Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, hoods, and... OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Supplied-Air Respirators § 84.135 Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, hoods, and helmets; fit; minimum requirements. (a) Half-mask facepieces and full facepieces shall...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, hoods....175 Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, hoods, helmets, and mouthpieces; fit; minimum requirements. (a) Half-mask facepieces and full facepieces shall be designed and constructed to fit persons with...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, mouthpieces... APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Chemical Cartridge Respirators § 84.198 Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, mouthpieces, hoods, and helmets; fit; minimum requirements. (a) Half-mask facepieces...
42 CFR 84.118 - Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, and mouthpieces; fit; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Gas Masks § 84.118 Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, and... reduce the respiratory protective qualities of the gas mask. (c) Half-mask facepieces shall not interfere...
42 CFR 84.118 - Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, and mouthpieces; fit; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Gas Masks § 84.118 Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, and... reduce the respiratory protective qualities of the gas mask. (c) Half-mask facepieces shall not interfere...
42 CFR 84.118 - Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, and mouthpieces; fit; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Gas Masks § 84.118 Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, and... reduce the respiratory protective qualities of the gas mask. (c) Half-mask facepieces shall not interfere...
42 CFR 84.118 - Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, and mouthpieces; fit; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Gas Masks § 84.118 Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, and... reduce the respiratory protective qualities of the gas mask. (c) Half-mask facepieces shall not interfere...
42 CFR 84.118 - Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, and mouthpieces; fit; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Gas Masks § 84.118 Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, and... reduce the respiratory protective qualities of the gas mask. (c) Half-mask facepieces shall not interfere...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, hoods, helmets, and mouthpieces; fit; minimum requirements. 84.1135 Section 84.1135 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, hoods, helmets, and mouthpieces; fit; minimum requirements. 84.1135 Section 84.1135 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, hoods, helmets, and mouthpieces; fit; minimum requirements. 84.1135 Section 84.1135 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, hoods, helmets, and mouthpieces; fit; minimum requirements. 84.1135 Section 84.1135 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, hoods, helmets, and mouthpieces; fit; minimum requirements. 84.1135 Section 84.1135 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED...
42 CFR 84.75 - Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, mouthpieces; fit; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus § 84.75 Half-mask facepieces, full... which shall not reduce the respiratory protective qualities of the apparatus. (c) Apparatus with...
42 CFR 84.75 - Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, mouthpieces; fit; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus § 84.75 Half-mask facepieces, full... which shall not reduce the respiratory protective qualities of the apparatus. (c) Apparatus with...
42 CFR 84.75 - Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, mouthpieces; fit; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus § 84.75 Half-mask facepieces, full... which shall not reduce the respiratory protective qualities of the apparatus. (c) Apparatus with...
42 CFR 84.75 - Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, mouthpieces; fit; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus § 84.75 Half-mask facepieces, full... which shall not reduce the respiratory protective qualities of the apparatus. (c) Apparatus with...
42 CFR 84.75 - Half-mask facepieces, full facepieces, mouthpieces; fit; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus § 84.75 Half-mask facepieces, full... which shall not reduce the respiratory protective qualities of the apparatus. (c) Apparatus with...
1990-07-01
be the best selection to meet the facepiece criteria. Accession For NTIS GRA&I DTIC TAB I] Unannounced 13 Just ifcatio By Distribution/ Availability...considered the most important factor in material selection . HD and GD resistance were recently reported for a broad range of elastomers. 1 While these...not be an issue. The concept of multiple strippable layers does not appear feasible for the facepiece. This concept calls for incorporating
Field performance measurements of half-facepiece respirators: steel mill operations.
Myers, W R; Zhuang, Z
1998-11-01
Ambient and in-facepiece samples to evaluate the protection provided by negative-pressure, half-facepiece respirators were collected on workers in different areas of a steel mill including a sinter plant and a basic oxygen process shop. Protection was assessed by workplace protection factors (WPF). All the in-facepiece concentrations were dramatically less than the corresponding ambient concentration levels or permissible exposure limits. The geometric mean (GM) ambient and in-facepiece concentrations of iron were found to vary among tasks. Significant differences were also found to occur between the GM ambient exposure levels in which some of the respirators were used. Significant differences in respirator performance as measured by WPF or in-facepiece iron concentration were observed among different brands of respirators. For all job classifications and at all levels of airborne exposure, the fifth percentile estimates for the WPF distributions for each brand of respirator were all greater than 20.
A novel method for designing and fabricating low-cost facepiece prototypes.
Joe, Paula S; Shum, Phillip C; Brown, David W; Lungu, Claudiu T
2014-01-01
In 2010, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) published new digital head form models based on their recently updated fit-test panel. The new panel, based on the 2000 census to better represent the modern work force, created two additional sizes: Short/Wide and Long/Narrow. While collecting the anthropometric data that comprised the panel, additional three-dimensional data were collected on a subset of the subjects. Within each sizing category, five individuals' three-dimensional data were used to create the new head form models. While NIOSH has recommended a switch to a five-size system for designing respirators, little has been done in assessing the potential benefits of this change. With commercially available elastomeric facepieces available in only three or four size systems, it was necessary to develop the facepieces to enable testing. This study aims to develop a method for designing and fabricating elastomeric facepieces tailored to the new head form designs for use in fit-testing studies. This novel method used computed tomography of a solid silicone facepiece and a number of computer-aided design programs (VolView, ParaView, MEGG3D, and RapidForm XOR) to develop a facepiece model to accommodate the Short/Wide head form. The generated model was given a physical form by means of three-dimensional printing using stereolithography (SLA). The printed model was then used to create a silicone mold from which elastomeric prototypes can be cast. The prototype facepieces were cast in two types of silicone for use in future fit-testing.
[Filtering facepieces: effect of oily aerosol load on penetration through the filtering material].
Plebani, Carmela; Listrani, S; Di Luigi, M
2010-01-01
Electrostatic filters are widely used in applications requiring high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop. However various studies showed that the penetration through electrostatic filters increases during exposure to an aerosol flow. This study investigates the effects of prolonged exposure to an oily aerosol on the penetration through filtering facepieces available on the market. Some samples of FFP1, FFP2 and FFP3 filtering facepieces were exposed for 8 hours consecutively to a paraffin oil polydisperse aerosol. At the end of the exposure about 830 mg of paraffin oil were deposited in the facepiece. All the examined facepieces showed penetration values that increased with paraffin oil load while pressure drop values were substantially the same before and after exposure. The measured maximum penetration values did not exceed the maximum penetration values allowed by the European technical standards, except in one case. According to the literature, 830 mg of oil load in a facepiece is not feasible in workplaces over an eight- hour shift. However, the trend of the penetration versus exposure mass suggests that if the load increases, the penetration may exceed the maximum allowed values. For comparison a mechanical filter was also studied. This showed an initial pressure drop higher than FFP2 filtering facepieces characterized by comparable penetration values. During exposure the pressure drop virtually doubled while penetration did not change. The increase in penetration with no increase in pressure drop in the analyzed facepieces indicates that it is necessary to comply with the information supplied by the manufacturer that restricts their use to a single shift.
Brady, Tyler M.; Strauch, Amanda L.; Almaguer, Claudia M.; Niezgoda, George; Shafer, Ronald E.; Yorio, Patrick L.; Fisher, Edward M.
2017-01-01
Contact transmission of pathogens from personal protective equipment is a concern within the healthcare industry. During public health emergency outbreaks, resources become constrained and the reuse of personal protective equipment, such as N95 filtering facepiece respirators, may be needed. This study was designed to characterize the transfer of bacteriophage MS2 and fluorescein between filtering facepiece respirators and the wearer’s hands during three simulated use scenarios. Filtering facepiece respirators were contaminated with MS2 and fluorescein in droplets or droplet nuclei. Thirteen test subjects performed filtering facepiece respirator use scenarios including improper doffing, proper doffing and reuse, and improper doffing and reuse. Fluorescein and MS2 contamination transfer were quantified. The average MS2 transfer from filtering facepiece respirators to the subjects’ hands ranged from 7.6–15.4% and 2.2–2.7% for droplet and droplet nuclei derived contamination, respectively. Handling filtering facepiece respirators contaminated with droplets resulted in higher levels of MS2 transfer compared to droplet nuclei for all use scenarios (p = 0.007). MS2 transfer from droplet contaminated filtering facepiece respirators during improper doffing and reuse was greater than transfer during improper doffing (p = 0.008) and proper doffing and reuse (p = 0.042). Droplet contamination resulted in higher levels of fluorescein transfer compared to droplet nuclei contaminated filtering facepiece respirators for all use scenarios (p = 0.009). Fluorescein transfer was greater for improper doffing and reuse (p = 0.007) from droplet contaminated masks compared to droplet nuclei contaminated filtering facepiece respirators and for improper doffing and reuse when compared improper doffing (p = 0.017) and proper doffing and reuse (p = 0.018) for droplet contaminated filtering facepiece respirators. For droplet nuclei contaminated filtering facepiece respirators, the
42 CFR 84.76 - Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements. 84.76 Section 84.76 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Self...
42 CFR 84.76 - Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements. 84.76 Section 84.76 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Self...
42 CFR 84.76 - Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements. 84.76 Section 84.76 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Self...
42 CFR 84.76 - Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements. 84.76 Section 84.76 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Self...
42 CFR 84.76 - Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements. 84.76 Section 84.76 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Self...
42 CFR 84.124 - Facepiece tests; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Facepiece tests; minimum requirements. 84.124 Section 84.124 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Gas Masks...
42 CFR 84.124 - Facepiece tests; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Facepiece tests; minimum requirements. 84.124 Section 84.124 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Gas Masks...
42 CFR 84.124 - Facepiece tests; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Facepiece tests; minimum requirements. 84.124 Section 84.124 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Gas Masks...
42 CFR 84.119 - Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements. 84.119 Section 84.119 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Gas Masks...
42 CFR 84.119 - Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements. 84.119 Section 84.119 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Gas Masks...
42 CFR 84.124 - Facepiece tests; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Facepiece tests; minimum requirements. 84.124 Section 84.124 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Gas Masks...
42 CFR 84.119 - Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements. 84.119 Section 84.119 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Gas Masks...
42 CFR 84.119 - Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements. 84.119 Section 84.119 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Gas Masks...
42 CFR 84.119 - Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Facepieces; eyepieces; minimum requirements. 84.119 Section 84.119 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Gas Masks...
42 CFR 84.124 - Facepiece tests; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Facepiece tests; minimum requirements. 84.124 Section 84.124 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES Gas Masks...
42 CFR 84.205 - Facepiece test; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... respirator will be fitted to the faces of persons having varying facial shapes and sizes. (b) Where the applicant specifies a facepiece size or sizes for the respirator together with the approximate measurement..., pumping with a tire pump into a 28-liter (1 cubic-foot) container. (4) Each wearer shall not detect the...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-04-01
... general public in public health medical emergencies. 880.6260 Section 880.6260 Food and Drugs FOOD AND... Filtering facepiece respirator for use by the general public in public health medical emergencies. (a) Identification. A filtering facepiece respirator for use by the general public in public health medical...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... general public in public health medical emergencies. 880.6260 Section 880.6260 Food and Drugs FOOD AND... Filtering facepiece respirator for use by the general public in public health medical emergencies. (a) Identification. A filtering facepiece respirator for use by the general public in public health medical...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... general public in public health medical emergencies. 880.6260 Section 880.6260 Food and Drugs FOOD AND... Filtering facepiece respirator for use by the general public in public health medical emergencies. (a) Identification. A filtering facepiece respirator for use by the general public in public health medical...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... general public in public health medical emergencies. 880.6260 Section 880.6260 Food and Drugs FOOD AND... Filtering facepiece respirator for use by the general public in public health medical emergencies. (a) Identification. A filtering facepiece respirator for use by the general public in public health medical...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... general public in public health medical emergencies. 880.6260 Section 880.6260 Food and Drugs FOOD AND... Filtering facepiece respirator for use by the general public in public health medical emergencies. (a) Identification. A filtering facepiece respirator for use by the general public in public health medical...
Disclosure and Fit Capability of the Filtering Facepiece Respirator.
Lofgren, Don J
2018-05-01
The filtering facepiece air-purifying respirator is annually purchased in the tens of millions and widely used for worker protection from harmful airborne particulates. The workplace consumers of this safety product, i.e., employers, workers, and safety and health professionals, have assurances of its effectiveness through the respirator certification and disclosure requirements of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. However, the certification of a critical performance requirement has been missing for the approved filtering facepiece respirator since 1995: fit capability. Without this certification, consumers continue to be at risk of purchasing a respirator model that may fit a small percentage of the intended users. This commentary updates and expands an earlier one by this author, addresses the consequences of poorly fitting certified models on the market and lack of disclosure, and calls for further action by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to meet the needs and expectations of the consumer.
42 CFR 84.136 - Facepieces, hoods, and helmets; eyepieces; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
.... (a) Facepieces, hoods, and helmets shall be designed and constructed to provide adequate vision which... suitable material which does not interfere with the vision of the wearer. (2) Shields shall be mounted and...
42 CFR 84.136 - Facepieces, hoods, and helmets; eyepieces; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
.... (a) Facepieces, hoods, and helmets shall be designed and constructed to provide adequate vision which... suitable material which does not interfere with the vision of the wearer. (2) Shields shall be mounted and...
Effect of exhaled moisture on breathing resistance of N95 filtering facepiece respirators.
Roberge, Raymond J; Bayer, Emily; Powell, Jeffrey B; Coca, Aitor; Roberge, Marc R; Benson, Stacey M
2010-08-01
This study evaluated the effect of exhaled moisture on the breathing resistance of three classes of filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) following 4 h of continuous wear at a breathing volume of 40 l min(-1), utilizing an automated breathing and metabolic simulator as a human surrogate. After 4 h, inhalation and exhalation resistance increased by 0.43 and 0.23 mm of H(2)O pressure, respectively, and average moisture retention in the respirators was 0.26 ml. Under ambient conditions similar to those of the current study, and at similar breathing volumes, it is unlikely that exhaled moisture will add significantly to the breathing resistance of filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) over 4 h of use.
Comparison of two quantitative fit-test methods using N95 filtering facepiece respirators.
Sietsema, Margaret; Brosseau, Lisa M
2016-08-01
Current regulations require annual fit testing before an employee can wear a respirator during work activities. The goal of this research is to determine whether respirator fit measured with two TSI Portacount instruments simultaneously sampling ambient particle concentrations inside and outside of the respirator facepiece is similar to fit measured during an ambient aerosol condensation nuclei counter quantitative fit test. Sixteen subjects (ten female; six male) were recruited for a range of facial sizes. Each subject donned an N95 filtering facepiece respirator, completed two fit tests in random order (ambient aerosol condensation nuclei counter quantitative fit test and two-instrument real-time fit test) without removing or adjusting the respirator between tests. Fit tests were compared using Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. The real-time two-instrument method fit factors were similar to those measured with the single-instrument quantitative fit test. The first four exercises were highly correlated (r > 0.7) between the two protocols. Respirator fit was altered during the talking or grimace exercise, both of which involve facial movements that could dislodge the facepiece. Our analyses suggest that the new real-time two-instrument methodology can be used in future studies to evaluate fit before and during work activities.
42 CFR 84.1136 - Facepieces, hoods, and helmets; eyepieces; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Facepieces, hoods, and helmets; eyepieces; minimum requirements. 84.1136 Section 84.1136 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE...
42 CFR 84.1136 - Facepieces, hoods, and helmets; eyepieces; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Facepieces, hoods, and helmets; eyepieces; minimum requirements. 84.1136 Section 84.1136 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE...
42 CFR 84.1136 - Facepieces, hoods, and helmets; eyepieces; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Facepieces, hoods, and helmets; eyepieces; minimum requirements. 84.1136 Section 84.1136 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE...
42 CFR 84.1136 - Facepieces, hoods, and helmets; eyepieces; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Facepieces, hoods, and helmets; eyepieces; minimum requirements. 84.1136 Section 84.1136 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE...
42 CFR 84.1136 - Facepieces, hoods, and helmets; eyepieces; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 42 Public Health 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Facepieces, hoods, and helmets; eyepieces; minimum requirements. 84.1136 Section 84.1136 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE...
Cleaning of Filtering Facepiece Respirators Contaminated with Mucin and Staphylococcus aureus
2012-11-01
Journal of Infection Control. Document contains color images. Decontamination and reuse of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) has been proposed to...in the area of cleaning FFRs. This study evaluates the cleaning of three surgical N95 FFRs by three commercial wipe products as an initial exploration...significantly higher penetration than the other wipe products. The significance of these data to the concept of decontamination and reuse of FFRs will remain
N95 filtering facepiece respirator deadspace temperature and humidity.
Roberge, Raymond J; Kim, Jung-Hyun; Benson, Stacey
2012-01-01
The objective of this study was to determine the levels of heat and humidity that develop within the deadspace of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (N95 FFR). Seventeen subjects wore two models each of N95 FFR and N95 FFR with an exhalation valve (N95 FFR/EV) while exercising on a treadmill at a low-moderate work rate for 1 and 2 hr in a temperate ambient environment. FFR deadspace temperature and relative humidity were monitored by a wireless sensor housed within the FFR. Each FFR was weighed pre- and post-testing to determine moisture retention. After 1 hr, FFR deadspace temperature and humidity were markedly elevated above ambient levels, and the FFR deadspace mean apparent heat index was 54°C. N95 FFR/EV use resulted in significantly lower deadspace temperatures than N95 FFR (p = 0.01), but FFR deadspace humidity levels were not significantly different (p = 0.32). Compared with the first hour of use, no significant increase in FFR deadspace heat and humidity occurred over the second hour. FFR mean moisture retention was < 0.3 grams over 2 hr. N95 FFR/EV offer a significant advantage in deadspace heat dissipation over N95 FFR at a low-moderate work rate over 1 hr of continuous use but offered no additional benefit in humidity amelioration. Moisture retention in N95 FFR and N95 FFR/EV is minimal after 2 hr of use. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene for the following free supplemental resource: a file containing N95 filtering facepiece respirator deadspace mean RH and temperature recordings for 17 subjects treadmill exercising at 5.6 Km/H over 1 hour.].
Wang, Xinyan; Shi, Tingming; Lu, Wei; Qin, Shaoxian; Liu, Yuewei; Tao, Ying; Zhang, Hongge; Chen, Weihong
2015-01-01
The objective of this study was to investigate the aspiratory resistance, filtration penetration and their influence factors of N95 filtering-facepiece respirators used widely in China. The total of 6 brands and 21 models of N95 filtering-facepiece respirators which are certified and big sales on the market. The aspiratory resistance and filtration efficiency filter penetration were measured while air pump ran from 10 L/min to 100 L/min using differential pressure gauge and the PortaCount, respectively. The filtration penetrations for 2 of the 21 models were lower than 95%, and the qualified rate for all models was 90.47%. The filtration penetrations gradually decreased when ventilation flow of air pump increased. The negative correlation was observed between filtration penetration and ventilation flow (r(2) = 0.711, P < 0.05). The resistances of all 21 models of N95 respirators met the requirements of the national standard. The aspiratory resistance started to elevate with the increasing of ventilation flow, and a positive correlation between both (r(2) = 0.878, P < 0.05). Significant differences of filtration penetration and aspiratory resistance were observed among between different brands (P < 0.05) although no differences of filtration penetration existed among different models of one brand (P > 0.05). But the differences of the aspiratory resistance among different models of one brand were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The aspiratory resistances of all N95 filtering-facepiece respirators used in this study met the requirements of the national standard. And the qualified ratio of filtration penetration of all models was higher than 90%. The influencing factors of aspiratory resistance included materials, size and ventilation flow. And influencing factors for filtration penetration were materials and ventilation flow.
Modeling the filtration ability of stockpiled filtering facepiece
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rottach, Dana R.
2016-03-01
Filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) are often stockpiled for use during public health emergencies such as an infectious disease outbreak or pandemic. While many stockpile administrators are aware of shelf life limitations, environmental conditions can lead to premature degradation. Filtration performance of a set of FFR retrieved from a storage room with failed environmental controls was measured. Though within the expected shelf life, the filtration ability of several respirators was degraded, allowing twice the penetration of fresh samples. The traditional picture of small particle capture by fibrous filter media qualitatively separates the effect of inertial impaction, interception from the streamline, diffusion, settling, and electrostatic attraction. Most of these mechanisms depend upon stable conformational properties. However, common FFR rely on electrets to achieve their high performance, and over time heat and humidity can cause the electrostatic media to degrade. An extension of the Langevin model with correlations to classical filtration concepts will be presented. The new computational model will be used to predict the change in filter effectiveness as the filter media changes with time.
Lin, Yi-Chun
2017-01-01
A respirator fit test panel (RFTP) with facial size distribution representative of intended users is essential to the evaluation of respirator fit for new models of respirators. In this study an anthropometric survey was conducted among youths representing respirator users in mid-Taiwan to characterize head-and-face dimensions key to RFTPs for application to small-to-medium facial features. The participants were fit-tested for three N95 masks of different facepiece design and the results compared to facial size distribution specified in the RFTPs of bivariate and principal component analysis design developed in this study to realize the influence of facial characteristics to respirator fit in relation to facepiece design. Nineteen dimensions were measured for 206 participants. In fit testing the qualitative fit test (QLFT) procedures prescribed by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration were adopted. As the results show, the bizygomatic breadth of the male and female participants were 90.1 and 90.8% of their counterparts reported for the U.S. youths (P < 0.001), respectively. Compared to the bivariate distribution, the PCA design better accommodated variation in facial contours among different respirator user groups or populations, with the RFTPs reported in this study and from literature consistently covering over 92% of the participants. Overall, the facial fit of filtering facepieces increased with increasing facial dimensions. The total percentages of the tests wherein the final maneuver being completed was “Moving head up-and-down”, “Talking” or “Bending over” in bivariate and PCA RFTPs were 13.3–61.9% and 22.9–52.8%, respectively. The respirators with a three-panel flat fold structured in the facepiece provided greater fit, particularly when the users moved heads. When the facial size distribution in a bivariate RFTP did not sufficiently represent petite facial size, the fit testing was inclined to overestimate the general fit
Lin, Yi-Chun; Chen, Chen-Peng
2017-01-01
A respirator fit test panel (RFTP) with facial size distribution representative of intended users is essential to the evaluation of respirator fit for new models of respirators. In this study an anthropometric survey was conducted among youths representing respirator users in mid-Taiwan to characterize head-and-face dimensions key to RFTPs for application to small-to-medium facial features. The participants were fit-tested for three N95 masks of different facepiece design and the results compared to facial size distribution specified in the RFTPs of bivariate and principal component analysis design developed in this study to realize the influence of facial characteristics to respirator fit in relation to facepiece design. Nineteen dimensions were measured for 206 participants. In fit testing the qualitative fit test (QLFT) procedures prescribed by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration were adopted. As the results show, the bizygomatic breadth of the male and female participants were 90.1 and 90.8% of their counterparts reported for the U.S. youths (P < 0.001), respectively. Compared to the bivariate distribution, the PCA design better accommodated variation in facial contours among different respirator user groups or populations, with the RFTPs reported in this study and from literature consistently covering over 92% of the participants. Overall, the facial fit of filtering facepieces increased with increasing facial dimensions. The total percentages of the tests wherein the final maneuver being completed was "Moving head up-and-down", "Talking" or "Bending over" in bivariate and PCA RFTPs were 13.3-61.9% and 22.9-52.8%, respectively. The respirators with a three-panel flat fold structured in the facepiece provided greater fit, particularly when the users moved heads. When the facial size distribution in a bivariate RFTP did not sufficiently represent petite facial size, the fit testing was inclined to overestimate the general fit, thus for small
DiLeo, Travis; Roberge, Raymond J.; Kim, Jung-Hyun
2016-01-01
Purpose To determine any effect of wearing a filtering facepiece respirator on brain temperature. Methods Subjects (n=18) wore a filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) for 1h at rest while undergoing infrared thermography measurements of the superomedial periobital region of the eye, a non-invasive indirect method of brain temperature measurements we termed the superomedial orbital infrared indirect brain temperature (SOIIBT) measurement. Temperature of the facial skin covered by the FFR, infrared temperature measurements of the tympanic membrane and superficial temporal artery region were concurrently measured, and subjective impressions of thermal comfort obtained simultaneously. Results The temperature of the skin under the FFR and subjective impressions of thermal discomfort both increased significantly. The mean tympanic membrane temperature did not increase, and the superficial temporal artery region temperature decreased significantly. The SOIIBT values did not change significantly, but subjects who switched from nasal to oronasal breathing during the study (n=5) experienced a slight increase in the SOIIBT measurements. Conclusions Wearing a FFR for 1h at rest does not have a significant effect on brain temperatures, as evaluated by the SOIIBT measurements, but a change in the route of breathing may impact these measurements. These findings suggest that subjective impressions of thermal discomfort from wearing a FFR under the study conditions are more likely the result of local dermal sensations rather than brain warming. PMID:26759336
Lee, Kiyoung; Slavcev, Andrea; Nicas, Mark
2004-01-01
In preparing to fit test a large workforce, a respirator program manager needs to initially choose respirators that will fit the greatest proportion of employees and achieve the best fits. This article discusses our strategy in selecting respirators from an initial array of seven NIOSH-certified Type N95 filtering-facepiece devices for a respiratory protection program against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) aerosol. The seven respirators were screened based on manufacturer-provided fit test data, comfort, and cost. From these 7 devices, 5 were chosen for quantitative fit testing on 40 subjects who were a convenience sample from a cohort of approximately 30,000 workers scheduled to undergo fit testing. Across the five brands, medium/regular-size respirators fit from 8% to 95% of the subjects; providing another size of the same brand improved the pass rates slightly. Gender was not found to significantly affect fit test pass rates for any respirator brand. Among test panel members, an Aearo Corporation respirator (TC 84A-2630) and a 3M Company respirator (TC 84A-0006) provided the highest overall pass rates of 98% and 90%, respectively. We selected these two brands for fit testing in the larger worker cohort. To date, these two respirators have provided overall pass rates of 98% (1793/1830) and 88% (50/57), respectively, which are similar to the test panel results. Among 1850 individuals who have been fit tested, 1843 (99.6%) have been successfully fitted with one or the other brand. In a separate analysis, we used the test panel pass rates to estimate the reduction in M. tb infection risk afforded by the medium/regular-size of five filtering-facepiece respirators. We posed a low-exposure versus a high-exposure scenario for health care workers and assumed that respirators could be assigned without conducting fit testing, as proposed by many hospital infection control practitioners. Among those who would pass versus fail the fit test, we assumed an average
The effect of simulated air conditions on N95 filtering facepiece respirators performance.
Ramirez, Joel A; O'Shaughnessy, Patrick T
2016-07-01
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of several simulated air environmental conditions on the particle penetration and the breathing resistance of two N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) models. The particle penetration and breathing resistance of the respirators were evaluated in a test system developed to mimic inhalation and exhalation breathing while relative humidity and temperature were modified. Breathing resistance was measured over 120 min using a calibrated pressure transducer under four different temperature and relative humidity conditions without aerosol loading. Particle penetration was evaluated before and after the breathing resistance test at room conditions using a sodium chloride aerosol measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer. Results demonstrated that increasing relative humidity and lowering external temperature caused significant increases in breathing resistance (p < 0.001). However, these same conditions did not influence the penetration or most penetrating particle size of the tested FFRs. The increase in breathing resistance varied by FFR model suggesting that some FFR media are less influenced by high relative humidity.
Lu, W; Zhu, X C; Zhang, X Y; Chen, Y T; Chen, W H
2016-09-20
Objective: To determine the relative protection provided by N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) and disposable medicine masks (DMM) against airborne bacteria in different working environments. Methods: The field study was performed with 12 subjects wearing an N95 filtering facepiece respirator and a disposable medicine mask for 1h, respectively. Airborne microorganisms and bacteria samples from both the external (Ce) and the inner (Ci) surface of N95 FFR and DMM are collected. The Ce: Ci ratio was used to calculate the bacterial filtering proportion. Bacterial filtering efficiency (BFE) was measured using the JWL-2A Sampler. Results: The bacterial filtration efficiency of N95 FFR and DMM were 99.93% and 91.53%, respectively. There was significant difference between the two materials ( P <0.05). In summer, airborne bacterial concentration was higher than that in winter. In the same season, airborne bacterial concentration in hospital environment is higher than that in campus. The higher the airborne bacterial concentration, the greater bacterial contaminated on the external surface of the used masks. To all masks used in different working environment, bacterial contamination on the external surface was much greater than the inner surface ( P <0.01). Compared to N95 FFR, DMM had slighter bacterial contamination on the external surface and greater bacterial contamination on the inner surface. However, this difference was not significant ( P >0.05). The bacterial filtering proportion of N95 FFR is higher than DMM. These differences were significant in samples tested in summer ( P <0.05) , but were not significant in samples tested in winter ( P >0.05). Conclusion: Bacterial filtering efficiency of N95 respirator is superior to medicine mask, and this advantage become more obvious in high airborne bacterial concentration levels.
Customized design and 3D printing of face seal for an N95 filtering facepiece respirator.
Cai, Mang; Li, Hui; Shen, Shengnan; Wang, Yu; Yang, Quan
2018-03-01
Filtering Facepiece Respirator (FFR) is the most common respirator users in the health care environment utilize for personal protection from outside particles. Comfort and fit are important while wearing an FFR. This paper proposes a novel technology to produce customized face seal design for improving the wearing comfort and fit of FFR wearers. In order to customize the design of face seals, we scanned the faces of three subjects using three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning method. A customized face seal for a 3M 8210 N95 FFR for each headform was designed using reverse engineering technique. Next, the face seal prototypes were fabricated with Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic using the 3D printing method. A force sensing system based on Arduino Uno R3 was developed, and the force sensor of this system was inserted between the FFR and headform to measure contact pressure. Experimental results showed that the newly designed FFR face seal provided the subjects with an improved contact pressure.
Gupta, D; Agarwal, A; Nath, S S; Goswami, D; Saraswat, V; Singh, P K
2007-02-01
Insertion of a nasogastric tube is a routine procedure but during anaesthesia it is often difficult and time consuming. One hundred and sixty adults undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia were randomly divided into two groups. After induction of anaesthesia, neuromuscular blockade and tracheal intubation, a nasogastric tube was inserted through the nose with the head of the patient in the neutral position, either with or without prior inflation with air via a facepiece attached to a self-inflating bag applied firmly with the face. Insertion of the nasogastric tube was successful in 75/78 (96%) following inflation compared with 54/80 (68%) without inflation (p<0.001). In four patients receiving inflation, a fibreoptic endoscope was passed as far as the upper oesophageal sphincter; this revealed opening of the upper oesophageal sphincter during inflation.
Rengasamy, Samy; Miller, Adam; Eimer, Benjamin C
2011-01-01
N95 particulate filtering facepiece respirators are certified by measuring penetration levels photometrically with a presumed severe case test method using charge neutralized NaCl aerosols at 85 L/min. However, penetration values obtained by photometric methods have not been compared with count-based methods using contemporary respirators composed of electrostatic filter media and challenged with both generated and ambient aerosols. To better understand the effects of key test parameters (e.g., particle charge, detection method), initial penetration levels for five N95 model filtering facepiece respirators were measured using NaCl aerosols with the aerosol challenge and test equipment employed in the NIOSH respirator certification method (photometric) and compared with an ultrafine condensation particle counter method (count based) for the same NaCl aerosols as well as for ambient room air particles. Penetrations using the NIOSH test method were several-fold less than the penetrations obtained by the ultrafine condensation particle counter for NaCl aerosols as well as for room particles indicating that penetration measurement based on particle counting offers a more difficult challenge than the photometric method, which lacks sensitivity for particles < 100 nm. All five N95 models showed the most penetrating particle size around 50 nm for room air particles with or without charge neutralization, and at 200 nm for singly charged NaCl monodisperse particles. Room air with fewer charged particles and an overwhelming number of neutral particles contributed to the most penetrating particle size in the 50 nm range, indicating that the charge state for the majority of test particles determines the MPPS. Data suggest that the NIOSH respirator certification protocol employing the photometric method may not be a more challenging aerosol test method. Filter penetrations can vary among workplaces with different particle size distributions, which suggests the need for the
Harnish, Delbert A; Heimbuch, Brian K; Balzli, Charles; Choe, Melanie; Lumley, April E; Shaffer, Ronald E; Wander, Joseph D
2016-01-01
Nosocomial infections pose an escalating threat to both patients and healthcare workers (HCWs). A widely recommended device for individual respiratory protection, the N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) has been shown to provide efficient filtration of inert particles larger and smaller than the nominal most-penetrating particle size (MPPS) range, 0.03-0.3 μm. Humans generate respiratory aerosols in the MPPS range, suggesting that short-range disease transmission could occur via small infectious particles. Data presented here show that the N95 FFR will afford a significant measure of protection against infectious particles as small as a bare H1N1 influenza virion, and that the capture mechanism does not discriminate in favor of, or against, biological particles.
Gravimetric Measurements of Filtering Facepiece Respirators Challenged With Diesel Exhaust.
Satish, Swathi; Swanson, Jacob J; Xiao, Kai; Viner, Andrew S; Kittelson, David B; Pui, David Y H
2017-07-01
Elevated concentrations of diesel exhaust have been linked to adverse health effects. Filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) are widely used as a form of respiratory protection against diesel particulate matter (DPM) in occupational settings. Previous results (Penconek A, Drążyk P, Moskal A. (2013) Penetration of diesel exhaust particles through commercially available dust half masks. Ann Occup Hyg; 57: 360-73.) have suggested that common FFRs are less efficient than would be expected for this purpose based on their certification approvals. The objective of this study was to measure the penetration of DPM through NIOSH-certified R95 and P95 electret respirators to verify this result. Gravimetric-based penetration measurements conducted using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polypropylene (PP) filters were compared with penetration measurements made with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS, TSI Inc.), which measures the particle size distribution. Gravimetric measurements using PP filters were variable compared to SMPS measurements and biased high due to adsorption of gas phase organic material. Relatively inert PTFE filters adsorbed less gas phase organic material resulting in measurements that were more accurate. To attempt to correct for artifacts associated with adsorption of gas phase organic material, primary and secondary filters were used in series upstream and downstream of the FFR. Correcting for adsorption by subtracting the secondary mass from the primary mass improved the result for both PTFE and PP filters but this correction is subject to 'equilibrium' conditions that depend on sampling time and the concentration of particles and gas phase hydrocarbons. Overall, the results demonstrate that the use of filters to determine filtration efficiency of FFRs challenged with diesel exhaust produces erroneous results due to the presence of gas phase hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust and the tendency of filters to adsorb organic material. Published by
Xu, Ming; Lei, Zhipeng; Yang, James
2015-01-01
N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) dead space is an important factor for respirator design. The dead space refers to the cavity between the internal surface of the FFR and the wearer's facial surface. This article presents a novel method to estimate the dead space volume of FFRs and experimental validation. In this study, six FFRs and five headforms (small, medium, large, long/narrow, and short/wide) are used for various FFR and headform combinations. Microsoft Kinect Sensors (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) are used to scan the headforms without respirators and then scan the headforms with the FFRs donned. The FFR dead space is formed through geometric modeling software, and finally the volume is obtained through LS-DYNA (Livermore Software Technology Corporation, Livermore, CA). In the experimental validation, water is used to measure the dead space. The simulation and experimental dead space volumes are 107.5-167.5 mL and 98.4-165.7 mL, respectively. Linear regression analysis is conducted to correlate the results from Kinect and water, and R(2) = 0.85.
Evaluation of Microwave Steam Bags for the Decontamination of Filtering Facepiece Respirators
Fisher, Edward M.; Williams, Jessica L.; Shaffer, Ronald E.
2011-01-01
Reusing filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) has been suggested as a strategy to conserve available supplies for home and healthcare environments during an influenza pandemic. For reuse to be possible, used FFRs must be decontaminated before redonning to reduce the risk of virus transmission; however, there are no approved methods for FFR decontamination. An effective method must reduce the microbial threat, maintain the function of the FFR, and present no residual chemical hazard. The method should be readily available, inexpensive and easily implemented by healthcare workers and the general public. Many of the general decontamination protocols used in healthcare and home settings are unable to address all of the desired qualities of an efficient FFR decontamination protocol. The goal of this study is to evaluate the use of two commercially available steam bags, marketed to the public for disinfecting infant feeding equipment, for FFR decontamination. The FFRs were decontaminated with microwave generated steam following the manufacturers' instructions then evaluated for water absorption and filtration efficiency for up to three steam exposures. Water absorption of the FFR was found to be model specific as FFRs constructed with hydrophilic materials absorbed more water. The steam had little effect on FFR performance as filtration efficiency of the treated FFRs remained above 95%. The decontamination efficacy of the steam bag was assessed using bacteriophage MS2 as a surrogate for a pathogenic virus. The tested steam bags were found to be 99.9% effective for inactivating MS2 on FFRs; however, more research is required to determine the effectiveness against respiratory pathogens. PMID:21525995
Challenge of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators with Viable H1N1 Influenza Aerosols
Harnish, Delbert A.; Heimbuch, Brian K.; Husband, Michael; Lumley, April E.; Kinney, Kimberly; Shaffer, Ronald E.; Wander, Joseph D.
2015-01-01
OBJECTIVE Specification of appropriate personal protective equipment for respiratory protection against influenza is somewhat controversial. In a clinical environment, N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) are often recommended for respiratory protection against infectious aerosols. This study evaluates the ability of N95 FFRs to capture viable H1N1 influenza aerosols. METHODS Five N95 FFR models were challenged with aerosolized viable H1N1 influenza and inert polystyrene latex particles at continuous flow rates of 85 and 170 liters per minute. Virus was assayed using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells to determine the median tissue culture infective dose (TCID50). Aerosols were generated using a Collison nebulizer containing H1N1 influenza virus at 1 × 108 TCID50/mL. To determine filtration efficiency, viable sampling was performed upstream and downstream of the FFR. RESULTS N95 FFRs filtered 0.8-µm particles of both H1N1 influenza and inert origins with more than 95% efficiency. With the exception of 1 model, no statistically significant difference in filtration performance was observed between influenza and inert particles of similar size. Although statistically significant differences were observed for 2 models when comparing the 2 flow rates, the differences have no significance to protection. CONCLUSIONS This study empirically demonstrates that a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health–approved N95 FFR captures viable H1N1 influenza aerosols as well as or better than its N95 rating, suggesting that a properly fitted FFR reduces inhalation exposure to airborne influenza virus. This study also provides evidence that filtration efficiency is based primarily on particle size rather than the nature of the particle’s origin. PMID:23571366
Reponen, Tiina; Lee, Shu-An; Grinshpun, Sergey A; Johnson, Erik; McKay, Roy
2011-04-01
This study investigated particle-size-selective protection factors (PFs) of four models of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) that passed and failed fit testing. Particle size ranges were representative of individual viruses and bacteria (aerodynamic diameter d(a) = 0.04-1.3 μm). Standard respirator fit testing was followed by particle-size-selective measurement of PFs while subjects wore N95 FFRs in a test chamber. PF values obtained for all subjects were then compared to those obtained for the subjects who passed the fit testing. Overall fit test passing rate for all four models of FFRs was 67%. Of these, 29% had PFs <10 (the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Assigned Protection Factor designated for this type of respirator). When only subjects that passed fit testing were included, PFs improved with 9% having values <10. On average, the PFs were 1.4 times (29.5/21.5) higher when only data for those who passed fit testing were included. The minimum PFs were consistently observed in the particle size range of 0.08-0.2 μm. Overall PFs increased when subjects passed fit testing. The results support the value of fit testing but also show for the first time that PFs are dependent on particle size regardless of fit testing status.
Development of an Advanced Respirator Fit Test Headform (Postprint)
2012-11-01
needed to measure the fit of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) for protection studies against viable airborne particles. The objective of...N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) for pro- tection studies against viable airborne particles. A Static (i.e., non-moving, non-speaking...The N95 class of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) is commonly used to re- duce exposure to airborne particles, including oil-free aerosols (dusts
42 CFR 84.137 - Inhalation and exhalation valves; check valves; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY... constructed to allow airflow toward the facepiece only shall be provided in the connections to the facepiece...
42 CFR 84.137 - Inhalation and exhalation valves; check valves; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... HUMAN SERVICES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES APPROVAL OF RESPIRATORY... constructed to allow airflow toward the facepiece only shall be provided in the connections to the facepiece...
Gao, Shuang; Kim, Jinyong; Yermakov, Michael; Elmashae, Yousef; He, Xinjian; Reponen, Tiina; Grinshpun, Sergey A
2015-01-01
Filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) are commonly worn by first responders, first receivers, and other exposed groups to protect against exposure to airborne particles, including those originated by combustion. Most of these FFRs are NIOSH-certified (e.g., N95-type) based on the performance testing of their filters against charge-equilibrated aerosol challenges, e.g., NaCl. However, it has not been examined if the filtration data obtained with the NaCl-challenged FFR filters adequately represent the protection against real aerosol hazards such as combustion particles. A filter sample of N95 FFR mounted on a specially designed holder was challenged with NaCl particles and three combustion aerosols generated in a test chamber by burning wood, paper, and plastic. The concentrations upstream (Cup) and downstream (Cdown) of the filter were measured with a TSI P-Trak condensation particle counter and a Grimm Nanocheck particle spectrometer. Penetration was determined as (Cdown/Cup) ×100%. Four test conditions were chosen to represent inhalation flows of 15, 30, 55, and 85 L/min. Results showed that the penetration values of combustion particles were significantly higher than those of the "model" NaCl particles (p < 0.05), raising a concern about applicability of the N95 filters performance obtained with the NaCl aerosol challenge to protection against combustion particles. Aerosol type, inhalation flow rate and particle size were significant (p < 0.05) factors affecting the performance of the N95 FFR filter. In contrast to N95 filters, the penetration of combustion particles through R95 and P95 FFR filters (were tested in addition to N95) were not significantly higher than that obtained with NaCl particles. The findings were attributed to several effects, including the degradation of an N95 filter due to hydrophobic organic components generated into the air by combustion. Their interaction with fibers is anticipated to be similar to those involving "oily" particles
Seng, Melvin; Wee, Liang En; Zhao, Xiahong; Cook, Alex R; Chia, Sin Eng; Lee, Vernon J
2017-07-06
This study aimed to determine if disposable filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs), with exhalation valve (EV) and a novel active venting system (AVS), provided greater perceived comfort and exertion when compared to standard N95 FFRs without these features among male military personnel performing prolonged essential outdoor duties. We used a randomised open-label controlled crossover study design to compare three FFR options: (a) standard FFR; (b) FFR with EV; and (c) FFR with EV+AVS. Male military personnel aged between 18 and 20 years completed a questionnaire at the beginning (baseline), after two hours of standardised non-strenuous outdoor duty and after 12 hours of duty divided into two-hour work-rest cycles. Participants rated the degree of discomfort, exertion and symptoms using a five-point Likert scale. The association between outcomes and the types of FFR was assessed using a multivariate ordered probit mixed-effects model. For a majority of the symptoms, study participants rated FFR with EV and FFR with EV+AVS with significantly better scores than standard FFR. Both FFR with EV and FFR with EV+AVS had significantly less discomfort (FFR with EV+AVS: 91.1%; FFR with EV: 57.6%) and exertion (FFR with EV+AVS: 83.5%; FFR with EV: 34.4%) than standard FFR. FFR with EV+AVS also had significantly better scores for exertion (53.4%) and comfort (39.4%) when compared to FFR with EV. Usage of FFR with EV+AVS resulted in significantly reduced symptoms, discomfort and exertion when compared to FFR with EV and standard FFR.
Rengasamy, Samy; Sbarra, Deborah; Nwoko, Julian; Shaffer, Ronald
2015-01-01
Background Surgical N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs), certified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a respirator and cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a surgical mask, are often used to protect from the inhalation of infectious aerosols and from splashes/sprays of body fluids in health care facilities. A shortage of respirators can be expected during a pandemic. The availability of surgical N95 FFRs can potentially be increased by incorporating FDA clearance requirements in the NIOSH respirator approval process. Methods Fluid resistance of NIOSH-approved N95 FFRs, and FDA-cleared surgical N95 FFRs and surgical masks was tested using the ASTM F1862 method at 450 and 635 cm/sec velocities and compared with the results from a third-party independent laboratory. Blood penetration through different layers of filter media of masks were also analyzed visually. Results Four N95 FFR models showed no test failures at both velocities. The penetration results obtained in the NIOSH laboratory were comparable to those from the third-party independent laboratory. The number of respirator samples failing the test increased with increasing test velocity. Conclusions The results indicate that several NIOSH-approved N95 FFR models would likely pass FD clearance requirements for resistance to synthetic blood penetration. PMID:26231551
Fisher, Edward M.; Shaffer, Ronald E.
2015-01-01
Public health organizations, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), are increasingly recommending the use of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) in health care settings. For infection control purposes, the usual practice is to discard FFRs after close contact with a patient (“single use”). However, in some situations, such as during contact with tuberculosis patients, limited FFR reuse (i.e., repeated donning and doffing of the same FFR by the same person) is practiced. A related practice, extended use, involves wearing the same FFR for multiple patient encounters without doffing. Extended use and limited FFR reuse have been recommended during infectious disease outbreaks and pandemics to conserve FFR supplies. This commentary examines CDC recommendations related to FFR extended use and limited reuse and analyzes available data from the literature to provide a relative estimate of the risks of these practices compared to single use. Analysis of the available data and the use of disease transmission models indicate that decisions regarding whether FFR extended use or reuse should be recommended should continue to be pathogen- and event-specific. Factors to be included in developing the recommendations are the potential for the pathogen to spread via contact transmission, the potential that the event could result in or is currently causing a FFR shortage, the protection provided by FFR use, human factors, potential for self-inoculation, the potential for secondary exposures, and government policies and regulations. While recent findings largely support the previous recommendations for extended use and limited reuse in certain situations, some new cautions and limitations should be considered before issuing recommendations in the future. In general, extended use of FFRs is preferred over limited FFR reuse. Limited FFR reuse would allow the user a brief respite from extended wear times, but increases the risk of self-inoculation and
42 CFR 84.130 - Supplied-air respirators; description.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... material to protect the window(s) of facepieces, hoods, and helmets which do not unduly interfere with the wearer's vision and permit easy access to the external surface of such window(s) for cleaning. (c) Type..., glass, woven wire, sheet metal, or other suitable material to protect the window(s) of facepieces, hoods...
Gao, Shuang; Koehler, Richard H; Yermakov, Michael; Grinshpun, Sergey A
2016-06-01
Surgical smoke generated during electrocautery contains toxins which may cause adverse health effects to operating room (OR) personnel. The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of surgical masks (SMs), which are routinely used in ORs, more efficient N95 surgical mask respirator (SMRs) and N100 filtering facepiece respirator (FFRs), against surgical smoke. Ten subjects were recruited to perform surgical dissections on animal tissue in a simulated OR chamber, using a standard electrocautery device, generating surgical smoke. Six respiratory protective devices (RPDs) were tested: two SMs, two SMRs, and two N100 FFRs [including a newly developed faceseal (FS) prototype]. Fit testing was conducted before the experiment. Each subject was then exposed to the surgical smoke while wearing an RPD under the tests. Concentrations inside (C in) and outside (C out) of the RPD were measured by a particle size spectrometer. The simulated workplace protection factor (SWPF) was determined by the ratio of C out and C in for each RPD-wearing subject. For the SMs, the geometric means of SWPFtotal (based on the total aerosol concentration) were 1.49 and 1.76, indicating minimal protection. The SWPFtotal values of the SMRs and N100 FFRs were significantly higher than those of the SMs: for the two SMRs, the SWPFtotal were 208 and 263; for the two N100s, the SWPFtotal values were 1,089 and 2,199. No significant difference was observed between either the two SMs or the two SMRs. The SWPFtotal for the novel FS prototype N100 FFR was significantly higher than the conventional N100 FFR. The correlation between SWPFtotal and fit factor (FF) determined for two N95 SMRs was not significant. SMs do not provide measurable protection against surgical smoke. SMRs offer considerably improved protection versus SMs, while the N100 FFRs showed significant improvement over the SMRs. The FS prototype offered a higher level of protection than the standard N100 FFR, due to a tighter
Vo, Evanly; Zhuang, Ziqing
2015-01-01
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are currently used in numerous industrial and biomedical applications. Recent studies suggest that workers may be at risk of adverse health effects if they are exposed to CNTs. A National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) survey of the carbonaceous nanomaterial industry found that 77% of the companies used respiratory protection. Elastomeric half-mask respirators and filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) are commonly used. Although numerous respirator filtration studies have been done with surrogate engineered nanoparticles, such as sodium chloride, penetration data from engineered nanoparticles such as CNTs are lacking. The aims of this study were to develop a new CNT aerosol respirator testing system and to determine multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) penetration through FFRs. A custom-designed CNT aerosol respirator testing system (CNT-ARTS) was developed which was capable of producing a sufficient amount of airborne MWCNTs for testing of high efficiency FFRs. The size distribution of airborne MWCNTs was 20–10,000 nm, with 99% of the particles between 25 and 2840 nm. The count median diameter (CMD) was 209 nm with a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.98. This particle size range is similar to those found in some work environments (particles ≤6000 nm). The penetration of MWCNTs through six tested FFR models at two constant flow rates of 30 and 85 LPM was determined. Penetration at 85 LPM (0.58–2.04% for N95, 0.15–0.32% for N99, and 0.007–0.009% for P100 FFRs) was greater compared with the values at 30 LPM (0.28–1.79% for N95, 0.10–0.24% for N99, and 0.005–0.006% for P100 FFRs). The most penetrating particle size through all six tested FFR models was found to be in the range of 25–130 nm and 35–200 nm for the 30-LPM and 85-LPM flow rates, respectively. PMID:26166842
42 CFR 84.91 - Breathing resistance test; exhalation.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... 25 mm. (1 inch) water-column height. (c) The exhalation resistance of pressure-demand apparatus shall not exceed the static pressure in the facepiece by more than 51 mm. (2 inches) water-column height. (d) The static pressure (at zero flow) in the facepiece shall not exceed 38 mm. (1.5 inches) water-column...
42 CFR 84.91 - Breathing resistance test; exhalation.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 25 mm. (1 inch) water-column height. (c) The exhalation resistance of pressure-demand apparatus shall not exceed the static pressure in the facepiece by more than 51 mm. (2 inches) water-column height. (d) The static pressure (at zero flow) in the facepiece shall not exceed 38 mm. (1.5 inches) water-column...
42 CFR 84.91 - Breathing resistance test; exhalation.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... 25 mm. (1 inch) water-column height. (c) The exhalation resistance of pressure-demand apparatus shall not exceed the static pressure in the facepiece by more than 51 mm. (2 inches) water-column height. (d) The static pressure (at zero flow) in the facepiece shall not exceed 38 mm. (1.5 inches) water-column...
42 CFR 84.91 - Breathing resistance test; exhalation.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... 25 mm. (1 inch) water-column height. (c) The exhalation resistance of pressure-demand apparatus shall not exceed the static pressure in the facepiece by more than 51 mm. (2 inches) water-column height. (d) The static pressure (at zero flow) in the facepiece shall not exceed 38 mm. (1.5 inches) water-column...
42 CFR 84.91 - Breathing resistance test; exhalation.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 25 mm. (1 inch) water-column height. (c) The exhalation resistance of pressure-demand apparatus shall not exceed the static pressure in the facepiece by more than 51 mm. (2 inches) water-column height. (d) The static pressure (at zero flow) in the facepiece shall not exceed 38 mm. (1.5 inches) water-column...
Vo, Evanly; Zhuang, Ziqing; Birch, Eileen; Birch, Quinn
2016-01-01
The aim of this study was to apply a direct-reading aerosol instrument method and an elemental carbon (EC) analysis method to measure the mass-based penetration of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through elastomeric half-mask respirators (EHRs) and filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). For the direct-reading aerosol instrument method, two scanning mobility particle sizer/aerodynamic particle sizer systems were used to simultaneously determine the upstream (outside respirator) and downstream (inside respirator) test aerosols. For the EC analysis method, upstream and downstream CNTs were collected on filter cassettes and then analyzed using a thermal-optical technique. CNT mass penetrations were found in both methods to be within the associated efficiency requirements for each type and class of the respirator models that were tested. Generally, the penetrations of SWCNTs and MWCNTs had a similar trend with penetration being the highest for the N95 EHRs, followed by N95 FFRs, P100 EHRs, and P100 FFRs. This trend held true for both methods; however, the CNT penetration determined by the direct-reading aerosol instrument method (0.009-1.09% for SWCNTs and 0.005-0.21% for MWCNTs) was greater relative to the penetration values found through EC analysis method (0.007-0.69% for SWCNTs and 0.004-0.13% for MWCNTs). The results of this study illustrate considerations for how the methods can be used to evaluate penetration of morphologically complex materials through FFRs and EHRs.
Bergman, Michael; Zhuang, Ziqing; Brochu, Elizabeth; Palmiero, Andrew
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved N95 filtering-facepiece respirators (FFR) are currently stockpiled by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for emergency deployment to healthcare facilities in the event of a widespread emergency such as an influenza pandemic. This study assessed the fit of N95 FFRs purchased for the CDC Strategic National Stockpile. The study addresses the question of whether the fit achieved by specific respirator sizes relates to facial size categories as defined by two NIOSH fit test panels. Fit test data were analyzed from 229 test subjects who performed a nine-donning fit test on seven N95 FFR models using a quantitative fit test protocol. An initial respirator model selection process was used to determine if the subject could achieve an adequate fit on a particular model; subjects then tested the adequately fitting model for the nine-donning fit test. Only data for models which provided an adequate initial fit (through the model selection process) for a subject were analyzed for this study. For the nine-donning fit test, six of the seven respirator models accommodated the fit of subjects (as indicated by geometric mean fit factor > 100) for not only the intended NIOSH bivariate and PCA panel sizes corresponding to the respirator size, but also for other panel sizes which were tested for each model. The model which showed poor performance may not be accurately represented because only two subjects passed the initial selection criteria to use this model. Findings are supportive of the current selection of facial dimensions for the new NIOSH panels. The various FFR models selected for the CDC Strategic National Stockpile provide a range of sizing options to fit a variety of facial sizes.
Bergman, Michael; Zhuang, Ziqing; Brochu, Elizabeth; Palmiero, Andrew
2016-01-01
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved N95 filtering-facepiece respirators (FFR) are currently stockpiled by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for emergency deployment to healthcare facilities in the event of a widespread emergency such as an influenza pandemic. This study assessed the fit of N95 FFRs purchased for the CDC Strategic National Stockpile. The study addresses the question of whether the fit achieved by specific respirator sizes relates to facial size categories as defined by two NIOSH fit test panels. Fit test data were analyzed from 229 test subjects who performed a nine-donning fit test on seven N95 FFR models using a quantitative fit test protocol. An initial respirator model selection process was used to determine if the subject could achieve an adequate fit on a particular model; subjects then tested the adequately fitting model for the nine-donning fit test. Only data for models which provided an adequate initial fit (through the model selection process) for a subject were analyzed for this study. For the nine-donning fit test, six of the seven respirator models accommodated the fit of subjects (as indicated by geometric mean fit factor > 100) for not only the intended NIOSH bivariate and PCA panel sizes corresponding to the respirator size, but also for other panel sizes which were tested for each model. The model which showed poor performance may not be accurately represented because only two subjects passed the initial selection criteria to use this model. Findings are supportive of the current selection of facial dimensions for the new NIOSH panels. The various FFR models selected for the CDC Strategic National Stockpile provide a range of sizing options to fit a variety of facial sizes. PMID:26877587
Comparison of performance of three different types of respiratory protection devices.
Lawrence, Robert B; Duling, Matthew G; Calvert, Catherine A; Coffey, Christopher C
2006-09-01
Respiratory protection is offered to American workers in a variety of ways to guard against potential inhalation hazards. Two of the most common ways are elastomeric N95 respirators and N95 filtering-facepiece respirators. Some in the health care industry feel that surgical masks provide an acceptable level of protection in certain situations against particular hazards. This study compared the performance of these types of respiratory protection during a simulated workplace test that measured both filter penetration and face-seal leakage. A panel of 25 test subjects with varying face sizes tested 15 models of elastomeric N95 respirators, 15 models of N95 filtering-facepiece respirators, and 6 models of surgical masks. Simulated workplace testing was conducted using a TSI PORTACOUNT Plus model 8020, and consisted of a series of seven exercises. Six simulated workplace tests were performed with redonning of the respirator/mask occurring between each test. The results of these tests produced a simulated workplace protection factor (SWPF). The geometric mean (GM) and the 5th percentile values of the SWPFs were computed by category of respiratory protection using the six overall SWPF values. The level of protection provided by each of the three respiratory protection types was compared. The GM and 5th percentile SWPF values without fit testing were used for the comparison, as surgical masks were not intended to be fit tested. The GM values were 36 for elastomeric N95 respirators, 21 for N95 filtering-facepiece respirators, and 3 for surgical masks. An analysis of variance demonstrated a statistically significant difference between all three. Elastomeric N95 respirators had the highest 5th percentile SWPF of 7. N95 filtering-facepiece respirators and surgical masks had 5th percentile SWPFs of 3 and 1, respectively. A Fisher Exact Test revealed that the 5th percentile SWPFs for all three types of respiratory protection were statistically different. In addition, both
42 CFR 84.93 - Gas flow test; open-circuit apparatus.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
...) water-column height when full container pressure is applied. (c) Where pressure demand apparatus are tested, the flow will be measured at zero gage pressure in the facepiece. (d) Where apparatus with...
42 CFR 84.93 - Gas flow test; open-circuit apparatus.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
...) water-column height when full container pressure is applied. (c) Where pressure demand apparatus are tested, the flow will be measured at zero gage pressure in the facepiece. (d) Where apparatus with...
42 CFR 84.93 - Gas flow test; open-circuit apparatus.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
...) water-column height when full container pressure is applied. (c) Where pressure demand apparatus are tested, the flow will be measured at zero gage pressure in the facepiece. (d) Where apparatus with...
Rengasamy, Samy; Eimer, Benjamin C
2012-01-01
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) certification test methods employ charge neutralized NaCl or dioctyl phthalate (DOP) aerosols to measure filter penetration levels of air-purifying particulate respirators photometrically using a TSI 8130 automated filter tester at 85 L/min. A previous study in our laboratory found that widely different filter penetration levels were measured for nanoparticles depending on whether a particle number (count)-based detector or a photometric detector was used. The purpose of this study was to better understand the influence of key test parameters, including filter media type, challenge aerosol size range, and detector system. Initial penetration levels for 17 models of NIOSH-approved N-, R-, and P-series filtering facepiece respirators were measured using the TSI 8130 photometric method and compared with the particle number-based penetration (obtained using two ultrafine condensation particle counters) for the same challenge aerosols generated by the TSI 8130. In general, the penetration obtained by the photometric method was less than the penetration obtained with the number-based method. Filter penetration was also measured for ambient room aerosols. Penetration measured by the TSI 8130 photometric method was lower than the number-based ambient aerosol penetration values. Number-based monodisperse NaCl aerosol penetration measurements showed that the most penetrating particle size was in the 50 nm range for all respirator models tested, with the exception of one model at ~200 nm size. Respirator models containing electrostatic filter media also showed lower penetration values with the TSI 8130 photometric method than the number-based penetration obtained for the most penetrating monodisperse particles. Results suggest that to provide a more challenging respirator filter test method than what is currently used for respirators containing electrostatic media, the test method should utilize a sufficient number
Cho, Kyungmin Jacob; Turkevich, Leonid; Miller, Matthew; McKay, Roy; Grinshpun, Sergey A.; Ha, KwonChul; Reponen, Tiina
2015-01-01
This study investigated differences in penetration between fibers and spherical particles through faceseal leakage of an N95 filtering facepiece respirator. Three cyclic breathing flows were generated corresponding to mean inspiratory flow rates (MIF) of 15, 30, and 85 L/min. Fibers had a mean diameter of 1 μm and a median length of 4.9 μm (calculated aerodynamic diameter, dae = 1.73 μm). Monodisperse polystyrene spheres with a mean physical diameter of 1.01 μm (PSI) and 1.54 μm (PSII) were used for comparison (calculated dae = 1.05 and 1.58 μm, respectively). Two optical particle counters simultaneously determined concentrations inside and outside the respirator. Geometric means (GMs) for filter penetration of the fibers were 0.06, 0.09, and 0.08% at MIF of 15, 30, and 85 L/min, respectively. Corresponding values for PSI were 0.07, 0.12, and 0.12%. GMs for faceseal penetration of fibers were 0.40, 0.14, and 0.09% at MIF of 15, 30, and 85 L/min, respectively. Corresponding values for PSI were 0.96, 0.41, and 0.17%. Faceseal penetration decreased with increased breathing rate for both types of particles (p ≤ 0.001). GMs of filter and faceseal penetration of PSII at an MIF of 30 L/min were 0.14% and 0.36%, respectively. Filter penetration and faceseal penetration of fibers were significantly lower than those of PSI (p < 0.001) and PSII (p < 0.003). This confirmed that higher penetration of PSI was not due to slightly smaller aerodynamic diameter, indicating that the shape of fibers rather than their calculated mean aerodynamic diameter is a prevailing factor on deposition mechanisms through the tested respirator. In conclusion, faceseal penetration of fibers and spherical particles decreased with increasing breathing rate, which can be explained by increased capture by impaction. Spherical particles had 2.0–2.8 times higher penetration through faceseal leaks and 1.1–1.5 higher penetration through filter media than fibers, which can be attributed to
Cho, Kyungmin Jacob; Turkevich, Leonid; Miller, Matthew; McKay, Roy; Grinshpun, Sergey A; Ha, KwonChul; Reponen, Tiina
2013-01-01
This study investigated differences in penetration between fibers and spherical particles through faceseal leakage of an N95 filtering facepiece respirator. Three cyclic breathing flows were generated corresponding to mean inspiratory flow rates (MIF) of 15, 30, and 85 L/min. Fibers had a mean diameter of 1 μm and a median length of 4.9 μm (calculated aerodynamic diameter, d(ae) = 1.73 μm). Monodisperse polystyrene spheres with a mean physical diameter of 1.01 μm (PSI) and 1.54 μm (PSII) were used for comparison (calculated d(ae) = 1.05 and 1.58 μm, respectively). Two optical particle counters simultaneously determined concentrations inside and outside the respirator. Geometric means (GMs) for filter penetration of the fibers were 0.06, 0.09, and 0.08% at MIF of 15, 30, and 85 L/min, respectively. Corresponding values for PSI were 0.07, 0.12, and 0.12%. GMs for faceseal penetration of fibers were 0.40, 0.14, and 0.09% at MIF of 15, 30, and 85 L/min, respectively. Corresponding values for PSI were 0.96, 0.41, and 0.17%. Faceseal penetration decreased with increased breathing rate for both types of particles (p ≤ 0.001). GMs of filter and faceseal penetration of PSII at an MIF of 30 L/min were 0.14% and 0.36%, respectively. Filter penetration and faceseal penetration of fibers were significantly lower than those of PSI (p < 0.001) and PSII (p < 0.003). This confirmed that higher penetration of PSI was not due to slightly smaller aerodynamic diameter, indicating that the shape of fibers rather than their calculated mean aerodynamic diameter is a prevailing factor on deposition mechanisms through the tested respirator. In conclusion, faceseal penetration of fibers and spherical particles decreased with increasing breathing rate, which can be explained by increased capture by impaction. Spherical particles had 2.0-2.8 times higher penetration through faceseal leaks and 1.1-1.5 higher penetration through filter media than fibers, which can be attributed to
40 CFR 721.10077 - 3H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-one, 1,2-dihydro-.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
...-fitting respirator equipped with N100 (if aerosols absent), R100, or P100 filters (either half- or full... Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters; powered air-purifying respirator equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece (either half- or full-face) and HEPA filters; and supplied-air respirator operated in pressure...
40 CFR 721.10077 - 3H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-one, 1,2-dihydro-.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
...-fitting respirator equipped with N100 (if aerosols absent), R100, or P100 filters (either half- or full... Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters; powered air-purifying respirator equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece (either half- or full-face) and HEPA filters; and supplied-air respirator operated in pressure...
40 CFR 721.10077 - 3H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-one, 1,2-dihydro-.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
...-fitting respirator equipped with N100 (if aerosols absent), R100, or P100 filters (either half- or full... Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters; powered air-purifying respirator equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece (either half- or full-face) and HEPA filters; and supplied-air respirator operated in pressure...
40 CFR 721.10077 - 3H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-one, 1,2-dihydro-.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
...-fitting respirator equipped with N100 (if aerosols absent), R100, or P100 filters (either half- or full... Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters; powered air-purifying respirator equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece (either half- or full-face) and HEPA filters; and supplied-air respirator operated in pressure...
Han, Don-Hee; Lee, Jinheon
2005-10-01
Korean certification regulation for particulate filtering respirators requires inward leakage (IL) or total inward leakage (TIL) testing according to European Standard EN 13274-1, and the standard levels of compliance are similar to those of the European Standard. This study was conducted to evaluate particulate filtering respirators being commercially used in the Korean market using an IL or TIL test and the validity of standard level in Korea. Three half masks and 10 filtering facepieces (two top class, four 1st class and four 2nd class)-a total of 13 brand name respirators-were selected for the test with panels of 10 subjects. Each subject was classified with nine facial dimension grid squares in accordance with face length and lip length. IL or TIL testing was conducted at the laboratory of the 3M Innovation Center in which the experimental instruments and systems were established in compliance with European standards. The testing procedure followed EN 13274-1 (2001). As expected, leakages of half masks were less than those of filtering facepieces and the latter were significantly different among brands. TILs of the 1st class filtering facepieces were found to be much more than those of the 2nd class and the result may cause a wearer to get confused when selecting a mask. The main route leakage for filtering facepieces may not be the filter medium but the face seal. Therefore, it is necessary to develop well-fitting filtering facepieces for Koreans. Because leakages were significantly different for different facial dimensions, a defined test panel for IL or TIL testing according to country or race should be developed. A more precise method to demonstrate fit, for example, fit testing such as in the US regulations, will be needed before IL or TIL testing or when selecting a respirator. Another finding implies that geometric mean of five exercises for IL or TIL may be better than arithmetic mean to establish a standard individual subject mean.
Anti-Fog Solution for Air-Purifying Respirator Lenses
2010-06-01
INTRODUCTION Fogging of respirator and protective eyewear lenses occurs when water vapor condenses on the surface of the lens. Topical coatings, such as... safety goggles and six full-facepiece APRs to create 12 Snellen visual acuity conditions. The foils were calibrated during prior unpublished human
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
..., tight-fitting half-face respirator equipped with N100 (if oil aerosols absent), R100, or P100 filters. (B) NIOSH-certified air-purifying, tight-fitting full-face respirator equipped with N100 (if oil...-certified powered air-purifying respirator equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece (either half-face or full...
40 CFR 721.10607 - Aliphatic diisocyanate, homopolymer, alkanol-blocked (generic).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
...-purifying, tight-fitting half-face respirator equipped with N100 (if oil aerosols absent), R100, or P100 filters. (B) NIOSH-certified air-purifying, tight-fitting full-face respirator equipped with N100 (if oil...-certified powered air-purifying respirator equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece (either half-face or full...
40 CFR 721.10572 - Benzamide, N-[[4- [(cyclopropylamino)carbonyl] phenyl]sulfonyl]-2-methoxy-.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
...-fitting half-face respirator equipped with N100 (if oil aerosols absent), R100, or P100 filters. (B) NIOSH-certified air-purifying, tight-fitting full-face respirator equipped with N100 (if oil aerosols absent...-purifying respirator equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece (either half-face or full-face) and HEPA...
40 CFR 721.9719 - Tris carbamoyl triazine (generic).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... the requirements for § 721.63(a)(4): (A) Air purifying, tight-fitting half-face respirator equipped... filter (N100 if oil aerosols are absent, R100, or P100); (B) Air purifying, tight-fitting full-face...) filter; powered air-purifying respirator equipped with tight-fitting facepiece (either half-face or full...
40 CFR 721.10021 - Magnesium potassium titanium oxide.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... or tight-fitting facepiece (either half- or full-face). As an alternative to the respiratory... significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as magnesium potassium titanium oxide (PMN P-01-764; CAS No. 39290-90-9) is subject to reporting under this section for the...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
..., approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and have at a minimum a 30-minute air supply and full facepiece. (c... the crew are familiar with the operation of the equipment. (f) Boots and gloves shall be of rubber or...
Respiratory protection from isocyanate exposure in the autobody repair and refinishing industry.
Liu, Youcheng; Stowe, Meredith H; Bello, Dhimiter; Woskie, Susan R; Sparer, Judy; Gore, Rebecca; Youngs, Fred; Cullen, Mark R; Redlich, Carrie A
2006-05-01
This study, part of the Survey of Painters and Repairers of Auto bodies by Yale (SPRAY), evaluated the effectiveness of respiratory protection against exposure to aliphatic polyisocyanates. A total of 36 shops were assessed for respiratory protection program completeness; 142 workers were measured for respirator fit factor (FF) using PortaCount Plus respirator fit tester. Twenty-two painters from 21 shops were sampled using NIOSH method 5525 to determine the workplace protection factor (WPF) of negative pressure, air-purifying half-facepiece respirators equipped with organic vapor cartridges and paint prefilters during spray-painting and priming activities. Only 11 shops (30%) had written respiratory protection programs. Eighty percent of all fit tested workers passed the test on the first try with FF >or= 100, and 92% passed the second test after respirator use training. Overall geometric mean (GM) FF was 1012 for all fit tested workers. Significant differences on pass rate (92% vs. 72%) and on FF (1990 vs. 736) were found between previously fit tested workers vs. nontested workers. Twenty-nine WPF samples were collected. The outside facepiece GM concentration of total isocyanate group (NCO) was 378.4 micro g NCO/m(3) with 96% concentrations exceeding the U.K. short-term exposure limit, 70 micro g NCO/m(3), but no in-facepiece concentrations exceeded the limit. The GM WPF of total NCO was 319 (GSD 4) and the 5th percentile was 54. WPF of total NCO was positively correlated with the duration of painting task. FF positively correlated with WPF when FF was
42 CFR 84.201 - Head harnesses; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... of pressure over the entire area in contact with the face. (2) Facepieces for single-use vinyl... face. (b) Mouthpieces shall be equipped where applicable, with an adjustable and replaceable harness...
42 CFR 84.101 - Man test 5; requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... of the apparatus. (c) Samples of inspiration from within the apparatus facepiece or mouthpiece shall...) One sample of inspiration will be taken in the case of 3-, 5-, and 10-minute apparatus. ...
42 CFR 84.172 - Breathing tubes; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
...) Restriction of free head movement; (b) Disturbance of the fit of facepieces, mouthpieces, hoods, or helmets; (c) Interference with the wearer's activities; and (d) Shutoff of airflow due to kinking, or from...
42 CFR 84.172 - Breathing tubes; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
...) Restriction of free head movement; (b) Disturbance of the fit of facepieces, mouthpieces, hoods, or helmets; (c) Interference with the wearer's activities; and (d) Shutoff of airflow due to kinking, or from...
42 CFR 84.172 - Breathing tubes; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
...) Restriction of free head movement; (b) Disturbance of the fit of facepieces, mouthpieces, hoods, or helmets; (c) Interference with the wearer's activities; and (d) Shutoff of airflow due to kinking, or from...
42 CFR 84.172 - Breathing tubes; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
...) Restriction of free head movement; (b) Disturbance of the fit of facepieces, mouthpieces, hoods, or helmets; (c) Interference with the wearer's activities; and (d) Shutoff of airflow due to kinking, or from...
42 CFR 84.172 - Breathing tubes; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
...) Restriction of free head movement; (b) Disturbance of the fit of facepieces, mouthpieces, hoods, or helmets; (c) Interference with the wearer's activities; and (d) Shutoff of airflow due to kinking, or from...
42 CFR 84.151 - Harness test; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... concrete floor without disarranging the harness or exerting a pull on the facepiece. (5) The arrangement... manner that prevents a pull equivalent to dragging the maximum length of the hose over a concrete floor...
42 CFR 84.201 - Head harnesses; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... of pressure over the entire area in contact with the face. (2) Facepieces for single-use vinyl... adequate tension during use and an even distribution of pressure over the entire area in contact with the...
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-11-16
... regulations allow. Because manufacturers have not yet developed respiratory protection for this occupational...-approved filtering facepiece respirators which are not designed for this use, or no respiratory protection... respiratory protective devices designed for the inhalation hazards of this occupational setting. On July 10...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... respirator, pressure-demand class; minimum requirements. 84.157 Section 84.157 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH... test; Type C supplied-air respirator, pressure-demand class; minimum requirements. (a) The static... the facepiece shall not fall below atmospheric at inhalation airflows less than 115 liters (4 cubic...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... respirator, pressure-demand class; minimum requirements. 84.157 Section 84.157 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH... test; Type C supplied-air respirator, pressure-demand class; minimum requirements. (a) The static... the facepiece shall not fall below atmospheric at inhalation airflows less than 115 liters (4 cubic...
Mahdavi, Alireza; Haghighat, Fariborz; Bahloul, Ali; Brochot, Clothilde; Ostiguy, Claude
2015-06-01
It is necessary to investigate the efficiencies of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) exposed to ultrafine particles (UFPs) for long periods of time, since the particle loading time may potentially affect the efficiency of FFRs. This article aims to investigate the filtration efficiency for a model of electrostatic N95 FFRs with constant and 'inhalation-only' cyclic flows, in terms of particle loading time effect, using different humidity conditions. Filters were exposed to generated polydisperse NaCl particles. Experiments were performed mimicking an 'inhalation-only' scenario with a cyclic flow of 85 l min(-1) as the minute volume [or 170 l min(-1) as mean inhalation flow (MIF)] and for two constant flows of 85 and 170 l min(-1), under three relative humidity (RH) levels of 10, 50, and 80%. Each test was performed for loading time periods of 6h and the particle penetration (10-205.4nm in electrical mobility diameter) was measured once every 2h. For a 10% RH, the penetration of smaller size particles (<80nm), including the most penetrating particle size (MPPS), decreased over time for both constant and cyclic flows. For 50 and 80% RH levels, the changes in penetration were typically observed in an opposite direction with less magnitude. The penetrations at MPPS increased with respect to loading time under constant flow conditions (85 and 170 l min(-1)): it did not substantially increase under cyclic flows. The comparison of the cyclic flow (85 l min(-1) as minute volume) and constant flow equal to the cyclic flow minute volume indicated that, for all conditions the penetration was significantly less for the constant flow than that of cyclic flow. The comparison between the cyclic (170 l min(-1) as MIF) and constant flow equal to cyclic flow MIF indicated that, for the initial stage of loading, the penetrations were almost equal, but they were different for the final stages of the loading time. For a 10% RH, the penetration of a wide range of sizes was observed
42 CFR 84.131 - Supplied-air respirators; required components.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
...) Facepiece, hood, or helmet; (2) Air supply valve, orifice, or demand or pressure-demand regulator; (3) Hand... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Supplied-air respirators; required components. 84... Supplied-Air Respirators § 84.131 Supplied-air respirators; required components. (a) Each supplied-air...
Respiratory source control using a surgical mask: An in vitro study.
Patel, Rajeev B; Skaria, Shaji D; Mansour, Mohamed M; Smaldone, Gerald C
2016-07-01
Cough etiquette and respiratory hygiene are forms of source control encouraged to prevent the spread of respiratory infection. The use of surgical masks as a means of source control has not been quantified in terms of reducing exposure to others. We designed an in vitro model using various facepieces to assess their contribution to exposure reduction when worn at the infectious source (Source) relative to facepieces worn for primary (Receiver) protection, and the factors that contribute to each. In a chamber with various airflows, radiolabeled aerosols were exhaled via a ventilated soft-face manikin head using tidal breathing and cough (Source). Another manikin, containing a filter, quantified recipient exposure (Receiver). The natural fit surgical mask, fitted (SecureFit) surgical mask and an N95-class filtering facepiece respirator (commonly known as an "N95 respirator") with and without a Vaseline-seal were tested. With cough, source control (mask or respirator on Source) was statistically superior to mask or unsealed respirator protection on the Receiver (Receiver protection) in all environments. To equal source control during coughing, the N95 respirator must be Vaseline-sealed. During tidal breathing, source control was comparable or superior to mask or respirator protection on the Receiver. Source control via surgical masks may be an important adjunct defense against the spread of respiratory infections. The fit of the mask or respirator, in combination with the airflow patterns in a given setting, are significant contributors to source control efficacy. Future clinical trials should include a surgical mask source control arm to assess the contribution of source control in overall protection against airborne infection.
Respiratory source control using a surgical mask: An in vitro study
Patel, Rajeev B.; Skaria, Shaji D.; Mansour, Mohamed M.; Smaldone, Gerald C.
2016-01-01
ABSTRACT Cough etiquette and respiratory hygiene are forms of source control encouraged to prevent the spread of respiratory infection. The use of surgical masks as a means of source control has not been quantified in terms of reducing exposure to others. We designed an in vitro model using various facepieces to assess their contribution to exposure reduction when worn at the infectious source (Source) relative to facepieces worn for primary (Receiver) protection, and the factors that contribute to each. In a chamber with various airflows, radiolabeled aerosols were exhaled via a ventilated soft-face manikin head using tidal breathing and cough (Source). Another manikin, containing a filter, quantified recipient exposure (Receiver). The natural fit surgical mask, fitted (SecureFit) surgical mask and an N95-class filtering facepiece respirator (commonly known as an “N95 respirator”) with and without a Vaseline-seal were tested. With cough, source control (mask or respirator on Source) was statistically superior to mask or unsealed respirator protection on the Receiver (Receiver protection) in all environments. To equal source control during coughing, the N95 respirator must be Vaseline-sealed. During tidal breathing, source control was comparable or superior to mask or respirator protection on the Receiver. Source control via surgical masks may be an important adjunct defense against the spread of respiratory infections. The fit of the mask or respirator, in combination with the airflow patterns in a given setting, are significant contributors to source control efficacy. Future clinical trials should include a surgical mask source control arm to assess the contribution of source control in overall protection against airborne infection. PMID:26225807
46 CFR Appendix E to Subpart C to... - Respirator Fit Tests
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... provides the most comfortable fit. Each respirator represents a different size and shape and, if fitted and... only a preliminary review and must not constitute the subject's formal training on respirator use. (c... projects under the facepiece or otherwise interferes with a satisfactory fit must be altered or removed. (j...
46 CFR Appendix E to Subpart C to... - Respirator Fit Tests
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... provides the most comfortable fit. Each respirator represents a different size and shape and, if fitted and... only a preliminary review and must not constitute the subject's formal training on respirator use. (c... projects under the facepiece or otherwise interferes with a satisfactory fit must be altered or removed. (j...
Pillai, Satish K.; Beekmann, Susan E.; Babcock, Hilary M.; Pavia, Andrew T.; Koonin, Lisa M.; Polgreen, Philip M.
2015-01-01
While influenza transmission is thought to occur primarily by droplet spread, the role of airborne spread remains uncertain. Understanding the beliefs and attitudes of infectious disease physicians regarding influenza transmission and respiratory and barrier protection preferences can provide insights into workplace decisions regarding respiratory protection planning. Physicians participating in the Infectious Diseases Society of America’s Emerging Infections Network were queried in November 2013 to determine beliefs and attitudes on influenza transmission. A subset of physicians involved in their facility’s respiratory protection decision making were queried about respirator and surgical mask choices under various pandemic scenarios; availability of, and challenges associated with, respirators in their facility; and protective strategies during disposable N95 shortages. The majority of 686 respondents (98%) believed influenza transmission occurs frequently or occasionally via droplets; 44% of respondents believed transmission occurs via small particles frequently (12%) or occasionally (32%). Among the subset of respondents involved in respiratory protection planning at their facility, over 90% preferred surgical masks during provision of non-aerosol-generating patient care for seasonal influenza. However, for the same type of care during an influenza pandemic, two-thirds of respondents opted for disposable N95 filtering facepiece respirators. In settings where filtering facepiece (disposable) N95 respirators were in short supply, preferred conservation strategies included extended use and reuse of disposable N95s. Use of reusable (elastomeric facepiece) respirator types was viewed less favorably. While respondents identified droplets as the primary mode of influenza transmission, during a high-severity pandemic scenario there was increased support for devices that reduced aerosol-based transmission. Use of potentially less familiar respirator types may
An intelligent FFR with a self-adjustable ventilation fan.
Zhou, Song; Li, Hui; Shen, Shengnan; Li, Siyu; Wang, Wei; Zhang, Xiaotie; Yang, James
2017-11-01
This article presents an intelligent Filtering Facepiece Respirator (FFR) with a self-adjustable ventilation fan for improved comfort. The ventilation fan with an intelligent control aims to reduce temperature, relative humidity, and CO 2 concentrations inside the facepiece. Compared with a previous version of the FFR, the advantage of this new FFR is the intelligent control of the fan's rotation speed based on the change in temperature and relative humidity in the FFR dead space. The design of the control system utilizes an 8-bit, ultra-low power STC15W404AS microcontroller (HongJin technology, Shenzhen, China), and adopts a high-precision AM2320 device (AoSong electronic, Guangzhou, China) as temperature and relative humidity sensor so that control of temperature and relative humidity is realized in real time within the FFR dead space. The ventilation fan is intelligently driven and runs on a rechargeable lithium battery with a power-save mode that provides a correspondingly longer operational time. Meanwhile, the design is simplistic. Two experiments were performed to determine the best location to place the fan.
Effects of respirators under heat/work conditions
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
James, R.; Dukes-Dobos, F.; Smith, R.
Physiological responses and perceived strain of five unacclimatized male subjects were studied. The subjects were exposed to heat during an exercise task and were evaluated while wearing half and full facepiece, cartridge-type, air-purifying respirators, and without a respirator. The exercise consisted of walking on a treadmill for a period of 1 hour in a controlled environmental chamber at each of two different energy expenditure levels (200 and 400 kcal/hr)(approx. = 58 and 116 Watts) and two different heat exposures (air temperatures of 25/sup 0/C and 43.3./sup 0/C). The results indicated that wearing a full facepiece respirator imposed significant physiological strainmore » added to that caused by the heat and workloads used in the study. Five of the six physiological measures show this increased physiological strain: (1) heart rate; (2) minute ventilation; (3) oxygen consumption; (4) energy expenditure; and (5) oral temperature. There was no detectable effect on sweat rate. Although subjective ratings indicated more discomfort with increasing physiological strain, the observed correlations between such measures were low (T/sub b/ < .60). The net consequence of the significant effects indicates that workers' tolerance to moderate or high levels of work under hot conditions while wearing a respirator is reduced. The reduction is more pronounced when wearing a full mask than when wearing a half mask. Changes in respirator design which minimize respiratory dead space are suggested to alleviate this problem. Otherwise, prevention of excessive physiological strain from respirator use when working at moderate or higher levels at hot job sites could necessitate more rest breaks or limiting work time under such conditions.« less
Anthropometric Sizing, Fit-Testing and Evaluation of the MBU-12/P Oral-Nasal Oxygen Mask
1979-08-01
Engineering Company, Sierra Madre , California, has a low profile single-unit facepiece in which a deformable silicone rubber face form is bonded to a...Churchill & Truett, 1957; Hertzberg et al., 1954). This comparison indicated that the 1967 sample was, on the average, older (2.64 years), taller (1.78...Support Special Projects Office, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, which, in turn, contracted with Sierra Engineering Company, Sierra Madre , California
1997-01-01
restrict limb movement and impede tactile, visual, auditory , and olfactory functioning. When worn at the MOPP IV level, CPC becomes an encapsulated...gas mask. This index was less than the level of acceptability of voice communication of 75% (Bensel, 1997/this issue). This finding is of concern...because even the two voice resonators in the M40 facepiece, compared to one in the M17, do not produce quality speech. Restricted and optically
Majchrzycka, Katarzyna; Okrasa, Małgorzata; Skóra, Justyna; Gutarowska, Beata
2016-01-01
Bioaerosols are common biological factors in work environments, which require routine use of filtering respiratory protective devices (FRPDs). Currently, no studies link humidity changes in the filter materials of such devices, during use, with microorganism survivability. Our aim was to determine the microclimate inside FRPDs, by simulating breathing, and to evaluate microorganism survivability under varying humidity conditions. Breathing was simulated using commercial filtering facepiece respirators in a model system. Polypropylene melt-blown nonwoven fabrics with moisture contents of 40%, 80%, and 200%, were used for assessment of microorganisms survivability. A modified AATCC 100-2004 method was used to measure the survivability of ATCC and NCAIM microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. During simulation relative humidity under the facepiece increased after 7 min of usage to 84%–92% and temperature increased to 29–30 °C. S. aureus survived the best on filter materials with 40%–200% moisture content. A decrease in survivability was observed for E. coli and C. albicans when mass humidity decreased. We found that B. subtilis and A. niger proliferated for 48–72 h of incubation and then died regardless of the moisture content. In conclusion, our tests showed that the survivability of microorganisms on filter materials depends on the amount of accumulated moisture and microorganism type. PMID:26742049
42 CFR 84.205 - Facepiece test; minimum requirements.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
...; (ii) Two minutes, calisthenic arm movements; (iii) Two minutes, running in place; and (iv) Two minutes, pumping with a tire pump into a 28-liter (1 cubic-foot) container. (4) Each wearer shall not detect the...
Respiratory Source Control Using Surgical Masks With Nanofiber Media
Skaria, Shaji D.; Smaldone, Gerald C.
2014-01-01
Background: Potentially infected individuals (‘source’) are sometimes encouraged to use face masks to reduce exposure of their infectious aerosols to others (‘receiver’). To improve compliance with Respiratory Source Control via face mask and therefore reduce receiver exposure, a mask should be comfortable and effective. We tested a novel face mask designed to improve breathability and filtration using nanofiber filtration. Methods: Using radiolabeled test aerosols and a calibrated exposure chamber simulating source to receiver interaction, facepiece function was measured with a life-like ventilated manikin model. Measurements included mask airflow resistance (pressure difference during breathing), filtration, (mask capture of exhaled radiolabeled test aerosols), and exposure (the transfer of ‘infectious’ aerosols from the ‘source’ to a ‘receiver’). Polydisperse aerosols were measured at the source with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 0.95 µm. Approximately 90% of the particles were <2.0 µm. Tested facepieces included nanofiber prototype surgical masks, conventional surgical masks, and for comparison, an N95-class filtering facepiece respirator (commonly known as an ‘N95 respirator’). Airflow through and around conventional surgical face mask and nanofiber prototype face mask was visualized using Schlieren optical imaging. Results: Airflow resistance [ΔP, cmH2O] across sealed surgical masks (means: 0.1865 and 0.1791 cmH2O) approached that of the N95 (mean: 0.2664 cmH2O). The airflow resistance across the nanofiber face mask whether sealed or not sealed (0.0504 and 0.0311 cmH2O) was significantly reduced in comparison. In addition, ‘infected’ source airflow filtration and receiver exposure levels for nanofiber face masks placed on the source were comparable to that achieved with N95 placed on the source; 98.98% versus 82.68% and 0.0194 versus 0.0557, respectively. Compared to deflection within and around the conventional face
Respiratory source control using surgical masks with nanofiber media.
Skaria, Shaji D; Smaldone, Gerald C
2014-07-01
Potentially infected individuals ('source') are sometimes encouraged to use face masks to reduce exposure of their infectious aerosols to others ('receiver'). To improve compliance with Respiratory Source Control via face mask and therefore reduce receiver exposure, a mask should be comfortable and effective. We tested a novel face mask designed to improve breathability and filtration using nanofiber filtration. Using radiolabeled test aerosols and a calibrated exposure chamber simulating source to receiver interaction, facepiece function was measured with a life-like ventilated manikin model. Measurements included mask airflow resistance (pressure difference during breathing), filtration, (mask capture of exhaled radiolabeled test aerosols), and exposure (the transfer of 'infectious' aerosols from the 'source' to a 'receiver'). Polydisperse aerosols were measured at the source with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 0.95 µm. Approximately 90% of the particles were <2.0 µm. Tested facepieces included nanofiber prototype surgical masks, conventional surgical masks, and for comparison, an N95-class filtering facepiece respirator (commonly known as an 'N95 respirator'). Airflow through and around conventional surgical face mask and nanofiber prototype face mask was visualized using Schlieren optical imaging. Airflow resistance [ΔP, cmH2O] across sealed surgical masks (means: 0.1865 and 0.1791 cmH2O) approached that of the N95 (mean: 0.2664 cmH2O). The airflow resistance across the nanofiber face mask whether sealed or not sealed (0.0504 and 0.0311 cmH2O) was significantly reduced in comparison. In addition, 'infected' source airflow filtration and receiver exposure levels for nanofiber face masks placed on the source were comparable to that achieved with N95 placed on the source; 98.98% versus 82.68% and 0.0194 versus 0.0557, respectively. Compared to deflection within and around the conventional face masks, Schlieren optical imaging demonstrated enhanced
Experimental and modeling study of thermal exposure of a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Donnelly, Michelle K; Yang, Jiann C
2015-08-01
An experimental apparatus designed to study firefighter safety equipment exposed to a thermal environment was developed. The apparatus consisted of an elevated temperature flow loop with the ability to heat the air stream up to 200°C. The thermal and flow conditions at the test section were characterized using thermocouples and bi-directional probes. The safety equipment examined in this study was a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), including a facepiece and an air cylinder. The SCBA facepiece was placed on a mannequin headform and coupled to a breathing simulator that was programmed with a prescribed breathing pattern. The entire SCBA assembly was placed in the test section of the flow loop for these thermal exposure experiments. Three air stream temperatures, 100°C, 150°C, and 200°C, were used with the average air speed at the test section set at 1.4m/s and thermal exposure durations up to 1200 s. Measurements were made using type-K bare-bead thermocouples located in the mannequin's mouth and on the outer surface of the SCBA cylinder. The experimental results indicated that increasing the thermal exposure severity and duration increased the breathing air temperatures supplied by the SCBA. Temperatures of breathing air from the SCBA cylinder in excess of 60°C were observed over the course of the thermal exposure conditions used in most of the experiments. A mathematical model for transient heat transfer was developed to complement the thermal exposure experimental study. The model took into consideration forced convective heat transfer, quasi-steady heat conduction through the composite layers of the SCBA cylinder wall, the breathing pattern and action of the breathing simulator, and predicted air temperatures from the thermally exposed SCBA cylinder and temperatures at the outer surface of the SCBA cylinder. Model predictions agreed reasonably well with the experimental measurements. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
N95 respirator use during advanced pregnancy.
Roberge, Raymond J; Kim, Jung-Hyun; Powell, Jeffrey B
2014-10-01
To determine the physiological and subjective effects of wearing an N95 filtering facepiece respirator (N95 FFR) in advanced stages of pregnancy. Healthy pregnant women (n = 22) and nonpregnant women (n = 22) had physiological and subjective measurements taken with and without wearing an N95 FFR during exercise and postural sedentary activities over a 1-hour period. There were no differences between the pregnant and nonpregnant women with respect to heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, transcutaneous carbon dioxide level, chest wall temperature, aural temperature, and subjective perceptions of exertion and thermal comfort. No significant effect on fetal heart rate was noted. Healthy pregnant women wearing an N95 FFR for 1 hour during exercise and sedentary activities did not exhibit any significant differences in measured physiological and subjective responses compared with nonpregnant women. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Heat strain and heat stress for workers wearing protective suits at a hazardous waste site
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Paull, J.M.; Rosenthal, F.S.
1987-05-01
In order to evaluate the effects of heat stress when full body protective suits are worn, heart rates, oral temperatures and environmental parameters were measured for five unacclimatized male workers (25-33 years of age) who performed sampling activities during hazardous waste clean-up operations. The protective ensembles included laminated PVC-Tyvec chemical resistant hood suits with rubber boots, gloves, full facepiece dual cartridge respirators and hard hats. For comparison, measurements also were performed when the men worked at a similar level of activity while they wore ordinary work clothes. A comparison of the heart rates for the men working with and withoutmore » suits indicated that wearing the suits imposed a heat stress equivalent to adding 6/sup 0/ to 11/sup 0/C (11/sup 0/ to 20/sup 0/F) to the ambient WBGT index. A similar result was obtained by calculating the WBGT in the microclimate inside the suits and comparing it to the ambient WBGT. These results indicate the following: 1) there exists a significant risk of heat injury during hazardous waste work when full body protective clothing is worn, and 2) threshold limit values for heat stress established by the ACGIH must be lowered substantially before extending them to cover workers under these conditions.« less
Penetration of diesel exhaust particles through commercially available dust half masks.
Penconek, Agata; Drążyk, Paulina; Moskal, Arkadiusz
2013-04-01
Half masks are certified by the competent, national institutions--National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the USA and the respective European national institutions applying common European regulations. However, certification testing is conducted with particles of NaCl, paraffin oil, or dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and at the constant flow rate, whereas particles commonly found in workplaces may differ in size, shape, and morphology from these particles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate filtration efficiency of commercially available filtering facepiece half masks under the condition of exposure to diesel fumes. In this study, we focused on the particulate phase [diesel exhaust particles (DEP)] of three (petroleum diesel, ecodiesel, and biodiesel) diesel fuel combustion types. Two types of European standard-certified half masks, FFP2 and FFP - Filtering Facepiece, and three types of popular diesel fuels were tested. The study showed that the filtration efficiencies for each examined half mask and for each of diesel exhaust fumes were lower than the minimum filtration efficiency required for the standard test aerosols by the European standards. For FFP2 and FFP3 particulate half masks, standard minimum filtration efficiency is 94 and 99%, respectively, whereas 84-89% of mass of DEP from various fuels were filtered by the tested FFP2 and only 75-86% by the FFP3. The study indicated that DEP is more penetrating for these filters than the standard salt or paraffin oil test aerosols. The study also showed that the most penetrating DEP are probably in the 30- to 300-nm size range, regardless of the fuel type and the half-mask model. Finally, the pressure drops across both half masks during the 80-min tests remained below an acceptable maximum of breathing resistance-regardless of the fuel types. The respiratory system, during 40-min test exposures, may be exposed to 12-16mg of DEP if a FFP2 or FFP3 particulate half mask is used. To
The effect of facial expressions on respirators contact pressures.
Cai, Mang; Shen, Shengnan; Li, Hui
2017-08-01
This study investigated the effect of four typical facial expressions (calmness, happiness, sadness and surprise) on contact characteristics between an N95 filtering facepiece respirator and a headform. The respirator model comprised two layers (an inner layer and an outer layer) and a nose clip. The headform model was comprised of a skin layer, a fatty tissue layer embedded with eight muscles, and a skull layer. Four typical facial expressions were generated by the coordinated contraction of four facial muscles. After that, the distribution of the contact pressure on the headform, as well as the contact area, were calculated. Results demonstrated that the nasal clip could help make the respirator move closer to the nose bridge while causing facial discomfort. Moreover, contact areas varied with different facial expressions, and facial expressions significantly altered contact pressures at different key areas, which may result in leakage.
Effect of Pregnancy Upon Facial Anthropometrics and Respirator Fit Testing.
Roberge, Raymond J; Kim, Jung-Hyun; Palmiero, Andrew; Powell, Jeffrey B
2015-01-01
Workers required to wear respirators must undergo additional respirator fit testing if a significant change in body weight occurs. Approximately 10% of working women of reproductive age will be pregnant and experience a significant change in weight, yet the effect of pregnancy-associated weight gain on respirator fit is unknown. Cephalo-facial anthropometric measurements and quantitative fit testing of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (N95 FFR) of 15 pregnant women and 15 matched, non-pregnant women were undertaken for comparisons between the groups. There were no significant differences between pregnant and non-pregnant women with respect to cephalo-facial anthropometric measurements or N95 FFR quantitative fit tests. Healthy pregnant workers, who adhere to the recommended weight gain limits of pregnancy, are unlikely to experience an increase in cephalo-facial dimensions that would mandate additional N95 FFR fit testing above that which is normally required on an annual basis.
Bien, Elizabeth Ann; Gillespie, Gordon Lee; Betcher, Cynthia Ann; Thrasher, Terri L; Mingerink, Donna R
2016-12-01
International travel and infectious respiratory illnesses worldwide place health care workers (HCWs) at increasing risk of respiratory exposures. To ensure the highest quality safety initiatives, one health care system used a quality improvement model of Plan-Do-Study-Act and guidance from Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) May 2015 Hospital Respiratory Protection Program (RPP) Toolkit to assess a current program. The toolkit aided in identification of opportunities for improvement within their well-designed RPP. One opportunity was requiring respirator use during aerosol-generating procedures for specific infectious illnesses. Observation data demonstrated opportunities to mitigate controllable risks including strap placement, user seal check, and reuse of disposable N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Subsequent interdisciplinary collaboration resulted in other ideas to decrease risks and increase protection from potentially infectious respiratory illnesses. The toolkit's comprehensive document to evaluate the program showed that while the OSHA standards have not changed, the addition of the toolkit can better protect HCWs. © 2016 The Author(s).
2013-03-11
Gram-positive staphylococci and Micrococcus spp . 73% of the Gram-positive and 67% of the Gram-negative isolates were resistant to oxacillin...staphylococci and Micrococcus spp . 73% of the Gram-positive and 67% of the Gram-negative isolates were resistant to oxacillin. Vancomycin...identified 26 species, primarily coagulase- negative staphylococci (CNS) and Micrococcus spp. Acinetobacter baumanii/calcoaceticus and S. aureus were
Hwang, Dong-Chir; Li, He-Yi; Tsai, Chieh-Fu; Chen, Chun-Wan; Chen, Jen-Kun
2016-01-01
This study was conducted to investigate the protection of disposable filtering half-facepiece respirators of different grades against particles between 0.093 and 1.61 μm. A personal sampling system was used to particle size-selectively assess the protection of respirators. The results show that about 10.9% of FFP2 respirators and 28.2% of FFP3 respirators demonstrate assigned protection factors (APFs) below 10 and 20, which are the levels assigned for these respirators by the British Standard. On average, the protection factors of FFP respirators were 11.5 to 15.9 times greater than those of surgical masks. The minimum protection factors (PFs) were observed for particles between 0.263 and 0.384 μm. No significant difference in PF results was found among FFP respirator categories and particle size. A strong association between fit factors and protection factors was found. The study indicates that FFP respirators may not achieve the expected protection level and the APFs may need to be revised for these classes of respirators. PMID:27195721
Challenge of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators with Viable H1N1 Influenza Aerosols (Postprint)
2013-05-01
Response, US Department of Health and Human Services. references 1. Tellier R. Aerosol transmission of influenza A virus: a review of new studies. J R...5. Tellier R. Review of aerosol transmission of influenza A virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:1657–1662. 6. Bridges CB, Kuehnert MJ, Hall CB
Cho, Hyun-Woo; Yoon, Chung-Sik; Lee, Jin-Ho; Lee, Seung-Joo; Viner, Andrew; Johnson, Erik W
2011-07-01
Respirators are used to help reduce exposure to a variety of contaminants in workplaces. Test aerosols used for certification of particulate respirators (PRs) include sodium chloride (NaCl), dioctyl phthalate, and paraffin oil. These aerosols are generally assumed to be worst case surrogates for aerosols found in the workplace. No data have been published to date on the performance of PRs with welding fumes, a hazardous aerosol that exists in real workplace settings. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of respirators and filters against a NaCl aerosol and a welding fume aerosol and determine whether or not a correlation between the two could be made. Fifteen commercial PRs and filters (seven filtering facepiece, two replaceable single-type filters, and six replaceable dual-type filters) were chosen for investigation. Four of the filtering facepiece respirators, one of the single-type filters, and all of the dual-type filters contained carbon to help reduce exposure to ozone and other vapors generated during the welding process. For the NaCl test, a modified National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health protocol was adopted for use with the TSI Model 8130 automated filter tester. For the welding fume test, welding fumes from mild steel flux-cored arcs were generated and measured with a SIBATA filter tester (AP-634A, Japan) and a manometer in the upstream and downstream sections of the test chamber. Size distributions of the two aerosols were measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer. Penetration and pressure drop were measured over a period of aerosol loading onto the respirator or filter. Photos and scanning electron microscope images of clean and exposed respirators were taken. The count median diameter (CMD) and mass median diameter (MMD) for the NaCl aerosol were smaller than the welding fumes (CMD: 74 versus 216 nm; MMD: 198 versus 528 nm, respectively). Initial penetration and peak penetration were higher with the NaCl aerosol
A Novel Algorithm for Determining Contact Area Between a Respirator and a Headform
Lei, Zhipeng; Yang, James; Zhuang, Ziqing
2016-01-01
The contact area, as well as the contact pressure, is created when a respiratory protection device (a respirator or surgical mask) contacts a human face. A computer-based algorithm for determining the contact area between a headform and N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) was proposed. Six N95 FFRs were applied to five sizes of standard headforms (large, medium, small, long/narrow, and short/wide) to simulate respirator donning. After the contact simulation between a headform and an N95 FFR was conducted, a contact area was determined by extracting the intersection surfaces of the headform and the N95 FFR. Using computer-aided design tools, a superimposed contact area and an average contact area, which are non-uniform rational basis spline (NURBS) surfaces, were developed for each headform. Experiments that directly measured dimensions of the contact areas between headform prototypes and N95 FFRs were used to validate the simulation results. Headform sizes influenced all contact area dimensions (P < 0.0001), and N95 FFR sizing systems influenced all contact area dimensions (P < 0.05) except the left and right chin regions. The medium headform produced the largest contact area, while the large and small headforms produced the smallest. PMID:24579752
A novel algorithm for determining contact area between a respirator and a headform.
Lei, Zhipeng; Yang, James; Zhuang, Ziqing
2014-01-01
The contact area, as well as the contact pressure, is created when a respiratory protection device (a respirator or surgical mask) contacts a human face. A computer-based algorithm for determining the contact area between a headform and N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) was proposed. Six N95 FFRs were applied to five sizes of standard headforms (large, medium, small, long/narrow, and short/wide) to simulate respirator donning. After the contact simulation between a headform and an N95 FFR was conducted, a contact area was determined by extracting the intersection surfaces of the headform and the N95 FFR. Using computer-aided design tools, a superimposed contact area and an average contact area, which are non-uniform rational basis spline (NURBS) surfaces, were developed for each headform. Experiments that directly measured dimensions of the contact areas between headform prototypes and N95 FFRs were used to validate the simulation results. Headform sizes influenced all contact area dimensions (P < 0.0001), and N95 FFR sizing systems influenced all contact area dimensions (P < 0.05) except the left and right chin regions. The medium headform produced the largest contact area, while the large and small headforms produced the smallest.
Challenge of N95 and P100 Filtering Facepiece Respirators with Particles Containing Viable H1N1
2009-12-02
control of ventilation in healthcare premises. J. Hospital Infection 64:110–114. 8. Tellier R. 2006. Review of Aerosol Transmission of Influenza A Virus...Center, U.S. Army Research Development and Engineering Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5423. 17. Heimbuch BK, Wu C-Y, Hodge J, Wander JD
Szulc, Justyna; Otlewska, Anna; Okrasa, Małgorzata; Majchrzycka, Katarzyna; Sulyok, Michael; Gutarowska, Beata
2017-01-01
The aim of the study was to evaluate the microbial contamination at a plant biomass processing thermal power station (CHP). We found 2.42 × 103 CFU/m3 of bacteria and 1.37 × 104 CFU/m3 of fungi in the air; 2.30 × 107 CFU/g of bacteria and 4.46 × 105 CFU/g of fungi in the biomass; and 1.61 × 102 CFU/cm2 bacteria and 2.39 × 101 CFU/cm2 fungi in filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). Using culture methods, we found 8 genera of mesophilic bacteria and 7 of fungi in the air; 10 genera each of bacteria and fungi in the biomass; and 2 and 5, respectively, on the FFRs. Metagenomic analysis (Illumina MiSeq) revealed the presence of 46 bacterial and 5 fungal genera on the FFRs, including potential pathogens Candida tropicalis, Escherichia coli, Prevotella sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.). The ability of microorganisms to create a biofilm on the FFRs was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We also identified secondary metabolites in the biomass and FFRs, including fumigaclavines, quinocitrinines, sterigmatocistin, and 3-nitropropionic acid, which may be toxic to humans. Due to the presence of potential pathogens and mycotoxins, the level of microbiological contamination at workplaces in CHPs should be monitored. PMID:28117709
Joe, Paula S; Ito, Yasushi; Shih, Alan M; Oestenstad, Riedar K; Lungu, Claudiu T
2012-01-01
This study was designed to determine if three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning techniques could be used to collect accurate anthropometric measurements, compared with traditional methods. The use of an alternative 3D method would allow for quick collection of data that could be used to change the parameters used for facepiece design, improving fit and protection for a wider variety of faces. In our study, 10 facial dimensions were collected using both the traditional calipers and tape method and a Konica-Minolta Vivid9i laser scanner. Scans were combined using RapidForm XOR software to create a single complete facial geometry of the subject as a triangulated surface with an associated texture image from which to obtain measurements. A paired t-test was performed on subject means in each measurement by method. Nine subjects were used in this study: five males (one African-American and four Caucasian females) and four females displaying a range of facial dimensions. Five measurements showed significant differences (p<0.05), with most accounted for by subject movements or amended by scanning technique modifications. Laser scanning measurements showed high precision and accuracy when compared with traditional methods. Significant differences found can be very small changes in measurements and are unlikely to present a practical difference. The laser scanning technique demonstrated reliable and quick anthropometric data collection for use in future projects in redesigning respirators.
Lam, Simon C; Lui, Andrew K F; Lee, Linda Y K; Lee, Joseph K L; Wong, K F; Lee, Cathy N Y
2016-05-01
The use of N95 respirators prevents spread of respiratory infectious agents, but leakage hampers its protection. Manufacturers recommend a user seal check to identify on-site gross leakage. However, no empirical evidence is provided. Therefore, this study aims to examine validity of a user seal check on gross leakage detection in commonly used types of N95 respirators. A convenience sample of 638 nursing students was recruited. On the wearing of 3 different designs of N95 respirators, namely 3M-1860s, 3M-1862, and Kimberly-Clark 46827, the standardized user seal check procedure was carried out to identify gross leakage. Repeated testing of leakage was followed by the use of a quantitative fit testing (QNFT) device in performing normal breathing and deep breathing exercises. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios were calculated accordingly. As indicated by QNFT, prevalence of actual gross leakage was 31.0%-39.2% with the 3M respirators and 65.4%-65.8% with the Kimberly-Clark respirator. Sensitivity and specificity of the user seal check for identifying actual gross leakage were approximately 27.7% and 75.5% for 3M-1860s, 22.1% and 80.5% for 3M-1862, and 26.9% and 80.2% for Kimberly-Clark 46827, respectively. Likelihood ratios were close to 1 (range, 0.89-1.51) for all types of respirators. The results did not support user seal checks in detecting any actual gross leakage in the donning of N95 respirators. However, such a check might alert health care workers that donning a tight-fitting respirator should be performed carefully. Copyright © 2016 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Effects of respirator ambient air cooling on thermophysiological responses and comfort sensations.
Caretti, David M; Barker, Daniel J
2014-01-01
This investigation assessed the thermophysiological and subjective impacts of different respirator ambient air cooling options while wearing chemical and biological personal protective equipment in a warm environment (32.7 ± 0.4°C, 49.6 ± 6.5% RH). Ten volunteers participated in 90-min heat exposure trials with and without respirator (Control) wear and performed computer-generated tasks while seated. Ambient air cooling was provided to respirators modified to blow air to the forehead (FHC) or to the forehead and the breathing zone (BZC) of a full-facepiece air-purifying respirator using a low-flow (45 L·min(-1)) mini-blower. An unmodified respirator (APR) trial was also completed. The highest body temperatures (TTY) and least favorable comfort ratings were observed for the APR condition. With ambient cooling over the last 60 min of heat exposure, TTY averaged 37.4 ± 0.6°C for Control, 38.0 ± 0.4°C for APR, 37.8 ± 0.5°C for FHC, and 37.6 ± 0.7°C for BZC conditions independent of time. Both the FHC and BZC ambient air cooling conditions reduced facial skin temperatures, reduced the rise in body temperatures, and led to more favorable subjective comfort and thermal sensation ratings over time compared to the APR condition; however statistical differences among conditions were inconsistent. Independent of exposure time, average breathing apparatus comfort scores with BZC (7.2 ± 2.5) were significantly different from both Control (8.9 ± 1.4) and APR (6.5 ± 2.2) conditions when ambient cooling was activated. These findings suggest that low-flow ambient air cooling of the face under low work rate conditions and mild hyperthermia may be a practical method to minimize the thermophysiological strain and reduce perceived respirator discomfort.
Prototype sampling system for measuring workplace protection factors for gases and vapors.
Groves, William A; Reynolds, Stephen J
2003-05-01
A prototype sampling system for measuring respirator workplace protection factors (WPFs) was developed. Methods for measuring the concentration of contaminants inside respirators have previously been described; however, these studies have typically involved continuous sampling of aerosols. Our work focuses on developing an intermittent sampling system designed to measure the concentration of gases and vapors during inspiration. This approach addresses two potential problems associated with continuous sampling: biased results due to lower contaminant concentrations and high humidity in exhaled air. The system consists of a pressure transducer circuit designed to activate a pair of personal sampling pumps during inspiration based on differential pressure inside the respirator. One pump draws air from inside the respirator while the second samples the ambient air. Solid granular adsorbent tubes are used to trap the contaminants, making the approach applicable to a large number of gases and vapors. Laboratory testing was performed using a respirator mounted on a headform connected to a breathing machine producing a sinusoidal flow pattern with an average flow rate of 20 L/min and a period of 3 seconds. The sampling system was adjusted to activate the pumps when the pressure inside the respirator was less than -0.1 inch H(2)O. Quantitative fit-tests using human subjects were conducted to evaluate the effect of the sampling system on respirator performance. A total of 299 fit-tests were completed for two different types of respirators (half- and full-facepiece) from two different manufacturers (MSA and North). Statistical tests showed no significant differences between mean fit factors for respirators equipped with the sampling system versus unmodified respirators. Field testing of the prototype sampling system was performed in livestock production facilities and estimates of WPFs for ammonia were obtained. Results demonstrate the feasibility of this approach and will be
Potential biodefense model applications for portable chlorine dioxide gas production.
Stubblefield, Jeannie M; Newsome, Anthony L
2015-01-01
Development of decontamination methods and strategies to address potential infectious disease outbreaks and bioterrorism events are pertinent to this nation's biodefense strategies and general biosecurity. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas has a history of use as a decontamination agent in response to an act of bioterrorism. However, the more widespread use of ClO2 gas to meet current and unforeseen decontamination needs has been hampered because the gas is too unstable for shipment and must be prepared at the application site. Newer technology allows for easy, onsite gas generation without the need for dedicated equipment, electricity, water, or personnel with advanced training. In a laboratory model system, 2 unique applications (personal protective equipment [PPE] and animal skin) were investigated in the context of potential development of decontamination protocols. Such protocols could serve to reduce human exposure to bacteria in a decontamination response effort. Chlorine dioxide gas was capable of reducing (2-7 logs of vegetative and spore-forming bacteria), and in some instances eliminating, culturable bacteria from difficult to clean areas on PPE facepieces. The gas was effective in eliminating naturally occurring bacteria on animal skin and also on skin inoculated with Bacillus spores. The culturable bacteria, including Bacillus spores, were eliminated in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Results of these studies suggested portable, easily used ClO2 gas generation systems have excellent potential for protocol development to contribute to biodefense strategies and decontamination responses to infectious disease outbreaks or other biothreat events.
Radonovich, Lewis J; Bessesen, Mary T; Cummings, Derek A; Eagan, Aaron; Gaydos, Charlotte; Gibert, Cynthia; Gorse, Geoffrey J; Nyquist, Ann-Christine; Reich, Nicholas G; Rodrigues-Barradas, Maria; Savor-Price, Connie; Shaffer, Ronald E; Simberkoff, Michael S; Perl, Trish M
2016-06-02
Although N95 filtering facepiece respirators and medical masks are commonly used for protection against respiratory infections in healthcare settings, more clinical evidence is needed to understand the optimal settings and exposure circumstances for healthcare personnel to use these devices. A lack of clinically germane research has led to equivocal, and occasionally conflicting, healthcare respiratory protection recommendations from public health organizations, professional societies, and experts. The Respiratory Protection Effectiveness Clinical Trial (ResPECT) is a prospective comparison of respiratory protective equipment to be conducted at multiple U.S. study sites. Healthcare personnel who work in outpatient settings will be cluster-randomized to wear N95 respirators or medical masks for protection against infections during respiratory virus season. Outcome measures will include laboratory-confirmed viral respiratory infections, acute respiratory illness, and influenza-like illness. Participant exposures to patients, coworkers, and others with symptoms and signs of respiratory infection, both within and beyond the workplace, will be recorded in daily diaries. Adherence to study protocols will be monitored by the study team. ResPECT is designed to better understand the extent to which N95s and MMs reduce clinical illness among healthcare personnel. A fully successful study would produce clinically relevant results that help clinician-leaders make reasoned decisions about protection of healthcare personnel against occupationally acquired respiratory infections and prevention of spread within healthcare systems. The trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov, number NCT01249625 (11/29/2010).
Lei, Zhipeng; Yang, James; Zhuang, Ziqing; Roberge, Raymond
2013-05-01
This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation approach for the prediction of leakage between an N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) and a headform and an infrared camera (IRC) method for validating the CFD approach. The CFD method was used to calculate leak location(s) and 'filter-to-faceseal leakage' (FTFL) ratio for 10 headforms and 6 FFRs.The computational geometry and leak gaps were determined from analysis of the contact simulation results between each headform-N95 FFR combination. The volumetric mesh was formed using a mesh generation method developed by the authors. The breathing cycle was described as a time-dependent profile of the air velocity through the nostril. Breathing air passes through both the FFR filter medium and the leak gaps. These leak gaps are the areas failing to achieve a seal around the circumference of the FFR. The CFD approach was validated by comparing facial temperatures and leak sites from IRC measurements with eight human subjects. Most leaks appear at the regions of the nose (40%) and right (26%) and left cheek (26%) sites. The results also showed that, with N95 FFR (no exhalation valves) use, there was an increase in the skin temperature at the region near the lip, which may be related to thermal discomfort. The breathing velocity and the viscous resistance coefficient of the FFR filter medium directly impacted the FTFL ratio, while the freestream flow did not show any impact on the FTFL ratio. The proposed CFD approach is a promising alternative method to study FFR leakage if limitations can be overcome.
Fisher, Edward M.; Noti, John D.; Lindsley, William G.; Blachere, Francoise M.; Shaffer, Ronald E.
2015-01-01
Facemasks are part of the hierarchy of interventions used to reduce the transmission of respiratory pathogens by providing a barrier. Two types of facemasks used by healthcare workers are N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) and surgical masks (SMs). These can become contaminated with respiratory pathogens during use, thus serving as potential sources for transmission. However, because of the lack of field studies, the hazard associated with pathogen-exposed facemasks is unknown. A mathematical model was used to calculate the potential influenza contamination of facemasks from aerosol sources in various exposure scenarios. The aerosol model was validated with data from previous laboratory studies using facemasks mounted on headforms in a simulated healthcare room. The model was then used to estimate facemask contamination levels in three scenarios generated with input parameters from the literature. A second model estimated facemask contamination from a cough. It was determined that contamination levels from a single cough (≈19 viruses) were much less than likely levels from aerosols (4,473 viruses on FFRs and 3,476 viruses on SMs). For aerosol contamination, a range of input values from the literature resulted in wide variation in estimated facemask contamination levels (13–202,549 viruses), depending on the values selected. Overall, these models and estimates for facemask contamination levels can be used to inform infection control practice and research related to the development of better facemasks, to characterize airborne contamination levels, and to assist in assessment of risk from reaerosolization and fomite transfer because of handling and reuse of contaminated facemasks. PMID:24593662
An Improved FFR Design with a Ventilation Fan: CFD Simulation and Validation.
Zhang, Xiaotie; Li, Hui; Shen, Shengnan; Rao, Yu; Chen, Feng
2016-01-01
This article presents an improved Filtering Facepiece Respirator (FFR) designed to increase the comfort of wearers during low-moderate work. The improved FFR aims to lower the deadspace temperature and CO2 level by an active ventilation fan. The reversing modeling is used to build the 3D geometric model of this FFR; the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation is then introduced to investigate the flow field. Based on the simulation result, the ventilation fan of the improved FFR can fit the flow field well when placed in the proper blowing orientation; streamlines from this fan show a cup-shape distribution and are perfectly matched to the shape of the FFR and human face when the fan blowing inward. In the deadspace of the improved FFR, the CO2 volume fraction is controlled by the optimized flow field. In addition, an experimental prototype of the improved FFR has been tested to validate the simulation. A wireless temperature sensor is used to detect the temperature variation inside the prototype FFR, deadspace temperature is lowered by 2 K compared to the normal FFR without a fan. An infrared camera (IRC) method is used to elucidate the temperature distribution on the prototype FFR's outside surface and the wearer's face, surface temperature is lowered notably. Both inside and outside temperature results from the simulation are in agreement with experimental results. Therefore, adding an inward-blowing fan on the outer surface of an N95 FFR is a feasible approach to reducing the deadspace CO2 concentration and improve temperature comfort.
2012-06-01
have caused millions of deaths worldwide.1,2 After the Hong Kong flu pandemic of 1968, experts predicted that another pandemic was im- minent. Their...was propagated in embryonic chicken eggs followingstandard protocols.37 Virus titers were determined us- ing a tissue culture infectious dose assay
Filter penetration and breathing resistance evaluation of respirators and dust masks.
Ramirez, Joel; O'Shaughnessy, Patrick
2017-02-01
The primary objective of this study was to compare the filter performance of a representative selection of uncertified dust masks relative to the filter performance of a set of NIOSH-approved N95 filtering face-piece respirators (FFRs). Five different models of commercially available dust masks were selected for this study. Filter penetration of new dust masks was evaluated against a sodium chloride aerosol. Breathing resistance (BR) of new dust masks and FFRs was then measured for 120 min while challenging the dust masks and FFRs with Arizona road dust (ARD) at 25°C and 30% relative humidity. Results demonstrated that a wide range of maximum filter penetration was observed among the dust masks tested in this study (3-75% at the most penetrating particle size (p < 0.001). The breathing resistances of the unused FFRs and dust masks did not vary greatly (8-13 mm H 2 O) but were significantly different (p < 0.001). After dust loading there was a significant difference between the BR caused by the ARD dust layer on each FFR and dust mask. Microscopic analysis of the external layer of each dust mask and FFR suggests that different collection media in the external layer influences the development of the dust layer and therefore affects the increase in BR differently between the tested models. Two of the dust masks had penetration values < 5% and quality factors (0.26 and 0.33) comparable to those obtained for the two FFRs (0.23 and 0.31). However, the remaining three dust masks, those with penetration > 15%, had quality factors ranging between 0.04-0.15 primarily because their initial BR remained relatively high. These results indicate that some dust masks analysed during this research did not have an expected very low BR to compensate for their high penetration.
Yang, Lei; Wei, Ran; Shen, Henggen
2017-01-01
New principal component analysis (PCA) respirator fit test panels had been developed for current American and Chinese civilian workers based on anthropometric surveys. The PCA panels used the first two principal components (PCs) obtained from a set of 10 facial dimensions. Although the PCA panels for American and Chinese subjects adopted the bivairate framework with two PCs, the number of the PCs retained in the PCA analysis was different between Chinese subjects and Americans. For the Chinese youth group, the third PC should be retained in the PCA analysis for developing new fit test panels. In this article, an additional number label (ANL) is used to explain the third PC in PCA analysis when the first two PCs are used to construct the PCA half-facepiece respirator fit test panel for Chinese group. The three-dimensional box-counting method is proposed to estimate the ANLs by calculating fractal dimensions of the facial anthropometric data of the Chinese youth. The linear regression coefficients of scale-free range R 2 are all over 0.960, which demonstrates that the facial anthropometric data of the Chinese youth has fractal characteristic. The youth subjects born in Henan province has an ANL of 2.002, which is lower than the composite facial anthropometric data of Chinese subjects born in many provinces. Hence, Henan youth subjects have the self-similar facial anthropometric characteristic and should use the particular ANL (2.002) as the important tool along with using the PCA panel. The ANL method proposed in this article not only provides a new methodology in quantifying the characteristics of facial anthropometric dimensions for any ethnic/racial group, but also extends the scope of PCA panel studies to higher dimensions.
Moyer, E S; Bergman, M S
2000-08-01
The effects of intermittently loading small masses of sodium chloride aerosol on the filtration efficiency of N-95 filtering facepiece respirators was investigated. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) certifies that N-95 respirators must provide at least 95 percent filtration efficiency against a sodium chloride aerosol challenge as per the respirator certification (42 CFR 84) test criteria. N-95 respirators are specified for protection against solid and water-based particulates (i.e., non-oil aerosols). New N-95 respirators from three different manufacturers were loaded with 5 +/- 1 mg of sodium chloride aerosol one day a week, over a period of weeks. Aerosol loading and penetration measurements were performed using the TSI 8130 Filter Tester. Respirators were stored uncovered on an office desktop outside the laboratory. To investigate environmental and temporal effects of filters being stored without sodium chloride exposure, control respirators were stored on the desk for various lengths of time before being initiated into weekly testing. For all manufacturers' respirators, the controls showed similar initial penetrations on their day of initiation (day zero) to those of the study samples on day zero. As the controls were tested weekly, they showed similar degradation rates to those of the study samples. Results show that some of the manufacturers' models had penetrations of greater than 5 percent when intermittently exposed to sodium chloride aerosol. It is concluded that intermittent, low-level sodium chloride aerosol loading of N-95 respirators has a degrading effect on filter efficiency. This reduction in filter efficiency was not accompanied by a significant increase in breathing resistance that would signal the user that the filter needs to be replaced. Furthermore, it was noted that the effect of room storage time prior to initial exposure was much less significant.
Development of an Advanced Respirator Fit-Test Headform
Bergman, Michael S.; Zhuang, Ziqing; Hanson, David; Heimbuch, Brian K.; McDonald, Michael J.; Palmiero, Andrew J.; Shaffer, Ronald E.; Harnish, Delbert; Husband, Michael; Wander, Joseph D.
2015-01-01
Improved respirator test headforms are needed to measure the fit of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) for protection studies against viable airborne particles. A Static (i.e., non-moving, non-speaking) Advanced Headform (StAH) was developed for evaluating the fit of N95 FFRs. The StAH was developed based on the anthropometric dimensions of a digital headform reported by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and has a silicone polymer skin with defined local tissue thicknesses. Quantitative fit factor evaluations were performed on seven N95 FFR models of various sizes and designs. Donnings were performed with and without a pre-test leak checking method. For each method, four replicate FFR samples of each of the seven models were tested with two donnings per replicate, resulting in a total of 56 tests per donning method. Each fit factor evaluation was comprised of three 86-sec exercises: “Normal Breathing” (NB, 11.2 liters per min (lpm)), “Deep Breathing” (DB, 20.4 lpm), then NB again. A fit factor for each exercise and an overall test fit factor were obtained. Analysis of variance methods were used to identify statistical differences among fit factors (analyzed as logarithms) for different FFR models, exercises, and testing methods. For each FFR model and for each testing method, the NB and DB fit factor data were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Significant differences were seen in the overall exercise fit factor data for the two donning methods among all FFR models (pooled data) and in the overall exercise fit factor data for the two testing methods within certain models. Utilization of the leak checking method improved the rate of obtaining overall exercise fit factors ≥100. The FFR models, which are expected to achieve overall fit factors ≥ 100 on human subjects, achieved overall exercise fit factors ≥ 100 on the StAH. Further research is needed to evaluate the correlation of FFRs fitted on the StAH to
Method development study for APR cartridge evaluation in fire overhaul exposures.
Anthony, T Renée; Joggerst, Philip; James, Leonard; Burgess, Jefferey L; Leonard, Stephen S; Shogren, Elizabeth S
2007-11-01
In the US, firefighters do not typically wear respiratory protection during overhaul activities, although fitting multi-gas or chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear cartridges to supplied air respirator facepieces has been proposed to reduce exposures. This work developed a method to evaluate the effectiveness of respirator cartridges in smoke that represents overhaul exposures to residential fires. Chamber and penetration concentrations were measured for 91 contaminants, including aldehydes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons and methyl isothiocyanate, along with total and respirable particulates. These laboratory tests generated concentrations in the range of field-reported exposures from overhaul activities. With limited tests, no styrene, benzene, acrolein or particulates were detected in air filtered by the respirator cartridge, yet other compounds were detected penetrating the respirator. Because of the complexity of smoke, an exposure index was determined for challenge and filtered air to determine the relative risk of the aggregate exposure to respiratory irritants. The primary contributors to the irritant exposure index in air filtered by the respirator were formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, with total hydrocarbons contributing only 1% to the irritant index. Respirator cartridges were adequate to minimize firefighter exposures to aggregate respiratory irritants if the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ceiling limit for formaldehyde is used (0.3 ppm) but not if National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Recommended Exposure Limit (NIOSH REL) (0.1 ppm) is used, where three of five concentrations in filtered air exceeded the NIOSH REL. Respirator certification allows 1 ppm of formaldehyde to pass through it when challenged at 100 ppm, which may not adequately protect workers to current short-term exposure/ceiling limits. The method developed here recommends specific contaminants to measure in future work
Williams, W Jon; Coca, Aitor; Roberge, Raymond; Shepherd, Angie; Powell, Jeffrey; Shaffer, Ronald E
2011-01-01
This study investigated the physiological responses to wearing a standard firefighter ensemble (SE) and a prototype ensemble (PE) modified from the SE that contained additional features, such as magnetic ring enclosures at the glove-sleeve interface, integrated boot-pant interface, integrated hood-SCBA facepiece interface, and a novel hose arrangement that rerouted self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) exhaust gases back into the upper portion of the jacket. Although the features of the PE increased the level of encapsulation of the wearer that could lead to increased physiological stress compared with the SE, it was hypothesized that the rerouted exhaust gases provided by the PE hose assembly would (1) provide convective cooling to the upper torso, (2) reduce the thermal stress experienced by the wearer, and (3) reduce the overall physiological stress imposed by the PE such that it would be either less or not significantly different from the SE. Ten subjects (seven male, three female) performed treadmill exercise in an environmental chamber (22°C, 50% RH) at 50% [image omitted]O(2max) while wearing either the SE with an SCBA or the PE with an SCBA either with or without the hose attached (designated PEWH and PENH, respectively). Heart rate (HR), rectal and intestinal temperatures (T(re), T(in)), sweat loss, and endurance time were measured. All subjects completed at least 20 min of treadmill exercise during the testing. At the end of exercise, there was no difference in T(re) (p = 0.45) or T(in) (p = 0.42), HR, or total sweat loss between the SE and either PEWH or PENH (p = 0.59). However, T(sk) was greater in PEWH and PENH compared with SE (p < 0.05). Total endurance time in SE was greater than in either PEWH or PENH (p < 0.05). Thus, it was concluded that the rerouting of exhaust gases to the jacket did not provide significant convective cooling or reduce thermal stress compared with the SE under the mild conditions selected, and the data did not support
Numerical studies on the performance of an aerosol respirator with faceseal leakage
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zaripov, S. K.; Mukhametzanov, I. T.; Grinshpun, S. A.
2016-11-01
We studied the efficiency of a facepiece filtering respirator (FFR) in presence of a measurable faceseal leakage using the previously developed model of a spherical sampler with porous layer. In our earlier study, the model was validated for a specific filter permeability value. In this follow-up study, we investigated the effect of permeability on the overall respirator performance accounting for the faceseal leakage. The Total Inward Leakage (TIL) was calculated as a function of the leakage-to-filter surface ratio and the particle diameter. A good correlation was found between the theoretical and experimental TIL values. The TIL value was shown to increase and the effect of particle size on TIL to decrease as the leakage-to- filter surface ratio grows. The model confirmed that within the most penetrating particle size range (∼50 nm) and at relatively low leakage-to-filter surface ratios, an FFR performs better (TIL is lower) when the filter has a lower permeability which should be anticipated as long as the flow through the filter represents the dominant particle penetration pathway. An increase in leak size causes the TIL to rise; furthermore, under certain leakage-to-filter surface ratios, TIL for ultrafine particles becomes essentially independent on the filter properties due to a greater contribution of the aerosol flow through the faceseal leakage. In contrast to the ultrafine fraction, the larger particles (e.g., 800 nm) entering a typical high- or medium-quality respirator filter are almost fully collected by the filter medium regardless of its permeability; at the same time, the fraction penetrated through the leakage appears to be permeability- dependent: higher permeability generally results in a lower pressure drop through the filter which increases the air flow through the filter at the expense of the leakage flow. The latter reduces the leakage effect thus improving the overall respiratory protection level. The findings of this study provide
Respirator Performance against Nanoparticles under Simulated Workplace Activities
Vo, Evanly; Zhuang, Ziqing; Horvatin, Matthew; Liu, Yuewei; He, Xinjian; Rengasamy, Samy
2017-01-01
Filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) and elastomeric half-mask respirators (EHRs) are commonly used by workers for protection against potentially hazardous particles, including engineered nanoparticles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of these types of respirators against 10–400 nm particles using human subjects exposed to NaCl aerosols under simulated workplace activities. Simulated workplace protection factors (SWPFs) were measured for eight combinations of respirator models (2 N95 FFRs, 2 P100 FFRs, 2 N95 EHRs, and 2 P100 EHRs) worn by 25 healthy test subjects (13 females and 12 males) with varying face sizes. Before beginning a SWPF test for a given respirator model, each subject had to pass a quantitative fit test. Each SWPF test was performed using a protocol of six exercises for 3 min each: (i) normal breathing, (ii) deep breathing, (iii) moving head side to side, (iv) moving head up and down, (v) bending at the waist, and (vi) a simulated laboratory-vessel cleaning motion. Two scanning mobility particle sizers were used simultaneously to measure the upstream (outside the respirator) and downstream (inside the respirator) test aerosol; SWPF was then calculated as a ratio of the upstream and downstream particle concentrations. In general, geometric mean SWPF (GM-SWPF) was highest for the P100 EHRs, followed by P100 FFRs, N95 EHRs, and N95 FFRs. This trend holds true for nanoparticles (10–100 nm), larger size particles (100–400 nm), and the ‘all size’ range (10–400 nm). All respirators provided better or similar performance levels for 10–100 nm particles as compared to larger 100–400 nm particles. This study found that class P100 respirators provided higher SWPFs compared to class N95 respirators (P<0.05) for both FFR and EHR types. All respirators provided expected performance (i.e. fifth percentile SWPF > 10) against all particle size ranges tested. PMID:26180261
Rengasamy, Samy; Zhuang, Ziqing; Niezgoda, George; Walbert, Gary; Lawrence, Robert; Boutin, Brenda; Hudnall, Judith; Monaghan, William P; Bergman, Michael; Miller, Colleen; Harris, James; Coffey, Christopher
2018-05-21
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard 16900-1:2014 specifies the use of sodium chloride (NaCl) and corn oil aerosols, and sulfur hexafluoride gas for measuring total inward leakage (TIL). However, a comparison of TIL between different agents is lacking. The objective of this study was to measure and compare TIL for respirators using corn oil and NaCl aerosols. TIL was measured with 10 subjects donning two models of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) including FFP1, N95, P100, and elastomeric half-mask respirators (ERs) in NaCl and corn oil aerosol test chambers, using continuous sampling methods. After fit testing with a PortaCount (TSI, St. Paul, MN) using the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) protocol, five subjects were tested in the NaCl chamber first and then in the corn oil chamber, while other subjects tested in the reverse order. TIL was measured as a ratio of mass-based aerosol concentrations in-mask to the test chamber, while the subjects performed ISO 16900-1-defined exercises. The concentration of NaCl aerosol was measured using two flame photometers, and corn oil aerosol was measured with one light scattering photometer. The same instruments were used to measure filter penetration in both chambers using a Plexiglas® setup. The size distribution of aerosols was determined using a scanning mobility particle sizer and charge was measured with an electrometer. Filter efficiency was measured using an 8130 Automated Filter Tester (TSI). Results showed the geometric mean TIL for corn oil aerosol for one model each of all respirator categories, except P100, were significantly (p<0.05) greater than for NaCl aerosol. Filter penetration in the two test chambers showed a trend similar to TIL. The count median diameter was ∼82 nm for NaCl and ∼200 nm for corn oil aerosols. The net positive charge for NaCl aerosol was relatively larger. Both fit factor and filter efficiency influence TIL measurement. Overall
Inward Leakage Variability between Respirator Fit Test Panels – Part I. Deterministic Approach
Zhuang, Ziqing; Liu, Yuewei; Coffey, Christopher C.; Miller, Colleen; Szalajda, Jonathan
2015-01-01
Inter-panel variability has never been investigated. The objective of this study was to determine the variability between different anthropometric panels used to determine the inward leakage (IL) of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) and elastomeric half-mask respirators (EHRs). A total of 144 subjects, who were both experienced and non-experienced N95 FFR users, were recruited. Five N95 FFRs and five N95 EHRs were randomly selected from among those models tested previously in our laboratory. The PortaCount Pro+ (without N95-Companion) was used to measure IL of the ambient particles with a detectable size range of 0.02 to 1 μm. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard fit test exercises were used for this study. IL test were performed for each subject using each of the 10 respirators. Each respirator/subject combination was tested in duplicate, resulting in a total 20 IL tests for each subject. Three 35-member panels were randomly selected without replacement from the 144 study subjects stratified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health bivariate panel cell for conducting statistical analyses. The geometric mean (GM) IL values for all 10 studied respirators were not significantly different among the three randomly selected 35-member panels. Passing rate was not significantly different among the three panels for all respirators combined or by each model. This was true for all IL pass/fail levels of 1%, 2%, and 5%. Using 26 or more subjects to pass the IL test, all three panels had consistent passing/failing results for pass/fail levels of 1% and 5%. Some disagreement was observed for the 2% pass/fail level. Inter-panel variability exists, but it is small relative to the other sources of variation in fit testing data. The concern about inter-panel variability and other types of variability can be alleviated by properly selecting: pass/fail level (IL 1–5%); panel size (e.g., 25 or 35); and minimum number of subjects
Correlation of Respirator Fit Measured on Human Subjects and a Static Advanced Headform
Bergman, Michael S.; He, Xinjian; Joseph, Michael E.; Zhuang, Ziqing; Heimbuch, Brian K.; Shaffer, Ronald E.; Choe, Melanie; Wander, Joseph D.
2015-01-01
This study assessed the correlation of N95 filtering face-piece respirator (FFR) fit between a Static Advanced Headform (StAH) and 10 human test subjects. Quantitative fit evaluations were performed on test subjects who made three visits to the laboratory. On each visit, one fit evaluation was performed on eight different FFRs of various model/size variations. Additionally, subject breathing patterns were recorded. Each fit evaluation comprised three two-minute exercises: “Normal Breathing,” “Deep Breathing,” and again “Normal Breathing.” The overall test fit factors (FF) for human tests were recorded. The same respirator samples were later mounted on the StAH and the overall test manikin fit factors (MFF) were assessed utilizing the recorded human breathing patterns. Linear regression was performed on the mean log10-transformed FF and MFF values to assess the relationship between the values obtained from humans and the StAH. This is the first study to report a positive correlation of respirator fit between a headform and test subjects. The linear regression by respirator resulted in R2 = 0.95, indicating a strong linear correlation between FF and MFF. For all respirators the geometric mean (GM) FF values were consistently higher than those of the GM MFF. For 50% of respirators, GM FF and GM MFF values were significantly different between humans and the StAH. For data grouped by subject/respirator combinations, the linear regression resulted in R2 = 0.49. A weaker correlation (R2 = 0.11) was found using only data paired by subject/respirator combination where both the test subject and StAH had passed a real-time leak check before performing the fit evaluation. For six respirators, the difference in passing rates between the StAH and humans was < 20%, while two respirators showed a difference of 29% and 43%. For data by test subject, GM FF and GM MFF values were significantly different for 40% of the subjects. Overall, the advanced headform system has
Gao, Shuang; Kim, Jinyong; Yermakov, Michael; Elmashae, Yousef; He, Xinjian; Reponen, Tiina; Zhuang, Ziqing; Rengasamy, Samy; Grinshpun, Sergey A
2016-07-01
The first objective of this study was to evaluate the penetration of particles generated from combustion of plastic through National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-certified N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) using a manikin-based protocol and compare the data to the penetration of NaCl particles. The second objective was to investigate the effect of relative humidity (RH) on the filtration performance of N95 FFRs. Two NIOSH-certified N95 FFRs (A and B) were fully sealed on a manikin headform and challenged with particles generated by combustion of plastic and NaCl particles. The tests were performed using two cyclic flows [with mean inspiratory flow (MIF) rates = 30 and 85 l min(-1), representing human breathing under low and moderate workload conditions] and two RH levels (≈20 and ≈80%, representing dry and moderately humid air). The total and size-specific particle concentrations inside (C in) and outside (C out) of the respirators were measured with a condensation particle counter and an aerosol size spectrometer. The penetration values (C in/C out) were calculated after each test. The challenge aerosol, RH, MIF rate, and respirator type had significant (P < 0.05) effects on the performance of the manikin-sealed FFR. Its efficiency significantly decreased when the FFR was tested with plastic combustion particles compared to NaCl aerosols. For example, at RH ≈80% and MIF = 85 l min(-1), as much as 7.03 and 8.61% of combustion particles penetrated N95 respirators A and B, respectively. The plastic combustion particles and gaseous compounds generated by combustion likely degraded the electric charges on fibers, which increased the particle penetration. Increasing breathing flow rate or humidity increased the penetration (reduced the respirator efficiency) for all tested aerosols. The effect of particle size on the penetration varied depending on the challenge aerosol and respirator type. It was observed that the peak of the size
Electro-optical full-adder/full-subtractor based on graphene-silicon switches
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zivarian, Hossein; Zarifkar, Abbas; Miri, Mehdi
2018-01-01
A compact footprint, low-power consumption, and high-speed operation electro-optical full-adder/full-subtractor based on graphene-silicon electro-optical switches is demonstrated. Each switch consists of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer in which few-layer graphene is embedded in a silicon slot waveguide to construct phase shifters. The presented structure can be used as full-adder and full-subtractor simultaneously. The analysis of various factors such as extinction ratio, power consumption, and operation speed has been presented. As will be shown, the proposed electro-optical switch has a minimum extinction ratio of 36.21 dB, maximum insertion loss about 0.18 dB, high operation speed of 180 GHz, and is able to work with a low applied voltage about 1.4 V. Also, the extinction ratio and insertion loss of the full-adder/full-subtractor are about 30 and 1.5 dB, respectively, for transfer electric modes at telecommunication wavelength of 1.55 μm.
Full closure strategic analysis.
DOT National Transportation Integrated Search
2014-07-01
The full closure strategic analysis was conducted to create a decision process whereby full roadway : closures for construction and maintenance activities can be evaluated and approved or denied by CDOT : Traffic personnel. The study reviewed current...
Full-Text Databases in Medicine.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Sievert, MaryEllen C.; And Others
1995-01-01
Describes types of full-text databases in medicine; discusses features for searching full-text journal databases available through online vendors; reviews research on full-text databases in medicine; and describes the MEDLINE/Full-Text Research Project at the University of Missouri (Columbia) which investigated precision, recall, and relevancy.…
Simulation-Based Airframe Noise Prediction of a Full-Scale, Full Aircraft
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Khorrami, Mehdi R.; Fares, Ehab
2016-01-01
A previously validated computational approach applied to an 18%-scale, semi-span Gulfstream aircraft model was extended to the full-scale, full-span aircraft in the present investigation. The full-scale flap and main landing gear geometries used in the simulations are nearly identical to those flown on the actual aircraft. The lattice Boltzmann solver PowerFLOW® was used to perform time-accurate predictions of the flow field associated with this aircraft. The simulations were performed at a Mach number of 0.2 with the flap deflected 39 deg. and main landing gear deployed (landing configuration). Special attention was paid to the accurate prediction of major sources of flap tip and main landing gear noise. Computed farfield noise spectra for three selected baseline configurations (flap deflected 39 deg. with and without main gear extended, and flap deflected 0 deg. with gear deployed) are presented. The flap brackets are shown to be important contributors to the farfield noise spectra in the mid- to high-frequency range. Simulated farfield noise spectra for the baseline configurations, obtained using a Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings acoustic analogy approach, were found to be in close agreement with acoustic measurements acquired during the 2006 NASA-Gulfstream joint flight test of the same aircraft.
[Endoscopic full-thickness resection].
Meier, B; Schmidt, A; Caca, K
2016-08-01
Conventional endoscopic resection techniques such as endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) are powerful tools for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) neoplasms. However, those techniques are limited to the superficial layers of the GI wall (mucosa and submucosa). Lesions without lifting sign (usually arising from deeper layers) or lesions in difficult anatomic positions (appendix, diverticulum) are difficult - if not impossible - to resect using conventional techniques, due to the increased risk of complications. For larger lesions (>2 cm), ESD appears to be superior to the conventional techniques because of the en bloc resection, but the procedure is technically challenging, time consuming, and associated with complications even in experienced hands. Since the development of the over-the-scope clips (OTSC), complications like bleeding or perforation can be endoscopically better managed. In recent years, different endoscopic full-thickness resection techniques came to the focus of interventional endoscopy. Since September 2014, the full-thickness resection device (FTRD) has the CE marking in Europe for full-thickness resection in the lower GI tract. Technically the device is based on the OTSC system and combines OTSC application and snare polypectomy in one step. This study shows all full-thickness resection techniques currently available, but clearly focuses on the experience with the FTRD in the lower GI tract.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Mineck, Raymond E.; Thomas, James L.; Biedron, Robert T.; Diskin, Boris
2005-01-01
FMG3D (full multigrid 3 dimensions) is a pilot computer program that solves equations of fluid flow using a finite difference representation on a structured grid. Infrastructure exists for three dimensions but the current implementation treats only two dimensions. Written in Fortran 90, FMG3D takes advantage of the recursive subroutine feature, dynamic memory allocation, and structured-programming constructs of that language. FMG3D supports multi-block grids with three types of block-to-block interfaces: periodic, C-zero, and C-infinity. For all three types, grid points must match at interfaces. For periodic and C-infinity types, derivatives of grid metrics must be continuous at interfaces. The available equation sets are as follows: scalar elliptic equations, scalar convection equations, and the pressure-Poisson formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations for an incompressible fluid. All the equation sets are implemented with nonzero forcing functions to enable the use of user-specified solutions to assist in verification and validation. The equations are solved with a full multigrid scheme using a full approximation scheme to converge the solution on each succeeding grid level. Restriction to the next coarser mesh uses direct injection for variables and full weighting for residual quantities; prolongation of the coarse grid correction from the coarse mesh to the fine mesh uses bilinear interpolation; and prolongation of the coarse grid solution uses bicubic interpolation.
Thakur, C P; Sharma, D
1984-01-01
The incidence of crimes reported to three police stations in different towns (one rural, one urban, one industrial) was studied to see if it varied with the day of the lunar cycle. The period of the study covered 1978-82. The incidence of crimes committed on full moon days was much higher than on all other days, new moon days, and seventh days after the full moon and new moon. A small peak in the incidence of crimes was observed on new moon days, but this was not significant when compared with crimes committed on other days. The incidence of crimes on equinox and solstice days did not differ significantly from those on other days, suggesting that the sun probably does not influence the incidence of crime. The increased incidence of crimes on full moon days may be due to "human tidal waves" caused by the gravitational pull of the moon. PMID:6440656
Trophic or full nutritional support?
Arabi, Yaseen M; Al-Dorzi, Hasan M
2018-06-04
Full nutritional support during the acute phase of critical illness has traditionally been recommended to reduce catabolism and prevent malnutrition. Approaches to achieve full nutrition include early initiation of nutritional support, targeting full nutritional requirement as soon as possible and initiation of supplemental parenteral nutrition when enteral nutrition does not reach the target. Existing evidence supports early enteral nutrition over delayed enteral nutrition or early parenteral nutrition. Recent randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that permissive underfeeding or trophic feeding is associated with similar outcomes compared with full feeding in the acute phase of critical illness. In patients with refeeding syndrome, patients with high nutritional risk and patients with shock, early enteral nutrition targeting full nutritional targets may be associated with worse outcomes compared with less aggressive enteral nutrition strategy. A two-phase approach for nutritional support may more appropriately account for the physiologic changes during critical illness than one-phase approach. Further evidence is awaited for the optimal protein amount during critical illness and for feeding patients at high nutritional risk or with acute gastrointestinal injury.
Full Employment in Industrialized Countries.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Britton, Andrew
1997-01-01
Argues that full employment must be acceptable on both social and economic grounds. Examines profound changes in industrialized economies since the 1970s and the diversity of employment contracts. Suggests that difficult policy decisions surround full employment. (SK)
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Schoel, Jim
2002-01-01
The evolution of Project Adventure's Full Value Contract from its original No Discount format is described. Although wording varies among groups, all versions ask the group to create safe and respectful behavioral norms under which it will operate, to commit to those norms, and to accept a shared responsibility for their maintenance. (TD)
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Cotton, P. L.
1987-01-01
Defines two types of online databases: source, referring to those intended to be complete in themselves, whether full-text or abstracts; and bibliographic, meaning those that are not complete. Predictions are made about the future growth rate of these two types of databases, as well as full-text versus abstract databases. (EM)
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-04-16
... child care centers' compliance with the recent CPSC safety standards for full-size and non-full-size... CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION [Docket No. CPSC-2012-0019] Proposed Collection; Comment Request; Safety Standards for Full- Size Baby Cribs and Non-Full-Size Baby Cribs; Compliance Form AGENCY...
Dream recall and the full moon.
Schredl, Michael; Fulda, Stephany; Reinhard, Iris
2006-02-01
There is ongoing debate on whether the full moon is associated with sleep and dreaming. The analysis of diaries kept by the participants (N = 196) over 28 to 111 nights showed no association of a full moon and dream recall. Psychological factors might explain why some persons associate a full moon with increased dream recall.
Automated Simplification of Full Chemical Mechanisms
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Norris, A. T.
1997-01-01
A code has been developed to automatically simplify full chemical mechanisms. The method employed is based on the Intrinsic Low Dimensional Manifold (ILDM) method of Maas and Pope. The ILDM method is a dynamical systems approach to the simplification of large chemical kinetic mechanisms. By identifying low-dimensional attracting manifolds, the method allows complex full mechanisms to be parameterized by just a few variables; in effect, generating reduced chemical mechanisms by an automatic procedure. These resulting mechanisms however, still retain all the species used in the full mechanism. Full and skeletal mechanisms for various fuels are simplified to a two dimensional manifold, and the resulting mechanisms are found to compare well with the full mechanisms, and show significant improvement over global one step mechanisms, such as those by Westbrook and Dryer. In addition, by using an ILDM reaction mechanism in a CID code, a considerable improvement in turn-around time can be achieved.
48 CFR 34.005-6 - Full production.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Full production. 34.005-6... OF CONTRACTING MAJOR SYSTEM ACQUISITION General 34.005-6 Full production. Contracts for full production of successfully tested major systems selected from the full-scale development phase may be awarded...
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Dotson, Jessie L.; Batalha, Natalie; Bryson, Stephen T.; Caldwell, Douglas A.; Clarke, Bruce D.
2010-01-01
NASA's exoplanet discovery mission Kepler provides uninterrupted 1-min and 30-min optical photometry of a 100 square degree field over a 3.5 yr nominal mission. Downlink bandwidth is filled at these short cadences by selecting only detector pixels specific to 105 preselected stellar targets. The majority of the Kepler field, comprising 4 x 10(exp 6) m_v < 20 sources, is sampled at much lower 1-month cadence in the form of a full-frame image. The Full Frame Images (FFIs) are calibrated by the Science Operations Center at NASA Ames Research Center. The Kepler Team employ these images for astrometric and photometric reference but make the images available to the astrophysics community through the Multimission Archive at STScI (MAST). The full-frame images provide a resource for potential Kepler Guest Observers to select targets and plan observing proposals, while also providing a freely-available long-cadence legacy of photometric variation across a swathe of the Galactic disk.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Vincent, Ken R.
1980-01-01
Presents the format for the development of interpretive statements covering an entire test battery content on both objective tests and projective instruments. This procedure, the semiautomated full battery, can lessen significantly the time and much of the repetition entailed in psychological report writing. (Author)
Progress on the development of FullWave, a Hot and Cold Plasma Parallel Full Wave Code
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Spencer, J. Andrew; Svidzinski, Vladimir; Zhao, Liangji; Kim, Jin-Soo
2017-10-01
FullWave is being developed at FAR-TECH, Inc. to simulate RF waves in hot inhomogeneous magnetized plasmas without making small orbit approximations. FullWave is based on a meshless formulation in configuration space on non-uniform clouds of computational points (CCP) adapted to better resolve plasma resonances, antenna structures and complex boundaries. The linear frequency domain wave equation is formulated using two approaches: for cold plasmas the local cold plasma dielectric tensor is used (resolving resonances by particle collisions), while for hot plasmas the conductivity kernel is calculated. The details of FullWave and some preliminary results will be presented, including: 1) a monitor function based on analytic solutions of the cold-plasma dispersion relation; 2) an adaptive CCP based on the monitor function; 3) construction of the finite differences for approximation of derivatives on adaptive CCP; 4) results of 2-D full wave simulations in the cold plasma model in tokamak geometry using the formulated approach for ECRH, ICRH and Lower Hybrid range of frequencies. Work is supported by the U.S. DOE SBIR program.
Correlates of Graduating with a Full-Time Job versus a Full-Time Job Consistent with Major
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Blau, Gary; Hill, Theodore L.; Halbert, Terry A.; Snell, Corinne; Atwater, Graig A.; Kershner, Ronald; Zuckerman, M. Michael
2016-01-01
This is an exploratory study that compares the correlates of securing a full-time job at graduation to securing a full-time job at graduation consistent with one's major. Results are drawn from a sample of 310 graduating business school seniors who filled out a Fall 2014 survey. Results showed three positive correlates to graduating with a…
Full-duplex optical communication system
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Shay, Thomas M. (Inventor); Hazzard, David A. (Inventor); Horan, Stephen (Inventor); Payne, Jason A. (Inventor)
2004-01-01
A method of full-duplex electromagnetic communication wherein a pair of data modulation formats are selected for the forward and return data links respectively such that the forward data electro-magnetic beam serves as a carrier for the return data. A method of encoding optical information is used wherein right-hand and left-hand circular polarizations are assigned to optical information to represent binary states. An application for an earth to low earth orbit optical communications system is presented which implements the full-duplex communication and circular polarization keying modulation format.
Assessing fullness of asthma patients' aerosol inhalers.
Rickenbach, M A; Julious, S A
1994-01-01
BACKGROUND. The importance of regular medication in order to control asthma symptoms is recognized. However, there is no accurate mechanism for assessing the fullness of aerosol inhalers. The contribution to asthma morbidity of unexpectedly running out of inhaled medication is unknown. AIM. A study was undertaken to determine how patients assess inhaler fullness and the accuracy of their assessments, and to evaluate the floatation method of assessing inhaler fullness. METHOD. An interview survey of 98 patients (51% of those invited to take part), using 289 inhalers, was completed at one general practice in Hampshire. RESULTS. One third of participants said they had difficulty assessing aerosol inhaler fullness and those aged 60 years and over were found to be more inaccurate in assessing fullness than younger participants. Shaking the inhaler to feel the contents move was the commonest method of assessment. When placed in water, an inhaler canister floating on its side with a corner of the canister valve exposed to air indicates that the canister is less than 15% full (sensitivity 90%, specificity 99%). CONCLUSION. Floating a canister in water provides an objective measurement of aerosol inhaler fullness. Providing the method is recommended by the aerosol inhaler manufacturer, general practitioners should demonstrate the floatation method to patients experiencing difficulty in assessing inhaler fullness. PMID:7619099
Assessing fullness of asthma patients' aerosol inhalers.
Rickenbach, M A; Julious, S A
1994-07-01
The importance of regular medication in order to control asthma symptoms is recognized. However, there is no accurate mechanism for assessing the fullness of aerosol inhalers. The contribution to asthma morbidity of unexpectedly running out of inhaled medication is unknown. A study was undertaken to determine how patients assess inhaler fullness and the accuracy of their assessments, and to evaluate the floatation method of assessing inhaler fullness. An interview survey of 98 patients (51% of those invited to take part), using 289 inhalers, was completed at one general practice in Hampshire. One third of participants said they had difficulty assessing aerosol inhaler fullness and those aged 60 years and over were found to be more inaccurate in assessing fullness than younger participants. Shaking the inhaler to feel the contents move was the commonest method of assessment. When placed in water, an inhaler canister floating on its side with a corner of the canister valve exposed to air indicates that the canister is less than 15% full (sensitivity 90%, specificity 99%). Floating a canister in water provides an objective measurement of aerosol inhaler fullness. Providing the method is recommended by the aerosol inhaler manufacturer, general practitioners should demonstrate the floatation method to patients experiencing difficulty in assessing inhaler fullness.
Workflows for Full Waveform Inversions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Boehm, Christian; Krischer, Lion; Afanasiev, Michael; van Driel, Martin; May, Dave A.; Rietmann, Max; Fichtner, Andreas
2017-04-01
Despite many theoretical advances and the increasing availability of high-performance computing clusters, full seismic waveform inversions still face considerable challenges regarding data and workflow management. While the community has access to solvers which can harness modern heterogeneous computing architectures, the computational bottleneck has fallen to these often manpower-bounded issues that need to be overcome to facilitate further progress. Modern inversions involve huge amounts of data and require a tight integration between numerical PDE solvers, data acquisition and processing systems, nonlinear optimization libraries, and job orchestration frameworks. To this end we created a set of libraries and applications revolving around Salvus (http://salvus.io), a novel software package designed to solve large-scale full waveform inverse problems. This presentation focuses on solving passive source seismic full waveform inversions from local to global scales with Salvus. We discuss (i) design choices for the aforementioned components required for full waveform modeling and inversion, (ii) their implementation in the Salvus framework, and (iii) how it is all tied together by a usable workflow system. We combine state-of-the-art algorithms ranging from high-order finite-element solutions of the wave equation to quasi-Newton optimization algorithms using trust-region methods that can handle inexact derivatives. All is steered by an automated interactive graph-based workflow framework capable of orchestrating all necessary pieces. This naturally facilitates the creation of new Earth models and hopefully sparks new scientific insights. Additionally, and even more importantly, it enhances reproducibility and reliability of the final results.
Biological Effects Of Full-Spectrum Lighting
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bickford, Elwood D.
1980-10-01
Humans and other living organisms have evolved various known and unknown photoreceptors and responses under full-spectrum optical radiation of sun and sky at the earth's surface. The trend to indoor living over the past 100 years has produced a self-exile from this radiation environment resulting in the disease conditions of rickets and erythema. Concerns for these diseases have pointed attention to the delicate balance between the beneficial and detrimental effects of full-spectrum optical radiation and has confounded the concepts of illumination and radiation safety criteria. Further knowledge has to be obtained to better evaluate the known and unknown effects of full-spectrum optical radiation in a modern society.
48 CFR 1334.005-6 - Full production.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Full production. 1334.005... CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING MAJOR SYSTEM ACQUISITION General 1334.005-6 Full production. The designee... contract for full production of a successfully tested major system is set forth in CAM 1301.70. ...
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Chen, Ching-chih
1991-01-01
Describes compact disc interactive (CD-I) as a multimedia home entertainment system that combines audio, visual, text, graphic, and interactive capabilities. Full-screen video and full-motion video (FMV) are explained, hardware for FMV decoding is described, software is briefly discussed, and CD-I titles planned for future production are listed.…
Pancreatic cancer study based on full field OCT and dynamic full field OCT (Conference Presentation)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Apelian, Clement; Camus, Marine; Prat, Frederic; Boccara, A. Claude
2017-02-01
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most feared cancer types due to high death rates and the difficulty to perform surgery. This cancer outcome could benefit from recent technological developments for diagnosis. We used a combination of standard Full Field OCT and Dynamic Full Field OCT to capture both morphological features and metabolic functions of rodents pancreas in normal and cancerous conditions with and without chemotherapy. Results were compared to histology to evaluate the performances and the specificities of the method. The comparison highlighted the importance of a number of endogenous markers like immune cells, fibrous development, architecture and more.
75 FR 43107 - Revocation of Requirements for Full-Size Baby Cribs and Non-Full-Size Baby Cribs
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-07-23
... Improvement Act of 2008 (``CPSIA'') requires the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (``CPSC'' or... CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION 16 CFR Parts 1508 and 1509 [CPSC Docket No. CPSC-2010-0075] Revocation of Requirements for Full-Size Baby Cribs and Non-Full- Size Baby Cribs AGENCY: Consumer Product...
The Weaknesses of Full-Text Searching
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Beall, Jeffrey
2008-01-01
This paper provides a theoretical critique of the deficiencies of full-text searching in academic library databases. Because full-text searching relies on matching words in a search query with words in online resources, it is an inefficient method of finding information in a database. This matching fails to retrieve synonyms, and it also retrieves…
Academic Journal Embargoes and Full Text Databases.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Brooks, Sam
2003-01-01
Documents the reasons for embargoes of academic journals in full text databases (i.e., publisher-imposed delays on the availability of full text content) and provides insight regarding common misconceptions. Tables present data on selected journals covering a cross-section of subjects and publishers and comparing two full text business databases.…
The case for full practice authority.
Holmes, Olivia; Kinsey-Weathers, Shanieka
2016-03-01
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommended in its 2010 report on the future of nursing that advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) should factor prominently in providing care to the millions of Americans who access healthcare services under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The IOM also recommended that APRNs practice to the full extent of their education and training.However, many states have laws in place that limit full practice authority for APRNs, specifically NPs, in providing basic health services such as primary care. These laws place restrictions on independent practice and Medicaid and Medicare reimbursement, which prevent nurses from “responding effectively to rapidly changing health care settings and an evolving health care system.” Less than half of the United States has adopted full practice authority licensure and practice laws (see APRN practice authority at a glance). This article discusses how the primary care needs of millions of Americans can be met by granting full practice authority to APRNs nationwide and provides evidence to support the high level of care these practitioners can provide independently.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Romines, Robert A.
2012-01-01
The purpose of this study is to answer this question: Which is academically superior for young children, full-or half-day kindergarten? This inquiry-oriented case study was designed to compare and contrast students who attended half-day versus full-day kindergarten programs in a suburban public school district. The study is necessary because the…
Full reinforcement operators in aggregation techniques.
Yager, R R; Rybalov, A
1998-01-01
We introduce the concept of upward reinforcement in aggregation as one in which a collection of high scores can reinforce or corroborate each other to give an even higher score than any of the individual arguments. The concept of downward reinforcement is also introduced as one in which low scores reinforce each other. Our concern is with full reinforcement aggregation operators, those exhibiting both upward and downward reinforcement. It is shown that the t-norm and t-conorm operators are not full reinforcement operators. A class of operators called fixed identity MICA operators are shown to exhibit the property of full reinforcement. We present some families of these operators. We use the fuzzy system modeling technique to provide further examples of these operators.
SUPERFUND TREATABILITY CLEARINGHOUSE: FULL ...
This treatability study reports on the results of one of a series of field trials using various remedial action technologies that may be capable of restoring Herbicide Orange (HO)XDioxin contaminated sites. A full-scale field trial using a rotary kiln incinerator capable of processing up to 6 tons per hour of dioxin contaminated soil was conducted at the Naval Construction Battalion Center, Gulfport, MS. publish information
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hudson, S. R.; Monticello, D. A.; Reiman, A. H.; Strickler, D. J.; Hirshman, S. P.
2003-06-01
For the (non-axisymmetric) stellarator class of plasma confinement devices to be feasible candidates for fusion power stations it is essential that, to a good approximation, the magnetic field lines lie on nested flux surfaces; however, the inherent lack of a continuous symmetry implies that magnetic islands are guaranteed to exist. Magnetic islands break the smooth topology of nested flux surfaces and chaotic field lines result when magnetic islands overlap. An analogous case occurs with 11/2-dimension Hamiltonian systems where resonant perturbations cause singularities in the transformation to action-angle coordinates and destroy integrability. The suppression of magnetic islands is a critical issue for stellarator design, particularly for small aspect ratio devices. Techniques for `healing' vacuum fields and fixed-boundary plasma equilibria have been developed, but what is ultimately required is a procedure for designing stellarators such that the self-consistent plasma equilibrium currents and the coil currents combine to produce an integrable magnetic field, and such a procedure is presented here for the first time. Magnetic islands in free-boundary full-pressure full-current stellarator magnetohydrodynamic equilibria are suppressed using a procedure based on the Princeton Iterative Equilibrium Solver [A.H.Reiman & H.S.Greenside, Comp. Phys. Comm., 43:157, 1986.] which iterates the equilibrium equations to obtain the plasma equilibrium. At each iteration, changes to a Fourier representation of the coil geometry are made to cancel resonant fields produced by the plasma. As the iterations continue, the coil geometry and the plasma simultaneously converge to an equilibrium in which the island content is negligible. The method is applied to a candidate plasma and coil design for the National Compact Stellarator eXperiment [G.H.Neilson et.al., Phys. Plas., 7:1911, 2000.].
Full depth reclamation : workshop materials.
DOT National Transportation Integrated Search
2011-01-01
Rehabilitating an old pavement by pulverizing and stabilizing the existing pavement is a process referred to as Full Depth Reclamation (FDR). This process shows great potential as an economical rehabilitation alternative that provides deep structural...
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
1989-01-01
This pair of Voyager 2 images (FDS 11446.21 and 11448.10), two 591-s exposures obtained through the clear filter of the wide angle camera, show the full ring system with the highest sensitivity. Visible in this figure are the bright, narrow N53 and N63 rings, the diffuse N42 ring, and (faintly) the plateau outside of the N53 ring (with its slight brightening near 57,500 km).
2017-12-08
Full Moon. Rises at sunset, high in the sky around midnight. Visible all night. This marks the first time that accurate shadows at this level of detail are possible in such a computer simulation. The shadows are based on the global elevation map being developed from measurements by the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). LOLA has already taken more than 10 times as many elevation measurements as all previous missions combined. The Moon always keeps the same face to us, but not exactly the same face. Because of the tilt and shape of its orbit, we see the Moon from slightly different angles over the course of a month. When a month is compressed into 12 seconds, as it is in this animation, our changing view of the Moon makes it look like it's wobbling. This wobble is called libration. The word comes from the Latin for "balance scale" (as does the name of the zodiac constellation Libra) and refers to the way such a scale tips up and down on alternating sides. The sub-Earth point gives the amount of libration in longitude and latitude. The sub-Earth point is also the apparent center of the Moon's disk and the location on the Moon where the Earth is directly overhead. The Moon is subject to other motions as well. It appears to roll back and forth around the sub-Earth point. The roll angle is given by the position angle of the axis, which is the angle of the Moon's north pole relative to celestial north. The Moon also approaches and recedes from us, appearing to grow and shrink. The two extremes, called perigee (near) and apogee (far), differ by more than 10%. The most noticed monthly variation in the Moon's appearance is the cycle of phases, caused by the changing angle of the Sun as the Moon orbits the Earth. The cycle begins with the waxing (growing) crescent Moon visible in the west just after sunset. By first quarter, the Moon is high in the sky at sunset and sets around midnight. The full Moon rises at sunset and is
High-voltage compatible, full-depleted CCD
Holland, Stephen Edward
2007-09-18
A charge coupled device for detecting electromagnetic and particle radiation is described. The device includes a high-resistivity semiconductor substrate, buried channel regions, gate electrode circuitry, and amplifier circuitry. For good spatial resolution and high performance, especially when operated at high voltages with full or nearly full depletion of the substrate, the device can also include a guard ring positioned near channel regions, a biased channel stop, and a biased polysilicon electrode over the channel stop.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Moore, Kristen E.
2014-01-01
This non-experimental quantitative study investigated two groups of adult students who received academic advising from full-time faculty advisors or full-time non-faculty advisors. Differences in student satisfaction on three measures related to advisor availability, accuracy and perceived support for student educational goals were studied based…
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-07-23
... worked with the voluntary standards group, ASTM International (formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials), which added provisions in its standard for full-size baby cribs, ASTM F 1169, to... the same as voluntary standards ASTM F 1169-10, Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Full-Size...
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Fares, Ehab; Duda, Benjamin; Khorrami, Mehdi R.
2016-01-01
Unsteady flow computations are presented for a Gulfstream aircraft model in landing configuration, i.e., flap deflected 39deg and main landing gear deployed. The simulations employ the lattice Boltzmann solver PowerFLOW(Trademark) to simultaneously capture the flow physics and acoustics in the near field. Sound propagation to the far field is obtained using a Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings acoustic analogy approach. Two geometry representations of the same aircraft are analyzed: an 18% scale, high-fidelity, semi-span model at wind tunnel Reynolds number and a full-scale, full-span model at half-flight Reynolds number. Previously published and newly generated model-scale results are presented; all full-scale data are disclosed here for the first time. Reynolds number and geometrical fidelity effects are carefully examined to discern aerodynamic and aeroacoustic trends with a special focus on the scaling of surface pressure fluctuations and farfield noise. An additional study of the effects of geometrical detail on farfield noise is also documented. The present investigation reveals that, overall, the model-scale and full-scale aeroacoustic results compare rather well. Nevertheless, the study also highlights that finer geometrical details that are typically not captured at model scales can have a non-negligible contribution to the farfield noise signature.
Full employment maintenance in the private sector
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Young, G. A.
1976-01-01
Operationally, full employment can be accomplished by applying modern computer capabilities, game and decision concepts, and communication feedback possibilities, rather than accepted economic tools, to the problem of assuring invariant full employment. The government must provide positive direction to individual firms concerning the net number of employees that each firm must hire or refrain from hiring to assure national full employment. To preserve free enterprise and the decision making power of the individual manager, this direction must be based on each private firm's own numerical employment projections.
Full-wave generalizations of the fundamental Gaussian beam.
Seshadri, S R
2009-12-01
The basic full wave corresponding to the fundamental Gaussian beam was discovered for the outwardly propagating wave in a half-space by the introduction of a source in the complex space. There is a class of extended full waves all of which reduce to the same fundamental Gaussian beam in the appropriate limit. For the extended full Gaussian waves that include the basic full Gaussian wave as a special case, the sources are in the complex space on different planes transverse to the propagation direction. The sources are cylindrically symmetric Gaussian distributions centered at the origin of the transverse planes, the axis of symmetry being the propagation direction. For the special case of the basic full Gaussian wave, the source is a point source. The radiation intensity of the extended full Gaussian waves is determined and their characteristics are discussed and compared with those of the fundamental Gaussian beam. The extended full Gaussian waves are also obtained for the oppositely propagating outwardly directed waves in the second half-space. The radiation intensity distributions in the two half-spaces have reflection symmetry about the midplane. The radiation intensity distributions of the various extended full Gaussian waves are not significantly different. The power carried by the extended full Gaussian waves is evaluated and compared with that of the fundamental Gaussian beam.
Full scale tank car coupler impact tests
DOT National Transportation Integrated Search
2003-11-15
Full scale tests were performed to investigate various : aspects of tank car behavior during coupler impacts. A tank car : was equipped with 37 accelerometers and an instrumented : coupler. Two series of full scale coupler impact tests, : comprising ...
Thompson, Debbe; Power, Thomas G.; Hughes, Sheryl O.
2015-01-01
Abstract Background: This study examined maternal understanding and acceptance of young children's ability to self-assess fullness using a mixed-methods approach. Methods: Twenty low-income mothers of 5- to 7-year-olds participated in this semistructured laboratory study. After consumption of a buffet dinner meal, mothers were asked to indicate their perception of their child's fullness level, and children were also asked to self-assess their fullness level. Results: Five of the 20 mothers in the study were initially correct in their assessment of their child's level of fullness. Half of the incorrect mothers were willing to change their rating when informed that the child's fullness rating was different than her own. Conclusions: Semistructured interview results provide suggestive evidence that some mothers believe they understand their child's fullness level better than their children. Given that mothers have the potential to override children's ability to self-regulate eating behavior, teaching mothers to understand and appreciate young children's ability to self-regulate eating is an important area for intervention. PMID:25692707
Full-text, Downloading, & Other Issues.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Tenopir, Carol
1983-01-01
Issues having a possible impact on online search services in libraries are discussed including full text databases, front-end processors which translate user's input into the command language of an appropriate system, downloading to create personal files from commercial databases, and pricing. (EJS)
(Full field) optical coherence tomography and applications
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Buchroithner, Boris; Hannesschläger, Günther; Leiss-Holzinger, Elisabeth; Prylepa, Andrii; Heise, Bettina
2018-03-01
This paper illustrates specific features and use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the raster-scanning and in comparison in the full field version of this imaging technique. Cases for nondestructive testing are discussed alongside other application schemes. In particular monitoring time-dependent processes and probing of birefringent specimens are considered here. In the context of polymer testing birefringence mapping may often provide information about internal strain and stress states. Recent results obtained with conventional raster-scanning OCT systems, with (dual and single-shot) full field OCT configurations, and with polarization-sensitive versions of (full field) OCT are presented here.
Implementing the Full-Day Kindergarten.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Fromberg, Doris Pronin
1992-01-01
Considerations ranging from lunch counter heights to bus schedules, parent workshops, and adjustment periods must concern principals implementing full-day kindergartens. Many schools will also face doubled art supply budgets and increased staffing costs for specialized library, physical education, music, and art education services. (four…
Feasibility of full-spectrum endoscopy: Korea’s first full-spectrum endoscopy colonoscopic trial
Song, Jeong-Yeop; Cho, Youn Hee; Kim, Mi A; Kim, Jeong-Ae; Lee, Chun Tek; Lee, Moon Sung
2016-01-01
AIM: To evaluate the full-spectrum endoscopy (FUSE) colonoscopy system as the first report on the utility thereof in a Korean population. METHODS: We explored the efficacy of the FUSE colonoscopy in a retrospective, single-center feasibility study performed between February 1 and July 20, 2015. A total of 262 subjects (age range: 22-80) underwent the FUSE colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening, polyp surveillance, or diagnostic evaluation. The cecal intubation success rate, the polyp detection rate (PDR), the adenoma detection rate (ADR), and the diverticulum detection rate (DDR), were calculated. Also, the success rates of therapeutic interventions were evaluated with biopsy confirmation. RESULTS: All patients completed the study and the success rates of cecal and terminal ileal intubation were 100% with the FUSE colonoscope; we found 313 polyps in 142 patients and 173 adenomas in 95. The overall PDR, ADR and DDR were 54.2%, 36.3%, and 25.2%, respectively, and were higher in males, and increased with age. The endoscopists and nurses involved considered that the full-spectrum colonoscope improved navigation and orientation within the colon. No colonoscopy was aborted because of colonoscope malfunction. CONCLUSION: The FUSE colonoscopy yielded a higher PDR, ADR, DDR than did traditional colonoscopy, without therapeutic failure or complications, showing feasible, effective, and safe in this first Korean trial. PMID:26937150
Data Compression in Full-Text Retrieval Systems.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Bell, Timothy C.; And Others
1993-01-01
Describes compression methods for components of full-text systems such as text databases on CD-ROM. Topics discussed include storage media; structures for full-text retrieval, including indexes, inverted files, and bitmaps; compression tools; memory requirements during retrieval; and ranking and information retrieval. (Contains 53 references.)…
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-07-26
... CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request--Safety Standards for Full-Size Baby Cribs and Non-Full-Size Baby Cribs; Compliance Form AGENCY: Consumer Product Safety Commission. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC or Commission) announces...
Full-Color Plasmonic Metasurface Holograms.
Wan, Weiwei; Gao, Jie; Yang, Xiaodong
2016-12-27
Holography is one of the most attractive approaches for reconstructing optical images, due to its capability of recording both the amplitude and phase information on light scattered from objects. Recently, optical metasurfaces for manipulating the wavefront of light with well-controlled amplitude, phase, and polarization have been utilized to reproduce computer-generated holograms. However, the currently available metasurface holograms have only been designed to achieve limited colors and record either amplitude or phase information. This fact significantly limits the performance of metasurface holograms to reconstruct full-color images with low noise and high quality. Here, we report the design and realization of ultrathin plasmonic metasurface holograms made of subwavelength nanoslits for reconstructing both two- and three-dimensional full-color holographic images. The wavelength-multiplexed metasurface holograms with both amplitude and phase modulations at subwavelength scale can faithfully produce not only three primary colors but also their secondary colors. Our results will advance various holographic applications.
48 CFR 634.005-6 - Full production.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Full production. 634.005-6 Section 634.005-6 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF STATE SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING MAJOR SYSTEM ACQUISITION 634.005-6 Full production. The Deputy Secretary is the agency head for...
48 CFR 434.005-6 - Full production.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Full production. 434.005-6 Section 434.005-6 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING MAJOR SYSTEM ACQUISITION General 434.005-6 Full production. The Secretary or the USDA key...
7 CFR 1980.308 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 14 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true Full faith and credit. 1980.308 Section 1980.308...) PROGRAM REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) GENERAL Rural Housing Loans § 1980.308 Full faith and credit. The loan note guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United States...
7 CFR 1980.308 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 14 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 1980.308 Section 1980.308...) PROGRAM REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) GENERAL Rural Housing Loans § 1980.308 Full faith and credit. The loan note guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United States...
ICCE/ICCAI 2000 Full & Short Papers (Methodologies).
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
2000
This document contains the full text of the following full and short papers on methodologies from ICCE/ICCAI 2000 (International Conference on Computers in Education/International Conference on Computer-Assisted Instruction): (1) "A Methodology for Learning Pattern Analysis from Web Logs by Interpreting Web Page Contents" (Chih-Kai Chang and…
7 CFR 3575.3 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 15 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 3575.3 Section 3575.3... AGRICULTURE GENERAL Community Programs Guaranteed Loans § 3575.3 Full faith and credit. The Loan Note Guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United States and is not...
7 CFR 1779.3 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 12 2014-01-01 2013-01-01 true Full faith and credit. 1779.3 Section 1779.3... AGRICULTURE (CONTINUED) WATER AND WASTE DISPOSAL PROGRAMS GUARANTEED LOANS § 1779.3 Full faith and credit. The Loan Note Guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United...
7 CFR 3575.3 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 15 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 3575.3 Section 3575.3... AGRICULTURE GENERAL Community Programs Guaranteed Loans § 3575.3 Full faith and credit. The Loan Note Guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United States and is not...
7 CFR 3575.3 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 15 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 3575.3 Section 3575.3... AGRICULTURE GENERAL Community Programs Guaranteed Loans § 3575.3 Full faith and credit. The Loan Note Guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United States and is not...
7 CFR 1779.3 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 12 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 1779.3 Section 1779.3... AGRICULTURE (CONTINUED) WATER AND WASTE DISPOSAL PROGRAMS GUARANTEED LOANS § 1779.3 Full faith and credit. The Loan Note Guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United...
7 CFR 3555.108 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 15 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 3555.108 Section 3555.108... AGRICULTURE GUARANTEED RURAL HOUSING PROGRAM (Eff. 9-1-14) Loan Requirements § 3555.108 Full faith and credit. (a) General. The Loan Note Guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit...
7 CFR 1779.3 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 12 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 1779.3 Section 1779.3... AGRICULTURE (CONTINUED) WATER AND WASTE DISPOSAL PROGRAMS GUARANTEED LOANS § 1779.3 Full faith and credit. The Loan Note Guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United...
7 CFR 3575.3 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 15 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 3575.3 Section 3575.3... AGRICULTURE GENERAL Community Programs Guaranteed Loans § 3575.3 Full faith and credit. The Loan Note Guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United States and is not...
7 CFR 762.103 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 7 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 762.103 Section 762.103... AGRICULTURE SPECIAL PROGRAMS GUARANTEED FARM LOANS § 762.103 Full faith and credit. (a) Fraud and misrepresentation. The loan guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United...
7 CFR 1779.3 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 12 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 1779.3 Section 1779.3... AGRICULTURE (CONTINUED) WATER AND WASTE DISPOSAL PROGRAMS GUARANTEED LOANS § 1779.3 Full faith and credit. The Loan Note Guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United...
7 CFR 3575.3 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 15 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 3575.3 Section 3575.3... AGRICULTURE GENERAL Community Programs Guaranteed Loans § 3575.3 Full faith and credit. The Loan Note Guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United States and is not...
45 CFR 1220.3-1 - Full-time volunteers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 45 Public Welfare 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Full-time volunteers. 1220.3-1 Section 1220.3-1... SERVICE PAYMENT OF VOLUNTEER LEGAL EXPENSES Civil and Administrative Proceedings § 1220.3-1 Full-time volunteers. ACTION will pay reasonable expenses incurred in the defense of full-time volunteers in Federal...
45 CFR 1220.3-1 - Full-time volunteers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... 45 Public Welfare 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Full-time volunteers. 1220.3-1 Section 1220.3-1... SERVICE PAYMENT OF VOLUNTEER LEGAL EXPENSES Civil and Administrative Proceedings § 1220.3-1 Full-time volunteers. ACTION will pay reasonable expenses incurred in the defense of full-time volunteers in Federal...
45 CFR 1220.3-1 - Full-time volunteers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... 45 Public Welfare 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Full-time volunteers. 1220.3-1 Section 1220.3-1... SERVICE PAYMENT OF VOLUNTEER LEGAL EXPENSES Civil and Administrative Proceedings § 1220.3-1 Full-time volunteers. ACTION will pay reasonable expenses incurred in the defense of full-time volunteers in Federal...
45 CFR 1220.3-1 - Full-time volunteers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... 45 Public Welfare 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Full-time volunteers. 1220.3-1 Section 1220.3-1... SERVICE PAYMENT OF VOLUNTEER LEGAL EXPENSES Civil and Administrative Proceedings § 1220.3-1 Full-time volunteers. ACTION will pay reasonable expenses incurred in the defense of full-time volunteers in Federal...
45 CFR 1220.3-1 - Full-time volunteers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 45 Public Welfare 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Full-time volunteers. 1220.3-1 Section 1220.3-1... SERVICE PAYMENT OF VOLUNTEER LEGAL EXPENSES Civil and Administrative Proceedings § 1220.3-1 Full-time volunteers. ACTION will pay reasonable expenses incurred in the defense of full-time volunteers in Federal...
Education, Wechler's Full Scale IQ and "g."
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Colom, Roberto; Abad, Francisco J.; Garcia, Luis F.; Juan-Espinosa, Manuel
2002-01-01
Investigated whether average Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) differences can be attributed to "g" using the Spanish standardization sample of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS III) (n=703 females and 666 men). Results support the conclusion that WAIS III FSIQ does not directly or exclusively measure "g" across the full range…
Are Full-Time MBAs Performing?
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Rowland, Caroline Ann; Hall, Roger David
2012-01-01
Full-time MBA students amount to about one-third of the 26,000 students enrolled on MBA programmes at UK universities. The programmes have become increasingly international in student composition and concerns have been expressed about performance, quality and comparability between programmes. Research into predictors of MBA success has been…
45 CFR 1220.2-1 - Full-time volunteers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 45 Public Welfare 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Full-time volunteers. 1220.2-1 Section 1220.2-1... SERVICE PAYMENT OF VOLUNTEER LEGAL EXPENSES Criminal Proceedings § 1220.2-1 Full-time volunteers. (a)(1) ACTION will pay all reasonable expenses for defense of full-time volunteers up to and including...
45 CFR 1220.2-1 - Full-time volunteers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... 45 Public Welfare 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Full-time volunteers. 1220.2-1 Section 1220.2-1... SERVICE PAYMENT OF VOLUNTEER LEGAL EXPENSES Criminal Proceedings § 1220.2-1 Full-time volunteers. (a)(1) ACTION will pay all reasonable expenses for defense of full-time volunteers up to and including...
7 CFR 1738.31 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 11 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 1738.31 Section 1738.31... AGRICULTURE RURAL BROADBAND ACCESS LOANS AND LOAN GUARANTEES Types of Loans § 1738.31 Full faith and credit. Loan guarantees made under this part are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States. ...
7 CFR 763.3 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 7 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 763.3 Section 763.3 Agriculture... SPECIAL PROGRAMS LAND CONTRACT GUARANTEE PROGRAM § 763.3 Full faith and credit. (a) The land contract guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United States. The Agency...
7 CFR 1738.31 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 11 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 1738.31 Section 1738.31... AGRICULTURE RURAL BROADBAND ACCESS LOANS AND LOAN GUARANTEES Types of Loans § 1738.31 Full faith and credit. Loan guarantees made under this part are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States. ...
7 CFR 763.3 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 7 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 763.3 Section 763.3 Agriculture... SPECIAL PROGRAMS LAND CONTRACT GUARANTEE PROGRAM § 763.3 Full faith and credit. (a) The land contract guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United States. The Agency...
45 CFR 1220.2-1 - Full-time volunteers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 45 Public Welfare 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Full-time volunteers. 1220.2-1 Section 1220.2-1... SERVICE PAYMENT OF VOLUNTEER LEGAL EXPENSES Criminal Proceedings § 1220.2-1 Full-time volunteers. (a)(1) ACTION will pay all reasonable expenses for defense of full-time volunteers up to and including...
45 CFR 1220.2-1 - Full-time volunteers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... 45 Public Welfare 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Full-time volunteers. 1220.2-1 Section 1220.2-1... SERVICE PAYMENT OF VOLUNTEER LEGAL EXPENSES Criminal Proceedings § 1220.2-1 Full-time volunteers. (a)(1) ACTION will pay all reasonable expenses for defense of full-time volunteers up to and including...
45 CFR 1220.2-1 - Full-time volunteers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... 45 Public Welfare 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Full-time volunteers. 1220.2-1 Section 1220.2-1... SERVICE PAYMENT OF VOLUNTEER LEGAL EXPENSES Criminal Proceedings § 1220.2-1 Full-time volunteers. (a)(1) ACTION will pay all reasonable expenses for defense of full-time volunteers up to and including...
Fitting of full Cobb-Douglas and full VRTS cost frontiers by solving goal programming problem
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Venkateswarlu, B.; Mahaboob, B.; Subbarami Reddy, C.; Madhusudhana Rao, B.
2017-11-01
The present research article first defines two popular production functions viz, Cobb-Douglas and VRTS production frontiers and their dual cost functions and then derives their cost limited maximal outputs. This paper tells us that the cost limited maximal output is cost efficient. Here the one side goal programming problem is proposed by which the full Cobb-Douglas cost frontier, full VRTS frontier can be fitted. This paper includes the framing of goal programming by which stochastic cost frontier and stochastic VRTS frontiers are fitted. Hasan et al. [1] used a parameter approach Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA) to examine the technical efficiency of the Malaysian domestic banks listed in the Kuala Lumpur stock Exchange (KLSE) market over the period 2005-2010. AshkanHassani [2] exposed Cobb-Douglas Production Functions application in construction schedule crashing and project risk analysis related to the duration of construction projects. Nan Jiang [3] applied Stochastic Frontier analysis to a panel of New Zealand dairy forms in 1998/99-2006/2007.
Full Inclusion: Analysis of a Controversial Issue.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Reganick, Karol A.
This review of the literature and analysis looks at the concept of full inclusion of students with disabilities in the context of the regular education initiative (REI). The concept of full inclusion is explained as the use of new methods, techniques, and strategies to teach students with and without disabilities in the same classroom.…
22 CFR 19.10-1 - Full annuity.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Full annuity. 19.10-1 Section 19.10-1 Foreign... FOREIGN SERVICE RETIREMENT AND DISABILITY SYSTEM § 19.10-1 Full annuity. If a participant retires and does not provide a survivor annuity to a spouse, former spouse or designated beneficiary, the participant...
29 CFR 779.408 - “Full-time students”.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false âFull-time studentsâ. 779.408 Section 779.408 Labor... Students, Learners, and Handicapped Workers § 779.408 “Full-time students”. The 1961 Amendments added to section 14 of the Act, the authority to issue special certificates for the employment of “full-time...
29 CFR 779.408 - “Full-time students”.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false âFull-time studentsâ. 779.408 Section 779.408 Labor... Students, Learners, and Handicapped Workers § 779.408 “Full-time students”. The 1961 Amendments added to section 14 of the Act, the authority to issue special certificates for the employment of “full-time...
7 CFR 763.3 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 7 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 763.3 Section 763.3 Agriculture... SPECIAL PROGRAMS LAND CONTRACT GUARANTEE PROGRAM (Eff. 1-3-12) § 763.3 Full faith and credit. (a) The land contract guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United States...
Full Duplex, Spread Spectrum Radio System
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Harvey, Bruce A.
2000-01-01
The goal of this project was to support the development of a full duplex, spread spectrum voice communications system. The assembly and testing of a prototype system consisting of a Harris PRISM spread spectrum radio, a TMS320C54x signal processing development board and a Zilog Z80180 microprocessor was underway at the start of this project. The efforts under this project were the development of multiple access schemes, analysis of full duplex voice feedback delays, and the development and analysis of forward error correction (FEC) algorithms. The multiple access analysis involved the selection between code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA). Full duplex voice feedback analysis involved the analysis of packet size and delays associated with full loop voice feedback for confirmation of radio system performance. FEC analysis included studies of the performance under the expected burst error scenario with the relatively short packet lengths, and analysis of implementation in the TMS320C54x digital signal processor. When the capabilities and the limitations of the components used were considered, the multiple access scheme chosen was a combination TDMA/FDMA scheme that will provide up to eight users on each of three separate frequencies. Packets to and from each user will consist of 16 samples at a rate of 8,000 samples per second for a total of 2 ms of voice information. The resulting voice feedback delay will therefore be 4 - 6 ms. The most practical FEC algorithm for implementation was a convolutional code with a Viterbi decoder. Interleaving of the bits of each packet will be required to offset the effects of burst errors.
Why Online Education Will Attain Full Scale
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Sener, John
2010-01-01
Online higher education has attained scale and is poised to take the next step in its growth. Although significant obstacles to a full scale adoption of online education remain, we will see full scale adoption of online higher education within the next five to ten years. Practically all higher education students will experience online education in…
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-12-28
... sufficient samples of the product, or samples that are identical in all material respects to the product. The... 1220, Safety Standards for Full-Size Baby Cribs and Non-Full- Size Baby Cribs. A true copy, in English... assessment bodies seeking accredited status must submit to the Commission copies, in English, of their...
Reconfigurable Full-Page Braille Displays
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Garner, H. Douglas
1994-01-01
Electrically actuated braille display cells of proposed type arrayed together to form full-page braille displays. Like other braille display cells, these provide changeable patterns of bumps driven by digitally recorded text stored on magnetic tapes or in solid-state electronic memories. Proposed cells contain electrorheological fluid. Viscosity of such fluid increases in strong electrostatic field.
Pediatric psychiatric emergency department visits during a full moon.
Kamat, Shyama; Maniaci, Vincenzo; Linares, Marc Yves-Rene; Lozano, Juan M
2014-12-01
This study aimed to verify the hypothesis that the lunar cycle influences the number of pediatric psychiatric emergency department (ED) visits. Pediatric psychiatric ED visits between 2009 and 2011 were obtained retrospectively. Patients aged between 4 and 21 years presenting to Miami Children's Hospital ED with a primary psychiatric complaint were included in the study. Patients with a concomitant psychiatric problem and a secondary medical condition were excluded. The number of psychiatric visits was retrieved for the full moon dates, control dates as well as the day before and after the full moon when the moon appears full to the naked eye (full moon effect). A comparison was made using the 2-sample independent t test. Between 2009 and 2011, 36 dates were considered as the true full moon dates and 108 dates as the "full moon effect." A total of 559 patients were included in the study. The 2-sample independent t tests were performed between the actual full moon date and control dates, as well as between the "full moon effect" dates and control dates. Our results failed to show a statistical significance when comparing the number of pediatric psychiatric patients presenting to a children's hospital ED during a full moon and a non-full moon date. Our study's results are in agreement with those involving adult patients. The full moon does not affect psychiatric visits in a children's hospital.
Non-Exposure, Device-Assisted Endoscopic Full-thickness Resection.
Bauder, Markus; Schmidt, Arthur; Caca, Karel
2016-04-01
Recent developments have expanded the frontier of interventional endoscopy toward more extended resections following surgical principles. This article presents two new device-assisted techniques for endoscopic full-thickness resection in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Both methods are nonexposure techniques avoiding exposure of gastrointestinal contents to the peritoneal cavity by a "close first-cut later" principle. The full-thickness resection device is a novel over-the-scope device designed for clip-assisted full-thickness resection of colorectal lesions. Endoscopic full-thickness resection of gastric subepithelial tumors can be performed after placing transmural sutures underneath the tumor with a suturing device originally designed for endoscopic antireflux therapy. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Achieving and sustaining full employment.
Rosen, S M
1995-01-01
Human rights and public health considerations provide strong support for policies that maximize employment. Ample historical and conceptual evidence supports the feasibility of full employment policies. New factors affecting the labor force, the rate of technological change, and the globalization of economic activity require appropriate policies--international as well as national--but do not invalidate the ability of modern states to apply the measures needed. Among these the most important include: (I) systematic reduction in working time with no loss of income, (2) active labor market policies, (3) use of fiscal and monetary measures to sustain the needed level of aggregate demand, (4) restoration of equal bargaining power between labor and capital, (5) social investment in neglected and outmoded infrastructure, (6) accountability of corporations for decisions to shift or reduce capital investment, (7) major reductions in military spending, to be replaced by socially needed and economically productive expenditures, (8) direct public sector job creation, (9) reform of monetary policy to restore emphasis on minimizing unemployment and promoting full employment. None are without precedent in modern economies. The obstacles are ideological and political. To overcome them will require intellectual clarity and effective advocacy.
Jaundice in the full-term newborn.
Cohen, Shannon Munro
2006-01-01
Jaundice is a common problem affecting over half of all full-term and most preterm infants. Jaundice describes the yellow orange hue of the skin caused by excessive circulating levels of bilirubin that accumulate in the skin. In most healthy full-term newborns, jaundice is noticed during the first week of life. Shortened hospital stays and inconsistent follow up, especially for first-time breastfeeding mothers, prompted the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) to update management guidelines. Health care providers need to be familiar with the diagnosis and management of jaundice to prevent brain, vision, and hearing damage. Treatment of choice for jaundice remains close observation and frequent feeding followed by phototherapy, and finally exchange transfusion for severe or refractory cases.
Performance analysis of a full-field and full-range swept-source OCT system
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Krauter, J.; Boettcher, T.; Körner, K.; Gronle, M.; Osten, W.; Passilly, N.; Froehly, L.; Perrin, S.; Gorecki, C.
2015-09-01
In recent years, optical coherence tomography (OCT) became gained importance in medical disciplines like ophthalmology, due to its noninvasive optical imaging technique with micrometer resolution and short measurement time. It enables e. g. the measurement and visualization of the depth structure of the retina. In other medical disciplines like dermatology, histopathological analysis is still the gold standard for skin cancer diagnosis. The EU-funded project VIAMOS (Vertically Integrated Array-type Mirau-based OCT System) proposes a new type of OCT system combined with micro-technologies to provide a hand-held, low-cost and miniaturized OCT system. The concept is a combination of full-field and full-range swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) detection in a multi-channel sensor based on a micro-optical Mirau-interferometer array, which is fabricated by means of wafer fabrication. This paper presents the study of an experimental proof-of-concept OCT system as a one-channel sensor with bulk optics. This sensor is a Linnik-interferometer type with similar optical parameters as the Mirau-interferometer array. A commercial wavelength tunable light source with a center wavelength at 845nm and 50nm spectral bandwidth is used with a camera for parallel OCT A-Scan detection. In addition, the reference microscope objective lens of the Linnik-interferometer is mounted on a piezo-actuated phase-shifter. Phase-shifting interferometry (PSI) techniques are applied for resolving the conjugate complex artifact and consequently contribute to an increase of image quality and depth range. A suppression ratio of the complex conjugate term of 36 dB is shown and a system sensitivity greater than 96 dB could be measured.
Full-Contact Practice and Injuries in College Football
Steiner, Mark E.; Berkstresser, Brant D.; Richardson, Lars; Elia, Greg; Wang, Frank
2016-01-01
Background: Despite recent restrictions being placed on practice in college football, there are little data to correlate such changes with injuries. Hypothesis: Football injuries will correlate with a team’s exposure to full-contact practice, total practice, and total games. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: All injuries and athlete injury exposures (AE × Min = athletes exposed × activity duration in minutes) were recorded for an intercollegiate football team over 4 consecutive fall seasons. Weekly injuries and injury rates (injuries per athletic injury exposure) were correlated with the weekly exposures to full-contact practices, total practices, formal scrimmages, and games. Results: The preseason practice injury rate was over twice the in-season practice injury rate (P < 0.001). For preseason, injury exposures were higher for full-contact practice (P = 0.0166), total practices (P = 0.015), and scrimmages/games (P = 0.034) compared with in-season. Preseason and in-season practice injuries correlated with exposure to full-contact practice combined with scrimmages for preseason (P < 0.008) and full-contact practice combined with games for in-season (P = 0.0325). The game injury rate was over 6 times greater than the practice injury rate (P < 0.0001). Concussions constituted 14.5% of all injuries, and the incidence of concussions correlated with the incidence of all injuries (P = 0.0001). Strength training did not correlate with injuries. Conclusion: Decreased exposure to full-contact practice may decrease the incidence of practice injuries and practice concussions. However, the game injury rate was over 6 times greater than the practice injury rate and had an inverse correlation with full-contact practice. PMID:26755741
Is searching full text more effective than searching abstracts?
Lin, Jimmy
2009-01-01
Background With the growing availability of full-text articles online, scientists and other consumers of the life sciences literature now have the ability to go beyond searching bibliographic records (title, abstract, metadata) to directly access full-text content. Motivated by this emerging trend, I posed the following question: is searching full text more effective than searching abstracts? This question is answered by comparing text retrieval algorithms on MEDLINE® abstracts, full-text articles, and spans (paragraphs) within full-text articles using data from the TREC 2007 genomics track evaluation. Two retrieval models are examined: bm25 and the ranking algorithm implemented in the open-source Lucene search engine. Results Experiments show that treating an entire article as an indexing unit does not consistently yield higher effectiveness compared to abstract-only search. However, retrieval based on spans, or paragraphs-sized segments of full-text articles, consistently outperforms abstract-only search. Results suggest that highest overall effectiveness may be achieved by combining evidence from spans and full articles. Conclusion Users searching full text are more likely to find relevant articles than searching only abstracts. This finding affirms the value of full text collections for text retrieval and provides a starting point for future work in exploring algorithms that take advantage of rapidly-growing digital archives. Experimental results also highlight the need to develop distributed text retrieval algorithms, since full-text articles are significantly longer than abstracts and may require the computational resources of multiple machines in a cluster. The MapReduce programming model provides a convenient framework for organizing such computations. PMID:19192280
Full moment tensor and source location inversion based on full waveform adjoint method
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Morency, C.
2012-12-01
The development of high-performance computing and numerical techniques enabled global and regional tomography to reach high levels of precision, and seismic adjoint tomography has become a state-of-the-art tomographic technique. The method was successfully used for crustal tomography of Southern California (Tape et al., 2009) and Europe (Zhu et al., 2012). Here, I will focus on the determination of source parameters (full moment tensor and location) based on the same approach (Kim et al, 2011). The method relies on full wave simulations and takes advantage of the misfit between observed and synthetic seismograms. An adjoint wavefield is calculated by back-propagating the difference between observed and synthetics from the receivers to the source. The interaction between this adjoint wavefield and the regular forward wavefield helps define Frechet derivatives of the source parameters, that is, the sensitivity of the misfit with respect to the source parameters. Source parameters are then recovered by minimizing the misfit based on a conjugate gradient algorithm using the Frechet derivatives. First, I will demonstrate the method on synthetic cases before tackling events recorded at the Geysers. The velocity model used at the Geysers is based on the USGS 3D velocity model. Waveform datasets come from the Northern California Earthquake Data Center. Finally, I will discuss strategies to ultimately use this method to characterize smaller events for microseismic and induced seismicity monitoring. References: - Tape, C., Q. Liu, A. Maggi, and J. Tromp, 2009, Adjoint tomography of the Southern California crust: Science, 325, 988992. - Zhu, H., Bozdag, E., Peter, D., and Tromp, J., 2012, Structure of the European upper mantle revealed by adjoint method: Nature Geoscience, 5, 493-498. - Kim, Y., Q. Liu, and J. Tromp, 2011, Adjoint centroid-moment tensor inversions: Geophys. J. Int., 186, 264278. Prepared by LLNL under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.
Full information acquisition in scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy
Jesse, Stephen; Belianinov, Alex; Kalinin, Sergei V.; Somnath, Suhas
2017-04-04
Apparatus and methods are described for scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy based on acquisition of full probe response. The full probe response contains valuable information about the probe-sample interaction that is lost in traditional scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy methods. The full probe response is analyzed post data acquisition using fast Fourier transform and adaptive filtering, as well as multivariate analysis. The full response data is further compressed to retain only statistically significant components before being permanently stored.
Full cycle rapid scan EPR deconvolution algorithm.
Tseytlin, Mark
2017-08-01
Rapid scan electron paramagnetic resonance (RS EPR) is a continuous-wave (CW) method that combines narrowband excitation and broadband detection. Sinusoidal magnetic field scans that span the entire EPR spectrum cause electron spin excitations twice during the scan period. Periodic transient RS signals are digitized and time-averaged. Deconvolution of absorption spectrum from the measured full-cycle signal is an ill-posed problem that does not have a stable solution because the magnetic field passes the same EPR line twice per sinusoidal scan during up- and down-field passages. As a result, RS signals consist of two contributions that need to be separated and postprocessed individually. Deconvolution of either of the contributions is a well-posed problem that has a stable solution. The current version of the RS EPR algorithm solves the separation problem by cutting the full-scan signal into two half-period pieces. This imposes a constraint on the experiment; the EPR signal must completely decay by the end of each half-scan in order to not be truncated. The constraint limits the maximum scan frequency and, therefore, the RS signal-to-noise gain. Faster scans permit the use of higher excitation powers without saturating the spin system, translating into a higher EPR sensitivity. A stable, full-scan algorithm is described in this paper that does not require truncation of the periodic response. This algorithm utilizes the additive property of linear systems: the response to a sum of two inputs is equal the sum of responses to each of the inputs separately. Based on this property, the mathematical model for CW RS EPR can be replaced by that of a sum of two independent full-cycle pulsed field-modulated experiments. In each of these experiments, the excitation power equals to zero during either up- or down-field scan. The full-cycle algorithm permits approaching the upper theoretical scan frequency limit; the transient spin system response must decay within the scan
Full cycle rapid scan EPR deconvolution algorithm
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tseytlin, Mark
2017-08-01
Rapid scan electron paramagnetic resonance (RS EPR) is a continuous-wave (CW) method that combines narrowband excitation and broadband detection. Sinusoidal magnetic field scans that span the entire EPR spectrum cause electron spin excitations twice during the scan period. Periodic transient RS signals are digitized and time-averaged. Deconvolution of absorption spectrum from the measured full-cycle signal is an ill-posed problem that does not have a stable solution because the magnetic field passes the same EPR line twice per sinusoidal scan during up- and down-field passages. As a result, RS signals consist of two contributions that need to be separated and postprocessed individually. Deconvolution of either of the contributions is a well-posed problem that has a stable solution. The current version of the RS EPR algorithm solves the separation problem by cutting the full-scan signal into two half-period pieces. This imposes a constraint on the experiment; the EPR signal must completely decay by the end of each half-scan in order to not be truncated. The constraint limits the maximum scan frequency and, therefore, the RS signal-to-noise gain. Faster scans permit the use of higher excitation powers without saturating the spin system, translating into a higher EPR sensitivity. A stable, full-scan algorithm is described in this paper that does not require truncation of the periodic response. This algorithm utilizes the additive property of linear systems: the response to a sum of two inputs is equal the sum of responses to each of the inputs separately. Based on this property, the mathematical model for CW RS EPR can be replaced by that of a sum of two independent full-cycle pulsed field-modulated experiments. In each of these experiments, the excitation power equals to zero during either up- or down-field scan. The full-cycle algorithm permits approaching the upper theoretical scan frequency limit; the transient spin system response must decay within the scan
48 CFR 34.005-5 - Full-scale development contracts.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Full-scale development... SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING MAJOR SYSTEM ACQUISITION General 34.005-5 Full-scale development contracts. Whenever practicable, the full-scale development contracts should provide for the contractors to...
48 CFR 34.005-5 - Full-scale development contracts.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Full-scale development... SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING MAJOR SYSTEM ACQUISITION General 34.005-5 Full-scale development contracts. Whenever practicable, the full-scale development contracts should provide for the contractors to...
Active full-shell grazing-incidence optics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Roche, Jacqueline M.; Elsner, Ronald F.; Ramsey, Brian D.; O'Dell, Stephen L.; Kolodziejczak, Jeffrey J.; Weisskopf, Martin C.; Gubarev, Mikhail V.
2016-09-01
MSFC has a long history of developing full-shell grazing-incidence x-ray optics for both narrow (pointed) and wide field (surveying) applications. The concept presented in this paper shows the potential to use active optics to switch between narrow and wide-field geometries, while maintaining large effective area and high angular resolution. In addition, active optics has the potential to reduce errors due to mounting and manufacturing lightweight optics. The design presented corrects low spatial frequency error and has significantly fewer actuators than other concepts presented thus far in the field of active x-ray optics. Using a finite element model, influence functions are calculated using active components on a full-shell grazing-incidence optic. Next, the ability of the active optic to effect a change of optical prescription and to correct for errors due to manufacturing and mounting is modeled.
Active Full-Shell Grazing-Incidence Optics
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Davis, Jacqueline M.; Elsner, Ronald F.; Ramsey, Brian D.; O'Dell, Stephen L.; Kolodziejczak, Jeffery; Weisskopf, Martin C.; Gubarev, Mikhail V.
2016-01-01
MSFC has a long history of developing full-shell grazing-incidence x-ray optics for both narrow (pointed) and wide field (surveying) applications. The concept presented in this paper shows the potential to use active optics to switch between narrow and wide-field geometries, while maintaining large effective area and high angular resolution. In addition, active optics has the potential to reduce errors due to mounting and manufacturing lightweight optics. The design presented corrects low spatial frequency error and has significantly fewer actuators than other concepts presented thus far in the field of active x-ray optics. Using a finite element model, influence functions are calculated using active components on a full-shell grazing-incidence optic. Next, the ability of the active optic to effect a change of optical prescription and to correct for errors due to manufacturing and mounting is modeled.
49 CFR 236.507 - Brake application; full service.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
..., INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR OF SIGNAL AND TRAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND APPLIANCES Automatic Train Stop, Train Control and Cab Signal Systems Standards § 236.507 Brake application; full service. The automatic train stop or train control apparatus shall, when operated, cause a full service...
49 CFR 236.507 - Brake application; full service.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
..., INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR OF SIGNAL AND TRAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND APPLIANCES Automatic Train Stop, Train Control and Cab Signal Systems Standards § 236.507 Brake application; full service. The automatic train stop or train control apparatus shall, when operated, cause a full service...
Full Range Advising: Transforming the Advisor-Advisee Experience
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Barbuto, John E., Jr.; Story, Joana S.; Fritz, Susan M.; Schinstock, Jack L.
2011-01-01
Drawing from the leadership literature, a new model for advising is proposed. Full range advising encompasses laissez-faire, management by exception, contingent rewards, and transformational behaviors. The relationships between full range advising and advisees' extra effort, satisfaction with the advisor, and advising effectiveness were examined.…
iCI: Iterative CI toward full CI.
Liu, Wenjian; Hoffmann, Mark R
2016-03-08
It is shown both theoretically and numerically that the minimal multireference configuration interaction (CI) approach [Liu, W.; Hoffmann, M. R. Theor. Chem. Acc. 2014, 133, 1481] converges quickly and monotonically from above to full CI by updating the primary, external, and secondary states that describe the respective static, dynamic, and again static components of correlation iteratively, even when starting with a rather poor description of a strongly correlated system. In short, the iterative CI (iCI) is a very effective means toward highly correlated wave functions and, ultimately, full CI.
LANDSAT-4 horizon scanner full orbit data averages
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Stanley, J. P.; Bilanow, S.
1983-01-01
Averages taken over full orbit data spans of the pitch and roll residual measurement errors of the two conical Earth sensors operating on the LANDSAT 4 spacecraft are described. The variability of these full orbit averages over representative data throughtout the year is analyzed to demonstrate the long term stability of the sensor measurements. The data analyzed consist of 23 segments of sensor measurements made at 2 to 4 week intervals. Each segment is roughly 24 hours in length. The variation of full orbit average as a function of orbit within a day as a function of day of year is examined. The dependence on day of year is based on association the start date of each segment with the mean full orbit average for the segment. The peak-to-peak and standard deviation values of the averages for each data segment are computed and their variation with day of year are also examined.
7 CFR 762.103 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 7 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 762.103 Section 762.103 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FARM SERVICE AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL PROGRAMS GUARANTEED FARM LOANS § 762.103 Full faith and credit. (a) Fraud and...
7 CFR 762.103 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 7 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 762.103 Section 762.103 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FARM SERVICE AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL PROGRAMS GUARANTEED FARM LOANS § 762.103 Full faith and credit. (a) Fraud and...
Full-Day or Half-Day Kindergarten? ERIC Digest.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Rothenberg, Dianne
This ERIC Digest examines how changing family patterns have affected the full-day/half-day kindergarten issue, discussing why schools are currently considering alternative scheduling and describing the advantages and disadvantages of each type of program. The following changing family patterns affecting the choice of full-day kindergarten programs…
7 CFR 1779.3 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 1779.3 Section 1779.3 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (CONTINUED) WATER AND WASTE DISPOSAL PROGRAMS GUARANTEED LOANS § 1779.3 Full faith and credit. The...
7 CFR 762.103 - Full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 7 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Full faith and credit. 762.103 Section 762.103 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FARM SERVICE AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL PROGRAMS GUARANTEED FARM LOANS § 762.103 Full faith and credit. (a) Fraud and...
22 CFR 71.11 - Short-term full diet program.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Short-term full diet program. 71.11 Section 71.... Nationals Incarcerated Abroad § 71.11 Short-term full diet program. (a) Eligibility criteria. A prisoner is considered eligible for the short-term full diet program under the following general criteria: (1) The...
22 CFR 71.11 - Short-term full diet program.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-04-01
... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Short-term full diet program. 71.11 Section 71.... Nationals Incarcerated Abroad § 71.11 Short-term full diet program. (a) Eligibility criteria. A prisoner is considered eligible for the short-term full diet program under the following general criteria: (1) The...
22 CFR 71.11 - Short-term full diet program.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Short-term full diet program. 71.11 Section 71.... Nationals Incarcerated Abroad § 71.11 Short-term full diet program. (a) Eligibility criteria. A prisoner is considered eligible for the short-term full diet program under the following general criteria: (1) The...
[Sport injuries in full contact and semi-contact karate].
Greier, K; Riechelmann, H; Ziemska, J
2014-03-01
Karate enjoys great popularity both in professional and recreational sports and can be classified into full, half and low contact styles. The aim of this study was the analysis of sports injuries in Kyokushinkai (full contact) and traditional Karate (semi-contact). In a retrospective study design, 215 active amateur karateka (114 full contact, 101 semi-contact) were interviewed by means of a standardised questionnaire regarding typical sport injuries during the last 36 months. Injuries were categorised into severity grade I (not requiring medical treatment), grade II (single medical treatment), grade III (several outpatient medical treatments) and grade IV (requiring hospitalisation). In total, 217 injuries were reported in detail. 125 injuries (58%) occurred in full contact and 92 (42%) in semi-contact karate. The time related injury rate of full contact karateka was 1.9/1000 h compared to 1.3/1000 h of semi-contact karateka (p < 0.05). The most common types of injuries were musculoskeletal contusions (33% full contact, 20% semi-contact), followed by articular sprains with 19% and 16%. The lower extremity was affected twice as often in full contact (40%) as in semi-contact (20%) karate. Training injuries were reported by 80% of the full contact and 77% of the semi-contact karateka. Most injuries, both in training and competition, occurred in kumite. 75% of the reported injuries of full contact and 70% of semi-contact karateka were classified as low grade (I or II). The high rate of injuries during training and kumite (sparring) points to specific prevention goals. The emphasis should be put on proprioceptive training and consistent warm-up. In the actual competition the referees play a vital role regarding prevention. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.
Strontium Removal: Full-Scale Ohio Demonstrations
The objectives of this presentation are to present a brief overview of past bench-scale research to evaluate the impact lime softening on strontium removal from drinking water and present full-scale drinking water treatment studies to impact of lime softening and ion exchange sof...
Selecting Full-Text Undergraduate Periodicals Databases.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Still, Julie M.; Kassabian, Vibiana
1999-01-01
Examines how libraries and librarians can compare full-text general periodical indices, using ProQuest Direct, Periodical Abstracts (via Ovid), and EBSCOhost as examples. Explores breadth and depth of coverage; manipulation of results (email/download/print); ease of use (searching); and indexing quirks. (AEF)
20 CFR 332.5 - Equivalent of full-time work.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2013-04-01 2012-04-01 true Equivalent of full-time work. 332.5 Section... INSURANCE ACT MILEAGE OR WORK RESTRICTIONS AND STAND-BY OR LAY-OVER RULES § 332.5 Equivalent of full-time work. An employee who has the equivalent of full-time work with respect to service on days within a...
20 CFR 332.5 - Equivalent of full-time work.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-04-01
... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2014-04-01 2012-04-01 true Equivalent of full-time work. 332.5 Section... INSURANCE ACT MILEAGE OR WORK RESTRICTIONS AND STAND-BY OR LAY-OVER RULES § 332.5 Equivalent of full-time work. An employee who has the equivalent of full-time work with respect to service on days within a...
20 CFR 332.5 - Equivalent of full-time work.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Equivalent of full-time work. 332.5 Section... INSURANCE ACT MILEAGE OR WORK RESTRICTIONS AND STAND-BY OR LAY-OVER RULES § 332.5 Equivalent of full-time work. An employee who has the equivalent of full-time work with respect to service on days within a...
20 CFR 332.5 - Equivalent of full-time work.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Equivalent of full-time work. 332.5 Section... INSURANCE ACT MILEAGE OR WORK RESTRICTIONS AND STAND-BY OR LAY-OVER RULES § 332.5 Equivalent of full-time work. An employee who has the equivalent of full-time work with respect to service on days within a...
20 CFR 332.5 - Equivalent of full-time work.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Equivalent of full-time work. 332.5 Section... INSURANCE ACT MILEAGE OR WORK RESTRICTIONS AND STAND-BY OR LAY-OVER RULES § 332.5 Equivalent of full-time work. An employee who has the equivalent of full-time work with respect to service on days within a...
23 CFR 505.15 - Full funding grant agreement.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... 23 Highways 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Full funding grant agreement. 505.15 Section 505.15... MANAGEMENT PROJECTS OF NATIONAL AND REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE EVALUATION AND RATING § 505.15 Full funding grant... be entered into only after the project has commitments for non-Federal funding in place and all other...
Full Inclusion: The Least Restrictive Environment
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Mullings, Shirley E.
2011-01-01
The purpose of the phenomenological study was to examine elementary educators' perceptions of full inclusion as the least restrictive environment for students with disabilities. Thirty-six teachers and administrators participated in interviews and responded to multiple-choice survey items. The recorded data from the interviews were…
Supersonic full-potential methods for missile body analysis
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Pittman, James L.
1992-01-01
Accounts are presented of representative applications to missile bodies of arbitrary shape of methods based on the steady form of the full potential equation. The NCOREL and SIMP full-potential codes are compared, and their results are evaluated for the cases of an arrow wing and a wing-body configuration. Attention is given to the effect of cross-sectional and longitudinal geometries. Comparisons of surface pressure and longitudinal force and moment data for circular and elliptic bodies have shown that the full-potential methods yielded excellent results in attached-flow conditions. Results are presented for a conical star body, waveriders, the Shuttle Orbiter, and a highly swept wing-body cruising at Mach 4.
Full State Feedback Control for Virtual Power Plants
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Johnson, Jay Tillay
This report presents an object-oriented implementation of full state feedback control for virtual power plants (VPP). The components of the VPP full state feedback control are (1) objectoriented high-fidelity modeling for all devices in the VPP; (2) Distribution System Distributed Quasi-Dynamic State Estimation (DS-DQSE) that enables full observability of the VPP by augmenting actual measurements with virtual, derived and pseudo measurements and performing the Quasi-Dynamic State Estimation (QSE) in a distributed manner, and (3) automated formulation of the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) in real time using the output of the DS-DQSE, and solving the distributed OPF to provide the optimalmore » control commands to the DERs of the VPP.« less
CANES Contracting Strategies for Full Deployment
2012-01-01
9 CANES Program Functions in Full Deployment...contractors will design CANES, identifying specific hardware and developing the integration software necessary to consolidate existing C4I functions . At...would be responsible for execut- ing the purchased design and assembling the systems, ensuring that the integration software is functioning . An
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... to have terminated the payment of funds under the JSIA and/or the Juvenile Justice Act; and (iii) If... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NONDISCRIMINATION; EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY; POLICIES AND... Justice System Improvement Act of 1979 § 42.213 Full hearing. (a) At any time after notification of...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... to have terminated the payment of funds under the JSIA and/or the Juvenile Justice Act; and (iii) If... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NONDISCRIMINATION; EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY; POLICIES AND... Justice System Improvement Act of 1979 § 42.213 Full hearing. (a) At any time after notification of...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... to have terminated the payment of funds under the JSIA and/or the Juvenile Justice Act; and (iii) If... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NONDISCRIMINATION; EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY; POLICIES AND... Justice System Improvement Act of 1979 § 42.213 Full hearing. (a) At any time after notification of...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... to have terminated the payment of funds under the JSIA and/or the Juvenile Justice Act; and (iii) If... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NONDISCRIMINATION; EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY; POLICIES AND... Justice System Improvement Act of 1979 § 42.213 Full hearing. (a) At any time after notification of...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... to have terminated the payment of funds under the JSIA and/or the Juvenile Justice Act; and (iii) If... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NONDISCRIMINATION; EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY; POLICIES AND... Justice System Improvement Act of 1979 § 42.213 Full hearing. (a) At any time after notification of...
Generalized Full-Information Item Bifactor Analysis
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Cai, Li; Yang, Ji Seung; Hansen, Mark
2011-01-01
Full-information item bifactor analysis is an important statistical method in psychological and educational measurement. Current methods are limited to single-group analysis and inflexible in the types of item response models supported. We propose a flexible multiple-group item bifactor analysis framework that supports a variety of…
75 FR 81788 - Revocation of Requirements for Full-Size Baby Cribs and Non-Full-Size Baby Cribs
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-12-28
... rule. SUMMARY: Section 104(b) of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (``CPSIA... the CPSC revoking the regulations pertaining to cribs? The Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of... CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION 16 CFR Parts 1508 and 1509 Revocation of Requirements for Full...
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
2007-01-01
This image of Jupiter is produced from a 2x2 mosaic of photos taken by the New Horizons Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI), and assembled by the LORRI team at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. The telescopic camera snapped the images during a 3-minute, 35-second span on February 10, when the spacecraft was 29 million kilometers (18 million miles) from Jupiter. At this distance, Jupiter's diameter was 1,015 LORRI pixels -- nearly filling the imager's entire (1,024-by-1,024 pixel) field of view. Features as small as 290 kilometers (180 miles) are visible. Both the Great Red Spot and Little Red Spot are visible in the image, on the left and lower right, respectively. The apparent 'storm' on the planet's right limb is a section of the south tropical zone that has been detached from the region to its west (or left) by a 'disturbance' that scientists and amateur astronomers are watching closely. At the time LORRI took these images, New Horizons was 820 million kilometers (510 million miles) from home -- nearly 51/2 times the distance between the Sun and Earth. This is the last full-disk image of Jupiter LORRI will produce, since Jupiter is appearing larger as New Horizons draws closer, and the imager will start to focus on specific areas of the planet for higher-resolution studies.Method for improving accuracy in full evaporation headspace analysis.
Xie, Wei-Qi; Chai, Xin-Sheng
2017-05-01
We report a new headspace analytical method in which multiple headspace extraction is incorporated with the full evaporation technique. The pressure uncertainty caused by the solid content change in the samples has a great impact to the measurement accuracy in the conventional full evaporation headspace analysis. The results (using ethanol solution as the model sample) showed that the present technique is effective to minimize such a problem. The proposed full evaporation multiple headspace extraction analysis technique is also automated and practical, and which could greatly broaden the applications of the full-evaporation-based headspace analysis. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Duodenal endoscopic full-thickness resection (with video).
Schmidt, Arthur; Meier, Benjamin; Cahyadi, Oscar; Caca, Karel
2015-10-01
Endoscopic resection of duodenal non-lifting adenomas and subepithelial tumors is challenging and harbors a significant risk of adverse events. We report on a novel technique for duodenal endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) by using an over-the-scope device. Data of 4 consecutive patients who underwent duodenal EFTR were analyzed retrospectively. Main outcome measures were technical success, R0 resection, histologic confirmation of full-thickness resection, and adverse events. Resections were done with a novel, over-the-scope device (full-thickness resection device, FTRD). Four patients (median age 60 years) with non-lifting adenomas (2 patients) or subepithelial tumors (2 patients) underwent EFTR in the duodenum. All lesions could be resected successfully. Mean procedure time was 67.5 minutes (range 50-85 minutes). Minor bleeding was observed in 2 cases; blood transfusions were not required. There was no immediate or delayed perforation. Mean diameter of the resection specimen was 28.3 mm (range 22-40 mm). Histology confirmed complete (R0) full-thickness resection in 3 of 4 cases. To date, 2-month endoscopic follow-up has been obtained in 3 patients. In all cases, the over-the-scope clip was still in place and could be removed without adverse events; recurrences were not observed. EFTR in the duodenum with the FTRD is a promising technique that has the potential to spare surgical resections. Modifications of the device should be made to facilitate introduction by mouth. Prospective studies are needed to further evaluate efficacy and safety for duodenal resections. Copyright © 2015 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Adaptive, full-spectrum solar energy system
Muhs, Jeffrey D.; Earl, Dennis D.
2003-08-05
An adaptive full spectrum solar energy system having at least one hybrid solar concentrator, at least one hybrid luminaire, at least one hybrid photobioreactor, and a light distribution system operably connected to each hybrid solar concentrator, each hybrid luminaire, and each hybrid photobioreactor. A lighting control system operates each component.
Full waveform inversion for ultrasonic flaw identification
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Seidl, Robert; Rank, Ernst
2017-02-01
Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing is concerned with detecting flaws inside components without causing physical damage. It is possible to detect flaws using ultrasound measurements but usually no additional details about the flaw like position, dimension or orientation are available. The information about these details is hidden in the recorded experimental signals. The idea of full waveform inversion is to adapt the parameters of an initial simulation model of the undamaged specimen by minimizing the discrepancy between these simulated signals and experimentally measured signals of the flawed specimen. Flaws in the structure are characterized by a change or deterioration in the material properties. Commonly, full waveform inversion is mostly applied in seismology on a larger scale to infer mechanical properties of the earth. We propose to use acoustic full waveform inversion for structural parameters to visualize the interior of the component. The method is adapted to US NDT by combining multiple similar experiments on the test component as the typical small amount of sensors is not sufficient for a successful imaging. It is shown that the combination of simulations and multiple experiments can be used to detect flaws and their position, dimension and orientation in emulated simulation cases.
7 CFR 1980.308 - Full faith and credit and indemnification.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 14 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Full faith and credit and indemnification. 1980.308... Full faith and credit and indemnification. (a) Full faith and credit. The loan note guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United States and is incontestable...
7 CFR 1980.308 - Full faith and credit and indemnification.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 14 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Full faith and credit and indemnification. 1980.308... Full faith and credit and indemnification. (a) Full faith and credit. The loan note guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United States and is incontestable...
7 CFR 1980.308 - Full faith and credit and indemnification.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 14 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Full faith and credit and indemnification. 1980.308... Full faith and credit and indemnification. (a) Full faith and credit. The loan note guarantee constitutes an obligation supported by the full faith and credit of the United States and is incontestable...
Full Spectrum Conversion Using Traveling Pulse Wave Quantization
2017-03-01
Full Spectrum Conversion Using Traveling Pulse Wave Quantization Michael S. Kappes Mikko E. Waltari IQ-Analog Corporation San Diego, California...temporal-domain quantization technique called Traveling Pulse Wave Quantization (TPWQ). Full spectrum conversion is defined as the complete...pulse width measurements that are continuously generated hence the name “traveling” pulse wave quantization. Our TPWQ-based ADC is composed of a
Development of a full-text information retrieval system
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Keizo Oyama; AKira Miyazawa, Atsuhiro Takasu; Kouji Shibano
The authors have executed a project to realize a full-text information retrieval system. The system is designed to deal with a document database comprising full text of a large number of documents such as academic papers. The document structures are utilized in searching and extracting appropriate information. The concept of structure handling and the configuration of the system are described in this paper.
42 CFR 455.15 - Full investigation.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-10-01
... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Full investigation. 455.15 Section 455.15 Public... must— (1) In States with a State Medicaid fraud control unit certified under subpart C of part 1002 of... under § 1002.309 of this title; or (2) In States with no certified Medicaid fraud control unit, or in...
Towards a Full Waveform Ambient Noise Inversion
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sager, K.; Ermert, L. A.; Boehm, C.; Fichtner, A.
2015-12-01
Noise tomography usually works under the assumption that the inter-station ambient noise correlation is equal to a scaled version of the Green's function between the two receivers. This assumption, however, is only met under specific conditions, for instance, wavefield diffusivity and equipartitioning, zero attenuation, etc., that are typically not satisfied in the Earth. This inconsistency inhibits the exploitation of the full waveform information contained in noise correlations regarding Earth structure and noise generation. To overcome this limitation we attempt to develop a method that consistently accounts for noise distribution, 3D heterogeneous Earth structure and the full seismic wave propagation physics in order to improve the current resolution of tomographic images of the Earth. As an initial step towards a full waveform ambient noise inversion we develop a preliminary inversion scheme based on a 2D finite-difference code simulating correlation functions and on adjoint techniques. With respect to our final goal, a simultaneous inversion for noise distribution and Earth structure, we address the following two aspects: (1) the capabilities of different misfit functionals to image wave speed anomalies and source distribution and (2) possible source-structure trade-offs, especially to what extent unresolvable structure could be mapped into the inverted noise source distribution and vice versa.
Tropical cyclone fullness: A new concept for interpreting storm intensity
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Guo, Xi; Tan, Zhe-Min
2017-05-01
Intensity and size are two crucial factors in determining the destructiveness of a tropical cyclone (TC), but little is known about the relationship between them because of a lack of observations. TC fullness, a new concept, is proposed to quantitatively measure the storm wind structure, which is defined as the ratio of the extent of the outer-core wind skirt to the outer-core size of the TC. TC intensity is more strongly correlated with fullness than with other measures comprising just a single size parameter. A scale is introduced to classify TCs into four categories based on TC fullness (FS1 to FS4). Regardless of the specific inner-core and outer-core size, the FS4 fullness structure is necessary for an intense TC's development, while category FS1 and FS2 TCs are generally weak. Most major TCs achieve FS4 fullness structure earlier and more frequently than nonmajor TCs. Rapidly increasing fullness favors the intensification of TC.
Evaluation of full depth asphaltic concrete pavements : interim report.
DOT National Transportation Integrated Search
1975-02-01
This report provides a review of the performance and structural characteristics exhibited on two full depth asphaltic concrete pavement projects constructed on the Louisiana interstate system. : The roughness characteristics of both full depth projec...
On the Full-Discrete Extended Generalised q-Difference Toda System
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Chuanzhong; Meng, Anni
2017-08-01
In this paper, we construct a full-discrete integrable difference equation which is a full-discretisation of the generalised q-Toda equation. Meanwhile its soliton solutions are constructed to show its integrable property. Further the Lax pairs of an extended generalised full-discrete q-Toda hierarchy are also constructed. To show the integrability, the bi-Hamiltonian structure and tau symmetry of the extended full-discrete generalised q-Toda hierarchy are given.
An Analysis of the Full-Floating Journal Bearing
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Shaw, M C; Nussdorfer, T J , Jr
1947-01-01
An analysis of the operating characteristics of a full-floating journal bearing, a bearing in which a floating sleeve is located between the journal and bearing surfaces, is presented together with charts from which the performance of such bearings may be predicted. Examples are presented to illustrate the use of these charts and a limited number of experiments conducted upon a glass full-floating bearing are reported to verify some results of the analysis.
Developing standards and specifications for full depth pavement reclamation.
DOT National Transportation Integrated Search
2012-05-25
The report summarizes the work conducted during the development of procedures for conducting full depth reclamation of existing asphalt surfaced and unsurfaced roads. The report describes full depth reclamation, and includes a summary of available li...
Full-sky, High-resolution Maps of Interstellar Dust
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Meisner, Aaron Michael
We present full-sky, high-resolution maps of interstellar dust based on data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and Planck missions. We describe our custom processing of the entire WISE 12 micron All-Sky imaging data set, and present the resulting 15 arcsecond resolution, full-sky map of diffuse Galactic dust emission, free of compact sources and other contaminating artifacts. Our derived 12 micron dust map offers angular resolution far superior to that of all other existing full-sky, infrared dust emission maps, revealing a wealth of small-scale filamentary structure. We also apply the Finkbeiner et al. (1999) two-component thermal dust emission model to the Planck HFI maps. We derive full-sky 6.1 arcminute resolution maps of dust optical depth and temperature by fitting this two-component model to Planck 217-857 GHz along with DIRBE/IRAS 100 micron data. In doing so, we obtain the first ever full-sky 100-3000 GHz Planck-based thermal dust emission model, as well as a dust temperature correction with ~10 times enhanced angular resolution relative to DIRBE-based temperature maps. Analyzing the joint Planck/DIRBE dust spectrum, we show that two-component models provide a better fit to the 100-3000 GHz emission than do single-MBB models, though by a lesser margin than found by Finkbeiner et al. (1999) based on FIRAS and DIRBE. We find that, in diffuse sky regions, our two-component 100-217 GHz predictions are on average accurate to within 2.2%, while extrapolating the Planck Collaboration (2013) single-MBB model systematically underpredicts emission by 18.8% at 100 GHz, 12.6% at 143 GHz and 7.9% at 217 GHz. We calibrate our two-component optical depth to reddening, and compare with reddening estimates based on stellar spectra. We find the dominant systematic problems in our temperature/reddening maps to be zodiacal light on large angular scales and the cosmic infrared background anisotropy on small angular scales. Future work will focus on combining
SPF Full-scale emissions test method development status ...
This is a non-technical presentation that is intended to inform ASTM task group members about our intended approach to full-scale emissions testing that includes the application of spray foam in an environmental chamber. The presentation describes the approach to emissions characterization, types of measurement systems employed, and expected outcomes from the planned tests. Purpose of this presentation is to update the ASTM D22.05 work group regarding status of our full-scale emissions test method development.
Generalized Full-Information Item Bifactor Analysis
Cai, Li; Yang, Ji Seung; Hansen, Mark
2011-01-01
Full-information item bifactor analysis is an important statistical method in psychological and educational measurement. Current methods are limited to single group analysis and inflexible in the types of item response models supported. We propose a flexible multiple-group item bifactor analysis framework that supports a variety of multidimensional item response theory models for an arbitrary mixing of dichotomous, ordinal, and nominal items. The extended item bifactor model also enables the estimation of latent variable means and variances when data from more than one group are present. Generalized user-defined parameter restrictions are permitted within or across groups. We derive an efficient full-information maximum marginal likelihood estimator. Our estimation method achieves substantial computational savings by extending Gibbons and Hedeker’s (1992) bifactor dimension reduction method so that the optimization of the marginal log-likelihood only requires two-dimensional integration regardless of the dimensionality of the latent variables. We use simulation studies to demonstrate the flexibility and accuracy of the proposed methods. We apply the model to study cross-country differences, including differential item functioning, using data from a large international education survey on mathematics literacy. PMID:21534682
Decomposition Techniques for Icesat/glas Full-Waveform Data
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liu, Z.; Gao, X.; Li, G.; Chen, J.
2018-04-01
The geoscience laser altimeter system (GLAS) on the board Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), is the first long-duration space borne full-waveform LiDAR for measuring the topography of the ice shelf and temporal variation, cloud and atmospheric characteristics. In order to extract the characteristic parameters of the waveform, the key step is to process the full waveform data. In this paper, the modified waveform decomposition method is proposed to extract the echo components from full-waveform. First, the initial parameter estimation is implemented through data preprocessing and waveform detection. Next, the waveform fitting is demonstrated using the Levenberg-Marquard (LM) optimization method. The results show that the modified waveform decomposition method can effectively extract the overlapped echo components and missing echo components compared with the results from GLA14 product. The echo components can also be extracted from the complex waveforms.
Integrated Resilient Aircraft Control Project Full Scale Flight Validation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bosworth, John T.
2009-01-01
Objective: Provide validation of adaptive control law concepts through full scale flight evaluation. Technical Approach: a) Engage failure mode - destabilizing or frozen surface. b) Perform formation flight and air-to-air tracking tasks. Evaluate adaptive algorithm: a) Stability metrics. b) Model following metrics. Full scale flight testing provides an ability to validate different adaptive flight control approaches. Full scale flight testing adds credence to NASA's research efforts. A sustained research effort is required to remove the road blocks and provide adaptive control as a viable design solution for increased aircraft resilience.
Towards Full-Waveform Ambient Noise Inversion
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sager, Korbinian; Ermert, Laura; Afanasiev, Michael; Boehm, Christian; Fichtner, Andreas
2017-04-01
Noise tomography usually works under the assumption that the inter-station ambient noise correlation is equal to a scaled version of the Green function between the two receivers. This assumption, however, is only met under specific conditions, e.g. wavefield diffusivity and equipartitioning, or the isotropic distribution of both mono- and dipolar uncorrelated noise sources. These assumptions are typically not satisfied in the Earth. This inconsistency inhibits the exploitation of the full waveform information contained in noise correlations in order to constrain Earth structure and noise generation. To overcome this limitation, we attempt to develop a method that consistently accounts for the distribution of noise sources, 3D heterogeneous Earth structure and the full seismic wave propagation physics. This is intended to improve the resolution of tomographic images, to refine noise source distribution, and thereby to contribute to a better understanding of both Earth structure and noise generation. First, we develop an inversion strategy based on a 2D finite-difference code using adjoint techniques. To enable a joint inversion for noise sources and Earth structure, we investigate the following aspects: i) the capability of different misfit functionals to image wave speed anomalies and source distribution and ii) possible source-structure trade-offs, especially to what extent unresolvable structure can be mapped into the inverted noise source distribution and vice versa. In anticipation of real-data applications, we present an extension of the open-source waveform modelling and inversion package Salvus (http://salvus.io). It allows us to compute correlation functions in 3D media with heterogeneous noise sources at the surface and the corresponding sensitivity kernels for the distribution of noise sources and Earth structure. By studying the effect of noise sources on correlation functions in 3D, we validate the aforementioned inversion strategy and prepare the
Towards integrated modelling: full image simulations for WEAVE
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dalton, Gavin; Ham, Sun Jeong; Trager, Scott; Abrams, Don Carlos; Bonifacio, Piercarlo; Aguerri, J. A. L.; Middleton, Kevin; Benn, Chris; Rogers, Kevin; Stuik, Remko; Carrasco, Esperanza; Vallenari, Antonella; Jin, Shoko; Lewis, Jim
2016-08-01
We present an integrated end-end simulation of the spectral images that will be obtained by the weave spectrograph, which aims to include full modelling of all effects from the top of the atmosphere to the detector. These data are based in input spectra from a combination of library spectra and synthetic models, and will be used to provide inputs for an endend test of the full weave data pipeline and archive systems, prior to 1st light of the instrument.
An Expert System for Searching in Full-Text
1989-12-01
2 An Expert System for Searching in Full-Text 00~ TR89-043 -December, 1989 cc D IF L, ~r." T M~ EA 13~ 1991ON- The University of North Carolina at...Full-Text by Susan Evalyn Gauch A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of...MICROARRAS, the retrieval software. MICROARRAS developed at the University of North Carolina under the direction of John B. Smith and Stephen Weiss [Smith et
Ultralow Thermal Conductivity in Full Heusler Semiconductors.
He, Jiangang; Amsler, Maximilian; Xia, Yi; Naghavi, S Shahab; Hegde, Vinay I; Hao, Shiqiang; Goedecker, Stefan; Ozoliņš, Vidvuds; Wolverton, Chris
2016-07-22
Semiconducting half and, to a lesser extent, full Heusler compounds are promising thermoelectric materials due to their compelling electronic properties with large power factors. However, intrinsically high thermal conductivity resulting in a limited thermoelectric efficiency has so far impeded their widespread use in practical applications. Here, we report the computational discovery of a class of hitherto unknown stable semiconducting full Heusler compounds with ten valence electrons (X_{2}YZ, X=Ca, Sr, and Ba; Y=Au and Hg; Z=Sn, Pb, As, Sb, and Bi) through high-throughput ab initio screening. These new compounds exhibit ultralow lattice thermal conductivity κ_{L} close to the theoretical minimum due to strong anharmonic rattling of the heavy noble metals, while preserving high power factors, thus resulting in excellent phonon-glass electron-crystal materials.
10 CFR 609.14 - Full faith and credit and incontestability.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Full faith and credit and incontestability. 609.14 Section 609.14 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS LOAN GUARANTEES FOR PROJECTS THAT EMPLOY INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES § 609.14 Full faith and credit and incontestability. The full faith...
10 CFR 609.14 - Full faith and credit and incontestability.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Full faith and credit and incontestability. 609.14 Section 609.14 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS LOAN GUARANTEES FOR PROJECTS THAT EMPLOY INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES § 609.14 Full faith and credit and incontestability. The full faith...
10 CFR 609.14 - Full faith and credit and incontestability.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Full faith and credit and incontestability. 609.14 Section 609.14 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS LOAN GUARANTEES FOR PROJECTS THAT EMPLOY INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES § 609.14 Full faith and credit and incontestability. The full faith...
10 CFR 609.14 - Full faith and credit and incontestability.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Full faith and credit and incontestability. 609.14 Section 609.14 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS LOAN GUARANTEES FOR PROJECTS THAT EMPLOY INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES § 609.14 Full faith and credit and incontestability. The full faith...
10 CFR 609.14 - Full faith and credit and incontestability.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Full faith and credit and incontestability. 609.14 Section 609.14 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS LOAN GUARANTEES FOR PROJECTS THAT EMPLOY INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES § 609.14 Full faith and credit and incontestability. The full faith...
Bacterial communities in full-scale wastewater treatment systems.
Cydzik-Kwiatkowska, Agnieszka; Zielińska, Magdalena
2016-04-01
Bacterial metabolism determines the effectiveness of biological treatment of wastewater. Therefore, it is important to define the relations between the species structure and the performance of full-scale installations. Although there is much laboratory data on microbial consortia, our understanding of dependencies between the microbial structure and operational parameters of full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is limited. This mini-review presents the types of microbial consortia in WWTP. Information is given on extracellular polymeric substances production as factor that is key for formation of spatial structures of microorganisms. Additionally, we discuss data on microbial groups including nitrifiers, denitrifiers, Anammox bacteria, and phosphate- and glycogen-accumulating bacteria in full-scale aerobic systems that was obtained with the use of molecular techniques, including high-throughput sequencing, to shed light on dependencies between the microbial ecology of biomass and the overall efficiency and functional stability of wastewater treatment systems. Sludge bulking in WWTPs is addressed, as well as the microbial composition of consortia involved in antibiotic and micropollutant removal.
Silicon microdisk-based full adders for optical computing.
Ying, Zhoufeng; Wang, Zheng; Zhao, Zheng; Dhar, Shounak; Pan, David Z; Soref, Richard; Chen, Ray T
2018-03-01
Due to the projected saturation of Moore's law, as well as the drastically increasing trend of bandwidth with lower power consumption, silicon photonics has emerged as one of the most promising alternatives that has attracted a lasting interest due to the accessibility and maturity of ultra-compact passive and active integrated photonic components. In this Letter, we demonstrate a ripple-carry electro-optic 2-bit full adder using microdisks, which replaces the core part of an electrical full adder by optical counterparts and uses light to carry signals from one bit to the next with high bandwidth and low power consumption per bit. All control signals of the operands are applied simultaneously within each clock cycle. Thus, the severe latency issue that accumulates as the size of the full adder increases can be circumvented, allowing for an improvement in computing speed and a reduction in power consumption. This approach paves the way for future high-speed optical computing systems in the post-Moore's law era.
Towards an Automated Full-Turbofan Engine Numerical Simulation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Reed, John A.; Turner, Mark G.; Norris, Andrew; Veres, Joseph P.
2003-01-01
The objective of this study was to demonstrate the high-fidelity numerical simulation of a modern high-bypass turbofan engine. The simulation utilizes the Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) thermodynamic cycle modeling system coupled to a high-fidelity full-engine model represented by a set of coupled three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) component models. Boundary conditions from the balanced, steady-state cycle model are used to define component boundary conditions in the full-engine model. Operating characteristics of the three-dimensional component models are integrated into the cycle model via partial performance maps generated automatically from the CFD flow solutions using one-dimensional meanline turbomachinery programs. This paper reports on the progress made towards the full-engine simulation of the GE90-94B engine, highlighting the generation of the high-pressure compressor partial performance map. The ongoing work will provide a system to evaluate the steady and unsteady aerodynamic and mechanical interactions between engine components at design and off-design operating conditions.
Non-Markovian full counting statistics in quantum dot molecules
Xue, Hai-Bin; Jiao, Hu-Jun; Liang, Jiu-Qing; Liu, Wu-Ming
2015-01-01
Full counting statistics of electron transport is a powerful diagnostic tool for probing the nature of quantum transport beyond what is obtainable from the average current or conductance measurement alone. In particular, the non-Markovian dynamics of quantum dot molecule plays an important role in the nonequilibrium electron tunneling processes. It is thus necessary to understand the non-Markovian full counting statistics in a quantum dot molecule. Here we study the non-Markovian full counting statistics in two typical quantum dot molecules, namely, serially coupled and side-coupled double quantum dots with high quantum coherence in a certain parameter regime. We demonstrate that the non-Markovian effect manifests itself through the quantum coherence of the quantum dot molecule system, and has a significant impact on the full counting statistics in the high quantum-coherent quantum dot molecule system, which depends on the coupling of the quantum dot molecule system with the source and drain electrodes. The results indicated that the influence of the non-Markovian effect on the full counting statistics of electron transport, which should be considered in a high quantum-coherent quantum dot molecule system, can provide a better understanding of electron transport through quantum dot molecules. PMID:25752245
45 CFR 162.510 - Full implementation requirements: Covered entities.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... 45 Public Welfare 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Full implementation requirements: Covered entities. 162.510 Section 162.510 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES ADMINISTRATIVE DATA... Plans § 162.510 Full implementation requirements: Covered entities. (a) A covered entity must use an...
32 CFR 720.32 - Certificates of full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 32 National Defense 5 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Certificates of full faith and credit. 720.32... Official Records § 720.32 Certificates of full faith and credit. The Judge Advocate General, the Deputy... full faith and credit certifying the signatures and authority of officers of the Department of the Navy...
32 CFR 720.32 - Certificates of full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 32 National Defense 5 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Certificates of full faith and credit. 720.32... Official Records § 720.32 Certificates of full faith and credit. The Judge Advocate General, the Deputy... full faith and credit certifying the signatures and authority of officers of the Department of the Navy...
32 CFR 720.32 - Certificates of full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 32 National Defense 5 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Certificates of full faith and credit. 720.32... Official Records § 720.32 Certificates of full faith and credit. The Judge Advocate General, the Deputy... full faith and credit certifying the signatures and authority of officers of the Department of the Navy...
32 CFR 720.32 - Certificates of full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 32 National Defense 5 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Certificates of full faith and credit. 720.32... Official Records § 720.32 Certificates of full faith and credit. The Judge Advocate General, the Deputy... full faith and credit certifying the signatures and authority of officers of the Department of the Navy...
32 CFR 720.32 - Certificates of full faith and credit.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 32 National Defense 5 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Certificates of full faith and credit. 720.32... Official Records § 720.32 Certificates of full faith and credit. The Judge Advocate General, the Deputy... full faith and credit certifying the signatures and authority of officers of the Department of the Navy...
Apparatus and method for detecting full-capture radiation events
Odell, Daniel M. C.
1994-01-01
An apparatus and method for sampling the output signal of a radiation detector and distinguishing full-capture radiation events from Compton scattering events. The output signal of a radiation detector is continuously sampled. The samples are converted to digital values and input to a discriminator where samples that are representative of events are identified. The discriminator transfers only event samples, that is, samples representing full-capture events and Compton events, to a signal processor where the samples are saved in a three-dimensional count matrix with time (from the time of onset of the pulse) on the first axis, sample pulse current amplitude on the second axis, and number of samples on the third axis. The stored data are analyzed to separate the Compton events from full-capture events, and the energy of the full-capture events is determined without having determined the energies of any of the individual radiation detector events.
Apparatus and method for detecting full-capture radiation events
Odell, D.M.C.
1994-10-11
An apparatus and method are disclosed for sampling the output signal of a radiation detector and distinguishing full-capture radiation events from Compton scattering events. The output signal of a radiation detector is continuously sampled. The samples are converted to digital values and input to a discriminator where samples that are representative of events are identified. The discriminator transfers only event samples, that is, samples representing full-capture events and Compton events, to a signal processor where the samples are saved in a three-dimensional count matrix with time (from the time of onset of the pulse) on the first axis, sample pulse current amplitude on the second axis, and number of samples on the third axis. The stored data are analyzed to separate the Compton events from full-capture events, and the energy of the full-capture events is determined without having determined the energies of any of the individual radiation detector events. 4 figs.
Nodular melanoma serendipitously detected by airport full body scanners.
Mayer, Jonathan E; Adams, Brian B
2015-01-01
Nodular melanoma is the most dangerous form of melanoma and often evades early detection. We present a frequently traveling businessman whose nodular melanoma was detected by airport full body scanners. For about 20 flights over 2 months, the airport full body scanners singled out an area on his left lower leg for a pat-down. Dermatologic examination discovered a nodular melanoma in this area, and after surgical excision, the man traveled without incident. This case raises the possibility of using full body imaging in the detection of melanomas, especially of the nodular subtype. In its current form, full body scanning would most likely not be sensitive or specific enough to become a recommended screening tool. Nonetheless, for travelers with areas repeatedly singled out by the machines without a known justification, airport scanners could serve as incidental free screening for suspicious nodular lesions that should prompt dermatologist referral. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.
Challenges for automatically extracting molecular interactions from full-text articles.
McIntosh, Tara; Curran, James R
2009-09-24
The increasing availability of full-text biomedical articles will allow more biomedical knowledge to be extracted automatically with greater reliability. However, most Information Retrieval (IR) and Extraction (IE) tools currently process only abstracts. The lack of corpora has limited the development of tools that are capable of exploiting the knowledge in full-text articles. As a result, there has been little investigation into the advantages of full-text document structure, and the challenges developers will face in processing full-text articles. We manually annotated passages from full-text articles that describe interactions summarised in a Molecular Interaction Map (MIM). Our corpus tracks the process of identifying facts to form the MIM summaries and captures any factual dependencies that must be resolved to extract the fact completely. For example, a fact in the results section may require a synonym defined in the introduction. The passages are also annotated with negated and coreference expressions that must be resolved.We describe the guidelines for identifying relevant passages and possible dependencies. The corpus includes 2162 sentences from 78 full-text articles. Our corpus analysis demonstrates the necessity of full-text processing; identifies the article sections where interactions are most commonly stated; and quantifies the proportion of interaction statements requiring coherent dependencies. Further, it allows us to report on the relative importance of identifying synonyms and resolving negated expressions. We also experiment with an oracle sentence retrieval system using the corpus as a gold-standard evaluation set. We introduce the MIM corpus, a unique resource that maps interaction facts in a MIM to annotated passages within full-text articles. It is an invaluable case study providing guidance to developers of biomedical IR and IE systems, and can be used as a gold-standard evaluation set for full-text IR tasks.
34 CFR 300.109 - Full educational opportunity goal (FEOG).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... EDUCATION OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES State Eligibility Other Fape Requirements § 300.109 Full educational... 34 Education 2 2011-07-01 2010-07-01 true Full educational opportunity goal (FEOG). 300.109 Section 300.109 Education Regulations of the Offices of the Department of Education (Continued) OFFICE OF...
34 CFR 300.109 - Full educational opportunity goal (FEOG).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... EDUCATION OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES State Eligibility Other Fape Requirements § 300.109 Full educational... 34 Education 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Full educational opportunity goal (FEOG). 300.109 Section 300.109 Education Regulations of the Offices of the Department of Education (Continued) OFFICE OF...
20 CFR 404.409 - What is full retirement age?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-04-01
... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false What is full retirement age? 404.409 Section 404.409 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Deductions; Reductions; and Nonpayments of Benefits § 404.409 What is full retirement age...
20 CFR 404.409 - What is full retirement age?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false What is full retirement age? 404.409 Section 404.409 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Deductions; Reductions; and Nonpayments of Benefits § 404.409 What is full retirement age...
20 CFR 404.409 - What is full retirement age?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false What is full retirement age? 404.409 Section 404.409 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Deductions; Reductions; and Nonpayments of Benefits § 404.409 What is full retirement age...
20 CFR 404.409 - What is full retirement age?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false What is full retirement age? 404.409 Section 404.409 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Deductions; Reductions; and Nonpayments of Benefits § 404.409 What is full retirement age...
A full-scale STOVL ejector experiment
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Barankiewicz, Wendy S.
1993-01-01
The design and development of thrust augmenting short take-off and vertical landing (STOVL) ejectors has typically been an iterative process. In this investigation, static performance tests of a full-scale vertical lift ejector were performed at primary flow temperatures up to 1560 R (1100 F). Flow visualization (smoke generators, yarn tufts and paint dots) was used to assess inlet flowfield characteristics, especially around the primary nozzle and end plates. Performance calculations are presented for ambient temperatures close to 480 R (20 F) and 535 R (75 F) which simulate 'seasonal' aircraft operating conditions. Resulting thrust augmentation ratios are presented as functions of nozzle pressure ratio and temperature. Full-scale experimental tests such as this are expensive, and difficult to implement at engine exhaust temperatures. For this reason the utility of using similarity principles -- in particular, the Munk and Prim similarity principle for isentropic flow -- was explored. At different primary temperatures, exit pressure contours are compared for similarity. A nondimensional flow parameter is then shown to eliminate primary nozzle temperature dependence and verify similarity between the hot and cold flow experiments. Under the assumption that an appropriate similarity principle can be established, then properly chosen performance parameters should be similar for both hot flow and cold flow model tests.
Full-arch milled titanium implant bridge: technical report.
Peché, Wendy-Ann; Van Vuuren, Ludwig Jansen; Park, Chae
2011-09-01
The manufacturing of full-arch fixed implant-supported bridges with the use of the traditional lost wax technique remains a technical challenge. Distortion of the alloy during casting and subsequent heating cycles during porcelain build-up causes numerous problems. Fracturing of porcelain on large restorations is difficult and costly to restore. The fitting problems can be eliminated by utilising CAD/CAM technology in the manufacturing of long-span or full-arch titanium bridges. Repair of damaged porcelain can be simplified with the use of discrete, individually-removable crowns on the bridge.
Feasibility study of full-reactor gas core demonstration test
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kunze, J. F.; Lofthouse, J. H.; Shaffer, C. J.; Macbeth, P. J.
1973-01-01
Separate studies of nuclear criticality, flow patterns, and thermodynamics for the gas core reactor concept have all given positive indications of its feasibility. However, before serious design for a full scale gas core application can be made, feasibility must be shown for operation with full interaction of the nuclear, thermal, and hydraulic effects. A minimum sized, and hence minimum expense, test arrangement is considered for a full gas core configuration. It is shown that the hydrogen coolant scattering effects dominate the nuclear considerations at elevated temperatures. A cavity diameter of somewhat larger than 4 ft (122 cm) will be needed if temperatures high enough to vaporize uranium are to be achieved.
15 CFR 970.210 - Reasonable time for full compliance.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Reasonable time for full compliance... THE ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SERVICE DEEP SEABED MINING REGULATIONS FOR EXPLORATION LICENSES Applications Procedures § 970.210 Reasonable time for full compliance. Priority of right will not be lost in case of any...
43 CFR 426.6 - Leasing and full-cost pricing.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... payments due the United States. (6) In determining full-cost charges, the following factors will be...-cost entitlement for limited recipients that did not receive irrigation water on or prior to October 1... appropriate full-cost rate for irrigation water delivered to acreage that equals the amount of leased land...
43 CFR 426.6 - Leasing and full-cost pricing.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... payments due the United States. (6) In determining full-cost charges, the following factors will be...-cost entitlement for limited recipients that did not receive irrigation water on or prior to October 1... appropriate full-cost rate for irrigation water delivered to acreage that equals the amount of leased land...
43 CFR 426.6 - Leasing and full-cost pricing.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... payments due the United States. (6) In determining full-cost charges, the following factors will be...-cost entitlement for limited recipients that did not receive irrigation water on or prior to October 1... appropriate full-cost rate for irrigation water delivered to acreage that equals the amount of leased land...
43 CFR 426.6 - Leasing and full-cost pricing.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... payments due the United States. (6) In determining full-cost charges, the following factors will be...-cost entitlement for limited recipients that did not receive irrigation water on or prior to October 1... appropriate full-cost rate for irrigation water delivered to acreage that equals the amount of leased land...
Full Spectrum Crashworthiness Criteria for Rotorcraft
2011-12-01
hydraulic orifice and metering pin technologies. One drawback of this technology is that the shock strut loads can exceed the design strength allowable...where the velocity v is to be computed. For example, using a pendulum -style swing method for full-scale aircraft crash tests introduces a pitch...performed at LandIR using a parallel pendulum swing technique (Figure 6-10). Equidistant pivot-point platforms are located at the top of the gantry
IRAC Full-Scale Flight Testbed Capabilities
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Lee, James A.; Pahle, Joseph; Cogan, Bruce R.; Hanson, Curtis E.; Bosworth, John T.
2009-01-01
Overview: Provide validation of adaptive control law concepts through full scale flight evaluation in a representative avionics architecture. Develop an understanding of aircraft dynamics of current vehicles in damaged and upset conditions Real-world conditions include: a) Turbulence, sensor noise, feedback biases; and b) Coupling between pilot and adaptive system. Simulated damage includes 1) "B" matrix (surface) failures; and 2) "A" matrix failures. Evaluate robustness of control systems to anticipated and unanticipated failures.
Exploring full cervical dilatation caesarean sections-A retrospective cohort study.
Corry, Edward M A; Ramphul, Meenakshi; Rowan, Ann M; Segurado, Ricardo; Mahony, Rhona M; Keane, Declan P
2018-05-01
The rate of caesarean sections at full cervical dilatation with their high risk of morbidity continues to rise mirroring the overall increase in caesarean section rates internationally. The objectives of this study were to determine the rate of full dilatation caesarean section in a tertiary referral unit and evaluate key labour, maternal and fetal factors potentially linked to those deliveries. We also assessed maternal and fetal morbidity at full dilatation sections. Where possible, these were compared with successful operative vaginal deliveries carried out in theatre to determine key differences. Retrospective cohort study. We reviewed the rate of full dilatation caesarean section over a 10-year period. We analysed deliveries (caesarean sections or operative vaginal deliveries) in single cephalic pregnancies ≥34 weeks with contemporaneously collected data from our unit's electronic database for 2015. The rate of full dilatation caesarean section increased by over a third in the ten-year period (56/6947 (0.80%) vs 92/7378 (1.24%), p = 0.01). Of 84 full dilatation caesarean sections who met the inclusion criteria, 63 (75%) were nulliparous and the mean maternal age was 33 (±5) years. Oxytocin was used in the second stage in less than half of second stage caesarean sections (22 out of a recorded 57, 38.6%). There were more fetal head malposition (occipito-posterior, or occipito-transverse) at full dilatation caesarean section compared to successful operative vaginal deliveries (41/46 (89.1%) vs 2/21 (9.5), p < 0.001). The rate of significant postpartum haemorrhage (defined as estimated blood loss ≥1000 ml) was similar in both full dilatation caesarean section and operative vaginal deliveries. There was no difference in the mean birthweight at full dilatation caesarean sections compared to operative vaginal delivery (3.88 kg (2.80-5.33 kg) vs 3.48 kg (1.53-4.40 kg)). There was no difference in neonatal morbidity. Fetal head malposition is
Dynamic full-scalability conversion in scalable video coding
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, Dong Su; Bae, Tae Meon; Thang, Truong Cong; Ro, Yong Man
2007-02-01
For outstanding coding efficiency with scalability functions, SVC (Scalable Video Coding) is being standardized. SVC can support spatial, temporal and SNR scalability and these scalabilities are useful to provide a smooth video streaming service even in a time varying network such as a mobile environment. But current SVC is insufficient to support dynamic video conversion with scalability, thereby the adaptation of bitrate to meet a fluctuating network condition is limited. In this paper, we propose dynamic full-scalability conversion methods for QoS adaptive video streaming in SVC. To accomplish full scalability dynamic conversion, we develop corresponding bitstream extraction, encoding and decoding schemes. At the encoder, we insert the IDR NAL periodically to solve the problems of spatial scalability conversion. At the extractor, we analyze the SVC bitstream to get the information which enable dynamic extraction. Real time extraction is achieved by using this information. Finally, we develop the decoder so that it can manage the changing scalability. Experimental results showed that dynamic full-scalability conversion was verified and it was necessary for time varying network condition.
Acute corneal hydrops mimicking full thickness perforation.
Ch'ng, S W; Pillai, M B; Aazeem, S; Tu, K L
2012-05-11
A 26-year-old Caucasian female with keratoconus presented with an acutely painful and red left eye. Visual acuity on presentation was 3/60. Slit lamp examination revealed localised Descemet's membrane break with iris partially plugging it. There was a bulging stromal cyst which would intermittently flatten and reform. The appearance when the cyst was flattened mimicked a full thickness corneal perforation. However, no obvious overlying epithelial defect was detected and an intermittent leakage through micro-perforations in the corneal epithelium was the probable cause of the variable appearance. The anterior chamber reformed and iris plug freed following an insertion of a bandage contact lens and taped eyelid. On follow-up, the Descement's membrane had healed with visual acuity improving to 6/18. Our case illustrates the importance of identifying corneal hydrops mimicking a full thickness perforation as conservative management has a greater chance of recovery.
Full-Field Accommodation in Rhesus Monkeys Measured Using Infrared Photorefraction
He, Lin; Wendt, Mark
2012-01-01
Purpose. Full-field photorefraction was measured during accommodation in anesthetized monkeys to better understand the monkey as a model of human accommodation and how accommodation affects off-axis refraction. Methods. A photorefraction camera was rotated on a 30-cm-long rod in a horizontal arc, with the eye at the center of curvature of the arc so that the measurement distance remained constant. The resistance of a potentiometer attached to the rotation center of the rod changed proportionally with the rotation angle. Photorefraction and rotation angle were simultaneously measured at 30 Hz. Trial-lens calibrations were performed on-axis and across the full field in each eye. Full-field refraction measurements were compared using on-axis and full-field calibrations. In five iridectomized monkeys (mean age in years ± SD: 12.8 ± 0.9), full-field refraction was measured before and during carbachol iontophoresis stimulated accommodation, a total of seven times (with one repeat each in two monkeys). Results. Measurements over approximately 20 seconds had <0.1 D of variance and an angular resolution of 0.1°, from at least −30° to 30°. Photorefraction calibrations performed over the full field had a maximum variation in the calibration slopes within one eye of 90%. Applying full-field calibrations versus on-axis calibrations resulted in a decrease in the maximum SDs of the calculated refractions from 1.99 to 0.89 D for relative peripheral refractive error and from 4.68 to 1.99 D for relative accommodation. Conclusions. By applying full-field calibrations, relative accommodation in pharmacologically stimulated monkeys was found to be similar to that reported with voluntary accommodation in humans. PMID:22125278
25 CFR 111.2 - Enrolling non-full-blood children.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Enrolling non-full-blood children. 111.2 Section 111.2 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES ANNUITY AND OTHER PER CAPITA PAYMENTS § 111.2 Enrolling non-full-blood children. Where an Indian woman was married to a white...
Laser Resurfacing: Full Field and Fractional.
Pozner, Jason N; DiBernardo, Barry E
2016-07-01
Laser resurfacing is a very popular procedure worldwide. Full field and fractional lasers are used in many aesthetic practices. There have been significant advances in laser resurfacing in the past few years, which make patient treatments more efficacious and with less downtime. Erbium and carbon dioxide and ablative, nonablative, and hybrid fractional lasers are all extremely effective and popular tools that have a place in plastic surgery and dermatology offices. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
75 FR 81765 - Safety Standards for Full-Size Baby Cribs and Non-Full-Size Baby Cribs; Final Rule
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-12-28
...Section 104(b) of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (``CPSIA'') requires the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (``CPSC,'' ``Commission,'' or ``we'') to promulgate consumer product safety standards for durable infant or toddler products. These standards are to be ``substantially the same as'' applicable voluntary standards or more stringent than the voluntary standard if the Commission concludes that more stringent requirements would further reduce the risk of injury associated with the product. The Commission is issuing safety standards for full-size and non-full-size baby cribs in response to the direction under section 104(b) of the CPSIA.\\1\\ Section 104(c) of the CPSIA specifies that the crib standards will cover used as well as new cribs. The crib standards will apply to anyone who manufactures, distributes, or contracts to sell a crib; to child care facilities, family child care homes, and others holding themselves out to be knowledgeable about cribs; to anyone who leases, sublets, or otherwise places a crib in the stream of commerce; and to owners and operators of places of public accommodation affecting commerce. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
25 CFR 111.2 - Enrolling non-full-blood children.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-04-01
... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Enrolling non-full-blood children. 111.2 Section 111.2... CAPITA PAYMENTS § 111.2 Enrolling non-full-blood children. Where an Indian woman was married to a white... though she left it after marriage and lived away from the reservation, the children of such a marriage...
25 CFR 111.2 - Enrolling non-full-blood children.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Enrolling non-full-blood children. 111.2 Section 111.2... CAPITA PAYMENTS § 111.2 Enrolling non-full-blood children. Where an Indian woman was married to a white... though she left it after marriage and lived away from the reservation, the children of such a marriage...
25 CFR 111.2 - Enrolling non-full-blood children.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Enrolling non-full-blood children. 111.2 Section 111.2... CAPITA PAYMENTS § 111.2 Enrolling non-full-blood children. Where an Indian woman was married to a white... though she left it after marriage and lived away from the reservation, the children of such a marriage...
25 CFR 111.2 - Enrolling non-full-blood children.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Enrolling non-full-blood children. 111.2 Section 111.2... CAPITA PAYMENTS § 111.2 Enrolling non-full-blood children. Where an Indian woman was married to a white... though she left it after marriage and lived away from the reservation, the children of such a marriage...
Full Text Psychology Journals Available from Popular Library Databases
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Joswick, Kathleen E.
2006-01-01
The author identified 433 core journals in psychology and investigated their full text availability in popular databases. While 62 percent of the studied journals were available in at least one database, access from individual databases ranged from 1.4 percent to 38.1 percent of the titles. The full text of influential psychology journals is not…
ICCE/ICCAI 2000 Full & Short Papers (Others).
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
2000
This document contains the following full and short papers from ICCE/ICCAI 2000 (International Conference on Computers in Education/International Conference on Computer-Assisted Instruction): (1) "A Code Restructuring Tool To Help Scaffold Novice Programmers" (Stuart Garner); (2) "An Assessment Framework for Information Technology Integrated…
Full Text Journal Subscriptions: An Evolutionary Process.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Luther, Judy
1997-01-01
Provides an overview of companies offering Web accessible subscriptions to full text electronic versions of scientific, technical, and medical journals (Academic Press, Blackwell, EBSCO, Elsevier, Highwire Press, Information Quest, Institute of Physics, Johns Hopkins University Press, OCLC, OVID, Springer, and SWETS). Also lists guidelines for…
Full-field OCT: applications in ophthalmology
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Grieve, Kate; Dubois, Arnaud; Paques, Michel; Le Gargasson, Jean-Francois; Boccara, Albert C.
2005-04-01
We present images of ocular tissues obtained using ultrahigh resolution full-field OCT. The experimental setup is based on the Linnik interferometer, illuminated by a tungsten halogen lamp. En face tomographic images are obtained in real-time without scanning by computing the difference of two phase-opposed interferometric images recorded by a high-resolution CCD camera. A spatial resolution of 0.7 μm × 0.9 μm (axial × transverse) is achieved thanks to the short source coherence length and the use of high numerical aperture microscope objectives. A detection sensitivity of 90 dB is obtained by means of image averaging and pixel binning. Whole unfixed eyes and unstained tissue samples (cornea, lens, retina, choroid and sclera) of ex vivo rat, mouse, rabbit and porcine ocular tissues were examined. The unprecedented resolution of our instrument allows cellular-level resolution in the cornea and retina, and visualization of individual fibers in the lens. Transcorneal lens imaging was possible in all animals, and in albino animals, transscleral retinal imaging was achieved. We also introduce our rapid acquisition full-field optical coherence tomography system designed to accommodate in vivo ophthalmologic imaging. The variations on the original system technology include the introduction of a xenon arc lamp as source, and rapid image acquisition performed by a high-speed CMOS camera, reducing acquisition time to 5 ms per frame.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bhatt, R. T.; Kiser, J. D.
2017-01-01
SiC/SiC composites fabricated by melt infiltration are being considered as potential candidate materials for next generation turbine components. However these materials are limited to 2400 F application because of the presence of residual silicon in the SiC matrix. Currently there is an increasing interest in developing and using silicon free SiC/SiC composites for structural aerospace applications above 2400 F. Full PIP or full CVI or CVI + PIP hybrid SiC/SiC composites can be fabricated without excess silicon, but the upper temperature stress capabilities of these materials are not fully known. In this study, the on-axis creep and rupture properties of the state-of-the-art full CVI and full PIP SiC/SiC composites with Sylramic-iBN fibers were measured at temperatures to 2700 F in air and their failure modes examined. In this presentation creep rupture properties, failure mechanisms and upper temperature capabilities of these two systems will be discussed and compared with the literature data.
Full Gradient Solution to Adaptive Hybrid Control
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bean, Jacob; Schiller, Noah H.; Fuller, Chris
2017-01-01
This paper focuses on the adaptation mechanisms in adaptive hybrid controllers. Most adaptive hybrid controllers update two filters individually according to the filtered reference least mean squares (FxLMS) algorithm. Because this algorithm was derived for feedforward control, it does not take into account the presence of a feedback loop in the gradient calculation. This paper provides a derivation of the proper weight vector gradient for hybrid (or feedback) controllers that takes into account the presence of feedback. In this formulation, a single weight vector is updated rather than two individually. An internal model structure is assumed for the feedback part of the controller. The full gradient is equivalent to that used in the standard FxLMS algorithm with the addition of a recursive term that is a function of the modeling error. Some simulations are provided to highlight the advantages of using the full gradient in the weight vector update rather than the approximation.
Full Gradient Solution to Adaptive Hybrid Control
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bean, Jacob; Schiller, Noah H.; Fuller, Chris
2016-01-01
This paper focuses on the adaptation mechanisms in adaptive hybrid controllers. Most adaptive hybrid controllers update two filters individually according to the filtered-reference least mean squares (FxLMS) algorithm. Because this algorithm was derived for feedforward control, it does not take into account the presence of a feedback loop in the gradient calculation. This paper provides a derivation of the proper weight vector gradient for hybrid (or feedback) controllers that takes into account the presence of feedback. In this formulation, a single weight vector is updated rather than two individually. An internal model structure is assumed for the feedback part of the controller. The full gradient is equivalent to that used in the standard FxLMS algorithm with the addition of a recursive term that is a function of the modeling error. Some simulations are provided to highlight the advantages of using the full gradient in the weight vector update rather than the approximation.
Lateral load performance of SIP walls with full bearing
Boren Yeh; Tom Skaggs; Xiping Wang; Tom Williamson
2018-01-01
The purpose of this study was to develop test data needed to characterize lateral load performance of structural insulated panel (SIP) walls with full bearing (restrained). The research program involved structural testing of 29 full-size SIP walls (8 ft tall by 8 ft long) of various configurations that bracket a range of SIP wall configurations commonly used in the...
The Full-Service Community College: An Essay.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Shepherd, John
Major socioeconomic trends, including the growth of service industries, increased urbanization, and the enhanced importance of leisure time, have brought about the evolution of what might be called the full-service community college. This institution, which culminates the development of the American community college toward its community-based…
Excessive weight gain during full breast-feeding.
Grunewald, Maria; Hellmuth, Christian; Demmelmair, Hans; Koletzko, Berthold
2014-01-01
Breast-feeding is considered to offer optimal nutrition for healthy infant growth and development. Observational studies have linked breast-feeding to reduced obesity. CASE OBSERVATION: We observed an infant who was born macrosomic (4.56 kg) and showed excessive weight gain markedly exceeding the 97th percentile of weight during full breast-feeding. At the age of 4 months, the weight was greater than 11 kg. Clinical evaluation did not reveal any underlying pathology. After the introduction of complementary feeding and hence reduction of the breast milk intake, the excessive weight gain was attenuated and the slope of the percentile curve paralleled upper percentiles. Since this pattern suggested full breast-feeding as the driver of excessive weight gain, we analyzed the human milk composition at the infant age of 1 year and compared the results with published data on composition at this stage of lactation. The milk contents of lactose, fat, fatty acids, polar lipids, carnitine species, and insulin were similar to the reference data. The adiponectin content was increased. The most remarkable alteration was a high milk protein content (mean 1.25 g/dl, reference 0.8 g/dl). A very high protein supply in infancy has been previously shown to increase plasma concentrations of the growth factors insulin and IGF-1, weight gain, and later obesity. We speculate that interindividual variations in human milk adiponectin and protein contents may contribute to modulation of the growth of fully breast-fed infants and in this case may have contributed to excessive weight gain during full breast-feeding. This hypothesis merits being tested in future cohort studies. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.
Broadband full-color multichannel hologram with geometric metasurface.
Qin, F F; Liu, Z Z; Zhang, Z; Zhang, Q; Xiao, J J
2018-04-30
Due to the abilities of manipulating the wavefront of light with well-controlled amplitude, and phase and polarization, optical metasurfaces are very suitable for optical holography, enabling applications with multiple functionalities and high data capacity. Here, we demonstrate encoding two- and three-dimensional full-color holographic images by an ultrathin metasurface hologram whose unit cells are subwavelength nanoslits with spatially varying orientations. We further show that it is possible to achieve full-color holographic multiplexing with such kind of geometric metasurfaces, realized by a synthetic spectrum holographic algorithm. Our results provide an efficient way to design multi-color optical display elements that are ready for fabrication.
Specialty and full-service hospitals: a comparative cost analysis.
Carey, Kathleen; Burgess, James F; Young, Gary J
2008-10-01
To compare the costs of physician-owned cardiac, orthopedic, and surgical single specialty hospitals with those of full-service hospital competitors. The primary data sources are the Medicare Cost Reports for 1998-2004 and hospital inpatient discharge data for three of the states where single specialty hospitals are most prevalent, Texas, California, and Arizona. The latter were obtained from the Texas Department of State Health Services, the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Additional data comes from the American Hospital Association Annual Survey Database. We identified all physician-owned cardiac, orthopedic, and surgical specialty hospitals in these three states as well as all full-service acute care hospitals serving the same market areas, defined using Dartmouth Hospital Referral Regions. We estimated a hospital cost function using stochastic frontier regression analysis, and generated hospital specific inefficiency measures. Application of t-tests of significance compared the inefficiency measures of specialty hospitals with those of full-service hospitals to make general comparisons between these classes of hospitals. Results do not provide evidence that specialty hospitals are more efficient than the full-service hospitals with whom they compete. In particular, orthopedic and surgical specialty hospitals appear to have significantly higher levels of cost inefficiency. Cardiac hospitals, however, do not appear to be different from competitors in this respect. Policymakers should not embrace the assumption that physician-owned specialty hospitals produce patient care more efficiently than their full-service hospital competitors.
Specialty and Full-Service Hospitals: A Comparative Cost Analysis
Carey, Kathleen; Burgess, James F; Young, Gary J
2008-01-01
Objective To compare the costs of physician-owned cardiac, orthopedic, and surgical single specialty hospitals with those of full-service hospital competitors. Data Sources The primary data sources are the Medicare Cost Reports for 1998–2004 and hospital inpatient discharge data for three of the states where single specialty hospitals are most prevalent, Texas, California, and Arizona. The latter were obtained from the Texas Department of State Health Services, the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Additional data comes from the American Hospital Association Annual Survey Database. Study Design We identified all physician-owned cardiac, orthopedic, and surgical specialty hospitals in these three states as well as all full-service acute care hospitals serving the same market areas, defined using Dartmouth Hospital Referral Regions. We estimated a hospital cost function using stochastic frontier regression analysis, and generated hospital specific inefficiency measures. Application of t-tests of significance compared the inefficiency measures of specialty hospitals with those of full-service hospitals to make general comparisons between these classes of hospitals. Principal Findings Results do not provide evidence that specialty hospitals are more efficient than the full-service hospitals with whom they compete. In particular, orthopedic and surgical specialty hospitals appear to have significantly higher levels of cost inefficiency. Cardiac hospitals, however, do not appear to be different from competitors in this respect. Conclusions Policymakers should not embrace the assumption that physician-owned specialty hospitals produce patient care more efficiently than their full-service hospital competitors. PMID:18662170
PCR Amplification Strategies towards full-length HIV-1 Genome sequencing.
Liu, Chao Chun; Ji, Hezhao
2018-06-26
The advent of next generation sequencing has enabled greater resolution of viral diversity and improved feasibility of full viral genome sequencing allowing routine HIV-1 full genome sequencing in both research and diagnostic settings. Regardless of the sequencing platform selected, successful PCR amplification of the HIV-1 genome is essential for sequencing template preparation. As such, full HIV-1 genome amplification is a crucial step in dictating the successful and reliable sequencing downstream. Here we reviewed existing PCR protocols leading to HIV-1 full genome sequencing. In addition to the discussion on basic considerations on relevant PCR design, the advantages as well as the pitfalls of published protocols were reviewed. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.
Full-Wave Radio Characterization of Ionospheric Modification at HAARP
2015-07-26
Full-Wave Radio Characterization of Ionospheric Modification at HAARP We have studied electrostatic and electromagnetic turbulence stimulated by...radio receivers at HAARP in Alaska, and ground-based radio receivers, incoherent scatter radars, and in-situ measurements from Canadian, ESA, and Polish...363255 San Juan, PR 00936 -3255 31-May-2015 ABSTRACT Final Report: Full-Wave Radio Characterization of Ionospheric Modification at HAARP Report Title We
Endoscopic full-thickness resection: Current status
Schmidt, Arthur; Meier, Benjamin; Caca, Karel
2015-01-01
Conventional endoscopic resection techniques such as endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection are powerful tools for treatment of gastrointestinal neoplasms. However, those techniques are restricted to superficial layers of the gastrointestinal wall. Endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) is an evolving technique, which is just about to enter clinical routine. It is not only a powerful tool for diagnostic tissue acquisition but also has the potential to spare surgical therapy in selected patients. This review will give an overview about current EFTR techniques and devices. PMID:26309354
Endoscopic full-thickness resection: Current status.
Schmidt, Arthur; Meier, Benjamin; Caca, Karel
2015-08-21
Conventional endoscopic resection techniques such as endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection are powerful tools for treatment of gastrointestinal neoplasms. However, those techniques are restricted to superficial layers of the gastrointestinal wall. Endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) is an evolving technique, which is just about to enter clinical routine. It is not only a powerful tool for diagnostic tissue acquisition but also has the potential to spare surgical therapy in selected patients. This review will give an overview about current EFTR techniques and devices.
Lithium compensation for full cell operation
Xiao, Jie; Zheng, Jianming; Chen, Xilin; Lu, Dongping; Liu, Jun; Jiguang, Jiguang
2016-05-17
Disclosed herein are embodiments of a lithium-ion battery system comprising an anode, an anode current collector, and a layer of lithium metal in contact with the current collector, but not in contact with the anode. The lithium compensation layer dissolves into the electrolyte to compensate for the loss of lithium ions during usage of the full cell. The specific placement of the lithium compensation layer, such that there is no direct physical contact between the lithium compensation layer and the anode, provides certain advantages.
Treatment of Childhood Encopresis: Full Cleanliness Training
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Arnold, Susan; Doleys, Daniel M.
1975-01-01
Full Cleanliness Training (a procedure in which the trainee is required to correct the results of inappropriate toileting behavior by cleaning himself and his clothing) was used in combination with positive reinforcement to deal with a trainable retarded 8 year old boy with encopresis and a toilet phobia. (Author/CL)
Pedicled fat flap to increase lateral fullness in upper blepharoplasty.
Sozer, Sadri O; Agullo, Francisco J; Palladino, Humberto; Payne, Phileemon E; Banerji, Soumo
2010-03-01
The eyelid of a young person can be distinguished by the lateral fullness of the upper eyelid. With aging, lateral fullness decreases. Volume restoration in the periorbital area has been previously addressed by fat draping and grafting. More recently, techniques for regaining lateral fullness of the upper eyelid have focused on fat grafting, although effective graft take, reabsorption, and irregularities have been a concern. To address these issues, the concept of pedicled fat draping in the upper eyelid was explored. In a retrospective study from June 2006 to August 2008, 31 patients underwent upper blepharoplasty with augmentation of the lateral fullness with a pedicled fat flap from the central fat pad. The fat from the central compartment was elevated, dissected, and then transposed to the lateral upper eyelid below the orbicularis muscle. All patients were women ranging in age from 43 to 68 years. Pre- and postoperative picture comparison demonstrated a more youthful appearance with increased lateral fullness of the upper eyelids. There were no cases of fat necrosis encountered. Increased volume remained stable over an average of one-year follow-up. No complications were recorded. Transposing a pedicled fat pad from the central compartment laterally has proven to be an effective technique for achieving predictable upper lateral eyelid fullness and thus achieving a long-lasting, more youthful appearance.
NASA project 1: Full-body dynamometer
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Lu, Li-Dai
1993-01-01
In space, where the body does only a fraction of work it does on earth, muscle atrophy is a major concern. The bones and the muscles will begin to deteriorate after a short stay in weightlessness. Bone decalcification appears to be a major problem with extensive living in microgravity. Resistance exercise is not only essential to prevent muscle atrophy in space, it also helps to keep bone decalcification in check. For a space station, where the astronauts are expected to live for months at a time, exercise is especially important. Experts recommend about an hour and a half to two hours of exercise per day to keep the muscles in good condition in microgravity. The exercises will not only keep the astronauts in excellent physical condition, it will also make it easier for them to readjust to earth's gravity on return. The stationary bicycle and the treadmill have been the astronauts' primary sources of exercise since the 1970's. The major problem with both the stationary bicycle and the treadmill is that while they may keep the leg muscles from deteriorating in microgravity, they do little for muscles in the upper body. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is currently developing a full-body dynamometer (FBD), which will provide the astronauts with a full-body workout. It will also test the astronauts for muscle atrophy and rehabilitate the weakened muscle. The specification and the function structure for the FBD is presented.
The Effectiveness of Full Day School System for Students’ Character Building
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Benawa, A.; Peter, R.; Makmun, S.
2018-01-01
The study aims to put forward that full day school which was delivered in Marsudirini Elementary School in Bogor is effective for students’ character building. The study focused on the implementation of full day school system. The qualitative-based research method applied in the study is characteristic evaluation involving non-participant observation, interview, and documentation analysis. The result of this study concludes that the full day school system is significantly effective in education system for elementary students’ character building. The full day school system embraced the entire relevant processes based on the character building standard. The synergy of comprehensive components in instructional process at full day school has influenced the building of the students’ character effectively and efficiently. The relationship emerged between instructional development process in full day school system and the character building of the students. By developing instructional process through systemic and systematic process in full day school system, the support of stakeholders (leaders, human resources, students, parents’ role) and other components (learning resources, facilities, budget) provides a potent and expeditious contribution for character building among the students eventually.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Xiaohui; Foos, David H.; Doran, James; Rogers, Michael K.
2004-05-01
Full-leg and full-spine imaging with standard computed radiography (CR) systems requires several cassettes/storage phosphor screens to be placed in a staggered arrangement and exposed simultaneously to achieve an increased imaging area. A method has been developed that can automatically and accurately stitch the acquired sub-images without relying on any external reference markers. It can detect and correct the order, orientation, and overlap arrangement of the subimages for stitching. The automatic determination of the order, orientation, and overlap arrangement of the sub-images consists of (1) constructing a hypothesis list that includes all cassette/screen arrangements, (2) refining hypotheses based on a set of rules derived from imaging physics, (3) correlating each consecutive sub-image pair in each hypothesis and establishing an overall figure-of-merit, (4) selecting the hypothesis of maximum figure-of-merit. The stitching process requires the CR reader to over scan each CR screen so that the screen edges are completely visible in the acquired sub-images. The rotational displacement and vertical displacement between two consecutive sub-images are calculated by matching the orientation and location of the screen edge in the front image and its corresponding shadow in the back image. The horizontal displacement is estimated by maximizing the correlation function between the two image sections in the overlap region. Accordingly, the two images are stitched together. This process is repeated for the newly stitched composite image and the next consecutive sub-image until a full-image composite is created. The method has been evaluated in both phantom experiments and clinical studies. The standard deviation of image misregistration is below one image pixel.
JWST Full-Scale Model on Display in Germany
2010-03-10
JWST Full-Scale Model on Display. A full-scale model of the James Webb Space Telescope was built by the prime contractor, Northrop Grumman, to provide a better understanding of the size, scale and complexity of this satellite. The model is constructed mainly of aluminum and steel, weighs 12,000 lb., and is approximately 80 feet long, 40 feet wide and 40 feet tall. The model requires 2 trucks to ship it and assembly takes a crew of 12 approximately four days. This model has travelled to a few sites since 2005. The photographs below were taken at some of its destinations. The model is pictured here in Munich, Germany Credit: EADS Astrium
JWST Full-Scale Model on Display in Germany
2017-12-08
JWST Full-Scale Model on Display. A full-scale model of the James Webb Space Telescope was built by the prime contractor, Northrop Grumman, to provide a better understanding of the size, scale and complexity of this satellite. The model is constructed mainly of aluminum and steel, weighs 12,000 lb., and is approximately 80 feet long, 40 feet wide and 40 feet tall. The model requires 2 trucks to ship it and assembly takes a crew of 12 approximately four days. This model has travelled to a few sites since 2005. The photographs below were taken at some of its destinations. The model is pictured here in Munich, Germany Credit: EADS Astrium
Full-scale monitoring of wind and suspension bridge response
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Snæbjörnsson, J. T.; Jakobsen, J. B.; Cheynet, E.; Wang, J.
2017-12-01
Monitoring of real structures is important for many reasons. For structures susceptible to environmental actions, full-scale observations can provide valuable information about the environmental conditions at the site, as well as the characteristics of the excitation acting on the structure. The recorded data, if properly analyzed, can be used to validate and/or update experiments and models used in the design of new structures, such as the load description and modelling of the structural response. Various aspects of full-scale monitoring are discussed in the paper and the full-scale wind engineering laboratory at the Lysefjord suspension bridge introduced. The natural excitation of the bridge comes from wind and traffic. The surrounding terrain is complex and its effect on the wind flow can only be fully studied on site, in full-scale. The monitoring program and associated data analysis are described. These include various studies of the relevant turbulence characteristics, identification of dynamic properties and estimation of wind- and traffic-induced response parameters. The overall monitoring activity also included a novel application of the remote optical sensing in bridge engineering, which is found to have an important potential to complement traditional “single-point” wind observations by sonic anemometers.
The Full-Time School Program in Mexico
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Zermeño, Marcela Georgina Gómez; Fahara, Manuel Flores; de la Garza, Lorena Alemán
2014-01-01
The Full-time Schools Program in Mexico ("Programa Escuelas de Tiempo Completo," PETC), began in the 2007-2008 school year with the aim of improving the learning opportunities of basic education students by extending the school day to eight hours a day, in order to offer an innovative and flexible pedagogical proposal that includes six…
Determining the Full Halo Coronal Mass Ejection Characteristics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fainshtein, V. G.
2010-11-01
Observing halo coronal mass ejections (HCMEs) in the coronagraph field of view allows one to only determine the apparent parameters in the plane of the sky. Recently, several methods have been proposed allowing one to find some true geometrical and kinematical parameters of HCMEs. In most cases, a simple cone model was used to describe the CME shape. Observations show that various modifications of the cone model ("ice cream models") are most appropriate for describing the shapes of individual CMEs. This paper uses the method of determining full HCME parameters proposed by the author earlier, for determining the parameters of 45 full HCMEs, with various modifications of their shapes. I show that the determined CME characteristics depend significantly on the chosen CME shape. I conclude that the absence of criteria for a preliminary evaluation of the CME shape is a major source of error in determining the true parameters of a full HCME with any of the known methods. I show that, regardless of the chosen CME form, the trajectory of practically all the HCMEs in question deviate from the radial direction towards the Sun-Earth axis at the initial stage of their movement, and their angular size, on average, significantly exceeds that of all the observable CMEs.
Full thickness facial burns: Outcomes following orofacial rehabilitation.
Clayton, N A; Ward, E C; Maitz, P K M
2015-11-01
To document orofacial rehabilitation and outcomes after full thickness orofacial burn. Participants included 12 consecutive patients presenting with full thickness orofacial burns. A group of 120 age-matched healthy participants was recruited for normative comparison. Non-surgical exercise was initiated within 48 h of admission and continued until wounds had healed, circumoral scar tissue had stabilised and functional goals were achieved to the best of the patient's ability. Outcomes were documented using vertical and horizontal mouth opening measures at start and end of treatment and therapy duration was recorded. At commencement of treatment, participants had significantly (p<0.001) reduced vertical and horizontal mouth opening range compared to controls. Average duration of orofacial contracture management was 550 days, with half requiring >2 years rehabilitation. By end of treatment, significant (p<0.01) positive improvement in vertical and horizontal mouth opening had been achieved, however measures had returned to lower limits of normal function and remained significantly (p<0.05) reduced compared to the control group. This study demonstrates that although positive gains can be achieved through non-surgical exercise after full thickness burn, the duration of rehabilitation is considerable and some degree of long term loss in functional mouth opening remains. Crown Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Full-frame video stabilization with motion inpainting.
Matsushita, Yasuyuki; Ofek, Eyal; Ge, Weina; Tang, Xiaoou; Shum, Heung-Yeung
2006-07-01
Video stabilization is an important video enhancement technology which aims at removing annoying shaky motion from videos. We propose a practical and robust approach of video stabilization that produces full-frame stabilized videos with good visual quality. While most previous methods end up with producing smaller size stabilized videos, our completion method can produce full-frame videos by naturally filling in missing image parts by locally aligning image data of neighboring frames. To achieve this, motion inpainting is proposed to enforce spatial and temporal consistency of the completion in both static and dynamic image areas. In addition, image quality in the stabilized video is enhanced with a new practical deblurring algorithm. Instead of estimating point spread functions, our method transfers and interpolates sharper image pixels of neighboring frames to increase the sharpness of the frame. The proposed video completion and deblurring methods enabled us to develop a complete video stabilizer which can naturally keep the original image quality in the stabilized videos. The effectiveness of our method is confirmed by extensive experiments over a wide variety of videos.
The Efficacy of Full Range Advising at a Georgia Technical College
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Greco, Victor
2017-01-01
Full Range Leadership predicts positive behavioral outcomes through transformational leadership, mixed outcomes through transactional leadership, and unfavorable outcomes through passive leadership practices. Full Range Advising introduces a new paradigm in advising research by applying Full Range Leadership to academic advising. A problem exists…
Structural evaluation of asphalt pavements with full-depth reclaimed base.
DOT National Transportation Integrated Search
2012-12-01
Currently, MnDOT pavement design recommends granular equivalency, GE = 1.0 for non-stabilized full-depth : reclamation (FDR) material, which is equivalent to class 5 material. For stabilized full-depth reclamation (SFDR), : there was no guideline for...
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Tauchert, Wolfgang; And Others
1991-01-01
Describes the PADOK-II project in Germany, which was designed to give information on the effects of linguistic algorithms on retrieval in a full-text database, the German Patent Information System (GPI). Relevance assessments are discussed, statistical evaluations are described, and searches are compared for the full-text section versus the…
47 CFR 73.809 - Interference protection to full service FM stations.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... 47 Telecommunication 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Interference protection to full service FM... RADIO SERVICES RADIO BROADCAST SERVICES Low Power FM Broadcast Stations (LPFM) § 73.809 Interference protection to full service FM stations. (a) If a full service commercial or NCE FM facility application is...
29 CFR 519.13 - Application for a full-time student certificate.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... Section 519.13 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR... Application for a full-time student certificate. (a) Whenever the employment of its full-time students working... employment of them will not create a substantial probability of reducing the full-time employment...
JWST Full-Scale Model on Display at GSFC
2010-02-26
JWST Full-Scale Model on Display. A full-scale model of the James Webb Space Telescope was built by the prime contractor, Northrop Grumman, to provide a better understanding of the size, scale and complexity of this satellite. The model is constructed mainly of aluminum and steel, weighs 12,000 lb., and is approximately 80 feet long, 40 feet wide and 40 feet tall. The model requires 2 trucks to ship it and assembly takes a crew of 12 approximately four days. This model has travelled to a few sites since 2005. The photographs below were taken at some of its destinations. The model is pictured here in Greenbelt, MD at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Pat Izzo
Scalable, full-colour and controllable chromotropic plasmonic printing.
Xue, Jiancai; Zhou, Zhang-Kai; Wei, Zhiqiang; Su, Rongbin; Lai, Juan; Li, Juntao; Li, Chao; Zhang, Tengwei; Wang, Xue-Hua
2015-11-16
Plasmonic colour printing has drawn wide attention as a promising candidate for the next-generation colour-printing technology. However, an efficient approach to realize full colour and scalable fabrication is still lacking, which prevents plasmonic colour printing from practical applications. Here we present a scalable and full-colour plasmonic printing approach by combining conjugate twin-phase modulation with a plasmonic broadband absorber. More importantly, our approach also demonstrates controllable chromotropic capability, that is, the ability of reversible colour transformations. This chromotropic capability affords enormous potentials in building functionalized prints for anticounterfeiting, special label, and high-density data encryption storage. With such excellent performances in functional colour applications, this colour-printing approach could pave the way for plasmonic colour printing in real-world commercial utilization.
Comparative dynamic analysis of the full Grossman model.
Ried, W
1998-08-01
The paper applies the method of comparative dynamic analysis to the full Grossman model. For a particular class of solutions, it derives the equations implicitly defining the complete trajectories of the endogenous variables. Relying on the concept of Frisch decision functions, the impact of any parametric change on an endogenous variable can be decomposed into a direct and an indirect effect. The focus of the paper is on marginal changes in the rate of health capital depreciation. It also analyses the impact of either initial financial wealth or the initial stock of health capital. While the direction of most effects remains ambiguous in the full model, the assumption of a zero consumption benefit of health is sufficient to obtain a definite for any direct or indirect effect.
Scalable, full-colour and controllable chromotropic plasmonic printing
Xue, Jiancai; Zhou, Zhang-Kai; Wei, Zhiqiang; Su, Rongbin; Lai, Juan; Li, Juntao; Li, Chao; Zhang, Tengwei; Wang, Xue-Hua
2015-01-01
Plasmonic colour printing has drawn wide attention as a promising candidate for the next-generation colour-printing technology. However, an efficient approach to realize full colour and scalable fabrication is still lacking, which prevents plasmonic colour printing from practical applications. Here we present a scalable and full-colour plasmonic printing approach by combining conjugate twin-phase modulation with a plasmonic broadband absorber. More importantly, our approach also demonstrates controllable chromotropic capability, that is, the ability of reversible colour transformations. This chromotropic capability affords enormous potentials in building functionalized prints for anticounterfeiting, special label, and high-density data encryption storage. With such excellent performances in functional colour applications, this colour-printing approach could pave the way for plasmonic colour printing in real-world commercial utilization. PMID:26567803
Factors Associated With Full Implementation of Scope of Practice.
Ganz, Freda DeKeyser; Toren, Orly; Fadlon, Yafit
2016-05-01
To describe whether nurses fully implement their scope of practice; nurses' perceptions of future practice implementation; and the association between scope of practice implementation with professional autonomy and self-efficacy. A descriptive correlational study was conducted using a convenience sample of 145 registered nurses with post-basic certification from two Israeli university hospitals, from May 2012 to September 2013. Five questionnaires were distributed: (a) Demographic and Work Characteristics, (b) Implementation of Scope of Practice, (c) Attitudes Towards Future Practice, (d) Practice Behavior Scale, and (e) Practice Self-Efficacy. Descriptive statistics for all demographic and questionnaire data were analyzed. Two regression models were developed, where current and future implementations were the criterion variables and demographic and work characteristics, professional autonomy, and self-efficacy were the predictors. High levels of professional autonomy, self-efficacy, and attitudes towards future practice were found in contrast to low or moderate levels of current implementation of the full extent of scope of practice. Primary reasons associated with low implementation were lack of relevance to practice and permission to perform the practice. Significant associations were found between professional autonomy, self-efficacy, and attitudes towards future practice, but not with current implementation. Nurses wanted to practice to the full extent of their scope of practice and felt able to do so but were hindered by administrative and not personal barriers. Even though staff nurses with post-basic certification had high levels of professional autonomy and self-efficacy, many were not implementing the full extent of their scope of practice. Similar to findings from around the world, external factors, such as administrative and policy barriers, were found to thwart the full implementation of nurses' full scope of practice. Therefore, practicing nurses
Circuit for Full Charging of Series Lithium-Ion Cells
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Ott, William E.; Saunders, David L.
2007-01-01
An advanced charger has been proposed for a battery that comprises several lithium-ion cells in series. The proposal is directed toward charging the cells in as nearly an optimum manner as possible despite unit-to-unit differences among the nominally identical cells. The particular aspect of the charging problem that motivated the proposal can be summarized as follows: During bulk charging (charging all the cells in series at the same current), the voltages of individual cells increase at different rates. Once one of the cells reaches full charge, bulk charging must be stopped, leaving other cells less than fully charged. To make it possible to bring all cells up to full charge once bulk charging has been completed, the proposed charger would include a number of top-off chargers one for each cell. The top-off chargers would all be powered from the same DC source, but their outputs would be DC-isolated from each other and AC-coupled to their respective cells by means of transformers, as described below. Each top-off charger would include a flyback transformer, an electronic switch, and an output diode. For suppression of undesired electromagnetic emissions, each top-off charger would also include (1) a resistor and capacitor configured to act as a snubber and (2) an inductor and capacitor configured as a filter. The magnetic characteristics of the flyback transformer and the duration of its output pulses determine the energy delivered to the lithium-ion cell. It would be necessary to equip the cell with a precise voltage monitor to determine when the cell reaches full charge. In response to a full-charge reading by this voltage monitor, the electronic switch would be held in the off state. Other cells would continue to be charged similarly by their top-off chargers until their voltage monitors read full charge.
On fairness, full cooperation, and quantum game with incomplete information
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lei, Zhen-Zhou; Liu, Bo-Yang; Yi, Ying; Dai, Hong-Yi; Zhang, Ming
2018-03-01
Quantum entanglement has emerged as a new resource to enhance cooperation and remove dilemmas. This paper aims to explore conditions under which full cooperation is achievable even when the information of payoff is incomplete. Based on the quantum version of the extended classical cash in a hat game, we demonstrate that quantum entanglement may be used for achieving full cooperation or avoiding moral hazards with the reasonable profit distribution policies even when the profit is uncertain to a certain degree. This research further suggests that the fairness of profit distribution should play an important role in promoting full cooperation. It is hopeful that quantum entanglement and fairness will promote full cooperation among distant people from various interest groups when quantum networks and quantum entanglement are accessible to the public. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61673389, 61273202, and 61134008.
Full color natural light holographic camera.
Kim, Myung K
2013-04-22
Full-color, three-dimensional images of objects under incoherent illumination are obtained by a digital holography technique. Based on self-interference of two beam-split copies of the object's optical field with differential curvatures, the apparatus consists of a beam-splitter, a few mirrors and lenses, a piezo-actuator, and a color camera. No lasers or other special illuminations are used for recording or reconstruction. Color holographic images of daylight-illuminated outdoor scenes and a halogen lamp-illuminated toy figure are obtained. From a recorded hologram, images can be calculated, or numerically focused, at any distances for viewing.
[Dogs, man-wolves and full moon].
Goddemeier, Christof
2002-06-01
According to a study of the British Medical Journal in England the incidence of dog bites increases at the time of a full moon. The following article first passes the myths dealing with the werewolf. By changing from delinquent to patient during the Enlightenment the werewolf gets important to the history of medicine and psychiatry. From the anthropological point of view the so-called Lycorexia may be understood as an unconscious effort to undo evolution by transformation into beast. By the figure of the "Huckup" in recent variants concerning the werewolf subject a psychological turn of the legend is expressed.
Full-Scale Tests of NACA Cowlings
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Theodorsen, Theodore; Brevoort, M J; Stickle, George W
1937-01-01
A comprehensive investigation has been carried on with full-scale models in the NACA 20-foot wind tunnel, the general purpose of which is to furnish information in regard to the physical functioning of the composite propeller-nacelle unit under all conditions of take-off, taxiing, and normal flight. This report deals exclusively with the cowling characteristics under condition of normal flight and includes the results of tests of numerous combinations of more than a dozen nose cowlings, about a dozen skirts, two propellers, two sizes of nacelle, as well as various types of spinners and other devices.
Ultrasonic Device Monitors Fullness Of The Bladder
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Heyman, Joseph S.; Blalock, Travis; Companion, John A.; Cavalier, AL; Mineo, Beth A.
1991-01-01
Ultrasonic device monitors fullness of bladder is self-contained, lightweight, portable, powered by battery, and tailored for specific patient through software modified as patient's behavior changes. Essentially quantifies amount of urine in bladder by measuring relative distension of bladder and gives suitable alarm telling patient to eliminate. Intended for use in training people who are incontinent and cannot identify when elimination necessary.
Realistic full wave modeling of focal plane array pixels
Campione, Salvatore; Warne, Larry K.; Jorgenson, Roy E.; ...
2017-11-01
Here, we investigate full-wave simulations of realistic implementations of multifunctional nanoantenna enabled detectors (NEDs). We focus on a 2x2 pixelated array structure that supports two wavelengths of operation. We design each resonating structure independently using full-wave simulations with periodic boundary conditions mimicking the whole infinite array. We then construct a supercell made of a 2x2 pixelated array with periodic boundary conditions mimicking the full NED; in this case, however, each pixel comprises 10-20 antennas per side. In this way, the cross-talk between contiguous pixels is accounted for in our simulations. We observe that, even though there are finite extent effects,more » the pixels work as designed, each responding at the respective wavelength of operation. This allows us to stress that realistic simulations of multifunctional NEDs need to be performed to verify the design functionality by taking into account finite extent and cross-talk effects.« less
Permittivity and conductivity parameter estimations using full waveform inversion
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Serrano, Jheyston O.; Ramirez, Ana B.; Abreo, Sergio A.; Sadler, Brian M.
2018-04-01
Full waveform inversion of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data is a promising strategy to estimate quantitative characteristics of the subsurface such as permittivity and conductivity. In this paper, we propose a methodology that uses Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) in time domain of 2D GPR data to obtain highly resolved images of the permittivity and conductivity parameters of the subsurface. FWI is an iterative method that requires a cost function to measure the misfit between observed and modeled data, a wave propagator to compute the modeled data and an initial velocity model that is updated at each iteration until an acceptable decrease of the cost function is reached. The use of FWI with GPR are expensive computationally because it is based on the computation of the electromagnetic full wave propagation. Also, the commercially available acquisition systems use only one transmitter and one receiver antenna at zero offset, requiring a large number of shots to scan a single line.
Full-color reflective cholesteric liquid crystal display
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Huang, Xiao-Yang; Khan, Asad A.; Davis, Donald J.; Podojil, Gregg M.; Jones, Chad M.; Miller, Nick; Doane, J. William
1999-03-01
We report a full color 1/4 VGA reflective cholesteric display with 4096 colors. The display can deliver a brightness approaching 40 percent reflected luminance, far exceeding all other reflective technologies. With its zero voltage bistability, images can be stored for days and months without ny power consumption. This property can significantly extend the battery life. The capability of displaying full color complex graphics and images is a must in order to establish a market position in this multimedia age. Color is achieved by stacking RGB cells. The top layer is blue with right chirality, the middle layer is green with left chirality, and the bottom layer is red with right chirality. The choice of opposite chirality prevents the loss in the green and red spectra from the blue layer on the top. We also adjusted the thickness of each layer to achieve color balance. We implement gray scale in each layer with pulse width modulation. This modulation method is the best choice consideration of lower driver cost, simpler structure with fewer cross talk problems. Various drive schemes and modulation methods will be discussed in the conference.
The Full-Scale Implementation of an Innovative
Across the United States, high levels of ammonia in drinking watersources can be found. Although ammonia in water does not posea direct health concern, ammonia nitrification can cause a numberof issues and reduce the effectiveness of some treatment processes.An innovative biological ammonia-removal drinking watertreatment process was developed and, after the success of a pilotstudy, a full-scale treatment system using the process was built ina small Iowa community. The treatment plant included a uniqueaeration contactor design that is able to consistently reduceammonia from 3.3 mg of nitrogen/L to nearly nondetectable aftera biofilm acclimation period. Close system monitoring wasperformed to avoid excess nitrite release during acclimation, andphosphate was added to enhance biological activity on the basisof pilot study findings. The treatment system is robust, reliable,and relatively simple to operate. The operations and effectivenessof the treatment plant were documented in the study.This dataset is associated with the following publication:Lytle , D., D. Williams , C. Muhlen , M. Pham , K. Kelty , M. Wildman, G. Lang, M. Wilcox, and M. Kohne. The Full-Scale Implementation of an Innovative Biological Ammonia Treatment Process. Journal AWWA. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, USA, 107(12): E648-E665, (2015).
Full-scale hingeless rotor performance and loads
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Peterson, Randall L.
1995-01-01
A full-scale BO-105 hingeless rotor system was tested in the NASA Ames 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel on the rotor test apparatus. Rotor performance, rotor loads, and aeroelastic stability as functions of both collective and cyclic pitch, tunnel velocity, and shaft angle were investigated. This test was performed in support of the Rotor Data Correlation Task under the U.S. Army/German Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperative Research in the Field of Helicopter Aeromechanics. The primary objective of this test program was to create a data base for full-scale hingeless rotor performance and structural blade loads. A secondary objective was to investigate the ability to match flight test conditions in the wind tunnel. This data base can be used for the experimental and analytical studies of hingeless rotor systems over large variations in rotor thrust and tunnel velocity. Rotor performance and structural loads for tunnel velocities from hover to 170 knots and thrust coefficients (C(sub T)/sigma) from 0.0 to 0.12 are presented in this report. Thrust sweeps at tunnel velocities of 10, 20, and 30 knots are also included in this data set.
[Otoacoustic emissions of full-term and preterm neonates].
Kashiwamura, M; Ohwatari, R; Satoh, N; Kawanami, M; Chida, E; Sakamoto, T; Fukuda, S; Inuyama, Y
1996-01-01
Transiently evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE), distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE), and spontaneous otoacoustic emission (SOAE) were measured in 45 full-term neonates (68 ears) and 12 preterm neonates (20 ears) with ILO88 & 92. Measurements were performed in the nursery of the obstetrics ward or NICU (not sound proof room) under natural sleeping condition after nursing. No sedating agent was used. TEOAEs were rated "good response" in 61 (89.7%) of 68 full-term neonate ears. DPOAEs were rated "good response" in 40 (71.4%) of 56 full-term neonate ears. SOAEs were detectable in 25 (62.5%) of 40 full-term neonate ears. Considering the high positive rate of TEOAE in full-term neonates and the easy and noninvasive method of measurement, we concluded that TEOAE is useful for auditory screening in neonates. There was failure to detect TEOAEs in 7 ears and the measurements were all performed within 6 days after birth. Some reports claim that residual amnion in the external auditory canal or the middle ear in the first few days after birth causes slight hearing loss. Thus, we expected that making the measurements more than 7 days after birth might yield higher "good response" rates. We sometimes found that the Total Echo Powers of TEOAEs were reduced by the poor condition of the ear probe. Thus, we must be very careful in regard to this technical problem in order to perform accurate examinations. Because of its lower "good response" rate, DPOAE was not as useful for screening as TEOAE. Because of the movements or respiratory noises of the newborn infants, it was hard to detect reliable DPOAEs, particularly in the low frequency range. On the other hand, because of its frequency specificity, particurally at high frequencies, DPOAE will be useful for detecting the partial hearing impairment such as congenital high-tone hearing impairment. It would be difficult to use SOAE as a clinical test. Because it is not an evoked response, its mechanism of generation is not
Systems for animal exposure in full-scale fire tests
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hilado, C. J.; Cumming, H. J.; Kourtides, D. A.; Parker, J. A.
1977-01-01
Two systems for exposing animals in full-scale fire tests are described. Both systems involve the simultaneous exposure of two animal species, mice and rats, in modular units; determination of mortality, morbidity, and behavioral response; and analysis of the blood for carboxyhemoglobin. The systems described represent two of many possible options for obtaining bioassay data from full-scale fire tests. In situations where the temperatures to which the test animals are exposed can not be controlled, analytical techniques may be more appropriate than bioassay techniques.
48 CFR 352.234-3 - Full earned value management system.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-10-01
... management system. 352.234-3 Section 352.234-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System HEALTH AND HUMAN....234-3 Full earned value management system. As prescribed in 334.203-70(c), the Contracting Officer shall insert the following clause: Full Earned Value Management System (October 2008) (a) The Contractor...
48 CFR 352.234-3 - Full earned value management system.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-10-01
... management system. 352.234-3 Section 352.234-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System HEALTH AND HUMAN....234-3 Full earned value management system. As prescribed in 334.203-70(c), the Contracting Officer shall insert the following clause: Full Earned Value Management System (October 2008) (a) The Contractor...
48 CFR 352.234-3 - Full earned value management system.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-10-01
... management system. 352.234-3 Section 352.234-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System HEALTH AND HUMAN....234-3 Full earned value management system. As prescribed in 334.203-70(c), the Contracting Officer shall insert the following clause: Full Earned Value Management System (October 2008) (a) The Contractor...
48 CFR 352.234-3 - Full earned value management system.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-10-01
... management system. 352.234-3 Section 352.234-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System HEALTH AND HUMAN....234-3 Full earned value management system. As prescribed in 334.203-70(c), the Contracting Officer shall insert the following clause: Full Earned Value Management System (October 2008) (a) The Contractor...
5 CFR 532.233 - Preparation for full-scale wage surveys.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Preparation for full-scale wage surveys... REGULATIONS PREVAILING RATE SYSTEMS Prevailing Rate Determinations § 532.233 Preparation for full-scale wage... the local wage survey committee. (e) Selection and appointment of data collectors. (1) The local wage...
Alternatives to Full-Depth Patching on Resurfacing Projects
DOT National Transportation Integrated Search
1993-09-01
The vast majority of Illinois' non-interstate network is constructed of jointed Portland cement concrete (PCC). Typically, Illinois' first significant rehabilitation efforts for jointed PCC pavements are in the form of full-depth bituminous concrete ...
Full-color large-scaled computer-generated holograms using RGB color filters.
Tsuchiyama, Yasuhiro; Matsushima, Kyoji
2017-02-06
A technique using RGB color filters is proposed for creating high-quality full-color computer-generated holograms (CGHs). The fringe of these CGHs is composed of more than a billion pixels. The CGHs reconstruct full-parallax three-dimensional color images with a deep sensation of depth caused by natural motion parallax. The simulation technique as well as the principle and challenges of high-quality full-color reconstruction are presented to address the design of filter properties suitable for large-scaled CGHs. Optical reconstructions of actual fabricated full-color CGHs are demonstrated in order to verify the proposed techniques.
Full-scale results for TAM limestone injection
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Baer, S.
1996-12-31
Information is outlined on the use of thermally active marble (TAM) sorbents in boilers. Data are presented on: the comparison of TAM to limestone; NOVACON process development history; CFB test history; CFB pilot scale test; full-scale CFB trial; August, 1996 CFB demonstration; Foster Wheeler Mount Carmel sorbent feed rate comparison and Ca:S comparison; unburned carbon is ash; and advantages and savings in CFB boilers.
Note: The full function test explosive generator.
Reisman, D B; Javedani, J B; Griffith, L V; Ellsworth, G F; Kuklo, R M; Goerz, D A; White, A D; Tallerico, L J; Gidding, D A; Murphy, M J; Chase, J B
2010-03-01
We have conducted three tests of a new pulsed power device called the full function test. These tests represented the culmination of an effort to establish a high energy pulsed power capability based on high explosive pulsed power (HEPP) technology. This involved an extensive computational modeling, engineering, fabrication, and fielding effort. The experiments were highly successful and a new U.S. record for magnetic energy was obtained.
Full particle simulations of quasi-perpendicular shocks
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lembège, B.
This tutorial-style review is dedicated to the different strategies and constraints used for analysing the dynamics of a collisionless shocks with full particle simulations. Main results obtained with such simulations can be found in published materials (recent references are provided in this text); these will be only quoted herein in order to illustrate a few aspects of these simulations. Thanks to the large improvement of super computers, full particle simulations reveal to be quite helpful for analyzing in details the dynamics of collisionless shocks. The main characteristics of such codes can be shortly reminded as follows: one resolves the full set of Poisson and Maxwell's equations without any approximation. Two approaches are commonly used for resolving this equation's set, more precisely the space derivatives: (i) the finite difference approach and (ii) the use of FFT's (Fast Fourier Transform). Two advantages of approach (ii) are that FFT's are highly optimized in supercomputers libraries, and these allow to separate all fields components into two groups: the longitudinal electrostatic component El (solution of Poisson equation) and the transverse electromagnetic components Et and Bt solutions of the Maxwell's equations (so called "fields pusher"). Such a separation is quite helpful in the post processing stage necessary for the data analysis, as will be explained in the presentation. both ions and electrons populations are treated as individual finite-size particles and suffer the effects of all fields via the Lorentz force, so called "particle pusher", which is applied to each particle. Because of the large number of particles commonly used, the particle pusher represents the most expensive part of the calculations on which most efforts of optimisation needs to be performed (in terms of "vectorisation" or of "parallelism"). Relativistic effects may be included in this force via the use of particle momemtum. Each particle has three velocity components (vx
USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
This study examined maternal understanding and acceptance of young children's ability to self-assess fullness using a mixed-methods approach. Twenty low-income mothers of 5- to 7-year-olds participated in this semistructured laboratory study. After consumption of a buffet dinner meal, mothers were a...
Adjunct Employment Preference: Who Wants to Be Full-Time Faculty?
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Ott, Molly C.; Dippold, Lindsey K.
2018-01-01
Recent research suggests at least half of community college faculty who are teaching part-time would rather have a full-time appointment (Cashwell, 2009; Kramer, Gloeckner, & Jacoby, 2014). Little is known, however, about what distinguishes those voluntarily teaching part-time from those preferring a full-time faculty position. This inquiry…
The Development of a Tactical-Level Full Range Leadership Measurement Instrument
2010-03-01
full range leadership theory has become established as the predominant and most widely researched theory on leadership . The most commonly used survey...instrument to assess full range leadership theory is the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, originally developed by Bass in 1985. Although much...existing literature to develop a new full range leadership theory measurement instrument that effectively targets low- to mid-level supervisors, or
Full-scale system impact analysis: Digital document storage project
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
1989-01-01
The Digital Document Storage Full Scale System can provide cost effective electronic document storage, retrieval, hard copy reproduction, and remote access for users of NASA Technical Reports. The desired functionality of the DDS system is highly dependent on the assumed requirements for remote access used in this Impact Analysis. It is highly recommended that NASA proceed with a phased, communications requirement analysis to ensure that adequate communications service can be supplied at a reasonable cost in order to validate recent working assumptions upon which the success of the DDS Full Scale System is dependent.
Kozono, Naoya; Okada, Takamitsu; Takeuchi, Naohide; Hamai, Satoshi; Higaki, Hidehiko; Ikebe, Satoru; Shimoto, Takeshi; Miake, Go; Nakanishi, Yoshitaka; Iwamoto, Yukihide
2017-07-01
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the kinematics of healthy shoulders during dynamic full axial rotation and scapular plane full abduction using three-dimensional (3D)-to-two-dimensional (2D) model-to-image registration techniques. Dynamic glenohumeral kinematics during axial rotation and scapular plane abduction were analysed in 10 healthy participants. Continuous radiographic images of axial rotation and scapular plane abduction were taken using a flat panel radiographic detector. The participants received a computed tomography scan to generate virtual digitally reconstructed radiographs. The density-based digitally reconstructed radiographs were then compared with the serial radiographic images acquired using image correlations. These 3D-to-2D model-to-image registration techniques determined the 3D positions and orientations of the humerus and scapula during dynamic full axial rotation and scapular plane full abduction. The humeral head centre translated an average of 2.5 ± 3.1 mm posteriorly, and 1.4 ± 1.0 mm superiorly in the early phase, then an average of 2.0 ± 0.8 mm inferiorly in the late phase during external rotation motion. The glenohumeral external rotation angle had a significant effect on the anterior/posterior (A/P) and superior/inferior (S/I) translation of the humeral head centre (both p < 0.05). 33.6 ± 15.6° of glenohumeral external rotation occurred during scapular plane abduction. The humeral head centre translated an average of 0.6 ± 0.9 mm superiorly in the early phase, then 1.7 ± 2.6 mm inferiorly in the late phase, and translated an average of 0.4 ± 0.5 mm medially in the early phase, then 1.6 ± 1.0 mm laterally in the late phase during scapular plane abduction. The humeral abduction angle had a significant effect on the S/I and lateral/medial (L/M) translation of the humeral head centre (both p < 0.05). This study investigated 3D translations of the humerus relative to the scapula: during
First-Year, Full-Time Graduate Science Enrollment Continues to Decline.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Science Resources Studies Highlights, 1972
1972-01-01
Findings from a study of departmental data derived from traineeship applications in the sciences (including mathematical sciences) are presented in this paper. Data on full-time graduate enrollments from 1969 to 1971 are analyzed by type of institution, with results showing a continuing decline in first-year, full-time graduate science enrollment.…
Choosing Sensor Configuration for a Flexible Structure Using Full Control Synthesis
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Lind, Rick; Nalbantoglu, Volkan; Balas, Gary
1997-01-01
Optimal locations and types for feedback sensors which meet design constraints and control requirements are difficult to determine. This paper introduces an approach to choosing a sensor configuration based on Full Control synthesis. A globally optimal Full Control compensator is computed for each member of a set of sensor configurations which are feasible for the plant. The sensor configuration associated with the Full Control system achieving the best closed-loop performance is chosen for feedback measurements to an output feedback controller. A flexible structure is used as an example to demonstrate this procedure. Experimental results show sensor configurations chosen to optimize the Full Control performance are effective for output feedback controllers.
Full-aperture x-ray tests of Kirkpatrick-Baez modules: preliminary results
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pina, L.; Marsikova, V.; Hudec, R.; Inneman, A.; Marsik, J.; Cash, W.; Shipley, A.; Zeiger, B.
2011-05-01
We report on preliminary results of full aperture X-ray optical tests at the X-ray test facility at the University of Colorado (USA) of four test modules of Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) X-ray optical systems performed in August 2010. Direct experimental comparisons were made between gold-coated optics of two novel substrates: glass foils and silicon wafers. The preliminary results are promising, with full-width half-maxima of full stacks being of order of 30 arcsec in 2D full arrangement. These results justify further efforts to improve KB optics for use in low-cost, high-performance space-borne astronomical imaging instruments for X-ray wavelengths.
Full-Envelope Launch Abort System Performance Analysis Methodology
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Aubuchon, Vanessa V.
2014-01-01
The implementation of a new dispersion methodology is described, which dis-perses abort initiation altitude or time along with all other Launch Abort System (LAS) parameters during Monte Carlo simulations. In contrast, the standard methodology assumes that an abort initiation condition is held constant (e.g., aborts initiated at altitude for Mach 1, altitude for maximum dynamic pressure, etc.) while dispersing other LAS parameters. The standard method results in large gaps in performance information due to the discrete nature of initiation conditions, while the full-envelope dispersion method provides a significantly more comprehensive assessment of LAS abort performance for the full launch vehicle ascent flight envelope and identifies performance "pinch-points" that may occur at flight conditions outside of those contained in the discrete set. The new method has significantly increased the fidelity of LAS abort simulations and confidence in the results.
Inclusive Education in Italy: Description and Reflections on Full Inclusion
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Anastasiou, Dimitris; Kauffman, James M.; Di Nuovo, Santo
2015-01-01
Inclusion of students with disabilities when appropriate is an important goal of special education for students with special needs. Full inclusion, meaning no education for any child in a separate setting, is held to be desirable by some, and Italy is likely the nation with an education system most closely approximating full inclusion on the…
5 CFR 630.202 - Full biweekly pay period; leave earnings.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
.... (b) Part-time employees. Hours in a pay status in excess of an agency's basic working hours in a pay period are disregarded in computing the leave earnings of a part-time employee. [33 FR 12475, Sept. 4... biweekly pay period; leave earnings. (a) Full-time employees. A full-time employee earns leave during each...
Advanced Sulfur-Silicon Full Cell Architecture for Lithium Ion Batteries.
Ye, Rachel; Bell, Jeffrey; Patino, Daisy; Ahmed, Kazi; Ozkan, Mihri; Ozkan, Cengiz S
2017-12-08
Lithium-ion batteries are crucial to the future of energy storage. However, the energy density of current lithium-ion batteries is insufficient for future applications. Sulfur cathodes and silicon anodes have garnered a lot of attention in the field due their high capacity potential. Although recent developments in sulfur and silicon electrodes show exciting results in half cell formats, neither electrode can act as a lithium source when put together into a full cell format. Current methods toward incorporating lithium in sulfur-silicon full cells involves prelithiating silicon or using lithium sulfide. These methods however, complicate material processing and creates safety hazards. Herein, we present a novel full cell battery architecture that bypasses the issues associated with current methods. This battery architecture gradually integrates controlled amounts of pure lithium into the system by allowing lithium the access to external circuit. A high specific energy density of 350 Wh/kg after 250 cycles at C/10 was achieved using this method. This work should pave the way for future researches into sulfur-silicon full cells.
Full-Frame Reference for Test Photo of Moon
2005-09-10
This pair of views shows how little of the full image frame was taken up by the Moon in test images taken Sept. 8, 2005, by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment HiRISE camera on NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
ICCE/ICCAI 2000 Full & Short Papers (Virtual Reality in Education).
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
2000
This document contains the full text of the following full and short papers on virtual reality in education from ICCE/ICCAI 2000 (International Conference on Computers in Education/International Conference on Computer-Assisted Instruction): (1) "A CAL System for Appreciation of 3D Shapes by Surface Development (C3D-SD)" (Stephen C. F. Chan, Andy…
The Full-Time Workweek in the United States, 1900-1970
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Kniesner, Thomas J.
1976-01-01
The average workweek of full-time workers declined by 35 percent between 1900 and 1940, but has not changed significnatly since then, and the secular rigidity of the full-time workweek remains. An expanded model which incorporates the effects of growth in education and in the female wage explains the post-1940 secular trend. (Editor/HD)
Redefining Full-Time in College: Evidence on 15-Credit Strategies
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Klempin, Serena
2014-01-01
Because federal financial aid guidelines stipulate that students must be enrolled in a minimum of 12 credits per semester in order to receive the full amount of aid, many colleges and universities define full-time enrollment as 12 credits per semester. Yet, if a student takes only 12 credits each fall and spring term, it is impossible to complete…
Towards full waveform ambient noise inversion
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sager, Korbinian; Ermert, Laura; Boehm, Christian; Fichtner, Andreas
2018-01-01
In this work we investigate fundamentals of a method—referred to as full waveform ambient noise inversion—that improves the resolution of tomographic images by extracting waveform information from interstation correlation functions that cannot be used without knowing the distribution of noise sources. The fundamental idea is to drop the principle of Green function retrieval and to establish correlation functions as self-consistent observables in seismology. This involves the following steps: (1) We introduce an operator-based formulation of the forward problem of computing correlation functions. It is valid for arbitrary distributions of noise sources in both space and frequency, and for any type of medium, including 3-D elastic, heterogeneous and attenuating media. In addition, the formulation allows us to keep the derivations independent of time and frequency domain and it facilitates the application of adjoint techniques, which we use to derive efficient expressions to compute first and also second derivatives. The latter are essential for a resolution analysis that accounts for intra- and interparameter trade-offs. (2) In a forward modelling study we investigate the effect of noise sources and structure on different observables. Traveltimes are hardly affected by heterogeneous noise source distributions. On the other hand, the amplitude asymmetry of correlations is at least to first order insensitive to unmodelled Earth structure. Energy and waveform differences are sensitive to both structure and the distribution of noise sources. (3) We design and implement an appropriate inversion scheme, where the extraction of waveform information is successively increased. We demonstrate that full waveform ambient noise inversion has the potential to go beyond ambient noise tomography based on Green function retrieval and to refine noise source location, which is essential for a better understanding of noise generation. Inherent trade-offs between source and structure
Towards Full-Waveform Ambient Noise Inversion
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sager, K.; Ermert, L. A.; Boehm, C.; Fichtner, A.
2016-12-01
Noise tomography usually works under the assumption that the inter-station ambient noise correlation is equal to a scaled version of the Green function between the two receivers. This assumption, however, is only met under specific conditions, e.g. wavefield diffusivity and equipartitioning, or the isotropic distribution of both mono- and dipolar uncorrelated noise sources. These assumptions are typically not satisfied in the Earth. This inconsistency inhibits the exploitation of the full waveform information contained in noise correlations in order to constrain Earth structure and noise generation. To overcome this limitation, we attempt to develop a method that consistently accounts for the distribution of noise sources, 3D heterogeneous Earth structure and the full seismic wave propagation physics. This is intended to improve the resolution of tomographic images, to refine noise source location, and thereby to contribute to a better understanding of noise generation. We introduce an operator-based formulation for the computation of correlation functions and apply the continuous adjoint method that allows us to compute first and second derivatives of misfit functionals with respect to source distribution and Earth structure efficiently. Based on these developments we design an inversion scheme using a 2D finite-difference code. To enable a joint inversion for noise sources and Earth structure, we investigate the following aspects: The capability of different misfit functionals to image wave speed anomalies and source distribution. Possible source-structure trade-offs, especially to what extent unresolvable structure can be mapped into the inverted noise source distribution and vice versa. In anticipation of real-data applications, we present an extension of the open-source waveform modelling and inversion package Salvus, which allows us to compute correlation functions in 3D media with heterogeneous noise sources at the surface.
BioRAT: extracting biological information from full-length papers.
Corney, David P A; Buxton, Bernard F; Langdon, William B; Jones, David T
2004-11-22
Converting the vast quantity of free-format text found in journals into a concise, structured format makes the researcher's quest for information easier. Recently, several information extraction systems have been developed that attempt to simplify the retrieval and analysis of biological and medical data. Most of this work has used the abstract alone, owing to the convenience of access and the quality of data. Abstracts are generally available through central collections with easy direct access (e.g. PubMed). The full-text papers contain more information, but are distributed across many locations (e.g. publishers' web sites, journal web sites and local repositories), making access more difficult. In this paper, we present BioRAT, a new information extraction (IE) tool, specifically designed to perform biomedical IE, and which is able to locate and analyse both abstracts and full-length papers. BioRAT is a Biological Research Assistant for Text mining, and incorporates a document search ability with domain-specific IE. We show first, that BioRAT performs as well as existing systems, when applied to abstracts; and second, that significantly more information is available to BioRAT through the full-length papers than via the abstracts alone. Typically, less than half of the available information is extracted from the abstract, with the majority coming from the body of each paper. Overall, BioRAT recalled 20.31% of the target facts from the abstracts with 55.07% precision, and achieved 43.6% recall with 51.25% precision on full-length papers.
SIBLING CONFLICTS IN FULL- AND HALF-SIBLING HOUSEHOLDS IN THE UK.
Tanskanen, Antti O; Danielsbacka, Mirkka; Jokela, Markus; Rotkirch, Anna
2017-01-01
Sibling relations are by nature ambivalent with high levels of both altruistic helping and competition. Higher relatedness is often assumed to reduce the occurrence of conflicts between siblings, but evidence of this has been scarce and mixed. Siblings typically compete over resources and parental attention, and parental constellations vary with sibship types. Since full-siblings compete over the same two biological parents, while half-siblings have only one shared biological parent and often a higher number of parents overall, it is hypothesized that conflicts are more common between full- than half-siblings. This study tested this assumption using the British Millennium Cohort Study (n=7527 children at age 11). Conflicts were measured as children's reports of how much siblings picked on and hurt each other. Households with full-siblings only, maternal half-siblings only, and both full- and maternal half-siblings were compared. The results show that children who were living with only their full-siblings were more likely to experience sibling conflicts compared with children living with their maternal half-siblings only. This was the case also after controlling for several potentially confounding variables. The results suggest that differential access to parental resources of available biological and step-parents may explain the higher amount of sibling conflict between full- compared with maternal half-siblings.
High speed capacitor-inverter based carbon nanotube full adder.
Navi, K; Rashtian, M; Khatir, A; Keshavarzian, P; Hashemipour, O
2010-03-18
Carbon Nanotube filed-effect transistor (CNFET) is one of the promising alternatives to the MOS transistors. The geometry-dependent threshold voltage is one of the CNFET characteristics, which is used in the proposed Full Adder cell. In this paper, we present a high speed Full Adder cell using CNFETs based on majority-not (Minority) function. Presented design uses eight transistors and eight capacitors. Simulation results show significant improvement in terms of delay and power-delay product in comparison to contemporary CNFET Adder Cells. Simulations were carried out using HSPICE based on CNFET model with 0.6 V VDD.
Full Waveform Inversion with Multisource Frequency Selection of Marine Streamer Data
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Huang, Yunsong; Schuster, Gerard T.
The theory and practice of multisource full waveform inversion of marine supergathers are described with a frequency-selection strategy. The key enabling property of frequency selection is that it eliminates the crosstalk among sources, thus overcoming the aperture mismatch of marine multisource inversion. Tests on multisource full waveform inversion of synthetic marine data and Gulf of Mexico data show speedups of 4× and 8×, respectively, compared to conventional full waveform inversion.
Full Waveform Inversion with Multisource Frequency Selection of Marine Streamer Data
Huang, Yunsong; Schuster, Gerard T.
2017-10-26
The theory and practice of multisource full waveform inversion of marine supergathers are described with a frequency-selection strategy. The key enabling property of frequency selection is that it eliminates the crosstalk among sources, thus overcoming the aperture mismatch of marine multisource inversion. Tests on multisource full waveform inversion of synthetic marine data and Gulf of Mexico data show speedups of 4× and 8×, respectively, compared to conventional full waveform inversion.
ICCE/ICCAI 2000 Full & Short Papers (Collaborative Learning).
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
2000
This document contains the full and short papers on collaborative learning from ICCE/ICCAI 2000 (International Conference on Computers in Education/International Conference on Computer-Assisted Instruction) covering the following topics: comparison of applying Internet to cooperative and traditional learning; a distributed backbone system for…
ICCE/ICCAI 2000 Full & Short Papers (Creative Learning).
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
2000
This document contains the following full and short papers on creative learning from ICCE/ICCAI 2000 (International Conference on Computers in Education/International Conference on Computer-Assisted Instruction): (1) "A Collaborative Learning Support System Based on Virtual Environment Server for Multiple Agents" (Takashi Ohno, Kenji…
Updates in biological therapies for knee injuries: full thickness cartilage defect.
Nicolini, Alexandre Pedro; Carvalho, Rogerio Teixeira; Dragone, Bruno; Lenza, Mario; Cohen, Moises; Ferretti, Mario
2014-09-01
Full thickness cartilage defect might occur at different ages, but a focal defect is a major concern in the knee of young athletes. It causes impairment and does not heal by itself. Several techniques were described to treat symptomatic full thickness cartilage defect. Recently, several advances were described on the known techniques of microfracture, osteochondral allograft, cell therapy, and others. This article brings an update of current literature on these well-described techniques for full thickness cartilage defect.
Full-text publication of abstract-presented work in sport and exercise psychology
Warden, Stuart
2018-01-01
Objectives Meetings promote information sharing, but do not enable full dissemination of details. A systematic search was conducted for abstracts presented at the 2010 and 2011 Association of Applied Sport Psychology Annual Conferences to determine the full-text dissemination rate of work presented in abstract form and investigate factors influencing this rate. Methods Systematic searches were sequentially conducted to determine whether the abstract-presented work had been published in full-text format in the 5 years following presentation. If a potential full-text publication was identified, information from the conference abstract (eg, results, number of participants in the sample(s), measurement tools used and so on) was compared with the full text to ensure the two entities represented the same body of work. Abstract factors of interest were assessed using logistic regression. Results Ninety-four out of 423 presented abstracts (22.2%) were published in full text. Odds of full-text publication increased if the abstract was from an international institution, presented in certain conference sections or presented as a lecture. Conclusion Those attending professional conferences should be cautious when translating data presented at conferences into their applied work because of the low rate of peer-reviewed and full-text publication of the information. PMID:29629187
Wavefront Derived Refraction and Full Eye Biometry in Pseudophakic Eyes.
Mao, Xinjie; Banta, James T; Ke, Bilian; Jiang, Hong; He, Jichang; Liu, Che; Wang, Jianhua
2016-01-01
To assess wavefront derived refraction and full eye biometry including ciliary muscle dimension and full eye axial geometry in pseudophakic eyes using spectral domain OCT equipped with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. Twenty-eight adult subjects (32 pseudophakic eyes) having recently undergone cataract surgery were enrolled in this study. A custom system combining two optical coherence tomography systems with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor was constructed to image and monitor changes in whole eye biometry, the ciliary muscle and ocular aberration in the pseudophakic eye. A Badal optical channel and a visual target aligning with the wavefront sensor were incorporated into the system for measuring the wavefront-derived refraction. The imaging acquisition was performed twice. The coefficients of repeatability (CoR) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated. Images were acquired and processed successfully in all patients. No significant difference was detected between repeated measurements of ciliary muscle dimension, full-eye biometry or defocus aberration. The CoR of full-eye biometry ranged from 0.36% to 3.04% and the ICC ranged from 0.981 to 0.999. The CoR for ciliary muscle dimensions ranged from 12.2% to 41.6% and the ICC ranged from 0.767 to 0.919. The defocus aberrations of the two measurements were 0.443 ± 0.534 D and 0.447 ± 0.586 D and the ICC was 0.951. The combined system is capable of measuring full eye biometry and refraction with good repeatability. The system is suitable for future investigation of pseudoaccommodation in the pseudophakic eye.
Strategies for efficient resolution analysis in full-waveform inversion
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fichtner, A.; van Leeuwen, T.; Trampert, J.
2016-12-01
Full-waveform inversion is developing into a standard method in the seismological toolbox. It combines numerical wave propagation for heterogeneous media with adjoint techniques in order to improve tomographic resolution. However, resolution becomes increasingly difficult to quantify because of the enormous computational requirements. Here we present two families of methods that can be used for efficient resolution analysis in full-waveform inversion. They are based on the targeted extraction of resolution proxies from the Hessian matrix, which is too large to store and to compute explicitly. Fourier methods rest on the application of the Hessian to Earth models with harmonic oscillations. This yields the Fourier spectrum of the Hessian for few selected wave numbers, from which we can extract properties of the tomographic point-spread function for any point in space. Random probing methods use uncorrelated, random test models instead of harmonic oscillations. Auto-correlating the Hessian-model applications for sufficiently many test models also characterises the point-spread function. Both Fourier and random probing methods provide a rich collection of resolution proxies. These include position- and direction-dependent resolution lengths, and the volume of point-spread functions as indicator of amplitude recovery and inter-parameter trade-offs. The computational requirements of these methods are equivalent to approximately 7 conjugate-gradient iterations in full-waveform inversion. This is significantly less than the optimisation itself, which may require tens to hundreds of iterations to reach convergence. In addition to the theoretical foundations of the Fourier and random probing methods, we show various illustrative examples from real-data full-waveform inversion for crustal and mantle structure.
Robust real-time horizon detection in full-motion video
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Young, Grace B.; Bagnall, Bryan; Lane, Corey; Parameswaran, Shibin
2014-06-01
The ability to detect the horizon on a real-time basis in full-motion video is an important capability to aid and facilitate real-time processing of full-motion videos for the purposes such as object detection, recognition and other video/image segmentation applications. In this paper, we propose a method for real-time horizon detection that is designed to be used as a front-end processing unit for a real-time marine object detection system that carries out object detection and tracking on full-motion videos captured by ship/harbor-mounted cameras, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or any other method of surveillance for Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA). Unlike existing horizon detection work, we cannot assume a priori the angle or nature (for e.g. straight line) of the horizon, due to the nature of the application domain and the data. Therefore, the proposed real-time algorithm is designed to identify the horizon at any angle and irrespective of objects appearing close to and/or occluding the horizon line (for e.g. trees, vehicles at a distance) by accounting for its non-linear nature. We use a simple two-stage hierarchical methodology, leveraging color-based features, to quickly isolate the region of the image containing the horizon and then perform a more ne-grained horizon detection operation. In this paper, we present our real-time horizon detection results using our algorithm on real-world full-motion video data from a variety of surveillance sensors like UAVs and ship mounted cameras con rming the real-time applicability of this method and its ability to detect horizon with no a priori assumptions.
Characterization of the Boundary Layers on Full-Scale Bluefin Tuna
2014-09-30
NUWC-NPT Technical Report 12,163 30 September 2014 Characterization of the Boundary Layers on Full-Scale Bluefin Tuna Kimberly M. Cipolla...Center Division Newport, under Section 219 Research Project, “Characterization of the Boundary Layers on Full-Scale Bluefin Tuna ,” principal...K. Amaral (Code 1522). The author thanks Barbara Block (Stanford University), head of the Tuna Research and Conservation Center (TRCC) at the
“Free Full Text Articles”: Where to Search for Them?
Singh, Ashish; Singh, Manish; Singh, Ajai Kumar; Singh, Deepti; Singh, Pratibha; Sharma, Abhishek
2011-01-01
References form the backbone of any medical literature. Presently, because of high inflation, it is very difficult for any library/organization/college to purchase all journals. The condition is even worse for an individual person, such as private practitioners. The solution lies in the free availability of full-text articles. Here, the authors share their experiences about the accessibility of free full-text articles. PMID:22223965
CLOSED-CYCLE TEXTILE DYEING: FULL-SCALE HYPERFILTRATION DEMONSTRATION
The report gives results of a project of joining a full-scale dynamic-membrane hyperfiltration (HF) system with an operating dye range. (HF is a membrane separation technique that has been used successfully to desalinate natural water. The dye range is a multi-purpose unit with a...
ICCE/ICCAI 2000 Full & Short Papers (Student Modeling).
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
2000
This document contains the following full and short papers on student modeling from ICCE/ICCAI 2000 (International Conference on Computers in Education/International Conference on Computer-Assisted Instruction): (1) "A Computational Model for Learner's Motivation States in Individualized Tutoring System" (Behrouz H. Far and Anete H.…
Development of FullWave : Hot Plasma RF Simulation Tool
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Svidzinski, Vladimir; Kim, Jin-Soo; Spencer, J. Andrew; Zhao, Liangji; Galkin, Sergei
2017-10-01
Full wave simulation tool, modeling RF fields in hot inhomogeneous magnetized plasma, is being developed. The wave equations with linearized hot plasma dielectric response are solved in configuration space on adaptive cloud of computational points. The nonlocal hot plasma dielectric response is formulated in configuration space without limiting approximations by calculating the plasma conductivity kernel based on the solution of the linearized Vlasov equation in inhomogeneous magnetic field. This approach allows for better resolution of plasma resonances, antenna structures and complex boundaries. The formulation of FullWave and preliminary results will be presented: construction of the finite differences for approximation of derivatives on adaptive cloud of computational points; model and results of nonlocal conductivity kernel calculation in tokamak geometry; results of 2-D full wave simulations in the cold plasma model in tokamak geometry using the formulated approach; results of self-consistent calculations of hot plasma dielectric response and RF fields in 1-D mirror magnetic field; preliminary results of self-consistent simulations of 2-D RF fields in tokamak using the calculated hot plasma conductivity kernel; development of iterative solver for wave equations. Work is supported by the U.S. DOE SBIR program.
Extending Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Network Life without Full Knowledge.
Najeeb, Najeeb W; Detweiler, Carrick
2017-07-17
When extending the life of Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks (WRSN), one challenge is charging networks as they grow larger. Overcoming this limitation will render a WRSN more practical and highly adaptable to growth in the real world. Most charging algorithms require a priori full knowledge of sensor nodes' power levels in order to determine the nodes that require charging. In this work, we present a probabilistic algorithm that extends the life of scalable WRSN without a priori power knowledge and without full network exploration. We develop a probability bound on the power level of the sensor nodes and utilize this bound to make decisions while exploring a WRSN. We verify the algorithm by simulating a wireless power transfer unmanned aerial vehicle, and charging a WRSN to extend its life. Our results show that, without knowledge, our proposed algorithm extends the life of a WRSN on average 90% of what an optimal full knowledge algorithm can achieve. This means that the charging robot does not need to explore the whole network, which enables the scaling of WRSN. We analyze the impact of network parameters on our algorithm and show that it is insensitive to a large range of parameter values.
A high-resolution full-field range imaging system
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Carnegie, D. A.; Cree, M. J.; Dorrington, A. A.
2005-08-01
There exist a number of applications where the range to all objects in a field of view needs to be obtained. Specific examples include obstacle avoidance for autonomous mobile robots, process automation in assembly factories, surface profiling for shape analysis, and surveying. Ranging systems can be typically characterized as being either laser scanning systems where a laser point is sequentially scanned over a scene or a full-field acquisition where the range to every point in the image is simultaneously obtained. The former offers advantages in terms of range resolution, while the latter tend to be faster and involve no moving parts. We present a system for determining the range to any object within a camera's field of view, at the speed of a full-field system and the range resolution of some point laser scans. Initial results obtained have a centimeter range resolution for a 10 second acquisition time. Modifications to the existing system are discussed that should provide faster results with submillimeter resolution.
Actively addressed single pixel full-colour plasmonic display
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Franklin, Daniel; Frank, Russell; Wu, Shin-Tson; Chanda, Debashis
2017-05-01
Dynamic, colour-changing surfaces have many applications including displays, wearables and active camouflage. Plasmonic nanostructures can fill this role by having the advantages of ultra-small pixels, high reflectivity and post-fabrication tuning through control of the surrounding media. However, previous reports of post-fabrication tuning have yet to cover a full red-green-blue (RGB) colour basis set with a single nanostructure of singular dimensions. Here, we report a method which greatly advances this tuning and demonstrates a liquid crystal-plasmonic system that covers the full RGB colour basis set, only as a function of voltage. This is accomplished through a surface morphology-induced, polarization-dependent plasmonic resonance and a combination of bulk and surface liquid crystal effects that manifest at different voltages. We further demonstrate the system's compatibility with existing LCD technology by integrating it with a commercially available thin-film-transistor array. The imprinted surface interfaces readily with computers to display images as well as video.
Actively addressed single pixel full-colour plasmonic display
Franklin, Daniel; Frank, Russell; Wu, Shin-Tson; Chanda, Debashis
2017-01-01
Dynamic, colour-changing surfaces have many applications including displays, wearables and active camouflage. Plasmonic nanostructures can fill this role by having the advantages of ultra-small pixels, high reflectivity and post-fabrication tuning through control of the surrounding media. However, previous reports of post-fabrication tuning have yet to cover a full red-green-blue (RGB) colour basis set with a single nanostructure of singular dimensions. Here, we report a method which greatly advances this tuning and demonstrates a liquid crystal-plasmonic system that covers the full RGB colour basis set, only as a function of voltage. This is accomplished through a surface morphology-induced, polarization-dependent plasmonic resonance and a combination of bulk and surface liquid crystal effects that manifest at different voltages. We further demonstrate the system's compatibility with existing LCD technology by integrating it with a commercially available thin-film-transistor array. The imprinted surface interfaces readily with computers to display images as well as video. PMID:28488671
Gaze Stabilization During Locomotion Requires Full Body Coordination
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Mulavara, A. P.; Miller, C. A.; Houser, J.; Richards, J. T.; Bloomberg, J. J.
2001-01-01
Maintaining gaze stabilization during locomotion places substantial demands on multiple sensorimotor subsystems for precise coordination. Gaze stabilization during locomotion requires eye-head-trunk coordination (Bloomberg, et al., 1997) as well as the regulation of energy flow or shock-wave transmission through the body at high impact phases with the support surface (McDonald, et al., 1997). Allowing these excessive transmissions of energy to reach the head may compromise gaze stability. Impairments in these mechanisms may lead to the oscillopsia and decreased dynamic visual acuity seen in crewmembers returning from short and long duration spaceflight, as well as in patients with vestibular disorders (Hillman, et al., 1999). Thus, we hypothesize that stabilized gaze during locomotion results from full-body coordination of the eye-head-trunk system combined with the lower limb apparatus. The goal of this study was to determine how multiple, interdependent full- body sensorimotor subsystems aiding gaze stabilization during locomotion are functionally coordinated, and how they adaptively respond to spaceffight.
Conformational states of the full-length glucagon receptor
Yang, Linlin; Yang, Dehua; de Graaf, Chris; Moeller, Arne; West, Graham M.; Dharmarajan, Venkatasubramanian; Wang, Chong; Siu, Fai Y.; Song, Gaojie; Reedtz-Runge, Steffen; Pascal, Bruce D.; Wu, Beili; Potter, Clinton S.; Zhou, Hu; Griffin, Patrick R.; Carragher, Bridget; Yang, Huaiyu; Wang, Ming-Wei; Stevens, Raymond C.; Jiang, Hualiang
2015-01-01
Class B G protein-coupled receptors are composed of an extracellular domain (ECD) and a seven-transmembrane (7TM) domain, and their signalling is regulated by peptide hormones. Using a hybrid structural biology approach together with the ECD and 7TM domain crystal structures of the glucagon receptor (GCGR), we examine the relationship between full-length receptor conformation and peptide ligand binding. Molecular dynamics (MD) and disulfide crosslinking studies suggest that apo-GCGR can adopt both an open and closed conformation associated with extensive contacts between the ECD and 7TM domain. The electron microscopy (EM) map of the full-length GCGR shows how a monoclonal antibody stabilizes the ECD and 7TM domain in an elongated conformation. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) studies and MD simulations indicate that an open conformation is also stabilized by peptide ligand binding. The combined studies reveal the open/closed states of GCGR and suggest that glucagon binds to GCGR by a conformational selection mechanism. PMID:26227798
Full-field x-ray nano-imaging at SSRF
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Deng, Biao; Ren, Yuqi; Wang, Yudan; Du, Guohao; Xie, Honglan; Xiao, Tiqiao
2013-09-01
Full field X-ray nano-imaging focusing on material science is under developing at SSRF. A dedicated full field X-ray nano-imaging beamline based on bending magnet will be built in the SSRF phase-II project. The beamline aims at the 3D imaging of the nano-scale inner structures. The photon energy range is of 5-14keV. The design goals with the field of view (FOV) of 20μm and a spatial resolution of 20nm are proposed at 8 keV, taking a Fresnel zone plate (FZP) with outermost zone width of 25 nm. Futhermore, an X-ray nano-imaging microscope is under developing at the SSRF BL13W beamline, in which a larger FOV will be emphasized. This microscope is based on a beam shaper and a zone plate using both absorption contrast and Zernike phase contrast, with the optimized energy set to 10keV. The detailed design and the progress of the project will be introduced.
Does Full Insurance Increase the Demand for Health Care?
Boes, Stefan; Gerfin, Michael
2016-11-01
We estimate the causal impact of having full health insurance on healthcare expenditures. We take advantage of a unique quasi-experimental setup in which deductibles and co-payments were zero in a managed care plan and nonzero in regular insurance, until a policy change forced all individuals with an active plan to cover a minimum amount of their expenses. Using panel data and a nonlinear difference-in-differences strategy, we find a demand elasticity of about -0.14 comparing full insurance with the cost-sharing model and a significant upward shift in the likelihood to generate costs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ICCE/ICCAI 2000 Full & Short Papers (Lifelong Learning).
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
2000
This document contains the following full and short papers on lifelong learning from ICCE/ICCAI 2000 (International Conference on Computers in Education/International Conference on Computer-Assisted Instruction): (1) "A Study on the School Information Technology Pilot Scheme: Possibilities of Creative and Lifelong Learning" (Siu-Cheung Kong,…
ICCE/ICCAI 2000 Full & Short Papers (Educational Agent).
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
2000
This document contains the full text of the following papers on educational agent from ICCE/ICCAI 2000 (International Conference on Computers in Education/International Conference on Computer-Assisted Instruction): (1) "An Agent-Based Intelligent Tutoring System" (C.M. Bruff and M.A. Williams); (2) "Design of Systematic Concept…
Hypersonic Glider Model in Full Scale Tunnel 1957
1957-09-07
L57-1439 A model based on Langley s concept of a hypersonic glider was test flown on an umbilical cord inside the Full Scale Tunnel in 1957. Photograph published in Engineer in Charge: A History of the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, 1917-1958 by James R. Hansen. Page 374.
A Survey Version of Full-Profile Conjoint Analysis.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Chrzan, Keith
Two studies were conducted to test the viability of a survey version of full-profile conjoint analysis. Conjoint analysis describes a variety of analytic techniques for measuring subjects'"utilities," or preferences for the individual attributes or levels of attributes that constitute objects under study. The first study compared the…