

  14. Global Lightning Activity

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Christian, Hugh J.

    2004-01-01

    Our knowledge of the global distribution of lightning has improved dramatically since the advent of spacebased lightning observations. Of major importance was the 1995 launch of the Optical Transient Detector (OTD), followed in 1997 by the launch of the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). Together, these instruments have generated a continuous eight-year record of global lightning activity. These lightning observations have provided a new global perspective on total lightning activity. For the first time, total lightning activity (cloud-to-ground and intra-cloud) has been observed over large regions with high detection efficiency and accurate geographic location. This has produced new insights into lightning distributions, times of occurrence and variability. It has produced a revised global flash rate estimate (44 flashes per second) and has lead to a new realization of the significance of total lightning activity in severe weather. Accurate flash rate estimates are now available over large areas of the earth (+/- 72 deg. latitude). Ocean-land contrasts as a function of season are clearly reveled, as are orographic effects and seasonal and interannual variability. The space-based observations indicate that air mass thunderstorms, not large storm system dominate global activity. The ability of LIS and OTD to detect total lightning has lead to improved insight into the correlation between lightning and storm development. The relationship between updraft development and lightning activity is now well established and presents an opportunity for providing a new mechanism for remotely monitoring storm development. In this concept, lightning would serve as a surrogate for updraft velocity. It is anticipated that this capability could lead to significantly improved severe weather warning times and reduced false warning rates. This talk will summarize our space-based lightning measurements, will discuss how lightning observations can be used to monitor severe weather, and

  15. Solar wind modulation of UK lightning

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Davis, Chris; Harrison, Giles; Lockwood, Mike; Owens, Mathew; Barnard, Luke

    2013-04-01

    The response of lightning rates in the UK to arrival of high speed solar wind streams at Earth is investigated using a superposed epoch analysis. The fast solar wind streams' arrivals are determined from modulation of the solar wind Vy component, measured by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft. Lightning rate changes around these event times are then determined from the very low frequency Arrival Time Difference (ATD) system of the UK Met Office. Arrival of high speed streams at Earth is found to be preceded by a decrease in total solar irradiance and an increase in sunspot number and Mg II emissions. These are consistent with the high speed stream's source being co-located with an active region appearing on the Eastern solar limb and rotating at the 27 day rate of the Sun. Arrival of the high speed stream at Earth also coincides with a rapid decrease in cosmic ray flux and an increase in lightning rates over the UK, persisting for around 40 days. The lightning rate increase is corroborated by an increase in the total number of thunder days observed by UK Met stations, again for around 40 days after the arrival of a high speed solar wind stream. This increase in lightning may be beneficial to medium range forecasting of hazardous weather.

  16. Using Total Lightning Observations to Enhance Lightning Safety

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Stano, Geoffrey T.

    2012-01-01

    Lightning is often the underrated threat faced by the public when it comes to dangerous weather phenomena. Typically, larger scale events such as floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes receive the vast majority of attention by both the general population and the media. This comes from the fact that these phenomena are large, longer lasting, can impact a large swath of society at one time, and are dangerous events. The threat of lightning is far more isolated on a case by case basis, although millions of cloud-to-ground lightning strikes hit this United States each year. While attention is given to larger meteorological events, lightning is the second leading cause of weather related deaths in the United States. This information raises the question of what steps can be taken to improve lightning safety. Already, the meteorological community s understanding of lightning has increased over the last 20 years. Lightning safety is now better addressed with the National Weather Service s access to the National Lightning Detection Network data and enhanced wording in their severe weather warnings. Also, local groups and organizations are working to improve public awareness of lightning safety with easy phrases to remember, such as "When Thunder Roars, Go Indoors." The impacts can be seen in the greater array of contingency plans, from airports to sports stadiums, addressing the threat of lightning. Improvements can still be made and newer technologies may offer new tools as we look towards the future. One of these tools is a network of sensors called a lightning mapping array (LMA). Several of these networks exist across the United States. NASA s Short-term Prediction Research and Transition Center (SPoRT), part of the Marshall Spaceflight Center, has access to three of these networks from Huntsville, Alabama, the Kennedy Space Center, and Washington D.C. The SPoRT program s mission is to help transition unique products and observations into the operational forecast environment

  17. Planetary lightning

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Russell, C. T.; Clayton, R. N.; Buseck, P. R.; Hua, X.; Holsapple, K. A.; Esposito, L. W.; Aherns, T. J.; Hecht, J.

    The present state of knowledge concerning lightning on the planets is reviewed. Voyager data have clearly established the presence of lightning discharges at each of the four Jovian planets. In situ data for lightning on Venus are discussed in some detail, including reported quantitative occurrence rates and hypotheses concerning the relationship of Venusian lightning to VLF bursts observed in the Venus atmosphere.

  18. Geostationary Lightning Mapper for GOES-R and Beyond

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Goodman, Steven J.; Blakeslee, R. J.; Koshak, W.

    2008-01-01

    The Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) is a single channel, near-IR imager/optical transient event detector, used to detect, locate and measure total lightning activity over the full-disk as part of a 3-axis stabilized, geostationary weather satellite system. The next generation NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) series with a planned launch readiness in December 2014 will carry a GLM that will provide continuous day and night observations of lightning from the west coast of Africa (GOES-E) to New Zealand (GOES-W) when the constellation is fUlly operational. The mission objectives for the GLM are to 1) provide continuous, full-disk lightning measurements for storm warning and nowcasting, 2) provide early warning of tornadic activity, and 3) accumulate a long-term database to track decadal changes of lightning. The GLM owes its heritage to the NASA Lightning Imaging Sensor (1997-Present) and the Optical Transient Detector (1995-2000), which were developed for the Earth Observing System and have produced a combined 13 year data record of global lightning activity. Instrument formulation studies were completed in March 2007 and the implementation phase to develop a prototype model and up to four flight models will be underway in the latter part of 2007. In parallel with the instrument development, a GOES-R Risk Reduction Team and Algorithm Working Group Lightning Applications Team have begun to develop the Level 2 algorithms and applications. Proxy total lightning data from the NASA Lightning Imaging Sensor on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and regional test beds (e.g., Lightning Mapping Arrays in North Alabama and the Washington DC Metropolitan area) are being used to develop the pre-launch algorithms and applications, and also improve our knowledge of thunderstorm initiation and evolution. Real time lightning mapping data are being provided in an experimental mode to selected National Weather Service (NWS

  19. Oceanic Lightning versus Continental Lightning: VLF Peak Current Discrepancies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dupree, N. A., Jr.; Moore, R. C.

    2015-12-01

    Recent analysis of the Vaisala global lightning data set GLD360 suggests that oceanic lightning tends to exhibit larger peak currents than continental lightning (lightning occurring over land). The GLD360 peak current measurement is derived from distant measurements of the electromagnetic fields emanated during the lightning flash. Because the GLD360 peak current measurement is a derived quantity, it is not clear whether the actual peak currents of oceanic lightning tend to be larger, or whether the resulting electromagnetic field strengths tend to be larger. In this paper, we present simulations of VLF signal propagation in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide to demonstrate that the peak field values for oceanic lightning can be significantly stronger than for continental lightning. Modeling simulations are performed using the Long Wave Propagation Capability (LWPC) code to directly evaluate the effect of ground conductivity on VLF signal propagation in the 5-15 kHz band. LWPC is an inherently narrowband propagation code that has been modified to predict the broadband response of the Earth-Ionosphere waveguide to an impulsive lightning flash while preserving the ability of LWPC to account for an inhomogeneous waveguide. Furthermore, we evaluate the effect of return stroke speed on these results.

  20. Ten years of Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) data: Preparing the way for geostationary lightning imaging

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Grandell, J.; Stuhlmann, R.

    2010-09-01

    The Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) platform has provided a continuous source of lightning observations in the +/- 35 deg latitude region since 1998. LIS, together with its predecessor Optical Transient Detector (OTD) have established an unprecedented database of optical observations of lightning from a low-earth orbit, allowing a more consistent and uniform view of lightning that has been available from any ground-based system so far. The main disadvantage of LIS is that, since it operates on a low-earth orbit with a low inclination, only a small part of the globe is viewed at a time and only for a duration of ~2 minutes, and for a rapidly changing phenomenon like convection and the lightning related thereto this is far from optimal. This temporal sampling deficiency can, however, be overcome with observations from a geostationary orbit. One such mission in preparation is the Lightning Imager on-board the Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) satellite, which will provide service continuation to the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) system from 2018 onwards. The current MSG system has become the primary European source of geostationary observations over Europe and Africa with the start of nominal operations in January 2004, and will be delivering observations and services at least until 2017. However, considering the typical development cycle for a new complex space system, it was already for a longer time necessary to plan for and define the MTG system. MTG needs to be available around 2016, before the end of the nominal lifetime of MSG-3. One of the new missions selected for MTG is the previously mentioned Lightning Imager (LI) mission, detecting continuously over almost the full disc the lightning discharges taking place in clouds or between cloud and ground with a resolution around 10 km. The LI mission is intended to provide a real time lightning detection (cloud-to-cloud and cloud-to-ground strokes) and

  1. Learning and forgetting in the jet fighter aircraft industry.

    PubMed

    Bongers, Anelí

    2017-01-01

    A recent strategy carried out by the aircraft industry to reduce the total cost of the new generation fighters has consisted in the development of a single airframe with different technical and operational specifications. This strategy has been designed to reduce costs in the Research, Design and Development phase with the ultimate objective of reducing the final unit price per aircraft. This is the case of the F-35 Lightning II, where three versions, with significant differences among them, are produced simultaneously based on a single airframe. Whereas this strategy seems to be useful to cut down pre-production sunk costs, their effects on production costs remain to be studied. This paper shows that this strategy can imply larger costs in the production phase by reducing learning acquisition and hence, the total effect on the final unit price of the aircraft is indeterminate. Learning curves are estimated based on the flyaway cost for the latest three fighter aircraft models: The A/F-18E/F Super Hornet, the F-22A Raptor, and the F-35A Lightning II. We find that learning rates for the F-35A are significantly lower (an estimated learning rate of around 9%) than for the other two models (around 14%).

  2. Learning and forgetting in the jet fighter aircraft industry

    PubMed Central

    2017-01-01

    A recent strategy carried out by the aircraft industry to reduce the total cost of the new generation fighters has consisted in the development of a single airframe with different technical and operational specifications. This strategy has been designed to reduce costs in the Research, Design and Development phase with the ultimate objective of reducing the final unit price per aircraft. This is the case of the F-35 Lightning II, where three versions, with significant differences among them, are produced simultaneously based on a single airframe. Whereas this strategy seems to be useful to cut down pre-production sunk costs, their effects on production costs remain to be studied. This paper shows that this strategy can imply larger costs in the production phase by reducing learning acquisition and hence, the total effect on the final unit price of the aircraft is indeterminate. Learning curves are estimated based on the flyaway cost for the latest three fighter aircraft models: The A/F-18E/F Super Hornet, the F-22A Raptor, and the F-35A Lightning II. We find that learning rates for the F-35A are significantly lower (an estimated learning rate of around 9%) than for the other two models (around 14%). PMID:28957359

  3. Mesoscale Lightning Experiment (MLE): A view of lightning as seen from space during the STS-26 mission

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Vaughan, O. H., Jr.

    1990-01-01

    Information on the data obtained from the Mesoscale Lightning Experiment flown on STS-26 is provided. The experiment used onboard TV cameras and a 35 mm film camera to obtain data. Data from the 35 mm camera are presented. During the mission, the crew had difficulty locating the various targets of opportunity with the TV cameras. To obtain as much data as possible in the short observational timeline allowed due to other commitments, the crew opted to use the hand-held 35 mm camera.

  4. Future Expansion of the Lightning Surveillance System at the Kennedy Space Center and the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, USA

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mata, C. T.; Wilson, J. G.

    2012-01-01

    The NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and the Air Force Eastern Range (ER) use data from two cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning detection networks, the Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Surveillance System (CGLSS) and the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN), and a volumetric mapping array, the lightning detection and ranging II (LDAR II) system: These systems are used to monitor and characterize lightning that is potentially hazardous to launch or ground operations and hardware. These systems are not perfect and both have documented missed lightning events when compared to the existing lightning surveillance system at Launch Complex 39B (LC39B). Because of this finding it is NASA's plan to install a lightning surveillance system around each of the active launch pads sharing site locations and triggering capabilities when possible. This paper shows how the existing lightning surveillance system at LC39B has performed in 2011 as well as the plan for the expansion around all active pads.

  5. Principles of Lightning Physics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mazur, Vladislav

    2016-12-01

    Principles of Lightning Physics presents and discusses the most up-to-date physical concepts that govern many lightning events in nature, including lightning interactions with man-made structures, at a level suitable for researchers, advanced students and well-educated lightning enthusiasts. The author's approach to understanding lightning-to seek out, and show what is common to all lightning flashes-is illustrated by an analysis of each type of lightning and the multitude of lightning-related features. The book examines the work that has gone into the development of new physical concepts, and provides critical evaluations of the existing understanding of the physics of lightning and the lexicon of terms and definitions presently used in lightning research.

  6. Defense.gov - Special Report - Travels With Gates

    Science.gov Websites

    , Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates said. Story Gates Touts F-35 as Heart Of Future Combat Aviation FORT Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter factory, assessing progress on what he called “the heart of the future of

  7. Situational Lightning Climatologies for Central Florida: Phase IV

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bauman, William H., III

    2009-01-01

    The threat of lightning is a daily concern during the warm season in Florida. Research has revealed distinct spatial and temporal distributions of lightning occurrence that are strongly influenced by large-scale atmospheric flow regimes. Previously, the Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU) calculated the gridded lightning climatologies based on seven flow regimes over Florida for 1-, 3- and 6-hr intervals in 5-, 10-,20-, and 30-NM diameter range rings around the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) and eight other airfields in the National Weather Service in Melbourne (NWS MLB) county warning area (CWA). In this update to the work, the AMU recalculated the lightning climatologies for using individual lightning strike data to improve the accuracy of the climatologies. The AMU included all data regardless of flow regime as one of the stratifications, added monthly stratifications, added three years of data to the period of record and used modified flow regimes based work from the AMU's Objective Lightning Probability Forecast Tool, Phase II. The AMU made changes so the 5- and 10-NM radius range rings are consistent with the aviation forecast requirements at NWS MLB, while the 20- and 30-NM radius range rings at the SLF assist the Spaceflight Meteorology Group in making forecasts for weather Flight Rule violations during Shuttle landings. The AMU also updated the graphical user interface with the new data.

  8. Global Lightning Activity

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Christian, Hugh

    2003-01-01

    Our knowledge of the global distribution of lightning has improved dramatically since the 1995 launch of the Optical Transient Detector (OTD) followed in 1997 by the launch of the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). Together, these instruments have generated a continuous seven-year record of global lightning activity. These lightning observations have provided a new global perspective on total lightning activity. For the first time, total lightning activity (CG and IC) has been observed over large regions with high detection efficiencies and accurate geographic location. This has produced new insights into lightning distributions, times of occurrence and variability. It has produced a revised global flash rate estimate (46 flashes per second) and has lead to a new realization of the significance of total lightning activity in severe weather. Accurate flash rate estimates are now available for large areas of the earth (+/- 72deg latitude) Ocean-land contrasts as a function of season are clearly revealed, as are orographic effects and seasonal and interannual variability. The data set indicates that air mass thunderstorms, not large storm systems dominate global activity. The ability of LIS and OTD to detect total lightning has lead to improved insight into the correlation between lightning and storm development. The relationship between updraft development and lightning activity is now well established and presents an opportunity for providing a new mechanism for remotely monitoring storm development. In this concept, lightning would serve as a surrogate for updraft velocity. It is anticipated hat this capability could lead to significantly improved severe weather warning times and reduced false warning rates.

  9. Lightning and Climate

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Williams, E.

    2012-12-01

    Lightning is of interest in the domain of climate change for several reasons: (1) thunderstorms are extreme forms of moist convection, and lightning flash rate is a sensitive measure of that extremity, (2) thunderstorms are deep conduits for delivering water substance from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere and stratosphere, and (3) global lightning can be monitored continuously and inexpensively within a natural framework (the Earth-ionosphere waveguide and Schumann resonances). Lightning and temperature, and lightning and upper tropospheric water vapor, are positively correlated on weather-related time scales (diurnal, semiannual, and annual) with a lightning temperature sensitivity of order 10% per oC. Lightning also follows temperature variations on the ENSO time scale, both locally and globally. The response of lightning in some of its extreme forms (exceptional flash rates and the prevalence of sprite-producing mesoscale lightning, for example) to temperature variations will be addressed. Consistently obtained records of lightning activity on longer time scales are scarce as stable detection networks are uncommon. As a consequence, thunder day data have been used to extend the lightning record for climate studies, with evidence for increases over decades in urban areas. Global records of lightning following Schumann resonance intensity and from space-based optical sensors (OTD and LIS) are consistent with the record of ionospheric potential representing the global electrical circuit in showing flat behavior over the few decades. This flatness is not well understood, though the majority of all lightning flashes are found in the tropics, the most closely regulated portion of the atmosphere. Other analysis of frequency variations of Schumann resonances in recent decades shows increased lightning in the northern hemisphere, where the global warming is most pronounced. The quantity more fundamental than temperature for lightning control is cloud buoyancy

  10. a review and an update on the winter lightning that occurred on a rotating windmill and its standalone lightning protection tower

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, D.; Takagi, N.

    2012-12-01

    We have observed the lightning occurred on a 100 m high windmill and its 105 m high standalone lightning-protection tower about 45 m separated from the windmill in the Hokuriku area of Japan for 7 consecutive winter seasons from 2005 to 2012. Our main observation items include: (1) Lightning current at the bottom of both the windmill and the tower. (2) Thunderstorm electric fields and the electric field changes caused by lightning at multiple sites. (3) Optical images by both low and high speed imaging systems. During the 7 winter seasons, over 100 lightning have hit either the tower or the windmill or both. All the lightning but two observed are of upward lightning. Those upward lightning can be sub-classified into self-initiated types and other-triggered types according to whether there is a discharge activity prior to the upward leaders or not. Self-initiated and other-triggered upward lightning tend to have biased percentages in terms of striking locations (windmill versus tower) and thunderstorm types (active versus weak). All the upward lightning but one contained only initial continuous current stages. In the presentation, we will first give a review on those results we have reported before [1-3]. As an update, we will report the following results. (1) The electric field change required for triggering a negative upward leader is usually more than twice bigger than that for triggering a positive upward leader. (2) An electric current pulse with an amplitude of several tens of Amperes along a high structure has been observed to occur in response to a rapid electric change generated by either a nearby return stroke or K-change. References [1] D.Wang, N.Takagi, T.Watanebe, H. Sakurano, M. Hashimoto, Observed characteristics of upward leaders that are initiated from a windmill and its lightning protection tower, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.35, L02803, doi:10.1029/2007GL032136, 2008. [2] W. Lu, D.Wang, Y. Zhang and N. Takagi, Two associated upward lightning flashes

  11. Voltages induced by lightning strokes and ground-faults on a coaxial telecom circuit enclosed inside a composite earthwire. Part II: lightning induced voltages ant composite earthwire tehnical design

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Anzanel, P.; Kouteynikoff, P.

    1985-02-01

    This Part II presents theorical and experimental work about interference generated by lightning strokes in a telecommunication coaxial circuit enclosed inside a composite earthwire for overhead transmission lines. Sinusoidal steady state and surge measurements of the composite earthwire susceptibility to interference (transfer impedance) have been carried out. Induced voltages have been calculated using an original double sampling FFT method whose validity has been checked by measurements on a test line. Finally, it is shown how the cable design can be improved and maximum induced voltage values are given.

  12. A wide bandwidth electrostatic field sensor for lightning research

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Zaepfel, K. P.

    1986-01-01

    Data obtained from UHF Radar observation of direct-lightning strikes to the NASA F-106B airplane have indicated that most of the 690 strikes acquired during direct-strike lightning tests were triggered by the aircraft. As an aid in understanding the triggered lightning process, a wide bandwidth electric field measuring system was designed for the F-106B by implementing a clamped-detection signal processing concept originated at the Air Force Cambridge Research Lab in 1953. The detection scheme combines the signals from complementary stator pairs clamped to zero volts at the exact moment when each stator pair is maximally shielded by the rotor, a process that restores the dc level lost by the charge amplifier. The new system was implemented with four shutter-type field mills located at strategic points on the airplane. The bandwidth of the new system was determined in the laboratory to be from dc to over 100 Hz, whereas past designs had upper limits of 10 Hz to 100 Hz. To obtain the undisturbed electric field vector and total aircraft charge, the airborne field mill system is calibrated by using techniques involving results from ground and flight calibrations of the F-106B, laboratory tests of a metallized model, and a finite-difference time-domain electromagnetic computer code.

  13. A wide bandwidth electrostatic field sensor for lightning research

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Zaepfel, Klaus P.

    1989-01-01

    Data obtained from UHF radar observation of direct-lightning strikes to the NASA F-106B aircraft have indicated that most of the 690 strikes acquired during direct-strike lightning tests were triggered by the aircraft. As an aid in understanding the triggered lightning process, a wide bandwidth electric field measuring system was designed for the F-106B by implementing a clamped-detection signal processing concept originated at the Air Force Cambridge Research Lab in 1953. The detection scheme combines the signals from complementary stator pairs clamped to zero bolts at the exact moment when each stator pair is maximally shielded by the rotor, a process that restores the dc level lost by the charge amplifier. The system was implemented with four shutter-type field mills located at strategic points on the aircraft. The bandwidth of the system was determined in the laboratory to be from dc to over 100 Hz, whereas past designs had upper limits of 10 to 100 Hz. To obtain the undisturbed electric field vector and total aircraft charge, the airborne field mill system is calibrated by using techniques involving results from ground and flight calibrations of the F-106B, laboratory tests of a metallized model, and a finite difference time-domain electromagnetic computer code.

  14. High-speed plasma imaging: A lightning bolt

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wurden, G.A.; Whiteson, D.O.

    Using a gated intensified digital Kodak Ektapro camera system, the authors captured a lightning bolt at 1,000 frames per second, with 100-{micro}s exposure time on each consecutive frame. As a thunder storm approaches while darkness descended (7:50 pm) on July 21, 1994, they photographed lightning bolts with an f22 105-mm lens and 100% gain on the intensified camera. This 15-frame sequence shows a cloud to ground stroke at a distance of about 1.5 km, which has a series of stepped leaders propagating downwards, following by the upward-propagating main return stroke.

  15. Structural and erosive Effects of Lightning on Sandstone: An Experimental Investigation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Haddad, Houssam; Ebert, Matthias; Kenkmann, Thomas; Thoma, Klaus; Nau, Siegfried; Schäfer, Frank

    2016-04-01

    Recent prognoses predict an average temperature increase of the world's climate of about 1.5 to 2 °C until the end of 21st century. This change leads not only to a rise of the sea level but also to an increase of thunderstorms and therefore to a ~25 percent increase of cloud-to-ground lightning events (Romps et al., 2014). It is known that (i) lightning strikes are able to fragment surface rocks, which probably influences the erosion rates at exposed mountain areas (Knight and Grab, 2014), and (ii) the efficiency of the process increases due to the predicted climate change. However, our knowledge about the electro-mechanical destruction of rocks caused by high energetic lightning is incomplete. In this study, laboratory experiments of lightning strikes were performed in order to understand the fragmentation of rocks and changes to landforms by lightning. The artificial lightning with known electric current was simulated by a high-current generator in the laboratories of the Fraunhofer Ernst-Mach Institute for High-Speed Dynamics (Freiburg, Germany). Different currents were transferred over a distance of ~2mm onto water-saturated sandstones by using a copper cathode (3 experiments; U, I, E, Δt: 6 kV, 200 kA, 0.1 MJ, 0.7 ms; 9 kV, 300 kA, 0.19 MJ, 0.9 ms; 12 kV, 400 kA, 0.35 MJ, 0.5 ms). The damaged sandstones were investigated by means of optical and electron-optical methods as well as by X-ray computed tomography to determine the modes and dimensions of melting and fragmentation. Digital elevation models of craters formed by ejection were obtained by white-light interferometry. The lightning experiments produced small craters (~1 cm in diameter, ~0.5 cm depth) which surfaces and sub-surfaces consist of silicate melts (molten quartz and phyllosilicates). The silicate melts reach several hundred micrometers into the sub-surface and resemble the appearance of natural fulgurites. Melting of quartz indicate temperatures of at least 1650 °C. In addition, the

  16. Lightning Location Using Acoustic Signals

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Badillo, E.; Arechiga, R. O.; Thomas, R. J.

    2013-05-01

    In the summer of 2011 and 2012 a network of acoustic arrays was deployed in the Magdalena mountains of central New Mexico to locate lightning flashes. A Times-Correlation (TC) ray-tracing-based-technique was developed in order to obtain the location of lightning flashes near the network. The TC technique, locates acoustic sources from lightning. It was developed to complement the lightning location of RF sources detected by the Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) developed at Langmuir Laboratory, in New Mexico Tech. The network consisted of four arrays with four microphones each. The microphones on each array were placed in a triangular configuration with one of the microphones in the center of the array. The distance between the central microphone and the rest of them was about 30 m. The distance between centers of the arrays ranged from 500 m to 1500 m. The TC technique uses times of arrival (TOA) of acoustic waves to trace back the location of thunder sources. In order to obtain the times of arrival, the signals were filtered in a frequency band of 2 to 20 hertz and cross-correlated. Once the times of arrival were obtained, the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was applied to locate the spatial coordinates (x,y, and z) of thunder sources. Two techniques were used and contrasted to compute the accuracy of the TC method: Nearest-Neighbors (NN), between acoustic and LMA located sources, and standard deviation from the curvature matrix of the system as a measure of dispersion of the results. For the best case scenario, a triggered lightning event, the TC method applied with four microphones, located sources with a median error of 152 m and 142.9 m using nearest-neighbors and standard deviation respectively.; Results of the TC method in the lightning event recorded at 18:47:35 UTC, August 6, 2012. Black dots represent the results computed. Light color dots represent the LMA data for the same event. The results were obtained with the MGTM station (four channels). This figure

  17. Characteristics of Lightning Within Electrified Snowfall Events Using Lightning Mapping Arrays

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schultz, Christopher J.; Lang, Timothy J.; Bruning, Eric C.; Calhoun, Kristin M.; Harkema, Sebastian; Curtis, Nathan

    2018-02-01

    This study examined 34 lightning flashes within four separate thundersnow events derived from lightning mapping arrays (LMAs) in northern Alabama, central Oklahoma, and Washington DC. The goals were to characterize the in-cloud component of each lightning flash, as well as the correspondence between the LMA observations and lightning data taken from national lightning networks like the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). Individual flashes were examined in detail to highlight several observations within the data set. The study results demonstrated that the structures of these flashes were primarily normal polarity. The mean area encompassed by this set of flashes is 375 km2, with a maximum flash extent of 2,300 km2, a minimum of 3 km2, and a median of 128 km2. An average of 2.29 NLDN flashes were recorded per LMA-derived lightning flash. A maximum of 11 NLDN flashes were recorded in association with a single LMA-derived flash on 10 January 2011. Additionally, seven of the 34 flashes in the study contain zero NLDN-identified flashes. Eleven of the 34 flashes initiated from tall human-made objects (e.g., communication towers). In at least six lightning flashes, the NLDN detected a return stroke from the cloud back to the tower and not the initial upward leader. This study also discusses lightning's interaction with the human-built environment and provides an example of lightning within heavy snowfall observed by Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-16's Geostationary Lightning Mapper.

  18. Characteristics of Lightning within Electrified Snowfall Events using Lightning Mapping Arrays.

    PubMed

    Schultz, Christopher J; Lang, Timothy J; Bruning, Eric C; Calhoun, Kristin M; Harkema, Sebastian; Curtis, Nathan

    2018-02-27

    This study examined 34 lightning flashes within four separate thundersnow events derived from lightning mapping arrays (LMAs) in northern Alabama, central Oklahoma, and Washington DC. The goals were to characterize the in-cloud component of each lightning flash, as well as the correspondence between the LMA observations and lightning data taken from national lightning networks like the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). Individual flashes were examined in detail to highlight several observations within the dataset. The study results demonstrated that the structures of these flashes were primarily normal polarity. The mean area encompassed by this set of flashes is 375 km 2 , with a maximum flash extent of 2300 km 2 , a minimum of 3 km 2 , and a median of 128 km 2 . An average of 2.29 NLDN flashes were recorded per LMA-derived lightning flash. A maximum of 11 NLDN flashes were recorded in association with a single LMA-derived flash on 10 January 2011. Additionally, seven of the 34 flashes in the study contain zero NLDN identified flashes. Eleven of the 34 flashes initiated from tall human-made objects (e.g., communication towers). In at least six lightning flashes, the NLDN detected a return stroke from the cloud back to the tower and not the initial upward leader. This study also discusses lightning's interaction with the human built environment and provides an example of lightning within heavy snowfall observed by GOES-16's Geostationary Lightning Mapper.

  19. Lightning swept-stroke attachment patterns and flight conditions for storm hazards 1981

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Fisher, B. D.

    1984-01-01

    As part of the NASA Langley Research Center Storm Hazards Program, 111 thunderstorm penetrations were made in 1981 with an F-106B airplane in order to record direct-strike lightning data and the associated flight conditions. Ground-based weather radar measurements in conjunction with these penetrations were made by NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory in Oklahoma and by NASA Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. In 1981, the airplane received 10 direct lightning strikes; in addition, lightning transient data were recorded from 22 nearby flashes. Following each flight, the airplane was thoroughly inspected for evidence of lightning attachment, and the individual lightning attachment points were plotted on isometric projections of the airplane to identify swept-flash patterns. This report shows the strike attachment patterns that were found, and tabulates the flight conditions at the time of each lightning event. Finally, this paper contains a table in which the data in this report are cross-referenced with the previously published electromagnetic waveform data recorded onboard the airplane.

  20. Trends in Lightning Electrical Energy Derived from the Lightning Imaging Sensor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bitzer, P. M.; Koshak, W. J.

    2016-12-01

    We present results detailing an emerging application of space-based measurement of lightning: the electrical energy. This is a little-used attribute of lightning data which can have applications for severe weather, lightning physics, and wildfires. In particular, we use data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Lightning Imaging Sensor (TRMM/LIS) to find the temporal and spatial variations in the detected spectral energy density. This is used to estimate the total lightning electrical energy, following established methodologies. Results showing the trend in time of the electrical energy, as well as the distribution around the globe, will be highlighted. While flashes have been typically used in most studies, the basic scientifically-relevant measured unit by LIS is the optical group data product. This generally corresponds to a return stroke or IC pulse. We explore how the electrical energy varies per LIS group, providing an extension and comparison with previous investigations. The result is an initial climatology of this new and important application of space-based optical measurements of lightning, which can provide a baseline for future applications using the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM), the European Lightning Imager (LI), and the International Space Station Lightning Imaging Sensor (ISS/LIS) instruments.

  1. First images of thunder: Acoustic imaging of triggered lightning

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dayeh, M. A.; Evans, N. D.; Fuselier, S. A.; Trevino, J.; Ramaekers, J.; Dwyer, J. R.; Lucia, R.; Rassoul, H. K.; Kotovsky, D. A.; Jordan, D. M.; Uman, M. A.

    2015-07-01

    An acoustic camera comprising a linear microphone array is used to image the thunder signature of triggered lightning. Measurements were taken at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing in Camp Blanding, FL, during the summer of 2014. The array was positioned in an end-fire orientation thus enabling the peak acoustic reception pattern to be steered vertically with a frequency-dependent spatial resolution. On 14 July 2014, a lightning event with nine return strokes was successfully triggered. We present the first acoustic images of individual return strokes at high frequencies (>1 kHz) and compare the acoustically inferred profile with optical images. We find (i) a strong correlation between the return stroke peak current and the radiated acoustic pressure and (ii) an acoustic signature from an M component current pulse with an unusual fast rise time. These results show that acoustic imaging enables clear identification and quantification of thunder sources as a function of lightning channel altitude.

  2. Lightning and transportation.

    PubMed

    Cherington, M

    1995-12-01

    It is a little-known fact that lightning casualties often involve travel or transportation. López and colleagues, in their studies on the epidemiology of lightning injuries, have reported that 10% of lightning injuries are categorized under transportation. In the majority of their cases, victims were struck while standing outside or near their vehicles during a thunderstorm. During my review of the neurologic complications of lightning injuries, I was impressed by the number of case reports in which the victim was struck while either in or near a vehicle, airplane or vessel. In this article, I shall put forth information on four aspects of lightning that relate to the danger to people traveling in vehicles, boats, and airplanes. First, I shall deal with lightning safety on ships and boats. People who enjoy recreational sailing, including the "weekend sailor" and those who enjoy fishing from a boat, should be fortified with knowledge about lightning protection. Second, I shall consider the matter of lightning strikes to aircraft. In the third section, I shall discuss the question of lightning safety in automobiles. Fourth, I shall review those cases found in my literature review in which the victim was struck while in or near a vehicle, boat, or airplane.

  3. Dinuclear complexes containing linear M-F-M [M = Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II)] bridges: trends in structures, antiferromagnetic superexchange interactions, and spectroscopic properties.

    PubMed

    Reger, Daniel L; Pascui, Andrea E; Smith, Mark D; Jezierska, Julia; Ozarowski, Andrew

    2012-11-05

    The reaction of M(BF(4))(2)·xH(2)O, where M is Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II), with the new ditopic ligand m-bis[bis(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)methyl]benzene (L(m)*) leads to the formation of monofluoride-bridged dinuclear metallacycles of the formula [M(2)(μ-F)(μ-L(m)*)(2)](BF(4))(3). The analogous manganese(II) species, [Mn(2)(μ-F)(μ-L(m)*)(2)](ClO(4))(3), was isolated starting with Mn(ClO(4))(2)·6H(2)O using NaBF(4) as the source of the bridging fluoride. In all of these complexes, the geometry around the metal centers is trigonal bipyramidal, and the fluoride bridges are linear. The (1)H, (13)C, and (19)F NMR spectra of the zinc(II) and cadmium(II) compounds and the (113)Cd NMR of the cadmium(II) compound indicate that the metallacycles retain their structure in acetonitrile and acetone solution. The compounds with M = Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) are antiferromagnetically coupled, although the magnitude of the coupling increases dramatically with the metal as one moves to the right across the periodic table: Mn(II) (-6.7 cm(-1)) < Fe(II) (-16.3 cm(-1)) < Co(II) (-24.1 cm(-1)) < Ni(II) (-39.0 cm(-1)) ≪ Cu(II) (-322 cm(-1)). High-field EPR spectra of the copper(II) complexes were interpreted using the coupled-spin Hamiltonian with g(x) = 2.150, g(y) = 2.329, g(z) = 2.010, D = 0.173 cm(-1), and E = 0.089 cm(-1). Interpretation of the EPR spectra of the iron(II) and manganese(II) complexes required the spin Hamiltonian using the noncoupled spin operators of two metal ions. The values g(x) = 2.26, g(y) = 2.29, g(z) = 1.99, J = -16.0 cm(-1), D(1) = -9.89 cm(-1), and D(12) = -0.065 cm(-1) were obtained for the iron(II) complex and g(x) = g(y) = g(z) = 2.00, D(1) = -0.3254 cm(-1), E(1) = -0.0153, J = -6.7 cm(-1), and D(12) = 0.0302 cm(-1) were found for the manganese(II) complex. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the exchange integrals and the zero-field splitting on manganese(II) and iron(II) ions were performed

  4. Lightning Protection

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1991-01-01

    Lightning Technologies, Inc., Pittsfield, MA, - a spinoff company founded by president J. Anderson Plumer, a former NASA contractor employee who developed his expertise with General Electric Company's High Voltage Laboratory - was a key player in Langley Research Center's Storm Hazards Research Program. Lightning Technologies used its NASA acquired experience to develop protective measures for electronic systems and composite structures on aircraft, both of which are particularly susceptible to lightning damage. The company also provides protection design and verification testing services for complete aircraft systems or individual components. Most aircraft component manufacturers are among Lightning Technologies' clients.

  5. Absorption of gamma-ray photons in a vacuum neutron star magnetosphere: II. The formation of 'lightnings'

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Istomin, Ya. N., E-mail: istomin@lpi.ru; Sob'yanin, D. N., E-mail: sobyanin@lpi.ru

    2011-10-15

    The absorption of a high-energy photon from the external cosmic gamma-ray background in the inner neutron star magnetosphere triggers the generation of a secondary electron-positron plasma and gives rise to a lightning-a lengthening and simultaneously expanding plasma tube. It propagates along magnetic fields lines with a velocity close to the speed of light. The high electron-positron plasma generation rate leads to dynamical screening of the longitudinal electric field that is provided not by charge separation but by electric current growth in the lightning. The lightning radius is comparable to the polar cap radius of a radio pulsar. The number ofmore » electron-positron pairs produced in the lightning in its lifetime reaches 10{sup 28}. The density of the forming plasma is comparable to or even higher than that in the polar cap regions of ordinary pulsars. This suggests that the radio emission from individual lightnings can be observed. Since the formation time of the radio emission is limited by the lightning lifetime, the possible single short radio bursts may be associated with rotating radio transients (RRATs).« less

  6. TRMM-Based Lightning Climatology

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cecil, Daniel J.; Buechler, Dennis E.; Blakeslee, Richard J.

    2011-01-01

    Gridded climatologies of total lightning flash rates seen by the spaceborne Optical Transient Detector (OTD) and Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) have been updated. OTD collected data from May 1995 to March 2000. LIS data (equatorward of about 38 deg) has been added for 1998-2010. Flash counts from each instrument are scaled by the best available estimates of detection efficiency. The long LIS record makes the merged climatology most robust in the tropics and subtropics, while the high latitude data is entirely from OTD. The mean global flash rate from the merged climatology is 46 flashes per second. The peak annual flash rate at 0.5 deg scale is 160 fl/square km/yr in eastern Congo. The peak monthly average flash rate at 2.5 scale is 18 fl/square km/mo, from early April to early May in the Brahmaputra Valley of far eastern India. Lightning decreases in this region during the monsoon season, but increases further north and west. A monthly average peak from early August to early September in northern Pakistan also exceeds any monthly averages from Africa, despite central Africa having the greatest yearly average. Most continental regions away from the equator have an annual cycle with lightning flash rates peaking in late spring or summer. The main exceptions are India and southeast Asia, with springtime peaks in April and May. For landmasses near the equator, flash rates peak near the equinoxes. For many oceanic regions, the peak flash rates occur in autumn. This is particularly noticeable for the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. Landmasses have a strong diurnal cycle of lightning, with flash rates generally peaking between 3-5 pm local solar time. The central United States flash rates peak later, in late evening or early night. Flash rates peak after midnight in northern Argentina. These regions are known for large, intense, long-lived mesoscale convective systems.

  7. Analysis and calculation of lightning-induced voltages in aircraft electrical circuits

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Plumer, J. A.

    1974-01-01

    Techniques to calculate the transfer functions relating lightning-induced voltages in aircraft electrical circuits to aircraft physical characteristics and lightning current parameters are discussed. The analytical work was carried out concurrently with an experimental program of measurements of lightning-induced voltages in the electrical circuits of an F89-J aircraft. A computer program, ETCAL, developed earlier to calculate resistive and inductive transfer functions is refined to account for skin effect, providing results more valid over a wider range of lightning waveshapes than formerly possible. A computer program, WING, is derived to calculate the resistive and inductive transfer functions between a basic aircraft wing and a circuit conductor inside it. Good agreement is obtained between transfer inductances calculated by WING and those reduced from measured data by ETCAL. This computer program shows promise of expansion to permit eventual calculation of potential lightning-induced voltages in electrical circuits of complete aircraft in the design stage.

  8. Investigating lightning-to-ionosphere energy coupling based on VLF lightning propagation characterization

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lay, Erin Hoffmann

    In this dissertation, the capabilities of the World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) are analyzed in order to study the interactions of lightning energy with the lower ionosphere. WWLLN is the first global ground-based lightning location network and the first lightning detection network that continuously monitors lightning around the world in real time. For this reason, a better characterization of the WWLLN could allow many global atmospheric science problems to be addressed, including further investigation into the global electric circuit and global mapping of regions of the lower ionosphere likely to be impacted by strong lightning and transient luminous events. This dissertation characterizes the World-Wide Location Network (WWLLN) in terms of detection efficiency, location and timing accuracy, and lightning type. This investigation finds excellent timing and location accuracy for WWLLN. It provides the first experimentally-determined estimate of relative global detection efficiency that is used to normalize lightning counts based on location. These normalized global lightning data from the WWLLN are used to map intense storm regions around the world with high time and spatial resolution as well as to provide information on energetic emissions known as elves and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs). This dissertation also improves WWLLN by developing a procedure to provide the first estimate of relative lightning stroke radiated energy in the 1-24 kHz frequency range by a global lightning detection network. These characterizations and improvements to WWLLN are motivated by the desire to use WWLLN data to address the problem of lightning-to-ionosphere energy coupling. Therefore, WWLLN stroke rates are used as input to a model, developed by Professor Mengu Cho at the Kyushu Institute of Technology in Japan, that describes the non-linear effect of lightning electromagnetic pulses (EMP) on the ionosphere by accumulating electron density changes resulting

  9. Direct-strike lightning photographs, swept-flash attachment patterns, and flight conditions for storm hazards 1982

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Zaepfel, K. P.; Fisher, B. D.; Ott, M. S.

    1985-01-01

    As part of the NASA Langley Research Center Storm Hazards Program, 241 thunderstorm penetrations were made in 1982 with an F-106B airplane in order to record direct-strike lightning data and the associated flight conditions. During these penetrations, the airplane received 156 direct lightning strikes; in addition, lightning transient data were recorded from 26 nearby lightning flashes. The tests were conducted within 150 nautical miles of Hampton, Virginia, assisted by ground-based weather-radar guidance from the NASA Wallops Flight Facility. The photographs of the lightning attachments taken from two onboard 16-mm color movie cameras and the associated strike attachment patterns are presented. A table of the flight conditions recorded at the time of each lightning event, and a table in which the data are cross-referenced with the previously published lightning electromagnetic waveform data are included.

  10. What Initiates Lightning?

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    None

    Lightning is an energetic electric discharge, creating a current that flows briefly within a cloud--or between a cloud and the ground--and heating the air to temperatures about five times hotter than the sun’s surface. But there’s a lot about lightning that’s still a mystery. Los Alamos National Laboratory is working to change that. Because lightning produces optical and radio frequency signals similar to those from a nuclear explosion, it’s important to be able to distinguish whether such signals are caused by lightning or a nuclear event. As part of the global security mission at Los Alamos, scientists use lightning tomore » help develop better instruments for nuclear test-ban treaty monitoring and, in the process, have learned a lot about lightning itself.« less

  11. The TETRA-II Experiment to Observe Terrestrial Gamma Flashes at Ground Level - Analysis of Nearby Thunderstorm Activity and Comparison with Lightning Data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Smith, D.; Adams, C.; Cherry, M. L.; Al-Nussirat, S.; Bai, S.; Banadaki, Y.; Bitzer, P. M.; Hoffman, J.; Khosravi, E.; Legault, M.; Orang, M.; Pleshinger, D. J.; Rodriguez, R.; Trepanier, J. C.; Sunda-Meya, A.; Zimmer, N.

    2017-12-01

    Terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) are millisecond bursts of high-energy electrons propagated within the atmosphere. An upgraded version of the TGF and Energetic Thunderstorm Rooftop Array (TETRA-II) consists of an array of BGO scintillators to detect TGFs from thunderstorms at ground-level in four locations: the campus of Louisiana State University (LSU) in Baton Rouge, Louisiana; the campus of the University of Puerto Rico at Utuado, Puerto Rico, in conjunction with the already existing Puerto Rico Lightning Detection Network (PRLDN) of radio receivers; the Centro Nacional de Metrologia de Panama (CENAMEP) in Panama City, Panama; and the Severe Weather Institute and Radar & Lightning Laboratories in Huntsville, Alabama. The original TETRA-I array of NaI scintillators at LSU detected 37 millisecond-scale bursts of gamma-rays at energies of 50 keV-2 MeV associated with nearby (< 8 km) thunderstorms. TETRA-II began operation in May 2016 and now has approximately an order of magnitude greater sensitivity to individual events than TETRA-I. The ability to observe ground-level bursts from close to the source allows an analysis of the storm cells producing these events. An analysis of storms associated with TETRA II gamma-ray events is provided using NEXRAD Level II base-reflectivity scans to determine specific storm features before, during, and after the occurrence of each event. Louisiana events appear to occur within most major thunderstorm types, in particular as the cell is transitioning into the dissipating stage of evolution.

  12. Lightning protection of a modern wind energy system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jaeger, D.

    Due to their considerable height and frequent location above flat terrain, wind energy systems may be struck by lightning, with two types of severe effects: the physical destruction of structurally and/or mechanically important elements, such as a rotor blade, or the damage or interruption of system electrical and electronic equipment. The GROWIAN II DEMO lightning protection program has undertaken the development of measures which in their sophistication and complexity approximate those for aircraft. These protective measures are applied to the carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composite rotor blades, the rotor bearing, and electrical circuitry installed within the wind turbine's nacelle.

  13. Science of Ball Lightning (Fire Ball)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ohtsuki, Yoshi-Hiko

    1989-08-01

    The Table of Contents for the full book PDF is as follows: * Organizing Committee * Preface * Ball Lightning -- The Continuing Challenge * Hungarian Ball Lightning Observations in 1987 * Nature of Ball Lightning in Japan * Phenomenological and Psychological Analysis of 150 Austrian Ball Lightning Reports * Physical Problems and Physical Properties of Ball Lightning * Statistical Analysis of the Ball Lightning Properties * A Fluid-Dynamical Model for Ball Lightning and Bead Lightning * The Lifetime of Hill's Vortex * Electrical and Radiative Properties of Ball Lightning * The Candle Flame as a Model of Ball Lightning * A Model for Ball Lightning * The High-Temperature Physico-Chemical Processes in the Lightning Storm Atmosphere (A Physico-Chemical Model of Ball Lightning) * New Approach to Ball Lightning * A Calculation of Electric Field of Ball Lightning * The Physical Explanation to the UFO over Xinjiang, Northern West China * Electric Reconnection, Critical Ionization Velocity, Ponderomotive Force, and Their Applications to Triggered and Ball Lightning * The PLASMAK™ Configuration and Ball Lightning * Experimental Research on Ball Lightning * Performance of High-Voltage Test Facility Designed for Investigation of Ball Lightning * List of Participants

  14. Total Lightning and Radar Storm Characteristics Associated with Severe Storms in Central Florida

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Goodman, Steven J.; Raghavan, Ravi; Ramachandran, Rahul; Buechler, Dennis; Hodanish, Stephen; Sharp, David; Williams, Earle; Boldi, Bob; Matlin, Anne; Weber, Mark

    1998-01-01

    A number of prior studies have examined the association of lightning activity with the occurrence of severe weather and tornadoes, in particular. High flash rates are often observed in tornadic storms (Taylor, 1973; Johnson, 1980; Goodman and Knupp, 1993) but not always. Taylor found that 23% of nontornadic storms and 1% of non-severe storms had sferics rates comparable to the tornadic storms. MacGorman (1993) found that storms with mesocyclones produced more frequent intracloud (IC) lightning than cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning. MacGorman (1993) and others suggest that the lightning activity accompanying tomadic storms will be dominated by intracloud lightning-with an increase in intracloud and total flash rates as the updraft increases in depth, size, and velocity. In a recent study, Perez et al. (1998) found that CG flash rates alone are too variable to be a useful predictor of (F4, F5) tornado formation. Studies of non-tomadic storms have also shown that total lightning flash rates track the updraft, with rates increasing as the updraft intensities and decreasing rapidly with cessation of vertical growth or downburst onset (Goodman et al., 1988; Williams et al., 1989). Such relationships result from the development of mixed phase precipitation and increased hydrometer collisions that lead to the efficient separation of charge. Correlations between updraft strength and other variables such as cloud-top height, cloud water mass, and hail size have also been observed.

  15. Long-Range Lightning Products for Short Term Forecasting of Tropical Cyclogenesis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Businger, S.; Pessi, A.; Robinson, T.; Stolz, D.

    2010-12-01

    This paper will describe innovative graphical products derived in real time from long-range lightning data. The products have been designed to aid in short-term forecasting of tropical cyclone development for the Tropical Cyclone Structure Experiment 2010 (TCS10) held over the western Pacific Ocean from 17 August to 17 October 2010 and are available online at http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/cgi-bin/pacnet/tcs10.pl. The long-range lightning data are from Vaisala’s Global Lightning Data 360 (GLD360) network and include time, location, current strength, polarity, and data quality indication. The products currently provided in real time include i. Infrared satellite imagery overlaid with lighting flash locations, with color indication of current strength and polarity (shades of blue for negative to ground and red for positive to ground). ii. A 15x15 degree storm-centered tile of IR imagery overlaid with lightning data as in i). iii. A pseudo reflectivity product showing estimates of radar reflectivity based on lightning rate - rain rate conversion derived from TRMM and PacNet data. iv. A lightning history product that plots each hour of lightning flash locations in a different color for a 12-hour period. v. Graphs of lightning counts within 50 or 300 km radius, respectively, of the storm center vs storm central sea-level pressure. vi. A 2-D graphic showing storm core lightning density along the storm track. The first three products above can be looped to gain a better understanding of the evolution of the lightning and storm structure. Examples of the graphics and their utility will be demonstrated and discussed. Histogram of lightning counts within 50 km of the storm center and graph of storm central pressure as a function of time.

  16. Lightning Physics and Effects

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Orville, Richard E.

    2004-03-01

    Lightning Physics and Effects is not a lightning book; it is a lightning encyclopedia. Rarely in the history of science has one contribution covered a subject with such depth and thoroughness as to set the enduring standard for years, perhaps even decades, to come. This contribution covers all aspects of lightning, including lightning physics, lightning protection, and the interaction of lightning with a variety of objects and systems as well as the environment. The style of writing is well within the ability of the technical non-expert and anyone interested in lightning and its effects. Potential readers will include physicists; engineers working in the power industry, communications, computer, and aviation industries; atmospheric scientists; geophysicists; meteorologists; atmospheric chemists; foresters; ecologists; physicians working in the area of electrical trauma; and, lastly, architects. This comprehensive reference volume contains over 300 illustrations, 70 tables with quantitative information, and over 6000 reference and bibliography entries.

  17. Probing HeII Reionization at z>3.5 with Resolved HeII Lyman Alpha Forest Spectra

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Worseck, Gabor

    2017-08-01

    The advent of GALEX and COS have revolutionized our view of HeII reionization, the final major phase transition of the intergalactic medium. COS spectra of the HeII Lyman alpha forest have confirmed with high confidence the high HeII transmission that signifies the completion of HeII reionization at z 2.7. However, the handful of z>3.5 quasars observed to date show a set of HeII transmission 'spikes' and larger regions with non-zero transmission that suggest HeII reionization was well underway by z=4. This is in striking conflict with predictions from state-of-the-art radiative transfer simulations of a HeII reionization driven by bright quasars. Explaining these measurements may require either faint quasars or more exotic sources of hard photons at z>4, with concomitant implications for HI reionization. However, many of the observed spikes are unresolved in G140L spectra and are significantly impacted by Poisson noise. Current data cannot reliably probe the ionization state of helium at z>3.5.We request 41 orbits to obtain science-grade G130M spectra of the two UV-brightest HeII-transmitting QSOs at z>3.5 to confirm and resolve their HeII transmission spikes as an unequivocal test of early HeII reionization. These spectra are complemented by recently obtained data from 8m telescopes: (1) Echelle spectra of the coeval HI Lya forest to map the underlying density field that modulates the HeII absorption, and (2) Our dedicated survey for foreground QSOs that may source the HeII transmission. Our recent HST programs revealed the only two viable targets to resolve the z>3.5 HeII Lyman alpha forest, and to conclusively solve this riddle.

  18. Absorption of gamma-ray photons in a vacuum neutron star magnetosphere: II. The formation of "lightnings"

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Istomin, Ya. N.; Sob'yanin, D. N.

    2011-10-01

    The absorption of a high-energy photon from the external cosmic gamma-ray background in the inner neutron star magnetosphere triggers the generation of a secondary electron-positron plasma and gives rise to a lightning—a lengthening and simultaneously expanding plasma tube. It propagates along magnetic fields lines with a velocity close to the speed of light. The high electron-positron plasma generation rate leads to dynamical screening of the longitudinal electric field that is provided not by charge separation but by electric current growth in the lightning. The lightning radius is comparable to the polar cap radius of a radio pulsar. The number of electron-positron pairs produced in the lightning in its lifetime reaches 1028. The density of the forming plasma is comparable to or even higher than that in the polar cap regions of ordinary pulsars. This suggests that the radio emission from individual lightnings can be observed. Since the formation time of the radio emission is limited by the lightning lifetime, the possible single short radio bursts may be associated with rotating radio transients (RRATs).

  19. Detection of Lightning-produced NOx by Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Israel

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yair, Y.; Shalev, S.; Saaroni, H.; Ziv, B.

    2011-12-01

    Lightning is the largest natural source for the production of nitrogen oxides (LtNOx) in the troposphere. Since NOx are greenhouse gases, it is important to know the global production rate of LtNOx for climate studies (present estimates range from 2 to 8 Tg per year) and to model its vertical distribution (Ott et al., 2010). One of the key factors for such an estimate is the yield of a single lightning flash, namely the number of molecules produced for each Joule of energy deposited along the lightning channel. We used lightning stroke data from the Israel Lightning Location System (ILLS) together with NOx data obtained from the national network of air quality monitoring stations operated by the Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection. Looking for the fingerprints of LtNOx in the general ambient concentrations, usually most affected by pollution from urban sources, we looked only for CG strokes occurring within a radius of 3 km from the location of an air-quality monitoring station. This lowered the number of relevant cases from 605,413 strokes detected in the 2004/5 through 2009/10 seasons to 1,897 strokes. We applied a threshold of > 60kA reducing the number of events to 35. The results showed that there was no consistent rising trend in the NOx concentrations in the hour following the lightning (the lifetime near the ground is expected to be a few hours; Zhang et al., 2003). However, when considering only those events when the prevailing wind was in the direction from the stroke location toward the sensor (7 cases), a clear increase of few ppb following the stroke was observed in 5 cases [see Fig.]. This increase is well correlated with the wind speed, suggesting an effective transport from the stroke location to the sensor. Weaker winds allow dilution and result in smaller observed increases of LtNOx. Separate analysis of additional 17 cases in which the strokes were located < 500 m from the monitoring station (with any peak current above 7 kA) showed no

  20. Lightning Burns and Electrical Trauma in a Couple Simultaneously Struck by Lightning

    PubMed Central

    Eyerly-Webb, Stephanie A.; Solomon, Rachele; Lee, Seong K.; Sanchez, Rafael; Carrillo, Eddy H.; Davare, Dafney L.; Kiffin, Chauniqua; Rosenthal, Andrew

    2017-01-01

    More people are struck and killed by lightning each year in Florida than any other state in the United States. This report discusses a couple that was simultaneously struck by lightning while walking arm-in-arm. Both patients presented with characteristic lightning burns and were admitted for hemodynamic monitoring, serum labs, and observation and were subsequently discharged home. Despite the superficial appearance of lightning burns, serious internal electrical injuries are common. Therefore, lightning strike victims should be admitted and evaluated for cardiac arrhythmias, renal injury, and neurological sequelae.

  1. How Lightning Works Inside Thunderstorms: A Half-Century of Lightning Studies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Krehbiel, P. R.

    2015-12-01

    Lightning is a fascinating and intriguing natural phenomenon, but the most interesting parts of lightning discharges are inside storms where they are obscured from view by the storm cloud. Although clouds are essentially opaque at optical frequencies, they are fully transparent at radio frequencies (RF). This, coupled with the fact that lightning produces prodigious RF emissions, has allowed us to image and study lightning inside storms using various RF and lower-frequency remote sensing techniques. As in all other scientific disciplines, the technology for conducting the studies has evolved to an incredible extent over the past 50 years. During this time, we have gone from having very little or no knowledge of how lightning operates inside storms, to being able to 'see' its detailed structure and development with an increasing degree of spatial and temporal resolution. In addition to studying the discharge processes themselves, lightning mapping observations provide valuable information on the electrical charge structure of storms, and on the mechanisms by which storms become strongly electrified. In this presentation we briefly review highlights of previous observations, focussing primarily on the long string of remote-sensing studies I have been involved in. We begin with the study of lightning charge centers of cloud-to-ground discharges in central New Mexico in the late 1960s and continue up to the present day with interferometric and 3-dimensional time-of-arrival VHF mapping observations of lightning in normally- and anomalously electrified storms. A particularly important aspect of the investigations has been comparative studies of lightning in different climatological regimes. We conclude with observations being obtained by a high-speed broadband VHF interferometer, which show in unprecedented detail how individual lightning discharges develop inside storms. From combined interferometer and 3-D mapping data, we are beginning to unlock nature's secrets

  2. Evidence for solar wind modulation of lightning

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Scott, C. J.; Harrison, R. G.; Owens, M. J.; Lockwood, M.; Barnard, L.

    2014-05-01

    The response of lightning rates over Europe to arrival of high speed solar wind streams at Earth is investigated using a superposed epoch analysis. Fast solar wind stream arrival is determined from modulation of the solar wind V y component, measured by the Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft. Lightning rate changes around these event times are determined from the very low frequency arrival time difference (ATD) system of the UK Met Office. Arrival of high speed streams at Earth is found to be preceded by a decrease in total solar irradiance and an increase in sunspot number and Mg II emissions. These are consistent with the high speed stream’s source being co-located with an active region appearing on the Eastern solar limb and rotating at the 27 d period of the Sun. Arrival of the high speed stream at Earth also coincides with a small (˜1%) but rapid decrease in galactic cosmic ray flux, a moderate (˜6%) increase in lower energy solar energetic protons (SEPs), and a substantial, statistically significant increase in lightning rates. These changes persist for around 40 d in all three quantities. The lightning rate increase is corroborated by an increase in the total number of thunder days observed by UK Met stations, again persisting for around 40 d after the arrival of a high speed solar wind stream. This result appears to contradict earlier studies that found an anti-correlation between sunspot number and thunder days over solar cycle timescales. The increase in lightning rates and thunder days that we observe coincides with an increased flux of SEPs which, while not being detected at ground level, nevertheless penetrate the atmosphere to tropospheric altitudes. This effect could be further amplified by an increase in mean lightning stroke intensity that brings more strokes above the detection threshold of the ATD system. In order to remove any potential seasonal bias the analysis was repeated for daily solar wind triggers occurring during the summer

  3. Lightning Instrumentation at KSC

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Colon, Jose L.; Eng, D.

    2003-01-01

    This report summarizes lightning phenomena with a brief explanation of lightning generation and lightning activity as related to KSC. An analysis of the instrumentation used at launching Pads 39 A&B for measurements of lightning effects is included with alternatives and recommendations to improve the protection system and upgrade the actual instrumentation system. An architecture for a new data collection system to replace the present one is also included. A novel architecture to obtain lightning current information from several sensors using only one high speed recording channel while monitoring all sensors to replace the actual manual lightning current recorders and a novel device for the protection system are described.

  4. A Comparison of Lightning Flashes as Observed by the Lightning Imaging Sensor and the North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bateman, M. G.; Mach, D. M.; McCaul, M. G.; Bailey, J. C.; Christian, H. J.

    2008-01-01

    The Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) aboard the TRMM satellite has been collecting optical lightning data since November 1997. A Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) that senses VHF impulses from lightning was installed in North Alabama in the Fall of 2001. A dataset has been compiled to compare data from both instruments for all times when the LIS was passing over the domain of our LMA. We have algorithms for both instruments to group pixels or point sources into lightning flashes. This study presents the comparison statistics of the flash data output (flash duration, size, and amplitude) from both algorithms. We will present the results of this comparison study and show "point-level" data to explain the differences. AS we head closer to realizing a Global Lightning Mapper (GLM) on GOES-R, better understanding and ground truth of each of these instruments and their respective flash algorithms is needed.

  5. The physics of lightning

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dwyer, Joseph R.; Uman, Martin A.

    2014-01-01

    Despite being one of the most familiar and widely recognized natural phenomena, lightning remains relatively poorly understood. Even the most basic questions of how lightning is initiated inside thunderclouds and how it then propagates for many tens of kilometers have only begun to be addressed. In the past, progress was hampered by the unpredictable and transient nature of lightning and the difficulties in making direct measurements inside thunderstorms, but advances in instrumentation, remote sensing methods, and rocket-triggered lightning experiments are now providing new insights into the physics of lightning. Furthermore, the recent discoveries of intense bursts of X-rays and gamma-rays associated with thunderstorms and lightning illustrate that new and interesting physics is still being discovered in our atmosphere. The study of lightning and related phenomena involves the synthesis of many branches of physics, from atmospheric physics to plasma physics to quantum electrodynamics, and provides a plethora of challenging unsolved problems. In this review, we provide an introduction to the physics of lightning with the goal of providing interested researchers a useful resource for starting work in this fascinating field. By what physical mechanism or mechanisms is lightning initiated in the thundercloud? What is the maximum cloud electric field magnitude and over what volume of the cloud? What, if any, high energy processes (runaway electrons, X-rays, gamma rays) are involved in lightning initiation and how? What is the role of various forms of ice and water in lightning initiation? What physical mechanisms govern the propagation of the different types of lightning leaders (negative stepped, first positive, negative dart, negative dart-stepped, negative dart-chaotic) between cloud and ground and the leaders inside the cloud? What is the physical mechanism of leader attachment to elevated objects on the ground and to the flat ground? What are the characteristics

  6. Characteristics of lightning flashes generating dancing sprites above thunderstorms

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Soula, Serge; Mlynarczyk, Janusz; Füllekrug, Martin; Pineda, Nicolau; Georgis, Jean-François; van der Velde, Oscar; Montanyà, Joan; Fabro, Ferran

    2017-04-01

    During the night of October 29-30, 2013, a low-light video camera at Pic du Midi (2877 m) in the French Pyrénées, recorded TLEs above a very active storm over the Mediterranean Sea. The minimum cloud top temperature reached -73˚ C at ˜1600 UTC while its cloud to ground (CG) flash rate reached ˜30 fl min-1. Some sprite events with long duration are classified as dancing sprites. We analyze in detail the temporal evolution and estimated location of sprite elements for two cases of these events. They consist in series of sprite sequences with a duration that exceeds 1 second. By associating the cloud structure, the lightning activity, the electric field radiated in a broad range of low frequencies and the current moment waveform of the lightning strokes, some findings are highlighted: (i) In each series, successive sprite sequences reflect the occurrence time and location of individual positive lightning strokes across the stratiform region. (ii) The longer time-delayed (> 20 ms) sprite elements correspond to the lower impulsive charge moment changes (iCMC) of the parent stroke (< 200 C km) and they are shifted few tens of kilometres from their SP+CG stroke. However, both short and long time-delayed sprite elements also occur after strokes that produce a large iCMC and that are followed by a continuing current. (iii) The long time-delayed sprite elements produced during the continuing current correspond to surges in the current moment waveform. They occur sometimes at an altitude apparently lower than the previous short time-delayed sprite elements, possibly because of the lowered altitude of the ionosphere potential. (iv) The largest and brightest sprite elements produce significant current signatures, visible when their delay is not too short (˜3-5 ms).

  7. High current lightning test of space shuttle external tank lightning protection system

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mumme, E.; Anderson, A.; Schulte, E. H.

    1977-01-01

    During lift-off, the shuttle launch vehicle (external tank, solid rocket booster and orbiter) may be subjected to a lightning strike. Tests of a proposed lightning protection method for the external tank and development materials which were subjected to simulated lightning strikes are described. Results show that certain of the high resistant paint strips performed remarkably well in diverting the 50 kA lightning strikes.

  8. 78 FR 67437 - Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, Directorate of Defense Trade Controls: Notifications to the...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-12

    ... improved Air Defense Ground Environment (ADGE) System for end-use by NATO. The United States government is... the Weapons Bay Door Drive System for all variants of the F-35 Lightning II aircraft. The United... support of the manufacture, assembly and installation of the Environmental Control System (ECS) used on...

  9. Situational Lightning Climatologies

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bauman, William; Crawford, Winifred

    2010-01-01

    Research has revealed distinct spatial and temporal distributions of lightning occurrence that are strongly influenced by large-scale atmospheric flow regimes. It was believed there were two flow systems, but it has been discovered that actually there are seven distinct flow regimes. The Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU) has recalculated the lightning climatologies for the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF), and the eight airfields in the National Weather Service in Melbourne (NWS MLB) County Warning Area (CWA) using individual lightning strike data to improve the accuracy of the climatologies. The software determines the location of each CG lightning strike with 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-nmi (.9.3-, 18.5-, 37-, 55.6-km) radii from each airfield. Each CG lightning strike is binned at 1-, 3-, and 6-hour intervals at each specified radius. The software merges the CG lightning strike time intervals and distance with each wind flow regime and creates probability statistics for each time interval, radii, and flow regime, and stratifies them by month and warm season. The AMU also updated the graphical user interface (GUI) with the new data.

  10. Lightning burns.

    PubMed

    Russell, Katie W; Cochran, Amalia L; Mehta, Sagar T; Morris, Stephen E; McDevitt, Marion C

    2014-01-01

    We present the case of a lightning-strike victim. This case illustrates the importance of in-field care, appropriate referral to a burn center, and the tendency of lightning burns to progress to full-thickness injury.

  11. Lightning in the Ionosphere with C/NOFS

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-08-25

    and Ion Whistler Mode Waves Observed in the Low Latitude Ionosphere, Burkholder , B. S.; McCarthy, M. P.; Jacobson, A. R.; Pfaff, R. F.; Holzworth, R...Technology (JTech) DOI: 10.1175/JTECH-D-11- 00047.1, V. 28, p. 1423, 2011. 4. Burkholder , B. S. M. L. Hutchins, A. R. Jacobson M. P. McCarthy R. F...From Burkholder et al, 2012) In Figure 6 we plot the amplitude squared of the lightning wave packet (proportional to the electric energy) as a

  12. Lightning Safety Tips and Resources

    MedlinePlus

    ... Safety Brochure U.S. Lightning Deaths in 2018 : 5 Youtube: Lightning Safety for the Deaf and Hard of ... for Hard of Hearing: jpg , high res png YouTube: Lightning Safety Tips Lightning Safety When Working Outdoors : ...

  13. Plotting Lightning-Stroke Data

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Tatom, F. B.; Garst, R. A.

    1986-01-01

    Data on lightning-stroke locations become easier to correlate with cloudcover maps with aid of new graphical treatment. Geographic region divided by grid into array of cells. Number of lightning strokes in each cell tabulated, and value representing density of lightning strokes assigned to each cell. With contour-plotting routine, computer draws contours of lightning-stroke density for region. Shapes of contours compared directly with shapes of storm cells.

  14. The North Alabama Lightning Warning Product

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Buechler, Dennis E.; Blakeslee, R. J.; Stano, G. T.

    2009-01-01

    The North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array NALMA has been collecting total lightning data on storms in the Tennessee Valley region since 2001. Forecasters from nearby National Weather Service (NWS) offices have been ingesting this data for display with other AWIPS products. The current lightning product used by the offices is the lightning source density plot. The new product provides a probabalistic, short-term, graphical forecast of the probability of lightning activity occurring at 5 min intervals over the next 30 minutes . One of the uses of the current lightning source density product by the Huntsville National Weather Service Office is to identify areas of potential for cloud-to-ground flashes based on where LMA total lightning is occurring. This product quantifies that observation. The Lightning Warning Product is derived from total lightning observations from the Washington, D.C. (DCLMA) and North Alabama Lightning Mapping Arrays and cloud-to-ground lightning flashes detected by the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). Probability predictions are provided for both intracloud and cloud-to-ground flashes. The gridded product can be displayed on AWIPS workstations in a manner similar to that of the lightning source density product.

  15. Infrasound Observations from Lightning

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Arechiga, R. O.; Johnson, J. B.; Edens, H. E.; Thomas, R. J.; Jones, K. R.

    2008-12-01

    To provide additional insight into the nature of lightning, we have investigated its infrasound manifestations. An array of three stations in a triangular configuration, with three sensors each, was deployed during the Summer of 2008 (July 24 to July 28) in the Magdalena mountains of New Mexico, to monitor infrasound (below 20 Hz) sources due to lightning. Hyperbolic formulations of time of arrival (TOA) measurements and interferometric techniques were used to locate lightning sources occurring over and outside the network. A comparative analysis of simultaneous Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) data and infrasound measurements operating in the same area was made. The LMA locates the sources of impulsive RF radiation produced by lightning flashes in three spatial dimensions and time, operating in the 60 - 66 MHz television band. The comparison showed strong evidence that lightning does produce infrasound. This work is a continuation of the study of the frequency spectrum of thunder conducted by Holmes et al., who reported measurements of infrasound frequencies. The integration of infrasound measurements with RF source localization by the LMA shows great potential for improved understanding of lightning processes.

  16. Development and application of linear and nonlinear methods for interpretation of lightning strikes to in-flight aircraft

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rudolph, Terence; Perala, Rodney A.; Easterbrook, Calvin C.; Parker, Steven L.

    1986-01-01

    Since 1980, NASA has been collecting direct strike lightning data by flying an instrumented F-106B aircraft into thunderstorms. The continuing effort to interpret the measured data is reported here. Both linear and nonlinear finite difference modeling techniques are applied to the problem of lightning triggered by an aircraft in a thunderstorm. Five different aircraft are analyzed to determine the effect of aircraft size and shape on lightning triggering. The effect of lightning channel impedance on aircraft response is investigated. The particle environment in thunderstorms and electric field enhancements by typical ice particles is also investigated.

  17. Lightning fatalities and injuries in Turkey

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tilev-Tanriover, Ş.; Kahraman, A.; Kadioğlu, M.; Schultz, D. M.

    2015-08-01

    A database of lightning-related fatalities and injuries in Turkey was constructed by collecting data from the Turkish State Meteorological Service, newspaper archives, European Severe Weather Database, and the internet. The database covers January 1930 to June 2014. In total, 742 lightning incidents causing human fatalities and injuries were found. Within these 742 incidents, there were 895 fatalities, 149 serious injuries, and 535 other injuries. Most of the incidents (89 %) occurred during April through September, with a peak in May and June (26 and 28 %) followed by July (14 %). Lightning-related fatalities and injuries were most frequent in the afternoon. Most of the incidents (86 %) occurred in rural areas, with only 14 % in the urban areas. Approximately, two thirds of the victims with known gender were male. Because of the unrepresentativeness of the historical data, determining an average mortality rate over a long period is not possible. Nevertheless, there were 31 fatalities (0.42 per million) in 2012, 26 fatalities (0.35 per million) in 2013, and 25 fatalities (0.34 per million) in 2014 (as of June). There were 36 injuries (0.49 per million) in each of 2012 and 2013, and 62 injuries (0.84 per million) in 2014 (as of June).

  18. Lightning fatalities and injuries in Turkey

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tilev-Tanriover, Ş.; Kahraman, A.; Kadioğlu, M.; Schultz, D. M.

    2015-03-01

    A database of lightning-related fatalities and injuries in Turkey was constructed by collecting data from the Turkish State Meteorological Service, newspaper archives, European Severe Weather Database, and the internet. The database covers January 1930 to June 2014. In total, 742 lightning incidents causing human fatalities and injuries were found. Within these 742 incidents, there were 895 fatalities, 149 serious injuries, and 535 other injuries. Most of the incidents (89%) occurred during April through September, with a peak in May and June (26 and 28 %) followed by July (14%). Lightning-related fatalities and injuries were most frequent in the afternoon. Most of the incidents (86%) occurred in the rural areas, with only 14% in the urban areas. Approximately, two thirds of the victims with known gender were male. Because of the unrepresentativeness of the historical data, determining an average mortality rate over a long period is not possible. Nevertheless, there were 31 fatalities (0.42 per million) in 2012, 26 fatalities (0.35 per million) in 2013, and 25 fatalities (0.34 per million) in 2014 (as of June). There were 36 injuries (0.49 per million) in each of 2012 and 2013, and 62 injuries (0.84 per million) in 2014 (as of June).

  19. A Lightning Safety Primer for Camps.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Attarian, Aram

    1992-01-01

    Provides the following information about lightning, which is necessary for camp administrators and staff: (1) warning signs of lightning; (2) dangers of lightning; (3) types of lightning injuries; (4) prevention of lightning injury; and (5) helpful training tips. (KS)

  20. Multivariate Statistical Inference of Lightning Occurrence, and Using Lightning Observations

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Boccippio, Dennis

    2004-01-01

    Two classes of multivariate statistical inference using TRMM Lightning Imaging Sensor, Precipitation Radar, and Microwave Imager observation are studied, using nonlinear classification neural networks as inferential tools. The very large and globally representative data sample provided by TRMM allows both training and validation (without overfitting) of neural networks with many degrees of freedom. In the first study, the flashing / or flashing condition of storm complexes is diagnosed using radar, passive microwave and/or environmental observations as neural network inputs. The diagnostic skill of these simple lightning/no-lightning classifiers can be quite high, over land (above 80% Probability of Detection; below 20% False Alarm Rate). In the second, passive microwave and lightning observations are used to diagnose radar reflectivity vertical structure. A priori diagnosis of hydrometeor vertical structure is highly important for improved rainfall retrieval from either orbital radars (e.g., the future Global Precipitation Mission "mothership") or radiometers (e.g., operational SSM/I and future Global Precipitation Mission passive microwave constellation platforms), we explore the incremental benefit to such diagnosis provided by lightning observations.

  1. Evidence for lightning on Venus

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Strangeway, R. J.

    1992-01-01

    Lightning is an interesting phenomenon both for atmospheric and ionospheric science. At the Earth lightning is generated in regions where there is strong convection. Lightning also requires the generation of large charge-separation electric fields. The energy dissipated in a lightning discharge can, for example, result in chemical reactions that would not normally occur. From an ionospheric point of view, lightning generates a broad spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. This radiation can propagate through the ionosphere as whistler mode waves, and at the Earth the waves propagate to high altitudes in the plasmasphere where they can cause energetic particle precipitation. The atmosphere and ionosphere of Venus are quite different from those on the Earth, and the presence of lightning at Venus has important consequences for our knowledge of why lightning occurs and how the energy is dissipated in the atmosphere and ionosphere. As discussed here, it now appears that lightning occurs in the dusk local time sector at Venus.

  2. Estimates of the Lightning NOx Profile in the Vicinity of the North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Koshak, William J.; Peterson, Harold S.; McCaul, Eugene W.; Blazar, Arastoo

    2010-01-01

    The NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Model (LNOM) is applied to August 2006 North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array (NALMA) data to estimate the (unmixed and otherwise environmentally unmodified) vertical source profile of lightning nitrogen oxides, NOx = NO + NO2. Data from the National Lightning Detection Network (Trademark) (NLDN) is also employed. This is part of a larger effort aimed at building a more realistic lightning NOx emissions inventory for use by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. Overall, special attention is given to several important lightning variables including: the frequency and geographical distribution of lightning in the vicinity of the NALMA network, lightning type (ground or cloud flash), lightning channel length, channel altitude, channel peak current, and the number of strokes per flash. Laboratory spark chamber results from the literature are used to convert 1-meter channel segments (that are located at a particular known altitude; i.e., air density) to NOx concentration. The resulting lightning NOx source profiles are discussed.

  3. Thunderclouds and Lightning Conductors

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Martin, P. F.

    1973-01-01

    Discusses the historical background of the development of lightning conductors, describes the nature of thunderclouds and the lightning flash, and provides a calculation of the electric field under a thundercloud. Also discussed are point discharge currents and the attraction theory of the lightning conductor. (JR)

  4. Lightning safety of animals.

    PubMed

    Gomes, Chandima

    2012-11-01

    This paper addresses a concurrent multidisciplinary problem: animal safety against lightning hazards. In regions where lightning is prevalent, either seasonally or throughout the year, a considerable number of wild, captive and tame animals are injured due to lightning generated effects. The paper discusses all possible injury mechanisms, focusing mainly on animals with commercial value. A large number of cases from several countries have been analyzed. Economically and practically viable engineering solutions are proposed to address the issues related to the lightning threats discussed.

  5. A simple lightning assimilation technique for improving retrospective WRF simulations.

    EPA Science Inventory

    Convective rainfall is often a large source of error in retrospective modeling applications. In particular, positive rainfall biases commonly exist during summer months due to overactive convective parameterizations. In this study, lightning assimilation was applied in the Kain-F...

  6. [Lightning strikes and lightning injuries in prehospital emergency medicine. Relevance, results, and practical implications].

    PubMed

    Hinkelbein, J; Spelten, O; Wetsch, W A

    2013-01-01

    Up to 32.2% of patients in a burn center suffer from electrical injuries. Of these patients, 2-4% present with lightning injuries. In Germany, approximately 50 people per year are injured by a lightning strike and 3-7 fatally. Typically, people involved in outdoor activities are endangered and affected. A lightning strike usually produces significantly higher energy doses as compared to those in common electrical injuries. Therefore, injury patterns vary significantly. Especially in high voltage injuries and lightning injuries, internal injuries are of special importance. Mortality ranges between 10 and 30% after a lightning strike. Emergency medical treatment is similar to common electrical injuries. Patients with lightning injuries should be transported to a regional or supraregional trauma center. In 15% of all cases multiple people may be injured. Therefore, it is of outstanding importance to create emergency plans and evacuation plans in good time for mass gatherings endangered by possible lightning.

  7. Lightning Jump Algorithm Development for the GOES·R Geostationary Lightning Mapper

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Schultz. E.; Schultz. C.; Chronis, T.; Stough, S.; Carey, L.; Calhoun, K.; Ortega, K.; Stano, G.; Cecil, D.; Bateman, M.; hide

    2014-01-01

    Current work on the lightning jump algorithm to be used in GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM)'s data stream is multifaceted due to the intricate interplay between the storm tracking, GLM proxy data, and the performance of the lightning jump itself. This work outlines the progress of the last year, where analysis and performance of the lightning jump algorithm with automated storm tracking and GLM proxy data were assessed using over 700 storms from North Alabama. The cases analyzed coincide with previous semi-objective work performed using total lightning mapping array (LMA) measurements in Schultz et al. (2011). Analysis shows that key components of the algorithm (flash rate and sigma thresholds) have the greatest influence on the performance of the algorithm when validating using severe storm reports. Automated objective analysis using the GLM proxy data has shown probability of detection (POD) values around 60% with false alarm rates (FAR) around 73% using similar methodology to Schultz et al. (2011). However, when applying verification methods similar to those employed by the National Weather Service, POD values increase slightly (69%) and FAR values decrease (63%). The relationship between storm tracking and lightning jump has also been tested in a real-time framework at NSSL. This system includes fully automated tracking by radar alone, real-time LMA and radar observations and the lightning jump. Results indicate that the POD is strong at 65%. However, the FAR is significantly higher than in Schultz et al. (2011) (50-80% depending on various tracking/lightning jump parameters) when using storm reports for verification. Given known issues with Storm Data, the performance of the real-time jump algorithm is also being tested with high density radar and surface observations from the NSSL Severe Hazards Analysis & Verification Experiment (SHAVE).

  8. Produce documents and media information. [on lightning

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Alzmann, Melanie A.; Miller, G.A.

    1994-01-01

    Lightning data and information were collected from the United States, Germany, France, Brazil, China, and Australia for the dual purposes of compiling a global lightning data base and producing publications on the Marshall Space Flight Center's lightning program. Research covers the history of lightning, the characteristics of a storm, types of lightningdischarges, observations from airplanes and spacecraft, the future fole of planes and spacecraft in lightning studies, lightning detection networks, and the relationships between lightning and rainfall. Descriptions of the Optical Transient Dectector, the Lightning Imaging Sensor, and the Lightning Mapper Sensor are included.

  9. Lightning Phenomenology

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kawasaki, Zen

    This paper presents a phenomenological idea about lightning flash to share the back ground understanding for this special issue. Lightning discharges are one of the terrible phenomena, and Benjamin Franklin has led this natural phenomenon to the stage of scientific investigation. Technical aspects like monitoring and location are also summarized in this article.

  10. VLF long-range lightning location using the arrival time difference technique (ATD)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ierkic, H. Mario

    1996-01-01

    A new network of VLF receiving systems is currently being developed in the USA to support NASA's Tropical Rain Measuring Mission (TRMM). The new network will be deployed in the east coast of the US, including Puerto Rico, and will be operational in late 1995. The system should give affordable, near real-time, accurate lightning locating capabilities at long ranges and with extended coverage. It is based on the Arrival Time Difference (ATD) method of Lee (1986; 1990). The ATD technique is based on the estimation of the time of arrival of sferics detected over an 18 kHz bandwith. The ground system results will be compared and complemented with satellite optical measurements gathered with the already operational Optical Transient Detector (OTD) instrument and in due course with its successor the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). Lightning observations are important to understand atmospheric electrification phenomena, discharge processes, associated phenomena on earth (e.g. whistlers, explosive Spread-F) and other planets. In addition, lightning is a conspicuous indicator of atmospheric activity whose potential is just beginning to be recognized and utilized. On more prosaic grounds, lightning observations are important for protection of life, property and services.

  11. Number of lightning discharges causing damage to lightning arrester cables for aerial transmission lines in power systems

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Nikiforov, E. P.

    2009-07-15

    Damage by lightning discharges to lightning arrester cables for 110-175 kV aerial transmission lines is analyzed using data from power systems on incidents with aerial transmission lines over a ten year operating period (1997-2006). It is found that failures of lightning arrester cables occur when a tensile force acts on a cable heated to the melting point by a lightning current. The lightning currents required to heat a cable to this extent are greater for larger cable cross sections. The probability that a lightning discharge will develop decreases as the amplitude of the lightning current increases, which greatly reduces themore » number of lightning discharges which damage TK-70 cables compared to TK-50 cables. In order to increase the reliability of lightning arrester cables for 110 kV aerial transmission lines, TK-70 cables should be used in place of TK-50 cables. The number of lightning discharges per year which damage lightning arrester cables is lowered when the density of aerial transmission lines is reduced within the territory of electrical power systems. An approximate relationship between these two parameters is obtained.« less

  12. Estimates of the Lightning NOx Profile in the Vicinity of the North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Koshak, William J.; Peterson, Harold

    2010-01-01

    The NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Model (LNOM) is applied to August 2006 North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) data to estimate the raw (i.e., unmixed and otherwise environmentally unmodified) vertical profile of lightning nitrogen oxides, NOx = NO + NO 2 . This is part of a larger effort aimed at building a more realistic lightning NOx emissions inventory for use by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. Data from the National Lightning Detection Network TM (NLDN) is also employed. Overall, special attention is given to several important lightning variables including: the frequency and geographical distribution of lightning in the vicinity of the LMA network, lightning type (ground or cloud flash), lightning channel length, channel altitude, channel peak current, and the number of strokes per flash. Laboratory spark chamber results from the literature are used to convert 1-meter channel segments (that are located at a particular known altitude; i.e., air density) to NOx concentration. The resulting raw NOx profiles are discussed.

  13. Measuring Method for Lightning Channel Temperature.

    PubMed

    Li, X; Zhang, J; Chen, L; Xue, Q; Zhu, R

    2016-09-26

    In this paper, we demonstrate the temperature of lightning channel utilizing the theory of lightning spectra and the model of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). The impulse current generator platform (ICGS) was used to simulate the lightning discharge channel, and the spectral energy of infrared spectroscopy (930 nm) and the visible spectroscopy (648.2 nm) of the simulated lightning has been calculated. Results indicate that the peaks of luminous intensity of both infrared and visible spectra increase with the lightning current intensity in range of 5-50 kA. Based on the results, the temperature of the lightning channel is derived to be 6140.8-10424 K. Moreover, the temperature of the channel is approximately exponential to the lightning current intensity, which shows good agreement with that of the natural lightning cases.

  14. Measuring Method for Lightning Channel Temperature

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, X.; Zhang, J.; Chen, L.; Xue, Q.; Zhu, R.

    2016-09-01

    In this paper, we demonstrate the temperature of lightning channel utilizing the theory of lightning spectra and the model of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). The impulse current generator platform (ICGS) was used to simulate the lightning discharge channel, and the spectral energy of infrared spectroscopy (930 nm) and the visible spectroscopy (648.2 nm) of the simulated lightning has been calculated. Results indicate that the peaks of luminous intensity of both infrared and visible spectra increase with the lightning current intensity in range of 5-50 kA. Based on the results, the temperature of the lightning channel is derived to be 6140.8-10424 K. Moreover, the temperature of the channel is approximately exponential to the lightning current intensity, which shows good agreement with that of the natural lightning cases.

  15. Storm hazards '79: F-106B operations summary

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Fisher, B. D.; Keyser, G. L., Jr.; Deal, P. L.; Thomas, M. E.; Pitts, F. L.

    1980-01-01

    Preliminary flight tests with a F-106B aircraft were made on the periphery of isolated thunder cells using weather radar support. In addition to storm hazards correlation research, a direct-strike lightning measurement experiment and an atmospheric chemistry experiment were conducted. Two flights were made to close proximity to lightning generating cumulonimbus clouds; however, no direct lightning strikes were experienced. Although no discernible lightning transients were recorded, many operational techniques were identified and established.

  16. Lightning attachment process to common buildings

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Saba, M. M. F.; Paiva, A. R.; Schumann, C.; Ferro, M. A. S.; Naccarato, K. P.; Silva, J. C. O.; Siqueira, F. V. C.; Custódio, D. M.

    2017-05-01

    The physical mechanism of lightning attachment to grounded structures is one of the most important issues in lightning physics research, and it is the basis for the design of the lightning protection systems. Most of what is known about the attachment process comes from leader propagation models that are mostly based on laboratory observations of long electrical discharges or from observations of lightning attachment to tall structures. In this paper we use high-speed videos to analyze the attachment process of downward lightning flashes to an ordinary residential building. For the first time, we present characteristics of the attachment process to common structures that are present in almost every city (in this case, two buildings under 60 m in São Paulo City, Brazil). Parameters like striking distance and connecting leaders speed, largely used in lightning attachment models and in lightning protection standards, are revealed in this work.Plain Language SummarySince the time of Benjamin Franklin, no one has ever recorded high-speed video images of a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> connection to a common building. It is very difficult to do it. Cameras need to be very close to the structure chosen to be observed, and long observation time is required to register one <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike to that particular structure. Models and theories used to determine the zone of protection of a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> rod have been developed, but they all suffer from the lack of field data. The submitted manuscript provides results from high-speed video observations of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> attachment to low buildings that are commonly found in almost every populated area around the world. The proximity of the camera and the high frame rate allowed us to see interesting details that will improve the understanding of the attachment process and, consequently, the models and theories used by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection standards. This paper also presents spectacular images and videos of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910023353','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910023353"><span>Global <span class="hlt">lightning</span> studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Goodman, Steven J.; Wright, Pat; Christian, Hugh; Blakeslee, Richard; Buechler, Dennis; Scharfen, Greg</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>The global <span class="hlt">lightning</span> signatures were analyzed from the DMSP Optical Linescan System (OLS) imagery archived at the National Snow and Ice Data Center. Transition to analysis of the digital archive becomes available and compare annual, interannual, and seasonal variations with other global data sets. An initial survey of the quality of the existing film archive was completed and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> signatures were digitized for the summer months of 1986 to 1987. The relationship is studied between: (1) global and regional <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity and rainfall, and (2) storm electrical development and environment. Remote sensing data sets obtained from field programs are used in conjunction with satellite/radar/<span class="hlt">lightning</span> data to develop and improve precipitation estimation algorithms, and to provide a better understanding of the co-evolving electrical, microphysical, and dynamical structure of storms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130001850','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130001850"><span>The Role of <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> in Controlling Interannual Variability of Tropical Tropospheric Ozone and OH and its Implications for Climate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Murray, Lee T.; Jacob, Daniel J.; Logan, Jennifer A.; Hudman, Rynda C.; Koshak, William J.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Nitrogen oxides (NO(x) = NO + NO2) produced by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> make a major contribution to the production of the dominant tropospheric oxidants (OH and ozone). These oxidants control the lifetime of many trace gases including long-lived greenhouse gases, and control the source-receptor relationship of inter-hemispheric pollutant transport. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is affected by meteorological variability, and therefore represents a potentially important tropospheric chemistry-climate feedback. Understanding how interannual variability (IAV) in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> affects IAV in ozone and OH in the recent past is important if we are to predict how oxidant levels may change in a future warmer climate. However, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> parameterizations for chemical transport models (CTMs) show low skill in reproducing even climatological distributions of flash rates from the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS) and the Optical Transient Detector (OTD) satellite instruments. We present an optimized regional scaling algorithm for CTMs that enables sufficient sampling of spatiotemporally sparse satellite <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data from LIS to constrain the spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability of tropical <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. We construct a monthly time series of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rates for 1998-2010 and <span class="hlt">35</span>degS-<span class="hlt">35</span>degN, and find a correlation of IAV in total tropical <span class="hlt">lightning</span> with El Nino. We use the IAV-constraint to drive a 9-year hindcast (1998-2006) of the GEOS-Chem 3D chemical transport model, and find the increased IAV in LNO(x) drives increased IAV in ozone and OH, improving the model fs ability to simulate both. Although <span class="hlt">lightning</span> contributes more than any other emission source to IAV in ozone, we find ozone more sensitive to meteorology, particularly convective transport. However, we find IAV in OH to be highly sensitive to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NO(x), and the constraint improves the ability of the model to capture the temporal behavior of OH anomalies inferred from observations of methyl chloroform and other gases. The sensitivity of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=The+AND+lightning&pg=2&id=EJ130237','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=The+AND+lightning&pg=2&id=EJ130237"><span>The <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Discharge</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Orville, Richard E.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>Correspondence of Benjamin Franklin provides authenticity to a historical account of early work in the field of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Present-day theories concerning the formation and propagation of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> are expressed and photographic evidence provided. (CP)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110015779','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110015779"><span>The 13 years of TRMM <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor: From Individual Flash Characteristics to Decadal Tendencies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Albrecht, R. I.; Goodman, S. J.; Petersen, W. A.; Buechler, D. E.; Bruning, E. C.; Blakeslee, R. J.; Christian, H. J.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>How often <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes the Earth has been the object of interest and research for decades. Several authors estimated different global flash rates using ground-based instruments, but it has been the satellite era that enabled us to monitor <span class="hlt">lightning</span> thunderstorm activity on the time and place that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> exactly occurs. Launched into space as a component of NASA s Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, in November 1997, the Lighting Imaging Sensor (LIS) is still operating. LIS detects total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> (i.e., intracloud and cloud-to-ground) from space in a low-earth orbit (<span class="hlt">35</span>deg orbit). LIS has collected <span class="hlt">lightning</span> measurements for 13 years (1998-2010) and here we present a fully revised and current total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> climatology over the tropics. Our analysis includes the individual flash characteristics (number of events and groups, total radiance, area footprint, etc.), composite climatological maps, and trends for the observed total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> during these 13 years. We have identified differences in the energetics of the flashes and/or the optical scattering properties of the storms cells due to cell-relative variations in microphysics and kinematics (i.e., convective or stratiform rainfall). On the climatological total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> maps we found a dependency on the scale of analysis (resolution) in identifying the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> maximums in the tropics. The analysis of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> trends observed by LIS from 1998 to 2010 in different temporal (annual and seasonal) and spatial (large and regional) scales, showed no systematic trends in the median to lower-end of the distributions, but most places in the tropics presented a decrease in the highest total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rates (higher-end of the distributions).</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2607583','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2607583"><span>Air traffic controller <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Spieth, M. E.; Kimura, R. L.; Schryer, T. D.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Andersen Air Force Base in Guam boasts the tallest control tower in the Air Force. In 1986, an air traffic controller was struck by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> as the bolt proceeded through the tower. Although he received only a backache, the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> left a hole with surrounding scorch marks on his fatigue shirt and his undershirt. The <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike also ignited a portion of the field lighting panel, which caused the runway lights to go out immediately. Lack of a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> rod is the most likely reason the controller was struck. Proper precautions against <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes can prevent such occupational safety hazards. PMID:7966436</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5036177','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5036177"><span>Measuring Method for <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Channel Temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Li, X.; Zhang, J.; Chen, L.; Xue, Q.; Zhu, R.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>In this paper, we demonstrate the temperature of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel utilizing the theory of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> spectra and the model of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). The impulse current generator platform (ICGS) was used to simulate the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge channel, and the spectral energy of infrared spectroscopy (930 nm) and the visible spectroscopy (648.2 nm) of the simulated <span class="hlt">lightning</span> has been calculated. Results indicate that the peaks of luminous intensity of both infrared and visible spectra increase with the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> current intensity in range of 5–50 kA. Based on the results, the temperature of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel is derived to be 6140.8–10424 K. Moreover, the temperature of the channel is approximately exponential to the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> current intensity, which shows good agreement with that of the natural <span class="hlt">lightning</span> cases. PMID:27665937</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA12575.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA12575.html"><span>First <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Flashes on Saturn</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-14</p> <p>NASA Cassini spacecraft captured the first <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes on Saturn. The storm that generated the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> lasted from January to October 2009, making it the longest-lasting <span class="hlt">lightning</span> storm known in the solar system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001922','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001922"><span>ENSO Related Interannual <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Variability from the Full TRMM LIS <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Climatology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Clark, Austin; Cecil, Daniel J.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>It has been shown that the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) contributes to inter-annual variability of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> production in the tropics and subtropics more than any other atmospheric oscillation. This study further investigated how ENSO phase affects <span class="hlt">lightning</span> production in the tropics and subtropics. Using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS) and the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) for ENSO phase, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data were averaged into corresponding mean annual warm, cold, and neutral 'years' for analysis of the different phases. An examination of the regional sensitivities and preliminary analysis of three locations was conducted using model reanalysis data to determine the leading convective mechanisms in these areas and how they might respond to the ENSO phases. These processes were then studied for inter-annual variance and subsequent correlation to ENSO during the study period to best describe the observed <span class="hlt">lightning</span> deviations from year to year at each location.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100039815','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100039815"><span>Objective <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Probability Forecasting for Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Phase III</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Crawford, Winifred C.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The AMU created new logistic regression equations in an effort to increase the skill of the Objective <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Forecast Tool developed in Phase <span class="hlt">II</span> (Lambert 2007). One equation was created for each of five sub-seasons based on the daily <span class="hlt">lightning</span> climatology instead of by month as was done in Phase <span class="hlt">II</span>. The assumption was that these equations would capture the physical attributes that contribute to thunderstorm formation more so than monthly equations. However, the SS values in Section 5.3.2 showed that the Phase III equations had worse skill than the Phase <span class="hlt">II</span> equations and, therefore, will not be transitioned into operations. The current Objective <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Forecast Tool developed in Phase <span class="hlt">II</span> will continue to be used operationally in MIDDS. Three warm seasons were added to the Phase <span class="hlt">II</span> dataset to increase the POR from 17 to 20 years (1989-2008), and data for October were included since the daily climatology showed <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurrence extending into that month. None of the three methods tested to determine the start of the subseason in each individual year were able to discern the start dates with consistent accuracy. Therefore, the start dates were determined by the daily climatology shown in Figure 10 and were the same in every year. The procedures used to create the predictors and develop the equations were identical to those in Phase <span class="hlt">II</span>. The equations were made up of one to three predictors. TI and the flow regime probabilities were the top predictors followed by 1-day persistence, then VT and Ll. Each equation outperformed four other forecast methods by 7-57% using the verification dataset, but the new equations were outperformed by the Phase <span class="hlt">II</span> equations in every sub-season. The reason for the degradation may be due to the fact that the same sub-season start dates were used in every year. It is likely there was overlap of sub-season days at the beginning and end of each defined sub-season in each individual year, which could very well affect equation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790010065','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790010065"><span>Space Shuttle <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Protection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Suiter, D. L.; Gadbois, R. D.; Blount, R. L.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>The technology for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection of even the most advanced spacecraft is available and can be applied through cost-effective hardware designs and design-verification techniques. In this paper, the evolution of the Space Shuttle <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Protection Program is discussed, including the general types of protection, testing, and anlayses being performed to assess the <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-transient-damage susceptibility of solid-state electronics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec25-581.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec25-581.pdf"><span>14 CFR 25.581 - <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Structure <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Protection § 25.581 <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection. (a) The airplane must be protected against catastrophic effects from <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. (b) For metallic... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection. 25.581 Section 25.581...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec25-581.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec25-581.pdf"><span>14 CFR 25.581 - <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Structure <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Protection § 25.581 <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection. (a) The airplane must be protected against catastrophic effects from <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. (b) For metallic... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection. 25.581 Section 25.581...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol1-sec25-581.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol1-sec25-581.pdf"><span>14 CFR 25.581 - <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Structure <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Protection § 25.581 <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection. (a) The airplane must be protected against catastrophic effects from <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. (b) For metallic... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection. 25.581 Section 25.581...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec25-581.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec25-581.pdf"><span>14 CFR 25.581 - <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Structure <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Protection § 25.581 <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection. (a) The airplane must be protected against catastrophic effects from <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. (b) For metallic... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection. 25.581 Section 25.581...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130014258','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130014258"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> NOx Statistics Derived by NASA <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Nitrogen Oxides Model (LNOM) Data Analyses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Koshak, William; Peterson, Harold</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>What is the LNOM? The NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Nitrogen Oxides Model (LNOM) [Koshak et al., 2009, 2010, 2011; Koshak and Peterson 2011, 2013] analyzes VHF <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array (LMA) and National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network(TradeMark) (NLDN) data to estimate the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> nitrogen oxides (LNOx) produced by individual flashes. Figure 1 provides an overview of LNOM functionality. Benefits of LNOM: (1) Does away with unrealistic "vertical stick" <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel models for estimating LNOx; (2) Uses ground-based VHF data that maps out the true channel in space and time to < 100 m accuracy; (3) Therefore, true channel segment height (ambient air density) is used to compute LNOx; (4) True channel length is used! (typically tens of kilometers since channel has many branches and "wiggles"); (5) Distinction between ground and cloud flashes are made; (6) For ground flashes, actual peak current from NLDN used to compute NOx from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> return stroke; (7) NOx computed for several other <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge processes (based on Cooray et al., 2009 theory): (a) Hot core of stepped leaders and dart leaders, (b) Corona sheath of stepped leader, (c) K-change, (d) Continuing Currents, and (e) M-components; and (8) LNOM statistics (see later) can be used to parameterize LNOx production for regional air quality models (like CMAQ), and for global chemical transport models (like GEOS-Chem).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820000305&hterms=thunderstorm+protection&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dthunderstorm%2Bprotection','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820000305&hterms=thunderstorm+protection&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dthunderstorm%2Bprotection"><span>The Design of <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Protection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>Engineering study guides design and monitoring of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. Design studies for project are collected in 150-page report, containing wealth of information on design of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection systems and on instrumentation for monitoring current waveforms of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strokes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800013448&hterms=Electromagnetic+Pulse&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DElectromagnetic%2BPulse','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800013448&hterms=Electromagnetic+Pulse&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DElectromagnetic%2BPulse"><span>Broadband electromagnetic sensors for aircraft <span class="hlt">lightning</span> research. [electromagnetic effects of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> on aircraft digital equipment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Trost, T. F.; Zaepfel, K. P.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>A set of electromagnetic sensors, or electrically-small antennas, is described. The sensors are designed for installation on an <span class="hlt">F</span>-106 research aircraft for the measurement of electric and magnetic fields and currents during a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike. The electric and magnetic field sensors mount on the aircraft skin. The current sensor mounts between the nose boom and the fuselage. The sensors are all on the order of 10 cm in size and should produce up to about 100 V for the estimated <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fields. The basic designs are the same as those developed for nuclear electromagnetic pulse studies. The most important electrical parameters of the sensors are the sensitivity, or equivalent area, and the bandwidth (or rise time). Calibration of sensors with simple geometries is reliably accomplished by a geometric analysis; all the sensors discussed possess geometries for which the sensitivities have been calculated. For the calibration of sensors with more complex geometries and for general testing of all sensors, two transmission lines were constructed to transmit known pulsed fields and currents over the sensors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820019046','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820019046"><span>Correlation of satellite <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observations with ground-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> experiments in Florida, Texas and Oklahoma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Edgar, B. C.; Turman, B. N.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Satellite observations of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> were correlated with ground-based measurements of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> from data bases obtained at three separate sites. The percentage of ground-based observations of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> that would be seen by an orbiting satellite was determined.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA614923','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA614923"><span>Utilizing Four Dimensional <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> and Dual-Polarization Radar to Develop <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Initiation Forecast Guidance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-03-26</p> <p>Electrification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3 <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Discharge ...charge is caused by falling graupel that is positively charged (Wallace and Hobbs 2006). 2.3 <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Discharge <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> occurs when the electric...emission of positive corona from the surface of precipitation particles, causing the electric field to become locally enhanced and supporting the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990009077','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990009077"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Characteristics and <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Strike Peak Current Probabilities as Related to Aerospace Vehicle Operations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Johnson, Dale L.; Vaughan, William W.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>A summary is presented of basic <span class="hlt">lightning</span> characteristics/criteria for current and future NASA aerospace vehicles. The paper estimates the probability of occurrence of a 200 kA peak <span class="hlt">lightning</span> return current, should <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike an aerospace vehicle in various operational phases, i.e., roll-out, on-pad, launch, reenter/land, and return-to-launch site. A literature search was conducted for previous work concerning occurrence and measurement of peak lighting currents, modeling, and estimating probabilities of launch vehicles/objects being struck by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. This paper presents these results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001961','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001961"><span>ENSO Related Inter-Annual <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Variability from the Full TRMM LIS <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Climatology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Clark, Austin; Cecil, Daniel</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) contributes to inter-annual variability of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> production more than any other atmospheric oscillation. This study further investigated how ENSO phase affects <span class="hlt">lightning</span> production in the tropics and subtropics using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS). <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> data were averaged into mean annual warm, cold, and neutral 'years' for analysis of the different phases and compared to model reanalysis data. An examination of the regional sensitivities and preliminary analysis of three locations was conducted using model reanalysis data to determine the leading convective mechanisms in these areas and how they might respond to the ENSO phases</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830001753','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830001753"><span>Laboratory modeling and analysis of aircraft-<span class="hlt">lightning</span> interactions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Turner, C. D.; Trost, T. F.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Modeling studies of the interaction of a delta wing aircraft with direct <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes were carried out using an approximate scale model of an <span class="hlt">F</span>-106B. The model, which is three feet in length, is subjected to direct injection of fast current pulses supplied by wires, which simulate the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel and are attached at various locations on the model. Measurements are made of the resulting transient electromagnetic fields using time derivative sensors. The sensor outputs are sampled and digitized by computer. The noise level is reduced by averaging the sensor output from ten input pulses at each sample time. Computer analysis of the measured fields includes Fourier transformation and the computation of transfer functions for the model. Prony analysis is also used to determine the natural frequencies of the model. Comparisons of model natural frequencies extracted by Prony analysis with those for in flight direct strike data usually show lower damping in the in flight case. This is indicative of either a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel with a higher impedance than the wires on the model, only one attachment point, or short streamers instead of a long channel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMAE33B0300C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMAE33B0300C"><span>Some of the ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observations could be phosphenes induced by energetic radiation from thunderstorms and <span class="hlt">lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cooray, G. K.; Cooray, G. V.; Dwyer, J. R.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p> phosphenes. The study shows that: (i) X-rays and relativistic electrons generated by the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> leaders are strong enough to induce phosphenes in a person located indoors during a direct <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike to a building. (<span class="hlt">ii</span>) Strong gamma ray busts at ground level produced by thunderstorms could release sufficient energy in the eye to induce phosphenes. (iii) If an air plane encounters the source of an ongoing gamma ray burst in a cloud, the energetic electrons penetrating the airplane during the encounter is strong enough to induce phosphenes in the passengers. It is suggested that some of the ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observations are phosphenes induced by energetic radiation from thunderstorms and <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. [1] Lipetz, L. E. (1955), The X-ray and radium phosphenes, British Journal of Ophthalmology, 39, pp. 577-598. [2] Fuglesang, C. (2007), Using the human eye to image space radiation or the history and status of the light flash phenomena, Nuclear Instruments and Physics Research A, vol. 580, pp. 861 - 865.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090037586','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090037586"><span>NASA Manned Launch Vehicle <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Protection Development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>McCollum, Matthew B.; Jones, Steven R.; Mack, Jonathan D.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Historically, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) relied heavily on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> avoidance to protect launch vehicles and crew from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> effects. As NASA transitions from the Space Shuttle to the new Constellation family of launch vehicles and spacecraft, NASA engineers are imposing design and construction standards on the spacecraft and launch vehicles to withstand both the direct and indirect effects of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. A review of current Space Shuttle <span class="hlt">lightning</span> constraints and protection methodology will be presented, as well as a historical review of Space Shuttle <span class="hlt">lightning</span> requirements and design. The Space Shuttle <span class="hlt">lightning</span> requirements document, NSTS 07636, <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Protection, Test and Analysis Requirements, (originally published as document number JSC 07636, <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Protection Criteria Document) was developed in response to the Apollo 12 <span class="hlt">lightning</span> event and other experiences with NASA and the Department of Defense launch vehicles. This document defined the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> environment, vehicle protection requirements, and design guidelines for meeting the requirements. The criteria developed in JSC 07636 were a precursor to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> standards. These SAE standards, along with Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA) DO-160, Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment, are the basis for the current Constellation <span class="hlt">lightning</span> design requirements. The development and derivation of these requirements will be presented. As budget and schedule constraints hampered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection design and verification efforts, the Space Shuttle elements waived the design requirements and relied on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> avoidance in the form of launch commit criteria (LCC) constraints and a catenary wire system for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection at the launch pads. A better understanding of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> environment has highlighted the vulnerability of the protection schemes and associated risk to the vehicle</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMAE12A..05A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMAE12A..05A"><span>Where are the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> hotspots on Earth?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Albrecht, R. I.; Goodman, S. J.; Buechler, D. E.; Blakeslee, R. J.; Christian, H. J., Jr.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The first <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observations from space date from the early 1960s and more than a dozen spacecraft orbiting the Earth have flown instruments that recorded <span class="hlt">lightning</span> signals from thunderstorms over the past 45 years. In this respect, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS), having just completed its mission (1997-2015), provides the longest and best total (intracloud and cloud-to-ground) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data base over the tropics.We present a 16 year (1998-2013) reprocessed data set to create very high resolution (0.1°) TRMM LIS total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> climatology. This detailed very high resolution climatology is used to identify the Earth's <span class="hlt">lightning</span> hotspots and other regional features. Earlier studies located the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> hotspot within the Congo Basin in Africa, but our very high resolution <span class="hlt">lightning</span> climatology found that the highest <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rate on Earth actually occurs in Venezuela over Lake Maracaibo, with a distinct maximum during the night. The higher resolution dataset clearly shows that similar phenomenon also occurs over other inland lakes with similar conditions, i.e., locally forced convergent flow over a warm lake surface which drives deep nocturnal convection. Although Africa does not have the top <span class="hlt">lightning</span> hotspot, it comes in a close second and it is the continent with the highest number of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> hotspots, followed by Asia, South America, North America, and Oceania. We also present climatological maps for local hour and month of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> maxima, along with a ranking of the highest five hundred <span class="hlt">lightning</span> maxima, focusing discussion on each continent's 10 highest <span class="hlt">lightning</span> maxima. Most of the highest continental maxima are located near major mountain ranges, revealing the importance of local topography in thunderstorm development. These results are especially relevant in anticipation of the upcoming availability of continuous total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observations from the Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping (GLM</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29073666','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29073666"><span>Trigeminal Neuralgia Following <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Injury.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>López Chiriboga, Alfonso S; Cheshire, William P</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> and other electrical incidents are responsible for more than 300 injuries and 100 deaths per year in the United States alone. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> strikes can cause a wide spectrum of neurologic manifestations affecting any part of the neuraxis through direct strikes, side flashes, touch voltage, connecting leaders, or acoustic shock waves. This article describes the first case of trigeminal neuralgia induced by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> injury to the trigeminal nerve, thereby adding a new syndrome to the list of possible <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-mediated neurologic injuries.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790021994','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790021994"><span>The feasibility of inflight measurement of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike parameters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Crouch, K. E.; Plumer, J. A.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>The appearance of nonmetallic structural materials and microelectronics in aircraft design has resulted in a need for better knowledge of hazardous environments such as <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and the effects these environments have on the aircraft. This feasibility study was performed to determine the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> parameters in the greatest need of clarification and the performance requirements of equipment necessary to sense and record these parameters on an instrumented flight research aircraft. It was found that electric field rate of change, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> currents, and induced voltages in aircraft wiring are the parameters of greatest importance. Flat-plate electric field sensors and resistive current shunts are proposed for electric field and current sensors, to provide direct measurements of these parameters. Six bit analog-to-digital signal conversion at a 5 nanosecond sampling rate, short-term storage of 85000 bits and long term storage of 5 x 10 to the 7th power bits of electric field, current and induced voltage data on the airplane are proposed, with readout and further analysis to be accomplished on the ground. A NASA <span class="hlt">F</span>-106B was found to be suitable for use as the research aircraft because it has a minimum number of possible <span class="hlt">lightning</span> attachment points, space for the necessary instrumentation, and appears to meet operational requirements. Safety considerations are also presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20817399','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20817399"><span>Industrial accidents triggered by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Renni, Elisabetta; Krausmann, Elisabeth; Cozzani, Valerio</p> <p>2010-12-15</p> <p>Natural disasters can cause major accidents in chemical facilities where they can lead to the release of hazardous materials which in turn can result in fires, explosions or toxic dispersion. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> strikes are the most frequent cause of major accidents triggered by natural events. In order to contribute towards the development of a quantitative approach for assessing <span class="hlt">lightning</span> risk at industrial facilities, <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-triggered accident case histories were retrieved from the major industrial accident databases and analysed to extract information on types of vulnerable equipment, failure dynamics and damage states, as well as on the final consequences of the event. The most vulnerable category of equipment is storage tanks. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> damage is incurred by immediate ignition, electrical and electronic systems failure or structural damage with subsequent release. Toxic releases and tank fires tend to be the most common scenarios associated with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes. Oil, diesel and gasoline are the substances most frequently released during <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-triggered Natech accidents. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983RvGSP..21..892W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983RvGSP..21..892W"><span>Planetary <span class="hlt">lightning</span> - Earth, Jupiter, and Venus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Williams, M. A.; Krider, E. P.; Hunten, D. M.</p> <p>1983-05-01</p> <p>The principal characteristics of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> on earth are reviewed, and the evidence for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> on Venus and Jupiter is examined. The mechanisms believed to be important to the electrification of terrestrial clouds are reviewed, with attention given to the applicability of some of these mechanisms to the atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter. The consequences of the existence of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> on Venus and Jupiter for their atmospheres and for theories of cloud electrification on earth are also considered. Since spacecraft observations do not conclusively show that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> does occur on Venus, it is suggested that alternative explanations for the experimental results be explored. Since Jupiter has no true surface, the Jovian <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes are cloud dischargaes. Observations suggest that Jovian <span class="hlt">lightning</span> emits, on average, 10 to the 10 J of optical energy per flash, whereas on earth <span class="hlt">lightning</span> radiates only about 10 to the 6th J per flash. Estimates of the average planetary <span class="hlt">lightning</span> rate on Jupiter range from 0.003 per sq km per yr to 40 per sq km per yr.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE41A..06S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE41A..06S"><span>Combining GOES-16 Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper with the ground based Earth Networks Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Network</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stock, M.; Lapierre, J. L.; Zhu, Y.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Recently, the Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM) began collecting optical data to locate <span class="hlt">lightning</span> events and flashes over the North and South American continents. This new instrument promises uniformly high detection efficiency (DE) over its entire field of view, with location accuracy on the order of 10 km. In comparison, Earth Networks Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Networks (ENTLN) has a less uniform coverage, with higher DE in regions with dense sensor coverage, and lower DE with sparse sensor coverage. ENTLN also offers better location accuracy, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> classification, and peak current estimation for their <span class="hlt">lightning</span> locations. It is desirable to produce an integrated dataset, combining the strong points of GLM and ENTLN. The easiest way to achieve this is to simply match located <span class="hlt">lightning</span> processes from each system using time and distance criteria. This simple method will be limited in scope by the uneven coverage of the ground based network. Instead, we will use GLM group locations to look up the electric field change data recorded by ground sensors near each GLM group, vastly increasing the coverage of the ground network. The ground waveforms can then be used for: improvements to differentiation between glint and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> for GLM, higher precision lighting location, current estimation, and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> process classification. Presented is an initial implementation of this type of integration using preliminary GLM data, and waveforms from ENTLN.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860065521&hterms=thunderstorm+protection&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dthunderstorm%2Bprotection','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860065521&hterms=thunderstorm+protection&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dthunderstorm%2Bprotection"><span><span class="hlt">F</span>-106 data summary and model results relative to threat criteria and protection design analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pitts, F. L.; Finelli, G. B.; Perala, R. A.; Rudolph, T. H.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The NASA <span class="hlt">F</span>-106 has acquired considerable data on the rates-of-change of electromagnetic parameters on the aircraft surface during 690 direct <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes while penetrating thunderstorms at altitudes ranging from 15,000 to 40,000 feet. These in-situ measurements have provided the basis for the first statistical quantification of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> electromagnetic threat to aircrat appropriate for determining <span class="hlt">lightning</span> indirect effects on aircraft. The data are presently being used in updating previous <span class="hlt">lightning</span> criteria and standards developed over the years from ground-based measurements. The new <span class="hlt">lightning</span> standards will, therefore, be the first which reflect actual aircraft responses measured at flight altitudes. The modeling technique developed to interpret and understand the direct strike electromagnetic data acquired on the <span class="hlt">F</span>-106 provides a means to model the interaction of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel with the <span class="hlt">F</span>-106. The reasonable results obtained with the model, compared to measured responses, yield confidence that the model may be credibly applied to other aircraft types and uses in the prediction of internal coupling effects in the design of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection for new aircraft.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920000497&hterms=faraday&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dfaraday','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920000497&hterms=faraday&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dfaraday"><span>Faraday Cage Protects Against <span class="hlt">Lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jafferis, W.; Hasbrouck, R. T.; Johnson, J. P.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Faraday cage protects electronic and electronically actuated equipment from <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Follows standard <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-protection principles. Whether <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes cage or cables running to equipment, current canceled or minimized in equipment and discharged into ground. Applicable to protection of scientific instruments, computers, radio transmitters and receivers, and power-switching equipment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850008037&hterms=cookbook&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dcookbook','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850008037&hterms=cookbook&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dcookbook"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> research: A user's lament</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Golub, C. N.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>As a user of devices and procedures for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection, the author is asking the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> research community for cookbook recipes to help him solve his problems. He is lamenting that realistic devices are scarce and that his mission does not allow him the time nor the wherewithal to bridge the gap between research and applications. A few case histories are presented. In return for their help he is offering researchers a key to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> technology--the use of the Eastern Test Range and its extensive resources as a proving ground for their experiment in the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> capital of the United States. A current example is given--a joint <span class="hlt">lightning</span> characterization project to take place there. Typical resources are listed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21143289-approach-lightning-overvoltage-protection-medium-voltage-lines-severe-lightning-areas','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21143289-approach-lightning-overvoltage-protection-medium-voltage-lines-severe-lightning-areas"><span>An Approach to the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Overvoltage Protection of Medium Voltage Lines in Severe <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Areas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Omidiora, M. A.; Lehtonen, M.</p> <p>2008-05-08</p> <p>This paper deals with the effect of shield wires on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> overvoltage reduction and the energy relief of MOV (Metal Oxide Varistor) arresters from direct strokes to distribution lines. The subject of discussion is the enhancement of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection in Finnish distribution networks where <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is most severe. The true index of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> severity in these areas is based on the ground flash densities and return stroke data collected from the Finnish meteorological institute. The presented test case is the IEEE 34-node test feeder injected with multiple <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strokes and simulated with the Alternative Transients Program/Electromagnetic Transients program (ATP/EMTP). Themore » response of the distribution line to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strokes was modeled with three different cases: no protection, protection with surge arresters and protection with a combination of shield wire and arresters. Simulations were made to compare the resulting overvoltages on the line for all the analyzed cases.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMAE31A0267Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMAE31A0267Z"><span>Statistical Patterns in Natural <span class="hlt">Lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zoghzoghy, F. G.; Cohen, M.; Said, R.; Inan, U. S.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Every day millions of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes occur around the globe but the understanding of this natural phenomenon is still lacking. Fundamentally, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is nature's way of destroying charge separation in clouds and restoring electric neutrality. Thus, statistical patterns of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity indicate the scope of these electric discharges and offer a surrogate measure of timescales for charge buildup in thunderclouds. We present a statistical method to investigate spatio-temporal correlations among <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes using National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network (NLDN) stroke data. By monitoring the distribution of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity, we can observe the charging and discharging processes in a given thunderstorm. In particular, within a given storm, the flashes do not occur as a memoryless random process. We introduce the No Flash Zone (NFZ) which results from the suppressed probability of two consecutive neighboring flashes. This effect lasts for tens of seconds and can extend up to 15 km around the location of the initial flash, decaying with time. This suppression effect may be a function of variables such as storm location, storm phase, and stroke peak current. We develop a clustering algorithm, Storm-Locator, which groups strokes into flashes, storm cells, and thunderstorms, and enables us to study <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and the NFZ in different geographical regions, and for different storms. The recursive algorithm also helps monitor the interaction among spatially displaced storm cells, and can provide more insight into the spatial and temporal impacts of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19482262','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19482262"><span>Ti<span class="hlt">F</span>(4) and Na<span class="hlt">F</span> at pH 1.2 but not at pH <span class="hlt">3.5</span> are able to reduce dentin erosion.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wiegand, Annette; Magalhães, Ana Carolina; Sener, Beatrice; Waldheim, Elena; Attin, Thomas</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>This study aimed to analyse and compare the protective effect of buffered (pH <span class="hlt">3.5</span>) and native (pH 1.2) Ti<span class="hlt">F</span>(4) in comparison to Na<span class="hlt">F</span> solutions of same pH on dentin erosion. Bovine samples were pretreated with 1.50% Ti<span class="hlt">F</span>(4) or 2.02% Na<span class="hlt">F</span> (both 0.48M <span class="hlt">F</span>) solutions, each with a pH of 1.2 and <span class="hlt">3.5</span>. The control group received no fluoride pretreatment. Ten samples in each group were eroded with HCl (pH 2.6) for 10x60s. Erosion was analysed by determination of calcium release into the acid. Additionally, the surface and the elemental surface composition were examined by scanning electron microscopy (two samples in each group) and X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy in fluoridated but not eroded samples (six samples in each group). Cumulative calcium release (nmol/mm(2)) was statistically analysed by repeated measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA at t=10min. Ti<span class="hlt">F</span>(4) and Na<span class="hlt">F</span> at pH 1.2 decreased calcium release significantly, while Ti<span class="hlt">F</span>(4) and Na<span class="hlt">F</span> at pH <span class="hlt">3.5</span> were not effective. Samples treated with Ti<span class="hlt">F</span>(4) at pH 1.2 showed a significant increase of Ti, while Na<span class="hlt">F</span> pretreatment increased <span class="hlt">F</span> concentration significantly. Ti<span class="hlt">F</span>(4) at pH 1.2 led to the formation of globular precipitates occluding dentinal tubules, which could not be observed on samples treated with Ti<span class="hlt">F</span>(4) at pH <span class="hlt">3.5</span>. Na<span class="hlt">F</span> at pH 1.2 but not at pH <span class="hlt">3.5</span> induced the formation of surface precipitates covering dentinal tubules. Dentin erosion can be significantly reduced by Ti<span class="hlt">F</span>(4) and Na<span class="hlt">F</span> at pH 1.2, but not at pH <span class="hlt">3.5</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7236988-lightning-protection-distribution-lines','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7236988-lightning-protection-distribution-lines"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection of distribution lines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>McDermott, T.E.; Short, T.A.; Anderson, J.G.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>This paper reports a study of distribution line <span class="hlt">lightning</span> performance, using computer simulations of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> overvoltages. The results of previous investigations are extended with a detailed model of induced voltages from nearby strokes, coupled into a realistic power system model. The paper also considers the energy duty of distribution-class surge arresters exposed to direct strokes. The principal result is that widely separated pole-top arresters can effectively protect a distribution line from induced-voltage flashovers. This means that nearby <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strokes need not be a significant <span class="hlt">lightning</span> performance problem for most distribution lines.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790006134','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790006134"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> current detector</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Livermore, S. F. (Inventor)</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>An apparatus for measuring the intensity of current produced in an elongated electrical conductive member by a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike for determining the intensity of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike is presented. The apparatus includes an elongated strip of magnetic material that is carried within an elongated tubular housing. A predetermined electrical signal is recorded along the length of said elongated strip of magnetic material. One end of the magnetic material is positioned closely adjacent to the electrically conductive member so that the magnetic field produced by current flowing through said electrically conductive member disturbs a portion of the recorded electrical signal directly proportional to the intensity of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA583441','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA583441"><span>Optimization of <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Warning Areas at Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>NUMBER 11 . SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the... 11   2.  Cloud-to-Ground <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>...26  Figure 11 .  Example 45 WS Phase I and Phase <span class="hlt">II</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=The+AND+lightning&pg=2&id=EJ610411','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=The+AND+lightning&pg=2&id=EJ610411"><span>Updated <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Safety Recommendations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Vavrek, R. James; Holle, Ronald L.; Lopez, Raul E.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Summarizes the recommendations of the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Safety Group (LSG), which was first convened during the 1998 American Meteorological Society Conference. Findings outline appropriate actions under various circumstances when <span class="hlt">lightning</span> threatens. (WRM)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFMAE42A..07O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFMAE42A..07O"><span>The Anthropogenic/<span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Effects Around Houston: The Houston Environmental Aerosol Thunderstorm (HEAT) Project - 2005</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Orville, R. E.</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p>A major field program will occur in summer 2005 to determine the sources and causes for the enhanced cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span> over Houston, Texas. This program will be in association with simultaneous experiments supported by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), formally the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC). Recent studies covering the period 1989-2002 document a 60 percent increase of cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in the Houston area as compared to surrounding background values, which is second in flash density only to the Tampa Bay, Florida area. We suggest that the elevated flash densities could result from several factors, including 1) the convergence due to the urban heat island effect and complex sea breeze (thermal hypothesis), and 2) the increasing levels of air pollution from anthropogenic sources producing numerous small cloud droplets and thereby suppressing mean droplet size (aerosol hypothesis). The latter effect would enable more cloud water to reach the mixed phase region where it is involved in the formation of precipitation and the separation of electric charge, leading to an enhancement of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. The primary goals of HEAT are to examine the effects of (1) pollution, (2) the urban heat island, and (3) the complex coastline on storms and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> characteristics in the Houston area. The transport of air pollutants by Houston thunderstorms will be investigated. In particular, the relative amounts of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-produced and convectively transported NOx into the upper troposphere will be determined, and a comparison of the different NOx sources in the urban area of Houston will be developed. The HEAT project is based on the observation that there is an enhancement in cloud-to-ground (CG) <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> (intracloud (IC) and CG) will be measured using a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> mapping system (LDAR <span class="hlt">II</span>) to observe if there is an enhancement in intracloud <span class="hlt">lightning</span> as well.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE33A2530H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE33A2530H"><span>Characteristics of the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Activities in Southwest China from Low-Earth Orbiting and Geostationary Satellites-, and Ground-based <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hui, W.; Huang, F.; Guo, Q.; Li, D.; Yao, Z.; Zou, W.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The development of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection technology accumulates a large amount of long-term data for investigating the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activities. Ground-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> networks provide continuous <span class="hlt">lightning</span> location but offer limited spatial coverage because of the complex underlying surface conditions. Space-based optical sensors can detect <span class="hlt">lightning</span> with global homogeneity. However, observing from satellites in low-earth orbit has fixed locations at the ground very shortly during its overpasses. The latest launched geostationary satellite-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> imagers can detect <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in real time, and provide complete life-cycle coverage of each observed thunderstorm. In this study, based on multi-source <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data, the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activities in southwest China, which with complex terrain and prone to appear <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, are researched. Firstly, the climatological characteristics of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activities in this region from 1998 to 2013 are analyzed by using very-high resolution (0.1°) <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS)-derived data. The results indicate that the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity is more intense in eastern and southern regions of southwest China than in western and northern regions; the monthly and hourly flash densities also show its obvious seasonal and diurnal variation respectively, which is consistent with the development of the convective systems in the region. The results show that the spatial and temporal distribution of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activities in southwest China is related to its topography, water vapor, and atmospheric conditions. Meanwhile, by comparing with the analysis derived data from Chinese Ground-based <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Location System, the LIS-based detection results are confirmed. Furthermore, the process of a thunderstorm in southwest China from 29 to 30 March 2017 is investigated by using the new-generation monitoring data of Chinese Fengyun-4 geostationary satellite-based <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Imager (LMI) and the rainfall data. The results tell us more about the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SGeo...34..731R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SGeo...34..731R"><span>Electromagnetic Methods of <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rakov, V. A.</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>Both cloud-to-ground and cloud <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges involve a number of processes that produce electromagnetic field signatures in different regions of the spectrum. Salient characteristics of measured wideband electric and magnetic fields generated by various <span class="hlt">lightning</span> processes at distances ranging from tens to a few hundreds of kilometers (when at least the initial part of the signal is essentially radiation while being not influenced by ionospheric reflections) are reviewed. An overview of the various <span class="hlt">lightning</span> locating techniques, including magnetic direction finding, time-of-arrival technique, and interferometry, is given. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> location on global scale, when radio-frequency electromagnetic signals are dominated by ionospheric reflections, is also considered. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> locating system performance characteristics, including flash and stroke detection efficiencies, percentage of misclassified events, location accuracy, and peak current estimation errors, are discussed. Both cloud and cloud-to-ground flashes are considered. Representative examples of modern <span class="hlt">lightning</span> locating systems are reviewed. Besides general characterization of each system, the available information on its performance characteristics is given with emphasis on those based on formal ground-truth studies published in the peer-reviewed literature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070038289&hterms=Geostationary&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DGeostationary','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070038289&hterms=Geostationary&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DGeostationary"><span>Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper for GOES-R</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Goodman, Steven; Blakeslee, Richard; Koshak, William</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM) is a single channel, near-IR optical detector, used to detect, locate and measure total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity over the full-disk as part of a 3-axis stabilized, geostationary weather satellite system. The next generation NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) series with a planned launch in 2014 will carry a GLM that will provide continuous day and night observations of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> from the west coast of Africa (GOES-E) to New Zealand (GOES-W) when the constellation is fully operational. The mission objectives for the GLM are to 1) provide continuous, full-disk <span class="hlt">lightning</span> measurements for storm warning and Nowcasting, 2) provide early warning of tornadic activity, and 3) accumulate a long-term database to track decadal changes of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. The GLM owes its heritage to the NASA <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (1997-Present) and the Optical Transient Detector (1995-2000), which were developed for the Earth Observing System and have produced a combined 11 year data record of global <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity. Instrument formulation studies begun in January 2006 will be completed in March 2007, with implementation expected to begin in September 2007. Proxy total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data from the NASA <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, airborne science missions (e.g., African Monsoon Multi-disciplinary Analysis, AMMA), and regional test beds (e.g, <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Arrays) are being used to develop the pre-launch algorithms and applications, and also improve our knowledge of thunderstorm initiation and evolution. Real time <span class="hlt">lightning</span> mapping data now being provided to selected forecast offices will lead to improved understanding of the application of these data in the severe storm warning process and accelerate the development of the pre-launch algorithms and Nowcasting applications. Proxy data combined with MODIS and Meteosat Second Generation SEVERI observations will also lead to new</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040170489&hterms=Atlantic+Forest&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DAtlantic%2BForest','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040170489&hterms=Atlantic+Forest&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DAtlantic%2BForest"><span>The GOES-R <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper Sensor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Buechler, Dennis; Christian, Hugh; Goodman, Steve</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper Sensor on GOES-R builds on previous measurements of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> from low earth orbit by the OTD (Optical Transient Detector) and LIS (<span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor) sensors. Unlike observations from low earth orbit, the GOES-R platform will allow continuous monitoring of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity over the Continental United States and southern Canada, Central and South America, and portions of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The LMS will detect total (cloud-to-ground and intracloud) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> at storm scale resolution (approx. 8 km) using a highly sensitive Charge Coupled Device (CCD) detector array. Discrimination between <span class="hlt">lightning</span> optical transients and a bright sunlit background scene is accomplished by employing spectral, spatial, and temporal filtering along with a background subtraction technique. The result is 24 hour detection capability of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. These total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observations can be made available to users within about 20 seconds. Research indicates a number of ways that total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observations from LMS could benefit operational activities, including 1) potential increases in lead times and reduced false alarms for severe thunderstorm and tornado Warnings, 2) improved routing of &rail around thunderstorms, 3) support for spacecraft launches and landings, 4) improved ability to monitor tropical cyclone intensity, 5) ability to monitor thunderstorm intensification/weakening during radar outages or where radar coverage is poor, 6) better identification of deep convection for the initialization of numerical prediction models, 7) improved forest fire forecasts, 8) identification of convective initiation, 9) identification of heavy convective snowfall, and 10) enhanced temporal resolution of storm evolution (1 minute) than is available from radar observations. Total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data has been used in an operational environment since July 2003 at the Huntsville, Alabama National Weather Service office. Total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> measurements are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910023326','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910023326"><span>Damage to metallic samples produced by measured <span class="hlt">lightning</span> currents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fisher, Richard J.; Schnetzer, George H.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>A total of 10 sample disks of 2024-T3 aluminum and 4130 ferrous steel were exposed to rocket-triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> currents at the Kennedy Space Center test site. The experimental configuration was arranged so that the samples were not exposed to the preliminary streamer, wire-burn, or following currents that are associated with an upward-initiated rocket-triggered flash but which are atypical of naturally initiated <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Return-stroke currents and continuing currents actually attaching to the sample were measured, augmented by close-up video recordings of approximately 3 feet of the channel above the sample and by 16-mm movies with 5-ms resolution. From these data it was possible to correlate individual damage spots with streamer, return-stroke, and continuing currents that produced them. Substantial penetration of 80-mil aluminum was produced by a continuing current of submedian amplitude and duration, and full penetration of a <span class="hlt">35</span>-mil steel sample occurred under an eightieth percentile continuing current. The primary purpose of the data acquired in these experiments is for use in improving and quantifying the fidelity of laboratory simulations of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> burnthrough.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE42A..01C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE42A..01C"><span>Fifty Years of <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Observations from Space</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Christian, H. J., Jr.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Some of the earliest satellites, starting with OSO (1965), ARIEL (1967), and RAE (1968), detected <span class="hlt">lightning</span> using either optical and RF sensors, although that was not their intent. One of the earliest instruments designed to detect <span class="hlt">lightning</span> was the PBE (1977). The use of space to study <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity has exploded since these early days. The advent of focal-plane imaging arrays made it possible to develop high performance optical <span class="hlt">lightning</span> sensors. Prior to the use of charged-coupled devices (CCD), most space-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> sensors used only a few photo-diodes, which limited the location accuracy and detection efficiency (DE) of the instruments. With CCDs, one can limit the field of view of each detector (pixel), and thus improve the signal to noise ratio over single-detectors that summed the light reflected from many clouds with the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> produced by a single cloud. This pixelization enabled daytime DE to increase from a few percent to close to 90%. The OTD (1995), and the LIS (1997), were the first <span class="hlt">lightning</span> sensors to utilize focal-plane arrays. Together they detected global <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity for more than twenty years, providing the first detailed information on the distribution of global <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and its variability. The FORTE satellite was launched shortly after LIS, and became the first dedicated satellite to simultaneously measure RF and optical <span class="hlt">lightning</span> emissions. It too used a CCD focal plane to detect and locate <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. In November 2016, the GLM became the first <span class="hlt">lightning</span> instrument in geostationary orbit. Shortly thereafter, China placed its GLI in orbit. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> sensors in geostationary orbit significantly increase the value of space-based observations. For the first time, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity can be monitored continuously, over large areas of the Earth with high, uniform DE and location accuracy. In addition to observing standard <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, a number of sensors have been placed in orbit to detect transient luminous events and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840005664','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840005664"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> mapper sensor design study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Eaton, L. R.; Poon, C. W.; Shelton, J. C.; Laverty, N. P.; Cook, R. D.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>World-wide continuous measurement of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> location, intensity, and time during both day and night is to be provided by the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (LITMAP) instrument. A technology assessment to determine if the LITMAP requirements can be met using existing sensor and electronic technologies is presented. The baseline concept discussed in this report is a compromise among a number of opposing requirements (e.g., ground resolution versus array size; large field of view versus narrow bandpass filter). The concept provides coverage for more than 80 percent of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> events as based on recent above-cloud NASA/U2 <span class="hlt">lightning</span> measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20764570-bead-lightning-formation','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20764570-bead-lightning-formation"><span>Bead <span class="hlt">lightning</span> formation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ludwig, G.O.; Saba, M.M.F.; Division of Space Geophysics, National Space Research Institute, 12227-010, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP</p> <p>2005-09-15</p> <p>Formation of beaded structures in triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges is considered in the framework of both magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and hydrodynamic instabilities. It is shown that the space periodicity of the structures can be explained in terms of the kink and sausage type instabilities in a cylindrical discharge with anomalous viscosity. In particular, the fast growth rate of the hydrodynamic Rayleigh-Taylor instability, which is driven by the backflow of air into the channel of the decaying return stroke, dominates the initial evolution of perturbations during the decay of the return current. This instability is responsible for a significant enhancement of the anomalousmore » viscosity above the classical level. Eventually, the damping introduced at the current channel edge by the high level of anomalous viscous stresses defines the final length scale of bead <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Later, during the continuing current stage of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash, the MHD pinch instability persists, although with a much smaller growth rate that can be enhanced in a M-component event. The combined effect of these instabilities may explain various aspects of bead <span class="hlt">lightning</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15777170','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15777170"><span>Modern concepts of treatment and prevention of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> injuries.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Edlich, Richard F; Farinholt, Heidi-Marie A; Winters, Kathryne L; Britt, L D; Long, William B</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is the second most common cause of weather-related death in the United States. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is a natural atmospheric discharge that occurs between regions of net positive and net negative electric charges. There are several types of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, including streak <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, sheet <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, ribbon <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, bead <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, and ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> causes injury through five basic mechanisms: direct strike, flash discharge (splash), contact, ground current (step voltage), and blunt trauma. While persons struck by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> show evidence of multisystem derangement, the most dramatic effects involve the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. Cardiopulmonary arrest is the most common cause of death in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> victims. Immediate resuscitation of people struck by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> greatly affects the prognosis. Electrocardiographic changes observed following <span class="hlt">lightning</span> accidents are probably from primary electric injury or burns of the myocardium without coronary artery occlusion. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> induces vasomotor spasm from direct sympathetic stimulation resulting in severe loss of pulses in the extremities. This vasoconstriction may be associated with transient paralysis. Damage to the central nervous system accounts for the second most debilitating group of injuries. Central nervous system injuries from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> include amnesia and confusion, immediate loss of consciousness, weakness, intracranial injuries, and even brief aphasia. Other organ systems injured by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> include the eye, ear, gastrointestinal system, skin, and musculoskeletal system. The best treatment of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> injuries is prevention. The <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Safety Guidelines devised by the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Safety Group should be instituted in the United States and other nations to prevent these devastating injuries.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70039773','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70039773"><span>Combining satellite-based fire observations and ground-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detections to identify <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fires across the conterminous USA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Bar-Massada, A.; Hawbaker, T.J.; Stewart, S.I.; Radeloff, V.C.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> fires are a common natural disturbance in North America, and account for the largest proportion of the area burned by wildfires each year. Yet, the spatiotemporal patterns of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fires in the conterminous US are not well understood due to limitations of existing fire databases. Our goal here was to develop and test an algorithm that combined MODIS fire detections with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detections from the National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network to identify <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fires across the conterminous US from 2000 to 2008. The algorithm searches for spatiotemporal conjunctions of MODIS fire clusters and NLDN detected <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes, given a spatiotemporal lag between <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike and fire ignition. The algorithm revealed distinctive spatial patterns of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fires in the conterminous US While a sensitivity analysis revealed that the algorithm is highly sensitive to the two thresholds that are used to determine conjunction, the density of fires it detected was moderately correlated with ground based fire records. When only fires larger than 0.4 km2 were considered, correlations were higher and the root-mean-square error between datasets was less than five fires per 625 km2 for the entire study period. Our algorithm is thus suitable for detecting broad scale spatial patterns of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fire occurrence, and especially <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fire hotspots, but has limited detection capability of smaller fires because these cannot be consistently detected by MODIS. These results may enhance our understanding of large scale patterns of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fire activity, and can be used to identify the broad scale factors controlling fire occurrence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title48-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title48-vol2-sec52-247-35.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title48-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title48-vol2-sec52-247-35.pdf"><span>48 CFR 52.247-<span class="hlt">35</span> - <span class="hlt">F</span>.o.b. Destination, Within Consignee's Premises.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false <span class="hlt">F</span>.o.b. Destination, Within... Clauses 52.247-<span class="hlt">35</span> <span class="hlt">F</span>.o.b. Destination, Within Consignee's Premises. As prescribed in 47.303-7(c), insert the following clause in solicitations and contracts when the delivery term is <span class="hlt">f</span>.o.b. destination...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMGC33D0547C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMGC33D0547C"><span>Using High Resolution Model Data to Improve <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Forecasts across Southern California</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Capps, S. B.; Rolinski, T.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Dry <span class="hlt">lightning</span> often results in a significant amount of fire starts in areas where the vegetation is dry and continuous. Meteorologists from the USDA Forest Service Predictive Services' program in Riverside, California are tasked to provide southern and central California's fire agencies with fire potential outlooks. Logistic regression equations were developed by these meteorologists several years ago, which forecast probabilities of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> as well as <span class="hlt">lightning</span> amounts, out to seven days across southern California. These regression equations were developed using ten years of historical gridded data from the Global Forecast System (GFS) model on a coarse scale (0.5 degree resolution), correlated with historical <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike data. These equations do a reasonably good job of capturing a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> episode (<span class="hlt">3-5</span> consecutive days or greater of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>), but perform poorly regarding more detailed information such as exact location and amounts. It is postulated that the inadequacies in resolving the finer details of episodic <span class="hlt">lightning</span> events is due to the coarse resolution of the GFS data, along with limited predictors. Stability parameters, such as the Lifted Index (LI), the Total Totals index (TT), Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE), along with Precipitable Water (PW) are the only parameters being considered as predictors. It is hypothesized that the statistical forecasts will benefit from higher resolution data both in training and implementing the statistical model. We have dynamically downscaled NCEP FNL (Final) reanalysis data using the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) to 3km spatial and hourly temporal resolution across a decade. This dataset will be used to evaluate the contribution to the success of the statistical model of additional predictors in higher vertical, spatial and temporal resolution. If successful, we will implement an operational dynamically downscaled GFS forecast product to generate predictors for the resulting</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120001475','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120001475"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Initiation Forecasting: An Operational Dual-Polarimetric Radar Technique</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Woodard, Crystal J.; Carey, L. D.; Petersen, W. A.; Roeder, W. P.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The objective of this NASA MSFC and NOAA CSTAR funded study is to develop and test operational forecast algorithms for the prediction of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> initiation utilizing the C-band dual-polarimetric radar, UAHuntsville's Advanced Radar for Meteorological and Operational Research (ARMOR). Although there is a rich research history of radar signatures associated with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> initiation, few studies have utilized dual-polarimetric radar signatures (e.g., Z(sub dr) columns) and capabilities (e.g., fuzzy-logic particle identification [PID] of precipitation ice) in an operational algorithm for first flash forecasting. The specific goal of this study is to develop and test polarimetric techniques that enhance the performance of current operational radar reflectivity based first flash algorithms. Improving <span class="hlt">lightning</span> watch and warning performance will positively impact personnel safety in both work and leisure environments. Advanced warnings can provide space shuttle launch managers time to respond appropriately to secure equipment and personnel, while they can also provide appropriate warnings for spectators and players of leisure sporting events to seek safe shelter. Through the analysis of eight case dates, consisting of <span class="hlt">35</span> pulse-type thunderstorms and 20 non-thunderstorm case studies, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> initiation forecast techniques were developed and tested. The hypothesis is that the additional dual-polarimetric information could potentially reduce false alarms while maintaining high probability of detection and increasing lead-time for the prediction of the first <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash relative to reflectivity-only based techniques. To test the hypothesis, various physically-based techniques using polarimetric variables and/or PID categories, which are strongly correlated to initial storm electrification (e.g., large precipitation ice production via drop freezing), were benchmarked against the operational reflectivity-only based approaches to find the best compromise between</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990078596&hterms=tornado&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dtornado','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990078596&hterms=tornado&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dtornado"><span>Cloud-to-Ground <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Characteristics of a Major Tropical Cyclone Tornado Outbreak</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>McCaul, Eugene W., Jr.; Buechler, Dennis; Goodman, Steven J.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>A comprehensive analysis has been conducted of the cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity occurring within a landfalling tropical cyclone that produced an outbreak of strong and damaging tornadoes. Radar data indicate that 12 convective cells were responsible for 29 tornadoes, several of which received an <span class="hlt">F</span>3 intensity rating, in the southeastern United States on 16 August 1994 within the remnants of Tropical Storm Beryl. Of these 12 tornadic storms, the most active cell produced 315 flashes over a 5.5 hour period, while the other storms were less active. Three tornadic storms failed to produce any CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> at all. In general, the tornadic storms were more active electrically than other non-tornadic cells within Beryl's remnants, although the flash rates were rather modest by comparison with significant midlatitude severe storm events. Very few positive polarity flashes were found in the Beryl outbreak. During some of the stronger tornadoes, CG flash rates in the parent storms showed sharp transient decreases. Doppler radar data suggest the stronger tornadic storms were small supercells, and the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data indicate these storms exhibited <span class="hlt">lightning</span> characteristics similar to those found in heavy-precipitation supercell storms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/48025','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/48025"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> fires in southwestern forests</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Jack S. Barrows</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is the leading cause of fires in southwestern forests. On all protected private, state and federal lands in Arizona and New Mexico, nearly 80 percent of the forest, brush and range fires are ignited by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. The Southwestern region leads all other regions of the United States both in total number of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fires and in the area burned by these fires...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800013446&hterms=emp&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Demp','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800013446&hterms=emp&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Demp"><span>Electromagnetic sensors for general <span class="hlt">lightning</span> application</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Baum, C. E.; Breen, E. L.; Onell, J. P.; Moore, C. B.; Sower, G. D.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Electromagnetic sensors for general <span class="hlt">lightning</span> applications in measuring environment are discussed as well as system response to the environment. This includes electric and magnetic fields, surface current and charge densities, and currents on conductors. Many EMP sensors are directly applicable to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> measurements, but there are some special cases of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> measurements involving direct strikes which require special design considerations for the sensors. The sensors and instrumentation used by NMIMT in collecting data on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> at South Baldy peak in central New Mexico during the 1978 and 1979 <span class="hlt">lightning</span> seasons are also discussed. The Langmuir Laboratory facilities and details of the underground shielded instrumentation room and recording equipment are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20160006716&hterms=air+quality&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dair%2Bquality','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20160006716&hterms=air+quality&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dair%2Bquality"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> NOx and Impacts on Air Quality</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Murray, Lee T.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> generates relatively large but uncertain quantities of nitrogen oxides, critical precursors for ozone and hydroxyl radical (OH), the primary tropospheric oxidants. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> nitrogen oxide strongly influences background ozone and OH due to high ozone production efficiencies in the free troposphere, effecting small but non-negligible contributions to surface pollutant concentrations. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> globally contributes 3-4 ppbv of simulated annual-mean policy-relevant background (PRB) surface ozone, comprised of local, regional, and hemispheric components, and up to 18 ppbv during individual events. Feedbacks via methane may counter some of these effects on decadal time scales. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> contributes approximately 1 percent to annual-mean surface particulate matter, as a direct precursor and by promoting faster oxidation of other precursors. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> also ignites wildfires and contributes to nitrogen deposition. Urban pollution influences <span class="hlt">lightning</span> itself, with implications for regional <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-nitrogen oxide production and feedbacks on downwind surface pollution. How <span class="hlt">lightning</span> emissions will change in a warming world remains uncertain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMAE33B0342M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMAE33B0342M"><span>Storm Physics and <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Properties over Northern Alabama during DC3</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Matthee, R.; Carey, L. D.; Bain, A. L.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) experiment seeks to examine the relationship between deep moist convection (DMC) and the production of nitrogen oxides (NOx) via <span class="hlt">lightning</span> (LNOx). The focus of this study will be to examine integrated storm microphysics and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> properties of DMC across northern Alabama (NA) during the DC3 campaign through use of polarimetric radar [UAHuntsville's Advanced Radar for Meteorological and Operational Radar (ARMOR)] and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> mapping [National Aeronautical and Space Administration's (NASA) north Alabama <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array (NA LMA)] platforms. Specifically, ARMOR and NA LMA are being used to explore the ability of radar inferred microphysical (e.g., ice mass, graupel volume) measurements to parameterize flash rates (<span class="hlt">F</span>) and flash area for estimation of LNOX production in cloud resolving models. The flash area was calculated by using the 'convex hull' method. This method essentially draws a polygon around all the sources that comprise a flash. From this polygon, the convex hull area that describes the minimum polygon that circumscribes the flash extent is calculated. Two storms have been analyzed so far; one on 21 May 2012 (S1) and another on 11 June 2012 (S2), both of which were aircraft-penetrated during DC3. For S1 and S2, radar reflectivity (Z) estimates of precipitation ice mass (M) within the mixed-phase zone (-10°C to -40°C) were well correlated to the trend of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rate. However, a useful radar-based <span class="hlt">F</span> parameterization must provide accurate quantification of rates in addition to proper trends. The difference reflectivity was used to estimate Z associated with ice and then a single Z-M relation was employed to calculate M in the mixed-phase zone. Using this approach it was estimated that S1 produced an order of magnitude greater M, but produced about a third of the total amount of flashes compared to S2. Expectations based on the non-inductive charging (NIC) theory suggest that the M-to-<span class="hlt">F</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SGeo...34..755P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SGeo...34..755P"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Applications in Weather and Climate Research</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Price, Colin G.</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>Thunderstorms, and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in particular, are a major natural hazard to the public, aviation, power companies, and wildfire managers. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> causes great damage and death every year but also tells us about the inner working of storms. Since <span class="hlt">lightning</span> can be monitored from great distances from the storms themselves, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> may allow us to provide early warnings for severe weather phenomena such as hail storms, flash floods, tornadoes, and even hurricanes. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> itself may impact the climate of the Earth by producing nitrogen oxides (NOx), a precursor of tropospheric ozone, which is a powerful greenhouse gas. Thunderstorms themselves influence the climate system by the redistribution of heat, moisture, and momentum in the atmosphere. What about future changes in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and thunderstorm activity? Many studies show that higher surface temperatures produce more <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, but future changes will depend on what happens to the vertical temperature profile in the troposphere, as well as changes in water balance, and even aerosol loading of the atmosphere. Finally, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> itself may provide a useful tool for tracking climate change in the future, due to the nonlinear link between <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, temperature, upper tropospheric water vapor, and cloud cover.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhDT........74T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhDT........74T"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-driven electric and magnetic fields measured in the stratosphere: Implications for sprites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thomas, Jeremy Norman</p> <p></p> <p>A well accepted model for sprite production involves quasi-electrostatic fields (QSF) driven by large positive cloud-to-ground (+CG) strokes that can cause electrical breakdown in the middle atmosphere. A new high voltage, high impedance, double Langmuir probe instrument is designed specifically for measuring these large <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-driven electric field changes at altitudes above 30 km. This High Voltage (HV) Electric Field Detector measured 200 nearby (<75 km) <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-driven electric field changes, up to 140 V/m in magnitude, during the Brazil Sprite Balloon Campaign 2002--03. A numerical QSF model is developed and compared to the in situ measurements. It is found that the amplitudes and relaxation times of the electric fields driven by these nearby <span class="hlt">lightning</span> events generally agree with the numerical QSF model, which suggests that the QSF approach is valid for modeling <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-driven fields. Using the best fit parameters of this comparison, it is predicted that the electric fields at sprite altitudes (60--90 km) never surpass conventional breakdown in the mesosphere for each of these 200 nearby <span class="hlt">lightning</span> events. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-driven ELF to VLF (25 Hz--8 kHz) electric field changes were measured for each of the 2467 cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span> (CGs) detected by the Brazilian Integrated <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Network (BIN) at distances of 75--600 km, and magnetic field changes (300 Hz--8 kHz) above the background noise were measured for about <span class="hlt">35</span>% (858) of these CGs. ELF pulses that occur 4--12 ms after the retarded time of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> sferic, which have been previously attributed to sprites, were found for 1.4% of 934 CGs examined with a strong bias towards +CGs (4.9% or 9/184) compared to -CGs (0.5% or 4/750). These results disagree with results from the Sprites99 Balloon Campaign [Bering et al., 2004b], in which the <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-driven electric and magnetic field changes were rare, while the CG delayed ELF pulses were frequent. The Brazil Campaign results thus suggest that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec25-581.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec25-581.pdf"><span>14 CFR 25.581 - <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection. 25.581 Section 25.581 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Structure <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Protection § 25.581 <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection. (a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..12212296W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..12212296W"><span>Improving <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> and Precipitation Prediction of Severe Convection Using <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Data Assimilation With NCAR WRF-RTFDDA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Haoliang; Liu, Yubao; Cheng, William Y. Y.; Zhao, Tianliang; Xu, Mei; Liu, Yuewei; Shen, Si; Calhoun, Kristin M.; Fierro, Alexandre O.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>In this study, a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data assimilation (LDA) scheme was developed and implemented in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Weather Research and Forecasting-Real-Time Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation system. In this LDA method, graupel mixing ratio (qg) is retrieved from observed total <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. To retrieve qg on model grid boxes, column-integrated graupel mass is first calculated using an observation-based linear formula between graupel mass and total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> rate. Then the graupel mass is distributed vertically according to the empirical qg vertical profiles constructed from model simulations. Finally, a horizontal spread method is utilized to consider the existence of graupel in the adjacent regions of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> initiation locations. Based on the retrieved qg fields, latent heat is adjusted to account for the latent heat releases associated with the formation of the retrieved graupel and to promote convection at the observed <span class="hlt">lightning</span> locations, which is conceptually similar to the method developed by Fierro et al. Three severe convection cases were studied to evaluate the LDA scheme for short-term (0-6 h) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and precipitation forecasts. The simulation results demonstrated that the LDA was effective in improving the short-term <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and precipitation forecasts by improving the model simulation of the qg fields, updrafts, cold pool, and front locations. The improvements were most notable in the first 2 h, indicating a highly desired benefit of the LDA in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and convective precipitation nowcasting (0-2 h) applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=335478','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=335478"><span>On the Relationship between Observed NLDN <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-produced nitrogen oxides (NOX=NO+NO2) in the middle and upper troposphere play an essential role in the production of ozone (O3) and influence the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere. Despite much effort in both observing and modeling <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NOX during the past decade, considerable uncertainties still exist with the quantification of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NOX production and distribution in the troposphere. It is even more challenging for regional chemistry and transport models to accurately parameterize <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NOX production and distribution in time and space. The Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) parameterizes the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NO emissions using local scaling factors adjusted by the convective precipitation rate that is predicted by the upstream meteorological model; the adjustment is based on the observed <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes from the National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network (NLDN). For this parameterization to be valid, the existence of an a priori reasonable relationship between the observed <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes and the modeled convective precipitation rates is needed. In this study, we will present an analysis leveraged on the observed NLDN <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes and CMAQ model simulations over the continental United States for a time period spanning over a decade. Based on the analysis, new parameterization scheme for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NOX will be proposed and the results will be evaluated. The proposed scheme will be beneficial to modeling exercises where the obs</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA595414','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA595414"><span>United States Air Force <span class="hlt">F</span>-<span class="hlt">35</span>A Operational Basing Environmental Impact Statement. Appendix E: Comments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>Germanos, Nicholas M Civ USAF HQ ACC/A7NS From: Sent: To: Subject: Hi Leo Ioannou Wednesday, July 10, 2013 11:28 AM Germanos, Nicholas M Civ USAF HQ...we have them here . And the <span class="hlt">F</span><span class="hlt">35</span>s, even if they are louder, I would not mind them either. Remember . Keep the <span class="hlt">F</span><span class="hlt">35</span>s coming. SOUND OF FREEDOM Leo ...34 Explaining further, Reuters reported that: uThose a re the dates that Loc kheed Martin’s <span class="hlt">F</span>-<span class="hlt">35</span> will achieve <http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-05</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMAE23A..01L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMAE23A..01L"><span>Toward a Time-Domain Fractal <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Simulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liang, C.; Carlson, B. E.; Lehtinen, N. G.; Cohen, M.; Lauben, D.; Inan, U. S.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Electromagnetic simulations of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> are useful for prediction of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> properties and exploration of the underlying physical behavior. Fractal <span class="hlt">lightning</span> models predict the spatial structure of the discharge, but thus far do not provide much information about discharge behavior in time and therefore cannot predict electromagnetic wave emissions or current characteristics. Here we develop a time-domain fractal <span class="hlt">lightning</span> simulation from Maxwell's equations, the method of moments with the thin wire approximation, an adaptive time-stepping scheme, and a simplified electrical model of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel. The model predicts current pulse structure and electromagnetic wave emissions and can be used to simulate the entire duration of a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge. The model can be used to explore the electrical characteristics of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel, the temporal development of the discharge, and the effects of these characteristics on observable electromagnetic wave emissions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850067258&hterms=ATLA&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DATLA','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850067258&hterms=ATLA&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DATLA"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> on Venus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Scarf, F. L.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>On the night side of Venus, the plasma wave instrument on the Pioneer-Venus Orbiter frequently detects strong and impulsive low-frequency noise bursts when the local magnetic field is strong and steady and when the field is oriented to point down to the ionosphere. The signals have characteristics of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> whistlers, and an attempt was made to identify the sources by tracing rays along the B-field from the Orbiter down toward the surface. An extensive data set strongly indicates a clustering of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> sources near the Beta and Phoebe Regios, with additional significant clustering near the Atla Regio at the eastern edge of Aphrodite Terra. These results suggest that there are localized <span class="hlt">lightning</span> sources at or near the planetary surface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA524398','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA524398"><span>Preparing Specialized Undergraduate Pilot Training Graduates for <span class="hlt">F</span>-<span class="hlt">35</span>A Training</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-06-11</p> <p>the two sides of this argument and analyze the new data acquired from an <span class="hlt">F</span>-22A lead-in program and the fact that the <span class="hlt">F</span>-<span class="hlt">35</span>A has started flying with...flight operations under Instrument or Visual Flight Rules to include day / night IFR operations in the terminal and enroute environment. Have limited</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16049771','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16049771"><span>Origin of the <span class="hlt">F</span>685 and <span class="hlt">F</span>695 fluorescence in photosystem <span class="hlt">II</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Andrizhiyevskaya, Elena G; Chojnicka, Agnieszka; Bautista, James A; Diner, Bruce A; van Grondelle, Rienk; Dekker, Jan P</p> <p>2005-06-01</p> <p>The emission spectra of CP47-RC and core complexes of Photosystem <span class="hlt">II</span> (PS <span class="hlt">II</span>) were measured at different temperatures and excitation wavelengths in order to establish the origin of the emission and the role of the core antenna in the energy transfer and charge separation processes in PS <span class="hlt">II</span>. Both types of particles reveal strong dependences of spectral shape and yield on temperature. The results indicate that the well-known <span class="hlt">F</span>-695 emission at 77 K arises from excitations that are trapped on a red-absorbing CP47 chlorophyll, whereas the <span class="hlt">F</span>-685 nm emission at 77 K arises from excitations that are transferred slowly from 683 nm states in CP47 and CP43 to the RC, where they are trapped by charge separation. We conclude that <span class="hlt">F</span>-695 at 77 K originates from the low-energy part of the inhomogeneous distribution of the 690 nm absorbing chlorophyll of CP47, while at 4 K the fluorescence originates from the complete distribution of the 690 nm chlorophyll of CP47 and from the low-energy part of the inhomogeneous distribution of one or more CP43 chlorophylls.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140008786','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140008786"><span>Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> as an Indicator of Mesocyclone Behavior</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Stough, Sarah M.; Carey, Lawrence D.; Schultz, Christopher J.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Apparent relationship between total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> (in-cloud and cloud to ground) and severe weather suggests its operational utility. Goal of fusion of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> with proven tools (i.e., radar <span class="hlt">lightning</span> algorithms. Preliminary work here investigates circulation from Weather Suveilance Radar- 1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) coupled with total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data from <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Arrays.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910062167&hterms=How+tornadoes+formed&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DHow%2Btornadoes%2Bformed','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910062167&hterms=How+tornadoes+formed&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DHow%2Btornadoes%2Bformed"><span>Cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in a tornadic storm on 8 May 1986</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Macgorman, Donald R.; Nielsen, Kurt E.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>The National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) gathered Doppler radar and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> ground strike data on a supercell storm that produced three tornadoes, including an <span class="hlt">F</span>3 tornado in Edmond, Oklahoma, approximately 40 km north of NSSL. The Edmond storm formed 30 km ahead of a storm complex and developed its first and most damaging tornado just as the storm complex started to overtake it from the west. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> strike locations tended to concentrate just north of the mesocyclone, close to and inside a 50 dBZ reflectivity core. Positive ground flashes began just prior to the storm becoming tornadic, and positive flash rates peaked during the tornadic stage of the storm.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9614008','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9614008"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-associated deaths--United States, 1980-1995.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p></p> <p>1998-05-22</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike can cause death or various injuries to one or several persons. The mechanism of injury is unique, and the manifestations differ from those of other electrical injuries. In the United States, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> causes more deaths than do most other natural hazards (e.g., hurricanes and tornadoes), although the incidence of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-related deaths has decreased since the 1950s. The cases described in this report illustrate diverse circumstances in which deaths attributable to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> can occur. This report also summarizes data from the Compressed Mortality File of CDC's National Center for Health Statistics on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fatalities in the United States from 1980 through 1995, when 1318 deaths were attributed to <span class="hlt">lightning</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25478304','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25478304"><span>Tropic <span class="hlt">lightning</span>: myth or menace?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>McCarthy, John</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is one of the leading causes of death related to environmental disaster. Of all <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fatalities documented between 2006 and 2012, leisure activities contributed the largest proportion of deaths, with water-associated, sports, and camping being the most common. Despite the prevalence of these activities throughout the islands, Hawai'i has had zero documented <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fatalities since weather data tracking was initiated in 1959. There is a common misconception that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> does not strike the ground in Hawai'i. This myth may contribute to a potentially dangerous false sense of security, and recognition of warning signs and risk factor modification remain the most important prevention strategies. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> damage occurs on a spectrum, from minor burns to multi-organ dysfunction. After injury, initial treatment should focus on "reverse triage" and immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation when indicated, followed by transfer to a healthcare facility. Definitive treatment entails monitoring and management of potential sequelae, to include cardiovascular, neurologic, dermatologic, ophthalmologic, audiovestibular, and psychiatric complications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982fugv.rept.....D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982fugv.rept.....D"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection of distribution systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Darveniza, M.; Uman, M. A.</p> <p>1982-09-01</p> <p>Research work on the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection of distribution systems is described. The rationale behind the planning of the first major phase of the work - the field experiments conducted in the Tampa Bay area during August 1978 and July to September 1979 is explained. The aims of the field work were to characterize <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in the Tampa Bay area, and to identify the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> parameters associated with the occurrence of line outages and equipment damage on the distribution systems of the participating utilities. The equipment developed for these studies is fully described. The field work provided: general data on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> - e.g., electric and magnetic fields of cloud and ground flashes; data from automated monitoring of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity; stroke current waveshapes and peak currents measured at distribution arresters; and line outage and equipment damage on 13 kV networks in the Tampa Bay area. Computer aided analyses were required to collate and to process the accumulated data. The computer programs developed for this work are described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4244891','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4244891"><span>Tropic <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>: Myth or Menace?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is one of the leading causes of death related to environmental disaster. Of all <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fatalities documented between 2006 and 2012, leisure activities contributed the largest proportion of deaths, with water-associated, sports, and camping being the most common. Despite the prevalence of these activities throughout the islands, Hawai‘i has had zero documented <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fatalities since weather data tracking was initiated in 1959. There is a common misconception that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> does not strike the ground in Hawai‘i. This myth may contribute to a potentially dangerous false sense of security, and recognition of warning signs and risk factor modification remain the most important prevention strategies. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> damage occurs on a spectrum, from minor burns to multi-organ dysfunction. After injury, initial treatment should focus on “reverse triage” and immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation when indicated, followed by transfer to a healthcare facility. Definitive treatment entails monitoring and management of potential sequelae, to include cardiovascular, neurologic, dermatologic, ophthalmologic, audiovestibular, and psychiatric complications. PMID:25478304</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19704405','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19704405"><span>Fatal <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes in Malaysia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Murty, O P; Kian, Chong Kah; Ari Husin, Mohammed Husrul; Nanta Kumar, Ranjeev Kumar; Mohammed Yusuf, Wan Yuhana W</p> <p>2009-09-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> strike is a natural phenomenon with potentially devastating effects and represents one of the important causes of deaths from environmental phenomena. Almost every organ system may be affected as <span class="hlt">lightning</span> current passes through the human body taking the shortest pathways between the contact points. A 10 years retrospective study (1996-2005) was conducted at University Hospital Kuala Lumpur (20 cases) also including cases during last 3 years from Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah, Klang (7 cases) from the autopsy reports at Forensic Pathology Units of these 2 hospitals. Both these hospitals are attached to University of Malaya. There were 27 fatal cases of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike with male preponderance(92.59%) and male to female ratio of 12.5:1. Majority of victims of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike were from the age group between 30 and 39 years old. Most of the victims were foreign workers. Indonesians workers contributed to 59.26% of overall cases. Majority of them were construction workers who attributed i.e.11 of 27 cases (40.74%). Most of the victims were brought in dead (37.04%). In majority of the cases the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> incidence occurred in the evenings, with the frequency of 15 of 27 cases (62.5%). The month of December represented with the highest number of cases (5 cases of 23 cases); 2004 had the highest incidence of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike which was 5 (19.23%). <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> strike incidence occurred when victims had taken shelter (25.9%) under trees or shades. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> strike in open areas occurred in 10 of 27 cases (37.0%). Head and neck were the most commonly affected sites with the incidence of 77.78% and 74% respectively in all the victims. Only 29.63% of the cases presented with ear bleeding.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940018765','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940018765"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> studies using LDAR and LLP data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Forbes, Gregory S.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>This study intercompared <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data from LDAR and LLP systems in order to learn more about the spatial relationships between thunderstorm electrical discharges aloft and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes to the surface. The ultimate goal of the study is to provide information that can be used to improve the process of real-time detection and warning of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> by weather forecasters who issue <span class="hlt">lightning</span> advisories. The <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection and Ranging (LDAR) System provides data on electrical discharges from thunderstorms that includes cloud-ground flashes as well as <span class="hlt">lightning</span> aloft (within cloud, cloud-to-cloud, and sometimes emanating from cloud to clear air outside or above cloud). The <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Location and Protection (LLP) system detects primarily ground strikes from <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Thunderstorms typically produce LDAR signals aloft prior to the first ground strike, so that knowledge of preferred positions of ground strikes relative to the LDAR data pattern from a thunderstorm could allow advance estimates of enhanced ground strike threat. Studies described in the report examine the position of LLP-detected ground strikes relative to the LDAR data pattern from the thunderstorms. The report also describes other potential approaches to the use of LDAR data in the detection and forecasting of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> ground strikes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27328835','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27328835"><span>Relativistic-microwave theory of ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wu, H-C</p> <p>2016-06-22</p> <p>Ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, a fireball sometimes observed during <span class="hlt">lightnings</span>, has remained unexplained. Here we present a comprehensive theory for the phenomenon: At the tip of a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> stroke reaching the ground, a relativistic electron bunch can be produced, which in turn excites intense microwave radiation. The latter ionizes the local air and the radiation pressure evacuates the resulting plasma, forming a spherical plasma bubble that stably traps the radiation. This mechanism is verified by particle simulations. The many known properties of ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, such as the occurrence site, relation to the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channels, appearance in aircraft, its shape, size, sound, spark, spectrum, motion, as well as the resulting injuries and damages, are also explained. Our theory suggests that ball lighting can be created in the laboratory or triggered during thunderstorms. Our results should be useful for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection and aviation safety, as well as stimulate research interest in the relativistic regime of microwave physics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...628263W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...628263W"><span>Relativistic-microwave theory of ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, H.-C.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, a fireball sometimes observed during <span class="hlt">lightnings</span>, has remained unexplained. Here we present a comprehensive theory for the phenomenon: At the tip of a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> stroke reaching the ground, a relativistic electron bunch can be produced, which in turn excites intense microwave radiation. The latter ionizes the local air and the radiation pressure evacuates the resulting plasma, forming a spherical plasma bubble that stably traps the radiation. This mechanism is verified by particle simulations. The many known properties of ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, such as the occurrence site, relation to the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channels, appearance in aircraft, its shape, size, sound, spark, spectrum, motion, as well as the resulting injuries and damages, are also explained. Our theory suggests that ball lighting can be created in the laboratory or triggered during thunderstorms. Our results should be useful for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection and aviation safety, as well as stimulate research interest in the relativistic regime of microwave physics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4916449','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4916449"><span>Relativistic-microwave theory of ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wu, H.-C.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, a fireball sometimes observed during <span class="hlt">lightnings</span>, has remained unexplained. Here we present a comprehensive theory for the phenomenon: At the tip of a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> stroke reaching the ground, a relativistic electron bunch can be produced, which in turn excites intense microwave radiation. The latter ionizes the local air and the radiation pressure evacuates the resulting plasma, forming a spherical plasma bubble that stably traps the radiation. This mechanism is verified by particle simulations. The many known properties of ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, such as the occurrence site, relation to the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channels, appearance in aircraft, its shape, size, sound, spark, spectrum, motion, as well as the resulting injuries and damages, are also explained. Our theory suggests that ball lighting can be created in the laboratory or triggered during thunderstorms. Our results should be useful for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection and aviation safety, as well as stimulate research interest in the relativistic regime of microwave physics. PMID:27328835</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120016612','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120016612"><span>Camp Blanding <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Blakeslee,Richard; Christian, Hugh; Bailey, Jeffrey; Hall, John; Uman, Martin; Jordan, Doug; Krehbiel, Paul; Rison, William; Edens, Harald</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>A seven station, short base-line <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array was installed at the Camp Blanding International Center for <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Research and Testing (ICLRT) during April 2011. This network will support science investigations of Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes (TGFs) and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> initiation using rocket triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> at the ICLRT. The network operations and data processing will be carried out through a close collaboration between several organizations, including the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, University of Alabama in Huntsville, University of Florida, and New Mexico Tech. The deployment was sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The network does not have real-time data dissemination. Description, status and plans will be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080013544&hterms=Geostationary&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DGeostationary','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080013544&hterms=Geostationary&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DGeostationary"><span>Pre-Launch Algorithms and Risk Reduction in Support of the Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper for GOES-R and Beyond</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Goodman, Steven J.; Blakeslee, R. J.; Koshak, W.; Petersen, W.; Buechler, D. E.; Krehbiel, P. R.; Gatlin, P.; Zubrick, S.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM) is a single channel, near-IR imager/optical transient event detector, used to detect, locate and measure total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity over the full-disk as part of a 3-axis stabilized, geostationary weather satellite system. The next generation NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) series with a planned launch in 2014 will carry a GLM that will provide continuous day and night observations of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> from the west coast of Africa (GOES-E) to New Zealand (GOES-W) when the constellation is <span class="hlt">f</span>Ully operational. The mission objectives for the GLM are to 1) provide continuous, full-disk <span class="hlt">lightning</span> measurements for storm warning and nowcasting, 2) provide early warning of tornadic activity, and 3) accumulate a long-term database to track decadal changes of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. The GLM owes its heritage to the NASA <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (1997-Present) and the Optical Transient Detector (1995-2000), which were developed for the Earth Observing System and have produced a combined 13 year data record of global <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity. Instrument formulation studies were completed in March 2007 and the implementation phase to develop a prototype model and up to four flight models is expected to be underway in the latter part of 2007. In parallel with the instrument development, a GOES-R Risk Reduction Team and Algorithm Working Group <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Applications Team have begun to develop the Level 2 ground processing algorithms and applications. Proxy total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data from the NASA <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and regional test beds (e.g., <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Arrays in North Alabama and the Washington DC Metropolitan area)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT........48T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT........48T"><span>A comparison of two ground-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection networks against the satellite-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> imaging sensor (LIS)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thompson, Kelsey B.</p> <p></p> <p>We compared <span class="hlt">lightning</span> stroke data from the ground-based World Wide <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Location Network (WWLLN) and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> stroke data from the ground-based Earth Networks Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Network (ENTLN) to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> group data from the satellite-based <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS) from 1 January 2010 through 30 June 2011. The region of study, about 39°S to 39°N latitude, 164°E to 17°W longitude, chosen to approximate the Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM) field of view, was considered in its entirety and then divided into four geographical sub-regions. We found the highest 18-mon WWLLN coincidence percent (CP) value in the Pacific Ocean at 18.9% and the highest 18-mon ENTLN CP value in North America at 63.3%. We found the lowest 18-mon CP value for both WWLLN and ENTLN in South America at 6.2% and 2.2% respectively. Daily CP values and how often large radiance LIS groups had a coincident stroke varied. Coincidences between LIS groups and ENTLN strokes often resulted in more cloud than ground coincidences in North America and more ground than cloud coincidences in the other three sub-regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol4-sec420-71.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol4-sec420-71.pdf"><span>14 CFR 420.71 - <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... path connecting an air terminal to an earth electrode system. (iii) Earth electrode system. An earth... to the initiation of explosives by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. (1) Elements of a lighting protection system. Unless an... facilities shall have a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection system to ensure explosives are not initiated by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. A...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol4-sec420-71.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol4-sec420-71.pdf"><span>14 CFR 420.71 - <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... path connecting an air terminal to an earth electrode system. (iii) Earth electrode system. An earth... to the initiation of explosives by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. (1) Elements of a lighting protection system. Unless an... facilities shall have a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection system to ensure explosives are not initiated by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. A...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol4-sec420-71.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol4/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol4-sec420-71.pdf"><span>14 CFR 420.71 - <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... path connecting an air terminal to an earth electrode system. (iii) Earth electrode system. An earth... to the initiation of explosives by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. (1) Elements of a lighting protection system. Unless an... facilities shall have a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection system to ensure explosives are not initiated by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. A...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol4-sec420-71.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol4-sec420-71.pdf"><span>14 CFR 420.71 - <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>... path connecting an air terminal to an earth electrode system. (iii) Earth electrode system. An earth... to the initiation of explosives by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. (1) Elements of a lighting protection system. Unless an... facilities shall have a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection system to ensure explosives are not initiated by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. A...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18395987','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18395987"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> injury: a review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ritenour, Amber E; Morton, Melinda J; McManus, John G; Barillo, David J; Cancio, Leopoldo C</p> <p>2008-08-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is an uncommon but potentially devastating cause of injury in patients presenting to burn centers. These injuries feature unusual symptoms, high mortality, and significant long-term morbidity. This paper will review the epidemiology, physics, clinical presentation, management principles, and prevention of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> injuries.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22104330','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22104330"><span>Secondary missile injury from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Blumenthal, Ryan</p> <p>2012-03-01</p> <p>A 48-year-old-woman was struck dead by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> on October 24, 2010, in Pretoria, South Africa. The cause of death was due to direct <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike. Examination showed secondary missile injury on her legs. This secondary missile (shrapnel) injury was caused by the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> striking the concrete pavement next to her. Small pieces of concrete were located embedded within the shrapnel wounds. This case report represents the first documented case of secondary missile formation (shrapnel injury) due to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike in the literature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22486500-note-lightning-temperature','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22486500-note-lightning-temperature"><span>Note on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Alanakyan, Yu. R., E-mail: yralanak@mail.ru</p> <p>2015-10-15</p> <p>In this paper, some features of the dynamics of a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel that emerges after the leader-streamer process, are theoretically studied. It is shown that the dynamic pinch effect in the channel becomes possible if a discharge current before the main (quasi-steady) stage of a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge increases rapidly. The ensuing magnetic compression of the channel increases plasma temperature to several million degrees leading to a soft x-ray flash within the highly ionized plasma. The relation between the plasma temperature and the channel radius during the main stage of a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge is derived.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17520964','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17520964"><span>Filigree burn of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>: two case reports.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kumar, Virendra</p> <p>2007-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is a powerful natural electrostatic discharge produced during a thunderstorm. The electric current passing through the discharge channels is direct with a potential of 1000 million volts or more. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> can kill or injure a person by a direct strike, a side-flash, or conduction through another object. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> can cause a variety of injuries in the skin and the cardiovascular, neurological and ophthalmic systems. Filigree burn of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is a superficial burn and very rare. Two cases of death from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> which have this rare finding are reported and discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMAE24A..05F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMAE24A..05F"><span>Monitoring <span class="hlt">lightning</span> from space with TARANIS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Farges, T.; Blanc, E.; Pinçon, J.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Some recent space experiments, e.g. OTD, LIS, show the large interest of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> monitoring from space and the efficiency of optical measurement. Future instrumentations are now defined for the next generation of geostationary meteorology satellites. Calibration of these instruments requires ground truth events provided by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> location networks, as NLDN in US, and EUCLID or LINET in Europe, using electromagnetic observations at a regional scale. One of the most challenging objectives is the continuous monitoring of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity over the tropical zone (Africa, America, and Indonesia). However, one difficulty is the lack of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> location networks at regional scale in these areas to validate the data quality. TARANIS (Tool for the Analysis of Radiations from <span class="hlt">lightNings</span> and Sprites) is a CNES micro satellite project. It is dedicated to the study of impulsive transfers of energy, between the Earth atmosphere and the space environment, from nadir observations of Transient Luminous Events (TLEs), Terrestrial Gamma ray Flashes (TGFs) and other possible associated emissions. Its orbit will be sun-synchronous at 10:30 local time; its altitude will be 700 km. Its lifetime will be nominally 2 years. Its payload is composed of several electromagnetic instruments in different wavelengths: X and gamma-ray detectors, optical cameras and photometers, electromagnetic wave sensors from DC to 30 MHz completed by high energy electron detectors. The optical instrument includes 2 cameras and 4 photometers. All sensors are equipped with filters for sprite and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> differentiation. The filters of cameras are designed for sprite and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observations at 762 nm and 777 nm respectively. However, differently from OTD or LIS instruments, the filter bandwidth and the exposure time (respectively 10 nm and 91 ms) prevent <span class="hlt">lightning</span> optical observations during daytime. The camera field of view is a square of 500 km at ground level with a spatial sampling frequency of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120003532','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120003532"><span>Using Cloud-to-Ground <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Climatologies to Initialize Gridded <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Threat Forecasts for East Central Florida</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lambert, Winnie; Sharp, David; Spratt, Scott; Volkmer, Matthew</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Each morning, the forecasters at the National Weather Service in Melbourn, FL (NWS MLB) produce an experimental cloud-to-ground (CG) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> threat index map for their county warning area (CWA) that is posted to their web site (http://www.srh.weather.gov/mlb/ghwo/<span class="hlt">lightning</span>.shtml) . Given the hazardous nature of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in central Florida, especially during the warm season months of May-September, these maps help users factor the threat of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, relative to their location, into their daily plans. The maps are color-coded in five levels from Very Low to Extreme, with threat level definitions based on the probability of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurrence and the expected amount of CG activity. On a day in which thunderstorms are expected, there are typically two or more threat levels depicted spatially across the CWA. The locations of relative <span class="hlt">lightning</span> threat maxima and minima often depend on the position and orientation of the low-level ridge axis, forecast propagation and interaction of sea/lake/outflow boundaries, expected evolution of moisture and stability fields, and other factors that can influence the spatial distribution of thunderstorms over the CWA. The <span class="hlt">lightning</span> threat index maps are issued for the 24-hour period beginning at 1200 UTC (0700 AM EST) each day with a grid resolution of 5 km x 5 km. Product preparation is performed on the AWIPS Graphical Forecast Editor (GFE), which is the standard NWS platform for graphical editing. Currently, the forecasters create each map manually, starting with a blank map. To improve efficiency of the forecast process, NWS MLB requested that the Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU) create gridded warm season <span class="hlt">lightning</span> climatologies that could be used as first-guess inputs to initialize <span class="hlt">lightning</span> threat index maps. The gridded values requested included CG strike densities and frequency of occurrence stratified by synoptic-scale flow regime. The intent is to increase consistency between forecasters while enabling them to focus on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040110952','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040110952"><span>Transonic Free-To-Roll Analysis of the <span class="hlt">F</span>/A-18E and <span class="hlt">F</span>-<span class="hlt">35</span> Configurations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Owens, D. Bruce; McConnell, Jeffrey K.; Brandon, Jay M.; Hall, Robert M.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>The free-to-roll technique is used as a tool for predicting areas of uncommanded lateral motions. Recently, the NASA/Navy/Air Force Abrupt Wing Stall Program extended the use of this technique to the transonic speed regime. Using this technique, this paper evaluates various wing configurations on the pre-production <span class="hlt">F</span>/A-18E aircraft and the Joint Strike Fighter (<span class="hlt">F</span>-<span class="hlt">35</span>) aircraft. The configurations investigated include leading and trailing edge flap deflections, fences, leading edge flap gap seals, and vortex generators. These tests were conducted in the NASA Langley 16-Foot Transonic Tunnel. The analysis used a modification of a figure-of-merit developed during the Abrupt Wing Stall Program to discern configuration effects. The results showed how the figure-of-merit can be used to schedule wing flap deflections to avoid areas of uncommanded lateral motion. The analysis also used both static and dynamic wind tunnel data to provide insight into the uncommanded lateral behavior. The dynamic data was extracted from the time history data using parameter identification techniques. In general, modifications to the pre-production <span class="hlt">F</span>/A-18E resulted in shifts in angle-of-attack where uncommanded lateral activity occurred. Sealing the gap between the inboard and outboard leading-edge flaps on the Navy version of the <span class="hlt">F</span>-<span class="hlt">35</span> eliminated uncommanded lateral activity or delayed the activity to a higher angle-of-attack.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EP%26S...70...88T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EP%26S...70...88T"><span>Initiation of a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> search using the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and airglow camera onboard the Venus orbiter Akatsuki</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Takahashi, Yukihiro; Sato, Mitsuteru; Imai, Masataka; Lorenz, Ralph; Yair, Yoav; Aplin, Karen; Fischer, Georg; Nakamura, Masato; Ishii, Nobuaki; Abe, Takumi; Satoh, Takehiko; Imamura, Takeshi; Hirose, Chikako; Suzuki, Makoto; Hashimoto, George L.; Hirata, Naru; Yamazaki, Atsushi; Sato, Takao M.; Yamada, Manabu; Murakami, Shin-ya; Yamamoto, Yukio; Fukuhara, Tetsuya; Ogohara, Kazunori; Ando, Hiroki; Sugiyama, Ko-ichiro; Kashimura, Hiroki; Ohtsuki, Shoko</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The existence of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges in the Venus atmosphere has been controversial for more than 30 years, with many positive and negative reports published. The <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and airglow camera (LAC) onboard the Venus orbiter, Akatsuki, was designed to observe the light curve of possible flashes at a sufficiently high sampling rate to discriminate <span class="hlt">lightning</span> from other sources and can thereby perform a more definitive search for optical emissions. Akatsuki arrived at Venus during December 2016, 5 years following its launch. The initial operations of LAC through November 2016 have included a progressive increase in the high voltage applied to the avalanche photodiode detector. LAC began <span class="hlt">lightning</span> survey observations in December 2016. It was confirmed that the operational high voltage was achieved and that the triggering system functions correctly. LAC <span class="hlt">lightning</span> search observations are planned to continue for several years.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100040471','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100040471"><span>Triggered-<span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Interaction with a <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Protective System: Current Distribution and Electromagnetic Environment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mata, C. T.; Rakov, V. A.; Mata, A. G.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>A new comprehensive <span class="hlt">lightning</span> instrumentation system has been designed for Launch Complex 39B (LC3913) at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. This new instrumentation system includes the synchronized recording of six high-speed video cameras; currents through the nine downconductors of the new <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection system for LC3913; four dH/dt, 3-axis measurement stations; and five dE/dt stations composed of two antennas each. A 20:1 scaled down model of the new <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Protection System (LPS) of LC39B was built at the International Center for <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Research and Testing, Camp Blanding, FL. This scaled down <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection system was instrumented with the transient recorders, digitizers, and sensors to be used in the final instrumentation installation at LC3913. The instrumentation used at the ICLRT is also a scaled-down instrumentation of the LC39B instrumentation. The scaled-down LPS was subjected to seven direct <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes and six (four triggered and two natural nearby flashes) in 2010. The following measurements were acquired at the ICLRT: currents through the nine downconductors; two dl-/dt, 3-axis stations, one at the center of the LPS (underneath the catenary wires), and another 40 meters south from the center of the LPS; ten dE/dt stations, nine of them on the perimeter of the LPS and one at the center of the LPS (underneath the catenary wire system); and the incident current. Data from representative events are presented and analyzed in this paper.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCC...8..210F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCC...8..210F"><span>A projected decrease in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> under climate change</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Finney, Declan L.; Doherty, Ruth M.; Wild, Oliver; Stevenson, David S.; MacKenzie, Ian A.; Blyth, Alan M.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> strongly influences atmospheric chemistry1-3, and impacts the frequency of natural wildfires4. Most previous studies project an increase in global <span class="hlt">lightning</span> with climate change over the coming century1,5-7, but these typically use parameterizations of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> that neglect cloud ice fluxes, a component generally considered to be fundamental to thunderstorm charging8. As such, the response of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> to climate change is uncertain. Here, we compare <span class="hlt">lightning</span> projections for 2100 using two parameterizations: the widely used cloud-top height (CTH) approach9, and a new upward cloud ice flux (IFLUX) approach10 that overcomes previous limitations. In contrast to the previously reported global increase in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> based on CTH, we find a 15% decrease in total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rate with IFLUX in 2100 under a strong global warming scenario. Differences are largest in the tropics, where most <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurs, with implications for the estimation of future changes in tropospheric ozone and methane, as well as differences in their radiative forcings. These results suggest that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> schemes more closely related to cloud ice and microphysical processes are needed to robustly estimate future changes in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and atmospheric composition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870017926','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870017926"><span>Investigations into the <span class="hlt">F</span>-106 <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike environment as functions of altitude and storm phase</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Helsdon, John H., Jr.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Work accomplished during this period centered on the completion of the first order parameterization scheme for the intracloud <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge and its incorporation within the framework of the Storm Electrification Model (SEM).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18814638','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18814638"><span>Beyond the basics: <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-strike injuries.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mistovich, Joseph J; Krost, William S; Limmer, Daniel D</p> <p>2008-03-01</p> <p>It is estimated that a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash occurs approximately 8 million times per day throughout the world. Most strikes are benign and cause little damage to property and physical structures; however, when <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes a person or group of people, it is a significant medical and potentially traumatic event that could lead to immediate death or permanent disability. By understanding some basic physics of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and pathophysiology of injuries associated with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes, EMS providers will be better prepared to identify assessment findings, anticipate complications and provide effective emergency care.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JGR....9910679G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JGR....9910679G"><span>Laboratory-produced ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Golka, Robert K., Jr.</p> <p>1994-05-01</p> <p>For 25 years I have actively been searching for the true nature of ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and attempting to reproduce it at will in the laboratory. As one might expect, many unidentified lights in the atmosphere have been called ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, including Texas Maffa lights (automobile headlights), flying saucers (UFOs), swamp gas in Ann Arbor, Michigan, etc. For 15 years I thought ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span> was strictly a high-voltage phenomenon. It was not until 1984 when I was short-circuiting the electrical output of a diesel electric railroad locomotive that I realized that the phenomenon was related more to a high current. Although I am hoping for some other types of ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span> to emerge such as strictly electrostatic-electromagnetic manifestations, I have been unlucky in finding laboratory provable evidence. Cavity-formed plasmodes can be made by putting a 2-inch burning candle in a home kitchen microwave oven. The plasmodes float around for as long as the microwave energy is present.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980237715','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980237715"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Radio Source Retrieval Using Advanced <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Direction Finder (ALDF) Networks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Koshak, William J.; Blakeslee, Richard J.; Bailey, J. C.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>A linear algebraic solution is provided for the problem of retrieving the location and time of occurrence of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> ground strikes from an Advanced <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Direction Finder (ALDF) network. The ALDF network measures field strength, magnetic bearing and arrival time of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> radio emissions. Solutions for the plane (i.e., no Earth curvature) are provided that implement all of tile measurements mentioned above. Tests of the retrieval method are provided using computer-simulated data sets. We also introduce a quadratic planar solution that is useful when only three arrival time measurements are available. The algebra of the quadratic root results are examined in detail to clarify what portions of the analysis region lead to fundamental ambiguities in source location. Complex root results are shown to be associated with the presence of measurement errors when the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> source lies near an outer sensor baseline of the ALDF network. In the absence of measurement errors, quadratic root degeneracy (no source location ambiguity) is shown to exist exactly on the outer sensor baselines for arbitrary non-collinear network geometries. The accuracy of the quadratic planar method is tested with computer generated data sets. The results are generally better than those obtained from the three station linear planar method when bearing errors are about 2 deg. We also note some of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods over the nonlinear method of chi(sup 2) minimization employed by the National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network (NLDN) and discussed in Cummins et al.(1993, 1995, 1998).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMAE24A..03Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMAE24A..03Z"><span>Analysis and Modeling of Intense Oceanic <span class="hlt">Lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zoghzoghy, F. G.; Cohen, M.; Said, R.; Lehtinen, N. G.; Inan, U.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Recent studies using <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data from geo-location networks such as GLD360 suggest that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strokes are more intense over the ocean than over land, even though they are less common [Said et al. 2013]. We present an investigation of the physical differences between oceanic and land <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. We have deployed a sensitive Low Frequency (1 MHz sampling rate) radio receiver system aboard the NOAA Ronald W. Brown research vessel and have collected thousands of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> waveforms close to deep oceanic <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. We analyze the captured waveforms, describe our modeling efforts, and summarize our findings. We model the ground wave (gw) portion of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> sferics using a numerical method built on top of the Stanford Full Wave Method (FWM) [Lehtinen and Inan 2008]. The gwFWM technique accounts for propagation over a curved Earth with finite conductivity, and is used to simulate an arbitrary current profile along the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel. We conduct a sensitivity analysis and study the current profiles for land and for oceanic <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. We find that the effect of ground conductivity is minimal, and that stronger oceanic radio intensity does not result from shorter current rise-time or from faster return stroke propagation speed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.6487I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.6487I"><span>Nowcasting of <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-Related Accidents in Africa</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ihrlich, Laura; Price, Colin</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Tropical Africa is the world capital of thunderstorm activity with the highest density of strikes per square kilometer per year. As a result it is also the continent with perhaps the highest casualties and injuries from direct <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes. This region of the globe also has little <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection of rural homes and schools, while many casualties occur during outdoor activities (e.g. farming, fishing, sports, etc.) In this study we investigated two <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-caused accidents that got wide press coverage: A <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike to a Cheetah Center in Namibia which caused a huge fire and great destruction (16 October 2013), and a plane crash in Mali where 116 people died (24 July 2014). Using data from the World Wide <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Location Network (WWLLN) we show that the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data alone can provide important early warning information that can be used to reduce risks and damages and loss of life from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes. We have developed a now-casting scheme that allows for early warnings across Africa with a relatively low false alarm rate. To verify the accuracy of our now-cast, we have performed some statistical analysis showing relatively high skill at providing early warnings (lead time of a few hours) based on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> alone. Furthermore, our analysis can be used in forensic meteorology for determining if such accidents are caused by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.6604N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.6604N"><span>Spatio-temporal activity of <span class="hlt">lightnings</span> over Greece</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nastos, P. T.; Matsangouras, I. T.; Chronis, T. G.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Extreme precipitation events are always associated with convective weather conditions driving to intense <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity: Cloud to Ground (CG), Ground to Cloud (GC) and Cloud to Cloud (CC). Thus, the study of <span class="hlt">lightnings</span>, which typically occur during thunderstorms, gives evidence of the spatio-temporal variability of intense precipitation. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is a natural phenomenon in the atmosphere, being a major cause of storm related with deaths and main trigger of forest fires during dry season. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> affects the many electrochemical systems of the body causing nerve damage, memory loss, personality change, and emotional problems. Besides, among the various nitrogen oxides sources, the contribution from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> likely represents the largest uncertainty. An operational <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection network (LDN) has been established since 2007 by HNMS, consisting of eight time-of-arrival sensors (TOA), spatially distributed across Greek territory. In this study, the spatial and temporal variability of recorded <span class="hlt">lightnings</span> (CG, GC and CC) are analyzed over Greece, during the period from January 14, 2008 to December 31, 2009, for the first time. The data for retrieving the location and time-of-occurrence of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> were acquired from Hellenic National Meteorological Service (HNMS). In addition to the analysis of spatio-temporal activity over Greece, the HNMS-LDN characteristics are also presented. The results of the performed analysis reveal the specific geographical sub-regions associated with <span class="hlt">lightnings</span> incidence. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> activity occurs mainly during the autumn season, followed by summer and spring. Higher frequencies of flashes appear over Ionian and Aegean Sea than over land during winter period against continental mountainous regions during summer period.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMAE33A0266A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMAE33A0266A"><span>Acoustic Manifestations of Natural versus Triggered <span class="hlt">Lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Arechiga, R. O.; Johnson, J. B.; Edens, H. E.; Rison, W.; Thomas, R. J.; Eack, K.; Eastvedt, E. M.; Aulich, G. D.; Trueblood, J.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Positive leaders are rarely detected by VHF <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection systems; positive leader channels are usually outlined only by recoil events. Positive cloud-to-ground (CG) channels are usually not mapped. The goal of this work is to study the types of thunder produced by natural versus triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and to assess which types of thunder signals have electromagnetic activity detected by the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> mapping array (LMA). Towards this end we are investigating the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection capabilities of acoustic techniques, and comparing them with the LMA. In a previous study we used array beam forming and time of flight information to locate acoustic sources associated with <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Even though there was some mismatch, generally LMA and acoustic techniques saw the same phenomena. To increase the database of acoustic data from <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, we deployed a network of three infrasound arrays (30 m aperture) during the summer of 2010 (August 3 to present) in the Magdalena mountains of New Mexico, to monitor infrasound (below 20 Hz) and audio range sources due to natural and triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. The arrays were located at a range of distances (60 to 1400 m) surrounding the triggering site, called the Kiva, used by Langmuir Laboratory to launch rockets. We have continuous acoustic measurements of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data from July 20 to September 18 of 2009, and from August 3 to September 1 of 2010. So far, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity around the Kiva was higher during the summer of 2009. We will present acoustic data from several interesting <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes including a comparison between a natural and a triggered one.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/48980','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/48980"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> fire research in the Rocky Mountains</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>J. S. Barrows</p> <p>1954-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is the major cause of fires in Rocky Mountain forests. The <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fire problem is the prime target of a broad research program now known as Project Skyfire. KEYWORDS: <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, fire research</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PrAeS..64....1G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PrAeS..64....1G"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> strike protection of composites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gagné, Martin; Therriault, Daniel</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Aircraft structures are being redesigned to use fiber-reinforced composites mainly due to their high specific stiffness and strength. One of the main drawbacks from changing from electrically conductive metals to insulating or semi-conducting composites is the higher vulnerability of the aircraft to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike damage. The current protection approach consists of bonding a metal mesh to the surface of the composite structure, but this weight increase negatively impact the fuel efficiency. This review paper presents an overview of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike problematic, the regulations, the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> damage to composite, the current protection solutions and other material or technology alternatives. Advanced materials such as polymer-based nanocomposites and carbon nanotube buckypapers are promising candidates for lightweight <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike protection technology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMAE12A..02F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMAE12A..02F"><span>Infrasound from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> measured in Ivory Coast</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Farges, T.; Matoza, R. S.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>It is well established that more than 2,000 thunderstorms occur continuously around the world and that about 45 <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes are produced per second over the globe. More than two thirds (42) of the infrasound stations of the International Monitoring System (IMS) of the CTBTO (Comprehensive nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organisation) are now certified and routinely measure signals due to natural activity (e.g., airflow over mountains, aurora, microbaroms, surf, volcanoes, severe weather including <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes, ...). Some of the IMS stations are located where worldwide <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection networks (e.g. WWLLN) have a weak detection capability but <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity is high (e.g. Africa, South America). These infrasound stations are well localised to study <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash activity and its disparity, which is a good proxy for global warming. Progress in infrasound array data processing over the past ten years makes such <span class="hlt">lightning</span> studies possible. For example, Farges and Blanc (2010) show clearly that it is possible to measure <span class="hlt">lightning</span> infrasound from thunderstorms within a range of distances from the infrasound station. Infrasound from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> can be detected when the thunderstorm is within about 75 km from the station. The motion of the squall zone is very well measured inside this zone. Up to 25% of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes can be detected with this technique, giving better results locally than worldwide <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection networks. An IMS infrasound station has been installed in Ivory Coast for 8 years. The optical space-based instrument OTD measured a rate of 10-20 flashes/km^2/year in that country and showed strong seasonal variations (Christian et al., 2003). Ivory Coast is therefore a good place to study infrasound data associated with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity and its temporal variation. First statistical results will be presented in this paper based on 3 years of data (2005-2008).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA099590','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA099590"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Technology (Supplement)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>material presented in this report was taken from a variety of sources; therefore, various units of measure are used. Use of trade names or names of...Clifford, and W. G. Butters 3. IMPLEMENTATION AND EXPERIENCE WITH <span class="hlt">LIGHTNING</span> HARDENING MEASURES ON THE NAVY/AIR FORCE COMBAT MANEUVERING RANGES...overall <span class="hlt">lightning</span> event taken from an appropriate base of wideband measurements . In 1979, the Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories began a joint</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140017446','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140017446"><span>First Cloud-to-Ground <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Timing Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Huddleston, Lisa L.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>NASA's LSP, GSDO and other programs use the probability of cloud-to-ground (CG) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurrence issued by the 45th Weather Squadron (45 WS) in their daily and weekly <span class="hlt">lightning</span> probability forecasts. These organizations use this information when planning potentially hazardous outdoor activities, such as working with fuels, or rolling a vehicle to a launch pad, or whenever personnel will work outside and would be at-risk from <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. These organizations would benefit greatly if the 45 WS could provide more accurate timing of the first CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike of the day. The Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU) has made significant improvements in forecasting the probability of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> for the day, but forecasting the time of the first CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> with confidence has remained a challenge. To address this issue, the 45 WS requested the AMU to determine if flow regimes, wind speed categories, or a combination of the two could be used to forecast the timing of the first strike of the day in the Kennedy Space Center (KSC)/Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> warning circles. The data was stratified by various sea breeze flow regimes and speed categories in the surface to 5,000-ft layer. The surface to 5,000-ft layer was selected since that is the layer the 45 WS uses to predict the behavior of sea breeze fronts, which are the dominant influence on the occurrence of first <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in Florida during the warm season. Due to small data sample sizes after stratification, the AMU could not determine a statistical relationship between flow regimes or speed categories and the time of the first CG strike.. As expected, although the amount and timing of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity varies by time of day based on the flow regimes and speed categories, there are extended tails of low <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity making it difficult to specify times when the threat of the first <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash can be avoided. However, the AMU developed a graphical user interface with input from the 45 WS</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.1285F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.1285F"><span>Infrasound from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> measured in Ivory Coast</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Farges, T.; Millet, C.; Matoza, R. S.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>It is well established that more than 2,000 thunderstorms occur continuously around the world and that about 45 <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes are produced per second over the globe. More than two thirds (42) of the infrasound stations of the International Monitoring System (IMS) of the CTBTO (Comprehensive nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organisation) are now certified and routinely measure signals due to natural activity (e.g., airflow over mountains, aurora, microbaroms, surf, volcanoes, severe weather including <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes, …). Some of the IMS stations are located where worldwide <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection networks (e.g. WWLLN) have a weak detection capability but <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity is high (e.g. Africa, South America). These infrasound stations are well localised to study <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash activity and its disparity, which is a good proxy for global warming. Progress in infrasound array data processing over the past ten years makes such <span class="hlt">lightning</span> studies possible. For example, Farges and Blanc (2010) show clearly that it is possible to measure <span class="hlt">lightning</span> infrasound from thunderstorms within a range of distances from the infrasound station. Infrasound from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> can be detected when the thunderstorm is within about 75 km from the station. The motion of the squall zone is very well measured inside this zone. Up to 25% of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes can be detected with this technique, giving better results locally than worldwide <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection networks. An IMS infrasound station has been installed in Ivory Coast for 9 years. The <span class="hlt">lightning</span> rate of this region is 10-20 flashes/km2/year from space-based instrument OTD (Christian et al., 2003). Ivory Coast is therefore a good place to study infrasound data associated with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity and its temporal variation. First statistical results will be presented in this paper based on 4 years of data (2005-2009). For short <span class="hlt">lightning</span> distances (less than 20 km), up to 60 % of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detected by WWLLN has been one-to-one correlated</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27466230','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27466230"><span>A Fossilized Energy Distribution of <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pasek, Matthew A; Hurst, Marc</p> <p>2016-07-28</p> <p>When <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes soil, it may generate a cylindrical tube of glass known as a fulgurite. The morphology of a fulgurite is ultimately a consequence of the energy of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike that formed it, and hence fulgurites may be useful in elucidating the energy distribution frequency of cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Fulgurites from sand mines in Polk County, Florida, USA were collected and analyzed to determine morphologic properties. Here we show that the energy per unit length of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes within quartz sand has a geometric mean of ~1.0 MJ/m, and that the distribution is lognormal with respect to energy per length and frequency. Energy per length is determined from fulgurites as a function of diameter, and frequency is determined both by cumulative number and by cumulative length. This distribution parallels those determined for a number of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> parameters measured in actual atmospheric discharge events, such as charge transferred, voltage, and action integral. This methodology suggests a potential useful pathway for elucidating <span class="hlt">lightning</span> energy and damage potential of strikes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4964350','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4964350"><span>A Fossilized Energy Distribution of <span class="hlt">Lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Pasek, Matthew A.; Hurst, Marc</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>When <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes soil, it may generate a cylindrical tube of glass known as a fulgurite. The morphology of a fulgurite is ultimately a consequence of the energy of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike that formed it, and hence fulgurites may be useful in elucidating the energy distribution frequency of cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Fulgurites from sand mines in Polk County, Florida, USA were collected and analyzed to determine morphologic properties. Here we show that the energy per unit length of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes within quartz sand has a geometric mean of ~1.0 MJ/m, and that the distribution is lognormal with respect to energy per length and frequency. Energy per length is determined from fulgurites as a function of diameter, and frequency is determined both by cumulative number and by cumulative length. This distribution parallels those determined for a number of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> parameters measured in actual atmospheric discharge events, such as charge transferred, voltage, and action integral. This methodology suggests a potential useful pathway for elucidating <span class="hlt">lightning</span> energy and damage potential of strikes. PMID:27466230</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29138444','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29138444"><span>The Elusive Evidence of Volcanic <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Genareau, K; Gharghabi, P; Gafford, J; Mazzola, M</p> <p>2017-11-14</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> strikes are known to morphologically alter and chemically reduce geologic formations and deposits, forming fulgurites. A similar process occurs as the result of volcanic <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge, when airborne volcanic ash is transformed into <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-induced volcanic spherules (LIVS). Here, we adapt the calculations used in previous studies of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-induced damage to infrastructure materials to determine the effects on pseudo-ash samples of simplified composition. Using laboratory high-current impulse experiments, this research shows that within the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge channel there is an ideal melting zone that represents roughly 10% or less of the total channel radius at which temperatures are sufficient to melt the ash, regardless of peak current. The melted ash is simultaneously expelled from the channel by the heated, expanding air, permitting particles to cool during atmospheric transport before coming to rest in ash fall deposits. The limited size of this ideal melting zone explains the low number of LIVS typically observed in volcanic ash despite the frequent occurrence of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> during explosive eruptions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29303164','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29303164"><span>Automated Storm Tracking and the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Jump Algorithm Using GOES-R Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM) Proxy Data.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schultz, Elise V; Schultz, Christopher J; Carey, Lawrence D; Cecil, Daniel J; Bateman, Monte</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>This study develops a fully automated <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump system encompassing objective storm tracking, Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper proxy data, and the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump algorithm (LJA), which are important elements in the transition of the LJA concept from a research to an operational based algorithm. Storm cluster tracking is based on a product created from the combination of a radar parameter (vertically integrated liquid, VIL), and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> information (flash rate density). Evaluations showed that the spatial scale of tracked features or storm clusters had a large impact on the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump system performance, where increasing spatial scale size resulted in decreased dynamic range of the system's performance. This framework will also serve as a means to refine the LJA itself to enhance its operational applicability. Parameters within the system are isolated and the system's performance is evaluated with adjustments to parameter sensitivity. The system's performance is evaluated using the probability of detection (POD) and false alarm ratio (FAR) statistics. Of the algorithm parameters tested, sigma-level (metric of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump strength) and flash rate threshold influenced the system's performance the most. Finally, verification methodologies are investigated. It is discovered that minor changes in verification methodology can dramatically impact the evaluation of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160009780','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160009780"><span>Automated Storm Tracking and the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Jump Algorithm Using GOES-R Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM) Proxy Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Schultz, Elise; Schultz, Christopher Joseph; Carey, Lawrence D.; Cecil, Daniel J.; Bateman, Monte</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>This study develops a fully automated <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump system encompassing objective storm tracking, Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper proxy data, and the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump algorithm (LJA), which are important elements in the transition of the LJA concept from a research to an operational based algorithm. Storm cluster tracking is based on a product created from the combination of a radar parameter (vertically integrated liquid, VIL), and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> information (flash rate density). Evaluations showed that the spatial scale of tracked features or storm clusters had a large impact on the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump system performance, where increasing spatial scale size resulted in decreased dynamic range of the system's performance. This framework will also serve as a means to refine the LJA itself to enhance its operational applicability. Parameters within the system are isolated and the system's performance is evaluated with adjustments to parameter sensitivity. The system's performance is evaluated using the probability of detection (POD) and false alarm ratio (FAR) statistics. Of the algorithm parameters tested, sigma-level (metric of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump strength) and flash rate threshold influenced the system's performance the most. Finally, verification methodologies are investigated. It is discovered that minor changes in verification methodology can dramatically impact the evaluation of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5749929','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5749929"><span>Automated Storm Tracking and the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Jump Algorithm Using GOES-R Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM) Proxy Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>SCHULTZ, ELISE V.; SCHULTZ, CHRISTOPHER J.; CAREY, LAWRENCE D.; CECIL, DANIEL J.; BATEMAN, MONTE</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>This study develops a fully automated <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump system encompassing objective storm tracking, Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper proxy data, and the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump algorithm (LJA), which are important elements in the transition of the LJA concept from a research to an operational based algorithm. Storm cluster tracking is based on a product created from the combination of a radar parameter (vertically integrated liquid, VIL), and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> information (flash rate density). Evaluations showed that the spatial scale of tracked features or storm clusters had a large impact on the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump system performance, where increasing spatial scale size resulted in decreased dynamic range of the system’s performance. This framework will also serve as a means to refine the LJA itself to enhance its operational applicability. Parameters within the system are isolated and the system’s performance is evaluated with adjustments to parameter sensitivity. The system’s performance is evaluated using the probability of detection (POD) and false alarm ratio (FAR) statistics. Of the algorithm parameters tested, sigma-level (metric of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump strength) and flash rate threshold influenced the system’s performance the most. Finally, verification methodologies are investigated. It is discovered that minor changes in verification methodology can dramatically impact the evaluation of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump system. PMID:29303164</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EAEJA.....3339P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EAEJA.....3339P"><span>Positive <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and severe weather</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Price, C.; Murphy, B.</p> <p>2003-04-01</p> <p>In recent years researchers have noticed that severe weather (tornados, hail and damaging winds) are closely related to the amount of positive <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurring in thunderstorms. On 4 July 1999, a severe derecho (wind storm) caused extensive damage to forested regions along the United States/Canada border, west of Lake Superior. There were 665,000 acres of forest destroyed in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW) in Minnesota and Quetico Provincial Park in Canada, with approximately 12.5 million trees blown down. This storm resulted in additional severe weather before and after the occurrence of the derecho, with continuous cloud-to-ground (CG) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurring for more than 34 hours during its path across North America. At the time of the derecho the percentage of positive cloud-to-ground (+CG) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> measured by the Canadian <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network (CLDN) was greater than 70% for more than three hours, with peak values reaching 97% positive CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Such high ratios of +CG are rare, and may be useful indicators for short-term forecasts of severe weather.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUSMAE11A..03M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUSMAE11A..03M"><span>Modern Protection Against <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Strikes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moore, C.</p> <p>2005-05-01</p> <p>The application of science to provide protection against <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes began around 1750 when Benjamin Franklin who invented the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> rod in an effort to discharge thunderclouds. Instead of preventing <span class="hlt">lightning</span> as he expected, his rods have been quite successful as strike receptors, intercepting cloud-to ground discharges and conducting them to Earth without damage to the structures on which they are mounted. In the years since Franklin's invention there has been little attention paid to the rod configuration that best serves as a strike receptor but Franklin's original ideas continue to be rediscovered and promoted. Recent measurements of the responses of variously configured rods to nearby strikes indicate that sharp-tipped rods are not the optimum configuration to serve as strike receptors since the ionization of the air around their tips limits the strength of the local electric fields created by an approaching <span class="hlt">lightning</span> leader. In these experiments, fourteen blunt-tipped rods exposed in strike-reception competitions with nearby sharp-tipped rods were struck by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> but none of the sharp-tipped rods were struck.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmRe.172....1M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmRe.172....1M"><span>The verification of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> location accuracy in Finland deduced from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes to trees</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mäkelä, Antti; Mäkelä, Jakke; Haapalainen, Jussi; Porjo, Niko</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>We present a new method to determine the ground truth and accuracy of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> location systems (LLS), using natural <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes to trees. Observations of strikes to trees are being collected with a Web-based survey tool at the Finnish Meteorological Institute. Since the Finnish thunderstorms tend to have on average a low flash rate, it is often possible to identify from the LLS data unambiguously the stroke that caused damage to a given tree. The coordinates of the tree are then the ground truth for that stroke. The technique has clear advantages over other methods used to determine the ground truth. Instrumented towers and rocket launches measure upward-propagating <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Video and audio records, even with triangulation, are rarely capable of high accuracy. We present data for 36 quality-controlled tree strikes in the years 2007-2008. We show that the average inaccuracy of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> location network for that period was 600 m. In addition, we show that the 50% confidence ellipse calculated by the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> location network and used operationally for describing the location accuracy is physically meaningful: half of all the strikes were located within the uncertainty ellipse of the nearest recorded stroke. Using tree strike data thus allows not only the accuracy of the LLS to be estimated but also the reliability of the uncertainty ellipse. To our knowledge, this method has not been attempted before for natural <span class="hlt">lightning</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004A%26A...423..579M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004A%26A...423..579M"><span>Origin of diffuse C <span class="hlt">II</span> 158 micron and Si <span class="hlt">II</span> <span class="hlt">35</span> micron emission in the Carina nebula</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mizutani, M.; Onaka, T.; Shibai, H.</p> <p>2004-08-01</p> <p>We present the results of mapping observations with ISO of [O I] 63 μm, 145 μm, [N <span class="hlt">II</span>] 122 μm, [C <span class="hlt">II</span>] 158 μm, [Si <span class="hlt">II</span>] <span class="hlt">35</span> μm, and H_2 9.66 μm line emissions for the Carina nebula, an active star-forming region in the Galactic plane. The observations were made for the central 40 arcmin × 20 arcmin area of the nebula, including the optically bright H <span class="hlt">II</span> region and molecular cloud lying in front of the ionized gas. Around the center of the observed area is the interface between the H <span class="hlt">II</span> region and the molecular cloud which creates a typical photodissociation region (PDR). The [C <span class="hlt">II</span>] 158 μm emission shows a good correlation with the [O I] 63 μm emission and peaks around the H <span class="hlt">II</span>-molecular region interface. The correlated component has the ratio of [C <span class="hlt">II</span>] 158 μm to [O I] 63 μm of about 2.8. We estimate from the correlation that about 80% of [C <span class="hlt">II</span>] emission comes from the PDR in the Carina nebula. The photoelectric heating efficiency estimated from the ratio of the ([C <span class="hlt">II</span>] 158 μm + [O I] 63 μm) intensity to the total far-infrared intensity ranges from 0.06 to 1.2%. [O I] 145 μm is detected marginally at 10 positions. The average ratio of [O I] 145 μm to [O I] 63 μm of these positions is about 0.09 ± 0.01 and is larger than model predictions. The observed [C <span class="hlt">II</span>] 158 μm to [O I] 63 μm ratio indicates a relatively low temperature ( <500 K) of the gas, while the large [O I] 145 μm to 63 μm ratio suggests a high temperature (˜ 1000 K). This discrepancy cannot be accounted for consistently by the latest PDR model with the efficient photoelectric heating via polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) even if absorption of [O I] 63 μm by foreground cold gas is taken into account. We suggest that absorption of [C <span class="hlt">II</span>] 158 μm together with [O I] 63 μm by overlapping PDRs, in which the heating via PAHs is suppressed due to the charge-up effect, may resolve the discrepancy. Quite strong [Si <span class="hlt">II</span>] <span class="hlt">35</span> μm emission has been detected over the observed area. It shows a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890010408','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890010408"><span>Generalized three-dimensional experimental <span class="hlt">lightning</span> code (G3DXL) user's manual</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kunz, Karl S.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Information concerning the programming, maintenance and operation of the G3DXL computer program is presented and the theoretical basis for the code is described. The program computes time domain scattering fields and surface currents and charges induced by a driving function on and within a complex scattering object which may be perfectly conducting or a lossy dielectric. This is accomplished by modeling the object with cells within a three-dimensional, rectangular problem space, enforcing the appropriate boundary conditions and differencing Maxwell's equations in time. In the present version of the program, the driving function can be either the field radiated by a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike or a direct <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike. The <span class="hlt">F</span>-106 B aircraft is used as an example scattering object.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1713577H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1713577H"><span>Severe weather detection by using Japanese Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Network</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hobara, Yasuhide; Ishii, Hayato; Kumagai, Yuri; Liu, Charlie; Heckman, Stan; Price, Colin</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>In this paper we demonstrate the preliminary results from the first Japanese Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Network. The University of Electro-Communications (UEC) recently deployed Earth Networks Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> System over Japan to conduct various <span class="hlt">lightning</span> research projects. Here we analyzed the total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data in relation with 10 severe events such as gust fronts and tornadoes occurred in 2014 in mainland Japan. For the analysis of these events, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump algorithm was used to identify the increase of the flash rate in prior to the severe weather events. We found that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jumps associated with significant increasing <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activities for total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and IC clearly indicate the severe weather occurrence than those for CGs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23478564','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23478564"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> injuries in sports and recreation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Thomson, Eric M; Howard, Thomas M</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The powers of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> have been worshiped and feared by all known human cultures. While the chance of being struck by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is statistically very low, that risk becomes much greater in those who frequently work or play outdoors. Over the past 2 yr, there have been nearly 50 <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-related deaths reported within the United States, with a majority of them associated with outdoor recreational activities. Recent publications primarily have been case studies, review articles, and a discussion of a sixth method of injury. The challenge in reducing <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-related injuries in organized sports has been addressed well by both the National Athletic Trainers' Association and the National Collegiate Athletic Association in their guidelines on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> safety. Challenges remain in educating the general population involved in recreational outdoor activities that do not fall under the guidelines of organized sports.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008GeoRL..3515802A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008GeoRL..3515802A"><span>Characterization of infrasound from <span class="hlt">lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Assink, J. D.; Evers, L. G.; Holleman, I.; Paulssen, H.</p> <p>2008-08-01</p> <p>During thunderstorm activity in the Netherlands, electromagnetic and infrasonic signals are emitted due to the process of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and thunder. It is shown that correlating infrasound detections with results from a electromagnetic <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection network is successful up to distances of 50 km from the infrasound array. Infrasound recordings clearly show blastwave characteristics which can be related to cloud-ground discharges, with a dominant frequency between 1-5 Hz. Amplitude measurements of CG discharges can partly be explained by the beam pattern of a line source with a dominant frequency of 3.9 Hz, up to a distance of 20 km. The ability to measure <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity with infrasound arrays has both positive and negative implications for CTBT verification purposes. As a scientific application, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> studies can benefit from the worldwide infrasound verification system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970024904','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970024904"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Effects in the Payload Changeout Room</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thomas, Garland L.; Fisher, Franklin A.; Collier, Richard S.; Medelius, Pedro J.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Analytical and empirical studies have been performed to provide better understanding of the electromagnetic environment inside the Payload Changeout Room and Orbiter payload bay resulting from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes to the launch pad <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection system. The analytical studies consisted of physical and mathematical modeling of the pad structure and the Payload Changeout Room. Empirical testing was performed using a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> simulator to simulate controlled (8 kA) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes to the catenary wire <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection system. In addition to the analyses and testing listed above, an analysis of the configuration with the vehicle present was conducted, in lieu of testing, by the Finite Difference, Time Domain method.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/362646-grounding-lightning-protection-volume','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/362646-grounding-lightning-protection-volume"><span>Grounding and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. Volume 5</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Robinson, M.D.</p> <p>1987-12-31</p> <p>Grounding systems protect personnel and equipment by isolating faulted systems and dissipating transient currents. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection systems minimize the possible consequences of a direct strike by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. This volume focuses on design requirements of the grounding system and on present-day concepts used in the design of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection systems. Various types of grounding designs are presented, and their advantages and disadvantages discussed. Safety, of course, is the primary concern of any grounding system. Methods are shown for grounding the non-current-carrying parts of electrical equipment to reduce shock hazards to personnel. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection systems are installed on tall structures (such asmore » chimneys and cooling towers) to minimize the possibility of structural damage caused by direct <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strokes. These strokes may carry currents of 200,000 A or more. The volume examines the formation and characteristics of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strokes and the way stroke characteristics influence the design of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection systems. Because a large portion of the grounding system is buried in soil or concrete, it is not readily accessible for inspection or repair after its installation. The volume details the careful selection and sizing of materials needed to ensure a long, maintenance-free life for the system. Industry standards and procedures for testing the adequacy of the grounding system are also discussed.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-88_DarkLightning.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-88_DarkLightning.html"><span>ScienceCast 88: Dark <span class="hlt">Lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-07</p> <p>Researchers studying thunderstorms have made a surprising discovery: The <span class="hlt">lightning</span> we see with our eyes has a dark competitor that discharges storm clouds and flings antimatter into space. Scientists are scrambling to understand "dark <span class="hlt">lightning</span>."</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24232871','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24232871"><span>(18)<span class="hlt">F</span>-alfatide <span class="hlt">II</span> and (18)<span class="hlt">F</span>-FDG dual-tracer dynamic PET for parametric, early prediction of tumor response to therapy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Guo, Jinxia; Guo, Ning; Lang, Lixin; Kiesewetter, Dale O; Xie, Qingguo; Li, Quanzheng; Eden, Henry S; Niu, Gang; Chen, Xiaoyuan</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>A single dynamic PET acquisition using multiple tracers administered closely in time could provide valuable complementary information about a tumor's status under quasiconstant conditions. This study aimed to investigate the utility of dual-tracer dynamic PET imaging with (18)<span class="hlt">F</span>-alfatide <span class="hlt">II</span> ((18)<span class="hlt">F-AlF</span>-NOTA-E[PEG4-c(RGDfk)]2) and (18)<span class="hlt">F</span>-FDG for parametric monitoring of tumor responses to therapy. We administered doxorubicin to one group of athymic nude mice with U87MG tumors and paclitaxel protein-bound particles to another group of mice with MDA-MB-435 tumors. To monitor therapeutic responses, we performed dual-tracer dynamic imaging, in sessions that lasted 90 min, starting with injection via the tail vein catheters with (18)<span class="hlt">F</span>-alfatide <span class="hlt">II</span>, followed 40 min later by (18)<span class="hlt">F</span>-FDG. To achieve signal separation of the 2 tracers, we fit a 3-compartment reversible model to the time-activity curve of (18)<span class="hlt">F</span>-alfatide <span class="hlt">II</span> for the 40 min before (18)<span class="hlt">F</span>-FDG injection and then extrapolated to 90 min. The (18)<span class="hlt">F</span>-FDG tumor time-activity curve was isolated from the 90-min dual-tracer tumor time-activity curve by subtracting the fitted (18)<span class="hlt">F</span>-alfatide <span class="hlt">II</span> tumor time-activity curve. With separated tumor time-activity curves, the (18)<span class="hlt">F</span>-alfatide <span class="hlt">II</span> binding potential (Bp = k3/k4) and volume of distribution (VD) and (18)<span class="hlt">F</span>-FDG influx rate ((K1 × k3)/(k2 + k3)) based on the Patlak method were calculated to validate the signal recovery in a comparison with 60-min single-tracer imaging and to monitor therapeutic response. The transport and binding rate parameters K1-k3 of (18)<span class="hlt">F</span>-alfatide <span class="hlt">II</span>, calculated from the first 40 min of the dual-tracer dynamic scan, as well as Bp and VD correlated well with the parameters from the 60-min single-tracer scan (R(2) > 0.95). Compared with the results of single-tracer PET imaging, (18)<span class="hlt">F</span>-FDG tumor uptake and influx were recovered well from dual-tracer imaging. On doxorubicin treatment, whereas no significant changes in static tracer uptake values of (18)<span class="hlt">F</span>-alfatide <span class="hlt">II</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.2128L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.2128L"><span>Nowcasting and forecasting of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity: the Talos project.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lagouvardos, Kostas; Kotroni, Vassiliki; Kazadzis, Stelios; Giannaros, Theodore; Karagiannidis, Athanassios; Galanaki, Elissavet; Proestakis, Emmanouil</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Thunder And <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Observing System (TALOS) is a research program funded by the Greek Ministry of Education with the aim to promote excellence in the field of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> meteorology. The study focuses on exploring the real-time observations provided by the ZEUS <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection system, operated by the National Observatory of Athens since 2005, as well as the 10-year long database of the same system. More precisely the main research issues explored are: - <span class="hlt">lightning</span> climatology over the Mediterranean focusing on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> spatial and temporal distribution, on the relation of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> with topographical features and instability and on the importance of aerosols in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> initiation and enhancement. - nowcasting of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity over Greece, with emphasis on the operational aspects of this endeavour. The nowcasting tool is based on the use of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data complemented by high-time resolution METEOSAT imagery. - forecasting of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity over Greece based on the use of WRF numerical weather prediction model. - assimilation of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> with the aim to improve the model precipitation forecast skill. In the frame of this presentation the main findings of each of the aforementioned issues are highlighted.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.epa.gov/cmaq/users-guide-wrf-lightning-assimilation','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://www.epa.gov/cmaq/users-guide-wrf-lightning-assimilation"><span>User's Guide - WRF <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Assimilation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>This document describes how to run WRF with the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> assimilation technique described in Heath et al. (2016). The assimilation method uses gridded <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data to trigger and suppress sub-grid deep convection in Kain-Fritsch.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCC...8..191M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCC...8..191M"><span>An uncertain future for <span class="hlt">lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Murray, Lee T.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The most commonly used method for representing <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in global atmospheric models generally predicts <span class="hlt">lightning</span> increases in a warmer world. A new scheme finds the opposite result, directly challenging the predictive skill of an old stalwart.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4209961','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4209961"><span>18<span class="hlt">F</span>-Alfatide <span class="hlt">II</span> and 18<span class="hlt">F</span>-FDG Dual Tracer Dynamic PET for Parametric, Early Prediction of Tumor Response to Therapy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Guo, Jinxia; Guo, Ning; Lang, Lixin; Kiesewetter, Dale O.; Xie, Qingguo; Li, Quanzheng; Eden, Henry S.; Niu, Gang; Chen, Xiaoyuan</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>A single dynamic PET acquisition using multiple tracers administered closely in time could provide valuable complementary information about a tumor’s status under quasi-constant conditions. This study aims to investigate the utility of dual-tracer dynamic PET imaging with 18<span class="hlt">F</span>-Alfatide <span class="hlt">II</span> (18<span class="hlt">F-AlF</span>-NOTA-E[PEG4-c(RGDfk)]2) and 18<span class="hlt">F</span>-FDG for parametric monitoring of tumor responses to therapy. Methods We administered doxorubicin to one group of athymic nude mice with U87MG tumors and Abraxane to another group of mice with MDA-MB-435 tumors. To monitor therapeutic responses, we performed dual-tracer dynamic imaging, in sessions that lasted 90 min, starting by injecting the mice via tail vein catheters with 18<span class="hlt">F</span>-Alfatide <span class="hlt">II</span>, followed 40 minutes later by 18<span class="hlt">F</span>-FDG. To achieve signal separation of the two tracers, we fit a three-compartment reversible model to the time activity curve (TAC) of 18<span class="hlt">F</span>-Alfatide <span class="hlt">II</span> for the 40 min prior to 18<span class="hlt">F</span>-FDG injection, and then extrapolated to 90 min. The 18<span class="hlt">F</span>-FDG tumor TAC was isolated from the 90 min dual tracer tumor TAC by subtracting the fitted 18<span class="hlt">F</span>-Alfatide <span class="hlt">II</span> tumor TAC. With separated tumor TACs, the 18<span class="hlt">F</span>-Alfatide <span class="hlt">II</span> binding potential (Bp=k3/k4) and volume of distribution (VD), and 18<span class="hlt">F</span>-FDG influx rate ((K1×k3)/(k2 + k3)) based on the Patlak method were calculated to validate the signal recovery in a comparison with 60-min single tracer imaging and to monitor therapeutic response. Results The transport and binding rate parameters K1-k3 of 18<span class="hlt">F</span>-Alfatide <span class="hlt">II</span>, calculated from the first 40 min of dual tracer dynamic scan, as well as Bp and VD, correlated well with the parameters from the 60 min single tracer scan (R2 > 0.95). Compared with the results of single tracer PET imaging, FDG tumor uptake and influx were recovered well from dual tracer imaging. Upon doxorubicin treatment, while no significant changes in static tracer uptake values of 18<span class="hlt">F</span>-Alfatide <span class="hlt">II</span> or 18<span class="hlt">F</span>-FDG were observed, both 18<span class="hlt">F</span>-Alfatide <span class="hlt">II</span> Bp and 18<span class="hlt">F</span>-FDG influx from kinetic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090017890&hterms=epa&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Depa','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090017890&hterms=epa&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Depa"><span>A NASA <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Parameterization for CMAQ</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Koshak, William; Khan, Maudood; Biazar, Arastoo; Newchurch, Mike; McNider, Richard</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Many state and local air quality agencies use the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system to determine compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Because emission reduction scenarios are tested using CMAQ with an aim of determining the most efficient and cost effective strategies for attaining the NAAQS, it is very important that trace gas concentrations derived by CMAQ are accurate. Overestimating concentrations can literally translate into billions of dollars lost by commercial and government industries forced to comply with the standards. Costly health, environmental and socioeconomic problems can result from concentration underestimates. Unfortunately, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> modeling for CMAQ is highly oversimplified. This leads to very poor estimates of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-produced nitrogen oxides "NOx" (= NO + NO2) which directly reduces the accuracy of the concentrations of important CMAQ trace gases linked to NOx concentrations such as ozone and methane. Today it is known that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is the most important NOx source in the upper troposphere with a global production rate estimated to vary between 2-20 Tg(N)/yr. In addition, NOx indirectly influences our climate since it controls the concentration of ozone and hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the atmosphere. Ozone is an important greenhouse gas and OH controls the oxidation of various greenhouse gases. We describe a robust NASA <span class="hlt">lightning</span> model, called the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Nitrogen Oxides Model (LNOM) that combines state-of-the-art <span class="hlt">lightning</span> measurements, empirical results from field studies, and beneficial laboratory results to arrive at a realistic representation of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NOx production for CMAQ. NASA satellite <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data is used in conjunction with ground-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection systems to assure that the best representation of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> frequency, geographic location, channel length, channel altitude, strength (i.e., channel peak current), and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec25-1316.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec25-1316.pdf"><span>14 CFR 25.1316 - System <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... airplane; (5) Establishing the susceptibility of the systems to the internal and external <span class="hlt">lightning</span>...) Determining the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike zones for the airplane; (2) Establishing the external <span class="hlt">lightning</span> environment for the zones; (3) Establishing the internal environment; (4) Identifying all the electrical and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910023316','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910023316"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection for shuttle propulsion elements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Goodloe, Carolyn C.; Giudici, Robert J.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>The results of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection analyses and tests are weighed against the present set of waivers to the NASA <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection specification. The significant analyses and tests are contrasted with the release of a new and more realistic <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection specification, in September 1990, that resulted in an inordinate number of waivers. A variety of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection analyses and tests of the Shuttle propulsion elements, the Solid Rocket Booster, the External Tank, and the Space Shuttle Main Engine, were conducted. These tests range from the sensitivity of solid propellant during shipping to penetration of cryogenic tanks during flight. The Shuttle propulsion elements have the capability to survive certain levels of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes at certain times during transportation, launch site operations, and flight. Changes are being evaluated that may improve the odds of withstanding a major <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike. The Solid Rocket Booster is the most likely propulsion element to survive if systems tunnel bond straps are improved. Wiring improvements were already incorporated and major protection tests were conducted. The External Tank remains vulnerable to burn-through penetration of its skin. Proposed design improvements include the use of a composite nose cone and conductive or laminated thermal protection system coatings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC33E1125K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC33E1125K"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-Related Indicators for National Climate Assessment (NCA) Studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Koshak, W. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>With the recent advent of space-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> mappers [i.e., the Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM) on GOES-16, and the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the International Space Station], improved investigations on the inter-relationships between <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and climate are now possible and can directly support the goals of the National Climate Assessment (NCA) program. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> nitrogen oxides (LNOx) affect greenhouse gas concentrations such as ozone that influences changes in climate. Conversely, changes in climate (from any causes) can affect the characteristics of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> (e.g., frequency, current amplitudes, multiplicity, polarity) that in turn leads to changes in <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-caused impacts to humans (e.g., fatalities, injuries, crop/property damage, wildfires, airport delays, changes in air quality). This study discusses improvements to, and recent results from, the NASA/MSFC NCA <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Analysis Tool (LAT). It includes key findings on the development of different types of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash energy indicators derived from space-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observations, and demonstrates how these indicators can be used to estimate trends in LNOx across the continental US.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol6/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol6-part53-subpartF-appF.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol6/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol6-part53-subpartF-appF.pdf"><span>40 CFR Table <span class="hlt">F</span>-1 to Subpart <span class="hlt">F</span> of... - Performance Specifications for PM 2.5 Class <span class="hlt">II</span> Equivalent Samplers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">II</span> Equivalent Samplers Performance test Specifications Acceptance criteria § 53.62 Full Wind Tunnel... Results: 95% ≤ Rc ≤ 105%. § 53.63 Wind Tunnel Inlet Aspiration Test Liquid VOAG produced aerosol at 2 km... Class <span class="hlt">II</span> Equivalent Samplers <span class="hlt">F</span> Table <span class="hlt">F</span>-1 to Subpart <span class="hlt">F</span> of Part 53 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE22A..02T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE22A..02T"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Enhancement Over Major Shipping Lanes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thornton, J. A.; Holzworth, R. H., II; Virts, K.; Mitchell, T. P.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Using twelve years of high resolution global <span class="hlt">lightning</span> stroke data from the World Wide <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Location Network (WWLLN), we show that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> density is enhanced by up to a factor of two directly over shipping lanes in the northeastern Indian Ocean and the South China Sea as compared to adjacent areas with similar climatological characteristics. The <span class="hlt">lightning</span> enhancement is most prominent during the convectively active season, November-April for the Indian Ocean and April - December in the South China Sea, and has been detectable from at least 2005 to the present. We hypothesize that emissions of aerosol particles and precursors by maritime vessel traffic leads to a microphysical enhancement of convection and storm electrification in the region of the shipping lanes. These persistent localized anthropogenic perturbations to otherwise clean regions are a unique opportunity to more thoroughly understand the sensitivity of maritime deep convection and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> to aerosol particles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JGRA..11510326H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JGRA..11510326H"><span>Further investigations of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-induced transient emissions in the OH airglow layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huang, Tai-Yin; Kuo, C. L.; Chiang, C. Y.; Chen, A. B.; Su, H. T.; Hsu, R. R.</p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>A previous study of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-induced transient emissions in and below the OH airglow layer using observations by the Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> (ISUAL) CCD camera onboard the FORMOSAT-<span class="hlt">II</span> satellite showed that intensity enhancements occurred more frequently in the OH airglow layer. Here we show the results of new observations made in December 2009 and January 2010 using a narrowband 630 nm filter and spectrophotometer and present further analysis. We estimated the N21P intensity enhancements to be ˜65% and 53% of the total intensity enhancements for the two events we analyzed using ISUAL and the spectrophotometer data in conjunction with a model for emissions of light and VLF perturbations from electromagnetic pulse sources (elves). Our analysis indicates that there is still somewhat considerable intensity enhancement (˜1.25 kR) unaccounted for after the N21P contribution has been removed. Our study suggests that there might be OH emissions in elves and that OH species might also be involved in the <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-induced process and contribute to the intensity enhancements that we observed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMAE21A0308D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMAE21A0308D"><span>An Analysis of Ball <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-Aircraft Incidents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Doe, R. K.; Keul, A. G.; Bychkov, V.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is a rare but regular phenomenon for air traffic. Research and design have created aircraft that withstand average <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes. Ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span> (BL), a metastable, rare <span class="hlt">lightning</span> type, is also observed from (and within) aircraft. Science and the media focused on individual BL incidents and did not analyze general patterns. Lacking established incident reporting channels, most BL observations are still passed on as “aviation lore”. To overcome this unsatisfactory condition, the authors collected and analyzed an international data bank of 87 BL-aircraft case histories from 1938 to 2007. 37 Russian military and civil BL reports were provided by the third author. Of the whole sample, 36 (41%) cases occurred over Russia/RF/SU, 24 (28%) over USA/Canada, 23 (26%) over Europe, and 4 (5%) over Asia/Pacific. Various types of military (US: C-54/141, B-52, KC-97/135 Stratotankers, C130, P-3 Orion, RF/SU: PO-2, IL, SU, TU, MIG; Nimrod, Saab-105) and civilian aircraft (US: DC-3/6, Metroliner, B-727/737/757/777, RF/SU: AN, TU; VC-10, Fokker <span class="hlt">F</span>-28, CRJ-200), as well as general aviation (C-172, Falcon-20), were involved. BL reports show a flat annual April to August maximum. At BL impact, 15 aircraft were climbing, 7 descending; most were at cruising altitude. 42 (48%) reported BL outside the aircraft, 37 (43%) inside, 7 (8%) both in-and outside. No damage was reported in 34 (39%) cases, 39 objects (45%) caused minor damage, 11 major damage (13%), 3 even resulted in military aircraft losses. 3 objects caused minor, 1 major crew injury. 23 damage cases were associated with BL inside the fuselage; all 4 crew injury cases were of that BL type. Mean size is described as 25 cm, sometimes over 1 m, color 30% in the yellow-red, 10% in the blue-green spectral region, 8% white, duration around 10 seconds, sometimes over 1 minute. 33 (38%) incidents ended with an explosion of the object. Thunderstorm conditions were reported by 25 (29%) of the observers, 9 (10%) said there</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730018655','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730018655"><span>A three-station <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ruhnke, L. H.</p> <p>1972-01-01</p> <p>A three-station network is described which senses magnetic and electric fields of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Directional and distance information derived from the data are used to redundantly determine <span class="hlt">lightning</span> position. This redundancy is used to correct consistent propagation errors. A comparison is made of the relative accuracy of VLF direction finders with a newer method to determine distance to and location of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> by the ratio of magnetic-to-electric field as observed at 400 Hz. It was found that VLF direction finders can determine <span class="hlt">lightning</span> positions with only one-half the accuracy of the method that uses the ratio of magnetic-to-electric field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000004589','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000004589"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Protection Guidelines for Aerospace Vehicles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Goodloe, C. C.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>This technical memorandum provides <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection engineering guidelines and technical procedures used by the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Electromagnetics and Aerospace Environments Branch for aerospace vehicles. The overviews illustrate the technical support available to project managers, chief engineers, and design engineers to ensure that aerospace vehicles managed by MSFC are adequately protected from direct and indirect effects of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Generic descriptions of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> environment and vehicle protection technical processes are presented. More specific aerospace vehicle requirements for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection design, performance, and interface characteristics are available upon request to the MSFC Electromagnetics and Aerospace Environments Branch, mail code EL23.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA591168','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA591168"><span>Enabling Early Sustainment Decisions: Application to <span class="hlt">F</span>-<span class="hlt">35</span> Depot-Level Maintenance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Level Maintenance John G. Drew, Ronald G. McGarvey, Peter Buryk Research Report Enabling Early Sustainment Decisions Application to <span class="hlt">F</span>-<span class="hlt">35</span> Depot-Level...Maintenance John G. Drew, Ronald G. McGarvey, Peter Buryk RAND Project AIR FORCE Prepared for the United States Air Force Approved for public...Related publications include the following: John Drew, Russell D. Shaver, Kristin <span class="hlt">F</span>. Lynch, Mahyar A. Amouzegar, and Don Snyder, Unmanned Aerial</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/5236','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/5236"><span>Electromagnetic Effects Harmonization Working Group (EEHWG) - <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Task Group : report on aircraft <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-07-01</p> <p>In 1995, in response to the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> community's desire to revise the zoning criteria on aircraft, the Electromagnetic Effects Harmonization Working Group (EEHWG) decided that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> attachments to aircraft causing damage should be studied and co...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820050176&hterms=thunderstorm+protection&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dthunderstorm%2Bprotection','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820050176&hterms=thunderstorm+protection&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dthunderstorm%2Bprotection"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection of wind turbines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Dodd, C. W.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Possible damages to wind turbine components due to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes are discussed and means to prevent the damage are presented. A low resistance path to the ground is noted to be essential for any turbine system, including metal paths on nonmetal blades to conduct the strike. Surge arrestors are necessary to protect against overvoltages both from utility lines in normal operation and against <span class="hlt">lightning</span> damage to control equipment and contactors in the generator. MOS structures are susceptible to static discharge injury, as are other semiconductor devices, and must be protected by the presence of static protection circuitry. It is recommended that the electronics be analyzed for the circuit transient response to a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> waveform, to induced and dc current injection, that input/output leads be shielded, everything be grounded, and <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-resistant components be chosen early in the design phase.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982ATJSE.104..121D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982ATJSE.104..121D"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection of wind turbines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dodd, C. W.</p> <p>1982-05-01</p> <p>Possible damages to wind turbine components due to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes are discussed and means to prevent the damage are presented. A low resistance path to the ground is noted to be essential for any turbine system, including metal paths on nonmetal blades to conduct the strike. Surge arrestors are necessary to protect against overvoltages both from utility lines in normal operation and against <span class="hlt">lightning</span> damage to control equipment and contactors in the generator. MOS structures are susceptible to static discharge injury, as are other semiconductor devices, and must be protected by the presence of static protection circuitry. It is recommended that the electronics be analyzed for the circuit transient response to a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> waveform, to induced and dc current injection, that input/output leads be shielded, everything be grounded, and <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-resistant components be chosen early in the design phase.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1022790','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1022790"><span>Neurologic complications of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> injuries.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cherington, M; Yarnell, P R; London, S F</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Over the past ten years, we have cared for 13 patients who suffered serious neurologic complications after being struck by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. The spectrum of neurologic lesions includes the entire neuraxis from the cerebral hemispheres to the peripheral nerves. We describe these various neurologic disorders with regard to the site of the lesion, severity of the deficit, and the outcome. Damage to the nervous system can be a serious problem for patients struck by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Fatalities are associated with hypoxic encephalopathy in patients who suffered cardiac arrests. Patients with spinal cord lesions are likely to have permanent sequelae and paralysis. New technology for detecting <span class="hlt">lightning</span> with wideband magnetic direction finders is useful in establishing <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-flash densities in each state. Florida and the Gulf Coast states have the highest densities. Colorado and the Rocky Mountain states have the next highest. Images PMID:7785254</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920045362&hterms=Global+warming&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DGlobal%2Bwarming','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920045362&hterms=Global+warming&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DGlobal%2Bwarming"><span>The effect of global warming on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> frequencies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Price, Colin; Rind, David</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>The first attempt to model global <span class="hlt">lightning</span> distributions by using the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) GCM is reported. Three sets of observations showing the relationship between <span class="hlt">lightning</span> frequency and cloud top height are shown. Zonally averaged <span class="hlt">lightning</span> frequency observed by satellite are compared with those calculated using the GISS GCM, and fair agreement is found. The change in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> frequency for a double CO2 climate is calculated and found to be nearly 2.23 x 10 exp 6 extra <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes per day.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol6/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol6-part53-subpartF-appF.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol6/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol6-part53-subpartF-appF.pdf"><span>40 CFR Table <span class="hlt">F</span>-1 to Subpart <span class="hlt">F</span> of... - Performance Specifications for PM 2.5 Class <span class="hlt">II</span> Equivalent Samplers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">II</span> Equivalent Samplers Performance test Specifications Acceptance criteria § 53.62 Full Wind Tunnel... Results: 95% ≤Rc ≤105%. § 53.63 Wind Tunnel Inlet Aspiration Test Liquid VOAG produced aerosol at 2 km/hr... Class <span class="hlt">II</span> Equivalent Samplers <span class="hlt">F</span> Table <span class="hlt">F</span>-1 to Subpart <span class="hlt">F</span> of Part 53 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1320247','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1320247"><span>A Model <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Safety Policy for Athletics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bennett, Brian L.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Objective: The purpose of this paper is to present a model policy on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> safety for athletic trainers. Background: Among college athletic programs in the United States there is a serious lack of written policy on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> safety. Available evidence shows that most National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I institutions, even though they are located in high <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity areas of the country, do not have formal, written <span class="hlt">lightning</span> safety policies. Clinical Advantages/ Recommendations: The policy presented herein, which is at the forefront of such policies, is the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> safety policy written as part of a policies and procedures manual for the division of sports medicine at a public NCAA Division I university. This is a policy based on practicality that utilizes the “flash-to- bang” method for determining the distance of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity from the observer. The policy begins with the importance of prevention, including the daily monitoring of weather reports. The policy defines a “safe shelter” and specifies the chain of command for determining who removes a team or individuals from an athletic site in the event of dangerous <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity. PMID:16558459</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/587206-sub-from-lightning-global-distribution-based-lightning-physics','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/587206-sub-from-lightning-global-distribution-based-lightning-physics"><span>NO{sub x} from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> 1. Global distribution based on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> physics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Price, C.; Penner, J.; Prather, M.</p> <p>1997-03-01</p> <p>This paper begins a study on the role of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in maintaining the global distribution of nitrogen oxides (NO{sub x}) in the troposphere. It presents the first global and seasonal distributions of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-produced NO{sub x} (LNO{sub x}) based on the observed distribution of electrical storms and the physical properties of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strokes. We derive a global rate for cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes of 20{endash}30 flashes/s with a mean energy per flash of 6.7{times}10{sup 9}J. Intracloud (IC) flashes are more frequent, 50{endash}70 flashes/s but have 10{percent} of the energy of CG strokes and, consequently, produce significantly less NO{sub x}. It appears tomore » us that the majority of previous studies have mistakenly assumed that all <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes produce the same amount of NO{sub x}, thus overestimating the NO{sub x} production by a factor of 3. On the other hand, we feel these same studies have underestimated the energy released in CG flashes, resulting in two negating assumptions. For CG energies we adopt a production rate of 10{times}10{sup 16} molecules NO/J based on the current literature. Using a method to simulate global <span class="hlt">lightning</span> frequencies from satellite-observed cloud data, we have calculated the LNO{sub x} on various spatial (regional, zonal, meridional, and global) and temporal scales (daily, monthly, seasonal, and interannual). Regionally, the production of LNO{sub x} is concentrated over tropical continental regions, predominantly in the summer hemisphere. The annual mean production rate is calculated to be 12.2 Tg N/yr, and we believe it extremely unlikely that this number is less than 5 or more than 20 Tg N/yr. Although most of LNO{sub x} is produced in the lowest 5 km by CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, convective mixing in the thunderstorms is likely to deposit large amounts of NO{sub x} in the upper troposphere where it is important in ozone production. (Abstract Truncated)« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980219352','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980219352"><span>Development of Algorithms and Error Analyses for the Short Baseline <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection and Ranging System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Starr, Stanley O.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>NASA, at the John <span class="hlt">F</span>. Kennedy Space Center (KSC), developed and operates a unique high-precision <span class="hlt">lightning</span> location system to provide <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-related weather warnings. These warnings are used to stop <span class="hlt">lightning</span>- sensitive operations such as space vehicle launches and ground operations where equipment and personnel are at risk. The data is provided to the Range Weather Operations (45th Weather Squadron, U.S. Air Force) where it is used with other meteorological data to issue weather advisories and warnings for Cape Canaveral Air Station and KSC operations. This system, called <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection and Ranging (LDAR), provides users with a graphical display in three dimensions of 66 megahertz radio frequency events generated by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> processes. The locations of these events provide a sound basis for the prediction of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> hazards. This document provides the basis for the design approach and data analysis for a system of radio frequency receivers to provide azimuth and elevation data for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> pulses detected simultaneously by the LDAR system. The intent is for this direction-finding system to correct and augment the data provided by LDAR and, thereby, increase the rate of valid data and to correct or discard any invalid data. This document develops the necessary equations and algorithms, identifies sources of systematic errors and means to correct them, and analyzes the algorithms for random error. This data analysis approach is not found in the existing literature and was developed to facilitate the operation of this Short Baseline LDAR (SBLDAR). These algorithms may also be useful for other direction-finding systems using radio pulses or ultrasonic pulse data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990008509','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990008509"><span>Optical Detection of <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> from Space</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Boccippio, Dennis J.; Christian, Hugh J.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Optical sensors have been developed to detect <span class="hlt">lightning</span> from space during both day and night. These sensors have been fielded in two existing satellite missions and may be included on a third mission in 2002. Satellite-hosted, optically-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection offers three unique capabilities: (1) the ability to reliably detect <span class="hlt">lightning</span> over large, often remote, spatial regions, (2) the ability to sample all (IC and CG) <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, and (3) the ability to detect <span class="hlt">lightning</span> with uniform (i.e., not range-dependent) sensitivity or detection efficiency. These represent significant departures from conventional RF-based detection techniques, which typically have strong range dependencies (biases) or range limitations in their detection capabilities. The atmospheric electricity team of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center's Global Hydrology and Climate Center has implemented a three-step satellite <span class="hlt">lightning</span> research program which includes three phases: proof-of-concept/climatology, science algorithm development, and operational application. The first instrument in the program, the Optical Transient Detector (OTD), is deployed on a low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite with near-polar inclination, yielding global coverage. The sensor has a 1300 x 1300 sq km field of view (FOV), moderate detection efficiency, moderate localization accuracy, and little data bias. The OTD is a proof-of-concept instrument and its mission is primarily a global <span class="hlt">lightning</span> climatology. The limited spatial accuracy of this instrument makes it suboptimal for use in case studies, although significant science knowledge has been gained from the instrument as deployed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150022939','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150022939"><span>The Intra-Cloud <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Fraction in the Contiguous United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Medici, Gina; Cummins, Kenneth L.; Koshak, William J.; Rudlosky, Scott D.; Blakeslee, Richard J.; Goodman, Steven J.; Cecil, Daniel J.; Bright, David R.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is dangerous and destructive; cloud-to-ground (CG) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes can start fires, interrupt power delivery, destroy property and cause fatalities. Its rate-of-occurrence reflects storm kinematics and microphysics. For decades <span class="hlt">lightning</span> research has been an important focus, and advances in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection technology have been essential contributors to our increasing knowledge of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. A significant step in detection technology is the Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM) to be onboard the Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite R-Series (GOES-R) to be launched in early 2016. GLM will provide continuous "Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>" observations [CG and intra-cloud <span class="hlt">lightning</span> (IC)] with near-uniform spatial resolution over the Americas by measuring radiance at the cloud tops from the different types of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. These Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> observations are expected to significantly improve our ability to nowcast severe weather. It may be important to understand the long-term regional differences in the relative occurrence of IC and CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in order to understand and properly use the short-term changes in Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> flash rate for evaluating individual storms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=335488&Lab=NERL&keyword=forensics&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=335488&Lab=NERL&keyword=forensics&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> NOx Production in CMAQ Part I – Using Hourly NLDN <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Strike Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-produced nitrogen oxides (NOX=NO+NO2) in the middle and upper troposphere play an essential role in the production of ozone (O3) and influence the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere. Despite much effort in both observing and modeling <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NOX during the past dec...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900005749&hterms=thunderstorm+protection&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dthunderstorm%2Bprotection','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900005749&hterms=thunderstorm+protection&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dthunderstorm%2Bprotection"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> on operations of aerospace vehicles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fisher, Bruce D.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>Traditionally, aircraft <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes were a major aviation safety issue. However, the increasing use of composite materials and the use of digital avionics for flight critical systems will require that more specific <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection measures be incorporated in the design of such aircraft in order to maintain the excellent <span class="hlt">lightning</span> safety record presently enjoyed by transport aircraft. In addition, several recent <span class="hlt">lightning</span> mishaps, most notably the loss of the Atlas/Centaur-67 vehicle at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida in March 1987, have shown the susceptibility of aircraft and launch vehicles to the phenomenon of vehicle-triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. The recent findings of the NASA Storm Hazards Program were reviewed as they pertain to the atmospheric conditions conducive to aircraft <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes. These data are then compared to recent summaries of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes to operational aircraft fleets. Finally, the new launch commit criteria for triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> being used by NASA and the U.S. Defense Department are summarized. The NASA Research data show that the greatest probability of a direct strike in a thunderstorm occurs at ambient temperatures of about -40 C. Relative precipitation and turbulence levels were characterized as negligible to light for these conditions. However, operational fleet data have shown that most aircraft <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes in routine operations occur at temperatures near the freezing level in non-cumulonimbus clouds. The non-thunderstorm environment was not the subject of dedicated airborne <span class="hlt">lightning</span> research.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960020732','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960020732"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> electromagnetics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wahid, Parveen</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>This project involved the determination of the effective radiated power of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> sources and the polarization of the radiating source. This requires the computation of the antenna patterns at all the LDAR site receiving antennas. The known radiation patterns and RF signal levels measured at the antennas will be used to determine the effective radiated power of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> source. The azimuth and elevation patterns of the antennas in the LDAR system were computed using flight test data that was gathered specifically for this purpose. The results presented in this report deal with the azimuth patterns for all the antennas and the elevation patterns for three of the seven sites.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990097321&hterms=tornado&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dtornado','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990097321&hterms=tornado&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dtornado"><span>Comparisons Between Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Data, Mesocyclone Strength, and Storm Damage Associated with the Florida Tornado Outbreak of February 23, 1998</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hodanish, S; Sharp, D.; Williams, E.; Boldi, B.; Goodman, Steven J.; Raghavan, R.; Matlin, A.; Weber, M.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>During the early morning hours of February 23 1998, the worst tornado outbreak ever recorded occurred over the central Florida peninsula. At least 7 confirmed tornadoes, associated with 4 supercells, developed, with 3 of the tornadoes reaching <span class="hlt">F</span>3 intensity. Many of the tornadoes where on the ground for tens of miles, uncommon for the state of Florida. A total of 42 people were killed, with over 250 people injured. During the outbreak, National Weather Service Melbourne, in collaboration with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was collecting data from a unique <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observing system called <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor Data Applications Display (LISDAD, Boldi et.al., this conference). This system marries radar data collected from the KMLB WSR-88D, cloud to ground data collected from the National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network, and total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data collected from NASKs <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection And Ranging system. This poster will display, concurrently, total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data (displayed in 1 minute increments), time/height storm relative velocity products from the KMLB WSR-88D, and damage information (tornado/hail/wind) from each of the supercell thunderstorms. The primary objective of this poster presentation is to observe how total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity changes as the convective storm intensifies, and how the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity changes with respect to mesocyclone strength (vortex stretching) and damaging weather on the ground.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28465545','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28465545"><span>On the initiation of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in thunderclouds.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chilingarian, Ashot; Chilingaryan, Suren; Karapetyan, Tigran; Kozliner, Lev; Khanikyants, Yeghia; Hovsepyan, Gagik; Pokhsraryan, David; Soghomonyan, Suren</p> <p>2017-05-02</p> <p>The relationship of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and elementary particle fluxes in the thunderclouds is not fully understood to date. Using the particle beams (the so-called Thunderstorm Ground Enhancements - TGEs) as a probe we investigate the characteristics of the interrelated atmospheric processes. The well-known effect of the TGE dynamics is the abrupt termination of the particle flux by the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash. With new precise electronics, we can see that particle flux decline occurred simultaneously with the rearranging of the charge centers in the cloud. The analysis of the TGE energy spectra before and after the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> demonstrates that the high-energy part of the TGE energy spectra disappeared just after <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. The decline of particle flux coincides on millisecond time scale with first atmospheric discharges and we can conclude that Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanches (RREA) in the thundercloud assist initiation of the negative cloud to ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Thus, RREA can provide enough ionization to play a significant role in the unleashing of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA543517','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA543517"><span><span class="hlt">F</span>-<span class="hlt">35</span> Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Program: Background and Issues for Congress</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-26</p> <p>bulkheads on the <span class="hlt">F</span>-22.”28 Third, the driveshaft, lift-fan clutch, and actuator for the <span class="hlt">F</span>-<span class="hlt">35</span>B’s roll-post nozzles will be redesigned following...levels of participation in the program. International partners are also assisting with Initial Operational Test and Evaluation ( IOT &E), a subset of...Week/Ares blog, March 15, 2010. 59 Currently, the UK, Italy, and the Netherlands have agreed to participate in the IOT &E program. UK, the senior <span class="hlt">F</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMAE31B0430S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMAE31B0430S"><span>Scientific <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network for Kazakhstan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Streltsov, A. V.; Lozbin, A.; Inchin, A.; Shpadi, Y.; Inchin, P.; Shpadi, M.; Ayazbayev, G.; Bykayev, R.; Mailibayeva, L.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>In the frame of grant financing of the scientific research in 2015-2017 the project "To Develop Electromagnetic System for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> location and atmosphere-lithosphere coupling research" was found. The project was start in January, 2015 and should be done during 3 years. The purpose is to create a system of electromagnetic measurements for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> location and atmosphere-lithosphere coupling research consisting of a network of electric and magnetic sensors and the dedicated complex for data processing and transfer to the end user. The main tasks are to set several points for electromagnetic measurements with 100-200 km distance between them, to develop equipment for these points, to develop the techniques and software for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> location (Time-of-arrival and Direction Finding (TOA+DF)) and provide a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity research in North Tien-Shan region with respect to seismicity and other natural and manmade activities. Also, it is planned to use <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data for Global Electric Circuit (GEC) investigation. Currently, there are <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection networks in many countries. In Kazakhstan we have only separate units in airports. So, we don't have full <span class="hlt">lightning</span> information for our region. It is planned, to setup 8-10 measurement points with magnetic and electric filed antennas for VLF range. The final data set should be including each stroke location, time, type (CG+, CG-, CC+ or CC-) and waveform from each station. As the magnetic field <span class="hlt">lightning</span> antenna the ferrite rod VLF antenna will be used. As the electric field antenna the wide range antenna with specific frequencies filters will be used. For true event detection TOA and DF methods needs detected stroke from minimum 4 stations. In this case we can get location accuracy about 2-3 km and better.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/36768','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/36768"><span>Relating <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data to fire occurrence data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Frank H. Koch</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> disturbance can affect forest health at various scales. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> strikes may kill or weaken individual trees. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-damaged trees may in turn function as epicenters of pest outbreaks in forest stands, as is the case with the southern pine beetle and other bark beetles (Rykiel and others 1988).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec25-1316.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec25-1316.pdf"><span>14 CFR 25.1316 - System <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... systems to perform these functions are not adversely affected when the airplane is exposed to <span class="hlt">lightning</span>... these functions can be recovered in a timely manner after the airplane is exposed to <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. (c) Compliance with the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection criteria prescribed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section must...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E1643R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E1643R"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> and Life on Exoplanets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rimmer, Paul; Ardaseva, Aleksandra; Hodosan, Gabriella; Helling, Christiane</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>Miller and Urey performed a ground-breaking experiment, in which they discovered that electric discharges through a low redox ratio gas of methane, ammonia, water vapor and hydrogen produced a variety of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Since this experiment, there has been significant interest on the connection between <span class="hlt">lightning</span> chemistry and the origin of life. Investigation into the atmosphere of the Early Earth has generated a serious challenge for this project, as it has been determined both that Earth's early atmosphere was likely dominated by carbon dioxide and molecular nitrogen with only small amounts of hydrogen, having a very high redox ratio, and that discharges in gases with high redox ratios fail to yield more than trace amounts of biologically relevant products. This challenge has motivated several origin of life researchers to abandon <span class="hlt">lightning</span> chemistry, and to concentrate on other pathways for prebiotic synthesis. The discovery of over 2000 exoplanets includes a handful of rocky planets within the habitable zones around their host stars. These planets can be viewed as remote laboratories in which efficient <span class="hlt">lightning</span> driven prebiotic synthesis may take place. This is because many of these rocky exoplanets, called super-Earths, have masses significantly greater than that of Earth. This higher mass would allow them to more retain greater amounts hydrogen within their atmosphere, reducing the redox ratio. Discharges in super-Earth atmospheres can therefore result in a significant yield of amino acids. In this talk, I will discuss new work on what <span class="hlt">lightning</span> might look like on exoplanets, and on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> driven chemistry on super-Earths. Using a chemical kinetics model for a super-Earth atmosphere with smaller redox ratios, I will show that in the presence of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, the production of the amino acid glycine is enhanced up to a certain point, but with very low redox ratios, the production of glycine is again inhibited. I will conclude</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23761114','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23761114"><span>Central hyperadrenergic state after <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Parsaik, Ajay K; Ahlskog, J Eric; Singer, Wolfgang; Gelfman, Russell; Sheldon, Seth H; Seime, Richard J; Craft, Jennifer M; Staab, Jeffrey P; Kantor, Birgit; Low, Phillip A</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>To describe and review autonomic complications of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike. Case report and laboratory data including autonomic function tests in a subject who was struck by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. A 24-year-old man was struck by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Following that, he developed dysautonomia, with persistent inappropriate sinus tachycardia and autonomic storms, as well as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and functional neurologic problems. The combination of persistent sinus tachycardia and episodic exacerbations associated with hypertension, diaphoresis, and agitation was highly suggestive of a central hyperadrenergic state with superimposed autonomic storms. Whether the additional PTSD and functional neurologic deficits were due to a direct effect of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike on the central nervous system or a secondary response is open to speculation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990036563','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990036563"><span>Electro-optic <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detector</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Koshak, William J.; Solakiewicz, Richard J.</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>The design, alignment, calibration, and field deployment of a solid-state <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detector is described. The primary sensing component of the detector is a potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) electro-optic crystal that is attached in series to a flat plate aluminum antenna; the antenna is exposed to the ambient thundercloud electric field. A semiconductor laser diode (lambda = 685 nm), polarizing optics, and the crystal are arranged in a Pockels cell configuration. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-caused electric field changes are related to small changes in the transmission of laser light through the optical cell. Several hundred <span class="hlt">lightning</span> electric field change excursions were recorded during five thunderstorms that occurred in the summer of 1998 at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in northern Alabama.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990106243&hterms=applied+optics&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dapplied%2Boptics','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990106243&hterms=applied+optics&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dapplied%2Boptics"><span>Electro-Optic <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detector</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Koshak, Willliam; Solakiewicz, Richard</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>The design, alignment, calibration, and field deployment of a solid-state <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detector is described. The primary sensing component of the detector is a potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) electro-optic crystal that is attached in series to a flat plate aluminum antenna; the antenna is exposed to the ambient thundercloud electric field. A semiconductor laser diode (lambda = 685 nm), polarizing optics, and the crystal are arranged in a Pockels cell configuration. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-caused electric field changes are then related to small changes in the transmission of laser light through the optical cell. Several hundred <span class="hlt">lightning</span> electric field change excursions were recorded during 4 thunderstorms that occurred in the summer of 1998 at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Northern Alabama.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA595415','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA595415"><span>United States Air Force <span class="hlt">F</span>-<span class="hlt">35</span>A Operational Basing Environmental Impact Statement. Appendix E: Comments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>this pork -laden boondoggle down our throats? Finally, to those who accuse <span class="hlt">F</span>-<span class="hlt">35</span> opponents of being unpatriotic, you should know better. Patriotism is...Vermont Air Guard base as the members bring money into the ar ea during training weekends/days for food , housing and entertainment. These monies...adults and children living in the noise zone 3. There was no crash data for FY 13 fo r the <span class="hlt">F</span>-22 (page BR4-49/50) ’] • Since safety estimates of the <span class="hlt">F</span>-<span class="hlt">35</span>A</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRD..118.5176C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRD..118.5176C"><span>Three years of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> impulse charge moment change measurements in the United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cummer, Steven A.; Lyons, Walter A.; Stanley, Mark A.</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>We report and analyze 3 years of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> impulse charge moment change (iCMC) measurements obtained from an automated, real time <span class="hlt">lightning</span> charge moment change network (CMCN). The CMCN combines U.S. National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network (NLDN) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> event geolocations with extremely low frequency (≲1 kHz) data from two stations to provide iCMC measurements across the entire United States. Almost 14 million <span class="hlt">lightning</span> events were measured in the 3 year period. We present the statistical distributions of iCMC versus polarity and NLDN-measured peak current, including corrections for the detection efficiency of the CMCN versus peak current. We find a broad distribution of iCMC for a given peak current, implying that these parameters are at best only weakly correlated. Curiously, the mean iCMC does not monotonically increase with peak current, and in fact, drops for positive CG strokes above +150 kA. For all positive strokes, there is a boundary near 20 C km that separates seemingly distinct populations of high and low iCMC strokes. We also explore the geographic distribution of high iCMC <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strokes. High iCMC positive strokes occur predominantly in the northern midwest portion of the U.S., with a secondary peak over the gulf stream region just off the U.S. east coast. High iCMC negative strokes are also clustered in the midwest, although somewhat south of most of the high iCMC positive strokes. This is a region far from the locations of maximum occurrence of high peak current negative strokes. Based on assumed iCMC thresholds for sprite production, we estimate that approximately <span class="hlt">35</span>,000 positive polarity and 350 negative polarity sprites occur per year over the U.S. land and near-coastal areas. Among other applications, this network is useful for the nowcasting of sprite-producing storms and storm regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=thunder&pg=3&id=EJ027314','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=thunder&pg=3&id=EJ027314"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Pampe, William R.</p> <p>1970-01-01</p> <p>Presents basic physical theory for movement of electric charges in clouds, earth, and air during production of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and thunder. Amount of electrical energy produced and heating effects during typical thunderstorms is described. Generalized safety practices are given. (JM)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890038853&hterms=stroke&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dstroke','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890038853&hterms=stroke&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dstroke"><span>Fine structure in RF spectra of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> return stroke wave forms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lanzerotti, L. J.; Thomson, D. J.; Maclennan, C. G.; Rinnert, K.; Krider, E. P.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>The power spectra of the wide-band (10 Hz to 100 kHz) magnetic-field signals for a number of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> return strokes measured during a thunderstorm which occurred in Lindau in August, 1984 have been calculated. The RF magnetic field data are obtained with the engineering unit of the Galileo Jupiter Probe <span class="hlt">lightning</span> experiment. Each return stroke data stream is passed through an adaptive filter designed to whiten its spectrum. The spectra of the magnetic field data definitely show fine structure, with two or three distinct peaks in the spectra of many of the waveforms. A peak at <span class="hlt">f</span> of about 60-70 kHz is often seen in the power spectra of the waveform time segments preceding and following the rise-to-peak amplitude of the return stroke.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19970012901&hterms=nasa+shuttle&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dnasa%2Bshuttle','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19970012901&hterms=nasa+shuttle&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dnasa%2Bshuttle"><span>NASA Shuttle <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Research: Observations of Nocturnal Thunderstorms and <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Displays as Seen During Recent Space Shuttle Missions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Vaughan, Otha H., Jr.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>A number of interesting <span class="hlt">lightning</span> events have been observed using the low light level TV camera of the space shuttle during nighttime observations of thunderstorms near the limb of the Earth. Some of the vertical type <span class="hlt">lightning</span> events that have been observed will be presented. Using TV cameras for observing <span class="hlt">lightning</span> near the Earth's limb allows one to determine the location of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and other characteristics by using the star field data and the shuttle's orbital position to reconstruct the geometry of the scene being viewed by the shuttle's TV cameras which are located in the payload bay of the shuttle.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910023303','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910023303"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> location system supervising Swedish power transmission network</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Melin, Stefan A.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>For electric utilities, the ability to prevent or minimize <span class="hlt">lightning</span> damage on personnel and power systems is of great importance. Therefore, the Swedish State Power Board, has been using data since 1983 from a nationwide <span class="hlt">lightning</span> location system (LLS) for accurately locating <span class="hlt">lightning</span> ground strikes. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> data is distributed and presented on color graphic displays at regional power network control centers as well as at the national power system control center for optimal data use. The main objectives for use of LLS data are: supervising the power system for optimal and safe use of the transmission and generating capacity during periods of thunderstorms; warning service to maintenance and service crews at power line and substations to end operations hazardous when <span class="hlt">lightning</span>; rapid positioning of emergency crews to locate network damage at areas of detected <span class="hlt">lightning</span>; and post analysis of power outages and transmission faults in relation to <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, using archived <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data for determination of appropriate design and insulation levels of equipment. Staff have found LLS data useful and economically justified since the availability of power system has increased as well as level of personnel safety.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A31A2148W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A31A2148W"><span>The relationship of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity and short-duation rainfall events during warm seasons over the Beijing metropolitan region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, F.; Cui, X.; Zhang, D. L.; Lin, Q.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The relationship between <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity and rainfall associated with 2925 short-duration rainfall (SDR) events over the Beijing metropolitan region (BMR) is examined during the warm seasons of 2006-2007, using the cloud-to-ground (CG) and intracloud (IC) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data from Surveillance et Alerte Foudre par Interférometrie Radioélectrique (SAFIR)-3000 and 5-min rainfall data from automatic weather stations (AWSs). To facilitate the analysis of the rainfall-<span class="hlt">lightning</span> correlations, the SDR events are categorized into six different intensity grades according to their hourly rainfall rates (HRRs), and an optimal radius of 10 km from individual AWSs for counting their associated <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes is used. Results show that the <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-rainfall correlations vary significantly with different intensity grades. Weak correlations (R 0.4) are found in the weak SDR events, and 40-50% of the events are no-flash ones. And moderate correlation (R 0.6) are found in the moderate SDR events, and > 10-20% of the events are no-flash ones. In contrast, high correlations (R 0.7) are obtained in the SDHR events, and < 10% of the events are no-flash ones. The results indicate that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity is observed more frequently and correlated more robust with the rainfall in the SDHR events. Significant time lagged correlations between <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and rainfall are also found. About 80% of the SDR events could reach their highest correlation coefficients when the associated <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes shift at time lags of < 25 min before and after rainfall begins. The percentages of SDR events with CG or total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity preceding, lagging or coinciding with rainfall shows that (i) in about 55% of the SDR events <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes preceded rainfall; (<span class="hlt">ii</span>) the SDR events with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes lagging behind rainfall accounted for about 30%; and (iii) the SDR events without any time shifts accounted for the remaining 15%. Better <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-rainfall correlations can be attained when time</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA22474.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA22474.html"><span>Artist's Concept of Jupiter <span class="hlt">Lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2018-06-06</p> <p>This artist's concept of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> distribution in Jupiter's northern hemisphere incorporates a JunoCam image with artistic embellishments. Data from NASA's Juno mission indicates that most of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity on Jupiter is near its poles. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22474</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15...32P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15...32P"><span>Visual Analytics approach for <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> data analysis and cell nowcasting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Peters, Stefan; Meng, Liqiu; Betz, Hans-Dieter</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Thunderstorms and their ground effects, such as flash floods, hail, <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, strong wind and tornadoes, are responsible for most weather damages (Bonelli & Marcacci 2008). Thus to understand, identify, track and predict <span class="hlt">lightning</span> cells is essential. An important aspect for decision makers is an appropriate visualization of weather analysis results including the representation of dynamic <span class="hlt">lightning</span> cells. This work focuses on the visual analysis of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> cell nowcasting which aim to detect and understanding spatial-temporal patterns of moving thunderstorms. <span class="hlt">Lightnings</span> are described by 3D coordinates and the exact occurrence time of <span class="hlt">lightnings</span>. The three-dimensionally resolved total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data used in our experiment are provided by the European <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection network LINET (Betz et al. 2009). In all previous works, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> point data, detected <span class="hlt">lightning</span> cells and derived cell tracks are visualized in 2D. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> cells are either displayed as 2D convex hulls with or without the underlying <span class="hlt">lightning</span> point data. Due to recent improvements of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data detection and accuracy, there is a growing demand on multidimensional and interactive visualization in particular for decision makers. In a first step <span class="hlt">lightning</span> cells are identified and tracked. Then an interactive graphic user interface (GUI) is developed to investigate the dynamics of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> cells: e.g. changes of cell density, location, extension as well as merging and splitting behavior in 3D over time. In particular a space time cube approach is highlighted along with statistical analysis. Furthermore a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> cell nowcasting is conducted and visualized. The idea thereby is to predict the following cell features for the next 10-60 minutes including location, centre, extension, density, area, volume, lifetime and cell feature probabilities. The main focus will be set to a suitable interactive visualization of the predicted featured within the GUI. The developed visual</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/949855-lightning-vulnerability-fiber-optic-cables','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/949855-lightning-vulnerability-fiber-optic-cables"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> vulnerability of fiber-optic cables.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Martinez, Leonard E.; Caldwell, Michele</p> <p>2008-06-01</p> <p>One reason to use optical fibers to transmit data is for isolation from unintended electrical energy. Using fiber optics in an application where the fiber cable/system penetrates the aperture of a grounded enclosure serves two purposes: first, it allows for control signals to be transmitted where they are required, and second, the insulating properties of the fiber system help to electrically isolate the fiber terminations on the inside of the grounded enclosure. A fundamental question is whether fiber optic cables can allow electrical energy to pass through a grounded enclosure, with a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike representing an extreme but very importantmore » case. A DC test bed capable of producing voltages up to 200 kV was used to characterize electrical properties of a variety of fiber optic cable samples. Leakage current in the samples were measured with a micro-Ammeter. In addition to the leakage current measurements, samples were also tested to DC voltage breakdown. After the fiber optic cables samples were tested with DC methods, they were tested under representative <span class="hlt">lightning</span> conditions at the Sandia <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Simulator (SLS). Simulated <span class="hlt">lightning</span> currents of 30 kA and 200 kA were selected for this test series. This paper documents measurement methods and test results for DC high voltage and simulated <span class="hlt">lightning</span> tests performed at the Sandia <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Simulator on fiber optic cables. The tests performed at the SLS evaluated whether electrical energy can be conducted inside or along the surface of a fiber optic cable into a grounded enclosure under representative <span class="hlt">lightning</span> conditions.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=336118&keyword=air&subject=air%20research&showcriteria=2&fed_org_id=111&datebeginpublishedpresented=09/03/2012&dateendpublishedpresented=09/03/2017&sortby=pubdateyear','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=336118&keyword=air&subject=air%20research&showcriteria=2&fed_org_id=111&datebeginpublishedpresented=09/03/2012&dateendpublishedpresented=09/03/2017&sortby=pubdateyear"><span>A simple <span class="hlt">lightning</span> assimilation technique for improving ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Convective rainfall is often a large source of error in retrospective modeling applications. In particular, positive rainfall biases commonly exist during summer months due to overactive convective parameterizations. In this study, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> assimilation was applied in the Kain-Fritsch (KF) convective scheme to improve retrospective simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The assimilation method has a straightforward approach: force KF deep convection where <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is observed and, optionally, suppress deep convection where <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is absent. WRF simulations were made with and without <span class="hlt">lightning</span> assimilation over the continental United States for July 2012, July 2013, and January 2013. The simulations were evaluated against NCEP stage-IV precipitation data and MADIS near-surface meteorological observations. In general, the use of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> assimilation considerably improves the simulation of summertime rainfall. For example, the July 2012 monthly averaged bias of 6 h accumulated rainfall is reduced from 0.54 to 0.07 mm and the spatial correlation is increased from 0.21 to 0.43 when <span class="hlt">lightning</span> assimilation is used. Statistical measures of near-surface meteorological variables also are improved. Consistent improvements also are seen for the July 2013 case. These results suggest that this <span class="hlt">lightning</span> assimilation technique has the potential to substantially improve simulation of warm-season rainfall in retrospective WRF applications. The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=325491&keyword=air&subject=air%20research&showcriteria=2&fed_org_id=111&datebeginpublishedpresented=02/27/2012&dateendpublishedpresented=02/27/2017&sortby=pubdateyear','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=325491&keyword=air&subject=air%20research&showcriteria=2&fed_org_id=111&datebeginpublishedpresented=02/27/2012&dateendpublishedpresented=02/27/2017&sortby=pubdateyear"><span>A Simple <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Assimilation Technique For Improving ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Convective rainfall is often a large source of error in retrospective modeling applications. In particular, positive rainfall biases commonly exist during summer months due to overactive convective parameterizations. In this study, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> assimilation was applied in the Kain-Fritsch (KF) convective scheme to improve retrospective simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The assimilation method has a straightforward approach: Force KF deep convection where <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is observed and, optionally, suppress deep convection where <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is absent. WRF simulations were made with and without <span class="hlt">lightning</span> assimilation over the continental United States for July 2012, July 2013, and January 2013. The simulations were evaluated against NCEP stage-IV precipitation data and MADIS near-surface meteorological observations. In general, the use of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> assimilation considerably improves the simulation of summertime rainfall. For example, the July 2012 monthly-averaged bias of 6-h accumulated rainfall is reduced from 0.54 mm to 0.07 mm and the spatial correlation is increased from 0.21 to 0.43 when <span class="hlt">lightning</span> assimilation is used. Statistical measures of near-surface meteorological variables also are improved. Consistent improvements also are seen for the July 2013 case. These results suggest that this <span class="hlt">lightning</span> assimilation technique has the potential to substantially improve simulation of warm-season rainfall in retrospective WRF appli</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009pcms.confE..98P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009pcms.confE..98P"><span>Relationship between convective precipitation and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity using radar quantitative precipitation estimates and total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pineda, N.; Rigo, T.; Bech, J.; Argemí, O.</p> <p>2009-09-01</p> <p>Thunderstorms can be characterized by both rainfall and <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. The relationship between convective precipitation and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity may be used as an indicator of the rainfall regime. Besides, a better knowledge of local thunderstorm phenomenology can be very useful to assess weather surveillance tasks. Two types of approach can be distinguished in the bibliography when analyzing the rainfall and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity. On one hand, rain yields (ratio of rain mass to cloud-to-ground flash over a common area) calculated for long temporal and spatial domains and using rain-gauge records to estimate the amounts of precipitation. On the other hand, a case-by-case approach has been used in many studies to analyze the relationship between convective precipitation and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in individual storms, using weather radar data to estimate rainfall volumes. Considering a local thunderstorm case study approach, the relation between rainfall and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is usually quantified as the Rainfall-<span class="hlt">Lightning</span> ratio (RLR). This ratio estimates the convective rainfall volume per <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash. Intense storms tend to produce lower RLR values than moderate storms, but the range of RLR found in diverse studies is quite wide. This relationship depends on thunderstorm type, local climatology, convective regime, type of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes considered, oceanic and continental storms, etc. The objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship between convective precipitation and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in a case-by-case approach, by means of daily radar-derived quantitative precipitation estimates (QPE) and total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data, obtained from observations of the Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya remote sensing systems, which covers an area of approximately 50000 km2 in the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. The analyzed dataset is composed by 45 thunderstorm days from April to October 2008. A good daily correlation has been found between the radar QPE and the CG flash counts (best linear fit with a R^2</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5677374','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5677374"><span>Assessing <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> and Wildfire Hazard by Land Properties and Cloud to Ground <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Data with Association Rule Mining in Alberta, Canada</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cha, DongHwan; Wang, Xin; Kim, Jeong Woo</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Hotspot analysis was implemented to find regions in the province of Alberta (Canada) with high frequency Cloud to Ground (CG) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes clustered together. Generally, hotspot regions are located in the central, central east, and south central regions of the study region. About 94% of annual <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurred during warm months (June to August) and the daily <span class="hlt">lightning</span> frequency was influenced by the diurnal heating cycle. The association rule mining technique was used to investigate frequent CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> patterns, which were verified by similarity measurement to check the patterns’ consistency. The similarity coefficient values indicated that there were high correlations throughout the entire study period. Most wildfires (about 93%) in Alberta occurred in forests, wetland forests, and wetland shrub areas. It was also found that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and wildfires occur in two distinct areas: frequent wildfire regions with a high frequency of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, and frequent wild-fire regions with a low frequency of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Further, the preference index (PI) revealed locations where the wildfires occurred more frequently than in other class regions. The wildfire hazard area was estimated with the CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> hazard map and specific land use types. PMID:29065564</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29065564','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29065564"><span>Assessing <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> and Wildfire Hazard by Land Properties and Cloud to Ground <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Data with Association Rule Mining in Alberta, Canada.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cha, DongHwan; Wang, Xin; Kim, Jeong Woo</p> <p>2017-10-23</p> <p>Hotspot analysis was implemented to find regions in the province of Alberta (Canada) with high frequency Cloud to Ground (CG) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes clustered together. Generally, hotspot regions are located in the central, central east, and south central regions of the study region. About 94% of annual <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurred during warm months (June to August) and the daily <span class="hlt">lightning</span> frequency was influenced by the diurnal heating cycle. The association rule mining technique was used to investigate frequent CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> patterns, which were verified by similarity measurement to check the patterns' consistency. The similarity coefficient values indicated that there were high correlations throughout the entire study period. Most wildfires (about 93%) in Alberta occurred in forests, wetland forests, and wetland shrub areas. It was also found that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and wildfires occur in two distinct areas: frequent wildfire regions with a high frequency of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, and frequent wild-fire regions with a low frequency of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Further, the preference index (PI) revealed locations where the wildfires occurred more frequently than in other class regions. The wildfire hazard area was estimated with the CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> hazard map and specific land use types.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.558...87B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.558...87B"><span>Prevalent <span class="hlt">lightning</span> sferics at 600 megahertz near Jupiter's poles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brown, Shannon; Janssen, Michael; Adumitroaie, Virgil; Atreya, Sushil; Bolton, Scott; Gulkis, Samuel; Ingersoll, Andrew; Levin, Steven; Li, Cheng; Li, Liming; Lunine, Jonathan; Misra, Sidharth; Orton, Glenn; Steffes, Paul; Tabataba-Vakili, Fachreddin; Kolmašová, Ivana; Imai, Masafumi; Santolík, Ondřej; Kurth, William; Hospodarsky, George; Gurnett, Donald; Connerney, John</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> has been detected on Jupiter by all visiting spacecraft through night-side optical imaging and whistler (<span class="hlt">lightning</span>-generated radio waves) signatures1-6. Jovian <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is thought to be generated in the mixed-phase (liquid-ice) region of convective water clouds through a charge-separation process between condensed liquid water and water-ice particles, similar to that of terrestrial (cloud-to-cloud) <span class="hlt">lightning</span>7-9. Unlike terrestrial <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, which emits broadly over the radio spectrum up to gigahertz frequencies10,11, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> on Jupiter has been detected only at kilohertz frequencies, despite a search for signals in the megahertz range12. Strong ionospheric attenuation or a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge much slower than that on Earth have been suggested as possible explanations for this discrepancy13,14. Here we report observations of Jovian <span class="hlt">lightning</span> sferics (broadband electromagnetic impulses) at 600 megahertz from the Microwave Radiometer15 onboard the Juno spacecraft. These detections imply that Jovian <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges are not distinct from terrestrial <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, as previously thought. In the first eight orbits of Juno, we detected 377 <span class="hlt">lightning</span> sferics from pole to pole. We found <span class="hlt">lightning</span> to be prevalent in the polar regions, absent near the equator, and most frequent in the northern hemisphere, at latitudes higher than 40 degrees north. Because the distribution of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is a proxy for moist convective activity, which is thought to be an important source of outward energy transport from the interior of the planet16,17, increased convection towards the poles could indicate an outward internal heat flux that is preferentially weighted towards the poles9,16,18. The distribution of moist convection is important for understanding the composition, general circulation and energy transport on Jupiter.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130012450','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130012450"><span>Comparison of the KSC-ER Cloud-to-Ground <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Surveillance System (CGLSS) and the U.S. National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network (NLDN)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ward, Jennifer G.; Cummins, Kenneth L.; Krider, E. Philip</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and Air Force Eastern Range (ER) are located in a region of Florida that experiences the highest area density of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes to ground in the United States, with values approaching 16 fl/km 2/yr when accumulated in 10x10 km (100 sq km) grids (see Figure 1). Consequently, the KSC-ER use data derived from two cloud-to-ground (CG) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection networks to detect hazardous weather, the "Cloud-to-Ground <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Surveillance System" (CGLSS) that is owned and operated by the Air Force and the U.S. National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network (NLDN) that is owned and operated by Vaisala, Inc. These systems are used to provide <span class="hlt">lightning</span> warnings for ground operations and to insure mission safety during space launches at the KSC-ER. In order to protect the rocket and shuttle fleets, NASA and the Air Force follow a set of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> safety guidelines that are called the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Launch Commit Criteria (LLCC). These rules are designed to insure that vehicles are not exposed to the hazards of natural or triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> that would in any way jeopardize a mission or cause harm to the shuttle astronauts. Also, if any CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes too close to a vehicle on a launch pad, it can cause time-consuming mission delays due to the extensive retests that are often required for vehicles and/or payloads when this occurs. If any CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike is missed or mis-located by even a small amount, the result could have significant safety implications, require expensive retests, or create unnecessary delays or scrubs in launches. Therefore, it is important to understand the performance of each <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection system in considerable detail.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100026543','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100026543"><span>Recent Advancements in <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Jump Algorithm Work</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Schultz, Christopher J.; Petersen, Walter A.; Carey, Lawrence D.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>In the past year, the primary objectives were to show the usefulness of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> as compared to traditional cloud-to-ground (CG) networks, test the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump algorithm configurations in other regions of the country, increase the number of thunderstorms within our thunderstorm database, and to pinpoint environments that could prove difficult for any <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump configuration. A total of 561 thunderstorms have been examined in the past year (409 non-severe, 152 severe) from four regions of the country (North Alabama, Washington D.C., High Plains of CO/KS, and Oklahoma). Results continue to indicate that the 2 <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump algorithm configuration holds the most promise in terms of prospective operational <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump algorithms, with a probability of detection (POD) at 81%, a false alarm rate (FAR) of 45%, a critical success index (CSI) of 49% and a Heidke Skill Score (HSS) of 0.66. The second best performing algorithm configuration was the Threshold 4 algorithm, which had a POD of 72%, FAR of 51%, a CSI of 41% and an HSS of 0.58. Because a more complex algorithm configuration shows the most promise in terms of prospective operational <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump algorithms, accurate thunderstorm cell tracking work must be undertaken to track <span class="hlt">lightning</span> trends on an individual thunderstorm basis over time. While these numbers for the 2 configuration are impressive, the algorithm does have its weaknesses. Specifically, low-topped and tropical cyclone thunderstorm environments are present issues for the 2 <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump algorithm, because of the suppressed vertical depth impact on overall flash counts (i.e., a relative dearth in <span class="hlt">lightning</span>). For example, in a sample of 120 thunderstorms from northern Alabama that contained 72 missed events by the 2 algorithm 36% of the misses were associated with these two environments (17 storms).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1817550D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1817550D"><span>Learning from concurrent <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor and <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array observations in preparation for the MTG-LI mission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Defer, Eric; Bovalo, Christophe; Coquillat, Sylvain; Pinty, Jean-Pierre; Farges, Thomas; Krehbiel, Paul; Rison, William</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The upcoming decade will see the deployment and the operation of French, European and American space-based missions dedicated to the detection and the characterization of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity on Earth. For instance the Tool for the Analysis of Radiation from <span class="hlt">lightNIng</span> and Sprites (TARANIS) mission, with an expected launch in 2018, is a CNES mission dedicated to the study of impulsive energy transfers between the atmosphere of the Earth and the space environment. It will carry a package of Micro Cameras and Photometers (MCP) to detect and locate <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes and triggered Transient Luminous Events (TLEs). At the European level, the Meteosat Third Generation Imager (MTG-I) satellites will carry in 2019 the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imager (LI) aimed at detecting and locating the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity over almost the full disk of Earth as usually observed with Meteosat geostationary infrared/visible imagers. The American community plans to operate a similar instrument on the GOES-R mission for an effective operation in early 2016. In addition NASA will install in 2016 on the International Space Station the spare version of the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS) that has proved its capability to optically detect the tropical <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) spacecraft. We will present concurrent observations recorded by the optical space-borne <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS) and the ground-based Very High Frequency (VHF) <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array (LMA) for different types of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes. The properties of the cloud environment will also be considered in the analysis thanks to coincident observations of the different TRMM cloud sensors. The characteristics of the optical signal will be discussed according to the nature of the parent flash components and the cloud properties. This study should provide some insights not only on the expected optical signal that will be recorded by LI, but also on the definition of the validation strategy of LI, and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170001583','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170001583"><span>Rationales for the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Launch Commit Criteria</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Willett, John C. (Editor); Merceret, Francis J. (Editor); Krider, E. Philip; O'Brien, T. Paul; Dye, James E.; Walterscheid, Richard L.; Stolzenburg, Maribeth; Cummins, Kenneth; Christian, Hugh J.; Madura, John T.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Since natural and triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> are demonstrated hazards to launch vehicles, payloads, and spacecraft, NASA and the Department of Defense (DoD) follow the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Launch Commit Criteria (LLCC) for launches from Federal Ranges. The LLCC were developed to prevent future instances of a rocket intercepting natural <span class="hlt">lightning</span> or triggering a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash during launch from a Federal Range. NASA and DoD utilize the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Advisory Panel (LAP) to establish and develop robust rationale from which the criteria originate. The rationale document also contains appendices that provide additional scientific background, including detailed descriptions of the theory and observations behind the rationales. The LLCC in whole or part are used across the globe due to the rigor of the documented criteria and associated rationale. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) adopted the LLCC in 2006 for commercial space transportation and the criteria were codified in the FAA's Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) for Safety of an Expendable Launch Vehicle (Appendix G to 14 CFR Part 417, (G417)) and renamed <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Flight Commit Criteria in G417.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3737249','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3737249"><span>Central Hyperadrenergic State After <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Strike</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Parsaik, Ajay K.; Ahlskog, J. Eric; Singer, Wolfgang; Gelfman, Russell; Sheldon, Seth H.; Seime, Richard J.; Craft, Jennifer M.; Staab, Jeffrey P.; Kantor, Birgit; Low, Phillip A.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Objective To describe and review autonomic complications of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike. Methods Case report and laboratory data including autonomic function tests in a subject who was struck by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Results A 24-year-old man was struck by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Following that, he developed dysautonomia, with persistent inappropriate sinus tachycardia and autonomic storms, as well as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and functional neurologic problems. Interpretation The combination of persistent sinus tachycardia and episodic exacerbations associated with hypertension, diaphoresis, and agitation were highly suggestive of a central hyperadrenergic state with superimposed autonomic storms. Whether the additional PTSD and functional neurologic deficits were due to a direct effect of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike on the CNS or a secondary response is open to speculation. PMID:23761114</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMAE13A0368Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMAE13A0368Z"><span>Statistical Evolution of the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Flash</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zoghzoghy, F. G.; Cohen, M.; Said, R.; Inan, U. S.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Natural <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is one of the most fascinating and powerful electrical processes on Earth. To date, the physics behind this natural phenomenon are not fully understood, due primarily to the difficulty of obtaining measurements inside thunderstorms and to the wide range of timescales involved (from nanoseconds to seconds). Our aim is to use accurate <span class="hlt">lightning</span> geo-location data from the National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network (NLDN) to study statistical patterns in <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, taking advantage of the fact that millions of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes occur around the globe every day. We present two sets of results, one involving the patterns of flashes in a storm, and a second involving the patterns of strokes in a flash. These patterns can provide a surrogate measure of the timescales and the spatial extents of the underlying physical processes. First, we study the timescales of charge buildup inside thunderstorms. We find that, following a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash, the probability of another neighboring flash decreases and takes tens of seconds to recover. We find that this suppression effect is a function of flash type, stroke peak current, cloud-to-ground (CG) stroke multiplicity, and other <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and geographical parameters. We find that the probabilities of subsequent flashes are more suppressed following oceanic <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, or following flashes with higher peak currents and/or higher multiplicities (for CG flashes). Second, we use NLDN data to study the evolution of the strokes within a CG flash. A CG flash typically includes multiple return strokes, which can occur in the same channel or in multiple channels within a few kilometers. We cluster NLDN stroke data into flashes and produce the probability density function of subsequent strokes as a function of distance and time-delays relative to the previous stroke. Using this technique, we investigate processes which occur during the CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash with nanosecond to millisecond timescales. For instance, our results suggest</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRD..116.9103A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRD..116.9103A"><span>Acoustic localization of triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Arechiga, Rene O.; Johnson, Jeffrey B.; Edens, Harald E.; Thomas, Ronald J.; Rison, William</p> <p>2011-05-01</p> <p>We use acoustic (3.3-500 Hz) arrays to locate local (<20 km) thunder produced by triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in the Magdalena Mountains of central New Mexico. The locations of the thunder sources are determined by the array back azimuth and the elapsed time since discharge of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash. We compare the acoustic source locations with those obtained by the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array (LMA) from Langmuir Laboratory, which is capable of accurately locating the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channels. To estimate the location accuracy of the acoustic array we performed Monte Carlo simulations and measured the distance (nearest neighbors) between acoustic and LMA sources. For close sources (<5 km) the mean nearest-neighbors distance was 185 m compared to 100 m predicted by the Monte Carlo analysis. For far distances (>6 km) the error increases to 800 m for the nearest neighbors and 650 m for the Monte Carlo analysis. This work shows that thunder sources can be accurately located using acoustic signals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830041715&hterms=radiofrequency+measurement&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dradiofrequency%2Bmeasurement','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830041715&hterms=radiofrequency+measurement&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dradiofrequency%2Bmeasurement"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> activity on Jupiter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Borucki, W. J.; Bar-Nun, A.; Scarf, F. L.; Look, A. F.; Hunt, G. E.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Photographic observations of the nightside of Jupiter by the Voyager 1 spacecraft show the presence of extensive <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity. Detection of whistlers by the plasma wave analyzer confirms the optical observations and implies that many flashes were not recorded by the Voyager camera because the intensity of the flashes was below the threshold sensitivity of the camera. Measurements of the optical energy radiated per flash indicate that the observed flashes had energies similar to that for terrestrial superbolts. The best estimate of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> energy dissipation rate of 0.0004 W/sq m was derived from a consideration of the optical and radiofrequency measurements. The ratio of the energy dissipated by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> compared to the convective energy flux is estimated to be between 0.000027 and 0.00005. The terrestrial value is 0.0001.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/976585','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/976585"><span>Detection of VHF <span class="hlt">lightning</span> from GPS orbit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Suszcynsky, D. M.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Satellite-based VHF' <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection is characterized at GPS orbit by using a VHF receiver system recently launched on the GPS SVN 54 satellite. Collected <span class="hlt">lightning</span> triggers consist of Narrow Bipolar Events (80%) and strong negative return strokes (20%). The results are used to evaluate the performance of a future GPS-satellite-based VHF global <span class="hlt">lightning</span> monitor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28770051','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28770051"><span>Quantification and identification of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> damage in tropical forests.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yanoviak, Stephen P; Gora, Evan M; Burchfield, Jeffrey M; Bitzer, Phillip M; Detto, Matteo</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Accurate estimates of tree mortality are essential for the development of mechanistic forest dynamics models, and for estimating carbon storage and cycling. However, identifying agents of tree mortality is difficult and imprecise. Although <span class="hlt">lightning</span> kills thousands of trees each year and is an important agent of mortality in some forests, the frequency and distribution of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-caused tree death remain unknown for most forests. Moreover, because all evidence regarding the effects of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> on trees is necessarily anecdotal and post hoc, rigorous tests of hypotheses regarding the ecological effects of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> are impossible. We developed a combined electronic sensor/camera-based system for the location and characterization of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes to the forest canopy in near real time and tested the system in the forest of Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Cameras mounted on towers provided continuous video recordings of the forest canopy that were analyzed to determine the locations of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes. We used a preliminary version of this system to record and locate 18 <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes to the forest over a 3-year period. Data from field surveys of known <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike locations (obtained from the camera system) enabled us to develop a protocol for reliable, ground-based identification of suspected <span class="hlt">lightning</span> damage to tropical trees. In all cases, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> damage was relatively inconspicuous; it would have been overlooked by ground-based observers having no knowledge of the event. We identified three types of evidence that can be used to consistently identify <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike damage in tropical forests: (1) localized and directionally biased branch mortality associated with flashover among tree and sapling crowns, (2) mortality of lianas or saplings near lianas, and (3) scorched or wilting epiphytic and hemiepiphytic plants. The longitudinal trunk scars that are typical of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-damaged temperate trees were never observed in this study. Given the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=522088','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=522088"><span>Isolation of <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-Competent Soil Bacteria</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cérémonie, Hélène; Buret, François; Simonet, Pascal; Vogel, Timothy M.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Artificial transformation is typically performed in the laboratory by using either a chemical (CaCl2) or an electrical (electroporation) method. However, laboratory-scale <span class="hlt">lightning</span> has been shown recently to electrotransform Escherichia coli strain DH10B in soil. In this paper, we report on the isolation of two “<span class="hlt">lightning</span>-competent” soil bacteria after direct electroporation of the Nycodenz bacterial ring extracted from prairie soil in the presence of the pBHCRec plasmid (Tcr, Spr, Smr). The electrotransformability of the isolated bacteria was measured both in vitro (by electroporation cuvette) and in situ (by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in soil microcosm) and then compared to those of E. coli DH10B and Pseudomonas fluorescens C7R12. The electrotransformation frequencies measured reached 10−3 to 10−4 by electroporation and 10−4 to 10−5 by simulated <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, while no transformation was observed in the absence of electrical current. Two of the isolated <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-competent soil bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas sp. strains. PMID:15466589</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080037560','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080037560"><span>GOES-R Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper Performance Specifications and Algorithms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mach, Douglas M.; Goodman, Steven J.; Blakeslee, Richard J.; Koshak, William J.; Petersen, William A.; Boldi, Robert A.; Carey, Lawrence D.; Bateman, Monte G.; Buchler, Dennis E.; McCaul, E. William, Jr.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM) is a single channel, near-IR imager/optical transient event detector, used to detect, locate and measure total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity over the full-disk. The next generation NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) series will carry a GLM that will provide continuous day and night observations of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. The mission objectives for the GLM are to: (1) Provide continuous, full-disk <span class="hlt">lightning</span> measurements for storm warning and nowcasting, (2) Provide early warning of tornadic activity, and (2) Accumulate a long-term database to track decadal changes of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. The GLM owes its heritage to the NASA <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (1997- present) and the Optical Transient Detector (1995-2000), which were developed for the Earth Observing System and have produced a combined 13 year data record of global <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity. GOES-R Risk Reduction Team and Algorithm Working Group <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Applications Team have begun to develop the Level 2 algorithms and applications. The science data will consist of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> "events", "groups", and "flashes". The algorithm is being designed to be an efficient user of the computational resources. This may include parallelization of the code and the concept of sub-dividing the GLM FOV into regions to be processed in parallel. Proxy total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data from the NASA <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and regional test beds (e.g., <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Arrays in North Alabama, Oklahoma, Central Florida, and the Washington DC Metropolitan area) are being used to develop the prelaunch algorithms and applications, and also improve our knowledge of thunderstorm initiation and evolution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APh....82...21C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APh....82...21C"><span>Extensive air showers, <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, and thunderstorm ground enhancements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chilingarian, A.; Hovsepyan, G.; Kozliner, L.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>For <span class="hlt">lightning</span> research, we monitor particle fluxes from thunderclouds, the so-called thunderstorm ground enhancements (TGEs) initiated by runaway electrons, and extensive air showers (EASs) originating from high-energy protons or fully stripped nuclei that enter the Earth's atmosphere. We also monitor the near-surface electric field and atmospheric discharges using a network of electric field mills. The Aragats "electron accelerator" produced several TGEs and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> events in the spring of 2015. Using 1-s time series, we investigated the relationship between <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and particle fluxes. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> flashes often terminated the particle flux; in particular, during some TGEs, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> events would terminate the particle flux thrice after successive recovery. It was postulated that a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> terminates a particle flux mostly in the beginning of a TGE or in its decay phase; however, we observed two events (19 October 2013 and 20 April 2015) when the huge particle flux was terminated just at the peak of its development. We discuss the possibility of a huge EAS facilitating <span class="hlt">lightning</span> leader to find its path to the ground.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE33A2524B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE33A2524B"><span>A first look at <span class="hlt">lightning</span> energy determined from GLM</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bitzer, P. M.; Burchfield, J. C.; Brunner, K. N.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM) was launched in November 2016 onboard GOES-16 has been undergoing post launch and product post launch testing. While these have typically focused on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> metrics such as detection efficiency, false alarm rate, and location accuracy, there are other attributes of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge that are provided by GLM data. Namely, the optical energy radiated by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> may provide information useful for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> physics and the relationship of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> energy to severe weather development. This work presents initial estimates of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> optical energy detected by GLM during this initial testing, with a focus on observations during field campaign during spring 2017 in Huntsville. This region is advantageous for the comparison due to the proliferation of ground-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> instrumentation, including a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> mapping array, interferometer, HAMMA (an array of electric field change meters), high speed video cameras, and several long range VLF networks. In addition, the field campaign included airborne observations of the optical emission and electric field changes. The initial estimates will be compared with previous observations using TRMM-LIS. In addition, a comparison between the operational and scientific GLM data sets will also be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910023390','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910023390"><span>Assessment and forecasting of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> potential and its effect on launch operations at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and John <span class="hlt">F</span>. Kennedy Space Center</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Weems, J.; Wyse, N.; Madura, J.; Secrist, M.; Pinder, C.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> plays a pivotal role in the operation decision process for space and ballistic launches at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and Kennedy Space Center. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> forecasts are the responsibility of Detachment 11, 4th Weather Wing's Cape Canaveral Forecast Facility. These forecasts are important to daily ground processing as well as launch countdown decisions. The methodology and equipment used to forecast <span class="hlt">lightning</span> are discussed. Impact on a recent mission is summarized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790009256&hterms=Electricity&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DElectricity','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790009256&hterms=Electricity&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DElectricity"><span>Summary report of the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> and Static Electricity Committee</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Plumer, J. A.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection technology as applied to aviation and identifying these technology needs are presented. The flight areas of technical needs include; (1) the need for In-Flight data on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> electrical parameters; (2) technology base and guidelines for protection of advanced systems and structures; (3) improved laboratory test techniques; (4) analysis techniques for predicting induced effects; (5) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike incident data from General Aviation; (6) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection systems; (7) obtain pilot reports of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes; and (8) better training in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> awareness. The nature of each problem, timeliness, impact of solutions, degree of effort required, and the roles of government and industry in achieving solutions are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900005214','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900005214"><span>JPS heater and sensor <span class="hlt">lightning</span> qualification</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cook, M.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>Simulated <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike testing of the Redesigned Solid Rocket Motor (RSRM) field joint protection system heater assembly was performed at Thiokol Corp., Wendover <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Facility. Testing consisted of subjecting the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> evaluation test article to simulated <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes and evaluating the effects of heater cable transients on cables within the systems tunnel. The maximum short circuit current coupled onto a United Space Boosters, Inc. operational flight cable within the systems tunnel, induced by transients from all cables external to the systems tunnel, was 92 amperes. The maximum open-circuit voltage coupled was 316 volts. The maximum short circuit current coupled onto a United Space Boosters, Inc. operational flight cable within the systems tunnel, induced by heater power cable transients only, was 2.7 amperes; the maximum open-circuit voltage coupled was 39 volts. All heater power cable induced coupling was due to simulated <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges only, no heater operating power was applied during the test. The results showed that, for a worst-case <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge, the heater power cable is responsible for a 3.9 decibel increase in voltage coupling to operational flight cables within the systems tunnel. Testing also showed that current and voltage levels coupled onto cables within the systems tunnel are partially dependant on the relative locations of the cables within the systems tunnel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMAE13A0414L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMAE13A0414L"><span>High Speed Video Observations of Natural <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> and Their Implications to Fractal Description of <span class="hlt">Lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, N.; Tilles, J.; Boggs, L.; Bozarth, A.; Rassoul, H.; Riousset, J. A.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Recent high speed video observations of triggered and natural <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes have significantly advanced our understanding of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> initiation and propagation. For example, they have helped resolve the initiation of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> leaders [Stolzenburg et al., JGR, 119, 12198, 2014; Montanyà et al, Sci. Rep., 5, 15180, 2015], the stepping of negative leaders [Hill et al., JGR, 116, D16117, 2011], the structure of streamer zone around the leader [Gamerota et al., GRL, 42, 1977, 2015], and transient rebrightening processes occurring during the leader propagation [Stolzenburg et al., JGR, 120, 3408, 2015]. We started an observational campaign in the summer of 2016 to study <span class="hlt">lightning</span> by using a Phantom high-speed camera on the campus of Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL. A few interesting natural cloud-to-ground and intracloud <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges have been recorded, including a couple of 8-9 stroke flashes, high peak current flashes, and upward propagating return stroke waves from ground to cloud. The videos show that the propagation of the downward leaders of cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges is very complex, particularly for the high-peak current flashes. They tend to develop as multiple branches, and each of them splits repeatedly. For some cases, the propagation characteristics of the leader, such as speed, are subject to sudden changes. In this talk, we present several selected cases to show the complexity of the leader propagation. One of the effective approaches to characterize the structure and propagation of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> leaders is the fractal description [Mansell et al., JGR, 107, 4075, 2002; Riousset et al., JGR, 112, D15203, 2007; Riousset et al., JGR, 115, A00E10, 2010]. We also present a detailed analysis of the high-speed images of our observations and formulate useful constraints to the fractal description. Finally, we compare the obtained results with fractal simulations conducted by using the model reported in [Riousset et al., 2007</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3681151','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3681151"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Sensors for Observing, Tracking and Nowcasting Severe Weather</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Price, Colin</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Severe and extreme weather is a major natural hazard all over the world, often resulting in major natural disasters such as hail storms, tornados, wind storms, flash floods, forest fires and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> damages. While precipitation, wind, hail, tornados, turbulence, etc. can only be observed at close distances, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity in these damaging storms can be monitored at all spatial scales, from local (using very high frequency [VHF] sensors), to regional (using very low frequency [VLF] sensors), and even global scales (using extremely low frequency [ELF] sensors). Using sensors that detect the radio waves emitted by each <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge, it is now possible to observe and track continuously distant thunderstorms using ground networks of sensors. In addition to the number of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges, these sensors can also provide information on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> characteristics such as the ratio between intra-cloud and cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, the polarity of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge, peak currents, charge removal, etc. It has been shown that changes in some of these <span class="hlt">lightning</span> characteristics during thunderstorms are often related to changes in the severity of the storms. In this paper different <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observing systems are described, and a few examples are provided showing how <span class="hlt">lightning</span> may be used to monitor storm hazards around the globe, while also providing the possibility of supplying short term forecasts, called nowcasting. PMID:27879700</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.470..187A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.470..187A"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> chemistry on Earth-like exoplanets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ardaseva, Aleksandra; Rimmer, Paul B.; Waldmann, Ingo; Rocchetto, Marco; Yurchenko, Sergey N.; Helling, Christiane; Tennyson, Jonathan</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>We present a model for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> shock-induced chemistry that can be applied to atmospheres of arbitrary H/C/N/O chemistry, hence for extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs. The model couples hydrodynamics and the STAND2015 kinetic gas-phase chemistry. For an exoplanet analogue to the contemporary Earth, our model predicts NO and NO2 yields in agreement with observation. We predict height-dependent mixing ratios during a storm soon after a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> shock of NO ≈10-3 at 40 km and NO2 ≈10-4 below 40 km, with O3 reduced to trace quantities (≪10-10). For an Earth-like exoplanet with a CO2/N2 dominated atmosphere and with an extremely intense <span class="hlt">lightning</span> storm over its entire surface, we predict significant changes in the amount of NO, NO2, O3, H2O, H2 and predict a significant abundance of C2N. We find that, for the Early Earth, O2 is formed in large quantities by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> but is rapidly processed by the photochemistry, consistent with previous work on <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. The chemical effect of persistent global <span class="hlt">lightning</span> storms are predicted to be significant, primarily due to NO2, with the largest spectral features present at ˜3.4 and ˜6.2 μm. The features within the transmission spectrum are on the order of 1 ppm and therefore are not likely detectable with the James Webb Space Telescope. Depending on its spectral properties, C2N could be a key tracer for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> on Earth-like exoplanets with a N2/CO2 bulk atmosphere, unless destroyed by yet unknown chemical reactions.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA505293','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA505293"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Initiation and Propagation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2009-08-22</p> <p>ray (gamma ray ) and multiple-station (>24) cosmic - ray - muon detection network (TERA) pl:esently in place. Upgrade TERA with LaBr3 detectors to...DATES COVERED 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Initistion and Propagation Including the Role of X- Rays , Gamma Rays , and Cosmic Rays 5a... rays , gamma rays , and cosmic rays in the initiation and propagation of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and in the phenomenology of thunderclouds. The experimental</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA627751','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA627751"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Injury: A Review</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike; thus, burn-care providers should be familiar with the character- istics and treatment of these injuries. This paper will review...specific treatment is required [55]. Thermal injury may occur if the patient is wearing metal objects (e.g. zippers), or if clothing ignites [53...Some authors have used intravenous steroids for the treatment of optic-nerve injury in these patients. Other ophthalmologic sequelae of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> injury</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120003618','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120003618"><span>Using Flow Regime <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> and Sounding Climatologies to Initialize Gridded <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Threat Forecasts for East Central Florida</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lambert, Winifred; Short, David; Wolkmer, Matthew; Sharp, David; Spratt, Scott</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Each morning, the forecasters at the National Weather Service in Melbourne, FL (NWS MLB) produce an experimental cloud-to-ground (CG) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> threat index map for their county warning area (CWA) that is posted to their web site (http://www.srh.weather.gov/mlb/ghwo/<span class="hlt">lightning</span>.shtml) . Given the hazardous nature of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in East Central Florida, especially during the warm season months of May September, these maps help users factor the threat of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, relative to their location, into their daily plans. The maps are color-coded in five levels from Very Low to Extreme, with threat level definitions based on the probability of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurrence and the expected amount of CG activity. On a day in which thunderstorms are expected, there are typically two or more threat levels depicted spatially across the CWA. The locations of relative <span class="hlt">lightning</span> threat maxima and minima often depend on the position and orientation of the low-level ridge axis, forecast propagation and interaction of sea/lake/outflow boundaries, expected evolution of moisture and stability fields, and other factors that can influence the spatial distribution of thunderstorms over the CWA. The <span class="hlt">lightning</span> threat index maps are issued for the 24-hour period beginning at 1200 UTC each day with a grid resolution of 5 km x 5 km. Product preparation is performed on the AWIPS Graphical Forecast Editor (GFE), which is the standard NWS platform for graphical editing. Currently, the forecasters create each map manually, starting with a blank map. To improve efficiency of the forecast process, NWS MLB requested that the Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU) create gridded warm season <span class="hlt">lightning</span> climatologies that could be used as first-guess inputs to initialize <span class="hlt">lightning</span> threat index maps. The gridded values requested included CG strike densities and frequency of occurrence stratified by synoptic-scale flow regime. The intent is to improve consistency between forecasters while allowing them to focus on the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130012614','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130012614"><span>Using Flow Regime <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> and Sounding Climatologies to Initialize Gridded <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Threat Forecasts for East Central Florida</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lambert, Winifred; Short, David; Volkmer, Matthew; Sharp, David; Spratt, Scott</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Each morning, the forecasters at the National Weather Service in Melbourne, FL (NWS MLB) produce an experimental cloud-to-ground (CG) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> threat index map for their county warning area (CWA) that is posted to their web site (httl://www.srh.weather.gov/mlb/ghwo/<span class="hlt">lightning</span>.shtml) . Given the hazardous nature of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in East Central Florida, especially during the warm season months of May September, these maps help users factor the threat of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, relative to their location, into their daily plans. The maps are color-coded in five levels from Very Low to Extreme, with threat level definitions based on the probability of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurrence and the expected amount of CG activity. On a day in which thunderstorms are expected, there are typically two or more threat levels depicted spatially across the CWA. The locations of relative <span class="hlt">lightning</span> threat maxima and minima often depend on the position and orientation of the low-level ridge axis, forecast propagation and interaction of sea/lake/outflow boundaries, expected evolution of moisture and stability fields, and other factors that can influence the spatial distribution of thunderstorms over the CWA. The <span class="hlt">lightning</span> threat index maps are issued for the 24-hour period beginning at 1200 UTC each day with a grid resolution of 5 km x 5 km. Product preparation is performed on the AWIPS Graphical Forecast Editor (GFE), which is the standard NWS platform for graphical editing. Until recently, the forecasters created each map manually, starting with a blank map. To improve efficiency of the forecast process, NWS MLB requested that the Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU) create gridded warm season <span class="hlt">lightning</span> climatologies that could be used as first-guess inputs to initialize <span class="hlt">lightning</span> threat index maps. The gridded values requested included CG strike densities and frequency of occurrence stratified by synoptic-scale flow regime. The intent was to improve consistency between forecasters while allowing them to focus on the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130009921','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130009921"><span>Objective <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Forecasting at Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station using Cloud-to-Ground <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Surveillance System Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lambert, Winfred; Wheeler, Mark; Roeder, William</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The 45th Weather Squadron (45 WS) at Cape Canaveral Air-Force Station (CCAFS)ln Florida issues a probability of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurrence in their daily 24-hour and weekly planning forecasts. This information is used for general planning of operations at CCAFS and Kennedy Space Center (KSC). These facilities are located in east-central Florida at the east end of a corridor known as '<span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Alley', an indication that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> has a large impact on space-lift operations. Much of the current <span class="hlt">lightning</span> probability forecast is based on a subjective analysis of model and observational data and an objective forecast tool developed over 30 years ago. The 45 WS requested that a new <span class="hlt">lightning</span> probability forecast tool based on statistical analysis of more recent historical warm season (May-September) data be developed in order to increase the objectivity of the daily thunderstorm probability forecast. The resulting tool is a set of statistical <span class="hlt">lightning</span> forecast equations, one for each month of the warm season, that provide a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurrence probability for the day by 1100 UTC (0700 EDT) during the warm season.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110008654','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110008654"><span>The <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Nitrogen Oxides Model (LNOM): Status and Recent Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Koshak, William; Khan, Maudood; Peterson, Harold</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Improvements to the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Nitrogen Oxides Model (LNOM) are discussed. Recent results from an August 2006 run of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system that employs LNOM <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NOx (= NO + NO2) estimates are provided. The LNOM analyzes <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array (LMA) data to estimate the raw (i.e., unmixed and otherwise environmentally unmodified) vertical profile of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NOx. The latest LNOM estimates of (a) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel length distributions, (b) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> 1-m segment altitude distributions, and (c) the vertical profile of NOx are presented. The impact of including LNOM-estimates of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NOx on CMAQ output is discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JGRD..11718213Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JGRD..11718213Y"><span>Aerosol indirect effect on tropospheric ozone via <span class="hlt">lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yuan, Tianle; Remer, Lorraine A.; Bian, Huisheng; Ziemke, Jerald R.; Albrecht, Rachel; Pickering, Kenneth E.; Oreopoulos, Lazaros; Goodman, Steven J.; Yu, Hongbin; Allen, Dale J.</p> <p>2012-09-01</p> <p>Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a pollutant and major greenhouse gas and its radiative forcing is still uncertain. Inadequate understanding of processes related to O3 production, in particular those natural ones such as <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, contributes to this uncertainty. Here we demonstrate a new effect of aerosol particles on O3production by affecting <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity and <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-generated NOx (LNOx). We find that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rate increases at a remarkable rate of 30 times or more per unit of aerosol optical depth. We provide observational evidence that indicates the observed increase in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity is caused by the influx of aerosols from a volcano. Satellite data analyses show O3is increased as a result of aerosol-induced increase in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and LNOx, which is supported by modle simulations with prescribed <span class="hlt">lightning</span> change. O3production increase from this aerosol-<span class="hlt">lightning</span>-ozone link is concentrated in the upper troposphere, where O3 is most efficient as a greenhouse gas. In the face of anthropogenic aerosol increase our findings suggest that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity, LNOx and O3, especially in the upper troposphere, have all increased substantially since preindustrial time due to the proposed aerosol-<span class="hlt">lightning</span>-ozone link, which implies a stronger O3 historical radiative forcing. Aerosol forcing therefore has a warming component via its effect on O3 production and this component has mostly been ignored in previous studies of climate forcing related to O3and aerosols. Sensitivity simulations suggest that 4-8% increase of column tropospheric ozone, mainly in the tropics, is expected if aerosol-lighting-ozone link is parameterized, depending on the background emission scenario. We note, however, substantial uncertainties remain on the exact magnitude of aerosol effect on tropospheric O3 via <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. The challenges for obtaining a quantitative global estimate of this effect are also discussed. Our results have significant implications for understanding past and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20030061356&hterms=bateman&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dbateman','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20030061356&hterms=bateman&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dbateman"><span>A Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Climatology for the Tennessee Valley Region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>McCaul, E. W.; Goodman, S. J.; Buechler, D. E.; Blakeslee, R.; Christian, H.; Boccippio, D.; Koshak, W.; Bailey, J.; Hallm, J.; Bateman, M.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Total flash counts derived from the North Alabama <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array are being processed for 2002 to form a climatology of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> for the Tennessee Valley region. The data from this active and interesting period will be compared to data fiom the National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network, space-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> sensors, and weather radars.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMAE11A..01G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMAE11A..01G"><span>The GOES-R Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Goodman, S. J.; Blakeslee, R. J.; Koshak, W. J.; Mach, D. M.; Bailey, J. C.; Buechler, D. E.; Carey, L. D.; Schultz, C. J.; Bateman, M. G.; McCaul, E., Jr.; Stano, G. T.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) series provides the continuity for the existing GOES system currently operating over the Western Hemisphere. New and improved instrument technology will support expanded detection of environmental phenomena, resulting in more timely and accurate forecasts and warnings. Advancements over current GOES include a new capability for total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection (cloud and cloud-to-ground flashes) from the Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM), and improved temporal, spatial, and spectral resolution for the next generation Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI). The GLM will map total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity (in-cloud and cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes) continuously day and night with near-uniform spatial resolution of 8 km with a product refresh rate of less than 20 sec over the Americas and adjacent oceanic regions. This will aid in forecasting severe storms and tornado activity, and convective weather impacts on aviation safety and efficiency among a number of potential applications. In parallel with the instrument development, an Algorithm Working Group (AWG) <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Science and Applications Team developed the Level 2 (stroke and flash) algorithms from the Level 1 <span class="hlt">lightning</span> event (pixel level) data. Proxy data sets used to develop the GLM operational algorithms as well as cal/val performance monitoring tools were derived from the NASA <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS) and Optical Transient Detector (OTD) instruments in low earth orbit, and from ground-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> networks and intensive pre-launch field campaigns. GLM will produce the same or similar <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash attributes provided by the LIS and OTD, and thus extends their combined climatology over the western hemisphere into the coming decades. Science and application development along with pre-operational product demonstrations and evaluations at NWS forecast offices and NOAA testbeds will prepare the forecasters to use GLM as soon as possible after</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170011702','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170011702"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-Related Indicators for National Climate Assessment (NCA) Studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Koshak, W.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Changes in climate can affect the characteristics of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> (e.g., number of flashes that occur in a region, return stroke current and multiplicity, polarity of charge deposited to ground, and the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> cloud-top optical energy emission). The NASA/MSFC <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Analysis Tool (LAT) monitors these and other quantities in support of the National Climate Assessment (NCA) program. Changes in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> characteristics lead to changes in <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-caused impacts to humans (e.g., fatalities, injuries, crop/property damage, wildfires, airport delays, changes in air quality).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..122.8173H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..122.8173H"><span>Do cosmic ray air showers initiate <span class="hlt">lightning</span>?: A statistical analysis of cosmic ray air showers and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> mapping array data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hare, B. M.; Dwyer, J. R.; Winner, L. H.; Uman, M. A.; Jordan, D. M.; Kotovsky, D. A.; Caicedo, J. A.; Wilkes, R. A.; Carvalho, F. L.; Pilkey, J. T.; Ngin, T. K.; Gamerota, W. R.; Rassoul, H. K.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>It has been argued in the technical literature, and widely reported in the popular press, that cosmic ray air showers (CRASs) can initiate <span class="hlt">lightning</span> via a mechanism known as relativistic runaway electron avalanche (RREA), where large numbers of high-energy and low-energy electrons can, somehow, cause the local atmosphere in a thundercloud to transition to a conducting state. In response to this claim, other researchers have published simulations showing that the electron density produced by RREA is far too small to be able to affect the conductivity in the cloud sufficiently to initiate <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. In this paper, we compare 74 days of cosmic ray air shower data collected in north central Florida during 2013-2015, the recorded CRASs having primary energies on the order of 1016 eV to 1018 eV and zenith angles less than 38°, with <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array (LMA) data, and we show that there is no evidence that the detected cosmic ray air showers initiated <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Furthermore, we show that the average probability of any of our detected cosmic ray air showers to initiate a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash can be no more than 5%. If all <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes were initiated by cosmic ray air showers, then about 1.6% of detected CRASs would initiate <span class="hlt">lightning</span>; therefore, we do not have enough data to exclude the possibility that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes could be initiated by cosmic ray air showers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810029852&hterms=Grounded+theory&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DGrounded%2Btheory','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810029852&hterms=Grounded+theory&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DGrounded%2Btheory"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> protection design external tank /Space Shuttle/</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Anderson, A.; Mumme, E.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>The possibility of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> striking the Space Shuttle during liftoff is considered and the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection system designed by the Martin Marietta Corporation for the external tank (ET) portion of the Shuttle is discussed. The protection system is based on diverting and/or directing a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike to an area of the spacecraft which can sustain the strike. The ET <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection theory and some test analyses of the system's design are reviewed including studies of conductivity and thermal/stress properties in materials, belly band feasibility, and burn-through plug grounding and puncture voltage. The ET <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection system design is shown to be comprised of the following: (1) a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> rod on the forward most point of the ET, (2) a continually grounded, one inch wide conductive strip applied circumferentially at station 371 (belly band), (3) a three inch wide conductive belly band applied over the TPS (i.e. the insulating surface of the ET) and grounded to a structure with eight conductive plugs at station 536, and (4) a two inch thick TPS between the belly bands which are located over the weld lands.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070037461&hterms=Wrf&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DWrf','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070037461&hterms=Wrf&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DWrf"><span>High-Resolution WRF Forecasts of <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Threat</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Goodman, S. J.; McCaul, E. W., Jr.; LaCasse, K.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)<span class="hlt">lightning</span> and precipitation observations have confirmed the existence of a robust relationship between <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rates and the amount of large precipitating ice hydrometeors in storms. This relationship is exploited, in conjunction with the capabilities of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model, to forecast the threat of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> from convective storms using the output fields from the model forecasts. The simulated vertical flux of graupel at -15C is used in this study as a proxy for charge separation processes and their associated <span class="hlt">lightning</span> risk. Initial experiments using 6-h simulations are conducted for a number of case studies for which three-dimensional <span class="hlt">lightning</span> validation data from the North Alabama <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array are available. The WRF has been initialized on a 2 km grid using Eta boundary conditions, Doppler radar radial velocity and reflectivity fields, and METAR and ACARS data. An array of subjective and objective statistical metrics is employed to document the utility of the WRF forecasts. The simulation results are also compared to other more traditional means of forecasting convective storms, such as those based on inspection of the convective available potential energy field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850009173','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850009173"><span>Mathematical physics approaches to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge problems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kyrala, A.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Mathematical physics arguments useful for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge and generation problems are pursued. A soliton Ansatz for the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> stroke is treated including a charge generation term which is the ultimate source for the phenomena. Equations are established for a partially ionized plasma inding the effects of pressure, magnetic field, electric field, gravitation, viscosity, and temperature. From these equations is then derived the non-stationary generalized Ohm's Law essential for describing field/current density relationships in the horizon channel of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> stroke. The discharge initiation problem is discussed. It is argued that the ionization rate drives both the convective current and electric displacement current to increase exponentially. The statistical distributions of charge in the thundercloud preceding a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> dischage are considered. The stability of the pre-<span class="hlt">lightning</span> charge distributions and the use of Boltzmann relaxational equations to determine them are discussed along with a covered impedance path provided by the aircraft.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990108685&hterms=self+harm&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dself%2Bharm','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990108685&hterms=self+harm&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dself%2Bharm"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Launch Commit Criteria for America's Space Program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Roeder, W. P.; Sardonia, J. E.; Jacobs, S. C.; Hinson, M. S.; Harms, D. E.; Madura, J. T.; DeSordi, S. P.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>The danger of natural and triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> significantly impacts space launch operations supported by the USAF. The <span class="hlt">lightning</span> Launch Commit Criteria (LCC) are used by the USAF to avoid these <span class="hlt">lightning</span> threats to space launches. This paper presents a brief overview of the LCC.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130011295','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130011295"><span>Objective <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Forecasting at Kennedy Space Center/Cape Canaveral Air Force Station using Cloud-to-Ground <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Surveillance System Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lambert, Winifred; Wheeler, Mark</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>The 45th Weather Squadron (45 WS) forecasters at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) in Florida include a probability of thunderstorm occurrence in their daily morning briefings. This information is used by personnel involved in determining the possibility of violating Launch Commit Criteria, evaluating Flight Rules for the Space Shuttle, and daily planning for ground operation activities on Kennedy Space Center (KSC)/CCAFS. Much of the current <span class="hlt">lightning</span> probability forecast is based on a subjective analysis of model and observational data. The forecasters requested that a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> probability forecast tool based on statistical analysis of historical warm-season (May - September) data be developed in order to increase the objectivity of the daily thunderstorm probability forecast. The tool is a set of statistical <span class="hlt">lightning</span> forecast equations that provide a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurrence probability for the day by 1100 UTC (0700 EDT) during the warm season. This study used 15 years (1989-2003) of warm season data to develop the objective forecast equations. The local CCAFS 1000 UTC sounding was used to calculate stability parameters for equation predictors. The Cloud-to-Ground <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Surveillance System (CGLSS) data were used to determine <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurrence for each day. The CGLSS data have been found to be more reliable indicators of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in the area than surface observations through local informal analyses. This work was based on the results from two earlier research projects. Everitt (1999) used surface observations and rawinsonde data to develop logistic regression equations that forecast the daily thunderstorm probability at CCAFS. The Everitt (1999) equations showed an improvement in skill over the Neumann-Pfeffer thunderstorm index (Neumann 1971), which uses multiple linear regression, and also persistence and climatology forecasts. Lericos et al. (2002) developed <span class="hlt">lightning</span> distributions over the Florida peninsula based on specific flow regimes. The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116922','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116922"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Strike in Pregnancy With Fetal Injury.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Galster, Kellen; Hodnick, Ryan; Berkeley, Ross P</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Injuries from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes are an infrequent occurrence, and are only rarely noted to involve pregnant victims. Only 13 cases of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike in pregnancy have been previously described in the medical literature, along with 7 additional cases discovered within news media reports. This case report presents a novel case of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-associated injury in a patient in the third trimester of pregnancy, resulting in fetal ischemic brain injury and long-term morbidity, and reviews the mechanics of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes along with common injury patterns of which emergency providers should be aware. Copyright © 2016 Wilderness Medical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140007322','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140007322"><span>Correlation of DIAL Ozone Observations with <span class="hlt">Lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Peterson, Harold; Kuang, Shi; Koshak, William; Newchurch, Michael</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this project is to see whether ozone maxima measured by the DIfferential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) instrument in Huntsville, AL may be traced back to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> events occurring 24-48 hours beforehand. The methodology is to start with lidar measurements of ozone from DIAL. The HYbrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model is then used to determine the origin of these ozone maxima 24-48 hours prior. Data from the National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network (NLDN) are used to examine the presence/absence of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> along the trajectory. This type of analysis suggests that <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-produced NOx may be responsible for some of the ozone maxima over Huntsville.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870003628&hterms=thunder+lightning&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dthunder%2Blightning','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870003628&hterms=thunder+lightning&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dthunder%2Blightning"><span>Optical characteristics of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and thunderstorm currents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Krider, E. P.; Blakeslee, R. J.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Researchers determined that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> can be used to determine the diurnal variations of thunderstorms, i.e., storms that produce audible thunder, and that these variations are also in good agreement with diurnal variations in rainfall and convective activity. Measurements of the Maxwell current density, J sub m, under active thunderstorms show that this physical quantity is quasi-steady between <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges and that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> does not produce large changes in J sub m. Maps of J sub m show contours of iso-current density that are consistent with the locations of radar echos and the locations of where <span class="hlt">lightning</span> has altered the cloud charge distribution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMAE31A..07S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMAE31A..07S"><span>Characteristics of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes generating sprites above thunderstorms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Soula, S.; Van Der Velde, O. A.; Montanya, J.; Fullekrug, M.; Mlynarczyk, J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Sprites are Transient Luminous Events (TLEs) consisting of streamer discharges, in response to a strong transient electrostatic field that exceeds the threshold for dielectric breakdown in the mesosphere. A large panel of sprite observations have been made with several low-light video cameras located in southern France, especially at Pic du Midi (2877 m) in the Pyrénées mountain range. The optical detection of these luminous events allow to determine some of their characteristics as the timing, the duration, the location, the size, the shape, the luminosity. Other parameters describing the storm and the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity provided by different instruments are associated to the sprite observations to a better understanding of their conditions of production and their characteristic settings: (i) the sprites are essentially produced above the stratiform region of the Mesoscale Convective Systems during positive cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes that produce large Charge Moment Change (CMC) and with a delay of as much shorter than the current is large. (<span class="hlt">ii</span>) The long time delayed sprites are associated with continuing current and large CMC. (iii) The sprite elements can be shifted from the stroke location when their delay is long. (iv) Very luminous sprites can produce large current signatures visible in ELF radiation a few milliseconds (< 5 ms) after the positive strokes that generate them, but sometimes imbedded in that of the stroke pulse. (v) Several cases of "dancing sprites" show the successive light emissions reflect the timing and the location of the strokes of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes that generate them.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.5953C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.5953C"><span>The Statistic Results of the ISUAL <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Survey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chuang, Chia-Wen; Bing-Chih Chen, Alfred; Liu, Tie-Yue; Lin, Shin-Fa; Su, Han-Tzong; Hsu, Rue-Ron</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The ISUAL (Imager for Sprites and Upper Atmospheric <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>) onboard FORMOSAT-2 is the first science payload dedicated to the study of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-induced transient luminous events (TLEs). Transient events, including TLEs and <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, were recorded by the intensified imager, spectrophotometer (SP), and array photometer (AP) simultaneously while their light variation observed by SP exceeds a programmed threshold. Therefore, ISUAL surveys not only TLEs but also <span class="hlt">lightning</span> globally with a good spatial, temporal and spectral resolution. In the past 12 years (2004-2016), approximately 300,000 transient events were registered, and only 42,000 are classified as TLEs. Since the main mission objective is to explore the distribution and characteristics of TLEs, the remaining transient events, mainly <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, can act as a long-term global <span class="hlt">lightning</span> survey. These huge amount of events cannot be processed manually as TLEs do, therefore, a data pipeline is developed to scan <span class="hlt">lightning</span> patterns and to derive their geolocation with an efficient algorithm. The 12-year statistic results including occurrence rate, global distribution, seasonal variation, and the comparison with the LIS/OTD survey are presented in this report.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmRe.197...76S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmRe.197...76S"><span>Performance assessment of Beijing <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Network (BLNET) and comparison with other <span class="hlt">lightning</span> location networks across Beijing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Srivastava, Abhay; Tian, Ye; Qie, Xiushu; Wang, Dongfang; Sun, Zhuling; Yuan, Shanfeng; Wang, Yu; Chen, Zhixiong; Xu, Wenjing; Zhang, Hongbo; Jiang, Rubin; Su, Debin</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The performances of Beijing <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Network (BLNET) operated in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban cluster area have been evaluated in terms of detection efficiency and relative location accuracy. A self-reference method has been used to show the detection efficiency of BLNET, for which fast antenna waveforms have been manually examined. Based on the fast antenna verification, the average detection efficiency of BLNET is 97.4% for intracloud (IC) flashes, 73.9% for cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes and 93.2% for the total flashes. Result suggests the CG detection of regional dense network is highly precise when the thunderstorm passes over the network; however it changes day to day when the thunderstorms are outside the network. Further, the CG stroke data from three different <span class="hlt">lightning</span> location networks across Beijing are compared. The relative detection efficiency of World Wide <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Location Network (WWLLN) and Chinese Meteorology Administration - <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network (CMA-LDN, also known as ADTD) are approximately 12.4% (16.8%) and 36.5% (49.4%), respectively, comparing with fast antenna (BLNET). The location of BLNET is in middle, while WWLLN and CMA-LDN average locations are southeast and northwest, respectively. Finally, the IC pulses and CG return stroke pulses have been compared with the S-band Doppler radar. This type of study is useful to know the approximate situation in a region and improve the performance of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> location networks in the absence of ground truth. Two <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes occurred on tower in the coverage of BLNET show that the horizontal location error was 52.9 m and 250 m, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/976609','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/976609"><span>Global optical <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rates determined with the Forte satellite</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Light, T.; Davis, S. M.; Boeck, W. L.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Using FORTE photodiode detector (PDD) observations of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, we have determined the geographic distribution of nighttime flash rate density. We estimate the PDD flash detection efficiency to be 62% for total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> through comparison to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observations by the TRMM satellite's <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS), using cases in which FORTE and TRMM viewed the same storm. We present here both seasonal and l,ot,al flash rate maps. We examine some characteristics of the optical emissions of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in both high and low flash rate environments, and find that while <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurs less frequently over ocean, oceanic <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes are somewhat moremore » powerful, on average, than those over land.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040085903&hterms=tornado&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dtornado','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040085903&hterms=tornado&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dtornado"><span>Doppler Radar and <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Network Observations of a Severe Outbreak of Tropical Cyclone Tornadoes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mccaul, Eugene W., Jr.; Buechler, Dennis E.; Goodman, Steven J.; Cammarata, Michael</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Data from a single Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) and the National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network are used to examine the characteristics of the convective storms that produced a severe tornado outbreak, including three tornadoes that reached <span class="hlt">F</span>3 intensity, within Tropical Storm Beryl s remnants on 16 August 1994. Comparison of the radar data with reports of tornadoes suggests that only 13 cells produced the 29 tornadoes that were documented in Georgia and the Carolinas on that date. Six of these cells spawned multiple tornadoes, and the radar data confirm the presence of miniature supercells. One of the cells was identifiable on radar for 11 h. spawning tornadoes over a time period spanning approximately 6.5 h. Several other tornadic cells also exhibited great longevity, with cell lifetimes longer than ever previously documented in a landfalling tropical cyclone (TC) tornado event. This event is easily the most intense TC tornado outbreak yet documented with WSR-88Ds. Time-height analyses of the three strongest tornadic supercells are presented in order to document storm kinematic structure and to show how these storms appear at different ranges from a WSR-88D. In addition, cloud-to-ground (CG) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data are examined in Beryl s remnants. Although the tornadic cells were responsible for most of Beryl's CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, their flash rates were only weak to moderate, and in all the tornadic storms the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes were almost entirely negative in polarity. A few of the single-tornado storms produced no detectable CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> at all. There is evidence that CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> rates decreased during the tornadoes, compared to 30-min periods before the tornadoes. A number of the storms spawned tornadoes just after producing their final CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes. Contrary to the findings for flash rates, both peak currents and positive flash percentages were larger in Beryl's nontornadic storms than in the tornadic ones.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20100002101&hterms=climate+facts&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dclimate%2Bfacts','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20100002101&hterms=climate+facts&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dclimate%2Bfacts"><span>Climate Change and Tropical Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Albrecht, R.; Petersen, W.; Buechler, D.; Goodman, S.; Blakeslee, R.; Christian, H.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>While global warming is regarded as a fact by many in the scientific community, its future impact remains a challenge to be determined and measured. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment report (IPCC, 2007) shows inconclusive answers on global rainfall trends and general agreement on a future drier climate with increased global warming. The relationship between temperature, humidity and convection is not linear and is strongly dependent on regional scale features, such as topography and land cover. Furthermore, the relationship between convective <span class="hlt">lightning</span> production (thunderstorms) and temperature is even more complicated, being subjected to the cloud dynamics and microphysics. Total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> (intracloud and cloud-to-ground) monitoring is a relatively new field of observation. Global and tropical total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> began to be more extensively measured by satellites in the mid 90s. In this scope, the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS) onboard of the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) has been operational for over 11 years. Here we address total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> trends observed by LIS from 1998 to 2008 in different temporal (annual and seasonal) and spatial (large and regional) scales. The observed 11-year trends are then associate to different predicted/hypothesized climate change scenarios.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMAE21A0296W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMAE21A0296W"><span>A comparison between initial continuous currents of different types of upward <span class="hlt">lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, D.; Sawada, N.; Takagi, N.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>We have observed the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> to a wind turbine and its <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-protection tower for four consecutive winter seasons from 2005 to 2009. Our observation items include (1) thunderstorm electrical fields and <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-caused electric field changes at multi sites around the wind turbine, (2) electrical currents at the bottom of the wind turbine and its <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection tower, (3) normal video and high speed image of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> optical channels. Totally, we have obtained the data for 42 <span class="hlt">lightning</span> that hit either on wind turbine or its <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection tower or both. Among these 42 <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, 38 are upward <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and 2 are downward <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. We found the upward <span class="hlt">lightning</span> can be sub-classified into two types. Type 1 upward <span class="hlt">lightning</span> are self-triggered from a high structure, while type 2 <span class="hlt">lightning</span> are triggered by a discharge occurred in other places which could be either a cloud discharge or a cloud-to-ground discharge (other-triggered). In this study, we have compared the two types of upward <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in terms of initial continuous current rise time, peak current and charge transferred to the ground. We found that the initial current of self-triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> tends to rise significantly faster and to a bigger peak value than the other-triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, although both types of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> transferred similar amount of charge to the ground.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840002593','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840002593"><span>How to protect a wind turbine from <span class="hlt">lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Dodd, C. W.; Mccalla, T., Jr.; Smith, J. G.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>Techniques for reducing the chances of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> damage to wind turbines are discussed. The methods of providing a ground for a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike are discussed. Then details are given on ways to protect electronic systems, generating and power equipment, blades, and mechanical components from direct and nearby <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24054789','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24054789"><span>"Thunderstruck": penetrating thoracic injury from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>van Waes, Oscar J F; van de Woestijne, Pieter C; Halm, Jens A</p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> strike victims are rarely presented at an emergency department. Burns are often the primary focus. This case report describes the improvised explosive device like-injury to the thorax due to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike and its treatment, which has not been described prior in (kerauno)medicine. Penetrating injury due to blast from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike is extremely rare. These "shrapnel" injuries should however be ruled out in all patients struck by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Copyright © 2013 American College of Emergency Physicians. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE13B..02S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE13B..02S"><span>The Interferometric View of <span class="hlt">Lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stock, M.; Lapierre, J. L.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Recent advances in off the shelf high-speed digitizers has enabled vast improvements in broadband, digital VHF interferometers. These simple instruments consist of 3 or more VHF antennas distributed in an array which are then digitized at a speed above the Nyquist frequency of the antenna bandwidth (usually 200+ MHz). Broadband interferometers are capable of creating very detailed maps of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, with time resolution better than 1us, and angular resolution only limited by their baseline lengths. This is combined with high sensitivity, and the ability to locate both continuously emitting and impulsive radiation sources. They are not without their limitations though. Because the baselines are relatively short, the maps are only 2-dimensional (direction to the source), unless many antennas are used only a single VHF radiation source can be located at any instant, and because the antennas are almost always arranged in a planar array they are better suited for observing <span class="hlt">lightning</span> at high elevation angles. Even though imperfect, VHF interferometers provide one of the most detailed views of the behavior of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes inside a cloud. This presentation will present the overall picture of in-cloud <span class="hlt">lightning</span> as seen by VHF interferometers. Most flashes can be split into 3 general phases of activity. Phase 1 is the initiation phase, covering all activity until the negative leader completes its vertical extension, and includes both <span class="hlt">lightning</span> initiation and initial breakdown pulses. Phase 2 is the active phase and includes all activity during the horizontal extension of the negative leader. During Phase 2, any K-processes which occur tend to be short in duration and extent. Phase 3 is the final phase, and includes all activity after the negative leader stops propagating. During Phase 3, the conductivity of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channels starts to decline, and extensive K-processes are seen which traverse the entire channel structure, this is also the period in which regular</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMAE23B0319R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMAE23B0319R"><span>The Colorado <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rison, W.; Krehbiel, P. R.; Thomas, R. J.; Rodeheffer, D.; Fuchs, B.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>A fifteen station <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array (LMA) was installed in northern Colorado in the spring of 2012. While the driving force for the array was to produce 3-dimensional <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data to support the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) Experiment (Barth, this conference), data from the array are being used for several other projects. These include: electrification studies in conjunction with the CSU CHILL radar (Lang et al, this conference); observations of the parent <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges of sprites (Lyons et al, this conference); trying to detect upward discharges triggered by wind turbines, characterizing conditions in which aircraft flying through clouds produce discharges which can be detected by the LMA, and other opportunities, such as observations of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in pyrocumulus clouds produced by the High Park Fire west of Fort Collins, CO. All the COLMA stations are solar-powered, and use broadband cellular modems for data communications. This makes the stations completely self-contained and autonomous, allowing a station to be installed anywhere a cellular signal is available. Because most of the stations were installed well away from anthropogenic noise sources, the COLMA is very sensitive. This is evidenced by the numerous plane tracks detected in its the vicinity. The diameter, D, of the COLMA is about 100 km, significantly larger than other LMAs. Because the error in the radial distance r is proportional to (r/D)2, and the error in the altitude z is proportional to (z/D)2, the larger array diameter greatly expands the usable range of the COLMA. The COLMA is able to detect and characterize lighting flashes to a distance of about 350 km from the array center. In addition to a web-based display (<span class="hlt">lightning</span>.nmt.edu/colma), geo-referenced images are produced and updated at one-minute intervals. These geo-referenced images can be used to overlay the real-time <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data on Google Earth and other mapping software. These displays were used by the DC3</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810016745','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810016745"><span>Noise and interference study for satellite <span class="hlt">lightning</span> sensor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Herman, J. R.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>The use of radio frequency techniques for the detection and monitoring of terrestrial thunderstorms from space are discussed. Three major points are assessed: (1) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and noise source characteristics; (2) propagation effects imposed by the atmosphere and ionosphere; and (3) the electromagnetic environment in near space within which <span class="hlt">lightning</span> RF signatures must be detected. A composite frequency spectrum of the peak of amplitude from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes is developed. Propagation effects (ionospheric cutoff, refraction, absorption, dispersion and scintillation) are considered to modify the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> spectrum to the geosynchronous case. It is suggested that in comparing the modified spectrum with interfering noise source spectra RF <span class="hlt">lightning</span> pulses on frequencies up to a few GHz are detectable above the natural noise environment in near space.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EOSTr..86..398S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EOSTr..86..398S"><span>Katrina and Rita were lit up with <span class="hlt">lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shao, X.-M.; Harlin, J.; Stock, M.; Stanley, M.; Regan, A.; Wiens, K.; Hamlin, T.; Pongratz, M.; Suszcynsky, D.; Light, T.</p> <p></p> <p>Hurricanes generally produce very little <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity compared to other noncyclonic storms, and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is especially sparse in the eye wall and inner regions within tens of kilometers surrounding the eye [Molinari et al., 1994, 1999]. (The eye wall is the wall of clouds that encircles the eye of the hurricane.) <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> can sometimes be detected in the outer, spiral rainbands, but the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurrence rate varies significantly from hurricane to hurricane as well as within an individual hurricane's lifetime.Hurricanes Katrina and Rita hit the U.S. Gulf coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, and their distinctions were not just limited to their tremendous intensity and damage caused. They also differed from typical hurricanes in their <span class="hlt">lightning</span> production rate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770011155','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770011155"><span>Status of research into <span class="hlt">lightning</span> effects on aircraft</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Plumer, J. A.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>Developments in aircraft <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection since 1938 are reviewed. Potential <span class="hlt">lightning</span> problems resulting from present trends toward the use of electronic controls and composite structures are discussed, along with presently available <span class="hlt">lightning</span> test procedures for problem assessment. The validity of some procedures is being questioned because of pessimistic results and design implications. An in-flight measurement program is needed to provide statistics on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> severity at flight altitudes and to enable more realistic tests, and operators are urged to supply researchers with more details on electronic components damaged by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes. A need for review of certain aspects of fuel system vulnerability is indicated by several recent accidents, and specific areas for examination are identified. New educational materials and standardization activities are also noted.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110015811','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110015811"><span>The NASA <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Nitrogen Oxides Model (LNOM): Recent Updates and Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Koshak, William; Peterson, Harold; Biazar, Arastoo; Khan, Maudood; Wang, Lihua; Park, Yee-Hun</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Improvements to the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Nitrogen Oxides Model (LNOM) and its application to the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system are presented. The LNOM analyzes <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array (LMA) and National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network(tm) (NLDN) data to estimate the raw (i.e., unmixed and otherwise environmentally unmodified) vertical profile of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NOx (= NO + NO2). <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> channel length distributions and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> 10-m segment altitude distributions are also provided. In addition to NOx production from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> return strokes, the LNOM now includes non-return stroke <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NOx production due to: hot core stepped and dart leaders, stepped leader corona sheath, K-changes, continuing currents, and M-components. The impact of including LNOM-estimates of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NOx for an August 2006 run of CMAQ is discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMAE31B0435H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMAE31B0435H"><span>Performance Study of Earth Networks Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Network using Rocket-Triggered <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Data in 2014</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Heckman, S.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Modern <span class="hlt">lightning</span> locating systems (LLS) provide real-time monitoring and early warning of lightningactivities. In addition, LLS provide valuable data for statistical analysis in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> research. It isimportant to know the performance of such LLS. In the present study, the performance of the EarthNetworks Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Network (ENTLN) is studied using rocket-triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data acquired atthe International Center for <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Research and Testing (ICLRT), Camp Blanding, Florida.In the present study, 18 flashes triggered at ICLRT in 2014 were analyzed and they comprise of 78negative cloud-to-ground return strokes. The geometric mean, median, minimum, and maximum for thepeak currents of the 78 return strokes are 13.4 kA, 13.6 kA, 3.7 kA, and 38.4 kA, respectively. The peakcurrents represent typical subsequent return strokes in natural cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span>.Earth Networks has developed a new data processor to improve the performance of their network. Inthis study, results are presented for the ENTLN data using the old processor (originally reported in 2014)and the ENTLN data simulated using the new processor. The flash detection efficiency, stroke detectionefficiency, percentage of misclassification, median location error, median peak current estimation error,and median absolute peak current estimation error for the originally reported data from old processorare 100%, 94%, 49%, 271 m, 5%, and 13%, respectively, and those for the simulated data using the newprocessor are 100%, 99%, 9%, 280 m, 11%, and 15%, respectively. The use of new processor resulted inhigher stroke detection efficiency and lower percentage of misclassification. It is worth noting that theslight differences in median location error, median peak current estimation error, and median absolutepeak current estimation error for the two processors are due to the fact that the new processordetected more number of return strokes than the old processor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SASS...32..123K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SASS...32..123K"><span>21st Century <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Protection for High Altitude Observatories</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kithil, Richard</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>One of the first recorded <span class="hlt">lightning</span> insults to an observatory was in January 1890 at the Ben Nevis Observatory in Scotland. In more recent times <span class="hlt">lightning</span> has caused equipment losses and data destruction at the US Air Force Maui Space Surveillance Complex, the Cerro Tololo observatory and the nearby La Serena scientific and technical office, the VLLA, and the Apache Point Observatory. In August 1997 NOAA's Climate Monitoring and Diagnostic Laboratory at Mauna Loa Observatory was out of commission for a month due to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> outages to data acquisition computers and connected cabling. The University of Arizona has reported "<span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes have taken a heavy toll at all Steward Observatory sites." At Kitt Peak, extensive power down protocols are in place where <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection for personnel, electrical systems, associated electronics and data are critical. Designstage <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection defenses are to be incorporated at NSO's ATST Hawaii facility. For high altitude observatories <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection no longer is as simple as Franklin's 1752 invention of a rod in the air, one in the ground and a connecting conductor. This paper discusses selection of engineered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection subsystems in a carefully planned methodology which is specific to each site.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080002889&hterms=nature&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dnature','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080002889&hterms=nature&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dnature"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span>: Nature's Probe of Severe Weather for Research and Operations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Blakeslee, R.J.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span>, the energetic and broadband electrical discharge produced by thunderstorms, provides a natural remote sensing signal for the study of severe storms and related phenomena on global, regional and local scales. Using this strong signal- one of nature's own probes of severe weather -<span class="hlt">lightning</span> measurements prove to be straightforward and take advantage of a variety of measurement techniques that have advanced considerably in recent years. We briefly review some of the leading <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection systems including satellite-based optical detectors such as the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor, and ground-based radio frequency systems such as Vaisala's National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network (NLDN), long range <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection systems, and the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array (LMA) networks. In addition, we examine some of the exciting new research results and operational capabilities (e.g., shortened tornado warning lead times) derived from these observations. Finally we look forward to the next measurement advance - <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observations from geostationary orbit.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21135952','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21135952"><span>Tuning of the ionization potential of paddlewheel diruthenium(<span class="hlt">II</span>, <span class="hlt">II</span>) complexes with fluorine atoms on the benzoate ligands.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Miyasaka, Hitoshi; Motokawa, Natsuko; Atsuumi, Ryo; Kamo, Hiromichi; Asai, Yuichiro; Yamashita, Masahiro</p> <p>2011-01-21</p> <p>A series of paddlewheel diruthenium(<span class="hlt">ii</span>, <span class="hlt">ii</span>) complexes with various fluorine-substituted benzoate ligands were isolated as THF adducts and structurally characterized: [Ru(2)(<span class="hlt">F</span>(x)PhCO(2))(4)(THF)(2)] (<span class="hlt">F</span>(x)PhCO(2)(-) = o-fluorobenzoate, o-<span class="hlt">F</span>; m-fluorobenzoate, m-<span class="hlt">F</span>; p-fluorobenzoate, p-<span class="hlt">F</span>; 2,6-difluorobenzoate, 2,6-<span class="hlt">F</span>(2); 3,4-difluorobenzoate, 3,4-<span class="hlt">F</span>(2); <span class="hlt">3,5</span>-difluorobenzoate, <span class="hlt">3,5</span>-<span class="hlt">F</span>(2); 2,3,4-trifluorobenzoate, 2,3,4-<span class="hlt">F</span>(3); 2,3,6-trifluorobenzoate, 2,3,6-<span class="hlt">F</span>(3); 2,4,5-trifluorobenzoate, 2,4,5-<span class="hlt">F</span>(3); 2,4,6-trifluorobenzoate, 2,4,6-<span class="hlt">F</span>(3); 3,4,5-trifluorobenzoate, 3,4,5-<span class="hlt">F</span>(3); 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorobenzoate, 2,3,4,5-<span class="hlt">F</span>(4); 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoate, 2,3,5,6-<span class="hlt">F</span>(4); pentafluorobenzoate, <span class="hlt">F</span>(5)). By adding fluorine atoms on the benzoate ligands, it was possible to tune the redox potential (E(1/2)) for [Ru(2)(<span class="hlt">II,II</span>)]/[Ru(2)(<span class="hlt">II</span>,III)](+) over a wide range of potentials from -40 mV to 350 mV (vs. Ag/Ag(+) in THF). 2,3,6-<span class="hlt">F</span>(3), 2,3,4,5-<span class="hlt">F</span>(4), 2,3,5,6-<span class="hlt">F</span>(4) and <span class="hlt">F</span>(5) were relatively air-stable compounds even though they are [Ru(2)(<span class="hlt">II,II</span>)] species. The redox potential in THF was dependent on an electronic effect rather than on a structural (steric) effect of the o-<span class="hlt">F</span> atoms, although more than one substituent in the m- and p-positions shifted E(1/2) to higher potentials in relation to the general Hammett equation. A quasi-Hammett parameter for an o-<span class="hlt">F</span> atom (σ(o)) was estimated to be ∼0.2, and a plot of E(1/2)vs. a sum of Hammett parameters including σ(o) was linear. In addition, the HOMO energy levels, which was calculated based on atomic coordinates of solid-state structures, as well as the redox potential were affected by adding <span class="hlt">F</span> atoms. Nevertheless, a steric contribution stabilizing their static structures in the solid state was present in addition to the electronic effect. On the basis of the electronic effect, the redox potential of these complexes is correlated to the HOMO energy level, and the electronic effect of <span class="hlt">F</span> atoms is the main factor controlling the ionization potential of the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA114015','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA114015"><span>Atmospheric Electricity Hazards Analytical Model Development and Application. Volume I. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Environment Modeling.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1981-08-01</p> <p>generates essentially all of the spectral content that was measured. 120 Itp ’ IRIESTIA 0 AVE AAGE LE VE. L OF SPE’CTRAL AMAPLI TUOL I 20 9633 931’ S9...MHz, Report No. 63-538-89, IBM Federal Systems Division, 1963. Hewitt, <span class="hlt">F</span>.J., Radar echoes from interstroke process in <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, Proc. Phys. Soc</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8237K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8237K"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> impact on micro-second long ionospheric variability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Koh, Kuang Liang; Liu, Zhongjian; Fullekrug, Martin</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> discharges cause electron heating and enhanced ionisation in the D region ionosphere which disturb the transmission of VLF communications [Inan et al., 2010]. A disturbance of such nature was measured in a VLF transmission with a sampling rate of 1 MHz, enabling much faster ionospheric variability to be observed when compared to previous studies which typically report results with a time resolution >5-20ms. The disturbance resembles "Long Recovery Early VLF" (LORE) events [Haldoupis et al. 2013, Cotts & Inan 2007]. LOREs exhibit observable ionospheric effects that last longer (>200s) than other <span class="hlt">lightning</span> related disturbances. It was proposed that the mechanism behind the long-lasting effects of LOREs is different to shorter events [Gordillo-Vázquez et al. 2016]. The ionospheric variability inferred from the transmitted signal is seen to change dramatically after the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> onset, suggesting that there are fast processes in the ionosphere affected or produced which have not been considered in previous research. The ionospheric variability inferred from the main two frequencies of the transmission is different. A possible explanation is a difference in the propagation paths of the two main frequencies of the transmission [Füllekrug et al., 2015]. References Inan, U.S., Cummer, S.A., Marshall, R.A., 2010. A survey of ELF and VLF research on <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-ionosphere interactions and causative discharges. J. Geophys. Res. 115, A00E36. doi:10.1029/2009JA014775 Cotts, B.R.T., Inan, U.S., 2007. VLF observation of long ionospheric recovery events. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L14809. doi:10.1029/2007GL030094 Haldoupis, C., Cohen, M., Arnone, E., Cotts, B., Dietrich, S., 2013. The VLF fingerprint of elves: Step-like and long-recovery early VLF perturbations caused by powerful ±CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> EM pulses. J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics 118, 5392-5402. doi:10.1002/jgra.50489 Gordillo-Vázquez, <span class="hlt">F</span>.J., Luque, A., Haldoupis, C., 2016. Upper D region chemical kinetic modeling of</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140006433','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140006433"><span>Correlation of DIAL Ozone Observations with <span class="hlt">Lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Peterson, Harold; Kuang, Shi; Koshak, William; Newchurch, Michael</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this project is to see whether ozone maxima measured by the DIfferential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) instrument in Huntsville, AL may be traced back to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> events occurring 24- 48 hours beforehand. The methodology is to start with lidar measurements of ozone from DIAL as well as ozonesonde measurements. The HYbrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model is then used to determine the origin of these ozone maxima 24-48 hours prior. Data from the National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network (NLDN) are used to examine the presence/absence of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> along the trajectory. This type of analysis suggests that <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-produced NOx may be responsible for some of the ozone maxima over Huntsville.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhDT.......302K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhDT.......302K"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Strike Induced Damage Mechanisms of Carbon Fiber Composites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kawakami, Hirohide</p> <p></p> <p>Composite materials have a wide application in aerospace, automotive, and other transportation industries, because of the superior structural and weight performances. Since carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites possess a much lower electrical conductivity as compared to traditional metallic materials utilized for aircraft structures, serious concern about damage resistance/tolerance against <span class="hlt">lightning</span> has been rising. Main task of this study is to clarify the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> damage mechanism of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy polymer composites to help further development of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike protection. The research on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> damage to carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites is quite challenging, and there has been little study available until now. In order to tackle this issue, building block approach was employed. The research was started with the development of supporting technologies such as a current impulse generator to simulate a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike in a laboratory. Then, fundamental electrical properties and fracture behavior of CFRPs exposed to high and low level current impulse were investigated using simple coupon specimens, followed by extensive parametric investigations in terms of different prepreg materials frequently used in aerospace industry, various stacking sequences, different <span class="hlt">lightning</span> intensity, and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> current waveforms. It revealed that the thermal resistance capability of polymer matrix was one of the most influential parameters on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> damage resistance of CFRPs. Based on the experimental findings, the semi-empirical analysis model for predicting the extent of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> damage was established. The model was fitted through experimental data to determine empirical parameters and, then, showed a good capability to provide reliable predictions for other test conditions and materials. Finally, structural element level <span class="hlt">lightning</span> tests were performed to explore more practical situations. Specifically, filled-hole CFRP plates and patch</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/987257','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/987257"><span>X-ray Emission from Thunderstorms and <span class="hlt">Lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dwyer, Joseph</p> <p>2009-07-08</p> <p>How <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is initiated in the relatively low electric fields inside thunderclouds and how it can then propagate for tens of kilometers through virgin air are two of the great unsolved problems in the atmospheric sciences.  Until very recently it was believed that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> was entirely a conventional discharge, involving only low-energy (a few eV) electrons.  This picture changed completely a few years ago with the discovery of intense x-ray emission from both natural cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and rocket-triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span>.  This energetic emission cannot be produced by a conventional discharge, and so the presence of x-rays strongly implies that runaway breakdownmore » plays a role in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> processes.  During runaway breakdown, electrons are accelerated through air to nearly the speed of light by strong electric fields.  These runaway electrons then emit bremsstrahlung x-rays and gamma-rays during collisions with air.  Indeed, the x-ray and gamma-ray emission produced by runaway breakdown near the tops of thunderstorms is bright enough to be seen from outer space, 600 km away.  As a result, the physics used for decades to describe thunderstorm electrification and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges is incomplete and needs to be revisited. « less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/987257','SCIGOVIMAGE-SCICINEMA'); return false;" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/987257"><span>X-ray Emission from Thunderstorms and <span class="hlt">Lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/">ScienceCinema</a></p> <p>Dwyer, Joseph [Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, United States</p> <p>2017-12-09</p> <p>How <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is initiated in the relatively low electric fields inside thunderclouds and how it can then propagate for tens of kilometers through virgin air are two of the great unsolved problems in the atmospheric sciences.  Until very recently it was believed that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> was entirely a conventional discharge, involving only low-energy (a few eV) electrons.  This picture changed completely a few years ago with the discovery of intense x-ray emission from both natural cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and rocket-triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span>.  This energetic emission cannot be produced by a conventional discharge, and so the presence of x-rays strongly implies that runaway breakdown plays a role in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> processes.  During runaway breakdown, electrons are accelerated through air to nearly the speed of light by strong electric fields.  These runaway electrons then emit bremsstrahlung x-rays and gamma-rays during collisions with air.  Indeed, the x-ray and gamma-ray emission produced by runaway breakdown near the tops of thunderstorms is bright enough to be seen from outer space, 600 km away.  As a result, the physics used for decades to describe thunderstorm electrification and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges is incomplete and needs to be revisited. </p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24417129','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24417129"><span>[<span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-caused fire, its affecting factors and prediction: a review].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Ji-Li; Bi, Wu; Wang, Xiao-Hong; Wang, Zi-Bo; Li, Di-Fei</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-caused fire is the most important natural fire source. Its induced forest fire brings enormous losses to human beings and ecological environment. Many countries have paid great attention to the prediction of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-caused fire. From the viewpoint of the main factors affecting the formation of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-caused fire, this paper emphatically analyzed the effects and action mechanisms of cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, fuel, meteorology, and terrain on the formation and development process of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-caused fire, and, on the basis of this, summarized and reviewed the logistic model, K-function, and other mathematical methods widely used in prediction research of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-caused fire. The prediction methods and processes of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-caused fire in America and Canada were also introduced. The insufficiencies and their possible solutions for the present researches as well as the directions of further studies were proposed, aimed to provide necessary theoretical basis and literature reference for the prediction of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-caused fire in China.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A53D0174Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A53D0174Y"><span>Aerosol indirect effect on tropospheric ozone via <span class="hlt">lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yuan, T.; Remer, L. A.; Bian, H.; Ziemke, J. R.; Albrecht, R. I.; Pickering, K. E.; Oreopoulos, L.; Goodman, S. J.; Yu, H.; Allen, D. J.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a pollutant and major greenhouse gas and its radiative forcing is still uncertain. The unresolved difference between modeled and observed natural background O3 concentrations is a key source of the uncertainty. Here we demonstrate remarkable sensitivity of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity to aerosol loading with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity increasing more than 30 times per unit of aerosol optical depth over our study area. We provide observational evidence that indicates the observed increase in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity is caused by the influx of aerosols from a volcano. Satellite data analyses suggest O3 is increased as a result of aerosol-induced increase in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> produced NOx. Model simulations with prescribed <span class="hlt">lightning</span> change corroborate the satellite data analysis. This aerosol-O3 connection is achieved via aerosol increasing <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and thus <span class="hlt">lightning</span> produced nitrogen oxides. This aerosol-<span class="hlt">lightning</span>-ozone link provides a potential physical mechanism that may account for a part of the model-observation difference in background O3 concentration. More importantly, O3 production increase from this link is concentrated in the upper troposphere, where O3 is most efficient as a greenhouse gas. Both of these implications suggest a stronger O3 historical radiative forcing. This introduces a new pathway, through which increasing in aerosols from pre-industrial time to present day enhances tropospheric O3 production. Aerosol forcing thus has a warming component via its effect on O3 production. Sensitivity simulations suggest that 4-8% increase of tropospheric ozone, mainly in the tropics, is expected if aerosol-lighting-ozone link is parameterized, depending on the background emission scenario. We note, however, substantial uncertainties remain on the exact magnitude of aerosol effect on tropospheric O3 via <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. The challenges for obtaining a quantitative global estimate of this effect are also discussed. Our results have significant implications</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15957322','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15957322"><span>Struck-by-<span class="hlt">lightning</span> deaths in the United States.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Adekoya, Nelson; Nolte, Kurt B</p> <p>2005-05-01</p> <p>The objective of the research reported here was to examine the epidemiologic characteristics of struck-by-<span class="hlt">lightning</span> deaths. Using data from both the National Centers for Health Statistics (NCHS) multiple-cause-of-death tapes and the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), which is maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the authors calculated numbers and annualized rates of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-related deaths for the United States. They used resident estimates from population microdata files maintained by the Census Bureau as the denominators. Work-related fatality rates were calculated with denominators derived from the Current Population Survey of employment data. Four illustrative investigative case reports of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-related deaths were contributed by the New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator. It was found that a total of 374 struck-by-<span class="hlt">lightning</span> deaths had occurred during 1995-2000 (an average annualized rate of 0.23 deaths per million persons). The majority of deaths (286 deaths, 75 percent) were from the South and the Midwest. The numbers of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> deaths were highest in Florida (49 deaths) and Texas (32 deaths). A total of 129 work-related <span class="hlt">lightning</span> deaths occurred during 1995-2002 (an average annual rate of 0.12 deaths per million workers). Agriculture and construction industries recorded the most fatalities at 44 and 39 deaths, respectively. Fatal occupational injuries resulting from being struck by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> were highest in Florida (21 deaths) and Texas (11 deaths). In the two national surveillance systems examined, incidence rates were higher for males and people 20-44 years of age. In conclusion, three of every four struck-by-<span class="hlt">lightning</span> deaths were from the South and the Midwest, and during 1995-2002, one of every four struck-by-<span class="hlt">lightning</span> deaths was work-related. Although prevention programs could target the entire nation, interventions might be most effective if directed to regions with the majority of fatalities because they have the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7156499-lightning-prevention-systems-paper-mills','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7156499-lightning-prevention-systems-paper-mills"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> prevention systems for paper mills</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Carpenter, R.B. Jr.</p> <p>1989-05-01</p> <p>Paper mills are increasingly relying on sensitive electronic equipment to control their operations. However, the sensitivity of these devices has made mills vulnerable to the effects of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strokes. An interruption in the power supply or the destruction of delicate microcircuits can have devastating effects on mill productivity. The authors discuss how <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strokes can be prevented by a Dissipation Array system (DAS). During the past 17 years, the concept has been applied to a host of applications in regions with a high incidence of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity. With nearly 700 systems now installed, more than 4000 system-years of history havemore » been accumulated. Areas as large as 1 km{sup 2} and towers as high as 2000 ft have been protected and completely isolated from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strokes. There have been very few failures, and in every case, the cause of the failure was determined and corrected.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170000764','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170000764"><span>An Assessment of Land Surface and <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Characteristics Associated with <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-Initiated Wildfires</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Coy, James; Schultz, Christopher J.; Case, Jonathan L.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Can we use modeled information of the land surface and characteristics of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> beyond flash occurrence to increase the identification and prediction of wildfires? Combine observed cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes with real-time land surface model output, and Compare data with areas where <span class="hlt">lightning</span> did not start a wildfire to determine what land surface conditions and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> characteristics were responsible for causing wildfires. Statistical differences between suspected fire-starters and non-fire-starters were peak-current dependent 0-10 cm Volumetric and Relative Soil Moisture comparisons were statistically dependent to at least the p = 0.05 independence level for both polarity flash types Suspected fire-starters typically occurred in areas of lower soil moisture than non-fire-starters. GVF value comparisons were only found to be statistically dependent for -CG flashes. However, random sampling of the -CG non-fire starter dataset revealed that this relationship may not always hold.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110024188','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110024188"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Protection and Instrumentation at Kennedy Space Center</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Colon, Jose L.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is a natural phenomenon, but can be dangerous. Prevention of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is a physical impossibility and total protection requires compromises on costs and effects, therefore prediction and measurements of the effects that might be produced by iightn:ing is a most at locat:ions where people or sensitive systems and equipment are exposed. This is the case of the launching pads for the Space Shuttle at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This report summarizes lightring phenomena with a brief explanation of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> generation and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity as related to KSC. An analysis of the instrumentation used at the launching pads for measurements of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> effects with alternatives to improve the protection system and up-grade the actual instrumentation system is indicated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhDT.........5C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhDT.........5C"><span>Terrestrial gamma-ray flash production by <span class="hlt">lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Carlson, Brant E.</p> <p></p> <p>Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) are brief flashes of gamma-rays originating in the Earth's atmosphere and observed by satellites. First observed in 1994 by the Burst And Transient Source Experiment on board the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, TGFs consist of one or more ˜1 ms pulses of gamma-rays with a total fluence of ˜1/cm2, typically observed when the satellite is near active thunderstorms. TGFs have subsequently been observed by other satellites to have a very hard spectrum (harder than dN/d E ∝ 1/ E ) that extends from below 25 keV to above 20 MeV. When good <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data exists, TGFs are closely associated with measurable <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge. Such discharges are typically observed to occur within 300 km of the sub-satellite point and within several milliseconds of the TGF observation. The production of these intense energetic bursts of photons is the puzzle addressed herein. The presence of high-energy photons implies a source of bremsstrahlung, while bremsstrahlung implies a source of energetic electrons. As TGFs are associated with <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, fields produced by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> are naturally suggested to accelerate these electrons. Initial ideas about TGF production involved electric fields high above thunderstorms as suggested by upper atmospheric <span class="hlt">lightning</span> research and the extreme energies required for lower-altitude sources. These fields, produced either quasi-statically by charges in the cloud and ionosphere or dynamically by radiation from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strokes, can indeed drive TGF production, but the requirements on the source <span class="hlt">lightning</span> are too extreme and therefore not common enough to account for all existing observations. In this work, studies of satellite data, the physics of energetic electron and photon production, and consideration of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> physics motivate a new mechanism for TGF production by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> current pulses. This mechanism is then developed and used to make testable predictions. TGF data from satellite observations are compared</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol1-sec23-954.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol1-sec23-954.pdf"><span>14 CFR 23.954 - Fuel system <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel system <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. 23.954... Fuel System § 23.954 Fuel system <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor within the system by— (a) Direct <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes to areas having a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec23-954.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec23-954.pdf"><span>14 CFR 23.954 - Fuel system <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel system <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. 23.954... Fuel System § 23.954 Fuel system <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor within the system by— (a) Direct <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes to areas having a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec23-954.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec23-954.pdf"><span>14 CFR 23.954 - Fuel system <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel system <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. 23.954... Fuel System § 23.954 Fuel system <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor within the system by— (a) Direct <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes to areas having a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec23-954.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec23-954.pdf"><span>14 CFR 23.954 - Fuel system <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel system <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. 23.954... Fuel System § 23.954 Fuel system <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor within the system by— (a) Direct <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes to areas having a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec23-954.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec23-954.pdf"><span>14 CFR 23.954 - Fuel system <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel system <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. 23.954... Fuel System § 23.954 Fuel system <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor within the system by— (a) Direct <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes to areas having a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=lightning&pg=5&id=EJ351674','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=lightning&pg=5&id=EJ351674"><span>Protecting Your Park When <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Strikes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Frydenlund, Marvin M.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>A formula for assessing specific risk of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes is provided. Recent legal cases are used to illustrate potential liability. Six actions park managers can take to minimize danger from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> are presented, and commonsense rules which should be publicly posted are listed. (MT)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMAE31B0433H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMAE31B0433H"><span>Preliminary Results form the Japanese Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Network</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hobara, Y.; Ishii, H.; Kumagai, Y.; Liu, C.; Heckman, S.; Price, C. G.; Williams, E. R.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>We report on the initial observational results from the first Japanese Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network (JTLN) in relation to severe weather phenomena. The University of Electro-Communications (UEC) has deployed the Earth Networks (EN) Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> System over Japan to carry out research on the relationship between thunderstorm activity and severe weather phenomena since 2013. In this paper we first demonstrate the current status of our new network followed by the initial scientific results. The <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump algorithm was applied to our total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data to study the relationship between total lighting activity and hazardous weather events such as gust fronts and tornadoes over land reported by the JMA (Japanese Meteorological Agency) in 2014. As a result, a clear increase in total lighting flash rate as well as <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jumps are observed prior to most hazardous weather events (~20 min) indicating potential usefulness for early warning in Japan. Furthermore we are going to demonstrate the relationship of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activities with meteorological radar data focusing particularly on Japanese Tornadic storms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1454508-thick-target-yield-from-mev','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1454508-thick-target-yield-from-mev"><span>19 <span class="hlt">F</span>(α,n) thick target yield from <span class="hlt">3.5</span> to 10.0 MeV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Norman, E.B.; Chupp, T.E.; Lesko, K.T.; ...</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>Using a target of Pb<span class="hlt">F</span>2, the thick-target yield from the 19<span class="hlt">F</span>(α,n) reaction was measured from Eα=<span class="hlt">3.5</span>–10 MeV. From these results, we infer the thick-target neutron yields from targets of <span class="hlt">F</span>2 and UF6 over this same alpha-particle energy range.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AcSpA..68...63S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AcSpA..68...63S"><span>Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of complexes of 2-hydroxy-<span class="hlt">3,5</span>-dimethylacetophenoneoxime (HDMAOX) with copper(<span class="hlt">II</span>), cobalt(<span class="hlt">II</span>), nickel(<span class="hlt">II</span>) and palladium(<span class="hlt">II</span>)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Singh, Bibhesh K.; Jetley, Umesh K.; Sharma, Rakesh K.; Garg, Bhagwan S.</p> <p>2007-09-01</p> <p>A new series of complexes of 2-hydroxy-<span class="hlt">3,5</span>-dimethyl acetophenone oxime (HDMAOX) with Cu(<span class="hlt">II</span>), Co(<span class="hlt">II</span>), Ni(<span class="hlt">II</span>) and Pd(<span class="hlt">II</span>) have been prepared and characterized by different physical techniques. Infrared spectra of the complexes indicate deprotonation and coordination of the phenolic OH. It also confirms that nitrogen atom of the oximino group contributes to the complexation. Electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal square planar geometry for Cu(<span class="hlt">II</span>), Ni(<span class="hlt">II</span>) and Pd(<span class="hlt">II</span>) complexes and tetrahedral geometry for Co(<span class="hlt">II</span>) complex. The elemental analyses and mass spectral data have justified the ML 2 composition of complexes. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were computed from the thermal decomposition data using Coats and Redfern method. The geometry of the metal complexes has been optimized with the help of molecular modeling. The free ligand (HDMAOX) and its metal complexes have been tested in vitro against Alternarie alternate, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus niger fungi and Streptococcus, Staph, Staphylococcus and Escherchia coli bacteria in order to assess their antimicrobial potential. The results indicate that the ligand and its metal complexes possess antimicrobial properties.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17258502','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17258502"><span>Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of complexes of 2-hydroxy-<span class="hlt">3,5</span>-dimethylacetophenoneoxime (HDMAOX) with copper(<span class="hlt">II</span>), cobalt(<span class="hlt">II</span>), nickel(<span class="hlt">II</span>) and palladium(<span class="hlt">II</span>).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Singh, Bibhesh K; Jetley, Umesh K; Sharma, Rakesh K; Garg, Bhagwan S</p> <p>2007-09-01</p> <p>A new series of complexes of 2-hydroxy-<span class="hlt">3,5</span>-dimethyl acetophenone oxime (HDMAOX) with Cu(<span class="hlt">II</span>), Co(<span class="hlt">II</span>), Ni(<span class="hlt">II</span>) and Pd(<span class="hlt">II</span>) have been prepared and characterized by different physical techniques. Infrared spectra of the complexes indicate deprotonation and coordination of the phenolic OH. It also confirms that nitrogen atom of the oximino group contributes to the complexation. Electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal square planar geometry for Cu(<span class="hlt">II</span>), Ni(<span class="hlt">II</span>) and Pd(<span class="hlt">II</span>) complexes and tetrahedral geometry for Co(<span class="hlt">II</span>) complex. The elemental analyses and mass spectral data have justified the ML(2) composition of complexes. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were computed from the thermal decomposition data using Coats and Redfern method. The geometry of the metal complexes has been optimized with the help of molecular modeling. The free ligand (HDMAOX) and its metal complexes have been tested in vitro against Alternarie alternate, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus niger fungi and Streptococcus, Staph, Staphylococcus and Escherchia coli bacteria in order to assess their antimicrobial potential. The results indicate that the ligand and its metal complexes possess antimicrobial properties.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110007265','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110007265"><span>Combined Aircraft and Satellite-Derived Storm Electric Current and <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Rates Measurements and Implications for the Global Electric Circuit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mach, Douglas M.; Blakeslee, Richard J.; Bateman, Monte G.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Using rotating vane electric field mills and Gerdien capacitors, we measured the electric field profile and conductivity during 850 overflights of electrified shower clouds and thunderstorms spanning regions including the Southeastern United States, the Western Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, Central America and adjacent oceans, Central Brazil, and the South Pacific. The overflights include storms over land and ocean, with and without <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, and with positive and negative fields above the storms. The measurements were made with the NASA ER-2 and the Altus-<span class="hlt">II</span> high altitude aircrafts. Peak electric fields, with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> transients removed, ranged from -1.0 kV/m to 16 kV/m, with a mean value of 0.9 kV/m. The median peak field was 0.29 kV/m. Integrating our electric field and conductivity data, we determined total conduction currents and flash rates for each overpass. With knowledge of the storm location (land or ocean) and type (with or without <span class="hlt">lightning</span>), we determine the mean currents by location and type. The mean current for ocean storms with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is 1.6 A while the mean current for land storms with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is 1.0 A. The mean current for oceanic storms without <span class="hlt">lightning</span> (i.e., electrified shower clouds) is 0.39 A and the mean current for land storms without <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is 0.13 A. Thus, on average, land storms with or without <span class="hlt">lightning</span> have about half the mean current as their corresponding oceanic storm counterparts. Over three-quarters (78%) of the land storms had detectable <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, while less than half (43%) of the oceanic storms had <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. We did not find any significant regional or latitudinal based patterns in our total conduction currents. By combining the aircraft derived storm currents and flash rates with diurnal <span class="hlt">lightning</span> statistics derived from the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS) and Optical Transient Detector (OTD) low Earth orbiting satellites, we reproduce the diurnal variation in the global electric circuit (i.e., the Carnegie</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE41A..02V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE41A..02V"><span>Cross-Referencing GLM and ISS-LIS with Ground-Based <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Networks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Virts, K.; Blakeslee, R. J.; Goodman, S. J.; Koshak, W. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM), in geostationary orbit aboard GOES-16 since late 2016, and the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS), installed on the International Space Station in February 2017, provide observations of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity from space. ISS-LIS samples the global tropics and mid-latitudes, while GLM observes the full thunderstorm life-cycle over the Americas and surrounding oceans. The launch of these instruments provides an unprecedented opportunity to compare <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observations across multiple space-based optical <span class="hlt">lightning</span> sensors. In this study, months of observations from GLM and ISS-LIS are cross-referenced with each other and with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detected by the ground-based Earth Networks Global <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Network (ENGLN) and the Vaisala Global <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Dataset 360 (GLD360) throughout and beyond the GLM field-of-view. In addition to calibration/validation of the new satellite sensors, this study provides a statistical comparison of the characteristics of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observed by the satellite and ground-based instruments, with an emphasis on the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes uniquely identified by the satellites.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/39379','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/39379"><span>Progress towards a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> ignition model for the Northern Rockies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Paul Sopko; Don Latham</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>We are in the process of constructing a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> ignition model specific to the Northern Rockies using fire occurrence, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike, ecoregion, and historical weather, NFDRS (National Fire Danger Rating System), <span class="hlt">lightning</span> efficiency and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> "possibility" data. Daily grids for each of these categories were reconstructed for the 2003 fire season (...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000105169&hterms=Law+order&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DLaw%2Border','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000105169&hterms=Law+order&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DLaw%2Border"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Scaling Laws Revisited</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Boccippio, D. J.; Arnold, James E. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Scaling laws relating storm electrical generator power (and hence <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rate) to charge transport velocity and storm geometry were originally posed by Vonnegut (1963). These laws were later simplified to yield simple parameterizations for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> based upon cloud top height, with separate parameterizations derived over land and ocean. It is demonstrated that the most recent ocean parameterization: (1) yields predictions of storm updraft velocity which appear inconsistent with observation, and (2) is formally inconsistent with the theory from which it purports to derive. Revised formulations consistent with Vonnegut's original framework are presented. These demonstrate that Vonnegut's theory is, to first order, consistent with observation. The implications of assuming that flash rate is set by the electrical generator power, rather than the electrical generator current, are examined. The two approaches yield significantly different predictions about the dependence of charge transfer per flash on storm dimensions, which should be empirically testable. The two approaches also differ significantly in their explanation of regional variability in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MAP...128..303B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MAP...128..303B"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> characteristics of derecho producing mesoscale convective systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bentley, Mace L.; Franks, John R.; Suranovic, Katelyn R.; Barbachem, Brent; Cannon, Declan; Cooper, Stonie R.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Derechos, or widespread, convectively induced wind storms, are a common warm season phenomenon in the Central and Eastern United States. These damaging and severe weather events are known to sweep quickly across large spatial regions of more than 400 km and produce wind speeds exceeding 121 km h-1. Although extensive research concerning derechos and their parent mesoscale convective systems already exists, there have been few investigations of the spatial and temporal distribution of associated cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span> with these events. This study analyzes twenty warm season (May through August) derecho events between 2003 and 2013 in an effort to discern their <span class="hlt">lightning</span> characteristics. Data used in the study included cloud-to-ground flash data derived from the National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network, WSR-88D imagery from the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, and damaging wind report data obtained from the Storm Prediction Center. A spatial and temporal analysis was conducted by incorporating these data into a geographic information system to determine the distribution and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> characteristics of the environments of derecho producing mesoscale convective systems. Primary foci of this research include: (1) finding the approximate size of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity region for individual and combined event(s); (2) determining the intensity of each event by examining the density and polarity of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes; (3) locating areas of highest <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash density; and (4) to provide a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> spatial analysis that outlines the temporal and spatial distribution of flash activity for particularly strong derecho producing thunderstorm episodes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20030062245&hterms=inversion&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dinversion','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20030062245&hterms=inversion&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dinversion"><span>Mathematical Inversion of <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Data: Techniques and Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Koshak, William</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>A survey of some interesting mathematical inversion studies dealing with radio, optical, and electrostatic measurements of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> are presented. A discussion of why NASA is interested in <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, what specific physical properties of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> are retrieved, and what mathematical techniques are used to perform the retrievals are discussed. In particular, a relatively new multi-station VHF time-of-arrival (TOA) antenna network is now on-line in Northern Alabama and will be discussed. The network, called the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array (LMA), employs GPS timing and detects VHF radiation from discrete segments (effectively point emitters) that comprise the channel of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strokes within cloud and ground flashes. The LMA supports on-going ground-validation activities of the low Earth orbiting <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS) satellite developed at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama. The LMA also provides detailed studies of the distribution and evolution of thunderstorms and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in the Tennessee Valley, and offers interesting comparisons with other meteorological/geophysical datasets. In order to take full advantage of these benefits, it is essential that the LMA channel mapping accuracy (in both space and time) be fully characterized and optimized. A new channel mapping retrieval algorithm is introduced for this purpose. To characterize the spatial distribution of retrieval errors, the algorithm has been applied to analyze literally tens of millions of computer-simulated <span class="hlt">lightning</span> VHF point sources that have been placed at various ranges, azimuths, and altitudes relative to the LMA network. Statistical results are conveniently summarized in high-resolution, color-coded, error maps.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=GL-2002-001565&hterms=eol&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Deol','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=GL-2002-001565&hterms=eol&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Deol"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> over Equatorial Africa</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>These two images were taken 9 seconds apart as the STS-97 Space Shuttle flew over equatorial Africa east of Lake Volta on December 11, 2000. The top of the large thunderstorm, roughly 20 km across, is illuminated by a full moon and frequent bursts of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Because the Space Shuttle travels at about 7 km/sec, the astronaut perspectives on this storm system becomes more oblique over the 9-second interval between photographs. The images were taken with a Nikon <span class="hlt">35</span> mm camera equipped with a 400 mm lens and high-speed (800 ISO) color negative film. Images are STS097-351-9 and STS097-351-12, provided and archived by the Earth Science and Image Analysis Laboratory, Johnson Space Center. Additional images taken by astronauts can be viewed at NASA-JSC's Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth at http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910023318','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910023318"><span>Evaluation of the damages caused by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> current flowing through bearings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Celi, O.; Pigini, A.; Garbagnati, E.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>A laboratory for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> current tests was set up allowing the generation of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> currents foreseen by the Standards. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> tests are carried out on different objects, aircraft materials and components, evaluating the direct and indirect effects of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Recently a research was carried out to evaluate the effects of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> current flow through bearings with special reference to wind power generator applications. For this purpose, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> currents of different amplitude were applied to bearings in different test conditions and the damages caused by the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> current flow were analyzed. The influence of the load acting on the bearing, the presence of lubricant and the bearing rotation were studied.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APJAS..50..133S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APJAS..50..133S"><span>Statistical analysis of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> electric field measured under Malaysian condition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Salimi, Behnam; Mehranzamir, Kamyar; Abdul-Malek, Zulkurnain</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is an electrical discharge during thunderstorms that can be either within clouds (Inter-Cloud), or between clouds and ground (Cloud-Ground). The <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> characteristics and their statistical information are the foundation for the design of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection system as well as for the calculation of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> radiated fields. Nowadays, there are various techniques to detect <span class="hlt">lightning</span> signals and to determine various parameters produced by a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash. Each technique provides its own claimed performances. In this paper, the characteristics of captured broadband electric fields generated by cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges in South of Malaysia are analyzed. A total of 130 cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes from 3 separate thunderstorm events (each event lasts for about 4-5 hours) were examined. Statistical analyses of the following signal parameters were presented: preliminary breakdown pulse train time duration, time interval between preliminary breakdowns and return stroke, multiplicity of stroke, and percentages of single stroke only. The BIL model is also introduced to characterize the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> signature patterns. Observations on the statistical analyses show that about 79% of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> signals fit well with the BIL model. The maximum and minimum of preliminary breakdown time duration of the observed <span class="hlt">lightning</span> signals are 84 ms and 560 us, respectively. The findings of the statistical results show that 7.6% of the flashes were single stroke flashes, and the maximum number of strokes recorded was 14 multiple strokes per flash. A preliminary breakdown signature in more than 95% of the flashes can be identified.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title30-vol1-sec56-12065.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title30-vol1-sec56-12065.pdf"><span>30 CFR 56.12065 - Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. 56... Electricity § 56.12065 Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. Powerlines, including trolley wires, and telephone circuits shall be protected against short circuits and <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title30-vol1-sec56-12065.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title30-vol1-sec56-12065.pdf"><span>30 CFR 56.12065 - Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. 56... Electricity § 56.12065 Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. Powerlines, including trolley wires, and telephone circuits shall be protected against short circuits and <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title30-vol1-sec56-12065.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title30-vol1-sec56-12065.pdf"><span>30 CFR 56.12065 - Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. 56... Electricity § 56.12065 Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. Powerlines, including trolley wires, and telephone circuits shall be protected against short circuits and <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title30-vol1-sec56-12065.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title30-vol1-sec56-12065.pdf"><span>30 CFR 56.12065 - Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. 56... Electricity § 56.12065 Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. Powerlines, including trolley wires, and telephone circuits shall be protected against short circuits and <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title30-vol1-sec56-12065.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title30-vol1-sec56-12065.pdf"><span>30 CFR 56.12065 - Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. 56... Electricity § 56.12065 Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. Powerlines, including trolley wires, and telephone circuits shall be protected against short circuits and <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMAE13A0416K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMAE13A0416K"><span>Fast Positive Breakdown, NBEs, and <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Initiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krehbiel, P. R.; Rison, W.; Stock, M.; Edens, H. E.; Shao, X. M.; Thomas, R. J.; Stanley, M. A.; Zhang, Y.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>High power narrrow bipolar events (NBEs) have been found to be produced by arelatively unknown type of discharge, called fast positive breakdown (Rison etal., 2016). The breakdown occurs with a wide range of strengths, both in terms of its broadband sferic and its VHF radiation, and is found to be theinitiating event of many and likely all <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges inside storms. Itdoes not produce a conducting channel but instead appears to be produced by avolumetric system of repeated, cascading positive streamers in virgin air.That positive corona and streamers would be responsible for initiatinglightning was proposed in the 1960s by Loeb, Dawson and Winn. In the 1970sPhelps and Griffiths showed that the streamers would be self-intensifying,leading to negative breakdown being initiated back at their starting points.Petersen et al. (2008) described experimental results showing that thestreamers could be initiated by ice crystals at cold temperatures, and thephysical processes leading to the breakdown being fast has been reported inrecent modeling studies by Shi et al. (2016). In this paper we summarize the observational data in support of the abovefindings, and report on additional observations of NBEs and lightninginitiation currently being obtained at Kennedy Space Center, Florida. References: Rison W., P.R. Krehbiel M.G.Stock, H.E. Edens, X-M. Shao, R.J. Thomas,M.A. Stanley, Y. Zhang, Observations of narrow bipolar events revealhow <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is initiated in thunderstorms, Nature Comms. 7, 2016.doi:10.1038/ncomms10721. Petersen, D., Bailey, M., Beasley, W. & Hallett, J. A brief review ofthe problem of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> initiation and a hypothesis of initiallightning leader formation. J. Geophys. Res. 113, D17205 (2008). Shi, <span class="hlt">F</span>., N. Liu, and H. K. Rassoul (2016), Properties of relativelylong streamers initiated from an isolated hydrometeor, J. Geophys.Res. Atmos., 121, 7284-7295, doi:10.1002/2015JD024580.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PCE....35..469P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PCE....35..469P"><span>Circulation types related to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity over Catalonia and the Principality of Andorra</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pineda, N.; Esteban, P.; Trapero, L.; Soler, X.; Beck, C.</p> <p></p> <p>In the present study, we use a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to characterize the surface 6-h circulation types related to substantial <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity over the Catalonia area (north-eastern Iberia) and the Principality of Andorra (eastern Pyrenees) from January 2003 to December 2007. The gridded data used for classification of the circulation types is the NCEP Final Analyses of the Global Tropospheric Analyses at 1° resolution over the region <span class="hlt">35</span>°N-48°N by 5°W-8°E. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> information was collected by the SAFIR <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection system operated by the Meteorological Service of Catalonia (SMC), which covers the region studied. We determined nine circulation types on the basis of the S-mode orthogonal rotated Principal Component Analysis. The “extreme scores” principle was used previous to the assignation of all cases, to obtain the number of final types and their centroids. The distinct differences identified in the resulting mean Sea Level Pressure (SLP) fields enabled us to group the types into three main patterns, taking into account their scale/dynamical origin. The first group of types shows the different distribution of the centres of action at synoptic scale associated with the occurrence of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. The second group is connected to mesoscale dynamics, mainly induced by the relief of the Pyrenees. The third group shows types with low gradient SLP patterns in which the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity is a consequence of thermal dynamics (coastal and mountain breezes). Apart from reinforcing the consistency of the groups obtained, analysis of the resulting classification improves our understanding of the geographical distribution and genesis factors of thunderstorm activity in the study area, and provides complementary information for supporting weather forecasting. Thus, the catalogue obtained will provide advances in different climatological and meteorological applications, such as nowcasting products or detection of climate change trends.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMAE43B0273H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMAE43B0273H"><span>Combined VLF and VHF <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observations of Hurricane Rita landfall</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Henderson, B. G.; Suszcynsky, D. M.; Wiens, K. C.; Hamlin, T.; Jeffery, C. A.; Orville, R. E.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>Hurricane Rita displayed abundant <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in its northern eyewall as it made landfall at 0740 UTC 24 Sep 2005 near the Texas/Louisiana border. For this work, we combined VHF and VLF <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data from Hurricane Rita, along with radar observations from Gulf Coast WSR-88D stations, for the purpose of demonstrating the combined utility of these two spectral regions for hurricane <span class="hlt">lightning</span> monitoring. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is a direct consequence of the electrification and breakdown processes that take place during the convective stages of thunderstorm development. As Rita approached the Gulf coast, the VHF <span class="hlt">lightning</span> emissions were distinctly periodic with a period of 1.5 to 2 hours, which is consistent with the rotational period of hurricanes. VLF <span class="hlt">lightning</span> emissions, measured by LASA and NLDN, were present in some of these VHF bursts but not all of them. At landfall, there was a significant increase in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> emissions, accompanied by a significant convective surge observed in radar. Furthermore, VLF and VHF <span class="hlt">lightning</span> source heights clearly increase as a function of time. The evolution of the IC/CG ratio is consistent with that seen in thunderstorms, showing a dominance of IC activity during storm development, followed by an increase in CG activity at the storm’s peak. The periodic VHF <span class="hlt">lightning</span> events are correlated with increases in convective growth (quantified by the volume of radar echo >40 dB) above 7 km altitude. VLF can discriminate between <span class="hlt">lightning</span> types, and in the LASA data, Rita landfall <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity was dominated by Narrow Bi-polar Events (NBEs)—high-energy, high-altitude, compact intra-cloud discharges. The opportunity to locate NBE <span class="hlt">lightning</span> sources in altitude may be particularly useful in quantifying the vertical extent (strength) of the convective development and in possibly deducing vertical charge distributions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1756127','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1756127"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> injuries during snowy conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cherington, M.; Breed, D. W.; Yarnell, P. R.; Smith, W. E.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Skiers and other snow sports enthusiasts can become <span class="hlt">lightning</span> casualties. Two such accidents are reported, one being fatal. There are fewer warning signals of impending <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes in winter-like conditions. However, outdoor activists should be aware of at least two suspicious clues: the appearance of convective clouds, and the presence of graupel (snow pellets) during precipitation. 




 PMID:9865407</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1580017','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1580017"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-related mortality and morbidity in Florida.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Duclos, P J; Sanderson, L M; Klontz, K C</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Cases of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-related deaths and injuries that occurred in Florida in 1978-87 were reviewed to determine the factors involved, to quantify the morbidity and mortality related to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes, and to describe epidemiologically the injuries and circumstances involved. Statewide information on deaths was obtained from death certificates, autopsy reports, and investigative reports. Information about morbidity was obtained from the Florida Hospital Cost Containment Board data base and the National Climatic Data Center data base for all Florida counties, as well as from hospitals in selected counties. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-related deaths totaled 101 in Florida during the period 1978-87, an annual average of 10.1. Eight percent of the victims were from other States. The overall yearly death rate for State residents was 0.09 per 100,000 population, with the highest rate being that for men aged 15-19 years, 0.38 per 100,000. Thirteen percent of victims were females. The ratio of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-related injuries to deaths in Florida was estimated at about four to one. Thirty percent of all deaths were occupationally related. The first strikes of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> from a thunderstorm may be the most dangerous, not in terms of impact, but because of the element of surprise. During thunderstorms, people may seek shelter under isolated trees because they believe erroneously that a tree offers protection from <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, or perhaps because their top priority is to escape from rain rather than <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. People may not seek adequate shelter during thunderstorms because they do not know the dangers of remaining outdoors or their judgment is impaired by drugs or alcohol. PMID:2113687</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2113687','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2113687"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-related mortality and morbidity in Florida.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Duclos, P J; Sanderson, L M; Klontz, K C</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Cases of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-related deaths and injuries that occurred in Florida in 1978-87 were reviewed to determine the factors involved, to quantify the morbidity and mortality related to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes, and to describe epidemiologically the injuries and circumstances involved. Statewide information on deaths was obtained from death certificates, autopsy reports, and investigative reports. Information about morbidity was obtained from the Florida Hospital Cost Containment Board data base and the National Climatic Data Center data base for all Florida counties, as well as from hospitals in selected counties. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-related deaths totaled 101 in Florida during the period 1978-87, an annual average of 10.1. Eight percent of the victims were from other States. The overall yearly death rate for State residents was 0.09 per 100,000 population, with the highest rate being that for men aged 15-19 years, 0.38 per 100,000. Thirteen percent of victims were females. The ratio of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-related injuries to deaths in Florida was estimated at about four to one. Thirty percent of all deaths were occupationally related. The first strikes of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> from a thunderstorm may be the most dangerous, not in terms of impact, but because of the element of surprise. During thunderstorms, people may seek shelter under isolated trees because they believe erroneously that a tree offers protection from <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, or perhaps because their top priority is to escape from rain rather than <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. People may not seek adequate shelter during thunderstorms because they do not know the dangers of remaining outdoors or their judgment is impaired by drugs or alcohol.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20030111776&hterms=quantitative+data+analysis&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dquantitative%2Bdata%2Banalysis','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20030111776&hterms=quantitative+data+analysis&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dquantitative%2Bdata%2Banalysis"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> and Precipitation: Observational Analysis of LIS and PR</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Adamo, C.; Solomon, R.; Goodman, S.; Dietrich, S.; Mugnai, A.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> flash rate can identify areas of convective rainfall when the storms are dominated by ice-phase precipitation. Modeling and observational studies indicate that cloud electrification and microphysics are very closely related and it is of great interest to understand the relationship between <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and cloud microphysical quantities. Analyzing data from the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Image Sensor (LIS) and the Precipitation Radar (PR), we show a quantitative relationship between microphysical characteristics of thunderclouds and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rate. We have performed a complete analysis of all data available over the Mediterranean during the TRMM mission and show a range of reflective profiles as a function of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity for both convective and stratiform regimes as well as seasonal variations. Due to the increasing global coverage of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection networks, this kind of study can used to extend the knowledge about thunderstorms and discriminate between different regimes in regions where radar measurements are readilly available.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE11A..08C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE11A..08C"><span>Storm-based Cloud-to-Ground <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Probabilities and Warnings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Calhoun, K. M.; Meyer, T.; Kingfield, D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>A new cloud-to-ground (CG) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> probability algorithm has been developed using machine-learning methods. With storm-based inputs of Earth Networks' in-cloud <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, Vaisala's CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, multi-radar/multi-sensor (MRMS) radar derived products including the Maximum Expected Size of Hail (MESH) and Vertically Integrated Liquid (VIL), and near storm environmental data including lapse rate and CAPE, a random forest algorithm was trained to produce probabilities of CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> up to one-hour in advance. As part of the Prototype Probabilistic Hazard Information experiment in the Hazardous Weather Testbed in 2016 and 2017, National Weather Service forecasters were asked to use this CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> probability guidance to create rapidly updating probability grids and warnings for the threat of CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span> for 0-60 minutes. The output from forecasters was shared with end-users, including emergency managers and broadcast meteorologists, as part of an integrated warning team.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA01096&hterms=Dark+web&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DDark%2Bweb','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA01096&hterms=Dark+web&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DDark%2Bweb"><span>Jovian <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> and Moonlit Clouds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Jovian <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and moonlit clouds. These two images, taken 75 minutes apart, show <span class="hlt">lightning</span> storms on the night side of Jupiter along with clouds dimly lit by moonlight from Io, Jupiter's closest moon. The images were taken in visible light and are displayed in shades of red. The images used an exposure time of about one minute, and were taken when the spacecraft was on the opposite side of Jupiter from the Earth and Sun. Bright storms are present at two latitudes in the left image, and at three latitudes in the right image. Each storm was made visible by multiple <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes during the exposure. Other Galileo images were deliberately scanned from east to west in order to separate individual flashes. The images show that Jovian and terrestrial <span class="hlt">lightning</span> storms have similar flash rates, but that Jovian <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes are a few orders of magnitude brighter in visible light.<p/>The moonlight from Io allows the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> storms to be correlated with visible cloud features. The latitude bands where the storms are seen seem to coincide with the 'disturbed regions' in daylight images, where short-lived chaotic motions push clouds to high altitudes, much like thunderstorms on Earth. The storms in these images are roughly one to two thousand kilometers across, while individual flashes appear hundreds of kilometer across. The <span class="hlt">lightning</span> probably originates from the deep water cloud layer and illuminates a large region of the visible ammonia cloud layer from 100 kilometers below it.<p/>There are several small light and dark patches that are artifacts of data compression. North is at the top of the picture. The images span approximately 50 degrees in latitude and longitude. The lower edges of the images are aligned with the equator. The images were taken on October 5th and 6th, 1997 at a range of 6.6 million kilometers by the Solid State Imaging (SSI) system on NASA's Galileo spacecraft.<p/>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23173444','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23173444"><span>[Relationships of forest fire with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in Daxing' anling Mountains, Northeast China].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lei, Xiao-Li; Zhou, Guang-Sheng; Jia, Bing-Rui; Li, Shuai</p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>Forest fire is an important factor affecting forest ecosystem succession. Recently, forest fire, especially forest <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fire, shows an increasing trend under global warming. To study the relationships of forest fire with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is essential to accurately predict the forest fire in time. Daxing' anling Mountains is a region with high frequency of forest <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fire in China, and an important experiment site to study the relationships of forest fire with <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. Based on the forest fire records and the corresponding <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and meteorological observation data in the Mountains from 1966 to 2007, this paper analyzed the relationships of forest fire with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in this region. In the period of 1966-2007, both the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fire number and the fired forest area in this region increased significantly. The meteorological factors affecting the forest lighting fire were related to temporal scales. At yearly scale, the forest <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fire was significantly correlated with precipitation, with a correlation coefficient of -0.489; at monthly scale, it had a significant correlation with air temperature, the correlation coefficient being 0.18. The relationship of the forest <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fire with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> was also related to temporal scales. At yearly scale, there was no significant correlation between them; at monthly scale, the forest <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fire was strongly correlated with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and affected by precipitation; at daily scale, a positive correlation was observed between forest <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fire and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> when the precipitation was less than 5 mm. According to these findings, a fire danger index based on ADTD <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection data was established, and a forest <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fire forecast model was developed. The prediction accuracy of this model for the forest <span class="hlt">lightning</span> fire in Daxing' anling Mountains in 2005-2007 was > 80%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0603089','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0603089"><span>RELATIONS BETWEEN <span class="hlt">LIGHTNING</span> DISCHARGES AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUSICAL ATMOSPHERICS,</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Recording cathode-ray oscillographs were used for the analysis of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges whose relations to musical atmospherics were investigated...of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges investigated. Through comparative harmonic analyses it was shown that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges producing musical atmospherics...followed by multiple whistlers. An investigation was made of correlations between <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges and musical atmospherics of unusual and irregular</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title49-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title49-vol8-sec1150-35.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title49-vol8/pdf/CFR-2014-title49-vol8-sec1150-35.pdf"><span>49 CFR 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> - Procedures and relevant dates-transactions that involve creation of Class I or Class <span class="hlt">II</span> carriers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 8 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Procedures and relevant dates-transactions that involve creation of Class I or Class <span class="hlt">II</span> carriers. 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> Section 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> Transportation Other Regulations.... 10901 § 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> Procedures and relevant dates—transactions that involve creation of Class I or Class <span class="hlt">II</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title49-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title49-vol8-sec1150-35.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title49-vol8/pdf/CFR-2013-title49-vol8-sec1150-35.pdf"><span>49 CFR 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> - Procedures and relevant dates-transactions that involve creation of Class I or Class <span class="hlt">II</span> carriers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 8 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Procedures and relevant dates-transactions that involve creation of Class I or Class <span class="hlt">II</span> carriers. 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> Section 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> Transportation Other Regulations.... 10901 § 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> Procedures and relevant dates—transactions that involve creation of Class I or Class <span class="hlt">II</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title49-vol8/pdf/CFR-2012-title49-vol8-sec1150-35.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title49-vol8/pdf/CFR-2012-title49-vol8-sec1150-35.pdf"><span>49 CFR 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> - Procedures and relevant dates-transactions that involve creation of Class I or Class <span class="hlt">II</span> carriers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 8 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Procedures and relevant dates-transactions that involve creation of Class I or Class <span class="hlt">II</span> carriers. 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> Section 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> Transportation Other Regulations.... 10901 § 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> Procedures and relevant dates—transactions that involve creation of Class I or Class <span class="hlt">II</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title49-vol8/pdf/CFR-2011-title49-vol8-sec1150-35.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title49-vol8/pdf/CFR-2011-title49-vol8-sec1150-35.pdf"><span>49 CFR 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> - Procedures and relevant dates-transactions that involve creation of Class I or Class <span class="hlt">II</span> carriers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 8 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Procedures and relevant dates-transactions that involve creation of Class I or Class <span class="hlt">II</span> carriers. 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> Section 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> Transportation Other Regulations.... 10901 § 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> Procedures and relevant dates—transactions that involve creation of Class I or Class <span class="hlt">II</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title49-vol8/pdf/CFR-2010-title49-vol8-sec1150-35.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title49-vol8/pdf/CFR-2010-title49-vol8-sec1150-35.pdf"><span>49 CFR 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> - Procedures and relevant dates-transactions that involve creation of Class I or Class <span class="hlt">II</span> carriers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 49 Transportation 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Procedures and relevant dates-transactions that involve creation of Class I or Class <span class="hlt">II</span> carriers. 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> Section 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> Transportation Other Regulations.... 10901 § 1150.<span class="hlt">35</span> Procedures and relevant dates—transactions that involve creation of Class I or Class <span class="hlt">II</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/959070','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/959070"><span>Indirect <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Safety Assessment Methodology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ong, M M; Perkins, M P; Brown, C G</p> <p>2009-04-24</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is a safety hazard for high-explosives (HE) and their detonators. In the However, the current flowing from the strike point through the rebar of the building The methodology for estimating the risk from indirect lighting effects will be presented. It has two parts: a method to determine the likelihood of a detonation given a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike, and an approach for estimating the likelihood of a strike. The results of these two parts produce an overall probability of a detonation. The probability calculations are complex for five reasons: (1) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes are stochastic and relatively rare, (2) the quality ofmore » the Faraday cage varies from one facility to the next, (3) RF coupling is inherently a complex subject, (4) performance data for abnormally stressed detonators is scarce, and (5) the arc plasma physics is not well understood. Therefore, a rigorous mathematical analysis would be too complex. Instead, our methodology takes a more practical approach combining rigorous mathematical calculations where possible with empirical data when necessary. Where there is uncertainty, we compensate with conservative approximations. The goal is to determine a conservative estimate of the odds of a detonation. In Section 2, the methodology will be explained. This report will discuss topics at a high-level. The reasons for selecting an approach will be justified. For those interested in technical details, references will be provided. In Section 3, a simple hypothetical example will be given to reinforce the concepts. While the methodology will touch on all the items shown in Figure 1, the focus of this report is the indirect effect, i.e., determining the odds of a detonation from given EM fields. Professor Martin Uman from the University of Florida has been characterizing and defining extreme <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes. Using Professor Uman's research, Dr. Kimball Merewether at Sandia National Laboratory in Albuquerque calculated the EM fields inside a Faraday</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRD..123.2628V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRD..123.2628V"><span>Optimizing Precipitation Thresholds for Best Correlation Between Dry <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> and Wildfires</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vant-Hull, Brian; Thompson, Tollisha; Koshak, William</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>This work examines how to adjust the definition of "dry <span class="hlt">lightning</span>" in order to optimize the correlation between dry <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash count and the climatology of large (>400 km2) <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-ignited wildfires over the contiguous United States (CONUS). The National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network™ and National Centers for Environmental Prediction Stage IV radar-based, gauge-adjusted precipitation data are used to form climatic data sets. For a 13 year analysis period over CONUS, a correlation of 0.88 is found between annual totals of wildfires and dry <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. This optimal correlation is found by defining dry <span class="hlt">lightning</span> as follows: on a 0.1° hourly grid, a precipitation threshold of no more than 0.3 mm may accumulate during any hour over a period of 3-4 days preceding the flash. Regional optimized definitions vary. When annual totals are analyzed as done here, no clear advantage is found by weighting positive polarity cloud-to-ground (+CG) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> differently than -CG <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. The high variability of dry <span class="hlt">lightning</span> relative to the precipitation and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> from which it is derived suggests it would be an independent and useful climate indicator.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A33G3278H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A33G3278H"><span>Estimating <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> NOx Emissions for Regional Air Quality Modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Holloway, T.; Scotty, E.; Harkey, M.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> emissions have long been recognized as an important source of nitrogen oxides (NOx) on a global scale, and an essential emission component for global atmospheric chemistry models. However, only in recent years have regional air quality models incorporated <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NOx emissions into simulations. The growth in regional modeling of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> emissions has been driven in part by comparisons with satellite-derived estimates of column NO2, especially from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard the Aura satellite. We present and evaluate a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> inventory for the EPA Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Our approach follows Koo et al. [2010] in the approach to spatially and temporally allocating a given total value based on cloud-top height and convective precipitation. However, we consider alternate total NOx emission values (which translate into alternate <span class="hlt">lightning</span> emission factors) based on a review of the literature and performance evaluation against OMI NO2 for July 2007 conditions over the U.S. and parts of Canada and Mexico. The vertical distribution of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> emissions follow a bimodal distribution from Allen et al. [2012] calculated over 27 vertical model layers. Total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NO emissions for July 2007 show the highest above-land emissions in Florida, southeastern Texas and southern Louisiana. Although agreement with OMI NO2 across the domain varied significantly depending on <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NOx assumptions, agreement among the simulations at ground-based NO2 monitors from the EPA Air Quality System database showed no meaningful sensitivity to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NOx. Emissions are compared with prior studies, which find similar distribution patterns, but a wide range of calculated magnitudes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21532036-study-transport-parameters-cloud-lightning-plasmas','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21532036-study-transport-parameters-cloud-lightning-plasmas"><span>Study of the transport parameters of cloud <span class="hlt">lightning</span> plasmas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Chang, Z. S.; Yuan, P.; Zhao, N.</p> <p>2010-11-15</p> <p>Three spectra of cloud <span class="hlt">lightning</span> have been acquired in Tibet (China) using a slitless grating spectrograph. The electrical conductivity, the electron thermal conductivity, and the electron thermal diffusivity of the cloud <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, for the first time, are calculated by applying the transport theory of air plasma. In addition, we investigate the change behaviors of parameters (the temperature, the electron density, the electrical conductivity, the electron thermal conductivity, and the electron thermal diffusivity) in one of the cloud <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channels. The result shows that these parameters decrease slightly along developing direction of the cloud <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel. Moreover, they represent similar suddenmore » change behavior in tortuous positions and the branch of the cloud <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFMAE21A..06K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFMAE21A..06K"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Observations: What we are learning.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krehbiel, P.</p> <p>2001-12-01</p> <p>The use of radio frequency time-of-arrival techniques for accurately mapping <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges is revolutionizing our ability to study <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge processes and to investigate thunderstorms. Different types of discharges are being observed that we have not been able to study before or knew existed. Included are a variety of inverted and normal polarity intracloud and cloud-to-ground discharges, frequent short-duration discharges at high altitude in storms and in overshooting convective tops, highly energetic impulsive discharge events, and horizontally extensive `spider' <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges in large mesoscale convective systems. High time resolution measurements valuably complement interferometric observations and are starting to exceed the ability of interferometers to provide detailed pictures of flash development. Mapping observations can be used to infer the polarity of the breakdown channels and hence the location and sign of charge regions in the storm. The <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity in large, severe storms is found to be essentially continuous and volume-filling, with substantially more <span class="hlt">lightning</span> inside the storm than between the cloud and ground. Spectacular dendritic structures are observed in many flashes. The <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observations can be used to infer the electrical structure of a storm and therefore to study the electrification processes. The results are raising fundamental questions about how storms become electrified and how the electrification evolves with time. Supercell storms are commonly observed to electrify in an inverted or anomalous manner, raising questions about how these storms are different from normal storms, and even what is `normal'. The high <span class="hlt">lightning</span> rates in severe storms raises the distinct possibility that the discharges themselves might be sustaining or enhancing the electrification. Correlated observations with radar, instrumented balloons and aircraft, and ground-based measurements are leading to greatly improved</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title30-vol1-sec57-12065.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title30-vol1-sec57-12065.pdf"><span>30 CFR 57.12065 - Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. 57... MINES Electricity Surface Only § 57.12065 Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. Powerlines, including trolley wires, and telephone circuits shall be protected against short circuits and <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title30-vol1-sec57-12065.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title30-vol1-sec57-12065.pdf"><span>30 CFR 57.12065 - Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. 57... MINES Electricity Surface Only § 57.12065 Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. Powerlines, including trolley wires, and telephone circuits shall be protected against short circuits and <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title30-vol1-sec57-12065.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title30-vol1-sec57-12065.pdf"><span>30 CFR 57.12065 - Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. 57... MINES Electricity Surface Only § 57.12065 Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. Powerlines, including trolley wires, and telephone circuits shall be protected against short circuits and <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title30-vol1-sec57-12065.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title30-vol1-sec57-12065.pdf"><span>30 CFR 57.12065 - Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. 57... MINES Electricity Surface Only § 57.12065 Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. Powerlines, including trolley wires, and telephone circuits shall be protected against short circuits and <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. ...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=338768&Lab=NERL&keyword=forensics&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=338768&Lab=NERL&keyword=forensics&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>A Performance Evaluation of <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-NO Algorithms in CMAQ</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>In the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQv5.2) model, we have implemented two algorithms for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NO production; one algorithm is based on the hourly observed cloud-to-ground <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike data from National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network (NLDN) to replace the previous m...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title30-vol1-sec57-12065.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title30-vol1-sec57-12065.pdf"><span>30 CFR 57.12065 - Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. 57... MINES Electricity Surface Only § 57.12065 Short circuit and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection. Powerlines, including trolley wires, and telephone circuits shall be protected against short circuits and <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100024155','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100024155"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Injection on Power-MOSFETs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Celaya, Jose; Saha, Sankalita; Wysocki, Phil; Ely, Jay; Nguyen, Truong; Szatkowski, George; Koppen, Sandra; Mielnik, John; Vaughan, Roger; Goebel, Kai</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> induced damage is one of the major concerns in aircraft health monitoring. Such short-duration high voltages can cause significant damage to electronic devices. This paper presents a study on the effects of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> injection on power metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). This approach consisted of pin-injecting <span class="hlt">lightning</span> waveforms into the gate, drain and/or source of MOSFET devices while they were in the OFF-state. Analysis of the characteristic curves of the devices showed that for certain injection modes the devices can accumulate considerable damage rendering them inoperable. Early results demonstrate that a power MOSFET, even in its off-state, can incur considerable damage due to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> pin injection, leading to significant deviation in its behavior and performance, and to possibly early device failures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150002157','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150002157"><span>Expanding the Operational Use of Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Ahead of GOES-R</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Stano, Geoffrey T.; Wood, Lance; Garner, Tim; Nunez, Roland; Kann, Deirdre; Reynolds, James; Rydell, Nezette; Cox, Rob; Bobb, William R.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>NASA's Short-term Prediction Research and Transition Center (SPoRT) has been transitioning real-time total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observations from ground-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> mapping arrays since 2003. This initial effort was with the local Weather Forecast Offices (WFO) that could use the North Alabama <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array (NALMA). These early collaborations established a strong interest in the use of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> for WFO operations. In particular the focus started with warning decision support, but has since expanded to include impact-based decision support and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> safety. SPoRT has used its experience to establish connections with new <span class="hlt">lightning</span> mapping arrays as they become available. The GOES-R / JPSS Visiting Scientist Program has enabled SPoRT to conduct visits to new partners and expand the number of operational users with access to total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> observations. In early 2014, SPoRT conducted the most recent visiting scientist trips to meet with forecast offices that will used the Colorado, Houston, and Langmuir Lab (New Mexico) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> mapping arrays. In addition, SPoRT met with the corresponding Center Weather Service Units (CWSUs) to expand collaborations with the aviation community. These visits were an opportunity to learn about the forecast needs of each office visited as well as to provide on-site training for the use of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, setting the stage for a real-time assessment during May-July 2014. With five <span class="hlt">lightning</span> mapping arrays covering multiple geographic locations, the 2014 assessment has demonstrated numerous uses of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in varying situations. Several highlights include a much broader use of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> for impact-based decision support ranging from airport weather warnings, supporting fire crews, and protecting large outdoor events. The inclusion of the CWSUs has broadened the operational scope of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, demonstrating how these data can support air traffic management, particularly in the Terminal Radar Approach</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910046035&hterms=Gold+detector&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DGold%2Bdetector','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910046035&hterms=Gold+detector&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DGold%2Bdetector"><span>Ground Optical <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detector (GOLD)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jackson, John, Jr.; Simmons, David</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>A photometer developed to characterize <span class="hlt">lightning</span> from the ground is discussed. The detector and the electronic signal processing and data storage systems are presented along with field data measured by the system. The discussion will include improvements that will be incorporated to enhance the measurement of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and the data storage capability to record for many days without human involvement. Finally, the calibration of the GOLD system is presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870027730&hterms=thunderstorm+protection&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dthunderstorm%2Bprotection','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870027730&hterms=thunderstorm+protection&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dthunderstorm%2Bprotection"><span><span class="hlt">F</span>-106 data summary and model results relative to threat criteria and protection design analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pitts, F. L.; Finelli, G. B.; Perala, R. A.; Rudolph, T. H.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The NASA <span class="hlt">F</span>-106 has acquired considerable data on the rates-of-change of EM parameters on the aircraft surface during 690 direct <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes while penetrating thunderstorms at altitudes from 15,000 to 40,000 feet. The data are presently being used in updating previous <span class="hlt">lightning</span> criteria and standards. The new <span class="hlt">lightning</span> standards will, therefore, be the first which reflect actual aircraft responses measured at flight altitudes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMAE24A..01J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMAE24A..01J"><span>An Overview of LANL's New Hurricane <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Project (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jeffery, C. A.; Shao, X.; Reisner, J.; Kao, C. J.; Brockwell, M.; Chylek, P.; Fierro, A.; Galassi, M.; Godinez, H. C.; Guimond, S.; Hamlin, T.; Henderson, B. G.; Ho, C.; Holden, D.; Light, T. E.; O'Connor, N.; Suszcynsky, D. M.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>For the last two years, Los Alamos National Laboratory has sponsored an internal hurricane <span class="hlt">lightning</span> project with four main goals: (1) To develop and deploy a new dual VLF/VHF <span class="hlt">lightning</span> mapping array in the Mississippi River Delta south of New Orleans. (2) To develop a new hurricane forecast capability with fully prognostic cloud electrification and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge physics, based on a model framework developed at Oklahoma University. (3) To develop a new data assimilation approach for ingesting LANL <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data into our forecast model that exploits the phenomenological relationship between <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurrence and intense convection. (4) To demonstrate that the assimilation of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data from the new LANL Gulf array into the hurricane forecast model improves the prediction of rapid intensification (RI), when RI is driven by eyewall adjustment (axisymmetrization) triggered by intense convective events (hot towers). In this talk, I present an overview of LANL's new hurricane lighting project, and the progress we have made to-date in achieving the project's four main goals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19345842','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19345842"><span>When <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strikes: bolting down the facts & fiction.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Usatch, Ben</p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p>MYTH: There's no danger from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> until the rain starts. FACT: <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> often precedes the storm by up to 10 miles. A reasonable guideline is the "30-30 rule," by which you count the seconds between the flash and the thunder. If the time span is less than 30 seconds, seek shelter. Additionally, wait a full 30 minutes from last <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash to resume outdoor activities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020068017&hterms=channels+distribution&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dchannels%2Bdistribution','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020068017&hterms=channels+distribution&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dchannels%2Bdistribution"><span>A <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Channel Retrieval Algorithm for the North Alabama <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array (LMA)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Koshak, William; Arnold, James E. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>A new multi-station VHF time-of-arrival (TOA) antenna network is, at the time of this writing, coming on-line in Northern Alabama. The network, called the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array (LMA), employs GPS timing and detects VHF radiation from discrete segments (effectively point emitters) that comprise the channel of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strokes within cloud and ground flashes. The network will support on-going ground validation activities of the low Earth orbiting <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS) satellite developed at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama. It will also provide for many interesting and detailed studies of the distribution and evolution of thunderstorms and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in the Tennessee Valley, and will offer many interesting comparisons with other meteorological/geophysical wets associated with <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and thunderstorms. In order to take full advantage of these benefits, it is essential that the LMA channel mapping accuracy (in both space and time) be fully characterized and optimized. In this study, a new revised channel mapping retrieval algorithm is introduced. The algorithm is an extension of earlier work provided in Koshak and Solakiewicz (1996) in the analysis of the NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection and Ranging (LDAR) system. As in the 1996 study, direct algebraic solutions are obtained by inverting a simple linear system of equations, thereby making computer searches through a multi-dimensional parameter domain of a Chi-Squared function unnecessary. However, the new algorithm is developed completely in spherical Earth-centered coordinates (longitude, latitude, altitude), rather than in the (x, y, z) cartesian coordinates employed in the 1996 study. Hence, no mathematical transformations from (x, y, z) into spherical coordinates are required (such transformations involve more numerical error propagation, more computer program coding, and slightly more CPU computing time). The new algorithm also has a more realistic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010pcms.confE..14S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010pcms.confE..14S"><span>The saptio-temporal distribution of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> over the southern Levant and its relation to the regional synoptic systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shalev, S.; Izsak, T.; Saaroni, H.; Yair, Y.; Ziv, B.</p> <p>2010-09-01</p> <p>The saptio-temporal distribution of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes over the southern Levant is derived from data obtained from the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Positioning and Tracking System (LPATS) operated by the Israeli Electrical Company (IEC). The system has an aerial coverage in a range of ~ 500 Km around central Israel, including the southeastern Mediterranean Sea, Israel, Lebanon, western Syria and Jordan and the eastern part of Sinai Peninsula and the Red Sea. The study period includes 4 years. The spatial distribution of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash density indicated the highest concentration over the sea, and is attributed to the contribution of sensible and latent heat fluxes. Other centers of high flash density appear along the coastal plain, expressing the friction effect of the coastline, and along orographic barriers, especially in northern Israel. The intra-annual distribution shows a complete absence of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in the eastern Mediterranean during the summer (JJA) which is due to the persistent existence of the subtropical high above the region. The vast majority of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity occurs during 7 months between October and April. Even though over 65% of the rainfall is obtained in the winter months (DJF) only <span class="hlt">35</span>% of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is obtained in the winter and October is the richest month, with 40% of total annual number of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes. This is attributed mostly to tropical intrusions, i.e., Red Sea Trough (RST), which is characterized by high static instability. Cyprus lows are the synoptic system contributing the vast majority, >80%, of the rainfall in Israel, but only 42% of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, whereas the RST, a minor contributor of rainfall, shares 48% of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. However, during the winter 66% of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes are associated with Cyprus lows and 25% with RST while during the autumn months the ratio is reversed: only 27% are associated with Cyprus lows and the majority (63%) occurs during RST. It was found that over 80% of the days defined as Cyprus lows were</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.5513O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.5513O"><span>Towards understanding the nature of any relationship between Solar Activity and Cosmic Rays with thunderstorm activity and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>O'Regan, J.; Muller, J.-P.; Matthews, S.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>The runaway breakdown hypothesis of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharge has predicted relationships between cosmic rays' interactions with the atmosphere and thunderstorm production and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity. Precipitating energetic particles lead to the injection of MeV-energy electrons into electrified thunderclouds [1,2], resulting in runaway breakdown occurring, and assisting in the process of charge separation [2]. Previous <span class="hlt">lightning</span> studies show that correlations to solar activity are weak but significant, with better correlations to solar activity and cosmic rays when carried out over smaller geographical areas [3,4,5,6] and over longer timescales [6]. In this work, correlations are explored between variations of SEPs and <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity levels at various spatio-temporal scales. Temporal scales span from short-term (days) scales surrounding large Earth-directed coronal mass ejection (CME) events to long-term (years) scales. Similarly, spatial scales span from 1-degree x 1-degree latitudinal-longitudinal grid scales to an entirely global study, for varying timescales. Additionally, investigation of correlation sign and statistical significance by 1-degree latitudinal bands is also employed, allowing a comparative study of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity relative to regions of greatest - and contrasting regions of relative absence of - energetic particle precipitation. These regions are determined from electron and proton flux maps, derived from measurements from the Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector (MEPED) onboard the Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite (POES) system. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> data is obtained from the World Wide <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Location Network (WWLLN) for the period 2005 to 2011. The correlations of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strike rates are carried out with respect to Relative Sunspot Number (R), 10.7cm Solar radio flux (<span class="hlt">F</span>10.7), Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) neutron monitor flux, the Ap geomagnetic activity index, and Disturbance Storm Time (DST) index. Correlations show dramatic variations in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110015676','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110015676"><span>The GOES-R GeoStationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Goodman, Steven J.; Blakeslee, Richard J.; Koshak, William J.; Mach, Douglas</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) is the next series to follow the existing GOES system currently operating over the Western Hemisphere. Superior spacecraft and instrument technology will support expanded detection of environmental phenomena, resulting in more timely and accurate forecasts and warnings. Advancements over current GOES capabilities include a new capability for total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection (cloud and cloud-to-ground flashes) from the Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM), and improved capability for the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI). The Geostationary Lighting Mapper (GLM) will map total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity (in-cloud and cloud-to-ground lighting flashes) continuously day and night with near-uniform spatial resolution of 8 km with a product refresh rate of less than 20 sec over the Americas and adjacent oceanic regions. This will aid in forecasting severe storms and tornado activity, and convective weather impacts on aviation safety and efficiency among a number of potential applications. In parallel with the instrument development (a prototype and 4 flight models), a GOES-R Risk Reduction Team and Algorithm Working Group <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Applications Team have begun to develop the Level 2 algorithms (environmental data records), cal/val performance monitoring tools, and new applications using GLM alone, in combination with the ABI, merged with ground-based sensors, and decision aids augmented by numerical weather prediction model forecasts. Proxy total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data from the NASA <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and regional test beds are being used to develop the pre-launch algorithms and applications, and also improve our knowledge of thunderstorm initiation and evolution. An international field campaign planned for 2011-2012 will produce concurrent observations from a VHF <span class="hlt">lightning</span> mapping array, Meteosat multi-band imagery, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) <span class="hlt">Lightning</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMAE31B3416D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMAE31B3416D"><span>Analysis of ELF Radio Atmospherics Radiated by Rocket-Triggered <span class="hlt">Lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dupree, N. A.; Moore, R. C.; Pilkey, J. T.; Uman, M. A.; Jordan, D. M.; Caicedo, J. A.; Hare, B.; Ngin, T. K.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Experimental observations of ELF radio atmospherics produced by rocket-triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes are used to analyze Earth-ionosphere waveguide excitation and propagation characteristics. Rocket-triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> experiments are performed at the International Center for <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Research and Testing (ICLRT) located at Camp Blanding, Florida. Long-distance ELF observations are performed in California, Greenland, and Antarctica. The <span class="hlt">lightning</span> current waveforms directly measured at the base of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel (at the ICLRT) along with pertinent <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array (LMA) data are used together with the Long Wavelength Propagation Capability (LWPC) code to predict the radio atmospheric (sferic) waveform observed at the receiver locations under various ionospheric conditions. We identify fitted exponential electron density profiles that accurately describe the observed propagation delays, phase delays, and signal amplitudes. The ability to infer ionospheric characteristics using distant ELF observations greatly enhances ionospheric remote sensing capabilities, especially in regard to interpreting observations of transient luminous events (TLEs) and other ionospheric effects associated with <span class="hlt">lightning</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRD..118..787Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRD..118..787Z"><span>Statistical patterns in the location of natural <span class="hlt">lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zoghzoghy, F. G.; Cohen, M. B.; Said, R. K.; Inan, U. S.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> discharges are nature's way of neutralizing the electrical buildup in thunderclouds. Thus, if an individual discharge destroys a substantial fraction of the cloud charge, the probability of a subsequent flash is reduced until the cloud charge separation rebuilds. The temporal pattern of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity in a localized region may thus inherently be a proxy measure of the corresponding timescales for charge separation and electric field buildup processes. We present a statistical technique to bring out this effect (as well as the subsequent recovery) using <span class="hlt">lightning</span> geo-location data, in this case with data from the National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network (NLDN) and from the GLD360 Network. We use this statistical method to show that a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash can remove an appreciable fraction of the built up charge, affecting the neighboring <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity for tens of seconds within a ˜ 10 km radius. We find that our results correlate with timescales of electric field buildup in storms and suggest that the proposed statistical tool could be used to study the electrification of storms on a global scale. We find that this flash suppression effect is a strong function of flash type, flash polarity, cloud-to-ground flash multiplicity, the geographic location of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, and is proportional to NLDN model-derived peak stroke current. We characterize the spatial and temporal extent of the suppression effect as a function of these parameters and discuss various applications of our findings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMAE33A0339B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMAE33A0339B"><span>Characteristics of VLF/LF Sferics from Elve-producing <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Discharges</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Blaes, P.; Zoghzoghy, F. G.; Marshall, R. A.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> return strokes radiate an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) which interacts with the D-region ionosphere; the largest EMPs produce new ionization, heating, and optical emissions known as elves. Elves are at least six times more common than sprites and other transient luminous events. Though the probability that a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> return stroke will produce an elve is correlated with the return stroke peak current, many large peak current strokes do not produce visible elves. Apart from the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> peak current, elve production may depend on the return stroke speed, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> altitude, and ionospheric conditions. In this work we investigate the detailed structure of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> that gives rise to elves by analyzing the characteristics of VLF/LF <span class="hlt">lightning</span> sferics in conjunction with optical elve observations. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> sferics were observed using an array of six VLF/LF receivers (1 MHz sample-rate) in Oklahoma, and elves were observed using two high-speed photometers pointed over the Oklahoma region: one located at Langmuir Laboratory, NM and the other at McDonald Observatory, TX. Hundreds of elves with coincident LF sferics were observed during the summer months of 2013. We present data comparing the characteristics of elve-producing and non-elve producing <span class="hlt">lightning</span> as measured by LF sferics. In addition, we compare these sferic and elve observations with FDTD simulations to determine key properties of elve-producing <span class="hlt">lightning</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090017685&hterms=information+technology+trend&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dinformation%2Btechnology%2Btrend','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090017685&hterms=information+technology+trend&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dinformation%2Btechnology%2Btrend"><span>An Operational Perspective of Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Information</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Nadler, David J.; Darden, Christopher B.; Stano, Geoffrey; Buechler, Dennis E.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The close and productive collaborations between the NWS Warning and Forecast Office, the Short Term Prediction and Research Transition Center at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and the University of Alabama in Huntsville have provided a unique opportunity for science sharing and technology transfer. One significant technology transfer that has provided immediate benefits to NWS forecast and warning operations is the use of data from the North Alabama <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array. This network consists of ten VHF receivers deployed across northern Alabama and a base station located at the National Space Science and Technology Center. Preliminary investigations done at WFO Huntsville, along with other similar total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> networks across the country, have shown distinct correlations between the time rate-of-change of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and trends in intensity/severity of the parent convective cell. Since May 2003 when WFO HUN began receiving these data - in conjunction with other more traditional remotely sensed data (radar, satellite, and surface observations) -- have improved the situational awareness of the WFO staff. The use of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> information, either from current ground based systems or future space borne instrumentation, may substantially contribute to the NWS mission, by enhancing severe weather warning and decision-making processes. Operational use of the data has been maximized at WFO Huntsville through a process that includes forecaster training, product implementation, and post event analysis and assessments. Since receiving these data, over 50 surveys have been completed highlighting the use of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> information during significant events across the Tennessee Valley. In addition, around 150 specific cases of interest have been archived for collaborative post storm analysis. From these datasets, detailed trending information from radar and total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> can be compared to corresponding damage reports. This presentation will emphasize</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120001434','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120001434"><span>The Goes-R Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Goodman, Steven J.; Blakeslee, Richard J.; Koshak, William J.; Mach, Douglas</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) is the next series to follow the existing GOES system currently operating over the Western Hemisphere. Superior spacecraft and instrument technology will support expanded detection of environmental phenomena, resulting in more timely and accurate forecasts and warnings. Advancements over current GOES capabilities include a new capability for total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection (cloud and cloud-to-ground flashes) from the Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM), and improved storm diagnostic capability with the Advanced Baseline Imager. The GLM will map total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity (in-cloud and cloud-to-ground lighting flashes) continuously day and night with near-uniform spatial resolution of 8 km with a product refresh rate of less than 20 sec over the Americas and adjacent oceanic regions. This will aid in forecasting severe storms and tornado activity, and convective weather impacts on aviation safety and efficiency. In parallel with the instrument development, a GOES-R Risk Reduction Team and Algorithm Working Group <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Applications Team have begun to develop the Level 2 algorithms, cal/val performance monitoring tools, and new applications. Proxy total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data from the NASA <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and regional test beds are being used to develop the pre-launch algorithms and applications, and also improve our knowledge of thunderstorm initiation and evolution. In this paper we will report on new Nowcasting and storm warning applications being developed and evaluated at various NOAA Testbeds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910023322','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910023322"><span>The Sandia transportable triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> instrumentation facility</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Schnetzer, George H.; Fisher, Richard J.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Development of the Sandia Transportable Triggered <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Instrumentation Facility (SATTLIF) was motivated by a requirement for the in situ testing of a munitions storage bunker. Transfer functions relating the incident flash currents to voltages, currents, and electromagnetic field values throughout the structure will be obtained for use in refining and validating a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> response computer model of this type of structure. A preliminary shakedown trial of the facility under actual operational conditions was performed during summer of 1990 at the Kennedy Space Center's (KSC) rocket-triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> test site. A description is given of the SATTLIF, which is readily transportable on a single flatbed truck of by aircraft, and its instrumentation for measuring incident <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel currents and the responses of the systems under test. Measurements of return-stroke current peaks obtained with the SATTLIF are presented. Agreement with data acquired on the same flashes with existing KSC instrumentation is, on average, to within approximately 7 percent. Continuing currents were measured with a resolution of approximately 2.5 A. This field trial demonstrated the practicality of using a transportable triggered <span class="hlt">lightning</span> facility for specialized test applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988STIA...8929272T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988STIA...8929272T"><span>Development of concepts for the protection of space launchers against <span class="hlt">lightning</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Taillet, Joseph</p> <p>1988-12-01</p> <p>Following a review of the characteristics of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and the effects of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> on space launchers, various strategies for protection against <span class="hlt">lightning</span> are discussed. Special attention is given to the damage inflicted on the Apollo 12 and Atlas/Centaur vehicles by <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. It is demonstrated that the protection of space launchers is best performed by the real-time observation of atmospheric discharges at high altitude by such systems as the interferometric <span class="hlt">lightning</span> alert system, SAFIR.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900037492&hterms=radioastronomy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dradioastronomy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900037492&hterms=radioastronomy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dradioastronomy"><span>Upper limit set for level of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity on Titan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Desch, M. D.; Kaiser, M. L.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Because optically thick cloud and haze layers prevent <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection at optical wavelength on Titan, a search was conducted for <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-radiated signals (spherics) at radio wavelengths using the planetary radioastronomy instrument aboard Voyager 1. Given the maximum ionosphere density of about 3000/cu cm, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> spherics should be detectable above an observing frequency of 500 kHz. Since no evidence for spherics is found, an upper limit to the total energy per flash in Titan <span class="hlt">lightning</span> of about 10 to the 6th J, or about 1000 times weaker than that of typical terrestrial <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, is inferred.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17817848','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17817848"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> on jupiter: rate, energetics, and effects.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lewis, J S</p> <p>1980-12-19</p> <p>Voyager data on the optical and radio-frequency detection of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges in the atmosphere of Jupiter suggest a stroke rate significantly lower than on the earth. The efficiency of conversion of atmospheric convective energy flux into <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is almost certainly less than on the earth, probably near 10(-7) rather than the terrestrial value of 10(-4). At this level the rate of production of complex organic molecules by <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and by thunder shock waves is negligible compared to the rates of known photochemical processes for forming colored inorganic solids.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMAE11A..06M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMAE11A..06M"><span><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Forecasts and Data Assimilation into Numerical Weather Prediction Models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>MacGorman, D. R.; Mansell, E. R.; Fierro, A.; Ziegler, C.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>This presentation reviews two aspects of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models: forecasting <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and assimilating <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data into NWP models to improve weather forecasts. One of the earliest routine forecasts of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> was developed for fire weather operations. This approach used a multi-parameter regression analysis of archived cloud-to-ground (CG) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data and archived NWP data to optimize the combination of model state variables to use in forecast equations for various CG rates. Since then, understanding of how storms produce <span class="hlt">lightning</span> has improved greatly. As the treatment of ice in microphysics packages used by NWP models has improved and the horizontal resolution of models has begun approaching convection-permitting scales (with convection-resolving scales on the horizon), it is becoming possible to use this improved understanding in NWP models to predict <span class="hlt">lightning</span> more directly. An important role for data assimilation in NWP models is to depict the location, timing, and spatial extent of thunderstorms during model spin-up so that the effects of prior convection that can strongly influence future thunderstorm activity, such as updrafts and outflow boundaries, can be included in the initial state of a NWP model run. Radar data have traditionally been used, but systems that map <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity with varying degrees of coverage, detail, and detection efficiency are now available routinely over large regions and reveal information about storms that is complementary to the information provided by radar. Because data from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> mapping systems are compact, easily handled, and reliably indicate the location and timing of thunderstorms, even in regions with little or no radar coverage, several groups have investigated techniques for assimilating these data into NWP models. This application will become even more valuable with the launch of the Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper on the GOES-R satellite, which will extend routine</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HGSS....9...79D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HGSS....9...79D"><span>An early record of ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span>: Oliva (Spain), 1619</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Domínguez-Castro, Fernando</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>In a primary documentary source we found an early record of ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span> (BL), which was observed in the monastery of Pi (Oliva, southeastern Spain) on 18 October 1619. The ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span> was observed by at least three people and was described as a <q>rolling burning vessel</q> and a <q>ball of fire</q>. The ball <span class="hlt">lightning</span> appeared following a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash, showed a mainly horizontal motion, crossed a wall, smudged an image of the Lady of Rebollet (then known as Lady of Pi) and burnt her ruff, and overturned a cross.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110015649','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110015649"><span>The NASA <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Nitrogen Oxides Model (LNOM): Application to Air Quality Modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Koshak, William; Peterson, Harold; Khan, Maudood; Biazar, Arastoo; Wang, Lihua</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Recent improvements to the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Nitrogen Oxides Model (LNOM) and its application to the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system are discussed. The LNOM analyzes <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array (LMA) and National <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Network(TradeMark)(NLDN) data to estimate the raw (i.e., unmixed and otherwise environmentally unmodified) vertical profile of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NO(x) (= NO + NO2). The latest LNOM estimates of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel length distributions, <span class="hlt">lightning</span> 1-m segment altitude distributions, and the vertical profile of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NO(x) are presented. The primary improvement to the LNOM is the inclusion of non-return stroke <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NOx production due to: (1) hot core stepped and dart leaders, (2) stepped leader corona sheath, K-changes, continuing currents, and M-components. The impact of including LNOM-estimates of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> NO(x) for an August 2006 run of CMAQ is discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012IJTPE.132..102S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012IJTPE.132..102S"><span>Seasonal and Local Characteristics of <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Outages of Power Distribution Lines in Hokuriku Area</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sugimoto, Hitoshi; Shimasaki, Katsuhiko</p> <p></p> <p>The proportion of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> outages in all outages on Japanese 6.6kV distribution lines is high with approximately 20 percent, and then <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protections are very important for supply reliability of 6.6kV lines. It is effective for the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> performance to apply countermeasures in order of the area where a large number of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> outages occur. Winter <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurs in Hokuriku area, therefore it is also important to understand the seasonal characteristics of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> outages. In summer 70 percent of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> outages on distribution lines in Hokuriku area were due to sparkover, such as power wire breakings and failures of pole-mounted transformers. However, in winter almost half of <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-damaged equipments were surge arrester failures. The number of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> outages per <span class="hlt">lightning</span> strokes detected by the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> location system (LLS) in winter was 4.4 times larger than that in summer. The authors have presumed the occurrence of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> outages from <span class="hlt">lightning</span> stroke density, 50% value of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> current and installation rate of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> protection equipments and overhead ground wire by multiple regression analysis. The presumed results suggest the local difference in the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> outages.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMAE13A0330L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMAE13A0330L"><span>Dual-Polarization Radar Observations of Upward <span class="hlt">Lightning</span>-Producing Storms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lueck, R.; Helsdon, J. H.; Warner, T.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The Upward <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Triggering Study (UPLIGHTS) seeks to determine how upward <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, which originates from the tips of tall objects, is triggered by nearby flash activity. As a component of this study we analyze standard and dual-polarization weather radar data. The Correlation Coefficient (CC) in particular can be used to identify and quantify the melting layer associated with storms that produce upward <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. It has been proposed that positive charge generation due to aggregate shedding at the melting layer results in a positive charge region just above the cloud base. This positive charge region may serve as a positive potential well favorable for negative leader propagation, which initiate upward positive leaders from tall objects. We characterize the horizontal coverage, thickness and height of the melting layer in addition to cloud base heights when upward <span class="hlt">lightning</span> occurs to determine trends and possible threshold criteria relating to upward <span class="hlt">lightning</span> production. Furthermore, we characterize storm type and morphology using relevant schemes as well as precipitation type using the Hydrometer Classification Algorithm (HCA) for upward <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-producing storms. Ice-phase hydrometeors have been shown to be a significant factor in thunderstorm electrification. Only a small fraction of storms produce upward <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, so null cases will be examined and compared as well.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29527425','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29527425"><span>The Evolution and Structure of Extreme Optical <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Flashes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Peterson, Michael; Rudlosky, Scott; Deierling, Wiebke</p> <p>2017-12-27</p> <p>This study documents the composition, morphology, and motion of extreme optical <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes observed by the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS). The furthest separation of LIS events (groups) in any flash is 135 km (89 km), the flash with the largest footprint had an illuminated area of 10,604 km 2 , and the most dendritic flash has 234 visible branches. The longest-duration convective LIS flash lasted 28 s and is overgrouped and not physical. The longest-duration convective-to-stratiform propagating flash lasted 7.4 s, while the longest-duration entirely stratiform flash lasted 4.3 s. The longest series of nearly consecutive groups in time lasted 242 ms. The most radiant recorded LIS group (i.e., "superbolt") is 735 times more radiant than the average group. Factors that impact these optical measures of flash morphology and evolution are discussed. While it is apparent that LIS can record the horizontal development of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel in some cases, radiative transfer within the cloud limits the flash extent and level of detail measured from orbit. These analyses nonetheless suggest that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> imagers such as LIS and Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper can complement ground-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> locating systems for studying physical <span class="hlt">lightning</span> phenomena across large geospatial domains.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5843378','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5843378"><span>The Evolution and Structure of Extreme Optical <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Flashes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Peterson, Michael; Rudlosky, Scott; Deierling, Wiebke</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>This study documents the composition, morphology, and motion of extreme optical <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes observed by the <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS). The furthest separation of LIS events (groups) in any flash is 135 km (89 km), the flash with the largest footprint had an illuminated area of 10,604 km2, and the most dendritic flash has 234 visible branches. The longest-duration convective LIS flash lasted 28 s and is overgrouped and not physical. The longest-duration convective-to-stratiform propagating flash lasted 7.4 s, while the longest-duration entirely stratiform flash lasted 4.3 s. The longest series of nearly consecutive groups in time lasted 242 ms. The most radiant recorded LIS group (i.e., “superbolt”) is 735 times more radiant than the average group. Factors that impact these optical measures of flash morphology and evolution are discussed. While it is apparent that LIS can record the horizontal development of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> channel in some cases, radiative transfer within the cloud limits the flash extent and level of detail measured from orbit. These analyses nonetheless suggest that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> imagers such as LIS and Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper can complement ground-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> locating systems for studying physical <span class="hlt">lightning</span> phenomena across large geospatial domains. PMID:29527425</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=sky&pg=6&id=EJ1128438','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=sky&pg=6&id=EJ1128438"><span>When <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Strikes a Second Time</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Allen, Kent</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The chances of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> striking twice are infinitesimal, at best. What are the odds, in middle age, of being struck with a jarring bolt of figurative <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, then a few months later being an eyewitness as the same sizzle in the sky jolts a group of students--those decision-makers of tomorrow? The author describes two experiences that proved…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090025955&hterms=cloud+cost+effective&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dcloud%2Bcost%2Beffective%26Nf%3DPublication-Date%257CBTWN%2B20080101%2B20180619','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090025955&hterms=cloud+cost+effective&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dcloud%2Bcost%2Beffective%26Nf%3DPublication-Date%257CBTWN%2B20080101%2B20180619"><span>Forecasting <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Threat using Cloud-resolving Model Simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>McCaul, E. W., Jr.; Goodman, S. J.; LaCasse, K. M.; Cecil, D. J.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>As numerical forecasts capable of resolving individual convective clouds become more common, it is of interest to see if quantitative forecasts of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rate density are possible, based on fields computed by the numerical model. Previous observational research has shown robust relationships between observed <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rates and inferred updraft and large precipitation ice fields in the mixed phase regions of storms, and that these relationships might allow simulated fields to serve as proxies for <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rate density. It is shown in this paper that two simple proxy fields do indeed provide reasonable and cost-effective bases for creating time-evolving maps of predicted <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rate density, judging from a series of diverse simulation case study events in North Alabama for which <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array data provide ground truth. One method is based on the product of upward velocity and the mixing ratio of precipitating ice hydrometeors, modeled as graupel only, in the mixed phase region of storms at the -15\\dgc\\ level, while the second method is based on the vertically integrated amounts of ice hydrometeors in each model grid column. Each method can be calibrated by comparing domainwide statistics of the peak values of simulated flash rate proxy fields against domainwide peak total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rate density data from observations. Tests show that the first method is able to capture much of the temporal variability of the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> threat, while the second method does a better job of depicting the areal coverage of the threat. A blended solution is designed to retain most of the temporal sensitivity of the first method, while adding the improved spatial coverage of the second. Weather Research and Forecast Model simulations of selected North Alabama cases show that this model can distinguish the general character and intensity of most convective events, and that the proposed methods show promise as a means of generating</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140013298','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140013298"><span>Three Dimensional <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Launch Commit Criteria Visualization Tool</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bauman, William H., III</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> occurrence too close to a NASA LSP or future SLS program launch vehicle in flight would have disastrous results. The sensitive electronics on the vehicle could be damaged to the point of causing an anomalous flight path and ultimate destruction of the vehicle and payload.According to 45th Weather Squadron (45 WS) <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Launch Commit Criteria (LLCC), a vehicle cannot launch if <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is within 10 NM of its pre-determined flight path. The 45 WS Launch Weather Officers (LWOs) evaluate this LLCC for their launch customers to ensure the safety of the vehicle in flight. Currently, the LWOs conduct a subjective analysis of the distance between <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and the flight path using data from different display systems. A 3-D display in which the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data and flight path are together would greatly reduce the ambiguity in evaluating this LLCC. It would give the LWOs and launch directors more confidence in whether a GO or NO GO for launch should be issued. When <span class="hlt">lightning</span> appears close to the path, the LWOs likely err on the side of conservatism and deem the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> to be within 10 NM. This would cause a costly delay or scrub. If the LWOs can determine with a strong level of certainty that the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> is beyond 10 NM, launch availability would increase without compromising safety of the vehicle, payload or, in the future, astronauts.The AMU was tasked to conduct a market research of commercial, government, and open source software that might be able to ingest and display the 3-D <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data from the KSC <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapping Array (LMA), the 45th Space Wing Weather Surveillance Radar (WSR), the National Weather Service in Melbourne Weather Surveillance Radar 1988 Doppler (WSR-88D), and the vehicle flight path data so that all can be visualized together. To accomplish this, the AMU conducted Internet searches for potential software candidates and interviewed software developers.None of the available off-the-shelf software had a 3-D capability that could</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA595408','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA595408"><span>Record of Decision for the First Active Duty <span class="hlt">F</span>-<span class="hlt">35</span>A Operational Base</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-12-02</p> <p>trucks or sprinkler systems to keep all areas of vehicle movement damp enough to prevent dust from leaving the construction area. - Temporary wind...synergy between the operational and logistics communities in managing a new, highly complex weapon system . ACC’s existing <span class="hlt">F</span>-16 squadrons at Hill AFB...Share information with local fire departments on <span class="hlt">F</span>-<span class="hlt">35</span>A crash response procedures. Soils and Water • Sequence construction activities to limit the soil</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150002889','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150002889"><span>Total <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Characteristics with Respect to Radar-Derived Mesocyclone Strength</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Stough, Sarah M.; Carey, Lawrence D.; Schultz, Christopher J.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Recent work investigating the microphysical and kinematic relationship between a storm's updraft, its total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> production, and manifestations of severe weather has resulted in development of tools for improved nowcasting of storm intensity. The total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump algorithm, which identifies rapid increases in total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rate that often precede severe events, has shown particular potential to benefit warning operations. Maximizing this capability of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> and its operational implementation via the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump may best be done through its fusion with radar and radar-derived intensity metrics. Identification of a mesocyclone, or quasi-steady rotating updraft, in Doppler velocity is the predominant radar-inferred early indicator of severe potential in a convective storm. Fused <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-radar tools that capitalize on the most robust intensity indicators would allow enhanced situational awareness for increased warning confidence. A foundational step toward such tools comes from a better understanding of the updraft-centric relationship between intensification of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> production and mesocyclone development and strength. The work presented here utilizes a sample of supercell case studies representing a spectrum of severity. These storms are analyzed with respect to total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rate and the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump alongside mesocyclone strength derived objectively from the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) Mesocyclone Detection Algorithm (MDA) and maximum azimuthal shear through a layer. Early results indicate that temporal similarities exist in the trends between total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rate and low- to mid-level rotation in supercells. Other characteristics such as polarimetric signatures of rotation, flash size, and cloud-to-ground flash ratio are explored for added insight into the significance of these trends with respect to the updraft and related processes of severe weather production.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUSMAE53A..05G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUSMAE53A..05G"><span>Artificial Neural Network applied to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gin, R. B.; Guedes, D.; Bianchi, R.</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>The development of video cameras enabled cientists to study <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges comportment with more precision. The main goal of this project is to create a system able to detect images of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges stored in videos and classify them using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)using C Language and OpenCV libraries. The developed system, can be split in two different modules: detection module and classification module. The detection module uses OpenCV`s computer vision libraries and image processing techniques to detect if there are significant differences between frames in a sequence, indicating that something, still not classified, occurred. Whenever there is a significant difference between two consecutive frames, two main algorithms are used to analyze the frame image: brightness and shape algorithms. These algorithms detect both shape and brightness of the event, removing irrelevant events like birds, as well as detecting the relevant events exact position, allowing the system to track it over time. The classification module uses a neural network to classify the relevant events as horizontal or vertical <span class="hlt">lightning</span>, save the event`s images and calculates his number of discharges. The Neural Network was implemented using the backpropagation algorithm, and was trained with 42 training images , containing 57 <span class="hlt">lightning</span> events (one image can have more than one <span class="hlt">lightning</span>). TheANN was tested with one to five hidden layers, with up to 50 neurons each. The best configuration achieved a success rate of 95%, with one layer containing 20 neurons (33 test images with 42 events were used in this phase). This configuration was implemented in the developed system to analyze 20 video files, containing 63 <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges previously manually detected. Results showed that all the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> discharges were detected, many irrelevant events were unconsidered, and the event's number of discharges was correctly computed. The neural network used in this project achieved a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AtmRe.125...34G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AtmRe.125...34G"><span>The GOES-R Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Goodman, Steven J.; Blakeslee, Richard J.; Koshak, William J.; Mach, Douglas; Bailey, Jeffrey; Buechler, Dennis; Carey, Larry; Schultz, Chris; Bateman, Monte; McCaul, Eugene; Stano, Geoffrey</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite R-series (GOES-R) is the next block of four satellites to follow the existing GOES constellation currently operating over the Western Hemisphere. Advanced spacecraft and instrument technology will support expanded detection of environmental phenomena, resulting in more timely and accurate forecasts and warnings. Advancements over current GOES capabilities include a new capability for total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection (cloud and cloud-to-ground flashes) from the Geostationary <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Mapper (GLM), and improved cloud and moisture imagery with the 16-channel Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI). The GLM will map total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity continuously day and night with near-uniform storm-scale spatial resolution of 8 km with a product refresh rate of less than 20 s over the Americas and adjacent oceanic regions in the western hemisphere. This will aid in forecasting severe storms and tornado activity, and convective weather impacts on aviation safety and efficiency. In parallel with the instrument development, an Algorithm Working Group (AWG) <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Detection Science and Applications Team developed the Level 2 (stroke and flash) algorithms from the Level 1 <span class="hlt">lightning</span> event (pixel level) data. Proxy data sets used to develop the GLM operational algorithms as well as cal/val performance monitoring tools were derived from the NASA <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS) and Optical Transient Detector (OTD) instruments in low Earth orbit, and from ground-based <span class="hlt">lightning</span> networks and intensive prelaunch field campaigns. The GLM will produce the same or similar <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash attributes provided by the LIS and OTD, and thus extend their combined climatology over the western hemisphere into the coming decades. Science and application development along with preoperational product demonstrations and evaluations at NWS forecast offices and NOAA testbeds will prepare the forecasters to use GLM as soon as possible after the planned launch and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23672391','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23672391"><span>National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: <span class="hlt">lightning</span> safety for athletics and recreation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Walsh, Katie M; Cooper, Mary Ann; Holle, Ron; Rakov, Vladimir A; Roeder, William P; Ryan, Michael</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>To present recommendations for the education, prevention, and management of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> injuries for those involved in athletics or recreation. <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is the most common severe-storm activity encountered annually in the United States. The majority of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> injuries can be prevented through an aggressive educational campaign, vacating outdoor activities before the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> threat, and an understanding of the attributes of a safe place from the hazard. This position statement is focused on supplying information specific to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> safety and prevention and treatment of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> injury and providing <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-safety recommendations for the certified athletic trainer and those who are involved in athletics and recreation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3600929','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3600929"><span>National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Safety for Athletics and Recreation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Walsh, Katie M.; Cooper, Mary Ann; Holle, Ron; Rakov, Vladimir A.; Roeder, William P.; Ryan, Michael</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Objective: To present recommendations for the education, prevention, and management of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> injuries for those involved in athletics or recreation. Background: <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> is the most common severe-storm activity encountered annually in the United States. The majority of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> injuries can be prevented through an aggressive educational campaign, vacating outdoor activities before the <span class="hlt">lightning</span> threat, and an understanding of the attributes of a safe place from the hazard. Recommendations: This position statement is focused on supplying information specific to <span class="hlt">lightning</span> safety and prevention and treatment of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> injury and providing <span class="hlt">lightning</span>-safety recommendations for the certified athletic trainer and those who are involved in athletics and recreation. PMID:23672391</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE13A2230H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE13A2230H"><span>Total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> characteristics of recent hazardous weather events in Japan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hobara, Y.; Kono, S.; Ogawa, T.; Heckman, S.; Stock, M.; Liu, C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>In recent years, the total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> (IC + CG) activity have attracted a lot of attention to improve the quality of prediction of hazardous weather phenomena (hail, wind gusts, tornadoes, heavy precipitation). Sudden increases of the total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash rate so-called <span class="hlt">lightning</span> jump (LJ) preceding the hazardous weather, reported in several studies, are one of the promising precursors. Although, increases in the frequency and intensity of these extreme weather events were reported in Japan, relationship with these events with total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> have not studied intensively yet. In this paper, we will demonstrate the recent results from Japanese total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> detection network (JTLN) in relation with hazardous weather events occurred in Japan in the period of 2014-2016. Automatic thunderstorm cell tracking was carried out based on the very high spatial and temporal resolution X-band MP radar echo data (1 min and 250 m) to correlate with total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> activity. Results obtained reveal promising because the flash rate of total <span class="hlt">lightning</span> tends to increase about 10 40 minutes before the onset of the extreme weather events. We also present the differences in <span class="hlt">lightning</span> characteristics of thunderstorm cells between hazardous weather events and non-hazardous weather events, which is a vital information to improve the prediction efficiency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRD..123..108B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRD..123..108B"><span>Determination of the Global-Average Charge Moment of a <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Flash Using Schumann Resonances and the LIS/OTD <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Boldi, Robert; Williams, Earle; Guha, Anirban</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>In this paper, we use (1) the 20 year record of Schumann resonance (SR) signals measured at West Greenwich Rhode Island, USA, (2) the 19 year <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Imaging Sensor (LIS)/Optical Transient Detector (OTD) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data, and (3) the normal mode equations for a uniform cavity model to quantify the relationship between the observed Schumann resonance modal intensity and the global-average vertical charge moment change M (C km) per <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash. This work, by integrating SR measurements with satellite-based optical measurements of global flash rate, accomplishes this quantification for the first time. To do this, we first fit the intensity spectra of the observed SR signals to an eight-mode, three parameter per mode, (symmetric) Lorentzian line shape model. Next, using the LIS/OTD <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data and the normal mode equations for a uniform cavity model, we computed the expected climatological-daily-average intensity spectra. We then regressed the observed modal intensity values against the expected modal intensity values to find the best fit value of the global-average vertical charge moment change of a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash (M) to be 41 C km per flash with a 99% confidence interval of ±3.9 C km per flash, independent of mode. Mode independence argues that the model adequately captured the modal intensity, the most important fit parameter herein considered. We also tested this relationship for the presence of residual modal intensity at zero <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes per second and found no evidence that modal intensity is significantly different than zero at zero <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flashes per second, setting an upper limit to the amount of nonlightning contributions to the observed modal intensity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE11A..03B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMAE11A..03B"><span>What distinguishes the small fraction of tropical ocean storms with <span class="hlt">lightning</span>? An examination of the environment, organization, and evolution of radar features over Kwajalein</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bang, S. D.; Zipser, E. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Lightning</span> over the tropical ocean, though much rarer than over land, is predominantly observed in large, mostly mature convective systems. The implication is that these may require external forcing or organization in order to develop updrafts sufficiently strong to loft and sustain graupel and supercooled water above the freezing level and thereby produce <span class="hlt">lightning</span>. We examine three years of radar data from the Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands in the tropical Pacific Ocean, which we subject to the Warning Decisions Support System - Integrated Information (WDSS-<span class="hlt">II</span>) tracking algorithm in order to create an evolutionary radar feature dataset. In conjunction with ERA-interim reanalysis environmental data and World Wide <span class="hlt">Lightning</span> Location Network (WWLLN) <span class="hlt">lightning</span> data, we are able to observe the lifecycles of electrified convection over Kwajalein and examine the characteristics leading up to a <span class="hlt">lightning</span> flash for radar features throughout the intensity spectrum. We find that <span class="hlt">lightning</span> over Kwajalein exhibits the same tendency to occur in large, mature radar features, and the probability of <span class="hlt">lightning</span> increases with increasing size and, to a certain extent, age. However, there is little evidence to support the role of singular environmental parameters in the development into large features. We continue to struggle to find the reasons that may influence or control the evolution of small features into large, organized convective systems, a major issue that has importance well beyond whether the feature is electrified.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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