Sample records for facility esf subsurface
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
M.D. Stine
1996-01-23
The purpose of this analysis is to select the critical characteristics to be verified for steel sets and accessories and the verification methods to be implemented through a material dedication process for the procurement and use of commercial grade structural steel sets and accessories (which have a nuclear safety function) to be used in ground support (with the exception of alcove ground support and alcove opening framing, which are not addressed in this analysis) for the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF) Topopah Spring (TS) Loop. The ESF TS Loop includes the North Ramp, Main Drift, and South Ramp underground openings.
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Yucca Mountain Project Subsurface Facilities Design
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
A. Linden; R.S. Saunders; R.J. Boutin
2002-11-19
Four units of the Topopah Springs formation (volcanic tuff) are considered for the proposed repository: the upper lithophysal, the middle non-lithophysal, the lower lithophysal, and the lower non-lithophysal. Yucca Mountain was recently designated the site for a proposed repository to dispose of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. Work is proceeding to advance the design of subsurface facilities to accommodate emplacing waste packages in the proposed repository. This paper summarized recent progress in the design of subsurface layout of the proposed repository. The original Site Recommendation (SR) concept for the subsurface design located the repository largely within the lowermore » lithophysal zone (approximately 73%) of the Topopah The Site Recommendation characterized area suitable for emplacement consisted of the primary upper block, the lower block and the southern upper block extension. The primary upper block accommodated the mandated 70,000 metric tons of heavy metal (MTHM) at a 1.45 kW/m hear heat load. Based on further study of the Site Recommendation concept, the proposed repository siting area footprint was modified to make maximum use of available site characterization data, and thus, reduce uncertainties associated with performance assessment. As a result of this study, a modified repository footprint has been proposed and is presently being review for acceptance by the DOE. A panel design concept was developed to reduce overall costs and reduce the overall emplacement schedule. This concept provides flexibility to adjust the proposed repository subsurface layout with time, as it makes it unnecessary to ''commit'' to development of a large single panel at the earliest stages of construction. A description of the underground layout configuration and influencing factors that affect the layout configuration are discussed in the report.« less
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The Embassy Science Fellow (ESF) program provides U.S. embassies access to the expertise of U.S. government officers in science and technology fields. U.S. embassies request Fellows to assist on science, technology, environment or health issues and related policy development and collaboration.
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Statistical characteristics of locally generated ESF during equinoctial months over Sanya
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Meng, Xing; Fang, Hanxian; Li, Guozhu; Weng, Libin
2018-05-01
Understanding the local generation rate of equatorial spread-F (ESF) is important for forecasting ionospheric scintillation. Using the GPS ionospheric scintillation/TEC and VHF radar data during March-April and September-October from 2010 to 2014, the occurrence of ionospheric scintillation, TEC fast fluctuation, and backscatter plume were studied. Through analyzing the simultaneous occurrence of ionospheric scintillation, TEC fast fluctuation and backscatter plume, the local generation rate of ESF over Sanya was investigated. The results show that the monthly generation rate varies between 0% and 68%. A significant equinoctial asymmetry of local generation rate of ESF can be found in 2010, 2013 and 2014. The local generation rate of ESF increases from 2010 to 2014 during March-April, while it does not have similar trend during September-October. The plasma vertical drift influenced by solar activity has a significant impact on the monthly generation rate. The equinoctial asymmetry of plasma vertical drift may contribute a lot to the equinoctial asymmetry of the generation rate of ESF.
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Experimental Stream Facility: Design and Research
The Experimental Stream Facility (ESF) is a valuable research tool for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Office of Research and Development’s (ORD) laboratories in Cincinnati, Ohio. This brochure describes the ESF, which is one of only a handful of research facilit...
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
NONE
1995-11-01
This report presents the results of instrumentation measurements and observations made during construction of the North Ramp Starter Tunnel (NRST) of the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF). The information in this report was developed as part of the Design Verification Study, Section 8.3.1.15.1.8 of the Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Plan (DOE 1988). The ESF is being constructed by the US Department of Energy (DOE) to evaluate the feasibility of locating a potential high-level nuclear waste repository on lands within and adjacent to the Nevada Test Site (NTS), Nye County, Nevada. The Design Verification Studies are performed to collect information during constructionmore » of the ESF that will be useful for design and construction of the potential repository. Four experiments make up the Design Verification Study: Evaluation of Mining Methods, Monitoring Drift Stability, Monitoring of Ground Support Systems, and The Air Quality and Ventilation Experiment. This report describes Sandia National Laboratories` (SNL) efforts in the first three of these experiments in the NRST.« less
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Ecological Realism of U.S. EPA Experimental Stream Facility Studies
The USEPA’s Experimental Stream Facility (ESF) conducts meso-scale ecotoxicology studies that account for both structural and functional responses of whole stream communities to contaminants or other stressors. The 16 mesocosms of ESF are indoors and consist of a tiled run sectio...
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EPA’s Experimental Stream Facility: Design and Research Supporting Watershed Management
The EPA’s Experimental Stream Facility (ESF) represents an important tool in research that is underway to further understanding of the relative importance of stream ecosystems and the services they provide for effective watershed management. The ESF is operated under the goal of ...
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ESF-X: a low-cost modular experiment computer for space flight experiments
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sell, Steven; Zapetis, Joseph; Littlefield, Jim; Vining, Joanne
2004-08-01
The high cost associated with spaceflight research often compels experimenters to scale back their research goals significantly purely for budgetary reasons; among experiment systems, control and data collection electronics are a major contributor to total project cost. ESF-X was developed as an architecture demonstration in response to this need: it is a highly capable, radiation-protected experiment support computer, designed to be configurable on demand to each investigator's particular experiment needs, and operational in LEO for missions lasting up to several years (e.g., ISS EXPRESS) without scheduled service or maintenance. ESF-X can accommodate up to 255 data channels (I/O, A/D, D/A, etc.), allocated per customer request, with data rates up to 40kHz. Additionally, ESF-X can be programmed using the graphical block-diagram based programming languages Simulink and MATLAB. This represents a major cost saving opportunity for future investigators, who can now obtain a customized, space-qualified experiment controller at steeply reduced cost compared to 'new' design, and without the performance compromises associated with using preexisting 'generic' systems. This paper documents the functional benchtop prototype, which utilizes a combination of COTS and space-qualified components, along with unit-gravity-specific provisions appropriate to laboratory environment evaluation of the ESF-X design concept and its physical implementation.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wietsma, T. W.; Oostrom, M.; Foster, N. S.
2003-12-01
Intermediate-scale experiments (ISEs) for flow and transport are a valuable tool for simulating subsurface features and conditions encountered in the field at government and private sites. ISEs offer the ability to study, under controlled laboratory conditions, complicated processes characteristic of mixed wastes and heterogeneous subsurface environments, in multiple dimensions and at different scales. ISEs may, therefore, result in major cost savings if employed prior to field studies. A distinct advantage of ISEs is that researchers can design physical and/or chemical heterogeneities in the porous media matrix that better approximate natural field conditions and therefore address research questions that contain the additional complexity of processes often encountered in the natural environment. A new Subsurface Flow and Transport Laboratory (SFTL) has been developed for ISE users in the Environmental Spectroscopy & Biogeochemistry Facility in the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL) at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). The SFTL offers a variety of columns and flow cells, a new state-of-the-art dual-energy gamma system, a fully automated saturation-pressure apparatus, and analytical equipment for sample processing. The new facility, including qualified staff, is available for scientists interested in collaboration on conducting high-quality flow and transport experiments, including contaminant remediation. Close linkages exist between the SFTL and numerical modelers to aid in experimental design and interpretation. This presentation will discuss the facility and outline the procedures required to submit a proposal to use this unique facility for research purposes. The W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a national scientific user facility, is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
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ESF EUROCORES Programmes In Geosciences And Environmental Sciences
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jonckheere, I. G.
2007-12-01
In close cooperation with its Member Organisations, the European Science Foundation (ESF) has launched since late 2003 a series of European Collaborative Research (EUROCORES) Programmes. Their aim is to enable researchers in different European countries to develop cooperation and scientific synergy in areas where European scale and scope are required in a global context. The EUROCORES Scheme provides an open, flexible and transparent framework that allows national science funding and science performing agencies to join forces to support excellent European-led research, following a selection among many science-driven suggestions for new Programmes themes submitted by the scientific community. The EUROCORES instrument represents the first large scale attempt of national research (funding) agencies to act together against fragmentation, asynchronicity and duplication of research (funding) within Europe. There are presently 7 EUROCORES Programmes specifically dealing with cutting edge science in the fields of Earth, Climate and Environmental Sciences. The EUROCORES Programmes consist of a number of international, multidisciplinary collaborative research projects running for 3-4 years, selected through independent peer review. Under the overall responsibility of the participating funding agencies, those projects are coordinated and networked together through the scientific guidance of a Scientific Committee, with the support of a Programme Coordinator, responsible at ESF for providing planning, logistics, and the integration and dissemination of science. Strong links are aimed for with other major international programmes and initiatives worldwide. In this framework, linkage to IYPE would be of major interest for the scientific communities involved. Each Programme mobilises 5 to 13 million Euros in direct science funding from 9 to 27 national agencies from 8 to 20 countries. Additional funding for coordination, networking and dissemination is allocated by the ESF
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Subsurface Contamination Control
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Y. Yuan
There are two objectives of this report, ''Subsurface Contamination Control''. The first is to provide a technical basis for recommending limiting radioactive contamination levels (LRCL) on the external surfaces of waste packages (WP) for acceptance into the subsurface repository. The second is to provide an evaluation of the magnitude of potential releases from a defective WP and the detectability of the released contents. The technical basis for deriving LRCL has been established in ''Retrieval Equipment and Strategy for Wp on Pallet'' (CRWMS M and O 2000g, 6.3.1). This report updates the derivation by incorporating the latest design information of themore » subsurface repository for site recommendation. The derived LRCL on the external surface of WPs, therefore, supercede that described in CRWMS M and O 2000g. The derived LRCL represent the average concentrations of contamination on the external surfaces of each WP that must not be exceeded before the WP is to be transported to the subsurface facility for emplacement. The evaluation of potential releases is necessary to control the potential contamination of the subsurface repository and to detect prematurely failed WPs. The detection of failed WPs is required in order to provide reasonable assurance that the integrity of each WP is intact prior to MGR closure. An emplaced WP may become breached due to manufacturing defects or improper weld combined with failure to detect the defect, by corrosion, or by mechanical penetration due to accidents or rockfall conditions. The breached WP may release its gaseous and volatile radionuclide content to the subsurface environment and result in contaminating the subsurface facility. The scope of this analysis is limited to radioactive contaminants resulting from breached WPs during the preclosure period of the subsurface repository. This report: (1) documents a method for deriving LRCL on the external surfaces of WP for acceptance into the subsurface repository; (2
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The ESF and New Technology Training for Unemployed Women.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Brine, Jacky
The European Social Fund's (ESF's) emphasis on new technology training increased throughout the 1980s, but in the 1990s this emphasis disappears from policies toward "socially excluded" groups, including long-term unemployed women. Women are segregated into certain occupations and then further segregated by a hierarchical division that…
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Osburn, Magdalena R.; LaRowe, Douglas E.; Momper, Lily M.; Amend, Jan P.
2014-01-01
The deep subsurface is an enormous repository of microbial life. However, the metabolic capabilities of these microorganisms and the degree to which they are dependent on surface processes are largely unknown. Due to the logistical difficulty of sampling and inherent heterogeneity, the microbial populations of the terrestrial subsurface are poorly characterized. In an effort to better understand the biogeochemistry of deep terrestrial habitats, we evaluate the energetic yield of chemolithotrophic metabolisms and microbial diversity in the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in the former Homestake Gold Mine, SD, USA. Geochemical data, energetic modeling, and DNA sequencing were combined with principle component analysis to describe this deep (down to 8100 ft below surface), terrestrial environment. SURF provides access into an iron-rich Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary deposit that contains deeply circulating groundwater. Geochemical analyses of subsurface fluids reveal enormous geochemical diversity ranging widely in salinity, oxidation state (ORP 330 to −328 mV), and concentrations of redox sensitive species (e.g., Fe2+ from near 0 to 6.2 mg/L and Σ S2- from 7 to 2778μg/L). As a direct result of this compositional buffet, Gibbs energy calculations reveal an abundance of energy for microorganisms from the oxidation of sulfur, iron, nitrogen, methane, and manganese. Pyrotag DNA sequencing reveals diverse communities of chemolithoautotrophs, thermophiles, aerobic and anaerobic heterotrophs, and numerous uncultivated clades. Extrapolated across the mine footprint, these data suggest a complex spatial mosaic of subsurface primary productivity that is in good agreement with predicted energy yields. Notably, we report Gibbs energy normalized both per mole of reaction and per kg fluid (energy density) and find the later to be more consistent with observed physiologies and environmental conditions. Further application of this approach will significantly
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V&V Plan for FPGA-based ESF-CCS Using System Engineering Approach.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Maerani, Restu; Mayaka, Joyce; El Akrat, Mohamed; Cheon, Jung Jae
2018-02-01
Instrumentation and Control (I&C) systems play an important role in maintaining the safety of Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) operation. However, most current I&C safety systems are based on Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) hardware, which is difficult to verify and validate, and is susceptible to software common cause failure. Therefore, a plan for the replacement of the PLC-based safety systems, such as the Engineered Safety Feature - Component Control System (ESF-CCS), with Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) is needed. By using a systems engineering approach, which ensures traceability in every phase of the life cycle, from system requirements, design implementation to verification and validation, the system development is guaranteed to be in line with the regulatory requirements. The Verification process will ensure that the customer and stakeholder’s needs are satisfied in a high quality, trustworthy, cost efficient and schedule compliant manner throughout a system’s entire life cycle. The benefit of the V&V plan is to ensure that the FPGA based ESF-CCS is correctly built, and to ensure that the measurement of performance indicators has positive feedback that “do we do the right thing” during the re-engineering process of the FPGA based ESF-CCS.
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Ecological Realism of US EPA Experimental Stream Facility ...
The USEPA’s Experimental Stream Facility (ESF) conducts meso-scale ecotoxicology studies that account for both structural and functional responses of whole stream communities to contaminants or other stressors. The 16 mesocosms of ESF are indoors and consist of a tiled run section (0.152 m W x 4.268 m L x 0.105 m D) that widens to a gravel riffle section (0.305 m W x 4.268 m L x 0.19 m D). They are intermediate size among studies reporting stream mesocosm results. Their set-up is unique for their size, with a high degree of engineering controls for continuous flow-through dose-response designs, yet fixed, chronic exposures to contaminants under conditions that quantifiably mimic real stream riffle/run habitat with consistent upstream renewal. With fifty standard operating procedures serving ESF studies, the background and boundary condition information is collected to determine the realism critical to the field relevance of the results. Parallel ex situ and in situ single species exposure formats including fish survival and fecundity metrics are also included. With this framework studies at ESF provide scientifically defensible evaluation of proposed aquatic life criteria. This presentation discusses the relevance and realism of USEPA's mesocosms studies conducted using the Experimental Stream Facility in Milford, OH within the context of understanding the role meso-scale results can play in validating aquatic life criteria for streams and, more generally, man
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Thampi, S. V.; Ravindran, S.; Devasia, C. V.; Pant, T. K.; Sreelatha, P.; Sridharan, R.
The Coherent Radio Beacon Experiment (CRABEX) is aimed at investigating the equatorial ionospheric processes like the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) and Equatorial Spread F (ESF) and their inter relationships. As a part of CRABEX program, a network of six stations covering the region from Trivandrum (8.5°N) to Nainital (29.3°N) is set up along the 77-78° E meridian. These ground receivers basically measure the slant Total Electron Content (TEC) along the line of sight from the Low Earth Orbiting satellites (NIMS). These simultaneous TEC measurements are inverted to obtain the tomographic image of the latitudinal distribution of electron densities in the meridional plane. In this paper, the tomographic images of the equatorial ionosphere along the 77-78°E meridian are presented. The crest intensities in the southern and northern hemispheres also show significant differences with seasons, showing the variability in the EIA asymmetry. The evening images give an indication of the prevailing electrodynamical conditions on different days, preceding the occurrence/non-occurrence of ESF. Apart from this, the single station TEC measurements from the Trivandrum station itself is used to estimate the EIA strength and asymmetry. Since this station is situated at the trough of the EIA, right over the dip equator, the latitudinal gradients on both northern (N) and southern (S) sides can be used to compute the EIA strength and asymmetry. These two parameters, obtained well ahead of the onset time of ESF, are shown to have a definite role on the subsequent ESF activity. Hence, both these factors are combined to define a new `forecast parameter' for the generation of ESF. It has been shown that this parameter can uniquely define the state of the `background ionosphere' conducive for the generation of ESF irregularities as early as 1600 IST. A critical value for the `forecast parameter' has been identified such that when the estimated value for `forecast parameter' exceeds
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Thampi, Smitha V.; Ravindran, Sudha; Pant, Tarun Kumar; Devasia, C. V.; Sreelatha, P.; Sridharan, R.
2006-07-01
This paper provides the first observations of EIA asymmetry by receiving beacon transmissions onboard low earth orbiting satellites from a single station ground-based receiver. The EIA strength and asymmetry are derived from the latitudinal profiles of TEC obtained from a radio beacon receiver at Trivandrum (8.5°N, 77°E, diplat ~0.5°N). These two parameters, obtained well ahead of the onset time of ESF, are shown to have a definite role on the subsequent ESF activity. In the present paper, both these factors are combined to define a new `threshold parameter' for the generation of ESF. It has been shown that this parameter can define the state of the `background ionosphere' conducive for the generation of ESF irregularities much prior to its onset.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sreekumar, Sreeba; Sripathi, S.
2017-08-01
In this paper, we present the seasonal variation of nighttime thermospheric meridional winds over Hyderabad as derived using dual ionosonde observations located at Tirunelveli (8.7°N, 77.7°E, Dip Lat = 0.3°N), an equatorial station and Hyderabad (17.38°N, 78.45°E, Dip Lat = 12°N), a low latitude station, respectively, over the period of April-December 2013 using h'F data as discussed in (Sreekumar and Sripathi, 2016). The calculated winds has been compared with HWM14 wind model. The results show that trends of the derived winds from the ionosonde h'F data matches well with model wind near to midnight hours in all the seasons. However, some dissimilarities were observed during early night hours. Especially, the poleward winds during early night hours for different seasons were not well reproduced by the model. Later, the study is extended to understand the role of meridional winds in causing the variability of ESF occurrence vis a vis h'F. The histogram analysis of h'F vs wind values just before ESF onset reveals that the most probable combination of wind and h'F on the ESF days are centered around 350 km and 50 m/s. Additionally, we also performed Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA) based on longer and shorter duration ESF events. The analysis reveals the distinct differences in the longer and shorter duration ESF events of Summer and Autumn equinox where the values of h'F as well as meridional winds where such that a steep change in reduction of poleward winds prior to ESF onset supported the longer duration ESF events in both seasons. However, this steep reduction is not so significant for the shorter duration ESF events indicating that meridional winds could play a crucial role in extending the spread F durations in longer duration events. The observations clearly demonstrate the reduction of poleward wind velocities during vernal equinox as compared to Autumn equinox, where larger poleward winds were present around ESF onset times. These observations are
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Thampi, S. V.; Ravindran, S.; Pant, T. K.; Devasia, C. V.; Sridharan, R.
2008-06-01
In an earlier study, Thampi et al. (2006) have shown that the strength and asymmetry of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA), obtained well ahead of the onset time of Equatorial Spread F (ESF) have a definite role on the subsequent ESF activity, and a new "forecast parameter" has been identified for the prediction of ESF. This paper presents the observations of EIA strength and asymmetry from the Indian longitudes during the period from August 2005 March 2007. These observations are made using the line of sight Total Electron Content (TEC) measured by a ground-based beacon receiver located at Trivandrum (8.5° N, 77° E, 0.5° N dip lat) in India. It is seen that the seasonal variability of EIA strength and asymmetry are manifested in the latitudinal gradients obtained using the relative TEC measurements. As a consequence, the "forecast parameter" also displays a definite seasonal pattern. The seasonal variability of the EIA strength and asymmetry, and the "forecast parameter" are discussed in the present paper and a critical value for has been identified for each month/season. The likely "skill factor" of the new parameter is assessed using the data for a total of 122 days, and it is seen that when the estimated value of the "forecast parameter" exceeds the critical value, the ESF is seen to occur on more than 95% of cases.
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Gravity wave control on ESF day-to-day variability: An empirical approach
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Aswathy, R. P.; Manju, G.
2017-06-01
The gravity wave control on the daily variation in nighttime ionization irregularity occurrence is studied using ionosonde data for the period 2002-2007 at magnetic equatorial location Trivandrum. Recent studies during low solar activity period have revealed that the seed perturbations should have the threshold amplitude required to trigger equatorial spread F (ESF), at a particular altitude and that this threshold amplitude undergoes seasonal and solar cycle changes. In the present study, the altitude variation of the threshold seed perturbations is examined for autumnal equinox of different years. Thereafter, a unique empirical model, incorporating the electrodynamical effects and the gravity wave modulation, is developed. Using the model the threshold curve for autumnal equinox season of any year may be delineated if the solar flux index (F10.7) is known. The empirical model is validated using the data for high, moderate, and low solar epochs in 2001, 2004, and 1995, respectively. This model has the potential to be developed further, to forecast ESF incidence, if the base height of ionosphere is in the altitude region where electrodynamics controls the occurrence of ESF. ESF irregularities are harmful for communication and navigation systems, and therefore, research is ongoing globally to predict them. In this context, this study is crucial for evolving a methodology to predict communication as well as navigation outages.
Plain Language SummaryThe manifestation of nocturnal ionospheric irregularities at magnetic equatorial regions poses a major hazard for communication and navigation systems. It is therefore essential to arrive at prediction methodologies for these irregularities. The present study puts forth a novel empirical model which, using only solar flux index, successfully differentiates between days with and without nocturnal ionization irregularity occurrence. The model-derived curve is obtained such that the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665571','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665571"><span>Trichloroethylene (TCE) in tree cores to complement a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> investigation on residential property near a former electroplating <span class="hlt">facility</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wilcox, Jeffrey D; Johnson, Kathy M</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Tree cores were collected and analyzed for trichloroethylene (TCE) on a private property between a former electroplating <span class="hlt">facility</span> in Asheville, North Carolina (USA), and a contaminated wetland/spring complex. TCE was detected in 16 of 31 trees, the locations of which were largely consistent with a "plume core" delineated by a more detailed <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> investigation nearly 2 years later. Concentrations in tree cores and nearby soil borings were not correlated, perhaps due to heterogeneities in both geologic and tree root structure, spatial and temporal variability in transpiration rates, or interferences caused by other contaminants at the site. Several tree cores without TCE provided evidence for significantly lower TCE concentrations in shallow groundwater along the margins of the contaminated spring complex in an area with limited accessibility. This study demonstrates that tree core analyses can complement a more extensive <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> investigation, particularly in residential or ecologically sensitive areas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=310305&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=Control+AND+design&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=310305&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=Control+AND+design&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Upgrade of U.S. EPA's Experimental Stream <span class="hlt">Facility</span> Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system for the U.S. EPA’s Experimental Stream <span class="hlt">Facility</span> (<span class="hlt">ESF</span>) was upgraded using Camile hardware and software in 2015. The upgrade added additional hardwired connections, new wireless capabilities, and included a complete rewrit...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70021975','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70021975"><span>Isotopic identification of the source of methane in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments of an area surrounded by waste disposal <span class="hlt">facilities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Hackley, Keith C.; Liu, Chao-Li; Trainor, D.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>The major source of methane (CH4) in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments on the property of a former hazardous waste treatment <span class="hlt">facility</span> was determined using isotopic analyses measured on CH4 and associated groundwater. The site, located on an earthen pier built into a shallow wetland lake, has had a history of waste disposal practices and is surrounded by landfills and other waste management <span class="hlt">facilities</span>. Concentrations of CH4 up to 70% were found in the headspace gases of several piezometers screened at 3 different depths (ranging from 8 to 17 m) in lacustrine and glacial till deposits. Possible sources of the CH4 included a nearby landfill, organic wastes from previous impoundments and microbial gas derived from natural organic matter in the sediments. Isotopic analyses included ??13C, ??D, 14C, and 3H on select CH4 samples and ??D and ??18O on groundwater samples. Methane from the deepest glacial till and intermediate lacustrine deposits had ??13C values from -79 to -82???, typical of natural 'drift gas' generated by microbial CO2-reduction. The CH4 from the shallow lacustrine deposits had ??13C values from -63 to -76???, interpreted as a mixture between CH4 generated by microbial fermentation and the CO2-reduction processes within the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments. The ??D values of all the CH4 samples were quite negative ranging from -272 to -299???. Groundwater sampled from the deeper zones also showed quite negative ??D values that explained the light ??D observed for the CH4. Radiocarbon analyses of the CH4 showed decreasing 14C activity with depth, from a high of 58 pMC in the shallow sediments to 2 pMC in the deeper glacial till. The isotopic data indicated the majority of CH4 detected in the fill deposits of this site was microbial CH4 generated from naturally buried organic matter within the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments. However, the isotopic data of CH4 from the shallow piezometers was more variable and the possibility of some mixing with oxidized landfill CH4 could not be completely</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1043/downloads/OFR2015-1043.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1043/downloads/OFR2015-1043.pdf"><span>Surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microgravity data in the vicinity of Sanford Underground Research <span class="hlt">Facility</span>, Lead, South Dakota</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Kennedy, Jeffrey R.; Koth, Karl R.; Carruth, Rob</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Absolute gravity data were collected at 32 stations in the vicinity of the Sanford Underground Research <span class="hlt">Facility</span> from 2007 through 2014 for the purpose of monitoring groundwater storage change during dewatering of the former Homestake gold mine in the Black Hills of South Dakota, the largest and deepest underground mine in North America. Eight underground stations are at depths from 300 feet below land surface to 4,850 feet below land surface. Surface stations were located using Global Positioning System observations, and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> stations were located on the basis of maps constructed from survey measurements made while the mine was in operation. Gravity varies widely at many stations; however, no consistent temporal trends are present across all stations during the 7-year period of data collection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/911454','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/911454"><span>Preoperational <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Conditions at the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center Service Waste Disposal <span class="hlt">Facility</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ansley, Shannon Leigh</p> <p>2002-02-01</p> <p>The Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC) Service Wastewater Discharge <span class="hlt">Facility</span> replaces the existing percolation ponds as a disposal <span class="hlt">facility</span> for the INTEC Service Waste Stream. A preferred alternative for helping decrease water content in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> near INTEC, closure of the existing ponds is required by the INTEC Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Record of Decision (ROD) for Waste Area Group 3 Operable Unit 3-13 (DOE-ID 1999a). By August 2002, the replacement <span class="hlt">facility</span> was constructed approximately 2 miles southwest of INTEC, near the Big Lost River channel. Because groundwater beneath the Idaho National Engineering andmore » Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) is protected under Federal and State of Idaho regulations from degradation due to INEEL activities, preoperational data required by U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Order 5400.1 were collected. These data include preexisting physical, chemical, and biological conditions that could be affected by the discharge; background levels of radioactive and chemical components; pertinent environmental and ecological parameters; and potential pathways for human exposure or environmental impact. This document presents specific data collected in support of DOE Order 5400.1, including: four quarters of groundwater sampling and analysis of chemical and radiological parameters; general <span class="hlt">facility</span> description; site specific geology, stratigraphy, soils, and hydrology; perched water discussions; and general regulatory requirements. However, in order to avoid duplication of previous information, the reader is directed to other referenced publications for more detailed information. Documents that are not readily available are compiled in this publication as appendices. These documents include well and borehole completion reports, a perched water evaluation letter report, the draft INEEL Wellhead Protection Program Plan, and the Environmental Checklist.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1346639-researchers-mine-information-from-next-generation-subsurface-flow-simulations','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1346639-researchers-mine-information-from-next-generation-subsurface-flow-simulations"><span>Researchers Mine Information from Next-Generation <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Flow Simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Gedenk, Eric D.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>A research team based at Virginia Tech University leveraged computing resources at the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Oak Ridge National Laboratory to explore <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> multiphase flow phenomena that can't be experimentally observed. Using the Cray XK7 Titan supercomputer at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing <span class="hlt">Facility</span>, the team took Micro-CT images of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geologic systems and created two-phase flow simulations. The team's model development has implications for computational research pertaining to carbon sequestration, oil recovery, and contaminant transport.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/88832','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/88832"><span>Geotechnical characterization of the North Ramp of the Exploratory Studies <span class="hlt">Facility</span>: Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project. Volume 2, NRG corehole data appendices</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Brechtel, C.E.; Lin, Ming; Martin, E.</p> <p>1995-05-01</p> <p>This report presents the results of the geological and geotechnical characterization of the Miocene volcanic tuff rocks of the Timber Mountain and Paintbrush groups that the tunnel boring machine will encounter during excavations of the Exploratory Studies <span class="hlt">Facility</span> (<span class="hlt">ESF</span>) North Ramp. The information in this report was developed to support the design of the <span class="hlt">ESF</span> North Ramp. The <span class="hlt">ESF</span> is being constructed by the DOE as part of the Yucca Mountain Project site characterization activities. The purpose of these activities is to evaluate the potential to locate the national high-level nuclear waste repository on land within and adjacent to themore » Nevada Test Site (NTS), Nye County, Nevada. This report was prepared as part of the Soil and Rock Properties Studies in accordance with the 8.3.1.14.2 Study Plan to Provide Soil and Rock Properties. This is volume 2 which contains NRG Corehole Data for each of the NRG Holes.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Geomo..80....3B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Geomo..80....3B"><span>The European Science Foundation (<span class="hlt">ESF</span>) Network SEDIFLUX — An introduction and overview</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Beylich, Achim A.; Etienne, Samuel; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Gordeev, Vyacheslav V.; Käyhkö, Jukka; Rachold, Volker; Russell, Andrew J.; Schmidt, Karl-Heinz; Sæmundsson, Þorsteinn; Tweed, Fiona S.; Warburton, Jeff</p> <p>2006-10-01</p> <p>Climate change will cause major changes in the Earth surface systems, especially in high-latitude and high-altitude cold environments. Geomorphological processes operating at the Earth's surface, transferring sediments and changing landforms are dependent on climate and will be significantly affected by climate change. More reliable modelling of sediment transfer processes operating under present-day climatic settings is needed to determine the consequences of climate change. It is necessary to collect and to compare data and knowledge from a wide range of different high-latitude and high-altitude cold environments and to develop more standardized methods and approaches for future research on sediment fluxes and relationships between climate and sedimentary transfer processes. In Europe, the wide range of high-latitude and high-altitude cold environments provides great potential to investigate climate-process relationships and to model the effects of climate change by using space for time substitution. The European Science Foundation (<span class="hlt">ESF</span>) Network (01.01.2004-31.12.2006) "Sedimentary Source-to-Sink-Fluxes in Cold Environments" ( SEDIFLUX) is bringing together leading scientists, young scientists and research teams from different fields. SEDIFLUX forms a framework for an integrated and multidisciplinary investigation of the addressed topic and is a major catalyst for strengthening and extending contacts, collaborative research activities and mobility of scientists in Europe. It also points to areas within Europe that would benefit from wider research collaboration (e.g. Russia, Poland). The SEDIFLUX Steering Committee consists of scientists from seven European countries: Achim A. Beylich, Co-ordinator of SEDIFLUX (Trondheim, Norway), Samuel Etienne (Clermont-Ferrand, France), Bernd Etzelmüller (Oslo, Norway), Vyacheslav V. Gordeev (Moscow, Russia), Jukka Käyhkö (Turku, Finland), Volker Rachold (Potsdam, Germany), Andrew J. Russell (Newcastle, England, UK), Karl</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=244354&keyword=geology&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=244354&keyword=geology&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Geophysical Monitoring of Two types of <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Injection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Nano-scale particles of zero-valent iron (ZVI) were injected into the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> at the 100-D area of the DOE Hanford <span class="hlt">facility</span>. The intent of this iron injection was to repair a gap in the existing in-situ redox manipulation barrier located at the site. A number of geophysical me...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B53C0546K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B53C0546K"><span>Electrode Cultivation and Interfacial Electron Transport in <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Microorganisms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Karbelkar, A. A.; Jangir, Y.; Reese, B. K.; Wanger, G.; Anderson, C.; El-Naggar, M.; Amend, J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Continental <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments can present significant energetic challenges to the resident microorganisms. While these environments are geologically diverse, potentially allowing energy harvesting by microorganisms that catalyze redox reactions, many of the abundant electron donors and acceptors are insoluble and therefore not directly bioavailable. Microbes can use extracellular electron transfer (EET) as a metabolic strategy to interact with redox active surfaces. This process can be mimicked on electrode surfaces and hence can lead to enrichment and quantification of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microorganisms A primary bioelectrochemical enrichment with different oxidizing and reducing potentials set up in a single bioreactor was applied in situ to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microorganisms residing in iron oxide rich deposits in the Sanford Underground Research <span class="hlt">Facility</span>. Secondary enrichment revealed a plethora of classified and unclassified <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbiota on both oxidizing and reducing potentials. From this enrichment, we have isolated a Gram-positive Bacillus along with Gram-negative Cupriavidus and Anaerospora strains (as electrode reducers) and Comamonas (as an electrode oxidizer). The Bacillus and Comamonas isolates were subjected to a detailed electrochemical characterization in half-reactors at anodic and cathodic potentials, respectively. An increase in cathodic current upon inoculation and cyclic voltammetry measurements confirm the hypothesis that Comamonas is capable of electron uptake from electrodes. In addition, measurements of Bacillus on anodes hint towards novel mechanisms that allow EET from Gram-positive bacteria. This study suggests that electrochemical approaches are well positioned to dissect such extracellular interactions that may be prevalent in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, while using physical electrodes to emulate the microhabitats, redox and geochemical gradients, and the spatially dependent interspecies interactions encountered in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Electrochemical</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22293598-method-implementing-subsurface-solid-derived-concentration-guideline-levels-dcgl','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22293598-method-implementing-subsurface-solid-derived-concentration-guideline-levels-dcgl"><span>Method for Implementing <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Solid Derived Concentration Guideline Levels (DCGL) - 12331</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Lively, J.W.</p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and other federal agencies currently approve the Multi-Agency Radiation Site Survey and Investigation Manual (MARSSIM) as guidance for licensees who are conducting final radiological status surveys in support of decommissioning. MARSSIM provides a method to demonstrate compliance with the applicable regulation by comparing residual radioactivity in surface soils with derived concentration guideline levels (DCGLs), but specifically discounts its applicability to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils. Many sites and <span class="hlt">facilities</span> undergoing decommissioning contain <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils that are potentially impacted by radiological constituents. In the absence of specific guidance designed to address the derivation of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil DCGLs andmore » compliance demonstration, decommissioning <span class="hlt">facilities</span> have attempted to apply DCGLs and final status survey techniques designed specifically for surface soils to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils. The decision to apply surface soil limits and surface soil compliance metrics to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils typically results in significant over-excavation with associated cost escalation. MACTEC, Inc. has developed the overarching concepts and principles found in recent NRC decommissioning guidance in NUREG 1757 to establish a functional method to derive dose-based <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil DCGLs. The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil method developed by MACTEC also establishes a rigorous set of criterion-based data evaluation metrics (with analogs to the MARSSIM methodology) that can be used to demonstrate compliance with the developed <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil DCGLs. The method establishes a continuum of volume factors that relate the size and depth of a volume of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil having elevated concentrations of residual radioactivity with its ability to produce dose. The method integrates the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil sampling regime with the derivation of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil DCGL such that a self-regulating optimization is naturally sought by both the responsible party and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22688007-modular-evaluation-method-subsurface-activities-memsa-novel-approach-integrating-social-acceptance-permit-decision-making-process-subsurface-activities','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22688007-modular-evaluation-method-subsurface-activities-memsa-novel-approach-integrating-social-acceptance-permit-decision-making-process-subsurface-activities"><span>Modular evaluation method for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> activities (MEMSA). A novel approach for integrating social acceptance in a permit decision-making process for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> activities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Os, Herman W.A. van, E-mail: h.w.a.van.os@rug.nl; Herber, Rien, E-mail: rien.herber@rug.nl; Scholtens, Bert, E-mail: l.j.r.scholtens@rug.nl</p> <p></p> <p>We investigate how the decision support system ‘Modular Evaluation Method <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Activities’ (MEMSA) can help facilitate an informed decision-making process for permit applications of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> activities. To this end, we analyze the extent the MEMSA approach allows for a dialogue between stakeholders in a transparent manner. We use the exploration permit for the underground gas storage <span class="hlt">facility</span> at the Pieterburen salt dome (Netherlands) as a case study. The results suggest that the MEMSA approach is flexible enough to adjust to changing conditions. Furthermore, MEMSA provides a novel way for identifying structural problems and possible solutions in permit decision-making processes formore » <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> activities, on the basis of the sensitivity analysis of intermediate rankings. We suggest that the planned size of an activity should already be specified in the exploration phase, because this would allow for a more efficient use of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> as a whole. We conclude that the host community should be involved to a greater extent and in an early phase of the permit decision-making process, for example, already during the initial analysis of the project area of a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> activity. We suggest that strategic national policy goals are to be re-evaluated on a regular basis, in the form of a strategic vision for the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, to account for timing discrepancies between the realization of activities and policy deadlines, because this discrepancy can have a large impact on the necessity and therefore acceptance of a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> activity.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21428802','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21428802"><span>Conference Report: <span class="hlt">ESF</span>-COST High-Level Research Conference Natural Products Chemistry, Biology and Medicine III.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Catino, Arthur</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Natural Products Chemistry, Biology and Medicine III was the third conference in a series of events sponsored by the European Science Foundation (<span class="hlt">ESF</span>) and the European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST). Scientists came together from within and outside the EU to present cutting-edge developments in chemical synthesis. Research areas included the synthesis of natural products, methods development, isolation/structural elucidation and chemical biology. As our capacity to produce new chemotherapeutic agents relies on chemical synthesis, this year's conference has never been so timely. This report highlights several of the scientific contributions presented during the meeting.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1325470','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1325470"><span>Effect of Selected Modeling Assumptions on <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Radionuclide Transport Projections for the Potential Environmental Management Disposal <span class="hlt">Facility</span> at Oak Ridge, Tennessee</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Painter, Scott L.</p> <p>2016-06-28</p> <p>The Department of Energy’s Office of Environmental Management recently revised a Remedial Investigation/ Feasibility Study (RI/FS) that included an analysis of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> radionuclide transport at a potential new Environmental Management Disposal <span class="hlt">Facility</span> (EMDF) in East Bear Creek Valley near Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The effect of three simplifying assumptions used in the RI/FS analyses are investigated using the same <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> pathway conceptualization but with more flexible modeling tools. Neglect of vadose zone dispersion was found to be conservative or non-conservative, depending on the retarded travel time and the half-life. For a given equilibrium distribution coefficient, a relatively narrow range of half-lifemore » was identified for which neglect of vadose zone transport is non-conservative and radionuclide discharge into surface water is non-negligible. However, there are two additional conservative simplifications in the reference case that compensate for the non-conservative effect of neglecting vadose zone dispersion: the use of a steady infiltration rate and vadose zone velocity, and the way equilibrium sorption is used to represent transport in the fractured material of the saturated aquifer. With more realistic representations of all three processes, the RI/FS reference case was found to either provide a reasonably good approximation to the peak concentration or was significantly conservative (pessimistic) for all parameter combinations considered.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMPA21B2206B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMPA21B2206B"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Environment Sampler for Improved In Situ Characterization of <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Microbial Communities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barnhart, E. P.; Ruppert, L. F.; Orem, W. H.; McIntosh, J. C.; Cunningham, A. B.; Fields, M. W.; Hiebert, R.; Hyatt, R.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>There is an increasing threat that deep aquifers, an important drinking water resource, may be contaminated by the extraction and transport of fossil fuels. This threat increases the need for improved groundwater monitoring and the ability to predict the extent to which microbial activity may remediate such contamination. The characterization of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial communities could provide an ideal biomonitoring tool for the assessment of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contamination due to prokaryotes environmental ubiquity, rapidity of response to environmental perturbation and the important role they play in hydrocarbon degradation and bioremediation. New DNA sequencing technologies provide the opportunity to cost-effectively identify the vast <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial ecosystem, but use of this new technology is restricted due to issues with sampling. Prior <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbiology studies have relied on core samples that are expensive to obtain hard to collect aseptically and/or ground water samples that do not reflect in situ microbial densities or activities. The development of down-well incubation of sterile sediment with a Diffusive Microbial Sampler (DMS) has emerged as an alternative method to sample <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial communities that minimizes cost and contamination issues associated with traditional methods. We have designed a <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Environment Sampler with a DMS module that could enable the anaerobic transport of the in situ microbial community from the field for laboratory bioremediation studies. This sampler could provide an inexpensive and standard method for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial sampling which would make this tool useful for Federal, State, private and local agencies interested in monitoring contamination or the effectiveness of bioremediation activities in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> aquifers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA519033','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA519033"><span>The Global Economic Crisis: Impact on Sub-Saharan Africa and Global Policy Responses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2009-08-25</p> <p><span class="hlt">facilities</span>, the Poverty Reduction and Growth <span class="hlt">Facility</span> ( PRGF ) and the Exogenous Shocks <span class="hlt">Facility</span> (<span class="hlt">ESF</span>).88 Figure 11. IMF Concessional Loans to Africa...Billions of Dollars Source: International Monetary Fund. Notes: Amounts are the total amount of outstanding PRGF and <span class="hlt">ESF</span> loans to African countries...the Needs of Low-Income Countries,” July 29, 2009. 87 CRS Report RS22534, The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, by Martin A. Weiss. 88 PRGF loans</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA519037','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA519037"><span>The Global Economic Crisis: Impact on Sub-Saharan Africa and Global Policy Responses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2009-10-19</p> <p>concessional lending <span class="hlt">facilities</span>, the Poverty Reduction and Growth <span class="hlt">Facility</span> ( PRGF ) and the Exogenous Shocks <span class="hlt">Facility</span> (<span class="hlt">ESF</span>).99 Figure 12. IMF Concessional Loans...to Africa Billions of Dollars Source: International Monetary Fund. Notes: Amounts are the total amount of outstanding PRGF and <span class="hlt">ESF</span> loans to...99 PRGF loans are intended to help low-income countries address balance of payments concerns, such as those created by the financial crisis. Unlike</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70019093','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70019093"><span>Deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Lovley, D.R.; Chapelle, F.H.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Information on the microbiology of the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is necessary in order to understand the factors controlling the rate and extent of the microbially catalyzed redox reactions that influence the geophysical properties of these environments. Furthermore, there is an increasing threat that deep aquifers, an important drinking water resource, may be contaminated by man's activities, and there is a need to predict the extent to which microbial activity may remediate such contamination. Metabolically active microorganisms can be recovered from a diversity of deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments. The available evidence suggests that these microorganisms are responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of organic matter coupled to a variety of electron acceptors just as microorganisms do in surface sediments, but at much slower rates. The technical difficulties in aseptically sampling deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments and the fact that microbial processes in laboratory incubations of deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> material often do not mimic in situ processes frequently necessitate that microbial activity in the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> be inferred through nonmicrobiological analyses of ground water. These approaches include measurements of dissolved H2, which can predict the predominant microbially catalyzed redox reactions in aquifers, as well as geochemical and groundwater flow modeling, which can be used to estimate the rates of microbial processes. Microorganisms recovered from the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> have the potential to affect the fate of toxic organics and inorganic contaminants in groundwater. Microbial activity also greatly influences 1 the chemistry of many pristine groundwaters and contributes to such phenomena as porosity development in carbonate aquifers, accumulation of undesirably high concentrations of dissolved iron, and production of methane and hydrogen sulfide. Although the last decade has seen a dramatic increase in interest in deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbiology, in comparison with the study of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70185634','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70185634"><span>Monitoring of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> injection of wastes, Florida</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Vecchioli, John</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>Injection of waste liquids into Florida's <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is physically feasible in many places but should be accompanied by monitoring of the waste-receiving aquifer system in addition to the injection <span class="hlt">facility</span>. Monitoring of the interaction of factors including hydrogeologic conditions, well construction, waste volumes and characteristics, and potable-water sources is desirable to assure that fresh-water resources are not being adversely affected. An effective aquifer-system monitoring program includes on-site wells located close to an injection well and open to the next-higher permeable stratum, satellite wells located hundreds to several thousands of feet from an injection well and open to the receiving aquifer, and regional wells located miles from individual injection wells and open to the receiving aquifer. An extensive aquifer-system monitoring program associated with two waste-injection <span class="hlt">facilities</span> near Pensacola, Florida, has provided data which have aided hydrologists to understand the aquifer system's response to the injection and, accordingly, to evaluate the potential for affecting the area's fresh-water resources.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li class="active"><span>2</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_2 --> <div id="page_3" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="41"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1327190-terrestrial-subsurface-ecosystem','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1327190-terrestrial-subsurface-ecosystem"><span>Terrestrial <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Ecosystem</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wilkins, Michael J.; Fredrickson, Jim K.</p> <p>2015-10-15</p> <p>The Earth’s crust is a solid cool layer that overlays the mantle, with a varying thickness of between 30-50 km on continental plates, and 5-10 km on oceanic plates. Continental crust is composed of a variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks that weather and re-form over geologic cycles lasting millions to billions of years. At the crust surface, these weathered minerals and organic material combine to produce a variety of soils types that provide suitable habitats and niches for abundant microbial diversity (see Chapter 4). Beneath this soil zone is the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Once thought to be relatively free ofmore » microorganisms, recent estimates have calculated that between 1016-1017 g C biomass (2-19% of Earth’s total biomass) may be present in this environment (Whitman et al., 1998;McMahon and Parnell, 2014). Microbial life in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> exists across a wide range of habitats: in pores associated with relatively shallow unconsolidated aquifer sediments to fractures in bedrock formations that are more than a kilometer deep, where extreme lithostatic pressures and temperatures are encountered. While these different environments contain varying physical and chemical conditions, the absence of light is a constant. Despite this, diverse physiologies and metabolisms enable microorganisms to harness energy and carbon for growth in water-filled pore spaces and fractures. Carbon and other element cycles are driven by microbial activity, which has implications for both natural processes and human activities in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, e.g., bacteria play key roles in both hydrocarbon formation and degradation. Hydrocarbons are a major focus for human utilization of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, via oil and gas extraction and potential geologic CO2 sequestration. The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is also utilized or being considered for sequestered storage of high-level radioactive waste from nuclear power generation and residual waste from past production of weapons grade nuclear materials</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/768/pdf/ds768.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/768/pdf/ds768.pdf"><span>Key <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> data help to refine Trinity aquifer hydrostratigraphic units, south-central Texas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Blome, Charles D.; Clark, Allan K.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The geologic framework and hydrologic characteristics of aquifers are important components for studying the nation’s <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity and predicting its hydraulic budgets. Detailed study of an aquifer’s <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrostratigraphy is needed to understand both its geologic and hydrologic frameworks. Surface hydrostratigraphic mapping can also help characterize the spatial distribution and hydraulic connectivity of an aquifer’s permeable zones. Advances in three-dimensional (3-D) mapping and modeling have also enabled geoscientists to visualize the spatial relations between the saturated and unsaturated lithologies. This detailed study of two borehole cores, collected in 2001 on the Camp Stanley Storage Activity (CSSA) area, provided the foundation for revising a number of hydrostratigraphic units representing the middle zone of the Trinity aquifer. The CSSA area is a restricted military <span class="hlt">facility</span> that encompasses approximately 4,000 acres and is located in Boerne, Texas, northwest of the city of San Antonio. Studying both the surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geology of the CSSA area are integral parts of a U.S. Geological Survey project funded through the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program. This modification of hydrostratigraphic units is being applied to all <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> data used to construct a proposed 3-D EarthVision model of the CSSA area and areas to the south and west.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70182805','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70182805"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> clade of Geobacteraceae that predominates in a diversity of Fe(III)-reducing <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Holmes, Dawn E.; O'Neil, Regina A.; Vrionis, Helen A.; N'Guessan, Lucie A.; Ortiz-Bernad, Irene; Larrahondo, Maria J.; Adams, Lorrie A.; Ward, Joy A.; Nicoll , Julie S.; Nevin, Kelly P.; Chavan, Milind A.; Johnson, Jessica P.; Long, Philip E.; Lovely, Derek R.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>There are distinct differences in the physiology of Geobacter species available in pure culture. Therefore, to understand the ecology of Geobacter species in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments, it is important to know which species predominate. Clone libraries were assembled with 16S rRNA genes and transcripts amplified from three <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments in which Geobacter species are known to be important members of the microbial community: (1) a uranium-contaminated aquifer located in Rifle, CO, USA undergoing in situ bioremediation; (2) an acetate-impacted aquifer that serves as an analog for the long-term acetate amendments proposed for in situ uranium bioremediation and (3) a petroleum-contaminated aquifer in which Geobacter species play a role in the oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons coupled with the reduction of Fe(III). The majority of Geobacteraceae 16S rRNA sequences found in these environments clustered in a phylogenetically coherent <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> clade, which also contains a number of Geobacter species isolated from <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments. Concatamers constructed with 43 Geobacter genes amplified from these sites also clustered within this <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> clade. 16S rRNA transcript and gene sequences in the sediments and groundwater at the Rifle site were highly similar, suggesting that sampling groundwater via monitoring wells can recover the most active Geobacter species. These results suggest that further study of Geobacter species in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> clade is necessary to accurately model the behavior of Geobacter species during <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> bioremediation of metal and organic contaminants.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.B22A..05S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.B22A..05S"><span>The Serpentinite <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Microbiome</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schrenk, M. O.; Nelson, B. Y.; Brazelton, W. J.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Microbial habitats hosted in ultramafic rocks constitute substantial, globally-distributed portions of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere, occurring both on the continents and beneath the seafloor. The aqueous alteration of ultramafics, in a process known as serpentinization, creates energy rich, high pH conditions, with low concentrations of inorganic carbon which place fundamental constraints upon microbial metabolism and physiology. Despite their importance, very few studies have attempted to directly access and quantify microbial activities and distributions in the serpentinite <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbiome. We have initiated microbiological studies of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> seeps and rocks at three separate continental sites of serpentinization in Newfoundland, Italy, and California and compared these results to previous analyses of the Lost City field, near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In all cases, microbial cell densities in seep fluids are extremely low, ranging from approximately 100,000 to less than 1,000 cells per milliliter. Culture-independent analyses of 16S rRNA genes revealed low-diversity microbial communities related to Gram-positive Firmicutes and hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. Interestingly, unlike Lost City, there has been little evidence for significant archaeal populations in the continental <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> to date. Culturing studies at the sites yielded numerous alkaliphilic isolates on nutrient-rich agar and putative iron-reducing bacteria in anaerobic incubations, many of which are related to known alkaliphilic and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> isolates. Finally, metagenomic data reinforce the culturing results, indicating the presence of genes associated with organotrophy, hydrogen oxidation, and iron reduction in seep fluid samples. Our data provide insight into the lifestyles of serpentinite <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial populations and targets for future quantitative exploration using both biochemical and geochemical approaches.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..1114087B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..1114087B"><span>Achievements and opportunities from <span class="hlt">ESF</span> Research Networking Programme: Natural molecular structures as drivers and tracers of terrestrial C fluxes, and COST Action 639: Greenhouse gas budget of soils under changing climate and land use</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Boeckx, P.; Rasse, D.; Jandl, R.</p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p>One of the activities of the European Science Foundation (<span class="hlt">ESF</span>, www.<span class="hlt">esf</span>.org) is developing European scale Research Networking Programmes (RNPs). RNPs lay the foundation for nationally funded research groups to address major scientific and research infrastructure issues, in order to advance the frontiers of existing science. MOLTER (www.<span class="hlt">esf</span>.org/molter or www.molter.no) is such an RNP. MOLTER stands for "Natural molecular structures as drivers and tracers of terrestrial C fluxes" aims at stimulating the use of isotopic and organic chemistry to study carbon stabilization and biogeochemistry in terrestrial ecosystems and soils in particular. The understanding of the formation, stabilization and decomposition of complex organic compounds in the environment is currently being revolutionized by advanced techniques in identification, quantification, and origin tracing of functional groups and individual molecules. MOLTER focuses on five major research themes: - Molecular composition and turnover time of soil organic matter; - Plant molecular structures as drivers of C stabilisation in soils; - Fire transformations of plant and soil molecular structures - Molecular markers in soils; - Dissolved organic molecules in soils: origin, functionality and transport. These research themes are covered via the following activities: - Organisation of international conferences; - Organisation of specific topical workshops; - Organisation of summer schools for PhD students; - Short- and long-term exchange grants for scientists. MOLTER is supported by research funding or performing agencies from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The <span class="hlt">ESF</span> is also the implementing agency of COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology, www.cost.<span class="hlt">esf</span>.org), one of the longest-running European instruments supporting cooperation among scientists and researchers across Europe. COST Action 639 "Greenhouse gas budget of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750004806','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750004806"><span>Mars penetrator: <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> science mission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lumpkin, C. K.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>A penetrator system to emplace <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> science on the planet Mars is described. The need for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> science is discussed, and the technologies for achieving successful atmospheric entry, Mars penetration, and data retrieval are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1129/ofr20151129.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1129/ofr20151129.pdf"><span>Preliminary geophysical interpretations of regional <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geology near the Questa Mine Tailing <span class="hlt">Facility</span> and Guadalupe Mountain, Taos County, New Mexico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Grauch, V.J.S.; Drenth, Benjamin J.; Thompson, Ren A.; Bauer, Paul W.</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>This report presents geophysical interpretations of regional <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geology in the vicinity of the Tailing <span class="hlt">Facility</span> of the Questa Mine near Guadalupe Mountain, Taos County, New Mexico, in cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department. The interpretations were developed from aeromagnetic data, regional gravity data, data from four ground magnetic traverses, geologic mapping, a digital elevation model, and information from a few shallow wells. The resolution of the geophysical data is only appropriate for a broad assessment of the regional setting. Aeromagnetic data provided the most comprehensive information for interpretation. Qualitative and semiquantitative interpretations indicate the nature and extent of volcanic rocks, their relative depths, and inferred contacts between them, as well as conjectured locations of faults. In particular, the aeromagnetic data indicate places where volcanic rocks extend at shallow depths under sedimentary cover. Trachydacites of Guadalupe Mountain are magnetic, but their associated aeromagnetic anomalies are opposite in sign over the northern versus the southern parts of the mountain. The difference indicates that lavas erupted during different magnetic-polarity events in the north (reverse polarity) versus the south (normal polarity) and therefore have different ages. We postulate a buried volcano with reverse-polarity magnetization lies under the northeast side of Guadalupe Mountain, which likely predated the exposed trachydacites. Faults interpreted for the study area generally align with known fault zones. We interpret a northern extension to one of these faults that crosses northwesterly underneath the Tailing <span class="hlt">Facility</span>. Gravity data indicate that Guadalupe Mountain straddles the western margin of a subbasin of the Rio Grande rift and that significant (>400 meters) thicknesses of both volcanic and sedimentary rocks underlie the mountain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AsBio...9...23W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AsBio...9...23W"><span>ESSC-<span class="hlt">ESF</span> Position Paper-Science-Driven Scenario for Space Exploration: Report from the European Space Sciences Committee (ESSC)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Worms, Jean-Claude; Lammer, Helmut; Barucci, Antonella; Beebe, Reta; Bibring, Jean-Pierre; Blamont, Jacques; Blanc, Michel; Bonnet, Roger; Brucato, John R.; Chassefière, Eric; Coradini, Angioletta; Crawford, Ian; Ehrenfreund, Pascale; Falcke, Heino; Gerzer, Rupert; Grady, Monica; Grande, Manuel; Haerendel, Gerhard; Horneck, Gerda; Koch, Bernhard; Lobanov, Andreï; Lopez-Moreno, José J.; Marco, Robert; Norsk, Peter; Rothery, Dave; Swings, Jean-Pierre; Tropea, Cam; Ulamec, Stephan; Westall, Frances; Zarnecki, John</p> <p>2009-02-01</p> <p>In 2005 the then ESA Directorate for Human Spaceflight, Microgravity and Exploration (D-HME) commissioned a study from the European Science Foundation's (<span class="hlt">ESF</span>) European Space Sciences Committee (ESSC) to examine the science aspects of the Aurora Programme in preparation for the December 2005 Ministerial Conference of ESA Member States, held in Berlin. A first interim report was presented to ESA at the second stakeholders meeting on 30 and 31 May 2005. A second draft report was made available at the time of the final science stakeholders meeting on 16 September 2005 in order for ESA to use its recommendations to prepare the Executive proposal to the Ministerial Conference. The final ESSC report on that activity came a few months after the Ministerial Conference (June 2006) and attempted to capture some elements of the new situation after Berlin, and in the context of the reduction in NASA's budget that was taking place at that time; e.g., the postponement sine die of the Mars Sample Return mission. At the time of this study, ESSC made it clear to ESA that the timeline imposed prior to the Berlin Conference had not allowed for a proper consultation of the relevant science community and that this should be corrected in the near future. In response to that recommendation, ESSC was asked again in the summer of 2006 to initiate a broad consultation to define a science-driven scenario for the Aurora Programme. This exercise ran between October 2006 and May 2007. ESA provided the funding for staff support, publication costs, and costs related to meetings of a Steering Group, two meetings of a larger ad hoc group (7 and 8 December 2006 and 8 February 2007), and a final scientific workshop on 15 and 16 May 2007 in Athens. As a result of these meetings a draft report was produced and examined by the Ad Hoc Group. Following their endorsement of the report and its approval by the plenary meeting of the ESSC, the draft report was externally refereed, as is now normal practice</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19203241','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19203241"><span>ESSC-<span class="hlt">ESF</span> position paper--science-driven scenario for space exploration: report from the European Space Sciences Committee (ESSC).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Worms, Jean-Claude; Lammer, Helmut; Barucci, Antonella; Beebe, Reta; Bibring, Jean-Pierre; Blamont, Jacques; Blanc, Michel; Bonnet, Roger; Brucato, John R; Chassefière, Eric; Coradini, Angioletta; Crawford, Ian; Ehrenfreund, Pascale; Falcke, Heino; Gerzer, Rupert; Grady, Monica; Grande, Manuel; Haerendel, Gerhard; Horneck, Gerda; Koch, Bernhard; Lobanov, Andreï; Lopez-Moreno, José J; Marco, Roberto; Norsk, Peter; Rothery, Dave; Swings, Jean-Pierre; Tropea, Cam; Ulamec, Stephan; Westall, Frances; Zarnecki, John</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>In 2005 the then ESA Directorate for Human Spaceflight, Microgravity and Exploration (D-HME) commissioned a study from the European Science Foundation's (<span class="hlt">ESF</span>) European Space Sciences Committee (ESSC) to examine the science aspects of the Aurora Programme in preparation for the December 2005 Ministerial Conference of ESA Member States, held in Berlin. A first interim report was presented to ESA at the second stakeholders meeting on 30 and 31 May 2005. A second draft report was made available at the time of the final science stakeholders meeting on 16 September 2005 in order for ESA to use its recommendations to prepare the Executive proposal to the Ministerial Conference. The final ESSC report on that activity came a few months after the Ministerial Conference (June 2006) and attempted to capture some elements of the new situation after Berlin, and in the context of the reduction in NASA's budget that was taking place at that time; e.g., the postponement sine die of the Mars Sample Return mission. At the time of this study, ESSC made it clear to ESA that the timeline imposed prior to the Berlin Conference had not allowed for a proper consultation of the relevant science community and that this should be corrected in the near future. In response to that recommendation, ESSC was asked again in the summer of 2006 to initiate a broad consultation to define a science-driven scenario for the Aurora Programme. This exercise ran between October 2006 and May 2007. ESA provided the funding for staff support, publication costs, and costs related to meetings of a Steering Group, two meetings of a larger ad hoc group (7 and 8 December 2006 and 8 February 2007), and a final scientific workshop on 15 and 16 May 2007 in Athens. As a result of these meetings a draft report was produced and examined by the Ad Hoc Group. Following their endorsement of the report and its approval by the plenary meeting of the ESSC, the draft report was externally refereed, as is now normal practice</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1417492-situ-subsurface-soil-analyzer','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1417492-situ-subsurface-soil-analyzer"><span>In-situ <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Soil Analyzer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ulmer, Chris</p> <p></p> <p>The Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Terrestrial Ecosystem Science (TES) program is seeking improved sensor systems for monitoring hydro-biogeochemical processes in complex <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments. The TES program is specifically interested in acquiring chemical and structural information regarding the type and nature of the hydration and redox states of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> chemical species. The technology should be able to perform on-site and real-time measurements to provide information not available using current sample acquisition and preservation processes. To address the needs of the DOE and the terrestrial science community, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) worked on the development of a new In-Situ <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Soil Analyzermore » (ISSA) based on magnetic resonance technologies. Benchtop testing was performed to assess the feasibility of continuous wave electron pair resonance (CW-EPR) detection of chemical species in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil systems.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573366','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573366"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> iron and arsenic removal for shallow tube well drinking water supply in rural Bangladesh.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>van Halem, D; Olivero, S; de Vet, W W J M; Verberk, J Q J C; Amy, G L; van Dijk, J C</p> <p>2010-11-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> iron and arsenic removal has the potential to be a cost-effective technology to provide safe drinking water in rural decentralized applications, using existing shallow tube wells. A community-scale test <span class="hlt">facility</span> in Bangladesh was constructed for injection of aerated water (∼1 m(3)) into an anoxic aquifer with elevated iron (0.27 mmolL(-1)) and arsenic (0.27μmolL(-1)) concentrations. The injection (oxidation) and abstraction (adsorption) cycles were monitored at the test <span class="hlt">facility</span> and simultaneously simulated in the laboratory with anoxic column experiments. Dimensionless retardation factors (R) were determined to represent the delayed arrival of iron or arsenic in the well compared to the original groundwater. At the test <span class="hlt">facility</span> the iron removal efficacies increased after every injection-abstraction cycle, with retardation factors (R(Fe)) up to 17. These high removal efficacies could not be explained by the theory of adsorptive-catalytic oxidation, and therefore other ((a)biotic or transport) processes have contributed to the system's efficacy. This finding was confirmed in the anoxic column experiments, since the mechanism of adsorptive-catalytic oxidation dominated in the columns and iron removal efficacies did not increase with every cycle (stable at R(Fe)=∼8). R(As) did not increase after multiple cycles, it remained stable around 2, illustrating that the process which is responsible for the effective iron removal did not promote the co-removal of arsenic. The columns showed that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> arsenic removal was an adsorptive process and only the freshly oxidized adsorbed iron was available for the co-adsorption of arsenic. This indicates that arsenic adsorption during <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> treatment is controlled by the amount of adsorbed iron that is oxidized, and not by the amount of removed iron. For operational purposes this is an important finding, since apparently the oxygen concentration of the injection water does not control the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> arsenic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.9034H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.9034H"><span>Modeling <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> stormflow initiation in low-relief landscapes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hopp, Luisa; Vaché, Kellie B.; Rhett Jackson, C.; McDonnell, Jeffrey J.</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Shallow lateral <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow as a runoff generating mechanism at the hillslope scale has mostly been studied in steeper terrain with typical hillside angles of 10 - 45 degrees. These studies have shown that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> stormflow is often initiated at the interface between a permeable upper soil layer and a lower conductivity impeding layer, e.g. a B horizon or bedrock. Many studies have identified thresholds of event size and soil moisture states that need to be exceeded before <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> stormflow is initiated. However, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> stormflow generation on low-relief hillslopes has been much less studied. Here we present a modeling study that investigates the initiation of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> stormflow on low-relief hillslopes in the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina, USA. Hillslopes in this region typically have slope angles of 2-5 degrees. Topsoils are sandy, underlain by a low-conductivity sandy clay loam Bt horizon. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> stormflow has only been intercepted occasionally in a 120 m long trench, and often <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow was not well correlated with stream signals, suggesting a disconnect between <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow on the hillslopes and stream flow. We therefore used a hydrologic model to better understand which conditions promote the initiation of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow in this landscape, addressing following questions: Is there a threshold event size and soil moisture state for producing lateral <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow? What role does the spatial pattern of depth to the impeding clay layer play for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> stormflow dynamics? We reproduced a section of a hillslope, for which high-resolution topographic data and depth to clay measurements were available, in the hydrologic model HYDRUS-3D. Soil hydraulic parameters were based on experimentally-derived data. The threshold analysis was first performed using hourly climate data records for 2009-2010 from the study site to drive the simulation. For this period also trench measurements of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow were available. In addition</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1914758J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1914758J"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> multidisciplinary research results at ICTJA-CSIC downhole lab and test site</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jurado, Maria Jose; Crespo, Jose; Salvany, Josep Maria; Teixidó, Teresa</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Two scientific boreholes, Almera-1 and Almera-2 were drilled in the Barcelona University campus area in 2011. The main purpose for this drilling was to create a new geophysical logging and downhole monitoring research <span class="hlt">facility</span> and infrastructure. We present results obtained in the frame of multidisciplinary studies and experiments carried out since 2011 at the ICTJA "Borehole Geophysical Logging Lab - Scientific Boreholes Almera" downhole lab <span class="hlt">facilities</span>. First results obtained from the scientific drilling, coring and logging allowed us to characterize the urban <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geology and hydrology adjacent to the Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera (ICTJA-CSIC) in Barcelona. The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geology and structural picture has been completed with recent geophysical studies and monitoring results. The upper section of Almera-1 214m deep hole was cased with PVC after drilling and after the logging operations. An open hole interval was left from 112m to TD (Paleozoic section). Almera-2 drilling reached 46m and was cased also with PVC to 44m. Since completion of the drilling in 2011, both Almera-1 and Almera-2 have been extensively used for research purposes, tests, training, hydrological and geophysical monitoring. A complete set of geophysical logging measurements and borehole oriented images were acquired in open hole mode of the entire Almera-1 section. Open hole measurements included acoustic and optical imaging, spectral natural gamma ray, full wave acoustic logging, magnetic susceptibility, hydrochemical-temperature logs and fluid sampling. Through casing (PVC casing) measurements included spectral gamma ray logging, full wave sonic and acoustic televiewer. A Quaternary to Paleozoic section was characterized based on the geophysical logging and borehole images interpretation and also on the complete set of (wireline) cores of the entire section. Sample availability was intended for geological macro and micro-facies detailed characterization, mineralogical and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760004739','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760004739"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> sounders</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>Airborne or spaceborne electromagnetic systems used to detect <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> features are discussed. Data are given as a function of resistivity of ground material, magnetic permeability of free space, and angular frequency. It was noted that resistivities vary with the water content and temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title30-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title30-vol2-sec250-801.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title30-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title30-vol2-sec250-801.pdf"><span>30 CFR 250.801 - <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> safety devices.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... conditions, hydrate formation, or paraffins, an alternate setting depth of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> safety device may... conditions such as permafrost, unstable bottom conditions, hydrate formations, and paraffins. (g) <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920004382','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920004382"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> microbial habitats on Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Boston, P. J.; Mckay, C. P.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>We developed scenarios for shallow and deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cryptic niches for microbial life on Mars. Such habitats could have considerably prolonged the persistence of life on Mars as surface conditions became increasingly inhospitable. The scenarios rely on geothermal hot spots existing below the near or deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of Mars. Recent advances in the comparatively new field of deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbiology have revealed previously unsuspected rich aerobic and anaerobic microbal communities far below the surface of the Earth. Such habitats, protected from the grim surface conditions on Mars, could receive warmth from below and maintain water in its liquid state. In addition, geothermally or volcanically reduced gases percolating from below through a microbiologically active zone could provide the reducing power needed for a closed or semi-closed microbial ecosystem to thrive.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1912296K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1912296K"><span>Development of stream-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow module in sub-daily simulation of Escherichia coli using SWAT</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Minjeong; Boithias, Laurie; Cho, Kyung Hwa; Silvera, Norbert; Thammahacksa, Chanthamousone; Latsachack, Keooudone; Rochelle-Newall, Emma; Sengtaheuanghoung, Oloth; Pierret, Alain; Pachepsky, Yakov A.; Ribolzi, Olivier</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Water contaminated with pathogenic bacteria poses a large threat to public health, especially in the rural areas in the tropics where sanitation and drinking water <span class="hlt">facilities</span> are often lacking. Several studies have used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to predict the export of in-stream bacteria at a watershed-scale. However, SWAT is limited to in-stream processes, such as die-off, resuspension and, deposition; and it is usually implemented on a daily time step using the SCS Curve Number method, making it difficult to explore the dynamic fate and transport of bacteria during short but intense events such as flash floods in tropical humid montane headwaters. To address these issues, this study implemented SWAT on an hourly time step using the Green-Ampt infiltration method, and tested the effects of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow (LATQ+GWQ in SWAT) on bacterial dynamics. We applied the modified SWAT model to the 60-ha Houay Pano catchment in Northern Laos, using sub-daily rainfall and discharge measurements, electric conductivity-derived fractions of overland and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows, suspended sediments concentrations, and the number of fecal indicator organism Escherichia coli monitored at the catchment outlet from 2011 to 2013. We also took into account land use change by delineating the watershed with the 3-year composite land use map. The results show that low <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow of less than 1 mm recovered the underestimation of E. coli numbers during the dry season, while high <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow caused an overestimation during the wet season. We also found that it is more reasonable to apply the stream-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow interaction to simulate low in-stream bacteria counts. Using fecal bacteria to identify and understand the possible interactions between overland and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows may well also provide some insight into the fate of other bacteria, such as those involved in biogeochemical fluxes both in-stream and in the adjacent soils and hyporheic zones.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/988251-genome-geobacter-bemidjiensis-exemplar-subsurface-clade-geobacter-species-predominate-fe-iii-reducing-subsurface-environments','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/988251-genome-geobacter-bemidjiensis-exemplar-subsurface-clade-geobacter-species-predominate-fe-iii-reducing-subsurface-environments"><span>The genome of Geobacter bemidjiensis, exemplar for the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> clade of Geobacter species that predominate in Fe(III)-reducing <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Aklujkar, Muktak; Young, Nelson D; Holmes, Dawn</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Background. Geobacter species in a phylogenetic cluster known as <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> clade 1 are often the predominant microorganisms in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments in which Fe(III) reduction is the primary electron-accepting process. Geobacter bemidjiensis, a member of this clade, was isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments in Bemidji, Minnesota, and is closely related to Geobacter species found to be abundant at other <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sites. This study examines whether there are significant differences in the metabolism and physiology of G. bemidjiensis compared to non-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> Geobacter species. Results. Annotation of the genome sequence of G. bemidjiensis indicates several differences in metabolism compared to previously sequenced non-subsurfacemore » Geobacteraceae, which will be useful for in silico metabolic modeling of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> bioremediation processes involving Geobacter species. Pathways can now be predicted for the use of various carbon sources such as propionate by G. bemidjiensis. Additional metabolic capabilities such as carbon dioxide fixation and growth on glucose were predicted from the genome annotation. The presence of different dicarboxylic acid transporters and two oxaloacetate decarboxylases in G. bemidjiensis may explain its ability to grow by disproportionation of fumarate. Although benzoate is the only aromatic compound that G. bemidjiensis is known or predicted to utilize as an electron donor and carbon source, the genome suggests that this species may be able to detoxify other aromatic pollutants without degrading them. Furthermore, G. bemidjiensis is auxotrophic for 4-aminobenzoate, which makes it the first Geobacter species identified as having a vitamin requirement. Several features of the genome indicated that G. bemidjiensis has enhanced abilities to respire, detoxify and avoid oxygen. Conclusion. Overall, the genome sequence of G. bemidjiensis offers surprising insights into the metabolism and physiology of Geobacteraceae in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/10191026','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/10191026"><span>Characterization and reclamation assessment for the Central Shops Diesel Storage <span class="hlt">Facility</span>, Savannah River Site, Aiken, South Carolina</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Fliermans, C.B.; Hazen, T.C.; Bledsoe, H.</p> <p>1993-10-01</p> <p>The contamination of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> terrestrial environments by organic contaminants is a global phenomenon. The remediation of such environments requires innovative assessment techniques and strategies for successful clean-ups. Central Shops Diesel Storage <span class="hlt">Facility</span> at Savannah River Site was characterized to determine the extent of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> diesel fuel contamination using innovative approaches and effective bioremediation techniques for clean-up of the contaminant plume have been established.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/7793','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/7793"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> drainage processes and management impacts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Elizabeth T. Keppeler; David Brown</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Storm-induced streamflow in forested upland watersheds is linked to rainfall by transient, variably saturated flow through several different flow paths. In the absence of exposed bedrock, shallow flow-restrictive layers, or compacted soil surfaces, virtually all of the infiltrated rainfall reaches the stream as <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> runoff can occur within...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_3 --> <div id="page_4" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="61"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApPhA.120..683V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApPhA.120..683V"><span>Crystal structure of laser-induced <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> modifications in Si</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Verburg, P. C.; Smillie, L. A.; Römer, G. R. B. E.; Haberl, B.; Bradby, J. E.; Williams, J. S.; Huis in't Veld, A. J.</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>Laser-induced <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> modification of dielectric materials is a well-known technology. Applications include the production of optical components and selective etching. In addition to dielectric materials, the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> modification technology can be applied to silicon, by employing near to mid-infrared radiation. An application of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> modifications in silicon is laser-induced <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> separation, which is a method to separate wafers into individual dies. Other applications for which proofs of concept exist are the formation of waveguides and resistivity tuning. However, limited knowledge is available about the crystal structure of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> modifications in silicon. In this work, we investigate the geometry and crystal structure of laser-induced <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> modifications in monocrystalline silicon wafers. In addition to the generation of lattice defects, we found that transformations to amorphous silicon and Si -iii/Si -xii occur as a result of the laser irradiation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=336803','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=336803"><span>Efforts to estimate pesticide degradation rates in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>When pesticides are used in real-world settings, the objective is to be effective in pest eradication at the site of application, but also it is desired that the pesticide have minimal persistence and mobility as it migrates away from the application site. At the site of application, sorption on soil and surface-soil degradation rates both factor into the pesticides' persistence. But once it migrates to the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> vadose zone and/or aquifers, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> degradation rate is a factor as well. Unfortunately, numerous soil properties that might affect pesticide degradation rate vary by orders of magnitude in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment, both spatially and temporally, e.g., organic-carbon concentration, oxygen concentration, redox conditions, pH and soil mineralogy. Consequently, estimation of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> pesticide degradation rates and, in tum, pesticide persistence and mobility in the environment, has remained a challenge. To address this intransigent uncertainty, we surveyed peer-reviewed literature to identify > 100 data pairs in which investigators reported pesticide degradation rates in both surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils, using internally consistent experimental methods. These > 100 data pairs represented >30 separate pesticides. When the > 100 <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> half-lives were plotted against surface half-lives, a limiting line could be defined for which all <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> half-lives but three fe ll below the line. Of the three data points plotting above the limiting li</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-01-11/pdf/2010-124.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-01-11/pdf/2010-124.pdf"><span>75 FR 1276 - Requirements for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Safety Valve Equipment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-11</p> <p>...-0066] RIN 1010-AD45 Requirements for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Safety Valve Equipment AGENCY: Minerals Management... Edition of the American Petroleum Institute's Specification for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Safety Valve Equipment (API... 14A, Specification for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Safety Valve Equipment, Eleventh Edition, October 2005, Effective...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1265519','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1265519"><span>Crystal structure of laser-induced <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> modifications in Si</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Verburg, P. C.; Smillie, L. A.; Römer, G. R. B. E.</p> <p>2015-06-04</p> <p>Laser-induced <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> modification of dielectric materials is a well-known technology. Applications include the production of optical components and selective etching. In addition to dielectric materials, the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> modification technology can be applied to silicon, by employing near to mid-infrared radiation. An application of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> modifications in silicon is laser-induced <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> separation, which is a method to separate wafers into individual dies. Other applications for which proofs of concept exist are the formation of waveguides and resistivity tuning. However, limited knowledge is available about the crystal structure of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> modifications in silicon. In this paper, we investigate the geometry and crystalmore » structure of laser-induced <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> modifications in monocrystalline silicon wafers. Finally, in addition to the generation of lattice defects, we found that transformations to amorphous silicon and Si-iii/Si-xii occur as a result of the laser irradiation.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=125048&keyword=transfer+AND+techniques&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=125048&keyword=transfer+AND+techniques&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>SEMINAR PUBLICATION: SITE CHARACTERIZATION FOR <span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> REMEDIATION</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>This seminar publication provides a comprehensive approach to site characterization for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> remediation. Chapter 1 describes a methodology for integrating site characterization with <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> remediation. The rest of the handbook is divided into three parts. Part I covers...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.P31F..04O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.P31F..04O"><span>Biogenic Carbon on Mars: A <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Chauvinistic Viewpoint</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Onstott, T. C.; Lau, C. Y. M.; Magnabosco, C.; Harris, R.; Chen, Y.; Slater, G.; Sherwood Lollar, B.; Kieft, T. L.; van Heerden, E.; Borgonie, G.; Dong, H.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>A review of 150 publications on the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbiology of the continental <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> provides ~1,400 measurements of cellular abundances down to 4,800 meter depth. These data suggest that the continental <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biomass is comprised of ~1016-17 grams of carbon, which is higher than the most recent estimates of ~1015 grams of carbon (1 Gt) for the marine deep biosphere. If life developed early in Martian history and Mars sustained an active hydrological cycle during its first 500 million years, then is it possible that Mars could have developed a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biomass of comparable size to that of Earth? Such a biomass would comprise a much larger fraction of the total known Martian carbon budget than does the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biomass on Earth. More importantly could a remnant of this <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere survive to the present day? To determine how sustainable <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> life could be in isolation from the surface we have been studying <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> fracture fluids from the Precambrian Shields in South Africa and Canada. In these environments the energetically efficient and deeply rooted acetyl-CoA pathway for carbon fixation plays a central role for chemolithoautotrophic primary producers that form the base of the biomass pyramid. These primary producers appear to be sustained indefinitely by H2 generated through serpentinization and radiolytic reactions. Carbon isotope data suggest that in some <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> locations a much larger population of secondary consumers are sustained by the primary production of biogenic CH4 from a much smaller population of methanogens. These inverted biomass and energy pyramids sustained by the cycling of CH4 could have been and could still be active on Mars. The C and H isotopic signatures of Martian CH4 remain key tools in identifying potential signatures of an extant Martian biosphere. Based upon our results to date cavity ring-down spectroscopic technologies provide an option for making these measurements on future rover missions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.B41F..02O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.B41F..02O"><span>Active fungi amidst a marine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> RNA paleome</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Orsi, W.; Biddle, J.; Edgcomb, V.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The deep marine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is a vast habitat for microbial life where cells may live on geologic timescales. Since extracellular DNA in sediments may be preserved on long timescales, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is suggested to be a proxy for the active fraction of a microbial community in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. During an investigation of eukaryotic 18S rRNA signatures by amplicon pyrosequencing, metazoan, plant, and diatom rRNA signatures were recovered from marine sediments up to 2.7 million years old, suggesting that rRNA may be much more stable than previously considered in the marine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. This finding confirms the concept of a paleome, extending it to include rRNA. Within the same dataset, unique profiles of fungi were found across a range of marine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> provinces exhibiting statistically significant correlations with total organic carbon (TOC), sulfide, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Sequences from metazoans, plants and diatoms showed different correlation patterns, consistent with a depth-controlled paleome. The fungal correlations with geochemistry allow the inference that some fungi are active and adapted for survival in the marine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. A metatranscriptomic analysis of fungal derived mRNA confirms that fungi are metabolically active and utilize a range of organic and inorganic substrates in the marine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.P11C0704B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.P11C0704B"><span>Organic and Inorganic Carbon in the Rio Tinto (Spain) Deep <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> System: a Possible Model for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Carbon and Lithoautotrophs on Mars.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bonaccorsi, R.; Stoker, C. R.; MARTE Science Team</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is the key environment for searching for life on planets lacking surface life. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> ecosystems are of great relevance to astrobiology including the search for past/present life on Mars. Conditions on the Martian surface do not support biological activity but the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> might preserve organics and host <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> life [1]. A key requirement for the analysis of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> samples on Mars is the ability to characterize organic vs. inorganic carbon pools. This information is needed to determine if the sample contains organic material of biological origin and/ or to establish if pools of inorganic carbon can support <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biospheres. The Mars Analog Rio Tinto Experiment (MARTE) performed deep drilling of cores i.e., down to 165-m depth, in a volcanically-hosted-massive-sulfide deposit at Rio Tinto, Spain, which is considered an important analog of the Sinus Meridiani site on Mars. Results from MARTE suggest the existence of a relatively complex <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> life including aerobic and anaerobic chemoautotrophs, and strict anaerobic methanogens sustained by Fe and S minerals in anoxic conditions, which is an ideal model analog for a deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> Martian environment. We report here on the distribution of organic (C-org: 0.01-0.3Wt% and inorganic carbon (IC = 0.01-7.0 Wt%) in a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> rock system including weathered/oxidized i.e., gossan, and unaltered pyrite stockwork. Cores were analyzed from 3 boreholes (BH-4, BH-7, and BH-8) that penetrated down to a depth of ~165 m into massive sulfide. Nearsurface phyllosilicate rich-pockets contain the highest amounts of organics (0.3Wt%) [2], while the deeper rocks contain the highest amount of carbonates. Assessing the amount of C pools available throughout the RT <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> brings key insight on the type of trophic system sustaining its microbial ecosystem (i.e., heterotrophs vs. autotrophs) and the biogeochemical relationships that characterize a new type of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere at RT. This</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title10-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title10-vol1-sec39-45.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title10-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title10-vol1-sec39-45.pdf"><span>10 CFR 39.45 - <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> tracer studies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> tracer studies. 39.45 Section 39.45 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION LICENSES AND RADIATION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELL LOGGING Equipment § 39.45 <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> tracer studies. (a) The licensee shall require all personnel handling radioactive...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title10-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title10-vol1-sec39-45.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title10-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title10-vol1-sec39-45.pdf"><span>10 CFR 39.45 - <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> tracer studies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> tracer studies. 39.45 Section 39.45 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION LICENSES AND RADIATION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELL LOGGING Equipment § 39.45 <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> tracer studies. (a) The licensee shall require all personnel handling radioactive...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title10-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title10-vol1-sec39-45.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title10-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title10-vol1-sec39-45.pdf"><span>10 CFR 39.45 - <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> tracer studies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>... 10 Energy 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> tracer studies. 39.45 Section 39.45 Energy....45 <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> tracer studies. (a) The licensee shall require all personnel handling radioactive tracer material to use protective gloves and, if required by the license, other protective clothing and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title10-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title10-vol1-sec39-45.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title10-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title10-vol1-sec39-45.pdf"><span>10 CFR 39.45 - <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> tracer studies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... 10 Energy 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> tracer studies. 39.45 Section 39.45 Energy....45 <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> tracer studies. (a) The licensee shall require all personnel handling radioactive tracer material to use protective gloves and, if required by the license, other protective clothing and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title10-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title10-vol1-sec39-45.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title10-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title10-vol1-sec39-45.pdf"><span>10 CFR 39.45 - <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> tracer studies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... 10 Energy 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> tracer studies. 39.45 Section 39.45 Energy....45 <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> tracer studies. (a) The licensee shall require all personnel handling radioactive tracer material to use protective gloves and, if required by the license, other protective clothing and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CliPa..13..333R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CliPa..13..333R"><span>Holocene evolution of the North Atlantic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> transport</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Repschläger, Janne; Garbe-Schönberg, Dieter; Weinelt, Mara; Schneider, Ralph</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Previous studies suggested that short-term freshening events in the subpolar gyre can be counterbalanced by advection of saline waters from the subtropical gyre and thus stabilize the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, little is known about the inter-gyre transport pathways. Here, we infer changes in surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> transport between the subtropical and polar North Atlantic during the last 11 000 years, by combining new temperature and salinity reconstructions obtained from combined δ18O and Mg / Ca measurements on surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> dwelling foraminifera with published foraminiferal abundance data from the subtropical North Atlantic, and with salinity and temperature data from the tropical and subpolar North Atlantic. This compilation implies an overall stable subtropical warm surface water transport since 10 ka BP. In contrast, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> warm water transport started at about 8 ka but still with <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heat storage in the subtropical gyre. The full strength of intergyre exchange was probably reached only after the onset of northward transport of warm saline <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> waters at about 7 ka BP, associated with the onset of the modern AMOC mode. A critical evaluation of different potential forcing mechanisms leads to the assumption that freshwater supply from the Laurentide Ice Sheet was the main control on subtropical to subpolar ocean transport at surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> levels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MMTA..tmp.1484S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MMTA..tmp.1484S"><span>Defining the Post-Machined <span class="hlt">Sub-surface</span> in Austenitic Stainless Steels</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Srinivasan, N.; Sunil Kumar, B.; Kain, V.; Birbilis, N.; Joshi, S. S.; Sivaprasad, P. V.; Chai, G.; Durgaprasad, A.; Bhattacharya, S.; Samajdar, I.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Austenitic stainless steels grades, with differences in chemistry, stacking fault energy, and thermal conductivity, were subjected to vertical milling. Anodic potentiodynamic polarization was able to differentiate (with machining speed/strain rate) between different post-machined <span class="hlt">sub-surfaces</span> in SS 316L and Alloy A (a Cu containing austenitic stainless steel: Sanicroe 28™), but not in SS 304L. However, such differences (in the post-machined <span class="hlt">sub-surfaces</span>) were revealed in surface roughness, <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> residual stresses and misorientations, and in the relative presence of <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> Cr2O3 films. It was shown, quantitatively, that higher machining speed reduced surface roughness and also reduced the effective depths of the affected <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> layers. A qualitative explanation on the <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> microstructural developments was provided based on the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity values. The results herein represent a mechanistic understanding to rationalize the corrosion performance of widely adopted engineering alloys.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MMTA...49.2281S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MMTA...49.2281S"><span>Defining the Post-Machined <span class="hlt">Sub-surface</span> in Austenitic Stainless Steels</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Srinivasan, N.; Sunil Kumar, B.; Kain, V.; Birbilis, N.; Joshi, S. S.; Sivaprasad, P. V.; Chai, G.; Durgaprasad, A.; Bhattacharya, S.; Samajdar, I.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Austenitic stainless steels grades, with differences in chemistry, stacking fault energy, and thermal conductivity, were subjected to vertical milling. Anodic potentiodynamic polarization was able to differentiate (with machining speed/strain rate) between different post-machined <span class="hlt">sub-surfaces</span> in SS 316L and Alloy A (a Cu containing austenitic stainless steel: Sanicroe 28™), but not in SS 304L. However, such differences (in the post-machined <span class="hlt">sub-surfaces</span>) were revealed in surface roughness, <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> residual stresses and misorientations, and in the relative presence of <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> Cr2O3 films. It was shown, quantitatively, that higher machining speed reduced surface roughness and also reduced the effective depths of the affected <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> layers. A qualitative explanation on the <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> microstructural developments was provided based on the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity values. The results herein represent a mechanistic understanding to rationalize the corrosion performance of widely adopted engineering alloys.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110014708','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110014708"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Ice Probe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hecht, Michael; Carsey, Frank</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ice probe (SIPR) is a proposed apparatus that would bore into ice to depths as great as hundreds of meters by melting the ice and pumping the samples of meltwater to the surface. Originally intended for use in exploration of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ice on Mars and other remote planets, the SIPR could also be used on Earth as an alternative to coring, drilling, and melting apparatuses heretofore used to sample Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets. The SIPR would include an assembly of instrumentation and electronic control equipment at the surface, connected via a tether to a compact assembly of boring, sampling, and sensor equipment in the borehole (see figure). Placing as much equipment as possible at the surface would help to attain primary objectives of minimizing power consumption, sampling with high depth resolution, and unobstructed imaging of the borehole wall. To the degree to which these requirements would be satisfied, the SIPR would offer advantages over the aforementioned ice-probing systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/944913-subsurface-microbiology-biogeochemistry','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/944913-subsurface-microbiology-biogeochemistry"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Microbiology and Biogeochemistry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Fredrickson, Jim K.; Fletcher, Madilyn</p> <p>2001-05-01</p> <p>Jim contributed a chapter to this book, in addition to co-editing it with Madilyn Fletcher. Fredrickson, J. K., and M. Fletcher. (eds.) 2001 <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Microbiology and Biogeochemistry. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1399245','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1399245"><span>Method of imaging the electrical conductivity distribution of a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Johnson, Timothy C.</p> <p>2017-09-26</p> <p>A method of imaging electrical conductivity distribution of a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> containing metallic structures with known locations and dimensions is disclosed. Current is injected into the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> to measure electrical potentials using multiple sets of electrodes, thus generating electrical resistivity tomography measurements. A numeric code is applied to simulate the measured potentials in the presence of the metallic structures. An inversion code is applied that utilizes the electrical resistivity tomography measurements and the simulated measured potentials to image the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> electrical conductivity distribution and remove effects of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> metallic structures with known locations and dimensions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045049/','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045049/"><span>Assessment of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> chlorinated solvent contamination using tree cores at the front street site and a former dry cleaning <span class="hlt">facility</span> at the Riverfront Superfund site, New Haven, Missouri, 1999-2003</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Schumacher, John G.; Struckhoff, Garrett C.; Burken, Joel G.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Tree-core sampling has been a reliable and inexpensive tool to quickly assess the presence of shallow (less than about 30 feet deep) tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) contamination in soils and ground water at the Riverfront Superfund Site. This report presents the results of tree-core sampling that was successfully used to determine the presence and extent of chlorinated solvent contamination at two sites, the Front Street site (operable unit OU1) and the former dry cleaning <span class="hlt">facility</span>, that are part of the overall Riverfront Superfund Site. Traditional soil and ground-water sampling at these two sites later confirmed the results from the tree-core sampling. Results obtained from the tree-core sampling were used to design and focus subsequent soil and ground-water investigations, resulting in substantial savings in time and site assessment costs. The Front Street site is a small (less than 1-acre) site located on the Missouri River alluvium in downtown New Haven, Missouri, about 500 feet from the south bank of the Missouri River. Tree-core sampling detected the presence of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> PCE contamination at the Front Street site and beneath residential property downgradient from the site. Core samples from trees at the site contained PCE concentrations as large as 3,850 mg-h/kg (micrograms in headspace per kilogram of wet core) and TCE concentrations as large as 249 mg-h/kg. Soils at the Front Street site contained PCE concentrations as large as 6,200,000 mg/kg (micrograms per kilogram) and ground-water samples contained PCE concentrations as large as 11,000 mg/L (micrograms per liter). The former dry cleaning <span class="hlt">facility</span> is located at the base of the upland that forms the south bank of the Missouri River alluvial valley. Tree-core sampling did not indicate the presence of PCE or TCE contamination at the former dry cleaning <span class="hlt">facility</span>, a finding that was later confirmed by the analyses of soil samples collected from the site. The lateral extent of PCE</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMEP33B0615P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMEP33B0615P"><span>Surface-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow modeling: an example of large-scale research at the new NEON user <span class="hlt">facility</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Powell, H.; McKnight, D. M.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>Climate change is predicted to alter surface-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> interactions in freshwater ecosystems. These interactions are hypothesized to control nutrient release at diel and seasonal time scales, which may then exert control over epilithic algal growth rates. The mechanisms underlying shifts in complex physical-chemical-biological patterns can be elucidated by long-term observations at sites that span hydrologic and climate gradients across the continent. Development of the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) will provide researchers the opportunity to investigate continental-scale patterns by combining investigator-driven measurements with Observatory data. NEON is a national-scale research platform for analyzing and understanding the impacts of climate change, land-use change, and invasive species on ecology. NEON features sensor networks and experiments, linked by advanced cyberinfrastructure to record and archive ecological data for at least 30 years. NEON partitions the United States into 20 ecoclimatic domains. Each domain hosts one fully instrumented Core Aquatic site in a wildland area and one Relocatable site, which aims to capture ecologically significant gradients (e.g. landuse, nitrogen deposition, urbanization). In the current definition of NEON there are 36 Aquatic sites: 30 streams/rivers and 6 ponds/lakes. Each site includes automated, in-situ sensors for groundwater elevation and temperature; stream flow (discharge and stage); pond water elevation; atmospheric chemistry (Tair, barometric pressure, PAR, radiation); and surface water chemistry (DO, Twater, conductivity, pH, turbidity, cDOM, nutrients). Groundwater and surface water sites shall be regularly sampled for selected chemical and isotopic parameters. The hydrologic and geochemical monitoring design provides basic information on water and chemical fluxes in streams and ponds and between groundwater and surface water, which is intended to support investigator-driven modeling studies</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H31G1515F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H31G1515F"><span>Groundwater Salinity Simulation of a <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Reservoir in Taiwan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fang, H. T.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> reservoir is located in Chi-Ken Basin, Pescadores (a group islands located at western part of Taiwan). There is no river in these remote islands and thus the freshwater supply is relied on the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> reservoir. The basin area of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> reservoir is 2.14 km2 , discharge of groundwater is 1.27×106m3 , annual planning water supplies is 7.9×105m3 , which include for domestic agricultural usage. The annual average temperature is 23.3oC, average moisture is 80~85%, annual average rainfall is 913 mm, but ET rate is 1975mm. As there is no single river in the basin; the major recharge of groundwater is by infiltration. Chi-Ken reservoir is the first <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> reservoir in Taiwan. Originally, the water quality of the reservoir is good. The reservoir has had the salinity problem since 1991 and it became more and more serious from 1992 until 1994. Possible reason of the salinity problem was the shortage of rainfall or the leakage of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> barrier which caused the seawater intrusion. The present study aimed to determine the leakage position of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> barrier that caused the salinity problem. In order to perform the simulation for different possible leakage position of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> reservoir, a Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) is used to define soils layer data, hydro-geological parameters, initial conditions, boundary conditions and the generation of three dimension meshes. A three dimension FEMWATER(Yeh , 1996) numerical model was adopted to find the possible leakage position of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> barrier and location of seawater intrusion by comparing the simulation of different possible leakage with the observations. 1.By assuming the leakage position in the bottom of barrier, the simulated numerical result matched the observation better than the other assumed leakage positions. It showed that the most possible leakage position was at the bottom of the barrier. 2.The research applied three dimension FEMWATER and GMS as an interface</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=322491','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=322491"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> banding poultry litter impacts greenhouse gas emissions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The impact <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> banding poultry litter (PL) has on greenhouse gas emissions is limited. Thus, a study was conducted in established bermudagrass pastures located in Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions to determine the effects <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> applying PL has on soil flux using two different band spaci...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.P33B1574K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.P33B1574K"><span>Tidal Response of Europa's <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Karatekin, O.; Comblen, R.; Deleersnijder, E.; Dehant, V. M.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Time-variable tides in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oceans of icy satellites cause large periodic surface displacements and tidal dissipation can become a major energy source that can affect long-term orbital and internal evolution. In the present study, we investigate the response of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean of Europa to a time-varibale tidal potential. Two-dimensional nonlinear shallow water equations are solved on a sphere by means of a finite element code. The resulting ocean tidal flow velocities,dissipation and surface displacements will be presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.2222P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.2222P"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Biodegradation in a Fractured Basement Reservoir, Shropshire, UK</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Parnell, John; Baba, Mas'ud; Bowden, Stephen; Muirhead, David</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Biodegradation in a Fractured Basement Reservoir, Shropshire, UK. John Parnell, Mas'ud Baba, Stephen Bowden, David Muirhead <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> biodegradation in current oil reservoirs is well established, but there are few examples of fossil <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> degradation. Biomarker compositions of viscous and solid oil residues ('bitumen') in fractured Precambrian and other basement rocks below the Carboniferous cover in Shropshire, UK, show that they are variably biodegraded. High levels of 25-norhopanes imply that degradation occurred in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Lower levels of 25-norhopanes occur in active seepages. Liquid oil trapped in fluid inclusions in mineral veins in the fractured basement confirm that the oil was emplaced fresh before <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> degradation. A Triassic age for the veins implies a 200 million year history of hydrocarbon migration in the basement rocks. The data record microbial colonization of a fractured basement reservoir, and add to evidence in modern basement aquifers for microbial activity in deep fracture systems. Buried basement highs may be especially favourable to colonization, through channelling fluid flow to shallow depths and relatively low temperatures</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28988074','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28988074"><span>Asset management to support urban land and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> management.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Maring, Linda; Blauw, Maaike</p> <p>2018-02-15</p> <p>Pressure on urban areas increases by demographic and climate change. To enable healthy, adaptive and liveable urban areas different strategies are needed. One of the strategies is to make better use of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> space and its functions. Asset management of the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> (AMS) contributes to this. Asset management provides transparency of trade-offs between performance, cost and risks throughout the entire lifecycle of these assets. AMS is based on traditional asset management methods, but it does not only take man-made assets in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> into account. AMS also considers the natural functions that the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, including groundwater, has to offer (ecosystem services). A Dutch community of practice consisting of national and municipal authorities, a consultancy-engineering and a research institute are developing AMS in practice in order to 1) enhance the urban underground space planning (using its benefits, avoiding problems) and 2) use, manage and maintain the (urban) <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> and its functions. The method is currently still under development. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.H23A0855B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.H23A0855B"><span>Scenario simulation based assessment of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> energy storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Beyer, C.; Bauer, S.; Dahmke, A.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Energy production from renewable sources such as solar or wind power is characterized by temporally varying power supply. The politically intended transition towards renewable energies in Germany („Energiewende") hence requires the installation of energy storage technologies to compensate for the fluctuating production. In this context, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> energy storage represents a viable option due to large potential storage capacities and the wide prevalence of suited geological formations. Technologies for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> energy storage comprise cavern or deep porous media storage of synthetic hydrogen or methane from electrolysis and methanization, or compressed air, as well as heat storage in shallow or moderately deep porous formations. Pressure build-up, fluid displacement or temperature changes induced by such operations may affect local and regional groundwater flow, geomechanical behavior, groundwater geochemistry and microbiology. Moreover, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> energy storage may interact and possibly be in conflict with other "uses" like drinking water abstraction or ecological goods and functions. An utilization of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> for energy storage therefore requires an adequate system and process understanding for the evaluation and assessment of possible impacts of specific storage operations on other types of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> use, the affected environment and protected entities. This contribution presents the framework of the ANGUS+ project, in which tools and methods are developed for these types of assessments. Synthetic but still realistic scenarios of geological energy storage are derived and parameterized for representative North German storage sites by data acquisition and evaluation, and experimental work. Coupled numerical hydraulic, thermal, mechanical and reactive transport (THMC) simulation tools are developed and applied to simulate the energy storage and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> usage scenarios, which are analyzed for an assessment and generalization of the imposed THMC</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.P11E1621C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.P11E1621C"><span>WISDOM, a polarimetric GPR for the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> characterization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ciarletti, V.; Plettemeier, D.; Hassen-Kodja, R.; Clifford, S. M.; Wisdom Team</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>WISDOM (Water Ice and <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Deposit Observations on Mars) is a polarimetric Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) that has been selected to be part of the Pasteur payload onboard the Rover of the 2018 ExoMars mission. It will perform large-scale scientific investigations of the <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> of the landing site and provide precise information about the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structure prior to drilling. WISDOM has been designed to provide accurate information on the <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> structure down to a depth in excess to 2 meters (commensurate to the drill capacities) with a vertical resolution of a several centimetres. It will give access to the geological structure, electromagnetic nature, and, possibly, to the hydrological state of the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> by retrieving the layering and properties of the layers and buried reflectors. The data will also be used to determine the most promising locations to collect underground samples with the drilling system mounted on board the rover. Polarimetric measurements have been recently acquired on perfectly known targets as well as in natural environments. They demonstrated the ability to provide a better understanding of <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> structure and significantly reduce the ambiguity associated with identifying the location of off-nadir reflectors, relative to the rover path. This work describes the instrument and its operating modes with particular emphasis on its polarimetric capacities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/910136','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/910136"><span>AN EVALUATION OF HANFORD SITE TANK FARM <span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> CONTAMINATION FY2007</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>MANN, F.M.</p> <p>2007-07-10</p> <p>The Tank Farm Vadose Zone (TFVZ) Project conducts activities to characterize and analyze the long-term environmental and human health impacts from tank waste releases to the vadose zone. The project also implements interim measures to mitigate impacts, and plans the remediation of waste releases from tank farms and associated <span class="hlt">facilities</span>. The scope of this document is to report data needs that are important to estimating long-term human health and environmental risks. The scope does not include technologies needed to remediate contaminated soils and <span class="hlt">facilities</span>, technologies needed to close tank farms, or management and regulatory decisions that will impact remediation andmore » closure. This document is an update of ''A Summary and Evaluation of Hanford Site Tank Farm <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Contamination''. That 1998 document summarized knowledge of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contamination beneath the tank farms at the time. It included a preliminary conceptual model for migration of tank wastes through the vadose zone and an assessment of data and analysis gaps needed to update the conceptual model. This document provides a status of the data and analysis gaps previously defined and discussion of the gaps and needs that currently exist to support the stated mission of the TFVZ Project. The first data-gaps document provided the basis for TFVZ Project activities over the previous eight years. Fourteen of the nineteen knowledge gaps identified in the previous document have been investigated to the point that the project defines the current status as acceptable. In the process of filling these gaps, significant accomplishments were made in field work and characterization, laboratory investigations, modeling, and implementation of interim measures. The current data gaps are organized in groups that reflect Components of the tank farm vadose zone conceptual model: inventory, release, recharge, geohydrology, geochemistry, and modeling. The inventory and release components address residual wastes</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1407396-reactive-transport-codes-subsurface-environmental-simulation','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1407396-reactive-transport-codes-subsurface-environmental-simulation"><span>Reactive transport codes for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environmental simulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Steefel, C. I.; Appelo, C. A. J.; Arora, B.; ...</p> <p>2014-09-26</p> <p>A general description of the mathematical and numerical formulations used in modern numerical reactive transport codes relevant for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environmental simulations is presented. The formulations are followed by short descriptions of commonly used and available <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> simulators that consider continuum representations of flow, transport, and reactions in porous media. These formulations are applicable to most of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environmental benchmark problems included in this special issue. The list of codes described briefly here includes PHREEQC, HPx, PHT3D, OpenGeoSys (OGS), HYTEC, ORCHESTRA, TOUGHREACT, eSTOMP, HYDROGEOCHEM, CrunchFlow, MIN3P, and PFLOTRAN. The descriptions include a high-level list of capabilities for each of themore » codes, along with a selective list of applications that highlight their capabilities and historical development.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.8697B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.8697B"><span>Combined Geothermal Potential of <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Urban Heat Islands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Benz, Susanne; Bayer, Peter; Menberg, Kathrin; Blum, Philipp</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> urban heat island (SUHI) can be seen as a geothermal potential in form of elevated groundwater temperatures caused by anthropogenic heat fluxes into the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. In this study, these fluxes are quantified for an annual timeframe in two German cities, Karlsruhe and Cologne. Our two-dimensional (2D) statistical analytical model determines the renewable and sustainable geothermal potential caused by six vertical anthropogenic heat fluxes into the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>: from (1) elevated ground surface temperatures, (2) basements, (3) sewage systems, (4) sewage leakage, (5) subway tunnels, and (6) district heating networks. The results show that at present 2.15 ± 1.42 PJ and 0.99 ± 0.32 PJ of heat are annually transported into the shallow groundwater of Karlsruhe and Cologne, respectively, due to anthropogenic heat fluxes into the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. This is sufficient to sustainably cover 32% and 9% of the annual residential space heating demand of Karlsruhe and Cologne, respectively. However, most of the discussed anthropogenic fluxes into the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> are conductive heat fluxes and therefore dependent on the groundwater temperature itself. Accordingly, a decrease in groundwater temperature back to its natural (rural) state, achieved through the use of geothermal heat pumps, will increase these fluxes and with them the sustainable potential. Hence, we propose the introduction of a combined geothermal potential that maximizes the sustainability of urban shallow geothermal energy use and the efficiency of shallow geothermal systems by balancing groundwater temperature with anthropogenic heat fluxes into the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. This will be a key element in the development of a demand-oriented, cost-efficient geothermal management tool with an additional focus on the sustainability of the urban heat sources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=drilling&pg=3&id=EJ849862','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=drilling&pg=3&id=EJ849862"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Mapping: A Question of Position and Interpretation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kellie, Andrew C.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>This paper discusses the character and challenges inherent in the graphical portrayal of features in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> mapping. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> structures are, by their nature, hidden and must be mapped based on drilling and/or geophysical data. Efficient use of graphical techniques is central to effectively communicating the results of expensive exploration…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1016684','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1016684"><span>Heating systems for heating <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> formations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Nguyen, Scott Vinh [Houston, TX; Vinegar, Harold J [Bellaire, TX</p> <p>2011-04-26</p> <p>Methods and systems for heating a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> formation are described herein. A heating system for a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> formation includes a sealed conduit positioned in an opening in the formation and a heat source. The sealed conduit includes a heat transfer fluid. The heat source provides heat to a portion of the sealed conduit to change phase of the heat transfer fluid from a liquid to a vapor. The vapor in the sealed conduit rises in the sealed conduit, condenses to transfer heat to the formation and returns to the conduit portion as a liquid.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5032853-plasmid-incidence-bacteria-from-deep-subsurface-sediments','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5032853-plasmid-incidence-bacteria-from-deep-subsurface-sediments"><span>Plasmid incidence in bacteria from deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Fredrickson, J.K.; Hicks, R.J.; Li, S.W.</p> <p></p> <p>Bacteria were isolated from deep terrestrial <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments underlying the coastal plain of South Carolina. A total of 163 isolates from deep sediments, surface soil, and return drill muds were examined for plasmid DNA content and resistance to the antibiotics penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, and tetracycline. MICs of Cu{sup 2+}, Cr{sup 3+}, and Hg{sup 2+} for each isolate were also determined. The overall frequency of plasmid occurrence in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> bacteria was 33%. Resistance was most frequent to penicillin (70% of all isolates), ampicillin (49%), and carbenicillin (32%) and was concluded to be related to the concentrations of themore » individual antibiotics in the disks used for assaying resistance and to the production of low levels of {beta}-lactamase. The frequencies of resistance to penicillin and ampicillin were significantly greater for isolates bearing plasmids than for plasmidless isolates; however, resistance was not transferable to penicillin-sensitive Escherichia coli. Hybridization of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> bacterial plasmids and chromosomal DNA with a whole-TOL-plasmid (pWWO) probe revealed some homology of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> bacterial plasmid and chromosomal DNAs, indicating a potential for those bacterial to harbor catabolic genes on plasmids or chromosomes. The incidences of antibiotic resistance and MICs of metals for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> bacteria were significantly different from those drill mud bacteria, ruling out the possibility that bacteria from sediments were derived from drill muds.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27263541','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27263541"><span>Quantitative <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Atomic Structure Fingerprint for 2D Materials and Heterostructures by First-Principles-Calibrated Contact-Resonance Atomic Force Microscopy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tu, Qing; Lange, Björn; Parlak, Zehra; Lopes, Joao Marcelo J; Blum, Volker; Zauscher, Stefan</p> <p>2016-07-26</p> <p>Interfaces and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layers are critical for the performance of devices made of 2D materials and heterostructures. <span class="hlt">Facile</span>, nondestructive, and quantitative ways to characterize the structure of atomically thin, layered materials are thus essential to ensure control of the resultant properties. Here, we show that contact-resonance atomic force microscopy-which is exquisitely sensitive to stiffness changes that arise from even a single atomic layer of a van der Waals-adhered material-is a powerful experimental tool to address this challenge. A combined density functional theory and continuum modeling approach is introduced that yields sub-surface-sensitive, nanomechanical fingerprints associated with specific, well-defined structure models of individual surface domains. Where such models are known, this information can be correlated with experimentally obtained contact-resonance frequency maps to reveal the (<span class="hlt">sub)surface</span> structure of different domains on the sample.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.V13B2841H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.V13B2841H"><span>3-D Reconstructions of <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Pleistocene Basalt Flows from Paleomagnetic Inclination Data and 40Ar/39Ar Ages in the Southern Part of the Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Idaho (USA)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hodges, M. K.; Champion, D. E.; Turrin, B. D.; Swisher, C. C.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, is mapping the distribution of basalt flows and sedimentary interbeds at the Idaho National Laboratory in three dimensions to provide data for refining numerical models of groundwater flow and contaminant transport in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer. Paleomagnetic inclination and polarity data from basalt samples from 47 coreholes are being used to create a three-dimensional (3-D) model of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of the southern part of the INL. Surface and <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> basalt flows can be identified in individual cores and traced in three dimensions on the surface and in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> for distances of more than 20 km using a combination of paleomagnetic, stratigraphic, and 40Ar/39Ar data. Eastern Snake River Plain olivine tholeiite basalts have K2O contents of 0.2 to 1.0 weight per cent. In spite of the low-K content, high-precision 40Ar/39Ar ages were obtained by applying a protocol that employs short irradiation times (minimizing interferences from Ca derived 36Ar), frequent measurement of various size atmospheric Ar pipettes to monitor and correct for temporal variation, and signal size dependent nonlinearity in spectrometer mass bias, resulting in age dates with resolution generally between 2 to 10% of the age. 3-D models of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> basalt flows are being used to: (1) Estimate eruption volumes; (2) locate the approximate vent areas and extent of <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> flows; and (3) Help locate high and low transmissivity zones. Results indicate that large basalt eruptions (>3 km3) occurred at and near the Central <span class="hlt">Facilities</span> Area between 637 ka and 360 ka; at and near the Radioactive Waste Management Complex before 540 ka; and north of the Naval Reactors <span class="hlt">Facility</span> at about 580 ka. Since about 360 ka, large basalt flows have erupted along the Arco-Big Southern Butte Volcanic Rift Zone and the Axial Volcanic Zone, and flowed northerly towards the Central <span class="hlt">Facilities</span> Area. Basalt eruptions shifted</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70042214','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70042214"><span>3-D reconstructions of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> Pleistocene basalt flows from paleomagnetic inclination data and 40Ar/39Ar ages in the southern part of the Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Idaho (USA)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Hodges, Mary K. V.; Champion, Duane E.; Turrin, B.D.; Swisher, C. C.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, is mapping the distribution of basalt flows and sedimentary interbeds at the Idaho National Laboratory in three dimensions to provide data for refining numerical models of groundwater flow and contaminant transport in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer. Paleomagnetic inclination and polarity data from basalt samples from 47 coreholes are being used to create a three-dimensional (3-D) model of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of the southern part of the INL. Surface and <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> basalt flows can be identified in individual cores and traced in three dimensions on the surface and in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> for distances of more than 20 km using a combination of paleomagnetic, stratigraphic, and 40Ar/39Ar data. Eastern Snake River Plain olivine tholeiite basalts have K2O contents of 0.2 to 1.0 weight per cent. In spite of the low-K content, high-precision 40Ar/39Ar ages were obtained by applying a protocol that employs short irradiation times (minimizing interferences from Ca derived 36Ar), frequent measurement of various size atmospheric Ar pipettes to monitor and correct for temporal variation, and signal size dependent nonlinearity in spectrometer mass bias, resulting in age dates with resolution generally between 2 to 10% of the age. 3-D models of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> basalt flows are being used to: (1) Estimate eruption volumes; (2) locate the approximate vent areas and extent of <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> flows; and (3) Help locate high and low transmissivity zones. Results indicate that large basalt eruptions (>3 km3) occurred at and near the Central <span class="hlt">Facilities</span> Area between 637 ka and 360 ka; at and near the Radioactive Waste Management Complex before 540 ka; and north of the Naval Reactors <span class="hlt">Facility</span> at about 580 ka. Since about 360 ka, large basalt flows have erupted along the Arco-Big Southern Butte Volcanic Rift Zone and the Axial Volcanic Zone, and flowed northerly towards the Central <span class="hlt">Facilities</span> Area. Basalt eruptions shifted</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNS33B1974C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMNS33B1974C"><span>Detailed 3D Geophysical Model of the Shallow <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> (Zancara River Basin, Iberian Peninsula)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Carbonell, R.; Marzán, I.; Martí, D.; Lobo, A.; Jean, K.; Alvarez-Marrón, J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Detailed knowledge of the structure and lithologies of the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is required when designing and building singular geological storage <span class="hlt">facilities</span> this is the case of the study area in Villar de Cañas (Cuenca, Central Spain). In which an extensive multidisciplinary data acquisition program has been carried out. This include studies on: geology, hydrology, geochemistry, geophysics, borehole logging, etc. Because of this data infrastructure, it can be considered a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> imaging laboratory to test and validate indirect underground characterization approaches. The field area is located in a Miocene syncline within the Záncara River Basin (Cuenca, Spain). The sedimentary sequence consists in a transition from shales to massive gypsums, and underlying gravels. The stratigraphic succession features a complex internal structure, diffused lithological boundaries and relatively large variability of properties within the same lithology, these makes direct geological interpretation very difficult and requires of the integration of all the measured physical properties. The ERT survey, the seismic tomography data and the logs have been used jointly to build a 3-D multi-parameter model of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> in a surface of 500x500 m. The Vp model (a 10x20x5 m grid) is able to map the high velocities of the massive gypsum, however it was neither able to map the details of the shale-gypsm transition (low velocity contrast) nor to differentiate the outcropping altered gypsum from the weathered shales. The integration of the electrical resistivity and the log data by means of a supervised statistical tools (Linear Discriminant Analysis, LDA) resulted in a new 3D multiparametric <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> model. This new model integrates the different data sets resolving the uncertainties characteristic of the models obtained independently by the different techniques separately. Furthermore, this test seismic dataset has been used to test FWI approaches in order to study their capacities</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120013198','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120013198"><span>Complete <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Elemental Composition Measurements With PING</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Parsons, A. M.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The Probing In situ with Neutrons and Gamma rays (PING) instrument will measure the complete bulk elemental composition of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of Mars as well as any other solid planetary body. PING can thus be a highly effective tool for both detailed local geochemistry science investigations and precision measurements of Mars <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> reSOurces in preparation for future human exploration. As such, PING is thus fully capable of meeting a majority of both ncar and far term elements in Challenge #1 presented for this conference. Measuring the ncar <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> composition of Mars will enable many of the MEPAG science goals and will be key to filling an important Strategic Knowledge Gap with regard to In situ Resources Utilization (ISRU) needs for human exploration. [1, 2] PING will thus fill an important niche in the Mars Exploration Program.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/918761','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/918761"><span>Autonomous microexplosives <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> tracing system final report.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Engler, Bruce Phillip; Nogan, John; Melof, Brian Matthew</p> <p></p> <p>The objective of the autonomous micro-explosive <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> tracing system is to image the location and geometry of hydraulically induced fractures in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> petroleum reservoirs. This system is based on the insertion of a swarm of autonomous micro-explosive packages during the fracturing process, with subsequent triggering of the energetic material to create an array of micro-seismic sources that can be detected and analyzed using existing seismic receiver arrays and analysis software. The project included investigations of energetic mixtures, triggering systems, package size and shape, and seismic output. Given the current absence of any technology capable of such high resolution mapping ofmore » <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures, this technology has the potential for major impact on petroleum industry, which spends approximately $1 billion dollar per year on hydraulic fracturing operations in the United States alone.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29289020','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29289020"><span>Optical fiber-mediated photosynthesis for enhanced <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oxygen delivery.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lanzarini-Lopes, Mariana; Delgado, Anca G; Guo, Yuanming; Dahlen, Paul; Westerhoff, Paul</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Remediation of polluted groundwater often requires oxygen delivery into <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> to sustain aerobic bacteria. Air sparging or injection of oxygen containing solutions (e.g., hydrogen peroxide) into the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> are common. In this study visible light was delivered into the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> using radially emitting optical fibers. Phototrophic organisms grew near the optical fiber in a saturated sand column. When applying light in on-off cycles, dissolved oxygen (DO) varied from super saturation levels of >15 mg DO/L in presence of light to under-saturation (<5 mg DO/L) in absence of light. Non-photosynthetic bacteria dominated at longer radial distances from the fiber, presumably supported by soluble microbial products produced by the photosynthetic microorganisms. The dissolved oxygen variations alter redox condition changes in response to light demonstrate the potential to biologically deliver oxygen into the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> and support a diverse microbial community. The ability to deliver oxygen and modulate redox conditions on diurnal cycles using solar light may provide a sustainable, long term strategy for increasing dissolved oxygen levels in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments and maintaining diverse biological communities. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA600293','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA600293"><span>Polymer-Enhanced <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Delivery and Distribution of Permanganate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Delivery and Distribution of Permanganate February 2013 Report Documentation Page Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for...SUBTITLE Polymer-Enhanced <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Delivery and Distribution of Permanganate 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6...SAMPLING RESULTS ........................................................................................ 28 5.6.1 Permanganate Distribution and Sweep</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26357357','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26357357"><span>Translucent Radiosity: Efficiently Combining Diffuse Inter-Reflection and <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Scattering.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sheng, Yu; Shi, Yulong; Wang, Lili; Narasimhan, Srinivasa G</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>It is hard to efficiently model the light transport in scenes with translucent objects for interactive applications. The inter-reflection between objects and their environments and the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> scattering through the materials intertwine to produce visual effects like color bleeding, light glows, and soft shading. Monte-Carlo based approaches have demonstrated impressive results but are computationally expensive, and faster approaches model either only inter-reflection or only <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> scattering. In this paper, we present a simple analytic model that combines diffuse inter-reflection and isotropic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> scattering. Our approach extends the classical work in radiosity by including a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> scattering matrix that operates in conjunction with the traditional form factor matrix. This <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> scattering matrix can be constructed using analytic, measurement-based or simulation-based models and can capture both homogeneous and heterogeneous translucencies. Using a fast iterative solution to radiosity, we demonstrate scene relighting and dynamically varying object translucencies at near interactive rates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApSS..404...82I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApSS..404...82I"><span>Influence of Si wafer thinning processes on (<span class="hlt">sub)surface</span> defects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Inoue, Fumihiro; Jourdain, Anne; Peng, Lan; Phommahaxay, Alain; De Vos, Joeri; Rebibis, Kenneth June; Miller, Andy; Sleeckx, Erik; Beyne, Eric; Uedono, Akira</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Wafer-to-wafer three-dimensional (3D) integration with minimal Si thickness can produce interacting multiple devices with significantly scaled vertical interconnections. Realizing such a thin 3D structure, however, depends critically on the surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of the remaining backside Si after the thinning processes. The Si (<span class="hlt">sub)surface</span> after mechanical grinding has already been characterized fruitfully for a range of few dozen of μm. Here, we expand the characterization of Si (<span class="hlt">sub)surface</span> to 5 μm thickness after thinning process on dielectric bonded wafers. The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects and damage layer were investigated after grinding, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), wet etching and plasma dry etching. The (<span class="hlt">sub)surface</span> defects were characterized using transmission microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and positron annihilation spectroscopy. Although grinding provides the fastest removal rate of Si, the surface roughness was not compatible with subsequent processing. Furthermore, mechanical damage such as dislocations and amorphous Si cannot be reduced regardless of Si thickness and thin wafer handling systems. The CMP after grinding showed excellent performance to remove this grinding damage, even though the removal amount is 1 μm. For the case of Si thinning towards 5 μm using grinding and CMP, the (<span class="hlt">sub)surface</span> is atomic scale of roughness without vacancy. For the case of grinding + dry etch, vacancy defects were detected in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> around 0.5-2 μm. The finished surface after wet etch remains in the nm scale in the strain region. By inserting a CMP step in between grinding and dry etch it is possible to significantly reduce not only the roughness, but also the remaining vacancies at the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. The surface of grinding + CMP + dry etching gives an equivalent mono vacancy result as to that of grinding + CMP. This combination of thinning processes allows development of extremely thin 3D integration devices with minimal roughness and vacancy surface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1283189','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1283189"><span>Controlling <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Fractures and Fluid Flow: A Basic Research Agenda</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Pyrak-Nolte, Laura J; DePaolo, Donald J.; Pietraß, Tanja</p> <p>2015-05-22</p> <p>From beneath the surface of the earth, we currently obtain about 80-percent of the energy our nation consumes each year. In the future we have the potential to generate billions of watts of electrical power from clean, green, geothermal energy sources. Our planet’s <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> can also serve as a reservoir for storing energy produced from intermittent sources such as wind and solar, and it could provide safe, long-term storage of excess carbon dioxide, energy waste products and other hazardous materials. However, it is impossible to underestimate the complexities of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> world. These complexities challenge our ability to acquire themore » scientific knowledge needed for the efficient and safe exploitation of its resources. To more effectively harness <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> resources while mitigating the impacts of developing and using these resources, the U.S. Department of Energy established SubTER – the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Technology and Engineering RD&D Crosscut team. This DOE multi-office team engaged scientists and engineers from the national laboratories to assess and make recommendations for improving energy-related <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> engineering. The SubTER team produced a plan with the overall objective of “adaptive control of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> fractures and fluid flow.”This plan revolved around four core technological pillars—Intelligent Wellbore Systems that sustain the integrity of the wellbore environment; <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Stress and Induced Seismicity programs that guide and optimize sustainable energy strategies while reducing the risks associated with <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> injections; Permeability Manipulation studies that improve methods of enhancing, impeding and eliminating fluid flow; and New <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Signals that transform our ability to see into and characterize <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> systems. The SubTER team developed an extensive R&D plan for advancing technologies within these four core pillars and also identified several areas where new technologies would require additional basic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23584766','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23584766"><span>Bacterial communities associated with <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geochemical processes in continental serpentinite springs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brazelton, William J; Morrill, Penny L; Szponar, Natalie; Schrenk, Matthew O</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>Reactions associated with the geochemical process of serpentinization can generate copious quantities of hydrogen and low-molecular-weight organic carbon compounds, which may provide energy and nutrients to sustain <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial communities independently of the photosynthetically supported surface biosphere. Previous microbial ecology studies have tested this hypothesis in deep sea hydrothermal vents, such as the Lost City hydrothermal field. This study applied similar methods, including molecular fingerprinting and tag sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, to ultrabasic continental springs emanating from serpentinizing ultramafic rocks. These molecular surveys were linked with geochemical measurements of the fluids in an interdisciplinary approach designed to distinguish potential <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> organisms from those derived from surface habitats. The betaproteobacterial genus Hydrogenophaga was identified as a likely inhabitant of transition zones where hydrogen-enriched <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> fluids mix with oxygenated surface water. The Firmicutes genus Erysipelothrix was most strongly correlated with geochemical factors indicative of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> fluids and was identified as the most likely inhabitant of a serpentinization-powered <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere. Both of these taxa have been identified in multiple hydrogen-enriched <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> habitats worldwide, and the results of this study contribute to an emerging biogeographic pattern in which Betaproteobacteria occur in near-surface mixing zones and Firmicutes are present in deeper, anoxic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> habitats.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3697581','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3697581"><span>Bacterial Communities Associated with <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Geochemical Processes in Continental Serpentinite Springs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Morrill, Penny L.; Szponar, Natalie; Schrenk, Matthew O.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Reactions associated with the geochemical process of serpentinization can generate copious quantities of hydrogen and low-molecular-weight organic carbon compounds, which may provide energy and nutrients to sustain <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial communities independently of the photosynthetically supported surface biosphere. Previous microbial ecology studies have tested this hypothesis in deep sea hydrothermal vents, such as the Lost City hydrothermal field. This study applied similar methods, including molecular fingerprinting and tag sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, to ultrabasic continental springs emanating from serpentinizing ultramafic rocks. These molecular surveys were linked with geochemical measurements of the fluids in an interdisciplinary approach designed to distinguish potential <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> organisms from those derived from surface habitats. The betaproteobacterial genus Hydrogenophaga was identified as a likely inhabitant of transition zones where hydrogen-enriched <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> fluids mix with oxygenated surface water. The Firmicutes genus Erysipelothrix was most strongly correlated with geochemical factors indicative of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> fluids and was identified as the most likely inhabitant of a serpentinization-powered <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere. Both of these taxa have been identified in multiple hydrogen-enriched <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> habitats worldwide, and the results of this study contribute to an emerging biogeographic pattern in which Betaproteobacteria occur in near-surface mixing zones and Firmicutes are present in deeper, anoxic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> habitats. PMID:23584766</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23202191','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23202191"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> event detection and classification using Wireless Signal Networks.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yoon, Suk-Un; Ghazanfari, Ehsan; Cheng, Liang; Pamukcu, Sibel; Suleiman, Muhannad T</p> <p>2012-11-05</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> environment sensing and monitoring applications such as detection of water intrusion or a landslide, which could significantly change the physical properties of the host soil, can be accomplished using a novel concept, Wireless Signal Networks (WSiNs). The wireless signal networks take advantage of the variations of radio signal strength on the distributed underground sensor nodes of WSiNs to monitor and characterize the sensed area. To characterize <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments for event detection and classification, this paper provides a detailed list and experimental data of soil properties on how radio propagation is affected by soil properties in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> communication environments. Experiments demonstrated that calibrated wireless signal strength variations can be used as indicators to sense changes in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment. The concept of WSiNs for the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> event detection is evaluated with applications such as detection of water intrusion, relative density change, and relative motion using actual underground sensor nodes. To classify geo-events using the measured signal strength as a main indicator of geo-events, we propose a window-based minimum distance classifier based on Bayesian decision theory. The window-based classifier for wireless signal networks has two steps: event detection and event classification. With the event detection, the window-based classifier classifies geo-events on the event occurring regions that are called a classification window. The proposed window-based classification method is evaluated with a water leakage experiment in which the data has been measured in laboratory experiments. In these experiments, the proposed detection and classification method based on wireless signal network can detect and classify <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> events.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150005734&hterms=BIO&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DBIO','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150005734&hterms=BIO&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DBIO"><span>The Mojave <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Bio-Geochemistry Explorer (MOSBE)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Guerrero, J.; Beegle, L.; Abbey, W.; Bhartia, R.; Kounaves, S.; Russell, M.; Towles, D.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The MOSBE Team has developed a terrestrial field campaign to explore two <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biological habitats under the Mojave Desert. This field campaign will not only help us understand terrestrial desert biology, but also will develop methodologies and strategies for potential future Mars missions that would seek to explore the Martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. We have proposed to the ASTEP program to integrate a suite of field demonstrated instruments with a 20 m <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drill as a coherent unit, the Mojave <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Bio-geochemistry Explorer. The ATK Space Modular Planetary Drill System (MPDS) requires no drilling fluid, which allows aseptic sampling, can penetrate lithic ground up to 20 meters of depth, and utilizes less than 100 Watts throughout the entire depth. The drill has been developed and demonstrated in field testing to a depth of 10 meters in Arizona, December 2002. In addition to caching a continuous core throughout the drilling depth, it also generates and caches cuttings and fines that are strata-graphically correlated with the core. As a core segment is brought to the surface, it will be analyzed for texture and structure by a color microscopic imager and for relevant chemistry and mineralogy with a UV fluorescence/Raman spectrometer. Organic and soluble ionic species will be identified through two instruments -- a microcapillary electrophoresis, and an ion trap mass spectrometer that have been developed under PIDDP, ASTID and MIDP funding.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367593','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367593"><span>Active microbial biofilms in deep poor porous continental <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> rocks.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Escudero, Cristina; Vera, Mario; Oggerin, Monike; Amils, Ricardo</p> <p>2018-01-24</p> <p>Deep continental <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is defined as oligotrophic environments where microorganisms present a very low metabolic rate. To date, due to the energetic cost of production and maintenance of biofilms, their existence has not been considered in poor porous <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> rocks. We applied fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques and confocal laser scanning microscopy in samples from a continental deep drilling project to analyze the prokaryotic diversity and distribution and the possible existence of biofilms. Our results show the existence of natural microbial biofilms at all checked depths of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> and the co-occurrence of bacteria and archaea in this environment. This observation suggests that multi-species biofilms may be a common and widespread lifestyle in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMPA21A2187M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMPA21A2187M"><span>Peeking Beneath the Caldera: Communicating <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Knowledge of Newberry Volcano</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mark-Moser, M.; Rose, K.; Schultz, J.; Cameron, E.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>"Imaging the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span>: Enhanced Geothermal Systems and Exploring Beneath Newberry Volcano" is an interactive website that presents a three-dimensional <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> model of Newberry Volcano developed at National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). Created using the Story Maps application by ArcGIS Online, this format's dynamic capabilities provide the user the opportunity for multimedia engagement with the datasets and information used to build the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> model. This website allows for an interactive experience that the user dictates, including interactive maps, instructive videos and video capture of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> model, and linked information throughout the text. This Story Map offers a general background on the technology of enhanced geothermal systems and the geologic and development history of Newberry Volcano before presenting NETL's modeling efforts that support the installation of enhanced geothermal systems. The model is driven by multiple geologic and geophysical datasets to compare and contrast results which allow for the targeting of potential EGS sites and the reduction of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> uncertainty. This Story Map aims to communicate to a broad audience, and provides a platform to effectively introduce the model to researchers and stakeholders.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70024998','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70024998"><span>A hydrogen-based <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial community dominated by methanogens</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Chapelle, F.H.; O'Neil, Kyle; Bradley, P.M.; Methe, B.A.; Ciufo, S.A.; Knobel, L.L.; Lovley, D.R.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The search for extraterrestrial life may be facilitated if ecosystems can be found on Earth that exist under conditions analogous to those present on other planets or moons. It has been proposed, on the basis of geochemical and thermodynamic considerations, that geologically derived hydrogen might support <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial communities on Mars and Europa in which methanogens form the base of the ecosystem1-5. Here we describe a unique <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial community in which hydrogen-consuming, methane-producing Archaea far outnumber the Bacteria. More than 90% of the 16s ribosomal DNA sequences recovered from hydrothermal waters circulating through deeply buried igneous rocks in Idaho are related to hydrogen-using methanogenic microorganisms. Geochemical characterization indicates that geothermal hydrogen, not organic carbon, is the primary energy source for this methanogen-dominated microbial community. These results demonstrate that hydrogen-based methanogenic communities do occur in Earth's <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, providing an analogue for possible <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial ecosystems on other planets.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AAS...23140101O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AAS...23140101O"><span>Cultivation Of Deep <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Microbial Communities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Obrzut, Natalia; Casar, Caitlin; Osburn, Magdalena R.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The potential habitability of surface environments on other planets in our solar system is limited by exposure to extreme radiation and desiccation. In contrast, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments may offer protection from these stressors and are potential reservoirs for liquid water and energy that support microbial life (Michalski et al., 2013) and are thus of interest to the astrobiology community. The samples used in this project were extracted from the Deep Mine Microbial Observatory (DeMMO) in the former Homestake Mine at depths of 800 to 2000 feet underground (Osburn et al., 2014). Phylogenetic data from these sites indicates the lack of cultured representatives within the community. We used geochemical data to guide media design to cultivate and isolate organisms from the DeMMO communities. Media used for cultivation varied from heterotrophic with oxygen, nitrate or sulfate to autotrophic media with ammonia or ferrous iron. Environmental fluid was used as inoculum in batch cultivation and strains were isolated via serial transfers or dilution to extinction. These methods resulted in isolating aerobic heterotrophs, nitrate reducers, sulfate reducers, ammonia oxidizers, and ferric iron reducers. DNA sequencing of these strains is underway to confirm which species they belong to. This project is part of the NASA Astrobiology Institute Life Underground initiative to detect and characterize <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial life; by characterizing the intraterrestrials, the life living deep within Earth’s crust, we aim to understand the controls on how and where life survives in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> settings. Cultivation of terrestrial deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbes will provide insight into the survival mechanisms of intraterrestrials guiding the search for these life forms on other planets.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25982028','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25982028"><span>Change in ocean <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment to suppress tropical cyclone intensification under global warming.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Huang, Ping; Lin, I-I; Chou, Chia; Huang, Rong-Hui</p> <p>2015-05-18</p> <p>Tropical cyclones (TCs) are hazardous natural disasters. Because TC intensification is significantly controlled by atmosphere and ocean environments, changes in these environments may cause changes in TC intensity. Changes in surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean conditions can both influence a TC's intensification. Regarding global warming, minimal exploration of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean has been undertaken. Here we investigate future <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean environment changes projected by 22 state-of-the-art climate models and suggest a suppressive effect of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oceans on the intensification of future TCs. Under global warming, the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> vertical temperature profile can be sharpened in important TC regions, which may contribute to a stronger ocean coupling (cooling) effect during the intensification of future TCs. Regarding a TC, future <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean environments may be more suppressive than the existing <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean environments. This suppressive effect is not spatially uniform and may be weak in certain local areas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4479036','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4479036"><span>Change in ocean <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment to suppress tropical cyclone intensification under global warming</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Huang, Ping; Lin, I. -I; Chou, Chia; Huang, Rong-Hui</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Tropical cyclones (TCs) are hazardous natural disasters. Because TC intensification is significantly controlled by atmosphere and ocean environments, changes in these environments may cause changes in TC intensity. Changes in surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean conditions can both influence a TC's intensification. Regarding global warming, minimal exploration of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean has been undertaken. Here we investigate future <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean environment changes projected by 22 state-of-the-art climate models and suggest a suppressive effect of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oceans on the intensification of future TCs. Under global warming, the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> vertical temperature profile can be sharpened in important TC regions, which may contribute to a stronger ocean coupling (cooling) effect during the intensification of future TCs. Regarding a TC, future <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean environments may be more suppressive than the existing <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean environments. This suppressive effect is not spatially uniform and may be weak in certain local areas. PMID:25982028</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.B23B0443P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.B23B0443P"><span>Biofilm-induced calcium carbonate precipitation: application in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Phillips, A. J.; Eldring, J.; Lauchnor, E.; Hiebert, R.; Gerlach, R.; Mitchell, A. C.; Esposito, R.; Cunningham, A. B.; Spangler, L.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>We have investigated mitigation strategies for sealing high permeability regions, like fractures, in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. This technology has the potential to, for example, improve the long-term security of geologically-stored carbon dioxide (CO2) by sealing fractures in cap rocks or to mitigate leakage pathways to prevent contamination of overlying aquifers from hydraulic fracturing fluids. Sealing technologies using low-viscosity fluids are advantageous since they potentially reduce the necessary injection pressures and increase the radius of influence around injection wells. In this technology, aqueous solutions and suspensions are used to promote microbially-induced mineral precipitation which can be applied in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments. To this end, a strategy was developed to twice seal a hydraulically fractured, 74 cm (2.4') diameter Boyles Sandstone core, collected in North-Central Alabama, with biofilm-induced calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitates under ambient pressures. Sporosarcina pasteurii biofilms were established and calcium and urea containing reagents were injected to promote saturation conditions favorable for CaCO3 precipitation followed by growth reagents to resuscitate the biofilm's ureolytic activity. Then, in order to evaluate this process at relevant deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> pressures, a novel high pressure test vessel was developed to house the 74 cm diameter core under pressures as high as 96 bar (1,400 psi). After determining that no impact to the fracture permeability occurred due to increasing overburden pressure, the fractured core was sealed under <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> relevant pressures relating to 457 meters (1,500 feet) below ground surface (44 bar (650 psi) overburden pressure). After fracture sealing under both ambient and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> relevant pressure conditions, the sandstone core withstood three times higher well bore pressure than during the initial fracturing event, which occurred prior to biofilm-induced CaCO3 mineralization. These studies suggest</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMIN53A1881R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMIN53A1881R"><span>The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> record for the Anthropocene based on the global analysis of deep wells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rose, K.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>While challenges persist in the characterization of Earth's <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, over two centuries of exploration resulting in more than six million deep wellbores, offer insights into these systems. Characteristics of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> vary and can be analyzed on a variety of spatial scales using geospatial tools and methods. Characterization and prediction of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> properties, such as depth, thickness, porosity, permeability, pressure and temperature, are important for models and interpretations of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> studies contribute to insights and understanding of natural system but also enable predictions and assessments of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> resources and support environmental and geohazard assessments. As the geo-data science landscape shifts, becoming more open, there are increasing opportunities to fill knowledge gaps, mine large, interrelated datasets, and develop innovative methods to improve our understanding of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> and the impacts of its exploration. In this study, a global dataset of more than 6,000,000 deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> wells has been assembled using ArcGIS and Access, which reflects to a first order, the cumulative representation of over two centuries of drilling. Wellbore data, in general represent the only portal for direct measurement and characterization of deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> properties. As human engineering of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> evolves from a focus on hydrocarbon resource development to include <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> waste product disposal (e.g. CO2, industrial waste, etc) and production of other deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> resources, such as heat and water resources, there is the increasing need to improve characterization techniques and understand local and global ramifications of anthropogenic interaction with the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Data and geospatial analyses are reviewed to constrain the extent to which human interactions, not just with Earth's surface systems, atmospheric and geologic, but <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> systems will result in an enduring signature of human influences on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H21K..06P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H21K..06P"><span>Robust Representation of Integrated Surface-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> Hydrology at Watershed Scales</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Painter, S. L.; Tang, G.; Collier, N.; Jan, A.; Karra, S.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>A representation of integrated surface-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrology is the central component to process-rich watershed models that are emerging as alternatives to traditional reduced complexity models. These physically based systems are important for assessing potential impacts of climate change and human activities on groundwater-dependent ecosystems and water supply and quality. Integrated surface-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> models typically couple three-dimensional solutions for variably saturated flow in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> with the kinematic- or diffusion-wave equation for surface flows. The computational scheme for coupling the surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> systems is key to the robustness, computational performance, and ease-of-implementation of the integrated system. A new, robust approach for coupling the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> and surface systems is developed from the assumption that the vertical gradient in head is negligible at the surface. This tight-coupling assumption allows the surface flow system to be incorporated directly into the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> system; effects of surface flow and surface water accumulation are represented as modifications to the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow and accumulation terms but are not triggered until the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> pressure reaches a threshold value corresponding to the appearance of water on the surface. The new approach has been implemented in the highly parallel PFLOTRAN (www.pflotran.org) code. Several synthetic examples and three-dimensional examples from the Walker Branch Watershed in Oak Ridge TN demonstrate the utility and robustness of the new approach using unstructured computational meshes. Representation of solute transport in the new approach is also discussed. Notice: This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under Contract No. DE-AC0500OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/1122','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/1122"><span>Agriculture and wildlife: ecological implications of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> irrigation drainage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>A. Dennis Lemly</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> agricultural irrigation drainage is a wastewater with the potential to severely impact wetlands and wildlife populations. Widespread poisoning of migratory birds by drainwater contaminants has occurred in the western United States and waterfowl populations are threatened in the Pacific and Central flyways. Irrigated agriculture could produce <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9326903','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9326903"><span>Enamel <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage due to tooth preparation with diamonds.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, H H; Kelly, J R; Jahanmir, S; Thompson, V P; Rekow, E D</p> <p>1997-10-01</p> <p>In clinical tooth preparation with diamond burs, sharp diamond particles indent and scratch the enamel, causing material removal. Such operations may produce <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage in enamel. However, little information is available on the mechanisms and the extent of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage in enamel produced during clinical tooth preparation. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the mechanisms of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage produced in enamel during tooth preparation by means of diamond burs, and to examine the dependence of such damage on enamel rod orientation, diamond particle size, and removal rate. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> damage was evaluated by a bonded-interface technique. Tooth preparation was carried out on two enamel rod orientations, with four clinical diamond burs (coarse, medium, fine, and superfine) used in a dental handpiece. The results of this study showed that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage in enamel took the form of median-type cracks and distributed microcracks, extending preferentially along the boundaries between the enamel rods. Microcracks within individual enamel rods were also observed. The median-type cracks were significantly longer in the direction parallel to the enamel rods than perpendicular to the rods. Preparation with the coarse diamond bur produced cracks as deep as 84 +/- 30 microns in enamel. Finishing with fine diamond burs was effective in crack removal. The crack lengths in enamel were not significantly different when the removal rate was varied. Based on these results, it is concluded that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage in enamel induced by tooth preparation takes the form of median-type cracks as well as inter- and intra-rod microcracks, and that the lengths of these cracks are sensitive to diamond particle size and enamel rod orientation, but insensitive to removal rate.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3522944','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3522944"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Event Detection and Classification Using Wireless Signal Networks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Yoon, Suk-Un; Ghazanfari, Ehsan; Cheng, Liang; Pamukcu, Sibel; Suleiman, Muhannad T.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> environment sensing and monitoring applications such as detection of water intrusion or a landslide, which could significantly change the physical properties of the host soil, can be accomplished using a novel concept, Wireless Signal Networks (WSiNs). The wireless signal networks take advantage of the variations of radio signal strength on the distributed underground sensor nodes of WSiNs to monitor and characterize the sensed area. To characterize <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments for event detection and classification, this paper provides a detailed list and experimental data of soil properties on how radio propagation is affected by soil properties in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> communication environments. Experiments demonstrated that calibrated wireless signal strength variations can be used as indicators to sense changes in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment. The concept of WSiNs for the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> event detection is evaluated with applications such as detection of water intrusion, relative density change, and relative motion using actual underground sensor nodes. To classify geo-events using the measured signal strength as a main indicator of geo-events, we propose a window-based minimum distance classifier based on Bayesian decision theory. The window-based classifier for wireless signal networks has two steps: event detection and event classification. With the event detection, the window-based classifier classifies geo-events on the event occurring regions that are called a classification window. The proposed window-based classification method is evaluated with a water leakage experiment in which the data has been measured in laboratory experiments. In these experiments, the proposed detection and classification method based on wireless signal network can detect and classify <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> events. PMID:23202191</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1040777','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1040777"><span>Induction heaters used to heat <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> formations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Nguyen, Scott Vinh [Houston, TX; Bass, Ronald M [Houston, TX</p> <p>2012-04-24</p> <p>A heating system for a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> formation includes an elongated electrical conductor located in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> formation. The electrical conductor extends between at least a first electrical contact and a second electrical contact. A ferromagnetic conductor at least partially surrounds and at least partially extends lengthwise around the electrical conductor. The electrical conductor, when energized with time-varying electrical current, induces sufficient electrical current flow in the ferromagnetic conductor such that the ferromagnetic conductor resistively heats to a temperature of at least about 300.degree. C.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=314962','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=314962"><span>Water and nitrogen requirements of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drip irrigated pomegranate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Surface drip irrigation is a well-developed practice for both annual and perennial crops. The use of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drip is a well-established practice in many annual row crops, e.g. tomatoes, strawberries, lettuce. However, the use of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drip on perennial crops has been slow to develop. With th...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/28858','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/28858"><span>Evaluating roadway <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage practices - phase II : [tech transfer summary].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The presence of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage systems (e.g., granular bases or : outlets) is generally believed to be beneficial to the performance of : various pavement types. Well-performing <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage systems : form an important aspect of pavement ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..1412137Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..1412137Z"><span>Urban heat fluxes in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of Cologne, Germany</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhu, K.; Bayer, P.; Blum, P.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Urbanization during the last hundred years has led to both environmental and thermal impacts on the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. The urban heat island (UHI) effect is mostly described as an atmospheric phenomenon, where the measured aboveground temperatures in cities are elevated in comparison to undisturbed rural regions. However, UHIs can be found below, as well as above ground. A large amount of anthropogenic heat migrates into the urban <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, which also raises the ground temperature and permanently changes the thermal conditions in shallow aquifers. The main objective of our work is to study and determine the urban heat fluxes in Cologne, Germany, and to improve our understanding of the dynamics of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> energy fluxes in UHIs. Ideally, our findings will contribute to strategic and more sustainable geothermal use in cities. For a quantitative analysis of the energy fluxes within the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> and across the atmospheric boundary, two and three-dimensional coupled numerical flow and heat transport models were developed. The simulation results indicate that during the past hundred years, an average vertical urban heat flux that ranges between 80 and 375 mW m-2 can be deduced. Thermal anomalies have migrated into the local urban aquifer system and they reach a depth of about 150 m. In this context, the influence of the regional groundwater flow on the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heat transport and temperature development is comprehensively discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21637257','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21637257"><span>Nematoda from the terrestrial deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of South Africa.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Borgonie, G; García-Moyano, A; Litthauer, D; Bert, W; Bester, A; van Heerden, E; Möller, C; Erasmus, M; Onstott, T C</p> <p>2011-06-02</p> <p>Since its discovery over two decades ago, the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere has been considered to be the realm of single-cell organisms, extending over three kilometres into the Earth's crust and comprising a significant fraction of the global biosphere. The constraints of temperature, energy, dioxygen and space seemed to preclude the possibility of more-complex, multicellular organisms from surviving at these depths. Here we report species of the phylum Nematoda that have been detected in or recovered from 0.9-3.6-kilometre-deep fracture water in the deep mines of South Africa but have not been detected in the mining water. These <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> nematodes, including a new species, Halicephalobus mephisto, tolerate high temperature, reproduce asexually and preferentially feed upon <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> bacteria. Carbon-14 data indicate that the fracture water in which the nematodes reside is 3,000-12,000-year-old palaeometeoric water. Our data suggest that nematodes should be found in other deep hypoxic settings where temperature permits, and that they may control the microbial population density by grazing on fracture surface biofilm patches. Our results expand the known metazoan biosphere and demonstrate that deep ecosystems are more complex than previously accepted. The discovery of multicellular life in the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of the Earth also has important implications for the search for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> life on other planets in our Solar System.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1191224','SCIGOVIMAGE-SCICINEMA'); return false;" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1191224"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Microbes Expanding the Tree of Life</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/">ScienceCinema</a></p> <p>Banfield, Jillian</p> <p>2018-02-14</p> <p>Jillian Banfield, Ph.D., UC Berkeley Professor and Berkeley Lab Earth Sciences Division staff scientist and long-time user of the DOE Joint Genome Instituteâs resources shares her perspective on how the DOE JGI helps advance her research addressing knowledge gaps related to the roles of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial communities in biogeochemical cycling. The video was filmed near the town of Rifle, Colorado at the primary field site for Phase I of the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Systems Scientific Focus Area 2.0 sponsored by the DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080022195&hterms=donald+anton&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Ddonald%2Banton','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080022195&hterms=donald+anton&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Ddonald%2Banton"><span>Radar Soundings of the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> of Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Picardi, Giovanni; Plaut, Jeffrey J.; Biccari, Daniela; Bombaci, Ornella; Calabrese, Diego; Cartacci, Marco; Cicchetti, Andrea; Clifford, Stephen M.; Edenhofer, Peter; Farrell, William M.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20080022195'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20080022195_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20080022195_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20080022195_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20080022195_hide"></p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> has been probed to kilometer depths by the Mars Advanced Radar for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> and Ionospheric Sounding instrument aboard the Mars Express orbiter. Signals penetrate the polar layered deposits, probably imaging the base of the deposits. Data from the northern lowlands of Chryse Planitia have revealed a shallowly buried quasi-circular structure about 250 kilometers in diameter that is interpreted to be an impact basin. In addition, a planar reflector associated with the basin structure may indicate the presence of a low-loss deposit that is more than 1 kilometer thick.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AsBio..17..612D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AsBio..17..612D"><span>Ma_MISS on ExoMars: Mineralogical Characterization of the Martian <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>De Sanctis, Maria Cristina; Altieri, Francesca; Ammannito, Eleonora; Biondi, David; De Angelis, Simone; Meini, Marco; Mondello, Giuseppe; Novi, Samuele; Paolinetti, Riccardo; Soldani, Massimo; Mugnuolo, Raffaele; Pirrotta, Simone; Vago, Jorge L.; Ma_MISS Team</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>The Ma_MISS (Mars Multispectral Imager for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Studies) experiment is the visible and near infrared (VNIR) miniaturized spectrometer hosted by the drill system of the ExoMars 2020 rover. Ma_MISS will perform IR spectral reflectance investigations in the 0.4-2.2 μm range to characterize the mineralogy of excavated borehole walls at different depths (between 0 and 2 m). The spectral sampling is about 20 nm, whereas the spatial resolution over the target is 120 μm. Making use of the drill's movement, the instrument slit can scan a ring and build up hyperspectral images of a borehole. The main goal of the Ma_MISS instrument is to study the martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment. Access to the martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is crucial to our ability to constrain the nature, timing, and duration of alteration and sedimentation processes on Mars, as well as habitability conditions. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> deposits likely host and preserve H2O ice and hydrated materials that will contribute to our understanding of the H2O geochemical environment (both in the liquid and in the solid state) at the ExoMars 2020 landing site. The Ma_MISS spectral range and sampling capabilities have been carefully selected to allow the study of minerals and ices in situ before the collection of samples. Ma_MISS will be implemented to accomplish the following scientific objectives: (1) determine the composition of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> materials, (2) map the distribution of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> H2O and volatiles, (3) characterize important optical and physical properties of materials (e.g., grain size), and (4) produce a stratigraphic column that will inform with regard to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geological processes. The Ma_MISS findings will help to refine essential criteria that will aid in our selection of the most interesting <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> formations from which to collect samples.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.H43E1414R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.H43E1414R"><span>Transport of Chemical Vapors from <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Sources to Atmosphere as Affected by Shallow <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> and Atmospheric Conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rice, A. K.; Smits, K. M.; Hosken, K.; Schulte, P.; Illangasekare, T. H.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Understanding the movement and modeling of chemical vapor through unsaturated soil in the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> when subjected to natural atmospheric thermal and mass flux boundary conditions at the land surface is of importance to applications such as landmine detection and vapor intrusion into <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures. New, advanced technologies exist to sense chemical signatures at the land/atmosphere interface, but interpretation of these sensor signals to make assessment of source conditions remains a challenge. Chemical signatures are subject to numerous interactions while migrating through the unsaturated soil environment, attenuating signal strength and masking contaminant source conditions. The dominant process governing movement of gases through porous media is often assumed to be Fickian diffusion through the air phase with minimal or no quantification of other processes contributing to vapor migration, such as thermal diffusion, convective gas flow due to the displacement of air, expansion/contraction of air due to temperature changes, temporal and spatial variations of soil moisture and fluctuations in atmospheric pressure. Soil water evaporation and interfacial mass transfer add to the complexity of the system. The goal of this work is to perform controlled experiments under transient conditions of soil moisture, temperature and wind at the land/atmosphere interface and use the resulting dataset to test existing theories on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> gas flow and iterate between numerical modeling efforts and experimental data. Ultimately, we aim to update conceptual models of shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> vapor transport to include conditionally significant transport processes and inform placement of mobile sensors and/or networks. We have developed a two-dimensional tank apparatus equipped with a network of sensors and a flow-through head space for simulation of the atmospheric interface. A detailed matrix of realistic atmospheric boundary conditions was applied in a series of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhSS...57.1752V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhSS...57.1752V"><span>Diffusion and aggregation of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> radiation defects in lithium fluoride nanocrystals</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Voitovich, A. P.; Kalinov, V. S.; Martynovich, E. F.; Stupak, A. P.; Runets, L. P.</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>Lithium fluoride nanocrystals were irradiated by gamma rays at a temperature below the temperature corresponding to the mobility of anion vacancies. The kinetics of the aggregation of radiation-induced defects in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layers of nanocrystals during annealing after irradiation was elucidated. The processes that could be used to determine the activation energy of the diffusion of anion vacancies were revealed. The value of this energy in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layers was obtained. For <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layers, the concentrations ratio of vacancies and defects consisting of one vacancy and two electrons was found. The factors responsible for the differences in the values of the activation energies and concentration ratios in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layers and in the bulk of the crystals were discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GMS...171.....H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GMS...171.....H"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Hydrology: Data Integration for Properties and Processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hyndman, David W.; Day-Lewis, Frederick D.; Singha, Kamini</p> <p></p> <p>Groundwater is a critical resource and the PrinciPal source of drinking water for over 1.5 billion people. In 2001, the National Research Council cited as a "grand challenge" our need to understand the processes that control water movement in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. This volume faces that challenge in terms of data integration between complex, multi-scale hydrologie processes, and their links to other physical, chemical, and biological processes at multiple scales. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Hydrology: Data Integration for Properties and Processes presents the current state of the science in four aspects: • Approaches to hydrologie data integration • Data integration for characterization of hydrologie properties • Data integration for understanding hydrologie processes • Meta-analysis of current interpretations Scientists and researchers in the field, the laboratory, and the classroom will find this work an important resource in advancing our understanding of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water movement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018InPhT..88...41S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018InPhT..88...41S"><span>Quantitative <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> analysis using frequency modulated thermal wave imaging</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Subhani, S. K.; Suresh, B.; Ghali, V. S.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Quantitative depth analysis of the anomaly with an enhanced depth resolution is a challenging task towards the estimation of depth of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> anomaly using thermography. Frequency modulated thermal wave imaging introduced earlier provides a complete depth scanning of the object by stimulating it with a suitable band of frequencies and further analyzing the subsequent thermal response using a suitable post processing approach to resolve <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> details. But conventional Fourier transform based methods used for post processing unscramble the frequencies with a limited frequency resolution and contribute for a finite depth resolution. Spectral zooming provided by chirp z transform facilitates enhanced frequency resolution which can further improves the depth resolution to axially explore finest <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> features. Quantitative depth analysis with this augmented depth resolution is proposed to provide a closest estimate to the actual depth of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> anomaly. This manuscript experimentally validates this enhanced depth resolution using non stationary thermal wave imaging and offers an ever first and unique solution for quantitative depth estimation in frequency modulated thermal wave imaging.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016WRR....52.9215R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016WRR....52.9215R"><span>Debates - Stochastic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrology from theory to practice: Introduction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rajaram, Harihar</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>This paper introduces the papers in the "Debates - Stochastic <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Hydrology from Theory to Practice" series. Beginning in the 1970s, the field of stochastic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrology has been an active field of research, with over 3500 journal publications, of which over 850 have appeared in Water Resources Research. We are fortunate to have insightful contributions from four groups of distinguished authors who discuss the reasons why the advanced research framework established in stochastic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrology has not impacted the practice of groundwater flow and transport modeling and design significantly. There is reasonable consensus that a community effort aimed at developing "toolboxes" for applications of stochastic methods will make them more accessible and encourage practical applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title25-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title25-vol1-sec211-22.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title25-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title25-vol1-sec211-22.pdf"><span>25 CFR 211.22 - Leases for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil or gas.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Leases for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil or gas. 211.22... TRIBAL LANDS FOR MINERAL DEVELOPMENT How To Acquire Leases § 211.22 Leases for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil... <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil or gas, irrespective of the lands from which production is initially obtained. The...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title25-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title25-vol1-sec211-22.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title25-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title25-vol1-sec211-22.pdf"><span>25 CFR 211.22 - Leases for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil or gas.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Leases for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil or gas. 211.22... TRIBAL LANDS FOR MINERAL DEVELOPMENT How To Acquire Leases § 211.22 Leases for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil... <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil or gas, irrespective of the lands from which production is initially obtained. The...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title25-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title25-vol1-sec211-22.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title25-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title25-vol1-sec211-22.pdf"><span>25 CFR 211.22 - Leases for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil or gas.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Leases for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil or gas. 211.22... TRIBAL LANDS FOR MINERAL DEVELOPMENT How To Acquire Leases § 211.22 Leases for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil... <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil or gas, irrespective of the lands from which production is initially obtained. The...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title25-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title25-vol1-sec211-22.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title25-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title25-vol1-sec211-22.pdf"><span>25 CFR 211.22 - Leases for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil or gas.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Leases for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil or gas. 211.22... TRIBAL LANDS FOR MINERAL DEVELOPMENT How To Acquire Leases § 211.22 Leases for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil... <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil or gas, irrespective of the lands from which production is initially obtained. The...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title25-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title25-vol1-sec211-22.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title25-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title25-vol1-sec211-22.pdf"><span>25 CFR 211.22 - Leases for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil or gas.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Leases for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil or gas. 211.22... TRIBAL LANDS FOR MINERAL DEVELOPMENT How To Acquire Leases § 211.22 Leases for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil... <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of oil or gas, irrespective of the lands from which production is initially obtained. The...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28433930','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28433930"><span>Environmental Electrokinetics for a sustainable <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lima, A T; Hofmann, A; Reynolds, D; Ptacek, C J; Van Cappellen, P; Ottosen, L M; Pamukcu, S; Alshawabekh, A; O'Carroll, D M; Riis, C; Cox, E; Gent, D B; Landis, R; Wang, J; Chowdhury, A I A; Secord, E L; Sanchez-Hachair, A</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Soil and groundwater are key components in the sustainable management of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment. Source contamination is one of its main threats and is commonly addressed using established remediation techniques such as in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), in-situ chemical reduction (ISCR; most notably using zero-valent iron [ZVI]), enhanced in-situ bioremediation (EISB), phytoremediation, soil-washing, pump-and-treat, soil vapour extraction (SVE), thermal treatment, and excavation and disposal. Decades of field applications have shown that these techniques can successfully treat or control contaminants in higher permeability <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> materials such as sands, but achieve only limited success at sites where low permeability soils, such as silts and clays, prevail. Electrokinetics (EK), a soil remediation technique mostly recognized in in-situ treatment of low permeability soils, has, for the last decade, been combined with more conventional techniques and can significantly enhance the performance of several of these remediation technologies, including ISCO, ISCR, EISB and phytoremediation. Herein, we discuss the use of emerging EK techniques in tandem with conventional remediation techniques, to achieve improved remediation performance. Furthermore, we highlight new EK applications that may come to play a role in the sustainable treatment of the contaminated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFM.P51D0961B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFM.P51D0961B"><span>Aseptically Sampled Organics in <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Rocks From the Mars Analog Rio Tinto Experiment: An Analog For The Search for Deep <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Life on Mars.}</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bonaccorsi, R.; Stoker, C. R.</p> <p>2005-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is the key environment for searching for life on planets lacking surface life. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> ecosystems are of great relevance to astrobiology including the search for past/present life on Mars. The surface of Mars has conditions preventing current life but the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> might preserve organics and even host some life [1]. The Mars-Analog-Rio-Tinto-Experiment (MARTE) is performing a simulation of a Mars drilling experiment. This comprises conventional and robotic drilling of cores in a volcanically-hosted-massive-pyrite deposit [2] from the Iberian Pyritic Belt (IBP) and life detection experiments applying anti-contamination protocols (e.g., ATP Luminometry assay). The RT is considered an important analog of the Sinus Meridiani site on Mars and an ideal model analog for a deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> Martian environment. Former results from MARTE suggest the existence of a relatively complex <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> life including aerobic and anaerobic chemoautotrophs and strict anaerobic methanogens sustained by Fe and S minerals in anoxic conditions. A key requirement for the analysis of a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sample on Mars is a set of simple tests that can help determine if the sample contains organic material of biological origin, and its potential for retaining definitive biosignatures. We report here on the presence of bulk organic matter Corg (0.03-0.05 Wt%), and Ntot (0.01-0.04 Wt%) and amount of measured ATP (Lightning MVP, Biocontrol) in weathered rocks (tuffs, gossan, pyrite stockwork from Borehole #8; >166m). This provides key insight on the type of trophic system sustaining the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere (i.e., heterotrophs vs. autotrophs) at RT. ATP data (Relative-Luminosity-Units, RLU) provide information on possible contamination and distribution of viable biomass with core depth (BH#8, and BH#7, ~3m). Avg. 153 RLU, i.e., surface vs. center of core, suggest that cleaness/sterility can be maintained when using a simple sterile protocol under field conditions. Results from this</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.H13I1486A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.H13I1486A"><span>Examining Changes in Radioxenon Isotope Activity Ratios during <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Transport</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Annewandter, R.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The Non-Proliferation Experiment (NPE) has demonstrated and modelled the usefulness of barometric pumping induced soil gas sampling during On-Site inspections. Gas transport has been widely studied with different numerical codes. However, gas transport of all radioxenons in the post-detonation regime and their possible fractionation is still neglected in the open literature. Atmospheric concentrations of the radioxenons Xe-135, Xe-133m, Xe-133 and Xe-131m can be used to discriminate between civilian releases (nuclear power plants or medical isotope <span class="hlt">facilities</span>), and nuclear explosion sources. It is based on the isotopic activity ratio method. Yet it is not clear whether <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> migration of the radioxenons, with eventual release into the atmosphere, can affect the activity ratios due to fractionation. Fractionation can be caused by different diffusivities due to mass differences between the radioxenons. A previous study showed surface arrival time of a chemically inert gaseous tracer is affected by its diffusivity. They observed detectable amount for SF6 50 days after detonation and 375 days for He-3. They predict 50 and 80 days for Xe-133 and Ar-37 respectively. Cyclical changes in atmospheric pressure can drive <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> gas transport. This barometric pumping phenomenon causes an oscillatoric flow in upward trending fractures which, combined with diffusion into the porous matrix, leads to a net transport of gaseous components - a ratcheting effect. We use a general purpose reservoir simulator (Complex System Modelling Platform, CSMP++) which has been applied in a range of fields such as deep geothermal systems, three-phase black oil simulations , fracture propagation in fractured, porous media, Navier-Stokes pore-scale modelling among others. It is specifically designed to account for structurally complex geologic situation of fractured, porous media. Parabolic differential equations are solved by a continuous Galerkin finite-element method, hyperbolic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/876479','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/876479"><span>Fluid Management Plan for Corrective Action Unit 447: Project Shoal Area, <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span>, Nevada, Rev. No.: 1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Findlay, Rick</p> <p></p> <p>The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Site Office (NNSA/NSO) initiated the Offsites Project to characterize the risk posed to human health and the environment as a result of testing at formerly used nuclear sites in Alaska, Colorado, Mississippi, Nevada, and New Mexico. The scope of this Fluid Management Plan (FMP) is to support the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> investigation at the Project Shoal Area (PSA) Corrective Action Unit (CAU) 447, Shoal - <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span>, Nevada, in accordance with the ''Federal <span class="hlt">Facility</span> Agreement and Consent Order'' (FFACO) (1996). Corrective Action Unit 447 is located in the Sand Spring Range, southmore » of Highway 50, about 39 miles southeast of Fallon, Nevada. (Figure 1-1). This FMP will be used at the PSA in lieu of an individual discharge permit for each well or a general water pollution control permit for management of all fluids produced during the drilling, construction, development, testing, experimentation, and/or sampling of wells conducted by the Offsites Project. The FMP provides guidance for the management of fluids generated during investigation activities and provides the standards by which fluids may be discharged on site. Although the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP), Bureau of Federal <span class="hlt">Facilities</span> (BoFF) is not a signatory to this FMP, it is involved in the negotiation of the contents of this plan and approves the conditions contained within. The major elements of this FMP include: (1) establishment of a well-site operations strategy; (2) site design/layout; (3) monitoring of contamination indicators (monitoring program); (4) sump characterization (sump sampling program); (5) fluid management decision criteria and fluid disposition; and (6) reporting requirements.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120007602','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120007602"><span>Estimation of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> thermal structure using sea surface height and sea surface temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kang, Yong Q. (Inventor); Jo, Young-Heon (Inventor); Yan, Xiao-Hai (Inventor)</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>A method of determining a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature in a body of water is disclosed. The method includes obtaining surface temperature anomaly data and surface height anomaly data of the body of water for a region of interest, and also obtaining <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature anomaly data for the region of interest at a plurality of depths. The method further includes regressing the obtained surface temperature anomaly data and surface height anomaly data for the region of interest with the obtained <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature anomaly data for the plurality of depths to generate regression coefficients, estimating a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature at one or more other depths for the region of interest based on the generated regression coefficients and outputting the estimated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature at the one or more other depths. Using the estimated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature, signal propagation times and trajectories of marine life in the body of water are determined.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23761860','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23761860"><span><span class="hlt">ESF</span>-EMBO Symposium "Molecular Biology and Innovative Therapies in Sarcomas of Childhood and Adolescence" Sept 29-Oct 4, Polonia Castle Pultusk, Poland.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schäfer, Beat W; Koscielniak, Ewa; Kovar, Heinrich; Fulda, Simone</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and Ewing sarcoma (ES) are among the most common pediatric sarcomas (Arndt et al., 2012). Despite sarcomas representing a highly heterogeneous group of tumors, ES and alveolar RMS (ARMS) typically share one common genetic characteristic, namely a specific chromosomal translocation (Helman and Meltzer, 2003; Lessnick and Ladanyi, 2012). These translocations generate fusion proteins, which are composed of two transcription factors (TF). Typically, one TF is a developmentally regulated factor that is essential for proper specification of a given lineage and provides the DNA-binding domain, while the partner TF contributes a transactivation domain that drives aberrant expression of target genes. Based on these common genetic characteristics, the first <span class="hlt">ESF</span>-EMBO research conference entitled "Molecular Biology and Innovative Therapies in Sarcomas of Childhood and Adolescence" with special focus on RMS and ES was held at the Polonia Castle in Pultusk, Poland. The conference gathered 70 participants from more than 15 countries and several continents representing most research groups that are active in this field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ESRv...58..367K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ESRv...58..367K"><span>Microbial production and oxidation of methane in deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kotelnikova, Svetlana</p> <p>2002-10-01</p> <p>The goal of this review is to summarize present studies on microbial production and oxidation of methane in the deep subterranean environments. Methane is a long-living gas causing the "greenhouse" effect in the planet's atmosphere. Earlier, the deep "organic carbon poor" <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> was not considered as a source of "biogenic" methane. Evidence of active methanogenesis and presence of viable methanogens including autotrophic organisms were obtained for some <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments including water-flooded oil-fields, deep sandy aquifers, deep sea hydrothermal vents, the deep sediments and granitic groundwater at depths of 10 to 2000 m below sea level. As a rule, the deep subterranean microbial populations dwell at more or less oligotrophic conditions. Molecular hydrogen has been found in a variety of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments, where its concentrations were significantly higher than in the tested surface aquatic environments. Chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms from deep aquifers that could grow on hydrogen and carbon dioxide can act as primary producers of organic carbon, initiating heterotrophic food chains in the deep subterranean environments independent of photosynthesis. "Biogenic" methane has been found all over the world. On the basis of documented occurrences, gases in reservoirs and older sediments are similar and have the isotopic character of methane derived from CO 2 reduction. Groundwater representing the methanogenic end member are characterized by a relative depletion of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in combination with an enrichment in 13C in inorganic carbon, which is consistent with the preferential reduction of 12CO 2 by autotrophic methanogens or acetogens. The isotopic composition of methane formed via CO 2 reduction is controlled by the δ13C of the original CO 2 substrate. Literature data shows that CH 4 as heavy as -40‰ or -50‰ can be produced by the microbial reduction of isotopically heavy CO 2. Produced methane may be oxidized</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1396212','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1396212"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Noble Gas Sampling Manual</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Carrigan, C. R.; Sun, Y.</p> <p>2017-09-18</p> <p>The intent of this document is to provide information about best available approaches for performing <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil gas sampling during an On Site Inspection or OSI. This information is based on field sampling experiments, computer simulations and data from the NA-22 Noble Gas Signature Experiment Test Bed at the Nevada Nuclear Security Site (NNSS). The approaches should optimize the gas concentration from the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cavity or chimney regime while simultaneously minimizing the potential for atmospheric radioxenon and near-surface Argon-37 contamination. Where possible, we quantitatively assess differences in sampling practices for the same sets of environmental conditions. We recognize that allmore » sampling scenarios cannot be addressed. However, if this document helps to inform the intuition of the reader about addressing the challenges resulting from the inevitable deviations from the scenario assumed here, it will have achieved its goal.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EGSGA..27.2020R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EGSGA..27.2020R"><span>Soil Carbon Dioxide Production and Surface Fluxes: <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Physical Controls</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Risk, D.; Kellman, L.; Beltrami, H.</p> <p></p> <p>Soil respiration is a critical determinant of landscape carbon balance. Variations in soil temperature and moisture patterns are important physical processes controlling soil respiration which need to be better understood. Relationships between soil respi- ration and physical controls are typically addressed using only surface flux data but other methods also exist which permit more rigorous interpretation of soil respira- tion processes. Here we use a combination of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> CO_{2} concentrations, surface CO_{2} fluxes and detailed physical monitoring of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> envi- ronment to examine physical controls on soil CO_{2} production at four climate observatories in Eastern Canada. Results indicate that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> CO_{2} produc- tion is more strongly correlated to the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> thermal environment than the surface CO_{2} flux. Soil moisture was also found to have an important influence on sub- surface CO_{2} production, particularly in relation to the soil moisture - soil profile diffusivity relationship. Non-diffusive profile CO_{2} transport appears to be im- portant at these sites, resulting in a de-coupling of summertime surface fluxes from <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> processes and violating assumptions that surface CO_{2} emissions are the result solely of diffusion. These results have implications for the study of soil respiration across a broad range of terrestrial environments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/871011','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/871011"><span>Apparatus for passive removal of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contaminants</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Pemberton, Bradley E.; May, Christopher P.; Rossabi, Joseph</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>An apparatus is provided which passively removes contaminated gases from a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. The apparatus includes a riser pipe extending into a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> which has an exterior end in fluid communication with a valve. When well pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure, the valve opens to release contaminants into the atmosphere, and when well pressure is less than atmospheric pressure, the valve closes to prevent flow of air into the well. The valve assembly of the invention comprises a lightweight ball which is lifted from its valve seat with a slight pressure drop between the well and the atmosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/512416','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/512416"><span>Apparatus for passive removal of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contaminants</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Pemberton, B.E.; May, C.P.; Rossabi, J.</p> <p>1997-06-24</p> <p>An apparatus is provided which passively removes contaminated gases from a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. The apparatus includes a riser pipe extending into a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> which has an exterior end in fluid communication with a valve. When well pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure, the valve opens to release contaminants into the atmosphere, and when well pressure is less than atmospheric pressure, the valve closes to prevent flow of air into the well. The valve assembly of the invention comprises a lightweight ball which is lifted from its valve seat with a slight pressure drop between the well and the atmosphere. 7 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H44A..04C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H44A..04C"><span>Cumulative effects of wetland drainage on watershed-scale <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrologic connectivity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Creed, I. F.; Ameli, A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> hydrologic connectivity influences hydrological, biogeochemical and ecological responses within watersheds. However, information about the location, duration, and frequency of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrologic connections within wetlandscapes and between wetlandscapes and streams is often not available. This leads to a lack of understanding of the potential effects of human modifications of the landscape, including wetland degradation and removal, on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrologic connectivity and therefore watershed responses. Herein, we develop a computationally efficient, physically-based <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrologic connectivity model that explicitly characterizes the effects of wetland degradation and removal on the distribution, length, and timing of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrologic connectivity within a wetland-dominated watershed in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America. We run the model using a time series of wetland inventories that reflect incremental wetland loss from 1962, to 1993, and to 2009. We also consider a potential future wetland loss scenario based on removal of all wetlands outside of the protected areas of the watershed. Our findings suggest that wetland degradation and removal over this period increased the average length, transit time, and frequency of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrologic connections to the regional surface waters, resulting in decreased baseflow in the major river network. This study provides important insights that can be used by wetland managers and policy makers to support watershed-scale wetland protection and restoration plans to improve water resource management.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=255175','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=255175"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Water Flow and its Subsequent Impact on Chemical Behavior</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The impact of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> stratigraphy on crop growth and agrichemical behavior has been studied for several years at the OPE3 research site located at the USDA-ARS Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, in Beltsville Maryland. This site contains <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> restricting layers that have been id...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFM.H32G..07O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFM.H32G..07O"><span>Measuring <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Water Fluxes Using a Heat Pulse Sensor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ochsner, T. E.; Wang, Q.; Horton, R.</p> <p>2001-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> water flux is an important parameter in studies of runoff, infiltration, groundwater recharge, and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> chemical transport. Heat pulse sensors have been proposed as promising tools for measuring <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water fluxes. Our heat pulse probe consists of three 4-cm stainless-steel needles embedded in a waterproof epoxy body. The needles contain resistance heaters and thermocouples. The probes are connected to an external datalogger and power supply and then installed in soil. To measure the water flux, a 15-s heat pulse is generated at the middle needle using the power supply and the resistance heater, and the temperature increases at the needles 6-mm upstream and downstream from the heater are recorded using the thermocouples and datalogger. To date, heat pulse methods have required cumbersome mathematical analysis to calculate soil water flux from this measured data. We present a new mathematical analysis showing that a simple relationship exists between water flux and the ratio of the temperature increase downstream from the line heat source to the temperature increase upstream from the line heat source. The simplicity of this relationship makes heat pulse sensors a more attractive option for measuring <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water fluxes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0689/report.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0689/report.pdf"><span>Data on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of liquid waste near Pensacola, Florida, 1963-1980</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Hull, R.W.; Martin, J.B.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Since 1963, when industrial waste was first injected into the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> in northwest Florida, considerable data have been collected relating to the geochemistry of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> waste storage. This report presents hydrogeologic data on two <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> waste storage. This report presents hydrogeologic data on two <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage systems near Pensacola, Fla., which inject liquid industrial waste through deep wells into a saline aquifer. Injection sites are described giving a history of well construction, injection, and testing; geologic data from cores and grab samples; hydrographs of injection rates, volume, pressure, and water levels; and chemical and physical data from water-quality samples collected from injection and monitor wells. (USGS)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.P11B2072P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.P11B2072P"><span>An Autonomous Cryobot Synthetic Aperture Radar for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Exploration of Europa</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pradhan, O.; Gasiewski, A. J.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p> the antenna array was first carried out by characterizing their operation inside a large ice block at the Stone Aerospace <span class="hlt">facility</span> in Austin, TX. The complete radar system was then tested on the Matanuska glacier in Alaska, which is an effective Earth analog to Europan <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> exploration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016usc..confE..13S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016usc..confE..13S"><span>Active Region Formation and <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Structure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stein, F.; Nordlund, Robert A.</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>We present results from emerging magnetic flux simulations showing how several different active regions form and their very different <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures. The simulations assumed an infinite sheet of uniform, untwisted, horizontal field advected into the computational domain by inflows at a depth of 20 Mm. Results from two different horizontal field strengths, 1 and 5 kG, will be presented. Convective up and down flows buckle the horizontal field into Omega and U loops. Upflows and magnetic buoyancy carry the field toward the surface, while fast downflows pin down the field. Small (granular) convective motions, near the surface, shred the emerging field into fine filaments that emerge as the observed "pepper and salt" pattern. The large (supergranular) motions, at depth, keep the overall loop structure intact, so that as the overall omega-loop emerges through the surface the opposite polarity fields counter-stream into large unipolar flux concentrations producing first pores which then coalesce into spots. These tend to be located over the supergranular downflow lanes near the bottom of the domain. The pores and spots exhibit a great variety of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> field structures - from monolithic but twisted bundles to intertwined separate spaghetti sturctures. We will show movies of the surface evolution of the field and emergent continuum intensity and of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> evolution of the magnetic field lines.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19547587','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19547587"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> damage in precision ground ULE(R) and Zerodur(R) surfaces.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tonnellier, X; Morantz, P; Shore, P; Baldwin, A; Evans, R; Walker, D D</p> <p>2007-09-17</p> <p>The total process cycle time for large ULE((R)) and Zerodur((R))optics can be improved using a precise and rapid grinding process, with low levels of surface waviness and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage. In this paper, the amounts of defects beneath ULE((R)) and Zerodur((R) )surfaces ground using a selected grinding mode were compared. The grinding response was characterised by measuring: surface roughness, surface profile and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage. The observed <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage can be separated into two distinct depth zones, which are: 'process' and 'machine dynamics' related.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H11F1259M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H11F1259M"><span>Linking Chaotic Advection with <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Biogeochemical Processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mays, D. C.; Freedman, V. L.; White, S. K.; Fang, Y.; Neupauer, R.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>This work investigates the extent to which groundwater flow kinematics drive <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biogeochemical processes. In terms of groundwater flow kinematics, we consider chaotic advection, whose essential ingredient is stretching and folding of plumes. Chaotic advection is appealing within the context of groundwater remediation because it has been shown to optimize plume spreading in the laminar flows characteristic of aquifers. In terms of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biogeochemical processes, we consider an existing model for microbially-mediated reduction of relatively mobile uranium(VI) to relatively immobile uranium(IV) following injection of acetate into a floodplain aquifer beneath a former uranium mill in Rifle, Colorado. This model has been implemented in the reactive transport code eSTOMP, the massively parallel version of STOMP (<span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Transport Over Multiple Phases). This presentation will report preliminary numerical simulations in which the hydraulic boundary conditions in the eSTOMP model are manipulated to simulate chaotic advection resulting from engineered injection and extraction of water through a manifold of wells surrounding the plume of injected acetate. This approach provides an avenue to simulate the impact of chaotic advection within the existing framework of the eSTOMP code.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178772','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178772"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> urban heat islands in German cities.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Menberg, Kathrin; Bayer, Peter; Zosseder, Kai; Rumohr, Sven; Blum, Philipp</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Little is known about the intensity and extension of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> urban heat islands (UHI), and the individual role of the driving factors has not been revealed either. In this study, we compare groundwater temperatures in shallow aquifers beneath six German cities of different size (Berlin, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Karlsruhe and Darmstadt). It is revealed that hotspots of up to +20K often exist, which stem from very local heat sources, such as insufficiently insulated power plants, landfills or open geothermal systems. When visualizing the regional conditions in isotherm maps, mostly a concentric picture is found with the highest temperatures in the city centers. This reflects the long-term accumulation of thermal energy over several centuries and the interplay of various factors, particularly in heat loss from basements, elevated ground surface temperatures (GST) and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> infrastructure. As a primary indicator to quantify and compare large-scale UHI intensity the 10-90%-quantile range UHII(10-90) of the temperature distribution is introduced. The latter reveals, in comparison to annual atmospheric UHI intensities, an even more pronounced heating of the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMDI21A0385S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMDI21A0385S"><span>In-situ Planetary <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Imaging System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Song, W.; Weber, R. C.; Dimech, J. L.; Kedar, S.; Neal, C. R.; Siegler, M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Geophysical and seismic instruments are considered the most effective tools for studying the detailed global structures of planetary interiors. A planet's interior bears the geochemical markers of its evolutionary history, as well as its present state of activity, which has direct implications to habitability. On Earth, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> imaging often involves massive data collection from hundreds to thousands of geophysical sensors (seismic, acoustic, etc) followed by transfer by hard links or wirelessly to a central location for post processing and computing, which will not be possible in planetary environments due to imposed mission constraints on mass, power, and bandwidth. Emerging opportunities for geophysical exploration of the solar system from Venus to the icy Ocean Worlds of Jupiter and Saturn dictate that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> imaging of the deep interior will require substantial data reduction and processing in-situ. The Real-time In-situ <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Imaging (RISI) technology is a mesh network that senses and processes geophysical signals. Instead of data collection then post processing, the mesh network performs the distributed data processing and computing in-situ, and generates an evolving 3D <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> image in real-time that can be transmitted under bandwidth and resource constraints. Seismic imaging algorithms (including traveltime tomography, ambient noise imaging, and microseismic imaging) have been successfully developed and validated using both synthetic and real-world terrestrial seismic data sets. The prototype hardware system has been implemented and can be extended as a general field instrumentation platform tailored specifically for a wide variety of planetary uses, including crustal mapping, ice and ocean structure, and geothermal systems. The team is applying the RISI technology to real off-world seismic datasets. For example, the Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment (LSPE) deployed during the Apollo 17 Moon mission consisted of four geophone instruments</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SPIE.6034..127Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SPIE.6034..127Y"><span>Surface/<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> observation and removal mechanisms of ground reaction bonded silicon carbide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yao, Wang; Zhang, Yu-Min; Han, Jie-cai; Zhang, Yun-long; Zhang, Jian-han; Zhou, Yu-feng; Han, Yuan-yuan</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Reaction Bonded Silicon Carbide (RBSiC) has long been recognized as a promising material for optical applications because of its unique combination of favorable properties and low-cost fabrication. Grinding of silicon carbide is difficult because of its high hardness and brittleness. Grinding often induces surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage, residual stress and other types of damage, which have great influence on the ceramic components for optical application. In this paper, surface integrity, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage and material removal mechanisms of RBSiC ground using diamond grinding wheel on creep-feed surface grinding machine are investigated. The surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> are studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. The effects of grinding conditions on surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage are discussed. This research links the surface roughness, surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cracks to grinding parameters and provides valuable insights into the material removal mechanism and the dependence of grind induced damage on grinding conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoJI.213.1212D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoJI.213.1212D"><span>Kinematics of reflections in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> offset and angle-domain image gathers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dafni, Raanan; Symes, William W.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Seismic migration in the angle-domain generates multiple images of the earth's interior in which reflection takes place at different scattering-angles. Mechanically, the angle-dependent reflection is restricted to happen instantaneously and at a fixed point in space: Incident wave hits a discontinuity in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> media and instantly generates a scattered wave at the same common point of interaction. Alternatively, the angle-domain image may be associated with space-shift (regarded as <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> offset) extended migration that artificially splits the reflection geometry. Meaning that, incident and scattered waves interact at some offset distance. The geometric differences between the two approaches amount to a contradictory angle-domain behaviour, and unlike kinematic description. We present a phase space depiction of migration methods extended by the peculiar <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> offset split and stress its profound dissimilarity. In spite of being in radical contradiction with the general physics, the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> offset reveals a link to some valuable angle-domain quantities, via post-migration transformations. The angle quantities are indicated by the direction normal to the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> offset extended image. They specifically define the local dip and scattering angles if the velocity at the split reflection coordinates is the same for incident and scattered wave pairs. Otherwise, the reflector normal is not a bisector of the opening angle, but of the corresponding slowness vectors. This evidence, together with the distinguished geometry configuration, fundamentally differentiates the angle-domain decomposition based on the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> offset split from the conventional decomposition at a common reflection point. An asymptotic simulation of angle-domain moveout curves in layered media exposes the notion of split versus common reflection point geometry. Traveltime inversion methods that involve the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> offset extended migration must accommodate the split geometry</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JCHyd..22...19K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JCHyd..22...19K"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity on free-product recovery from unconfined aquifers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kaluarachchi, Jagath J.</p> <p>1996-03-01</p> <p>Free-product record system designs for light-hydrocarbon-contaminated sites were investigated to evaluate the effects of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity using a vertically integrated three-phase flow model. The input stochastic variable of the areal flow analysis was the log-intrinsic permeability and it was generated using the Turning Band method. The results of a series of hypothetical field-scale simulations showed that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity has a substantial effect on free-product recovery predictions. As the heterogeneity increased, the recoverable oil volume decreased and the residual trapped oil volume increased. As the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> anisotropy increased, these effects together with free- and total-oil contaminated areas were further enhanced. The use of multiple-stage water pumping was found to be insignificant compared to steady uniform pumping due to reduced recovery efficiency and increased residual oil volume. This observation was opposite to that produced under homogeneous scenarios. The effect of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity was enhanced at relatively low water pumping rates. The difference in results produced by homogeneous and heterogeneous simulations was substantial, indicating greater attention should be paid in modeling free-product recovery systems with appropriate <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70022187','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70022187"><span>Spreadsheet log analysis in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Doveton, J.H.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Most of the direct knowledge of the geology of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is gained from the examination of core and drill-cuttings recovered from boreholes drilled by the petroleum and water industries. Wireline logs run in these same boreholes generally have been restricted to tasks of lithostratigraphic correlation and thee location of hydrocarbon pay zones. However, the range of petrophysical measurements has expanded markedly in recent years, so that log traces now can be transformed to estimates of rock composition. Increasingly, logs are available in a digital format that can be read easily by a desktop computer and processed by simple spreadsheet software methods. Taken together, these developments offer accessible tools for new insights into <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geology that complement the traditional, but limited, sources of core and cutting observations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=19607&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=internet+AND+access&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=19607&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=internet+AND+access&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>PUBLICATIONS (<span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> PROTECTION AND REMEDIATION DIVISION</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>SPRD's <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Remediation Information Center (SRIC) provides publication distribution of highly specialized scientific and technical information developed by and through SPRD relating to groundwater protection and remediation and ecosystem restoration. The SRIC maintains a b...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1613834A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1613834A"><span>Examining Changes in Radioxenon Isotope Activity Ratios during <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Transport</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Annewandter, Robert</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>The Non-Proliferation Experiment (NPE) has demonstrated and modelled the usefulness of barometric pumping induced gas transport and subsequent soil gas sampling during On-Site inspections. Generally, gas transport has been widely studied with different numerical codes. However, gas transport of radioxenons and radioiodines in the post-detonation regime and their possible fractionation is still neglected in the open peer-reviewed literature. Atmospheric concentrations of the radioxenons Xe-135, Xe-133m, Xe-133 and Xe-131m can be used to discriminate between civilian releases (nuclear power plants or medical isotope <span class="hlt">facilities</span>), and nuclear explosion sources. It is based on the multiple isotopic activity ratio method. Yet it is not clear whether <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> migration of the radionuclides, with eventual release into the atmosphere, can affect the activity ratios due to fractionation. Fractionation can be caused by different mass diffusivities due to mass differences between the radionuclides. Cyclical changes in atmospheric pressure can drive <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> gas transport. This barometric pumping phenomenon causes an oscillatoric flow in upward trending fractures or highly conductive faults which, combined with diffusion into the porous matrix, leads to a net transport of gaseous components - a so-called ratcheting effect. We use a general purpose reservoir simulator (Complex System Modelling Platform, CSMP++) which is recognized by the oil industry as leading in Discrete Fracture-Matrix (DFM) simulations. It has been applied in a range of fields such as deep geothermal systems, three-phase black oil simulations, fracture propagation in fractured, porous media, and Navier-Stokes pore-scale modelling among others. It is specifically designed to account for structurally complex geologic situation of fractured, porous media. Parabolic differential equations are solved by a continuous Galerkin finite-element method, hyperbolic differential equations by a complementary finite</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10383E..0QL','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10383E..0QL"><span>Terahertz imaging for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> investigation of art paintings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Locquet, A.; Dong, J.; Melis, M.; Citrin, D. S.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Terahertz (THz) reflective imaging is applied to the stratigraphic and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> investigation of oil paintings, with a focus on the mid-20th century Italian painting, `After Fishing', by Ausonio Tanda. THz frequency-wavelet domain deconvolution, which is an enhanced deconvolution technique combining frequency-domain filtering and stationary wavelet shrinkage, is utilized to resolve the optically thin paint layers or brush strokes. Based on the deconvolved terahertz data, the stratigraphy of the painting including the paint layers is reconstructed and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> features are clearly revealed. Specifically, THz C-scans and B-scans are analyzed based on different types of deconvolved signals to investigate the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> features of the painting, including the identification of regions with more than one paint layer, the refractive-index difference between paint layers, and the distribution of the paint-layer thickness. In addition, THz images are compared with X-ray images. The THz image of the thickness distribution of the paint exhibits a high degree of correlation with the X-ray transmission image, but THz images also reveal defects in the paperboard that cannot be identified in the X-ray image. Therefore, our results demonstrate that THz imaging can be considered as an effective tool for the stratigraphic and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> investigation of art paintings. They also open up the way for the use of non-ionizing THz imaging as a potential substitute for ionizing X-ray analysis in nondestructive evaluation of art paintings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=86512&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=bio+AND+remediation&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=86512&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=bio+AND+remediation&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>GEOCHEMISTRY OF <span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> REACTIVE BARRIERS FOR REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED GROUND WATER</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Reactive barriers that couple <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> fluid flow with a passive chemical treatment zone are emerging, cost effective approaches for in-situ remediation of contaminated groundwater. Factors such as the build-up of surface precipitates, bio-fouling, and changes in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> tr...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=128701&keyword=magazines&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=128701&keyword=magazines&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF THE <span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> AT AN ABANDONED CREOSOTE WASTE SITE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The microbial ecology of pristine, slightly contaminated, and heavily contaminated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> materials, and four <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> materials on the periphery of the plume at an abandoned creosote waste site was investigated. Except for the unsaturated zone of the heavily contaminated m...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012LPI....43.2855D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012LPI....43.2855D"><span>Micro Imaging Spectrometer for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Studies of Martian Soil: Ma_Miss</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>de Sanctis, M. C.; Coradini, A.; Ammannito, E.; Boccaccini, A.; di Iorio, T.; Battistelli, E.; Capanni, A.</p> <p>2012-03-01</p> <p>Ma_Miss (Mars Multispectral Imager for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Studies) is a spectrometer devoted to observe the lateral wall of the borehole generated by the drill installed on the ExoMars Pasteur Rover to perform in situ investigations in the Mars <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19171414','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19171414"><span>Nutrient transport through a Vegetative Filter Strip with <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bhattarai, Rabin; Kalita, Prasanta Kumar; Patel, Mita Kanu</p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p>The transport of nutrients and soil sediments in runoff has been recognized as a noteworthy environmental issue. Vegetative Filter Strips (VFS) have been used as one of the best management practices (BMPs) for retaining nutrients and sediments from surface runoff, thus preventing the pollutants from reaching receiving waters. However, the effectiveness of a VFS when combined with a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage system has not been investigated previously. This study was undertaken to monitor the retention and transport of nutrients within a VFS that had a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage system installed at a depth of 1.2 m below the soil surface. Nutrient concentrations of NO(3)-N (Nitrate Nitrogen), PO(-)(4) (Orthophosphorus), and TP (Total Phosphorus) were measured in surface water samples (entering and leaving the VFS), and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> outflow. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for plant available Phosphorus (Bray P1) and NO(3)-N concentrations. Results showed that PO(-)(4), NO(3)-N, and TP concentrations decreased in surface flow through the VFS. Many surface outflow water samples from the VFS showed concentration reductions of as much as 75% for PO(-)(4) and 70% for TP. For <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> outflow water samples through the drainage system, concentrations of PO(-)(4) and TP decreased but NO(3)-N concentrations increased in comparison to concentrations in surface inflow samples. Soil samples that were collected from various depths in the VFS showed a minimal buildup of nutrients in the top soil profile but indicated a gradual buildup of nutrients at the depth of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drain. Results demonstrate that although a VFS can be very effective in reducing runoff and nutrients from surface flow, the presence of a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drain underneath the VFS may not be environmentally beneficial. Such a combination may increase NO(3)-N transport from the VFS, thus invalidating the purpose of the BMP.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JGR...10630923R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JGR...10630923R"><span>Importance of solar <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heating in ocean general circulation models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rochford, Peter A.; Kara, A. Birol; Wallcraft, Alan J.; Arnone, Robert A.</p> <p>2001-12-01</p> <p>The importance of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heating on surface mixed layer properties in an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) is examined using attenuation of solar irradiance with depth below the ocean surface. The depth-dependent attenuation of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heating is given by global monthly mean fields for the attenuation of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), kPAR. These global fields of kPAR are derived from Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) data on the spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm (k490), and have been processed to have the smoothly varying and continuous coverage necessary for use in OGCM applications. These monthly fields provide the first complete global data sets of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> optical fields that can be used for OGCM applications of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heating and bio-optical processes. The effect on global OGCM prediction of sea surface temperature (SST) and surface mixed layer depth (MLD) is examined when solar heating, as given by monthly mean kPAR and PAR fields, is included in the model. It is found that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heating yields a marked increase in the SST predictive skill of the OGCM at low latitudes. No significant improvement in MLD predictive skill is obtained when including <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heating. Use of the monthly mean kPAR produces an SST decrease of up to 0.8°C and a MLD increase of up to only 4-5 m for climatological surface forcing, with this primarily confined to the equatorial regions. Remarkably, a constant kPAR value of 0.06 m-1, which is indicative of optically clear open ocean conditions, is found to serve very well for OGCM prediction of SST and MLD over most of the global ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21520748','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21520748"><span>Phosphorus runoff losses from <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-applied poultry litter on coastal plain soils.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kibet, Leonard C; Allen, Arthur L; Kleinman, Peter J A; Feyereisen, Gary W; Church, Clinton; Saporito, Lou S; Way, Thomas R</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The application of poultry litter to soils is a water quality concern on the Delmarva Peninsula, as runoff contributes P to the eutrophic Chesapeake Bay. This study compared a new <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> applicator for poultry litter with conventional surface application and tillage incorporation of litter on a Coastal Plain soil under no-till management. Monolith lysimeters (61 cm by 61 cm by 61 cm) were collected immediately after litter application and subjected to rainfall simulation (61 mm h(-1) 1 h) 15 and 42 d later. In the first rainfall event, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> application of litter significantly lowered total P losses in runoff (1.90 kg ha(-1)) compared with surface application (4.78 kg ha(-1)). Losses of P with <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> application were not significantly different from disked litter or an unamended control. By the second event, total P losses did not differ significantly between surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> litter treatments but were at least twofold greater than losses from the disked and control treatments. A rising water table in the second event likely mobilized dissolved forms of P in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-applied litter to the soil surface, enriching runoff water with P. Across both events, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> application of litter did not significantly decrease cumulative losses of P relative to surface-applied litter, whereas disking the litter into the soil did. Results confirm the short-term reduction of runoff P losses with <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> litter application observed elsewhere but highlight the modifying effect of soil hydrology on this technology's ability to minimize P loss in runoff.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/47038','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/47038"><span>Evaluation of nutrient removal efficiency and microbial enzyme activity in a baffled <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-flow constructed wetland system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Lihua Cui; Ying Ouyang; Wenjie Gu; Weozhi Yang; Qiaoling Xu</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>In this study, the enzyme activities and their relationships to domestic wastewater purification are investigated in four different types of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-flow constructed wetlands (CWs), namely the traditional horizontal <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-flow, horizontal baffled <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-flow, vertical baffled <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-flow, and composite baffled <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-flow CWs. Results showed that...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9299718','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9299718"><span>Contaminated environments in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> and bioremediation: organic contaminants.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Holliger, C; Gaspard, S; Glod, G; Heijman, C; Schumacher, W; Schwarzenbach, R P; Vazquez, F</p> <p>1997-07-01</p> <p>Due to leakages, spills, improper disposal and accidents during transport, organic compounds have become <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contaminants that threaten important drinking water resources. One strategy to remediate such polluted <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments is to make use of the degradative capacity of bacteria. It is often sufficient to supply the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> with nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and aerobic treatments are still dominating. However, anaerobic processes have advantages such as low biomass production and good electron acceptor availability, and they are sometimes the only possible solution. This review will focus on three important groups of environmental organic contaminants: hydrocarbons, chlorinated and nitroaromatic compounds. Whereas hydrocarbons are oxidized and completely mineralized under anaerobic conditions in the presence of electron acceptors such as nitrate, iron, sulfate and carbon dioxide, chlorinated and nitroaromatic compounds are reductively transformed. For the aerobic often persistent polychlorinated compounds, reductive dechlorination leads to harmless products or to compounds that are aerobically degradable. The nitroaromatic compounds are first reductively transformed to the corresponding amines and can subsequently be bound to the humic fraction in an aerobic process. Such new findings and developments give hope that in the near future contaminated aquifers can efficiently be remediated, a prerequisite for a sustainable use of the precious-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drinking water resources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JHyd..542..101Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JHyd..542..101Z"><span>A field study of colloid transport in surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Wei; Tang, Xiang-Yu; Xian, Qing-Song; Weisbrod, Noam; Yang, Jae E.; Wang, Hong-Lan</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Colloids have been recognized to enhance the migration of strongly-sorbing contaminants. However, few field investigations have examined combined colloid transport via surface runoff and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows. In a headwater catchment of the upper Yangtze River, a 6 m (L) by 4 m (W) sloping (6°) farmland plot was built by cement walls to form no-flow side boundaries. The plot was monitored in the summer of 2014 for the release and transport of natural colloids via surface runoff and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows (i.e., the interflow from the soil-mudrock interface and fracture flow from the mudrock-sandstone interface) in response to rain events. The water sources of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows were apportioned to individual rain events using a two end-member model (i.e., mobile pre-event soil water extracted by a suction-cup sampler vs. rainwater (event water)) based on δ18O measurements. For rain events with high preceding soil moisture, mobile pre-event soil water was the main contributor (generally >60%) to the fracture flow. The colloid concentration in the surface runoff was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows. The lowest colloid concentration was found in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> interflow, which was probably the result of pore-scale colloid straining mechanisms. The rainfall intensity and its temporal variation govern the dynamics of the colloid concentrations in both surface runoff and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows. The duration of the antecedent dry period affected not only the relative contributions of the rainwater and the mobile pre-event soil water to the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows but also the peak colloid concentration, particularly in the fracture flow. The <10 μm fine colloid size fraction accounted for more than 80% of the total suspended particles in the surface runoff, while the colloid size distributions of both the interflow and the fracture flow shifted towards larger diameters. These results highlight the need to avoid the application of strongly</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004WRR....40.5115U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004WRR....40.5115U"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> flow and vegetation patterns in tidal environments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ursino, Nadia; Silvestri, Sonia; Marani, Marco</p> <p>2004-05-01</p> <p>Tidal environments are characterized by a complex interplay of hydrological, geomorphic, and biological processes, and their understanding and modeling thus require the explicit description of both their biotic and abiotic components. In particular, the presence and spatial distribution of salt marsh vegetation (a key factor in the stabilization of the surface soil) have been suggested to be related to topographic factors and to soil moisture patterns, but a general, process-based comprehension of this relationship has not yet been achieved. The present paper describes a finite element model of saturated-unsaturated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow in a schematic salt marsh, driven by tidal fluctuations and evapotranspiration. The conditions leading to the establishment of preferentially aerated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> zones are studied, and inferences regarding the development and spatial distribution of salt marsh vegetation are drawn, with important implications for the overall ecogeomorphological dynamics of tidal environments. Our results show that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water flow in the marsh induces complex water table dynamics, even when the tidal forcing has a simple sinusoidal form. The definition of a space-dependent aeration time is then proposed to characterize root aeration. The model shows that salt marsh <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow depends on the distance from the nearest creek or channel and that the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water movement near tidal creeks is both vertical and horizontal, while farther from creeks, it is primarily vertical. Moreover, the study shows that if the soil saturated conductivity is relatively low (10-6 m s-1, values quite common in salt marsh areas), a persistently unsaturated zone is present below the soil surface even after the tide has flooded the marsh; this provides evidence of the presence of an aerated layer allowing a prolonged presence of oxygen for aerobic root respiration. The results further show that plant transpiration increases the extent and persistence of the aerated</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3919113','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3919113"><span>Time-Lapse Electrical Resistivity Investigations for Imaging the Grouting Injection in Shallow <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Cavities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Farooq, Muhammad; Kim, Jung Ho; Song, Young Soo; Amjad Sabir, Mohammad; Umar, Muhammad; Tariq, Mohammad; Muhammad, Said</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The highway of Yongweol-ri, Muan-gun, south-western part of the South Korean Peninsula, is underlain by the abandoned of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cavities, which were discovered in 2005. These cavities lie at shallow depths with the range of 5∼15 meters below the ground surface. Numerous subsidence events have repeatedly occurred in the past few years, damaging infrastructure and highway. As a result of continuing subsidence issues, the Korean Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) was requested by local administration to resolve the issue. The KIGAM used geophysical methods to delineate <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cavities and improve more refined understanding of the cavities network in the study area. Cement based grouting has been widely employed in the construction industry to reinforce <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ground. In this research work, time-lapse electrical resistivity surveys were accomplished to monitor the grouting injection in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cavities beneath the highway, which have provided a quasi-real-time monitoring for modifying the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cavities related to ground reinforcement, which would be difficult with direct methods. The results obtained from time-lapse electrical resistivity technique have satisfactory imaged the grouting injection experiment in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cavities beneath the highway. Furthermore, the borehole camera confirmed the presence of grouting material in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cavities, and hence this procedure increases the mechanical resistance of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cavities below the highway. PMID:24578621</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24578621','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24578621"><span>Time-lapse electrical resistivity investigations for imaging the grouting injection in shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cavities.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Farooq, Muhammad; Park, Samgyu; Kim, Jung Ho; Song, Young Soo; Amjad Sabir, Mohammad; Umar, Muhammad; Tariq, Mohammad; Muhammad, Said</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The highway of Yongweol-ri, Muan-gun, south-western part of the South Korean Peninsula, is underlain by the abandoned of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cavities, which were discovered in 2005. These cavities lie at shallow depths with the range of 5∼15 meters below the ground surface. Numerous subsidence events have repeatedly occurred in the past few years, damaging infrastructure and highway. As a result of continuing subsidence issues, the Korean Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) was requested by local administration to resolve the issue. The KIGAM used geophysical methods to delineate <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cavities and improve more refined understanding of the cavities network in the study area. Cement based grouting has been widely employed in the construction industry to reinforce <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ground. In this research work, time-lapse electrical resistivity surveys were accomplished to monitor the grouting injection in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cavities beneath the highway, which have provided a quasi-real-time monitoring for modifying the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cavities related to ground reinforcement, which would be difficult with direct methods. The results obtained from time-lapse electrical resistivity technique have satisfactory imaged the grouting injection experiment in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cavities beneath the highway. Furthermore, the borehole camera confirmed the presence of grouting material in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cavities, and hence this procedure increases the mechanical resistance of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cavities below the highway.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015WRR....51.1158B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015WRR....51.1158B"><span>Untangling the effects of urban development on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage in Baltimore</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bhaskar, Aditi S.; Welty, Claire; Maxwell, Reed M.; Miller, Andrew J.</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>The impact of urban development on surface flow has been studied extensively over the last half century, but effects on groundwater systems are still poorly understood. Previous studies of the influence of urban development on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage have not revealed any consistent pattern, with results showing increases, decreases, and negligible change in groundwater levels. In this paper, we investigated the effects of four key features that impact <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage in urban landscapes. These include reduced vegetative cover, impervious surface cover, infiltration and inflow (I&I) of groundwater and storm water into wastewater pipes, and other anthropogenic recharge and discharge fluxes including water supply pipe leakage and well and reservoir withdrawals. We applied the integrated groundwater-surface water-land surface model ParFlow.CLM to the Baltimore metropolitan area. We compared the base case (all four features) to simulations in which an individual urban feature was removed. For the Baltimore region, the effect of infiltration of groundwater into wastewater pipes had the greatest effect on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage (I&I decreased <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage 11.1% relative to precipitation minus evapotranspiration after 1 year), followed by the impact of water supply pipe leakage and lawn irrigation (combined anthropogenic discharges and recharges led to a 7.4% decrease) and reduced vegetation (1.9% increase). Impervious surface cover led to a small increase in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage (0.56% increase) associated with decreased groundwater discharge as base flow. The change in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage due to infiltration of groundwater into wastewater pipes was largest despite the smaller spatial extent of surface flux modifications, compared to other features.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title30-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title30-vol2-sec250-801.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title30-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title30-vol2-sec250-801.pdf"><span>30 CFR 250.801 - <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> safety devices.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>... permafrost, unstable bottom conditions, hydrate formation, or paraffins, an alternate setting depth of the... such as permafrost, unstable bottom conditions, hydrate formations, and paraffins. (g) <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title30-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title30-vol2-sec250-801.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title30-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title30-vol2-sec250-801.pdf"><span>30 CFR 250.801 - <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> safety devices.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... permafrost, unstable bottom conditions, hydrate formation, or paraffins, an alternate setting depth of the... such as permafrost, unstable bottom conditions, hydrate formations, and paraffins. (g) <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title30-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title30-vol2-sec250-801.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title30-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title30-vol2-sec250-801.pdf"><span>30 CFR 250.801 - <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> safety devices.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... permafrost, unstable bottom conditions, hydrate formation, or paraffins, an alternate setting depth of the... such as permafrost, unstable bottom conditions, hydrate formations, and paraffins. (g) <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AdWR..101...60T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AdWR..101...60T"><span>Structural adjustment for accurate conditioning in large-scale <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tahmasebi, Pejman</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Most of the current <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> simulation approaches consider a priority list for honoring the well and any other auxiliary data, and eventually adopt a middle ground between the quality of the model and conditioning it to hard data. However, as the number of datasets increases, such methods often produce undesirable features in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> model. Due to their high flexibility, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> modeling based on training images (TIs) is becoming popular. Providing comprehensive TIs remains, however, an outstanding problem. In addition, identifying a pattern similar to those in the TI that honors the well and other conditioning data is often difficult. Moreover, the current <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> modeling approaches do not account for small perturbations that may occur in a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> system. Such perturbations are active in most of the depositional systems. In this paper, a new methodology is presented that is based on an irregular gridding scheme that accounts for incomplete TIs and minor offsets. Use of the methodology enables one to use a small or incomplete TI and adaptively change the patterns in the simulation grid in order to simultaneously honor the well data and take into account the effect of the local offsets. Furthermore, the proposed method was used on various complex process-based models and their structures are deformed for matching with the conditioning point data. The accuracy and robustness of the proposed algorithm are successfully demonstrated by applying it to models of several complex examples.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCC...7..595S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCC...7..595S"><span>Localized rapid warming of West Antarctic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> waters by remote winds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Spence, Paul; Holmes, Ryan M.; Hogg, Andrew Mcc.; Griffies, Stephen M.; Stewart, Kial D.; England, Matthew H.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The highest rates of Antarctic glacial ice mass loss are occurring to the west of the Antarctica Peninsula in regions where warming of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> continental shelf waters is also largest. However, the physical mechanisms responsible for this warming remain unknown. Here we show how localized changes in coastal winds off East Antarctica can produce significant <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature anomalies (>2 °C) around much of the continent. We demonstrate how coastal-trapped barotropic Kelvin waves communicate the wind disturbance around the Antarctic coastline. The warming is focused on the western flank of the Antarctic Peninsula because the circulation induced by the coastal-trapped waves is intensified by the steep continental slope there, and because of the presence of pre-existing warm <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water offshore. The adjustment to the coastal-trapped waves shoals the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> isotherms and brings warm deep water upwards onto the continental shelf and closer to the coast. This result demonstrates the vulnerability of the West Antarctic region to a changing climate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1344035-detection-subsurface-air-radioxenon-released-from-medical-isotope-production','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1344035-detection-subsurface-air-radioxenon-released-from-medical-isotope-production"><span>Detection in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> air of radioxenon released from medical isotope production</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Johnson, Christine; Biegalski, Steven; Haas, Derek</p> <p></p> <p>Abstract Under the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, an On-Site Inspection (OSI) may be conducted to clarify whether a nuclear explosion has been carried out in violation of Article I of the Treaty. A major component of an OSI is the measurement of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> gases in order to detect radioactive noble gases that are produced in a nuclear explosion, particularly radioxenon and radioargon. In order to better understand potential backgrounds of these gases, a sampling campaign was performed near Canadian Nuclear Laboratories in the Ottawa River Valley, a major source of environmental radioxenon. First of their kind measurements of atmospheric radioxenon imprintedmore » into the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> from an atmospheric pressure driven force were made using current OSI techniques to measure both atmospheric and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> gas samples which were analyzed for radioxenon. These measurements indicate that under specific sampling conditions, on the order of one percent of the atmospheric radioxenon concentration may be measured via <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sampling.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784038','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784038"><span>A wavefront reconstruction method for 3-D cylindrical <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> radar imaging.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Flores-Tapia, Daniel; Thomas, Gabriel; Pistorius, Stephen</p> <p>2008-10-01</p> <p>In recent years, the use of radar technology has been proposed in a wide range of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> imaging applications. Traditionally, linear scan trajectories are used to acquire data in most <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> radar applications. However, novel applications, such as breast microwave imaging and wood inspection, require the use of nonlinear scan trajectories in order to adjust to the geometry of the scanned area. This paper proposes a novel reconstruction algorithm for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> radar data acquired along cylindrical scan trajectories. The spectrum of the collected data is processed in order to locate the spatial origin of the target reflections and remove the spreading of the target reflections which results from the different signal travel times along the scan trajectory. The proposed algorithm was successfully tested using experimental data collected from phantoms that mimic high contrast <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> radar scenarios, yielding promising results. Practical considerations such as spatial resolution and sampling constraints are discussed and illustrated as well.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=20186&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=land+AND+indigenous&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=20186&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=land+AND+indigenous&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>OVERVIEW -- <span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> PROTECTION AND REMEDIATION DIVISION</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>NRMRL's <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Protection and Remediation Division located in Ada, Oklahoma, conducts EPA-investigator led laboratory and field research to provide the scientific basis to support the development of strategies and technologies to protect and restore ground and surface water q...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=126334&keyword=hplc&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=126334&keyword=hplc&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>BIODEGRADATION OF ATRAZINE IN <span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> ENVIRONMENTS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The pesticide atrazine is frequently detected in ground water, including ground water used as drinking water. Little information is available on the fate of atrazine in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, including its biodegradability. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the biodegradabil...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26917241','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26917241"><span>Geomicrobiology and Metagenomics of Terrestrial Deep <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Microbiomes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Itävaara, M; Salavirta, H; Marjamaa, K; Ruskeeniemi, T</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Fractures in the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of Earth's crust are inhabited by diverse microbial communities that participate in biogeochemical cycles of the Earth. Life on Earth, which arose c. 3.5-4.0 billion years ago, reaches down at least 5 km in the crust. Deep mines, caves, and boreholes have provided scientists with opportunities to sample deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbiomes and to obtain information on the species diversity and functions. A wide variety of bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes, and viruses are now known to reside in the crust, but their functions are still largely unknown. The crust at different depths has varying geological composition and hosts endemic microbiomes accordingly. The diversity is driven by geological formations and gases evolving from deeper depths. Cooperation among different species is still mostly unexplored, but viruses are known to restrict density of bacterial and archaeal populations. Due to the complex growth requirements of the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbiomes, the new knowledge about their diversity and functions is mostly obtained by molecular methods, eg, meta'omics'. Geomicrobiology is a multidisciplinary research area combining disciplines from geology, mineralogy, geochemistry, and microbiology. Geomicrobiology is concerned with the interaction of microorganisms and geological processes. At the surface of mineralogical or rock surfaces, geomicrobial processes occur mainly under aerobic conditions. In the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, however, the environmental conditions are reducing and anaerobic. The present chapter describes the world of microbiomes in deep terrestrial geological environments as well as metagenomic and metatranscriptomic methods suitable for studies of these enigmatic communities. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.9772M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.9772M"><span>Urban heat islands in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of German cities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Menberg, K.; Blum, P.; Zhu, K.; Bayer, P.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>In the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of many cities there are widespread and persistent thermal anomalies (<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> urban heat islands) that result in a warming of urban aquifers. The reasons for this heating are manifold. Possible heat sources are basements of buildings, leakage of sewage systems, buried district heating networks, re-injection of cooling water and solar irradiation on paved surfaces. In the current study, the reported groundwater temperatures in several German cities, such as Berlin, Munich, Cologne and Karlsruhe, are compared. Available data sets are supplemented by temperature measurements and depth profiles in observation wells. Trend analyses are conducted with time series of groundwater temperatures, and three-dimensional groundwater temperature maps are provided. In all investigated cities, pronounced positive temperature anomalies are present. The distribution of groundwater temperatures appears to be spatially and temporally highly variable. Apparently, the increased heat input into the urban <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is controlled by very local and site-specific parameters. In the long-run, the superposition of various heat sources results in an extensive temperature increase. In many cases, the maximum temperature elevation is found close to the city centre. Regional groundwater temperature differences between the city centre and the rural background are up to 5 °C, with local hot spots of even more pronounced anomalies. Particular heat sources, like cooling water injections or case-specific underground constructions, can cause local temperatures > 20°C in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Examination of the long-term variations in isotherm maps shows that temperatures have increased by about 1°C in the city, as well as in the rural background areas over the last decades. This increase could be reproduced with trend analysis of temperature data gathered from several groundwater wells. Comparison between groundwater and air temperatures in Karlsruhe, for example, also indicates a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040082317','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040082317"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Stress Fields in FCC Single Crystal Anisotropic Contacts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Arakere, Nagaraj K.; Knudsen, Erik; Swanson, Gregory R.; Duke, Gregory; Ham-Battista, Gilda</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Single crystal superalloy turbine blades used in high pressure turbomachinery are subject to conditions of high temperature, triaxial steady and alternating stresses, fretting stresses in the blade attachment and damper contact locations, and exposure to high-pressure hydrogen. The blades are also subjected to extreme variations in temperature during start-up and shutdown transients. The most prevalent high cycle fatigue (HCF) failure modes observed in these blades during operation include crystallographic crack initiation/propagation on octahedral planes, and non-crystallographic initiation with crystallographic growth. Numerous cases of crack initiation and crack propagation at the blade leading edge tip, blade attachment regions, and damper contact locations have been documented. Understanding crack initiation/propagation under mixed-mode loading conditions is critical for establishing a systematic procedure for evaluating HCF life of single crystal turbine blades. This paper presents analytical and numerical techniques for evaluating two and three dimensional <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> stress fields in anisotropic contacts. The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> stress results are required for evaluating contact fatigue life at damper contacts and dovetail attachment regions in single crystal nickel-base superalloy turbine blades. An analytical procedure is presented for evaluating the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> stresses in the elastic half-space, based on the adaptation of a stress function method outlined by Lekhnitskii. Numerical results are presented for cylindrical and spherical anisotropic contacts, using finite element analysis (FEA). Effects of crystal orientation on stress response and fatigue life are examined. Obtaining accurate <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> stress results for anisotropic single crystal contact problems require extremely refined three-dimensional (3-D) finite element grids, especially in the edge of contact region. Obtaining resolved shear stresses (RSS) on the principal slip planes also involves</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130013637','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130013637"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> In Situ Elemental Composition Measurements with PING</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Parsons, Ann; McClanahan, Timothy; Bodnarik, Julia; Evans, Larry; Nowicki, Suzanne; Schweitzer, Jeffrey; Starr, Richard</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>This paper describes the Probing In situ with Neutron and Gamma rays (PING) instrument, that can measure the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> elemental composition in situ for any rocky body in the solar system without the need for digging into the surface. PING consists of a Pulsed Neutron Generator (PNG), a gamma ray spectrometer and neutron detectors. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> elements are stimulated by high-energy neutrons to emit gamma rays at characteristic energies. This paper will show how the detection of these gamma rays results in a measurement of elemental composition. Examples of the basalt to granite ratios for aluminum and silicon abundance are provided.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/10189505','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/10189505"><span>Feasibility study of tank leakage mitigation using <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> barriers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Treat, R.L.; Peters, B.B.; Cameron, R.J.</p> <p>1994-09-21</p> <p>The US Department of Energy (DOE) has established the Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) to satisfy manage and dispose of the waste currently stored in the underground storage tanks. The retrieval element of TWRS includes a work scope to develop <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> impermeable barriers beneath SSTs. The barriers could serve as a means to contain leakage that may result from waste retrieval operations and could also support site closure activities by facilitating cleanup. Three types of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> barrier systems have emerged for further consideration: (1) chemical grout, (2) freeze walls, and (3) desiccant, represented in this feasibility study as a circulatingmore » air barrier. This report contains analyses of the costs and relative risks associated with combinations retrieval technologies and barrier technologies that from 14 alternatives. Eight of the alternatives include the use of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> barriers; the remaining six nonbarrier alternative are included in order to compare the costs, relative risks and other values of retrieval with <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> barriers. Each alternative includes various combinations of technologies that can impact the risks associated with future contamination of the groundwater beneath the Hanford Site to varying degrees. Other potential risks associated with these alternatives, such as those related to accidents and airborne contamination resulting from retrieval and barrier emplacement operations, are not quantitatively evaluated in this report.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=83027&keyword=Ford&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=83027&keyword=Ford&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>IMPACT OF REDOX DISEQUILIBRIA ON CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT AND REMEDIATION IN <span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> SYSTEMS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Partitioning to mineral surfaces exerts significant control on inorganic contaminant transport in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> systems. Remedial technologies for in-situ treatment of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contamination are frequently designed to optimize the efficiency of contaminant partitioning to solid s...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1014915','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1014915"><span>Molten salt as a heat transfer fluid for heating a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> formation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Nguyen, Scott Vinh; Vinegar, Harold J.</p> <p>2010-11-16</p> <p>A heating system for a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> formation includes a conduit located in an opening in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> formation. An insulated conductor is located in the conduit. A material is in the conduit between a portion of the insulated conductor and a portion of the conduit. The material may be a salt. The material is a fluid at operating temperature of the heating system. Heat transfers from the insulated conductor to the fluid, from the fluid to the conduit, and from the conduit to the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> formation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70029884','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70029884"><span>Fractal topography and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water flows from fluvial bedforms to the continental shield</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Worman, A.; Packman, A.I.; Marklund, L.; Harvey, J.W.; Stone, S.H.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Surface-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow interactions are critical to a wide range of geochemical and ecological processes and to the fate of contaminants in freshwater environments. Fractal scaling relationships have been found in distributions of both land surface topography and solute efflux from watersheds, but the linkage between those observations has not been realized. We show that the fractal nature of the land surface in fluvial and glacial systems produces fractal distributions of recharge, discharge, and associated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow patterns. Interfacial flux tends to be dominated by small-scale features while the flux through deeper <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow paths tends to be controlled by larger-scale features. This scaling behavior holds at all scales, from small fluvial bedforms (tens of centimeters) to the continental landscape (hundreds of kilometers). The fractal nature of surface-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water fluxes yields a single scale-independent distribution of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water residence times for both near-surface fluvial systems and deeper hydrogeological flows. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/946355-generalized-subsurface-flow-parameterization-considering-subgrid-spatial-variability-recharge-topography','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/946355-generalized-subsurface-flow-parameterization-considering-subgrid-spatial-variability-recharge-topography"><span>A Generalized <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Flow Parameterization Considering Subgrid Spatial Variability of Recharge and Topography</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Huang, Maoyi; Liang, Xu; Leung, Lai R.</p> <p>2008-12-05</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> flow is an important hydrologic process and a key component of the water budget, especially in humid regions. In this study, a new <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow formulation is developed that incorporates spatial variability of both topography and recharge. It is shown through theoretical derivation and case studies that the power law and exponential <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow parameterizations and the parameterization proposed by Woods et al.[1997] are all special cases of the new formulation. The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows calculated using the new formulation compare well with values derived from observations at the Tulpehocken Creek and Walnut Creek watersheds. Sensitivity studies show that whenmore » the spatial variability of topography or recharge, or both is increased, the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows increase at the two aforementioned sites and the Maimai hillslope. This is likely due to enhancement of interactions between the groundwater table and the land surface that reduce the flow path. An important conclusion of this study is that the spatial variability of recharge alone, and/or in combination with the spatial variability of topography can substantially alter the behaviors of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows. This suggests that in macroscale hydrologic models or land surface models, subgrid variations of recharge and topography can make significant contributions to the grid mean <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow and must be accounted for in regions with large surface heterogeneity. This is particularly true for regions with humid climate and relatively shallow groundwater table where the combined impacts of spatial variability of recharge and topography are shown to be more important. For regions with arid climate and relatively deep groundwater table, simpler formulations, especially the power law, for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow can work well, and the impacts of subgrid variations of recharge and topography may be ignored.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=160823&keyword=stress+AND+relationship&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=160823&keyword=stress+AND+relationship&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>EFFECTS OF COPPER ON COMMUNITY, FUNCTIONAL, AND BEHAVIORAL ENDPOINTS IN AN ARTIFICIAL STREAM STUDY</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>A study of the effects of copper on biota and behavioral endpoints was carried out at the U.S. EPA's Experimental Stream <span class="hlt">Facility</span> (<span class="hlt">ESF</span>), Milford OH. The objective of the study was to identify relationships between structural (macrobenthos and periphyton indices), functional (inte...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20212541','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20212541"><span>Remote sensing of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water temperature by Raman scattering.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Leonard, D A; Caputo, B; Hoge, F E</p> <p>1979-06-01</p> <p>The application of Raman scattering to remote sensing of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water temperature and salinity is considered, and both theoretical and experimental aspects of the technique are discussed. Recent experimental field measurements obtained in coastal waters and on a trans-Atlantic/Mediterranean research cruise are correlated with theoretical expectations. It is concluded that the Raman technique for remote sensing of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water temperature has been brought from theoretical and laboratory stages to the point where practical utilization can now be developed.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28646753','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28646753"><span>Mechanical properties and molecular structure analysis of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> dentin after Er:YAG laser irradiation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>He, Zhengdi; Chen, Lingling; Hu, Xuejuan; Shimada, Yasushi; Otsuki, Masayuki; Tagami, Junji; Ruan, Shuangchen</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the chemical and mechanical modifications in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> dentin layer after Er: YAG (Erbium-Yttrium Aluminium Garnet) laser irradiation, as the guidance of new dental restorative materials specific for laser irradiated dentin. Dentin disks obtained from extracted human molars were prepared and exposed to a single pulse Er:YAG laser irradiation at 80mJ/pulse. After laser irradiation the mechanical and chemical characteristics of intertubular dentin in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layer were studied using nanoindentation tester and micro-Raman spectromy (μ-RS). The dentin 5-50µm depth beneath the lased surface was determined as testing area. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the mechanical values between lased and untreated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> dentin (P = 0.05). A laser affected <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> dentin layer after Er:YAG laser treatment is present. The laser irradiation is considered to decrease the mechanical properties in the superficial <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layer (<15µm deep). There was no significant difference in nanohardness and Young's modulus between lased <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> dentin and untreated dentin (p > 0.05) under the depth of 15µm. However, the dentin at 5µm and 10µm depth beneath the lased surface exhibited significantly lower (~ 47.8% and ~ 33.6% respectively) hardness (p < 0.05). Er:YAG laser irradiation affected both mineral and organic components in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> dentin layer, a higher degree of crystallinity and reduced organic compounds occurred in the lased <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> dentin. Under the tested laser parameters, Er:YAG laser irradiation causes lower mechanical values and reduction of organic components in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> dentin, which has deleterious effects on resin adhesion to this area. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.P51E..04B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.P51E..04B"><span>Radar Imaging of Europa's <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Properties and Processes: The View from Earth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Blankenship, D. D.; Moore, W. B.; Young, D. A.; Peters, M. E.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>A primary objective of future Europa studies will be to characterize the distribution of shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water as well as to identify any ice-ocean interface. Another objective will be to understand the formation of surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> features associated with interchange processes between any ocean and the surface. Achieving these objectives will require either direct or inferred knowledge of the position of any ice/water interfaces as well as any brine or layer pockets. We will review the hypothesized processes that control the thermal, compositional and structural (TCS) properties, and therefore the dielectric character, of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of Europa's icy shell. Our approach will be to extract the TCS properties for various <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> processes thought to control the formation of major surface (e.g., ridges/bands, lenticulae, chaos, cratering...) and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> (e.g., rigid shell eutectics, diapirs, accretionary lenses ...) features on Europa. We will then assess the spectrum of analog processes and TCS properties represented by Earth's cryosphere including both Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets, ice shelves and valley glaciers. There are few complete analogs over the full TCS space but, because of the wide range of ice thickness, impurities and strain rates for Earth's cryosphere, there are many more analogs than many Earth and planetary researchers might imagine for significant portions of this space (e.g., bottom crevasses, marine ice shelf/subglacial lake accretion, surging polythermal glaciers...).Our ultimate objective is to use these Earth analog studies to define the radar imaging approach for Europa's <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> that will be most useful for supporting/refuting the hypotheses for the formation of major surface/<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> features as well as for "pure" exploration of Europa's icy shell and its interface with the underlying ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27209171','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27209171"><span>Activation of Peroxymonosulfate by <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Minerals.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yu, Miao; Teel, Amy L; Watts, Richard J</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) has become a widely used technology for the remediation of soil and groundwater. Although peroxymonosulfate is not a common oxidant source for ISCO, its chemical structure is similar to the ISCO reagents hydrogen peroxide and persulfate, suggesting that peroxymonosulfate may have the beneficial properties of each of these oxidants. Peroxymonosulfate activation in the presence of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> minerals was examined as a basis for ISCO, and possible reactive species (hydroxyl radical, sulfate radical, and reductants+nucleophiles) generated in the mineral-activated peroxymonosulfate systems were investigated. Rates of peroxymonosulfate decomposition and generation rates of reactive species were studied in the presence of three iron oxides, one manganese oxide, and three soil fractions. The iron oxide hematite-activated peroxymonosulfate system most effectively degraded the hydroxyl radical probe nitrobenzene. Reductants+nucleophiles were not generated in mineral-activated peroxymonosulfate systems. Use of the probe compound anisole in conjunction with scavengers demonstrated that both sulfate radical and hydroxyl radical are generated in mineral-activated peroxymonosulfate systems. In order to confirm the activation of peroxymonosulfate by <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> minerals, one natural soil and associated two soil fractions were evaluated as peroxymonosulfate catalysts. The natural soil did not effectively promote the generation of oxidants; however, the soil organic matter was found to promote the generation of reductants + nucleophiles. The results of this research show that peroxymonosulfate has potential as an oxidant source for ISCO applications, and would be most effective in treating halogenated contaminants when soil organic matter is present in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010023057&hterms=oil+drilling&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Doil%2Bdrilling','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010023057&hterms=oil+drilling&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Doil%2Bdrilling"><span>How to Access and Sample the Deep <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> of Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Briggs, G.; Blacic, J.; Dreesen, D.; Mockler, T.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>We are developing a technology roadmap to support a series of Mars lander missions aimed at successively deeper and more comprehensive explorations of the Martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. The proposed mission sequence is outlined. Key to this approach is development of a drilling and sampling technology robust and flexible enough to successfully penetrate the presently unknown <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geology and structure. Martian environmental conditions, mission constraints of power and mass and a requirement for a high degree of automation all limit applicability of many proven terrestrial drilling technologies. Planetary protection and bioscience objectives further complicate selection of candidate systems. Nevertheless, recent advances in drilling technologies for the oil & gas, mining, underground utility and other specialty drilling industries convinces us that it will be possible to meet science and operational objectives of Mars <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> exploration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014OptEn..53i2010C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014OptEn..53i2010C"><span>Magnetorheological finishing for removing surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects of fused silica optics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Catrin, Rodolphe; Neauport, Jerome; Taroux, Daniel; Cormont, Philippe; Maunier, Cedric; Lambert, Sebastien</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>We investigate the capacity of magnetorheological finishing (MRF) process to remove surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects of fused silica optics. Polished samples with engineered surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects were manufactured and characterized. Uniform material removals were performed with a QED Q22-XE machine using different MRF process parameters in order to remove these defects. We provide evidence that whatever the MRF process parameters are, MRF is able to remove surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects. Moreover, we show that MRF induces a pollution of the glass interface similar to conventional polishing processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1016167','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1016167"><span>STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF <span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES AFFECTING RADIONUCLIDE TRANSPORT AND BIOIMMOBILIZATION</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Joel E. Kostka; Lee Kerkhof; Kuk-Jeong Chin</p> <p>2011-06-15</p> <p>The objectives of this project were to: (1) isolate and characterize novel anaerobic prokaryotes from <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments exposed to high levels of mixed contaminants (U(VI), nitrate, sulfate), (2) elucidate the diversity and distribution of metabolically active metal- and nitrate-reducing prokaryotes in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments, and (3) determine the biotic and abiotic mechanisms linking electron transport processes (nitrate, Fe(III), and sulfate reduction) to radionuclide reduction and immobilization. Mechanisms of electron transport and U(VI) transformation were examined under near in situ conditions in sediment microcosms and in field investigations at the Oak Ridge Field Research Center (ORFRC), in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where themore » <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is exposed to mixed contamination predominated by uranium and nitrate. A total of 20 publications (16 published or 'in press' and 4 in review), 10 invited talks, and 43 contributed seminars/ meeting presentations were completed during the past four years of the project. PI Kostka served on one proposal review panel each year for the U.S. DOE Office of Science during the four year project period. The PI leveraged funds from the state of Florida to purchase new instrumentation that aided the project. Support was also leveraged by the PI from the Joint Genome Institute in the form of two successful proposals for genome sequencing. Draft genomes are now available for two novel species isolated during our studies and 5 more genomes are in the pipeline. We effectively addressed each of the three project objectives and research highlights are provided. Task I - Isolation and characterization of novel anaerobes: (1) A wide range of pure cultures of metal-reducing bacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria, and denitrifying bacteria (32 strains) were isolated from <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments of the Oak Ridge Field Research Center (ORFRC), where the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is exposed to mixed contamination of uranium and nitrate. These isolates which</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA519231','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA519231"><span>The Global Economic Crisis: Impact on Sub-Saharan Africa and Global Policy Responses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-06</p> <p>financial assistance to Africa is provided through the IMF’s concessional lending <span class="hlt">facilities</span>, the Poverty Reduction and Growth <span class="hlt">Facility</span> ( PRGF ) and...Notes: Amounts are the total amount of outstanding PRGF and <span class="hlt">ESF</span> loans to African countries at the end of April for each year...Report RS22534, The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, by Martin A. Weiss. 107 PRGF loans are intended to help low-income countries address</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPSC...11.1007X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPSC...11.1007X"><span>Inter-comparison of Methods for Extracting <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Layers from SHARAD Radargrams over Martian polar regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xiong, S.; Muller, J.-P.; Carretero, R. C.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> layers are preserved in the polar regions on Mars, representing a record of past climate changes on Mars. Orbital radar instruments, such as the Mars Advanced Radar for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) onboard ESA Mars Express (MEX) and the SHAllow RADar (SHARAD) onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), transmit radar signals to Mars and receive a set of return signals from these <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> regions. Layering is a prominent <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> feature, which has been revealed by both MARSIS and SHARAD radargrams over both polar regions on Mars. Automatic extraction of these <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layering is becoming increasingly important as there is now over ten years' of data archived. In this study, we investigate two different methods for extracting these <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layers from SHARAD data and compare the results against delineated layers derived manually to validate which methods is better for extracting these layers automatically.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=340477&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=One+AND+case+AND+study+AND+approach&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=340477&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=One+AND+case+AND+study+AND+approach&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Need to improve SWMM's <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow routing algorithm for green infrastructure modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>SWMM can simulate various <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows, including groundwater (GW) release from a subcatchment to a node, percolation out of storage units and low impact development (LID) controls, and rainfall derived inflow and infiltration (RDII) at a node. Originally, the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MSSP...87...54Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MSSP...87...54Y"><span>Lifetime prediction for the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> crack propagation using three-dimensional dynamic FEA model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yin, Yuan; Chen, Yun-Xia; Liu, Le</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> crack propagation is one of the major interests for gear system research. The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> crack propagation lifetime is the number of cycles remaining for a spall to appear, which can be obtained through either stress intensity factor or accumulated plastic strain analysis. In this paper, the heavy loads are applied to the gear system. When choosing stress intensity factor, the high compressive stress suppresses Mode I stress intensities and severely reduces Mode II stress intensities in the heavily loaded lubricated contacts. Such that, the accumulated plastic strain is selected to calculate the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> crack propagation lifetime from the three-dimensional FEA model through ANSYS Workbench transient analysis. The three-dimensional gear FEA dynamic model with the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> crack is built through dividing the gears into several small elements. The calculation of the total cycles of the elements is proposed based on the time-varying accumulated plastic strain, which then will be used to calculate the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> crack propagation lifetime. During this process, the demonstration from a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> crack to a spall can be uncovered. In addition, different sizes of the elements around the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> crack are compared in this paper. The influences of the frictional coefficient and external torque on the crack propagation lifetime are also discussed. The results show that the lifetime of crack propagation decreases significantly when the external load T increasing from 100 N m to 150 N m. Given from the distributions of the accumulated plastic strain, the lifetime shares no significant difference when the frictional coefficient f ranging in 0.04-0.06.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.H13C1117R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.H13C1117R"><span>The influence of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrodynamics on convective precipitation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rahman, A. S. M. M.; Sulis, M.; Kollet, S. J.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The terrestrial hydrological cycle comprises complex processes in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, land surface, and atmosphere, which are connected via complex non-linear feedback mechanisms. The influence of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrodynamics on land surface mass and energy fluxes has been the subject of previous studies. Several studies have also investigated the soil moisture-precipitation feedback, neglecting however the connection with groundwater dynamics. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrodynamics on convective precipitation events via shallow soil moisture and land surface processes. A scale-consistent Terrestrial System Modeling Platform (TerrSysMP) that consists of an atmospheric model (COSMO), a land surface model (CLM), and a three-dimensional variably saturated groundwater-surface water flow model (ParFlow), is used to simulate hourly mass and energy fluxes over days with convective rainfall events over the Rur catchment, Germany. In order to isolate the effect of groundwater dynamics on convective precipitation, two different model configurations with identical initial conditions are considered. The first configuration allows the groundwater table to evolve through time, while a spatially distributed, temporally constant groundwater table is prescribed as a lower boundary condition in the second configuration. The simulation results suggest that groundwater dynamics influence land surface soil moisture, which in turn affects the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height by modifying atmospheric thermals. It is demonstrated that because of this sensitivity of ABL height to soil moisture-temperature feedback, the onset and magnitude of convective precipitation is influenced by <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrodynamics. Thus, the results provide insight into the soil moisture-precipitation feedback including groundwater dynamics in a physically consistent manner by closing the water cycle from aquifers to the atmosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/675782','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/675782"><span>Method for formation of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> barriers using viscous colloids</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Apps, J.A.; Persoff, P.; Moridis, G.; Pruess, K.</p> <p>1998-11-17</p> <p>A method is described for formation of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> barriers using viscous liquids where a viscous liquid solidifies at a controlled rate after injection into soil and forms impermeable isolation of the material enclosed within the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> barriers. The viscous liquid is selected from the group consisting of polybutenes, polysiloxanes, colloidal silica and modified colloidal silica of which solidification is controlled by gelling, cooling or cross-linking. Solidification timing is controlled by dilution, addition of brines, coating with alumina, stabilization with various agents and by temperature. 17 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060022157&hterms=test+automation&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dtest%2Bautomation','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060022157&hterms=test+automation&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dtest%2Bautomation"><span>Drilling Automation Demonstrations in <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Exploration for Astrobiology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Glass, Brian; Cannon, H.; Lee, P.; Hanagud, S.; Davis, K.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>This project proposes to study <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> permafrost microbial habitats at a relevant Arctic Mars-analog site (Haughton Crater, Devon Island, Canada) while developing and maturing the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drilling and drilling automation technologies that will be required by post-2010 missions. It builds on earlier drilling technology projects to add permafrost and ice-drilling capabilities to 5m with a lightweight drill that will be automatically monitored and controlled in-situ. Frozen cores obtained with this drill under sterilized protocols will be used in testing three hypotheses pertaining to near-surface physical geology and ground H2O ice distribution, viewed as a habitat for microbial life in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ice and ice-consolidated sediments. Automation technologies employed will demonstrate hands-off diagnostics and drill control, using novel vibrational dynamical analysis methods and model-based reasoning to monitor and identify drilling fault states before and during faults. Three field deployments, to a Mars-analog site with frozen impact crater fallback breccia, will support science goals, provide a rigorous test of drilling automation and lightweight permafrost drilling, and leverage past experience with the field site s particular logistics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=20195&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=internet+AND+access&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=20195&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=internet+AND+access&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>MONTHLY HIGHLIGHTS (<span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> PROTECTION AND REMEDIATION DIVISION)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Protection and Remediation Division (SPRD) produces monthly highlights describing research accomplishments, involvement in current technical assistance activities, and staff participation in scientific meetings and conferences. Announcements of the release and avai...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020046350&hterms=warm&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dwarm','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020046350&hterms=warm&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dwarm"><span>Is Europa's <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Water Ocean Warm?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Melosh, H. J.; Ekholm, A. G.; Showman, A. P.; Lorenz, R. D.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Europa's <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water ocean may be warm: that is, at the temperature of water's maximum density. This provides a natural explanation of chaos melt-through events and leads to a correct estimate of the age of its surface. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPP31A1249L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPP31A1249L"><span>Prediction of future <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperatures in Korea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, Y.; Kim, S. K.; Jeong, J.; SHIN, E.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The importance of climate change has been increasingly recognized because it has had the huge amount of impact on social, economic, and environmental aspect. For the reason, paleoclimate change has been studied intensively using different geological tools including borehole temperatures and future surface air temperatures (SATs) have been predicted for the local areas and the globe. Future <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperatures can have also enormous impact on various areas and be predicted by an analytical method or a numerical simulation using measured and predicted SATs, and thermal diffusivity data of rocks. SATs have been measured at 73 meteorological observatories since 1907 in Korea and predicted at same locations up to the year of 2100. Measured SATs at the Seoul meteorological observatory increased by about 3.0 K from the year of 1907 to the present. Predicted SATs have 4 different scenarios depending on mainly CO2 concentration and national action plan on climate change in the future. The hottest scenario shows that SATs in Korea will increase by about 5.0 K from the present to the year of 2100. In addition, thermal diffusivity values have been measured on 2,903 rock samples collected from entire Korea. Data pretreatment based on autocorrelation analysis was conducted to control high frequency noise in thermal diffusivity data. Finally, future <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperatures in Korea were predicted up to the year of 2100 by a FEM simulation code (COMSOL Multiphysics) using measured and predicted SATs, and thermal diffusivity data in Korea. At Seoul, the results of predictions show that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperatures will increase by about 5.4 K, 3.0 K, 1.5 K, and 0.2 K from the present to 2050 and then by about 7.9 K, 4.8 K, 2.5 K, and 0.5 K to 2100 at the depths of 10 m, 50 m, 100 m, and 200 m, respectively. We are now proceeding numerical simulations for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature predictions for 73 locations in Korea.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.H13L..03O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.H13L..03O"><span>Mechanisms of Arsenic Mobilization and Attenuation in <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Sediments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>O'Day, P. A.; Illera, V.; Root, R.; Choi, S.; Vlassopoulos, D.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>This talk will review molecular mechanisms of As mobilization and attenuation in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments using examples from recent field studies that represent a range in oxidation-redox (redox) potential. As a ubiquitous trace element in sediments, As speciation and fate is linked to the abundance and biogeochemical behavior of the generally more abundant redox-active elements Fe, S, and Mn. All four elements are subject to oxidation, reduction, and pH-dependent processes such as sorption, desorption, precipitation, and dissolution, and which may include both biotic and abiotic reaction steps. We have used spectroscopic interrogation and geochemical modeling to characterize As speciation in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments in several contrasting environments, including high and low S and Fe settings. Aquifers most at risk for contamination by As include those that are rich in organic matter and nutrients, stimulating high rates of microbial reduction and creating anoxic conditions, but limited in labile or available S and/or Fe that remove As by precipitation or adsorption. In <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments with low labile S and Fe, laboratory experiments and spectroscopic studies suggest that sediment Mn minerals are important in the oxidation of sorbed As(III) to As(V), but that they have a limited oxidation capacity. Arsenic attenuation and mobilization in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> are affected by seasonal variations when hydraulic conditions are influenced by surface infiltration, which may induce transitions from oxidized to reduced conditions (or vice versa) in porewater.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA21137.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA21137.html"><span>Radargrams Indicating Ice-Rich <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Deposit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-11-22</p> <p>These two images show data acquired by the Shallow Radar (SHARAD) instrument while passing over two ground tracks in a part of Mars' Utopia Planitia region where the orbiting, ground-penetrating radar detected <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> deposits rich in water ice. The instrument on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter emits radio waves and times their echo off of radio-reflective surfaces and interfaces on Mars. The white arrows indicate a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> reflector interpreted as the bottom of the ice-rich deposit. The deposit is about as large in area as the state of New Mexico and contains about as much water as Lake Superior. The horizontal scale bar indicates 40 kilometers (25 miles) along the ground track of the radar, as flown by the orbiter overhead. The vertical scale bar indicates a return time of one microsecond for the reflected radio signal, equivalent to a distance of about 90 meters (295 feet). http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21137</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ISPAr62W1....1B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ISPAr62W1....1B"><span>The Development of 3d <span class="hlt">Sub-Surface</span> Mapping Scheme and its Application to Martian Lobate Debris Aprons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Baik, H.; Kim, J.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>The Shallow <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Radar (SHARAD), a sounding radar equipped on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), has produced highly valuable information about the Martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. In particular, the complicated substructures of Mars such as polar deposit, pedestal crater and the other geomorphic features involving possible <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ice body has been successfully investigated by SHARAD. In this study, we established a 3D <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> mapping strategy employing the multiple SHARAD profiles. A number of interpretation components of SHARAD signals were integrated into a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> mapping scheme using radargram information and topographic data, then applied over a few mid latitude Lobate Debris Aprons (LDAs). From the identified <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layers of LDA, and the GIS data base incorporating the other interpretation outcomes, we are expecting to trace the origin of LDAs. Also, the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> mapping scheme developed in this study will be further applied to other interesting Martian geological features such as inter crater structures, aeolian deposits and fluvial sediments. To achieve higher precision <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> mapping, the clutter simulation employing the high resolution topographic data and the upgraded clustering algorithms assuming multiple <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> layers will be also developed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/29114','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/29114"><span>Design and maintenance of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> gravel wetlands.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>This report summarizes the University of New Hampshire Stormwater Center (UNHSC) evaluation of : a review of <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Gravel Wetlands design and specifications used by the New Hampshire : Department of Transportation (NHDOT or Department). : Subsur...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/10135410','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/10135410"><span>Review of potential <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> permeable barrier emplacement and monitoring technologies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Riggsbee, W.H.; Treat, R.L.; Stansfield, H.J.</p> <p>1994-02-01</p> <p>This report focuses on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> permeable barrier technologies potentially applicable to existing waste disposal sites. This report describes candidate <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> permeable barriers, methods for emplacing these barriers, and methods used to monitor the barrier performance. Two types of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> barrier systems are described: those that apply to contamination.in the unsaturated zone, and those that apply to groundwater and to mobile contamination near the groundwater table. These barriers may be emplaced either horizontally or vertically depending on waste and site characteristics. Materials for creating permeable <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> barriers are emplaced using one of three basic methods: injection, in situ mechanical mixing, ormore » excavation-insertion. Injection is the emplacement of dissolved reagents or colloidal suspensions into the soil at elevated pressures. In situ mechanical mixing is the physical blending of the soil and the barrier material underground. Excavation-insertion is the removal of a soil volume and adding barrier materials to the space created. Major vertical barrier emplacement technologies include trenching-backfilling; slurry trenching; and vertical drilling and injection, including boring (earth augering), cable tool drilling, rotary drilling, sonic drilling, jetting methods, injection-mixing in drilled holes, and deep soil mixing. Major horizontal barrier emplacement technologies include horizontal drilling, microtunneling, compaction boring, horizontal emplacement, longwall mining, hydraulic fracturing, and jetting methods.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPC.1653b0091Q','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPC.1653b0091Q"><span>Surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cracks characteristics of single crystal SiC wafer in surface machining</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Qiusheng, Y.; Senkai, C.; Jisheng, P.</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>Different machining processes were used in the single crystal SiC wafer machining. SEM was used to observe the surface morphology and a cross-sectional cleavages microscopy method was used for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cracks detection. Surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cracks characteristics of single crystal SiC wafer in abrasive machining were analysed. The results show that the surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cracks system of single crystal SiC wafer in abrasive machining including radial crack, lateral crack and the median crack. In lapping process, material removal is dominated by brittle removal. Lots of chipping pits were found on the lapping surface. With the particle size becomes smaller, the surface roughness and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> crack depth decreases. When the particle size was changed to 1.5µm, the surface roughness Ra was reduced to 24.0nm and the maximum <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> crack was 1.2µm. The efficiency of grinding is higher than lapping. Plastic removal can be achieved by changing the process parameters. Material removal was mostly in brittle fracture when grinding with 325# diamond wheel. Plow scratches and chipping pits were found on the ground surface. The surface roughness Ra was 17.7nm and maximum <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> crack depth was 5.8 µm. When grinding with 8000# diamond wheel, the material removal was in plastic flow. Plastic scratches were found on the surface. A smooth surface of roughness Ra 2.5nm without any <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cracks was obtained. Atomic scale removal was possible in cluster magnetorheological finishing with diamond abrasive size of 0.5 µm. A super smooth surface eventually obtained with a roughness of Ra 0.4nm without any <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> crack.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060033521&hterms=extremophile&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dextremophile','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060033521&hterms=extremophile&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dextremophile"><span>Issues in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> exploration of ice sheets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>French, L.; Carsey, F.; Zimmerman, W.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Exploration of the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ice sheets of Earth, Mars, Europa, and Titan has become a major consideration in addressing scientific objectives in climate change, extremophile biology, exobiology,chemical weathering, planetary evolution and ice dynamics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/28857','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/28857"><span>Evaluating roadway <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage practices - phase II.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Well-performing <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage systems form an important aspect of pavement design by the Iowa Department of : Transportation (DOT). The recently completed Iowa Highway Research Board (IHRB) project TR-643 provided extensive : insights into Iowa...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29688331','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29688331"><span>Aerobic microbial taxa dominate deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cores from the Alberta oil sands.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ridley, Christina M; Voordouw, Gerrit</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Little is known about the microbial ecology of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oil sands in Northern Alberta, Canada. Biodegradation of low molecular weight hydrocarbons by indigenous microbes has enriched high molecular weight hydrocarbons, resulting in highly viscous bitumen. This extreme <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment is further characterized by low nutrient availability and limited access to water, thus resulting in low microbial biomass. Improved DNA isolation protocols and increasingly sensitive sequencing methods have allowed an in-depth investigation of the microbial ecology of this unique <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environmental niche. Community analysis was performed on core samples (n = 62) that were retrieved from two adjacent sites located in the Athabasca Oil Sands at depths from 220 to 320 m below the surface. Microbial communities were dominated by aerobic taxa, including Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. Only one core sample microbial community was dominated by anaerobic taxa, including the methanogen Methanoculleus, as well as Desulfomicrobium and Thauera. Although the temperature of the bitumen-containing <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is low (8°C), two core samples had high fractions of the potentially thermophilic taxon, Thermus. Predominance of aerobic taxa in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> suggests the potential for in situ aerobic hydrocarbon degradation; however, more studies are required to determine the functional role of these taxa within this unique environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/7753','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/7753"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> drainage erodes forested granitic terrane</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Philip Durgin</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>Abstract - Solution and landsliding, the dominant erosion processes in undisturbed forested mountainous watersheds, are both influenced by <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage. Biological processes that generate organic acids accelerate loss of dissolved solids by promoting the dissolution of primary minerals in granitic rock. These organic acids can also disperse the secondary...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70030999','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70030999"><span>Sulfate deposition in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> regolith in Gusev crater, Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Wang, A.; Haskin, L.A.; Squyres, S. W.; Jolliff, B.L.; Crumpler, L.; Gellert, Ralf; Schroder, C.; Herkenhoff, K.; Hurowitz, J.; Tosca, N.J.; Farrand, W. H.; Anderson, R.; Knudson, A.T.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Excavating into the shallow Martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> has the potential to expose stratigraphic layers and mature regolith, which may hold a record of more ancient aqueous interactions than those expected under current Martian surface conditions. During the Spirit rover's exploration of Gusev crater, rover wheels were used to dig three trenches into the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> regolith down to 6-11 cm depth: Road Cut, the Big Hole, and The Boroughs. A high oxidation state of Fe and high concentrations of Mg, S, Cl, and Br were found in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> regolith within the two trenches on the plains, between the Bonneville crater and the foot of Columbia Hills. Data analyses on the basis of geochemistry and mineralogy observations suggest the deposition of sulfate minerals within the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> regolith, mainly Mg-sulfates accompanied by minor Ca-sulfates and perhaps Fe-sulfates. An increase of Fe2O3, an excess of SiO2, and a minor decrease in the olivine proportion relative to surface materials are also inferred. Three hypotheses are proposed to explain the geochemical trends observed in trenches: (1) multiple episodes of acidic fluid infiltration, accompanied by in situ interaction with igneous minerals and salt deposition; (2) an open hydrologic system characterized by ion transportation in the fluid, subsequent evaporation of the fluid, and salt deposition; and (3) emplacement and mixing of impact ejecta of variable composition. While all three may have plausibly contributed to the current state of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> regolith, the geochemical data are most consistent with ion transportation by fluids and salt deposition as a result of open-system hydrologic behavior. Although sulfates make up >20 wt.% of the regolith in the wall of The Boroughs trench, a higher hydrated sulfate than kieserite within The Boroughs or a greater abundance of sulfates elsewhere than is seen in The Boroughs wall regolith would be needed to hold the structural water indicated by the water-equivalent hydrogen</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28426989','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28426989"><span>The thermal impact of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> building structures on urban groundwater resources - A paradigmatic example.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Epting, Jannis; Scheidler, Stefan; Affolter, Annette; Borer, Paul; Mueller, Matthias H; Egli, Lukas; García-Gil, Alejandro; Huggenberger, Peter</p> <p>2017-10-15</p> <p>Shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> thermal regimes in urban areas are increasingly impacted by anthropogenic activities, which include infrastructure development like underground traffic lines as well as industrial and residential <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> buildings. In combination with the progressive use of shallow geothermal energy systems, this results in the so-called <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> urban heat island effect. This article emphasizes the importance of considering the thermal impact of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures, which commonly is underestimated due to missing information and of reliable <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature data. Based on synthetic heat-transport models different settings of the urban environment were investigated, including: (1) hydraulic gradients and conductivities, which result in different groundwater flow velocities; (2) aquifer properties like groundwater thickness to aquitard and depth to water table; and (3) constructional features, such as building depths and thermal properties of building structures. Our results demonstrate that with rising groundwater flow velocities, the heat-load from building structures increase, whereas down-gradient groundwater temperatures decrease. Thermal impacts on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> resources therefore have to be related to the permeability of aquifers and hydraulic boundary conditions. In regard to the urban settings of Basel, Switzerland, flow velocities of around 1 md -1 delineate a marker where either down-gradient temperature deviations or heat-loads into the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> are more relevant. Furthermore, no direct thermal influence on groundwater resources should be expected for aquifers with groundwater thicknesses larger 10m and when the distance of the building structure to the groundwater table is higher than around 10m. We demonstrate that measuring temperature changes down-gradient of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures is insufficient overall to assess thermal impacts, particularly in urban areas. Moreover, in areas which are densely urbanized, and where groundwater flow</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29952756','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29952756"><span>High resolution <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> imaging using resonance-enhanced detection in 2nd-harmonic KPFM.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cadena, Maria Jose; Reifenberger, Ronald G; Raman, Arvind</p> <p>2018-06-28</p> <p>Second harmonic Kelvin probe force microscopy is a robust mechanism for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> imaging at the nanoscale. Here we exploit resonance-enhanced detection as a way to boost the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contrast with higher force sensitivity using lower bias voltages, in comparison to the traditional off-resonance case. In this mode, the second harmonic signal of the electrostatic force is acquired at one of the eigenmode frequencies of the microcantilever. As a result, high-resolution <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> images are obtained in a variety of nanocomposites. To further understand the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> imaging detection upon electrostatic forces, we use a finite element model that approximates the geometry of the probe and sample. This allows the investigation of the contrast mechanism, the depth sensitivity and lateral resolution depending on tip-sample properties. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19486458','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19486458"><span>Confocal examination of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cracking in ceramic materials.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Etman, Maged K</p> <p>2009-10-01</p> <p>The original ceramic surface finish and its microstructure may have an effect on crack propagation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between crack propagation and ceramic microstructure following cyclic fatigue loading, and to qualitatively evaluate and quantitatively measure the surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> crack depths of three types of ceramic restorations with different microstructures using a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Twenty (8 x 4 x 2 mm(3)) blocks of AllCeram (AC), experimental ceramic (EC, IPS e.max Press), and Sensation SL (SSL) were prepared, ten glazed and ten polished of each material. Sixty antagonist enamel specimens were made from the labial surfaces of permanent incisors. The ceramic abraders were attached to a wear machine, so that each enamel specimen presented at 45 degrees to the vertical movement of the abraders, and immersed in artificial saliva. Wear was induced for 80K cycles at 60 cycles/min with a load of 40 N and 2-mm horizontal deflection. The specimens were examined for cracks at baseline, 5K, 10K, 20K, 40K, and 80K cycles. Twenty- to 30-microm deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cracking appeared in SSL, with 8 to 10 microm in AC, and 7 microm close to the margin of the wear facets in glazed EC after 5K cycles. The EC showed no cracks with increasing wear cycles. Seventy-microm deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cracks were detected in SSL and 45 microm in AC after 80K cycles. Statistically, there was significant difference among the three materials (p < 0.05). Bonferroni multiple comparison of means test confirmed the ANOVA test and showed that there was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) in crack depth within the same ceramic material with different surface finishes. The ceramic materials with different microstructures showed different patterns of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cracking.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=306249','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=306249"><span>Irrigation strategies using <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drip irrigation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> drip irrigation (SDI) is practiced on approximately 60,000 ha in the Texas High Plains region of the USA. Adoption of SDI continues to increase in the region. This has been attributed to record drought in Texas and the US Southwest in recent years, declining irrigation well yields, and ev...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.3545H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.3545H"><span>Integrated Coupling of Surface and <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Flow with HYDRUS-2D</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hartmann, Anne; Šimůnek, Jirka; Wöhling, Thomas; Schütze, Niels</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Describing interactions between surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow processes is important to adequately define water flow in natural systems. Since overland flow generation is highly influenced by rainfall and infiltration, both highly spatially heterogeneous processes, overland flow is unsteady and varies spatially. The prediction of overland flow needs to include an appropriate description of the interactions between the surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow. Coupling surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water flow is a challenging task. Different approaches have been developed during the last few years, each having its own advantages and disadvantages. A new approach by Weill et al. (2009) to couple overland flow and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow based on a generalized Richards equation was implemented into the well-known <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow model HYDRUS-2D (Šimůnek et al., 2011). This approach utilizes the one-dimensional diffusion wave equation to model overland flow. The diffusion wave model is integrated in HYDRUS-2D by replacing the terms of the Richards equation in a pre-defined runoff layer by terms defining the diffusion wave equation. Using this approach, pressure and flux continuity along the interface between both flow domains is provided. This direct coupling approach provides a strong coupling of both systems based on the definition of a single global system matrix to numerically solve the coupled flow problem. The advantage of the direct coupling approach, compared to the loosely coupled approach, is supposed to be a higher robustness, when many convergence problems can be avoided (Takizawa et al., 2014). The HYDRUS-2D implementation was verified using a) different test cases, including a direct comparison with the results of Weill et al. (2009), b) an analytical solution of the kinematic wave equation, and c) the results of a benchmark test of Maxwell et al. (2014), that included several known coupled surface <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow models. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis evaluating the effects</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhRvB..82s5304R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhRvB..82s5304R"><span>Generalized effective-mass theory of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> scanning tunneling microscopy: Application to cleaved quantum dots</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Roy, M.; Maksym, P. A.; Bruls, D.; Offermans, P.; Koenraad, P. M.</p> <p>2010-11-01</p> <p>An effective-mass theory of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is developed. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> structures such as quantum dots embedded into a semiconductor slab are considered. States localized around <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures match on to a tail that decays into the vacuum above the surface. It is shown that the lateral variation in this tail may be found from a surface envelope function provided that the effects of the slab surfaces and the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structure decouple approximately. The surface envelope function is given by a weighted integral of a bulk envelope function that satisfies boundary conditions appropriate to the slab. The weight function decays into the slab inversely with distance and this slow decay explains the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sensitivity of STM. These results enable STM images to be computed simply and economically from the bulk envelope function. The method is used to compute wave-function images of cleaved quantum dots and the computed images agree very well with experiment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21410603-trails-kilovolt-ions-created-subsurface-channeling','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21410603-trails-kilovolt-ions-created-subsurface-channeling"><span>Trails of Kilovolt Ions Created by <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Channeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Redinger, Alex; Standop, Sebastian; Michely, Thomas</p> <p>2010-02-19</p> <p>Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we observe the damage trails produced by keV noble-gas ions incident at glancing angles onto Pt(111). Surface vacancies and adatoms aligned along the ion trajectory constitute the ion trails. Atomistic simulations reveal that these straight trails are produced by nuclear (elastic) collisions with surface layer atoms during <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> channeling of the projectiles. In a small energy window around 5 keV, Xe{sup +} ions create vacancy grooves that mark the ion trajectory with atomic precision. The asymmetry of the adatom production on the two sides of the projectile path is traced back to the asymmetry of themore » ion's <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> channel.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70044058','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70044058"><span>Geomorphic factors related to the persistence of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oil from the Exxon Valdez oil spill</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Nixon, Zachary; Michel, Jacqueline; Hayes, Miles O.; Irvine, Gail V.; Short, Jeffrey</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Oil from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill has persisted along shorelines of Prince William Sound, Alaska, for more than two decades as both surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oil residues. To better understand the distribution of persistent <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oil and assess the potential need for further restoration, a thorough and quantitative understanding of the geomorphic factors controlling the presence or absence of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oil is required. Data on oiling and geomorphic features were collected at 198 sites in Prince William Sound to identify and quantify the relationships among these geomorphic factors and the presence and absence of persistent <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oil. Geomorphic factors associated with the presence of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oil were initial oil exposure, substrate permeability, topographic slope, low exposure to waves, armoring on gravel beaches, tombolos, natural breakwaters, and rubble accumulations. Geomorphic factors associated with the absence of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oil were impermeable bedrock; platforms with thin sediment veneer; fine-grained, well-sorted gravel beaches with no armor; and low-permeability, raised bay-bottom beaches. Relationships were found between the geomorphic and physical site characteristics and the likelihood of encountering persistent <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oiling at those sites. There is quantitative evidence of more complex interactions between the overall wave energy incident at a site and the presence of fine-scale geomorphic features that may have provided smaller, local wave energy sheltering of oil. Similarly, these data provide evidence for interactions between the shoreline slope and the presence of angular rubble, with decreased likelihood for encountering <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oil at steeply sloped sites except at high-angle sheltered rubble shoreline locations. These results reinforce the idea that the interactions of beach permeability, stability, and site-specific wave exposure are key drivers for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oil persistence in exposed and intermittently exposed mixed</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H41I1567D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H41I1567D"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Controls on Stream Intermittency in a Semi-Arid Landscape</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dohman, J.; Godsey, S.; Thackray, G. D.; Hale, R. L.; Wright, K.; Martinez, D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Intermittent streams currently constitute 30% to greater than 50% of the global river network. In addition, the number of intermittent streams is expected to increase due to changes in land use and climate. These streams provide important ecosystem services, such as water for irrigation, increased biodiversity, and high rates of nutrient cycling. Many hydrological studies have focused on mapping current intermittent flow regimes or evaluating long-term flow records, but very few have investigated the underlying causes of stream intermittency. The disconnection and reconnection of surface flow reflects the capacity of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> to accommodate flow, so characterizing <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow is key to understanding stream drying. We assess how <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow paths control local surface flows during low-flow periods, including intermittency. Water table dynamics were monitored in an intermittent reach of Gibson Jack Creek in southeastern Idaho. Four transects were delineated with a groundwater well located in the hillslope, riparian zone, and in the stream, for a total of 12 groundwater wells. The presence or absence of surface flow was determined by frequent visual observations as well as in situ loggers every 30m along the 200m study reach. The rate of surface water drying was measured in conjunction with temperature, precipitation, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydraulic conductivity, hillslope-riparian-stream connectivity and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> travel time. Initial results during an unusually wet year suggest different responses in reaches that were previously observed to occasionally cease flowing. Flows in the intermittent reaches had less coherent and lower amplitude diel variations during base flow periods than reaches that had never been observed to dry out. Our findings will help contribute to our understanding of mechanisms driving expansion and contraction cycles in intermittent streams, increase our ability to predict how land use and climate change will affect flow regimes, and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10585E..0OT','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10585E..0OT"><span>Image-based overlay measurement using <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ultrasonic resonance force microscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tamer, M. S.; van der Lans, M. J.; Sadeghian, H.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Image Based Overlay (IBO) measurement is one of the most common techniques used in Integrated Circuit (IC) manufacturing to extract the overlay error values. The overlay error is measured using dedicated overlay targets which are optimized to increase the accuracy and the resolution, but these features are much larger than the IC feature size. IBO measurements are realized on the dedicated targets instead of product features, because the current overlay metrology solutions, mainly based on optics, cannot provide sufficient resolution on product features. However, considering the fact that the overlay error tolerance is approaching 2 nm, the overlay error measurement on product features becomes a need for the industry. For sub-nanometer resolution metrology, Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) is widely used, though at the cost of very low throughput. The semiconductor industry is interested in non-destructive imaging of buried structures under one or more layers for the application of overlay and wafer alignment, specifically through optically opaque media. Recently an SPM technique has been developed for imaging <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> features which can be potentially considered as a solution for overlay metrology. In this paper we present the use of <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Ultrasonic Resonance Force Microscopy (SSURFM) used for IBO measurement. We used SSURFM for imaging the most commonly used overlay targets on a silicon substrate and photoresist. As a proof of concept we have imaged surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures simultaneously. The surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> features of the overlay targets are fabricated with programmed overlay errors of +/-40 nm, +/-20 nm, and 0 nm. The top layer thickness changes between 30 nm and 80 nm. Using SSURFM the surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> features were successfully imaged and the overlay errors were extracted, via a rudimentary image processing algorithm. The measurement results are in agreement with the nominal values of the programmed overlay errors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=335832','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=335832"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> application enhances benefits of manure redistribution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Sustainable nutrient management requires redistribution of livestock manure from nutrient-excess areas to nutrient-deficit areas. Field experiments were conducted to assess agronomic and environmental effects of different poultry litter application methods (surface vs. <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>) and timings (fall ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.H11F1218U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.H11F1218U"><span>Novel S-35 Intrinsic Tracer Method for Determining Groundwater Travel Time near Managed Aquifer Recharge <span class="hlt">Facilities</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Urióstegui, S. H.; Bibby, R. K.; Esser, B. K.; Clark, J. F.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Identifying groundwater travel times near managed aquifer recharge (MAR) <span class="hlt">facilities</span> is a high priority for protecting public and environmental health. For MAR <span class="hlt">facilities</span> in California that incorporate tertiary wastewater into their surface-spreading recharge practices, the target <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> residence time is >9 months to allow for the natural inactivation and degradation of potential contaminants (less time is needed for full advanced treated water). Established intrinsic groundwater tracer techniques such as tritium/helium-3 dating are unable to resolve timescales of <1 year. These limitations provide the motivation for evaluating a novel groundwater tracer method using a naturally occurring radioisotope of sulfur, sulfur-35 (S-35). After its production in the atmosphere by cosmic ray interaction with argon, S-35 enters the hydrologic cycle as dissolved sulfate through precipitation The short half-life of S-35 (3 months) is ideal for investigating recharge and transport of MAR groundwater on the <1 year timescale of interest to MAR managers. The method, however, has not been applied to MAR operations because of the difficulty in measuring S-35 with sufficient sensitivity in high-sulfate waters. We have developed a new method and have applied it at two southern California MAR <span class="hlt">facilities</span> where groundwater travel times have previously been characterized using deliberate tracers: 1) Rio Hondo Spreading Grounds in Los Angeles County, and 2) Orange County Groundwater Recharge <span class="hlt">Facilities</span> in Orange County. Reasonable S-35 travel times of <1 year were identified at both study sites. This method also identified seasonal patterns in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> travel times, which may not be revealed by a deliberate tracer study that is dependent on the hydrologic conditions during the tracer injection period.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA501414','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA501414"><span>The Global Financial Crisis: Increasing IMF Resources and the Role of Congress</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2009-06-05</p> <p>may borrow on concessional repayment terms from the Poverty Reduction and Growth <span class="hlt">Facility</span> ( PRGF ) and the Exogenous Shocks <span class="hlt">Facility</span> (<span class="hlt">ESF</span>). To qualify...Association (IDA). Most borrowers have per capita income levels of about $865 a year. PRGF loans are intended to help low-income countries surmount BOP...or financial crises. Unlike SBA and other loans, however, conditionality for PRGF loans is based more on the economic strategies outlined in Poverty</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050109883&hterms=mining+topography&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dmining%2Btopography','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050109883&hterms=mining+topography&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dmining%2Btopography"><span>Lunar and Martian <span class="hlt">Sub-surface</span> Habitat Structure Technology Development and Application</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Boston, Penelope J.; Strong, Janet D.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>NASA's human exploration initiative poses great opportunity and great risk for manned missions to the Moon and Mars. Subsidace structures such as caves and lava tubes offer readily available and existing in-situ habitat options. <span class="hlt">Sub-surface</span> dwellings can provide complete radiation, micro-meteorite and exhaust plume shielding and a moderate and constant temperature environment; they are, therefore, excellent pre-existing habitat risk mitigation elements. Technical challenges to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> habitat structure development include surface penetration (digging and mining equipment), environmental pressurization, and psychological environment enhancement requirements. Lunar and Martian environments and elements have many beneficial similarities. This will allow for lunar testing and design development of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> habitat structures for Martian application; however, significant differences between lunar and Martian environments and resource elements will mandate unique application development. Mars is NASA's ultimate exploration goal and is known to have many very large lava tubes. Other cave types are plausible. The Moon has unroofed rilles and lava tubes, but further research will, in the near future, define the extent of Lunar and Martian differences and similarities. This paper will discuss Lunar and Martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> habitation technology development challenges and opportunities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H52A..03V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H52A..03V"><span>A multi-scale experimental and simulation approach for fractured <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Viswanathan, H. S.; Carey, J. W.; Frash, L.; Karra, S.; Hyman, J.; Kang, Q.; Rougier, E.; Srinivasan, G.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Fractured systems play an important role in numerous <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> applications including hydraulic fracturing, carbon sequestration, geothermal energy and underground nuclear test detection. Fractures that range in scale from microns to meters and their structure control the behavior of these systems which provide over 85% of our energy and 50% of US drinking water. Determining the key mechanisms in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> fractured systems has been impeded due to the lack of sophisticated experimental methods to measure fracture aperture and connectivity, multiphase permeability, and chemical exchange capacities at the high temperature, pressure, and stresses present in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. In this study, we developed and use microfluidic and triaxial core flood experiments required to reveal the fundamental dynamics of fracture-fluid interactions. In addition we have developed high fidelity fracture propagation and discrete fracture network flow models to simulate these fractured systems. We also have developed reduced order models of these fracture simulators in order to conduct uncertainty quantification for these systems. We demonstrate an integrated experimental/modeling approach that allows for a comprehensive characterization of fractured systems and develop models that can be used to optimize the reservoir operating conditions over a range of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24655471','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24655471"><span>A technical investigation on tools and concepts for sustainable management of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> in The Netherlands.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Griffioen, Jasper; van Wensem, Joke; Oomes, Justine L M; Barends, Frans; Breunese, Jaap; Bruining, Hans; Olsthoorn, Theo; Stams, Alfons J M; van der Stoel, Almer E C</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>In response to increasing use of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, there is a need to modernise policies on sustainable use of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. This holds in particular for the densely populated Netherlands. We aimed to analyse current practice of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> management and the associated pressure points and to establish a conceptual overview of the technical issues related to sustainable management of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Case studies on the exploitation of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> resources (including spatial use of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>) were analysed, examining social relevance, environmental impact, pressure points and management solutions. The case studies ranged from constructing underground garages to geothermal exploitation. The following issues were identified for the technological/scientific aspects: site investigation, suitability, risk assessment, monitoring and measures in the event of failure. Additionally, the following general issues were identified for the administrative aspects: spatial planning, option assessment, precaution, transparency, responsibility and liability. These issues were explored on their technological implications within the framework of sustainable management of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. This resulted into the following key aspects: (1) sustainability assessment, (2) dealing with uncertainty and (3) policy instruments and governance. For all three aspects, different options were identified which might have a legal, economic or ethical background. The technological implications of these backgrounds have been identified. A set of recommendations for sustainable management of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> resources (incl. space) was established: (1) management should be driven by scarcity, (2) always implement closed loop monitoring when the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> activities are high-risk, (3) when dealing with unknown features and heterogeneity, apply the precautionary principle, (4) responsibility and liability for damage must be set out in legislation and (5) sustainability should be incorporated in all</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatGe...9..538B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatGe...9..538B"><span>Composition and structure of the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of Ceres revealed by crater morphology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bland, Michael T.; Raymond, Carol A.; Schenk, Paul M.; Fu, Roger R.; Kneissl, Thomas; Pasckert, Jan Hendrik; Hiesinger, Harry; Preusker, Frank; Park, Ryan S.; Marchi, Simone; King, Scott D.; Castillo-Rogez, Julie C.; Russell, Christopher T.</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>Before NASA’s Dawn mission, the dwarf planet Ceres was widely believed to contain a substantial ice-rich layer below its rocky surface. The existence of such a layer has significant implications for Ceres’s formation, evolution, and astrobiological potential. Ceres is warmer than icy worlds in the outer Solar System and, if its shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is ice-rich, large impact craters are expected to be erased by viscous flow on short geologic timescales. Here we use digital terrain models derived from Dawn Framing Camera images to show that most of Ceres’s largest craters are several kilometres deep, and are therefore inconsistent with the existence of an ice-rich <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. We further show from numerical simulations that the absence of viscous relaxation over billion-year timescales implies a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> viscosity that is at least one thousand times greater than that of pure water ice. We conclude that Ceres’s shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is no more than 30% to 40% ice by volume, with a mixture of rock, salts and/or clathrates accounting for the other 60% to 70%. However, several anomalously shallow craters are consistent with limited viscous relaxation and may indicate spatial variations in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ice content.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70174237','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70174237"><span>Composition and structure of the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of Ceres revealed by crater morphology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Bland, Michael T.; Carol A. Raymond,; Schenk, Paul M.; Roger R. Fu,; Thomas Kneisl,; Hendrick Pasckert, Jan; Hiesinger, Harald; Frank Preusker,; Ryan S. Park,; Simone Marchi,; Scott King,; Castillo-Rogez, Julie C.; Christopher T. Russell,</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Before NASA’s Dawn mission, the dwarf planet Ceres was widely believed to contain a substantial ice-rich layer below its rocky surface. The existence of such a layer has significant implications for Ceres’s formation, evolution, and astrobiological potential. Ceres is warmer than icy worlds in the outer Solar System and, if its shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is ice-rich, large impact craters are expected to be erased by viscous flow on short geologic timescales. Here we use digital terrain models derived from Dawn Framing Camera images to show that most of Ceres’s largest craters are several kilometres deep, and are therefore inconsistent with the existence of an ice-rich <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. We further show from numerical simulations that the absence of viscous relaxation over billion-year timescales implies a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> viscosity that is at least one thousand times greater than that of pure water ice. We conclude that Ceres’s shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is no more than 30% to 40% ice by volume, with a mixture of rock, salts and/or clathrates accounting for the other 60% to 70%. However, several anomalously shallow craters are consistent with limited viscous relaxation and may indicate spatial variations in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ice content.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23736441','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23736441"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> defects of fused silica optics and laser induced damage at 351 nm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hongjie, Liu; Jin, Huang; Fengrui, Wang; Xinda, Zhou; Xin, Ye; Xiaoyan, Zhou; Laixi, Sun; Xiaodong, Jiang; Zhan, Sui; Wanguo, Zheng</p> <p>2013-05-20</p> <p>Many kinds of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects are always present together in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of fused silica optics. It is imperfect that only one kind of defects is isolated to investigate its impact on laser damage. Therefore it is necessary to investigate the impact of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects on laser induced damage of fused silica optics with a comprehensive vision. In this work, we choose the fused silica samples manufactured by different vendors to characterize <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects and measure laser induced damage. Contamination defects, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage (SSD), optical-thermal absorption and hardness of fused silica surface are characterized with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), fluorescence microscopy, photo-thermal common-path interferometer and fully automatic micro-hardness tester respectively. Laser induced damage threshold and damage density are measured by 351 nm nanosecond pulse laser. The correlations existing between defects and laser induced damage are analyzed. The results show that Cerium element and SSD both have a good correlation with laser-induced damage thresholds and damage density. Research results evaluate process technology of fused silica optics in China at present. Furthermore, the results can provide technique support for improving laser induced damage performance of fused silica.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJI.202.1324F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJI.202.1324F"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> polarimetric migration imaging for full polarimetric ground-penetrating radar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Feng, Xuan; Yu, Yue; Liu, Cai; Fehler, Michael</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>Polarization is a property of electromagnetic wave that generally refers to the locus of the electric field vector, which can be used to characterize surface properties by polarimetric radar. However, its use has been less common in the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) community. Full polarimetric GPR data include scattering matrices, by which the polarization properties can be extracted, at each survey point. Different components of the measured scattering matrix are sensitive to different types of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> objects, which offers a potential improvement in the detection ability of GPR. This paper develops a polarimetric migration imaging method. By merging the Pauli polarimetric decomposition technique with the Krichhoff migration equation, we develop a polarimetric migration algorithm, which can extract three migrated coefficients that are sensitive to different types of objects. Then fusing the three migrated coefficients, we can obtain <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> colour-coded reconstructed object images, which can be employed to interpret both the geometrical information and the scattering mechanism of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> objects. A 3-D full polarimetric GPR data set was acquired in a laboratory experiment and was used to test the method. In the laboratory experiment, four objects-a scatterer, a ball, a plate and a dihedral target-were buried in homogeneous dry sand under a flat ground surface. By merging the reconstructed image with polarization properties, we enhanced the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> image and improved the classification ability of GPR.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AsBio...8..157F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AsBio...8..157F"><span>Some Ecological Mechanisms to Generate Habitability in Planetary <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Areas by Chemolithotrophic Communities: The Ro Tinto <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Ecosystem as a Model System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fernández-Remolar, David C.; Gómez, Felipe; Prieto-Ballesteros, Olga; Schelble, Rachel T.; Rodríguez, Nuria; Amiols, Ricardo</p> <p>2008-02-01</p> <p>Chemolithotrophic communities that colonize <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> habitats have great relevance for the astrobiological exploration of our Solar System. We hypothesize that the chemical and thermal stabilization of an environment through microbial activity could make a given planetary region habitable. The MARTE project ground-truth drilling campaigns that sampled cryptic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial communities in the basement of the Ro Tinto headwaters have shown that acidic surficial habitats are the result of the microbial oxidation of pyritic ores. The oxidation process is exothermic and releases heat under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. These microbial communities can maintain the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> habitat temperature through storage heat if the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature does not exceed their maximum growth temperature. In the acidic solutions of the Ro Tinto, ferric iron acts as an effective buffer for controlling water pH. Under anaerobic conditions, ferric iron is the oxidant used by microbes to decompose pyrite through the production of sulfate, ferrous iron, and protons. The integration between the physical and chemical processes mediated by microorganisms with those driven by the local geology and hydrology have led us to hypothesize that thermal and chemical regulation mechanisms exist in this environment and that these homeostatic mechanisms could play an essential role in creating habitable areas for other types of microorganisms. Therefore, searching for the physicochemical expression of extinct and extant homeostatic mechanisms through physical and chemical anomalies in the Mars crust (i.e., local thermal gradient or high concentration of unusual products such as ferric sulfates precipitated out from acidic solutions produced by hypothetical microbial communities) could be a first step in the search for biological traces of a putative extant or extinct Mars biosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22084639','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22084639"><span>Is the genetic landscape of the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere affected by viruses?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Anderson, Rika E; Brazelton, William J; Baross, John A</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Viruses are powerful manipulators of microbial diversity, biogeochemistry, and evolution in the marine environment. Viruses can directly influence the genetic capabilities and the fitness of their hosts through the use of fitness factors and through horizontal gene transfer. However, the impact of viruses on microbial ecology and evolution is often overlooked in studies of the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> habitats connected to hydrothermal vent systems are characterized by constant fluid flux, dynamic environmental variability, and high microbial diversity. In such conditions, high adaptability would be an evolutionary asset, and the potential for frequent host-virus interactions would be high, increasing the likelihood that cellular hosts could acquire novel functions. Here, we review evidence supporting this hypothesis, including data indicating that microbial communities in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrothermal fluids are exposed to a high rate of viral infection, as well as viral metagenomic data suggesting that the vent viral assemblage is particularly enriched in genes that facilitate horizontal gene transfer and host adaptability. Therefore, viruses are likely to play a crucial role in facilitating adaptability to the extreme conditions of these regions of the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere. We also discuss how these results might apply to other regions of the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, where the nature of virus-host interactions would be altered, but possibly no less important, compared to more energetic hydrothermal systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3211056','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3211056"><span>Is the Genetic Landscape of the Deep <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Biosphere Affected by Viruses?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Anderson, Rika E.; Brazelton, William J.; Baross, John A.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Viruses are powerful manipulators of microbial diversity, biogeochemistry, and evolution in the marine environment. Viruses can directly influence the genetic capabilities and the fitness of their hosts through the use of fitness factors and through horizontal gene transfer. However, the impact of viruses on microbial ecology and evolution is often overlooked in studies of the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> habitats connected to hydrothermal vent systems are characterized by constant fluid flux, dynamic environmental variability, and high microbial diversity. In such conditions, high adaptability would be an evolutionary asset, and the potential for frequent host–virus interactions would be high, increasing the likelihood that cellular hosts could acquire novel functions. Here, we review evidence supporting this hypothesis, including data indicating that microbial communities in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrothermal fluids are exposed to a high rate of viral infection, as well as viral metagenomic data suggesting that the vent viral assemblage is particularly enriched in genes that facilitate horizontal gene transfer and host adaptability. Therefore, viruses are likely to play a crucial role in facilitating adaptability to the extreme conditions of these regions of the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere. We also discuss how these results might apply to other regions of the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, where the nature of virus–host interactions would be altered, but possibly no less important, compared to more energetic hydrothermal systems. PMID:22084639</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018LPICo2070.6026K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018LPICo2070.6026K"><span>Studies Based on Lunar Global <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Radar Sounding Data Obtained by SELENE (Kaguya)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kumamoto, A.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Yamaji, A.; Oshigami, S.; Ishiyama, K.; Nakamura, N.; Haruyama, J.; Miyamoto, H.; Nishibori, T.; Tsuchiya, F.; Ohtake, M.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Several studies based on lunar global <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> radar sounding data obtained by SELENE/LRS will be reviewed. From the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures of the buried regolith layers, we can discuss the evolution of tectonic and volcanic processes in the maria.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Icar..291...75W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Icar..291...75W"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> structures of buried features in the lunar Procellarum region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Wenrui; Heki, Kosuke</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission unraveled numbers of features showing strong gravity anomalies without prominent topographic signatures in the lunar Procellarum region. These features, located in different geologic units, are considered to have complex <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures reflecting different evolution processes. By using the GRAIL level-1 data, we estimated the free-air and Bouguer gravity anomalies in several selected regions including such intriguing features. With the three-dimensional inversion technique, we recovered <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> density structures in these regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.P33B1447S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.P33B1447S"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Tectonics and Pingos of Northern Alaska</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Skirvin, S.; Casavant, R.; Burr, D.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>We describe preliminary results of a two-phase study that investigated links between <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structural and stratigraphic controls, and distribution of hydrostatic pingos on the central coastal plain of Arctic Alaska. Our 2300 km2 study area is underlain by a complete petroleum system that supports gas, oil and water production from 3 of the largest oil fields in North America. In addition, gas hydrate deposits exist in this area within and just below the permafrost interval at depths of 600 to 1800 feet below sea level. Phase 1 of the study compared locations of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> faults and pingos for evidence of linkages between faulting and pingo genesis and distribution. Several hundred discrete fault features were digitized from published data and georeferenced in a GIS database. Fault types were determined by geometry and sense of slip derived from well log and seismic maps. More than 200 pingos and surface sediment type associated with their locations were digitized from regional surficial geology maps within an area that included wire line and seismic data coverage. Beneath the pingos lies an assemblage of high-angle normal and transtensional faults that trend NNE and NW; subsidiary trends are EW and NNW. Quaternary fault reactivation is evidenced by faults that displaced strata at depths exceeding 3000 meters below sea level and intersect near-surface units. Unpublished seismic images and cross-section analysis support this interpretation. Kinematics and distribution of reactivated faults are linked to polyphase deformational history of the region that includes Mesozoic rift events, succeeded by crustal shortening and uplift of the Brooks Range to the south, and differential subsidence and segmentation of a related foreland basin margin beneath the study area. Upward fluid migration, a normal process in basin formation and fault reactivation, may play yet unrecognized roles in the genesis (e.g. fluid charging) of pingos and groundwater hydrology. Preliminary</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.H51F0958S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.H51F0958S"><span>Effects of cell surface characteristics and manure-application practices on Escherichia coli populations in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>: A three-farm study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Salvucci, A. E.; Elton, M.; Siler, J. D.; Zhang, W.; Richards, B. K.; Geohring, L. D.; Warnick, L. D.; Hay, A. G.; Steenhuis, T.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>The introduction of microbial pathogens into the environment from untreated manure represents a threat to water quality and human health. Thus, understanding the effect of manure management strategies is imperative to effectively mitigate the inadvertent release of pathogens, particularly in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments where they can be transported through macropores to the groundwater or through agricultural tile line to open water bodies. The production of cell-surface biomolecules is also suspected to play an important role in the environmental survival and transport of enterobacterial pathogens. This study collected Escherichia coli samples from three dairy farms with artificial tile drainage systems and active manure spreading in the Central New York region over a three-month period. Sampling targeted four potential source locations on each farm: (i) cow housing, (ii) manure storage <span class="hlt">facilities</span>, (iii) field soil, and (iv) <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage effluent. Over 2800 E. coli isolates were recovered and consequently analyzed for the cell surface components, cellulose and curli, traits associated with increased environmental survival, altered transport and pathogenicity. The E. coli isolates from locations i-iii displayed highly variable curli and cellulose-producing communities, while isolates collected from <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> runoff on each farm had stable curli and cellulose production communities over all sampling dates. Furthermore, the method of manure application to the fields influenced the population characteristics found in drainage effluent isolates. Incorporation of manure into the soil was correlated to isolate populations largely deficient of curli and cellulose; whereas farms that only surface-applied manure were correlated to isolate populations of high curli and cellulose production. The production of curli and cellulose has previously been shown to be a response to environmental stress on the cell. Therefore, incorporation of manure directly into the soil appears</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.V43B3133P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.V43B3133P"><span>Shallow <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Structures of Volcanic Fissures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Parcheta, C. E.; Nash, J.; Mitchell, K. L.; Parness, A.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Volcanic fissure vents are a difficult geologic feature to quantify. They are often too thin to document in detail with seismology or remote geophysical methods. Additionally, lava flows, lava drain back, or collapsed rampart blocks typically conceal a fissure's surface expression. For exposed fissures, quantifying the surface (let along sub0surface) geometric expression can become an overwhelming and time-consuming task given the non-uniform distribution of wall irregularities, drain back textures, and the larger scale sinuosity of the whole fissure system. We developed (and previously presented) VolcanoBot to acquire robust characteristic data of fissure geometries by going inside accessible fissures after an eruption ends and the fissure cools off to <50 C. Data from VolcanoBot documents the fissure conduit geometry with a near-IR structured light sensor, and reproduces the 3d structures to cm-scale accuracy. Here we present a comparison of shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures (<30 m depth) within the Mauna Ulu fissure system and their counterpart features at the vent-to-ground-surface interface. While we have not mapped enough length of the fissure to document sinuosity at depth, we see a self-similar pattern of irregularities on the fissure walls throughout the entire shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, implying a fracture mechanical origin similar to faults. These irregularities are, on average, 1 m across and protrude 30 cm into the drained fissure. This is significantly larger than the 10% wall roughness addressed in the engineering literature on fluid dynamics, and implies that magma fluid dynamics during fissure eruptions are probably not as passive nor as simple as previously thought. In some locations, it is possible to match piercing points across the fissure walls, where the dike broke the wall rock in order to propagate upwards, yet in other locations there are erosional cavities, again, implying complex fluid dynamics in the shallow <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> during fissure eruptions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23848498','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23848498"><span>The Mojave vadose zone: a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere analogue for Mars.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Abbey, William; Salas, Everett; Bhartia, Rohit; Beegle, Luther W</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>If life ever evolved on the surface of Mars, it is unlikely that it would still survive there today, but as Mars evolved from a wet planet to an arid one, the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment may have presented a refuge from increasingly hostile surface conditions. Since the last glacial maximum, the Mojave Desert has experienced a similar shift from a wet to a dry environment, giving us the opportunity to study here on Earth how <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ecosystems in an arid environment adapt to increasingly barren surface conditions. In this paper, we advocate studying the vadose zone ecosystem of the Mojave Desert as an analogue for possible <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biospheres on Mars. We also describe several examples of Mars-like terrain found in the Mojave region and discuss ecological insights that might be gained by a thorough examination of the vadose zone in these specific terrains. Examples described include distributary fans (deltas, alluvial fans, etc.), paleosols overlain by basaltic lava flows, and evaporite deposits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JCHyd.160...42Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JCHyd.160...42Z"><span>On the effects of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> parameters on evaporite dissolution (Switzerland)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zidane, Ali; Zechner, Eric; Huggenberger, Peter; Younes, Anis</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Uncontrolled <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> evaporite dissolution could lead to hazards such as land subsidence. Observed subsidences in a study area of Northwestern Switzerland were mainly due to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> dissolution (subrosion) of evaporites such as halite and gypsum. A set of 2D density driven flow simulations were evaluated along 1000 m long and 150 m deep 2D cross sections within the study area that is characterized by tectonic horst and graben structures. The simulations were conducted to study the effect of the different <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> parameters that could affect the dissolution process. The heterogeneity of normal faults and its impact on the dissolution of evaporites is studied by considering several permeable faults that include non-permeable areas. The mixed finite element method (MFE) is used to solve the flow equation, coupled with the multipoint flux approximation (MPFA) and the discontinuous Galerkin method (DG) to solve the diffusion and the advection parts of the transport equation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004943','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004943"><span>Method and apparatus for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> exploration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wilcox, Brian (Inventor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> explorer (SSX) for exploring beneath the terrestrial surface of planetary bodies such as the Earth, Mars, or comets. This exploration activity utilizes appropriate sensors and instrument to evaluate the composition, structure, mineralogy and possibly biology of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> medium, as well as perhaps the ability to return samples of that medium back to the surface. The vehicle comprises an elongated skin or body having a front end and a rear end, with a nose piece at the front end for imparting force to composition material of the planetary body. Force is provided by a hammer mechanism to the back side of a nose piece from within the body of the vehicle. In the preferred embodiment, a motor spins an intermediate shaft having two non-uniform threads along with a hammer which engages these threads with two conical rollers. A brake assembly halts the rotation of the intermediate shaft, causing the conical roller to spin down the non-uniform thread to rapidly and efficiently convert the rotational kinetic energy of the hammer into translational energy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26413801','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26413801"><span>Residues of endosulfan in surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> agricultural soil and its bioremediation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Odukkathil, Greeshma; Vasudevan, Namasivayam</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The persistence of many hydrophobic pesticides has been reported by various workers in various soil environments and its bioremediation is a major concern due to less bioavailability. In the present study, the pesticide residues in the surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil in an area of intense agricultural activity in Pakkam Village of Thiruvallur District, Tamilnadu, India, and its bioremediation using a novel bacterial consortium was investigated. Surface (0-15 cm) and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils (15-30 cm and 30-40 cm) were sampled, and pesticides in different layers of the soil were analyzed. Alpha endosulfan and beta endosulfan concentrations ranged from 1.42 to 3.4 mg/g and 1.28-3.1 mg/g in the surface soil, 0.6-1.4 mg/g and 0.3-0.6 mg/g in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil (15-30 cm), and 0.9-1.5 mg/g and 0.34-1.3 mg/g in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil (30-40 cm) respectively. Residues of other persistent pesticides were also detected in minor concentrations. These soil layers were subjected to bioremediation using a novel bacterial consortium under a simulated soil profile condition in a soil reactor. The complete removal of alpha and beta endosulfan was observed over 25 days. Residues of endosulfate were also detected during bioremediation, which was subsequently degraded on the 30th day. This study revealed the existence of endosulfan in the surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils and also proved that the removal of such a ubiquitous pesticide in the surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment can be achieved in the field by bioaugumenting a biosurfactant-producing bacterial consortium that degrades pesticides. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=88500&keyword=purpose+AND+driven&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=88500&keyword=purpose+AND+driven&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>THE ONSITE ON-LINE CALCULATORS AND TRAINING FOR <span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT SITE ASSESSMENT</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>EPA has developed a suite of on-line calculators called "OnSite" for assessing transport of environmental contaminants in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. The purpose of these calculators is to provide methods and data for common calculations used in assessing impacts from <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contaminatio...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.1659S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.1659S"><span>Association between mean and interannual equatorial Indian Ocean <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature bias in a coupled model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Srinivas, G.; Chowdary, Jasti S.; Gnanaseelan, C.; Prasad, K. V. S. R.; Karmakar, Ananya; Parekh, Anant</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>In the present study the association between mean and interannual <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature bias over the equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) is investigated during boreal summer (June through September; JJAS) in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System (CFSv2) hindcast. Anomalously high <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> warm bias (greater than 3 °C) over the eastern EIO (EEIO) region is noted in CFSv2 during summer, which is higher compared to other parts of the tropical Indian Ocean. Prominent eastward current bias in the upper 100 m over the EIO region induced by anomalous westerly winds is primarily responsible for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature bias. The eastward currents transport warm water to the EEIO and is pushed down to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> due to downwelling. Thus biases in both horizontal and vertical currents over the EIO region support <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> warm bias. The evolution of systematic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> warm bias in the model shows strong interannual variability. These maximum <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> warming episodes over the EEIO are mainly associated with La Niña like forcing. Strong convergence of low level winds over the EEIO and Maritime continent enhanced the westerly wind bias over the EIO during maximum warming years. This low level convergence of wind is induced by the bias in the gradient in the mean sea level pressure with positive bias over western EIO and negative bias over EEIO and parts of western Pacific. Consequently, changes in the atmospheric circulation associated with La Niña like conditions affected the ocean dynamics by modulating the current bias thereby enhancing the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> warm bias over the EEIO. It is identified that EEIO <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> warming is stronger when La Niña co-occurred with negative Indian Ocean Dipole events as compared to La Niña only years in the model. Ocean general circulation model (OGCM) experiments forced with CFSv2 winds clearly support our hypothesis that ocean dynamics influenced by westerly winds bias is primarily</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1149158','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1149158"><span>Structure and function of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial communities affecting radionuclide transport and bioimmobilization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kostka, Joel E.; Prakash, Om; Green, Stefan J.</p> <p>2012-05-01</p> <p>Our objectives were to: 1) isolate and characterize novel anaerobic prokaryotes from <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments exposed to high levels of mixed contaminants (U(VI), nitrate, sulfate), 2) elucidate the diversity and distribution of metabolically active metal- and nitrate-reducing prokaryotes in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments, and 3) determine the biotic and abiotic mechanisms linking electron transport processes (nitrate, Fe(III), and sulfate reduction) to radionuclide reduction and immobilization. Mechanisms of electron transport and U(VI) transformation were examined under near in situ conditions in sediment microcosms and in field investigations. Field sampling was conducted at the Oak Ridge Field Research Center (ORFRC), in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Themore » ORFRC <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is exposed to mixed contamination predominated by uranium and nitrate. In short, we effectively addressed all 3 stated objectives of the project. In particular, we isolated and characterized a large number of novel anaerobes with a high bioremediation potential that can be used as model organisms, and we are now able to quantify the function of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sedimentary microbial communities in situ using state-of-the-art gene expression methods (molecular proxies).« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7503E..1ME','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7503E..1ME"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> imaging and cell refractometry using quantitative phase/ shear-force feedback microscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Edward, Kert; Farahi, Faramarz</p> <p>2009-10-01</p> <p>Over the last few years, several novel quantitative phase imaging techniques have been developed for the study of biological cells. However, many of these techniques are encumbered by inherent limitations including 2π phase ambiguities and diffraction limited spatial resolution. In addition, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> information in the phase data is not exploited. We hereby present a novel quantitative phase imaging system without 2 π ambiguities, which also allows for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> imaging and cell refractometry studies. This is accomplished by utilizing simultaneously obtained shear-force topography information. We will demonstrate how the quantitative phase and topography data can be used for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> and cell refractometry analysis and will present results for a fabricated structure and a malaria infected red blood cell.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..4410328H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..4410328H"><span>Illuminating the Voluminous <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Structures of Old Faithful Geyser, Yellowstone National Park</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hurwitz, Shaul; Shelly, David R.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park has attracted scientific research for almost a century and a half. Temperature and pressure measurements and video recordings in the geyser's conduit led to proposals of many quantitative eruption models. Nevertheless, information on the processes that initiate the geyser's eruption in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> remained limited. Two new studies, specifically Wu et al. (2017) and Ward and Lin (2017), take advantage of recent developments in seismic data acquisition technology and processing methods to illuminate <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures. Using a dense array of three-component nodal geophones, these studies delineate <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures on a scale larger than previously realized, which exert control on the spectacular eruptions of Old Faithful geyser.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4744786','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4744786"><span>The emergence of hydrogeophysics for improved understanding of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> processes over multiple scales</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hubbard, Susan S.; Huisman, Johan A.; Revil, André; Robinson, David A.; Singha, Kamini; Slater, Lee D.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Abstract Geophysics provides a multidimensional suite of investigative methods that are transforming our ability to see into the very fabric of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment, and monitor the dynamics of its fluids and the biogeochemical reactions that occur within it. Here we document how geophysical methods have emerged as valuable tools for investigating shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> processes over the past two decades and offer a vision for future developments relevant to hydrology and also ecosystem science. The field of “hydrogeophysics” arose in the late 1990s, prompted, in part, by the wealth of studies on stochastic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrology that argued for better field‐based investigative techniques. These new hydrogeophysical approaches benefited from the emergence of practical and robust data inversion techniques, in many cases with a view to quantify shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity and the associated dynamics of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> fluids. Furthermore, the need for quantitative characterization stimulated a wealth of new investigations into petrophysical relationships that link hydrologically relevant properties to measurable geophysical parameters. Development of time‐lapse approaches provided a new suite of tools for hydrological investigation, enhanced further with the realization that some geophysical properties may be sensitive to biogeochemical transformations in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment, thus opening up the new field of “biogeophysics.” Early hydrogeophysical studies often concentrated on relatively small “plot‐scale” experiments. More recently, however, the translation to larger‐scale characterization has been the focus of a number of studies. Geophysical technologies continue to develop, driven, in part, by the increasing need to understand and quantify key processes controlling sustainable water resources and ecosystem services. PMID:26900183</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7931P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7931P"><span>ExoMars WISDOM Left-Right-Evaluation of <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Features</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Plettemeier, Dirk; Ciarletti, Valerie; Benedix, Wolf-Stefan; Clifford, Stephen; Dorizon, Sophie; Statz, Christoph</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The Experiment "Water Ice and <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Deposit Observations on Mars" (WISDOM) is a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) selected to be part of the Pasteur payload on board the rover of the ExoMars2018 mission. This experiment has been designed to characterize the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structure of Mars. The radar is a gated step frequency system covering a frequency range from 0.5 GHz to 3 GHz. The antenna system consists of two antennas sending and receiving two orthogonal polarizations each. Its particular arrangement on the rover enables a classification, whether a scattering object is located on the left or the right hand side of the rover path. The setting and the procedure for the left-right-detection of off-track buried objects is described. The method is applied to data from laboratory, test site and field measurements. The capability of WISDOM left-right-evaluation of scatters is based on the performance of the fully polarimetric antenna system. The ultra-light weight antenna system consists of two crosswise arranged Vivaldi arrays, which operate over a wide bandwidth of 6:1. The antenna is placed at the rear of the ExoMars rover in a way that the E- planes of each single Vivaldi antenna is rotated by 45 degrees with respect to the direction of motion. Moreover, the pattern of this Vivaldi antenna exhibits a narrow beam at the E-plane and a wide beam at the H-plane. Besides the simple detection of objects, these particular antenna and accommodation features allow the location of objects to the left or to the right of the rover path. In a first step the left-right-evaluation of objects and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> features is investigated on laboratory measurements for different geometrical configurations. As expected the radargrams exhibit a strong echo at the co-polar transfer functions. At each lateral distance the echo of each scatterer produces a hyperbola but the position of the maximum of magnitude depends on the lateral distance to the rover path. In the next step</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8206E..1CY','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8206E..1CY"><span>Reduction of the 355-nm laser-induced damage initiators by removing the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cracks in fused silica</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Minghong; Qi, Hongji; Zhao, Yuanan; Yi, Kui</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The 355 nm laser-induced damage thresholds (LIDTs) of polished fused silica with and without the residual <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cracks were explored. HF based wet etching and magnetorheological finishing was used to remove the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cracks. To isolate the effect of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cracks, chemical leaching was used to eliminate the photoactive impurities in the polishing layer. Results show that the crack number density decreased from~103 to <1cm-2, and the LIDT was improved as high as 2.8-fold with both the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cracks and the polishing layer being removed. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> cracks play a significant role in laser damage at fluencies between 15~31 J/cm2 (355nm, 8ns). HF Etching of the cracks was shown to increase the damage performance as nearly high as that of the samples in which <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cracks are well controlled.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.H53B1404K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.H53B1404K"><span>Impact of <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Heterogeneities on nano-Scale Zero Valent Iron Transport</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krol, M. M.; Sleep, B. E.; O'Carroll, D. M.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Nano-scale zero valent iron (nZVI) has been applied as a remediation technology at sites contaminated with chlorinated compounds and heavy metals. Although laboratory studies have demonstrated high reactivity for the degradation of target contaminants, the success of nZVI in the field has been limited due to poor <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> mobility. When injected into the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, nZVI tends to aggregate and be retained by <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils. As such nZVI suspensions need to be stabilized for increased mobility. However, even with stabilization, soil heterogeneities can still lead to non-uniform nZVI transport, resulting in poor distribution and consequently decreased degradation of target compounds. Understanding how nZVI transport can be affected by <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneities can aid in improving the technology. This can be done with the use of a numerical model which can simulate nZVI transport. In this study CompSim, a finite difference groundwater model, is used to simulate the movement of nZVI in a two-dimensional domain. CompSim has been shown in previous studies to accurately predict nZVI movement in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, and is used in this study to examine the impact of soil heterogeneity on nZVI transport. This work also explores the impact of different viscosities of the injected nZVI suspensions (corresponding to different stabilizing polymers) and injection rates on nZVI mobility. Analysis metrics include travel time, travel distance, and average nZVI concentrations. Improving our understanding of the influence of soil heterogeneity on nZVI transport will lead to improved field scale implementation and, potentially, to more effective remediation of contaminated sites.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170008768&hterms=1094&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231094','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170008768&hterms=1094&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231094"><span>Retrieval of Ocean <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Particulate Backscattering Coefficient from Space-Borne CALIOP Lidar Measurement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lu, Xiaomei; Hu, Yongxiang; Pelon, Jacques; Trepte, Chip; Liu, Katie; Rodier, Sharon; Zeng, Shan; Luckher, Patricia; Verhappen, Ron; Wilson, Jamie; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20170008768'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20170008768_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20170008768_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20170008768_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20170008768_hide"></p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>A new approach has been proposed to determine ocean <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> particulate backscattering coefficient bbp from CALIOP 30deg off-nadir lidar measurements. The new method also provides estimates of the particle volume scattering function at the 180deg scattering angle. The CALIOP based layer-integrated lidar backscatter and particulate backscattering coefficients are compared with the results obtained from MODIS ocean color measurements. The comparison analysis shows that ocean <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> lidar backscatter and particulate backscattering coefficient bbp can be accurately obtained from CALIOP lidar measurements, thereby supporting the use of space-borne lidar measurements for ocean <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423944','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423944"><span>Ecology, physiology, and phylogeny of deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> Sphingomonas sp.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fredrickson, J K; Balkwill, D L; Romine, M F; Shi, T</p> <p>1999-10-01</p> <p>Several new species of the genus Sphingomonas including S. aromaticivorans, S. stygia, and S. subterranea that have the capacity for degrading a broad range of aromatic compounds including toluene, naphthalene, xylenes, p-cresol, fluorene, biphenyl, and dibenzothiophene, were isolated from deeply-buried (>200 m) sediments of the US Atlantic coastal plain (ACP). In S. aromaticivorans F199, many of the genes involved in the catabolism of these aromatic compounds are encoded on a 184-kb conjugative plasmid; some of the genes involved in aromatic catabolism are plasmid-encoded in the other strains as well. Members of the genus Sphingomonas were common among aerobic heterotrophic bacteria cultured from ACP sediments and have been detected in deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments elsewhere. The major source of organic carbon for heterotrophic metabolism in ACP deep aquifers is lignite that originated from plant material buried with the sediments. We speculate that the ability of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> Sphingomonas strains to degrade a wide array of aromatic compounds represents an adaptation for utilization of sedimentary lignite. These and related <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> Sphingomonas spp may play an important role in the transformation of sedimentary organic carbon in the aerobic and microaerobic regions of the deep aquifers of the ACP.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.P51B2136B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.P51B2136B"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Ocean Tides in Enceladus and Other Icy Moons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Beuthe, M.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Could tidal dissipation within Enceladus' <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean account for the observed heat flow? Earthlike models of dynamical tides give no definitive answer because they neglect the influence of the crust. I propose here the first model of dissipative tides in a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean, by combining the Laplace Tidal Equations with the membrane approach. For the first time, it is possible to compute tidal dissipation rates within the crust, ocean, and mantle in one go. I show that oceanic dissipation is strongly reduced by the crustal constraint, and thus contributes little to Enceladus' present heat budget. Tidal resonances could have played a role in a forming or freezing ocean less than 100 meters deep. The model is general: it applies to all icy satellites with a thin crust and a shallow or stratified ocean. Scaling rules relate the resonances and dissipation rate of a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean to the ones of a surface ocean. If the ocean has low viscosity, the westward obliquity tide does not move the crust. Therefore, crustal dissipation due to dynamical obliquity tides can differ from the static prediction by up to a factor of two.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AdWR..109...94M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AdWR..109...94M"><span>Dynamic coupling of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> and seepage flows solved within a regularized partition formulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marçais, J.; de Dreuzy, J.-R.; Erhel, J.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Hillslope response to precipitations is characterized by sharp transitions from purely <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow dynamics to simultaneous surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows. Locally, the transition between these two regimes is triggered by soil saturation. Here we develop an integrative approach to simultaneously solve the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow, locate the potential fully saturated areas and deduce the generated saturation excess overland flow. This approach combines the different dynamics and transitions in a single partition formulation using discontinuous functions. We propose to regularize the system of partial differential equations and to use classic spatial and temporal discretization schemes. We illustrate our methodology on the 1D hillslope storage Boussinesq equations (Troch et al., 2003). We first validate the numerical scheme on previous numerical experiments without saturation excess overland flow. Then we apply our model to a test case with dynamic transitions from purely <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow dynamics to simultaneous surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows. Our results show that discretization respects mass balance both locally and globally, converges when the mesh or time step are refined. Moreover the regularization parameter can be taken small enough to ensure accuracy without suffering of numerical artefacts. Applied to some hundreds of realistic hillslope cases taken from Western side of France (Brittany), the developed method appears to be robust and efficient.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3690036','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3690036"><span>A Mobile Acoustic <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Sensing (MASS) System for Rapid Roadway Assessment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lu, Yifeng; Zhang, Yi; Cao, Yinghong; McDaniel, J. Gregory; Wang, Ming L.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Surface waves are commonly used for vibration-based nondestructive testing for infrastructure. Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) has been used to detect <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> properties for geologic inspections. Recently, efforts were made to scale down these <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> detection approaches to see how they perform on small-scale structures such as concrete slabs and pavements. Additional efforts have been made to replace the traditional surface-mounted transducers with non-contact acoustic transducers. Though some success has been achieved, most of these new approaches are inefficient because they require point-to-point measurements or off-line signal analysis. This article introduces a Mobile Acoustic <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Sensing system as MASS, which is an improved surface wave based implementation for measuring the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> profile of roadways. The compact MASS system is a 3-wheeled cart outfitted with an electromagnetic impact source, distance register, non-contact acoustic sensors and data acquisition/processing equipment. The key advantage of the MASS system is the capability to collect measurements continuously at walking speed in an automatic way. The fast scan and real-time analysis advantages are based upon the non-contact acoustic sensing and fast air-coupled surface wave analysis program. This integration of hardware and software makes the MASS system an efficient mobile prototype for the field test. PMID:23698266</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29634805','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29634805"><span>Modeling Phosphorus Losses through Surface Runoff and <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Drainage Using ICECREAM.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Qi, Hongkai; Qi, Zhiming; Zhang, T Q; Tan, C S; Sadhukhan, Debasis</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Modeling soil phosphorus (P) losses by surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow pathways is essential in developing successful strategies for P pollution control. We used the ICECREAM model to simultaneously simulate P losses in surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow, as well as to assess effectiveness of field practices in reducing P losses. Monitoring data from a mineral-P-fertilized clay loam field in southwestern Ontario, Canada, were used for calibration and validation. After careful adjustment of model parameters, ICECREAM was shown to satisfactorily simulate all major processes of surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> P losses. When the calibrated model was used to assess tillage and fertilizer management scenarios, results point to a 10% reduction in total P losses by shifting autumn tillage to spring, and a 25.4% reduction in total P losses by injecting fertilizer rather than broadcasting. Although the ICECREAM model was effective in simulating surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> P losses when thoroughly calibrated, further testing is needed to confirm these results with manure P application. As illustrated here, successful use of simulation models requires careful verification of model routines and comprehensive calibration to ensure that site-specific processes are accurately represented. Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/379159-homology-between-genes-aromatic-hydrocarbon-degradation-surface-deep-subsurface-sphingomonas-strains','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/379159-homology-between-genes-aromatic-hydrocarbon-degradation-surface-deep-subsurface-sphingomonas-strains"><span>Homology between genes for aromatic hydrocarbon degradation in surface and deep-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sphingomonas strains</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kim, E.; Aversano, P.J.; Zylstra, G.J.</p> <p></p> <p>The cloned genes for aromatic hydrocarbon degradation from Sphingomonas yanoikuyae B1 were utilized in Southern hybridization experiments with Sphingomonas strains from the surface and deep-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments. One hybridization pattern was obtained with BamHI-digested genomic DNAs for two surface strains, while a differing pattern was seen for five deep-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> strains. The cross-hybridizing genes were located in the chromosomes of the surface strains and on plasmids in the deep-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> strains. 31 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AeoRe...2...27B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AeoRe...2...27B"><span>Dune advance into a coastal forest, equatorial Brazil: A <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> perspective</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Buynevich, Ilya V.; Filho, Pedro Walfir M. Souza; Asp, Nils E.</p> <p>2010-06-01</p> <p>A large active parabolic dune along the coast of Pará State, northern Brazil, was analyzed using aerial photography and imaged with high-resolution ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to map the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> facies architecture and point-source anomalies. Most high-amplitude (8-10 dB) <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> anomalies are correlated with partially buried mangrove trees along the leading edge (slipface) of the advancing dune. Profiles along a 200-m long basal stoss side of the dune reveal 66 targets, most of which lie below the water table and are thus inaccessible by other methods. Signal amplitudes of point-source anomalies are substantially higher than those associated with the reflections from continuous <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> features (water table, sedimentary layers). When complemented with exposures and excavations, GPR provides the best means of rapid continuous imaging of the geological record of complex interactions between vegetation and aeolian deposition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMIN21C0050R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMIN21C0050R"><span>Working Smarter Not Harder - Developing a Virtual <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Data Framework for U.S. Energy R&D</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rose, K.; Baker, D.; Bauer, J.; Dehlin, M.; Jones, T. J.; Rowan, C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The data revolution has resulted in a proliferation of resources that span beyond commercial and social networking domains. Research, scientific, and engineering data resources, including <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> characterization, modeling, and analytical datasets, are increasingly available through online portals, warehouses, and systems. Data for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> systems is still challenging to access, discontinuous, and varies in resolution. However, with the proliferation of online data there are significant opportunities to advance access and knowledge of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> systems. The Energy Data eXchange (EDX) is an online platform designed to address research data needs by improving access to energy R&D products through advanced search capabilities. In addition, EDX hosts private, virtualized computational workspaces in support of multi-organizational R&D. These collaborative workspaces allow teams to share working data resources and connect to a growing number of analytical tools to support research efforts. One recent application, a team digital data notebook tool, called DataBook, was introduced within EDX workspaces to allow teams to capture contextual and structured data resources. Starting with DOE's <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> R&D community, the EDX team has been developing DataBook to support scientists and engineers working on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> energy research, allowing them to contribute and curate both structured and unstructured data and knowledge about <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> systems. These resources span petrophysical, geologic, engineering, geophysical, interpretations, models, and analyses associated with carbon storage, water, oil, gas, geothermal, induced seismicity and other <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> systems to support the development of a virtual <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> data framework. The integration of EDX and DataBook allows for these systems to leverage each other's best features, such as the ability to interact with other systems (Earthcube, OpenEI.net, NGDS, etc.) and leverage custom machine learning algorithms and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1177452','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1177452"><span>Uranium Biomineralization by Natural Microbial Phosphatase Activities in the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sobecky, Patricia A.</p> <p>2015-04-06</p> <p>In this project, inter-disciplinary research activities were conducted in collaboration among investigators at The University of Alabama (UA), Georgia Institute of Technology (GT), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), the DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI), and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light source (SSRL) to: (i) confirm that phosphatase activities of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> bacteria in Area 2 and 3 from the Oak Ridge Field Research Center result in solid U-phosphate precipitation in aerobic and anaerobic conditions; (ii) investigate the eventual competition between uranium biomineralization via U-phosphate precipitation and uranium bioreduction; (iii) determine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial community structure changes of Areamore » 2 soils following organophosphate amendments; (iv) obtain the complete genome sequences of the Rahnella sp. Y9-602 and the type-strain Rahnella aquatilis ATCC 33071 isolated from these soils; (v) determine if polyphosphate accumulation and phytate hydrolysis can be used to promote U(VI) biomineralization in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments; (vi) characterize the effect of uranium on phytate hydrolysis by a new microorganism isolated from uranium-contaminated sediments; (vii) utilize positron-emission tomography to label and track metabolically-active bacteria in soil columns, and (viii) study the stability of the uranium phosphate mineral product. Microarray analyses and mineral precipitation characterizations were conducted in collaboration with DOE SBR-funded investigators at LBNL. Thus, microbial phosphorus metabolism has been shown to have a contributing role to uranium immobilization in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011epsc.conf.1125C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011epsc.conf.1125C"><span>Ma_Miss Experiment: miniaturized imaging spectrometer for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Coradini, A.; Ammannito, E.; Boccaccini, A.; de Sanctis, M. C.; di Iorio, T.; Battistelli, E.; Capanni, A.</p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>The study of the Martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> will provide important constraints on the nature, timing and duration of alteration and sedimentation processes on Mars, as well as on the complex interactions between the surface and the atmosphere. A Drilling system, coupled with an in situ analysis package, is installed on the Exomars-Pasteur Rover to perform in situ investigations up to 2m in the Mars soil. Ma_Miss (Mars Multispectral Imager for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Studies) is a spectrometer devoted to observe the lateral wall of the borehole generated by the Drilling system. The instrument is fully integrated with the Drill and shares its structure and electronics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18237256','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18237256"><span>Some ecological mechanisms to generate habitability in planetary <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> areas by chemolithotrophic communities: the Río Tinto <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ecosystem as a model system.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fernández-Remolar, David C; Gómez, Felipe; Prieto-Ballesteros, Olga; Schelble, Rachel T; Rodríguez, Nuria; Amils, Ricardo</p> <p>2008-02-01</p> <p>Chemolithotrophic communities that colonize <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> habitats have great relevance for the astrobiological exploration of our Solar System. We hypothesize that the chemical and thermal stabilization of an environment through microbial activity could make a given planetary region habitable. The MARTE project ground-truth drilling campaigns that sampled cryptic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial communities in the basement of the Río Tinto headwaters have shown that acidic surficial habitats are the result of the microbial oxidation of pyritic ores. The oxidation process is exothermic and releases heat under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. These microbial communities can maintain the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> habitat temperature through storage heat if the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature does not exceed their maximum growth temperature. In the acidic solutions of the Río Tinto, ferric iron acts as an effective buffer for controlling water pH. Under anaerobic conditions, ferric iron is the oxidant used by microbes to decompose pyrite through the production of sulfate, ferrous iron, and protons. The integration between the physical and chemical processes mediated by microorganisms with those driven by the local geology and hydrology have led us to hypothesize that thermal and chemical regulation mechanisms exist in this environment and that these homeostatic mechanisms could play an essential role in creating habitable areas for other types of microorganisms. Therefore, searching for the physicochemical expression of extinct and extant homeostatic mechanisms through physical and chemical anomalies in the Mars crust (i.e., local thermal gradient or high concentration of unusual products such as ferric sulfates precipitated out from acidic solutions produced by hypothetical microbial communities) could be a first step in the search for biological traces of a putative extant or extinct Mars biosphere.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJAsB..16..114P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJAsB..16..114P"><span>Planetary science and exploration in the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>: results from the MINAR Program, Boulby Mine, UK</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Payler, Samuel J.; Biddle, Jennifer F.; Coates, Andrew J.; Cousins, Claire R.; Cross, Rachel E.; Cullen, David C.; Downs, Michael T.; Direito, Susana O. L.; Edwards, Thomas; Gray, Amber L.; Genis, Jac; Gunn, Matthew; Hansford, Graeme M.; Harkness, Patrick; Holt, John; Josset, Jean-Luc; Li, Xuan; Lees, David S.; Lim, Darlene S. S.; McHugh, Melissa; McLuckie, David; Meehan, Emma; Paling, Sean M.; Souchon, Audrey; Yeoman, Louise; Cockell, Charles S.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> exploration of other planetary bodies can be used to unravel their geological history and assess their habitability. On Mars in particular, present-day habitable conditions may be restricted to the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Using a deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> mine, we carried out a program of extraterrestrial analog research - MINe Analog Research (MINAR). MINAR aims to carry out the scientific study of the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> and test instrumentation designed for planetary surface exploration by investigating deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geology, whilst establishing the potential this technology has to be transferred into the mining industry. An integrated multi-instrument suite was used to investigate samples of representative evaporite minerals from a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> Permian evaporite sequence, in particular to assess mineral and elemental variations which provide small-scale regions of enhanced habitability. The instruments used were the Panoramic Camera emulator, Close-Up Imager, Raman spectrometer, Small Planetary Linear Impulse Tool, Ultrasonic drill and handheld X-ray diffraction (XRD). We present science results from the analog research and show that these instruments can be used to investigate in situ the geological context and mineralogical variations of a deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment, and thus habitability, from millimetre to metre scales. We also show that these instruments are complementary. For example, the identification of primary evaporite minerals such as NaCl and KCl, which are difficult to detect by portable Raman spectrometers, can be accomplished with XRD. By contrast, Raman is highly effective at locating and detecting mineral inclusions in primary evaporite minerals. MINAR demonstrates the effective use of a deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment for planetary instrument development, understanding the habitability of extreme deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments on Earth and other planetary bodies, and advancing the use of space technology in economic mining.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.995a2098T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.995a2098T"><span>Introduction of a Ground Penetrating Radar System for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Investigation in Balik Pulau, Penang Island</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Teoh, YJ; Bruka, MA; Idris, NM; Ismail, NA; Muztaza, NM</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Ground penetrating radar (GPR) are non-invasive geophysical techniques that enhance studies of the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. The purposes of this work are to study the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> composition of Balik Pulau area in Penang Island and to identify shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geology features. Data acquisition for GPR is by using 250 MHz antenna to cover 200m survey line at Jalan Tun Sardon, Balik Pulau. GPR survey was divided into ten sections at 20 m each. Results from GPR shows that there is low EM reflection along the first 40 m of the survey line. Intense EM reflections were recorded along the distance 40 m to 100 m. Less noticeable radar reflections recorded along 100 m to 200 m distance of the survey line. As a conclusion, clear signal of radar wave reflection indicates dry region of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Meanwhile, low signal of radar wave reflection indicates highly weathered granitic soil or clay of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1259938','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1259938"><span>Fibre optic confocal imaging (FOCI) for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microscopy of the colon in vivo.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Delaney, P M; King, R G; Lambert, J R; Harris, M R</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Fibre optic confocal imaging (FOCI) is a new type of microscopy which has been recently developed (Delaney et al. 1993). In contrast to conventional light microscopy, FOCI and other confocal techniques allow clear imaging of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures within translucent objects. However, unlike conventional confocal microscopes which are bulky (because of a need for accurate alignment of large components) FOCI allows the imaging end to be miniaturised and relatively mobile. FOCI is thus particularly suited for clear <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> imaging of structures within living animals or subjects. The aim of the present study was to assess the suitability of using FOCI for imaging of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures within the colon, both in vitro (human and rat biopsies) and in vivo (in rats). Images were obtained in fluorescence mode (excitation 488 nm, detection above 515 nm) following topical application of fluorescein. By this technique the glandular structure of the colon was imaged. FOCI is thus suitable for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> imaging of the colon in vivo. Images Fig. 2 Fig. 3 PMID:8157487</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JTePh..63..260I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JTePh..63..260I"><span>Holographic <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Radar Technique for Nondestructive Testing of Dielectric Structures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ivashov, S. I.; Bugaev, A. S.; Zhuravlev, A. V.; Razevig, V. V.; Chizh, M. A.; Ivashov, A. I.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Holographic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> radar method is compared with the conventional technology of impulse radars. Basic relationships needed for the reconstruction of complex microwave holograms are presented. Possible applications of the proposed technology are discussed. Diagnostics of polyurethane foam coatings of spacecrafts is used as an example of the efficiency of holographic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> radars. Results of reconstruction of complex and amplitude microwave holograms are compared. It is demonstrated that the image quality that results from reconstruction of complex microwave holograms is higher than the image quality obtained with the aid of amplitude holograms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7045394-simple-technique-observing-subsurface-damage-machining-ceramics','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7045394-simple-technique-observing-subsurface-damage-machining-ceramics"><span>Simple technique for observing <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage in machining of ceramics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Xu, H.H.K.; Jahanmir, S.</p> <p>1994-05-01</p> <p>A simple technique is proposed for directly observing <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage in the machining of ceramics. The technique requires two polished specimens and an optical microscope with Nomarski illumination for examination. The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage created by the grinding of an alumina ceramic is investigated using this technique. The mode of damage is identified as intragrain twinning/slip, and intergranular and transgranular cracking. Chipping along the twinned planes and along the transgranular crack planes, and dislodgement of the intergranularly debonded grains are suggested to be the mechanisms of material removal in the machining of this alumina ceramic.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFM.H53G..05G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFM.H53G..05G"><span>Modeling <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Behavior at the System Level: Considerations and a Path Forward</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Geesey, G.</p> <p>2005-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is an obscure but essential resource to life on Earth. It is an important region for carbon production and sequestration, a source and reservoir for energy, minerals and metals and potable water. There is a growing need to better understand <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> possesses that control the exploitation and security of these resources. Our best models often fail to predict these processes at the field scale because of limited understanding of 1) the processes and the controlling parameters, 2) how processes are coupled at the field scale 3) geological heterogeneities that control hydrological, geochemical and microbiological processes at the field scale and 4) lack of data sets to calibrate and validate numerical models. There is a need for experimental data obtained at scales larger than those obtained at the laboratory bench that take into account the influence of hydrodynamics, geochemical reactions including complexation and chelation/adsorption/precipitation/ion exchange/oxidation-reduction/colloid formation and dissolution, and reactions of microbial origin. Furthermore, the coupling of each of these processes and reactions needs to be evaluated experimentally at a scale that produces data that can be used to calibrate numerical models so that they accurately describe field scale system behavior. Establishing the relevant experimental scale for collection of data from coupled processes remains a challenge and will likely be process-dependent and involve iterations of experimentation and data collection at different intermediate scales until the models calibrated with the appropriate date sets achieve an acceptable level of performance. Assuming that the geophysicists will soon develop technologies to define geological heterogeneities over a wide range of scales in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, geochemists need to continue to develop techniques to remotely measure abiotic reactions, while geomicrobiologists need to continue their development of complementary technologies</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24216435','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24216435"><span>Nutrient loss in leachate and surface runoff from surface-broadcast and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-banded broiler litter.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lamba, Jasmeet; Srivastava, Puneet; Way, Thomas R; Sen, Sumit; Wood, C Wesley; Yoo, Kyung H</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> band application of poultry litter has been shown to reduce the transport of nutrients from fields in surface runoff compared with conventional surface broadcast application. Little research has been conducted to determine the effects of surface broadcast application and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> banding of litter on nutrients in leachate. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> band application and surface broadcast application of poultry litter on nutrient losses in leachate. Zero-tension pan and passive capillary fiberglass wick lysimeters were installed in situ 50 cm beneath the soil surface of an established tall fescue ( Schreb.) pasture on a sandy loam soil. The treatments were surface broadcast and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-banded poultry litter at 5 Mg ha and an unfertilized control. Results of the rainfall simulations showed that the concentrations of PO-P and total phosphorus (TP) in leachate were reduced by 96 and 37%, respectively, in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-banded litter treatment compared with the surface-applied litter treatment. There was no significant difference in PO-P concentration between control and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-banded litter treatment in leachate. The trend in the loading of nutrients in leachate was similar to the trend in concentration. Concentration and loading of the nutrients (TP, PO-P, NH-N, and NO-N) in runoff from the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-banded treatment were significantly less than for the surface-applied treatment and were similar to those from control plots. These results show that, compared with conventional surface broadcast application of litter, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> band application of litter can greatly reduce loss of P in surface runoff and leachate. Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110009928','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110009928"><span>Fracture Mechanics Analyses of <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Defects in Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Joggles Subjected to Thermo-Mechanical Loads</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Knight, Norman F., Jr.; Raju, Ivatury S.; Song, Kyongchan</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Coating spallation events have been observed along the slip-side joggle region of the Space Shuttle Orbiter wing-leading-edge panels. One potential contributor to the spallation event is a pressure build up within <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> voids or defects due to volatiles or water vapor entrapped during fabrication, refurbishment, or normal operational use. The influence of entrapped pressure on the thermo-mechanical fracture-mechanics response of reinforced carbon-carbon with <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects is studied. Plane-strain simulations with embedded <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects are performed to characterize the fracture mechanics response for a given defect length when subjected to combined elevated-temperature and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-defect pressure loadings to simulate the unvented defect condition. Various <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defect locations of a fixed-length substrate defect are examined for elevated temperature conditions. Fracture mechanics results suggest that entrapped pressure combined with local elevated temperatures have the potential to cause <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defect growth and possibly contribute to further material separation or even spallation. For this anomaly to occur, several unusual circumstances would be required making such an outcome unlikely but plausible.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B11G1737C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B11G1737C"><span>Cultivating the Deep <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Microbiome</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Casar, C. P.; Osburn, M. R.; Flynn, T. M.; Masterson, A.; Kruger, B.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Subterranean ecosystems are poorly understood because many microbes detected in metagenomic surveys are only distantly related to characterized isolates. Cultivating microorganisms from the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is challenging due to its inaccessibility and potential for contamination. The Deep Mine Microbial Observatory (DeMMO) in Lead, SD however, offers access to deep microbial life via pristine fracture fluids in bedrock to a depth of 1478 m. The metabolic landscape of DeMMO was previously characterized via thermodynamic modeling coupled with genomic data, illustrating the potential for microbial inhabitants of DeMMO to utilize mineral substrates as energy sources. Here, we employ field and lab based cultivation approaches with pure minerals to link phylogeny to metabolism at DeMMO. Fracture fluids were directed through reactors filled with Fe3O4, Fe2O3, FeS2, MnO2, and FeCO3 at two sites (610 m and 1478 m) for 2 months prior to harvesting for subsequent analyses. We examined mineralogical, geochemical, and microbiological composition of the reactors via DNA sequencing, microscopy, lipid biomarker characterization, and bulk C and N isotope ratios to determine the influence of mineralogy on biofilm community development. Pre-characterized mineral chips were imaged via SEM to assay microbial growth; preliminary results suggest MnO2, Fe3O4, and Fe2O3 were most conducive to colonization. Solid materials from reactors were used as inoculum for batch cultivation experiments. Media designed to mimic fracture fluid chemistry was supplemented with mineral substrates targeting metal reducers. DNA sequences and microscopy of iron oxide-rich biofilms and fracture fluids suggest iron oxidation is a major energy source at redox transition zones where anaerobic fluids meet more oxidizing conditions. We utilized these biofilms and fluids as inoculum in gradient cultivation experiments targeting microaerophilic iron oxidizers. Cultivation of microbes endemic to DeMMO, a system</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780061111&hterms=abbott+lab&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dabbott%2Blab','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780061111&hterms=abbott+lab&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dabbott%2Blab"><span>Orbital radar evidence for lunar <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layering in Maria Serenitatis and Crisium</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Peeples, W. J.; Sill, W. R.; May, T. W.; Ward, S. H.; Phillips, R. J.; Jordan, R. L.; Abbott, E. A.; Killpack, T. J.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>Data from the lunar-orbiting Apollo 17 radar sounding experiment (60-m wavelength) have been examined in both digital and holographic formats, and it is concluded that there are two <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> radar reflectors below the surface in Mare Serenitatis and one reflector below the surface in Mare Crisium. The mean apparent depths of the reflectors below the surface of the former Mare are 0.9 and 1.6 km, while the reflector below the surface of the latter Mare has a mean depth of 1.4 km. These reflectors represent basin-wide <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> interfaces. Techniques for reducing surface backscatter (clutter) in the data are described, and reasons for thinking that the distinct alignments in radar returns represent <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> reflecting horizons are explained</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=118638&Lab=NCER&keyword=State+AND+flow&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=118638&Lab=NCER&keyword=State+AND+flow&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>SEQUESTRATION OF <span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> ELEMENTAL MERCURY (HG0)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><p>Elemental mercury (Hg<sup>0</sup>) is a metal with a number of atypical properties, which has resulted in its use in myriad anthropogenic processes. However, these same properties have also led to severe local <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contamination at many places where it has been used. As...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/918089','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/918089"><span>Method of installing <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> barrier</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Nickelson, Reva A.; Richardson, John G.; Kostelnik, Kevin M.; Sloan, Paul A.</p> <p>2007-10-09</p> <p>Systems, components, and methods relating to subterranean containment barriers. Laterally adjacent tubular casings having male interlock structures and multiple female interlock structures defining recesses for receiving a male interlock structure are used to create subterranean barriers for containing and treating buried waste and its effluents. The multiple female interlock structures enable the barriers to be varied around <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> objects and to form barrier sidewalls. The barrier may be used for treating and monitoring a zone of interest.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title43-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title43-vol2-sec3138-11.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title43-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title43-vol2-sec3138-11.pdf"><span>43 CFR 3138.11 - How do I apply for a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage agreement?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... participation factor for all parties to the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage agreement; and (11) Supporting data (geologic maps showing the storage formation, reservoir data, etc.) demonstrating the capability of the reservoir... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false How do I apply for a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title43-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title43-vol2-sec3138-11.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title43-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title43-vol2-sec3138-11.pdf"><span>43 CFR 3138.11 - How do I apply for a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage agreement?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... participation factor for all parties to the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage agreement; and (11) Supporting data (geologic maps showing the storage formation, reservoir data, etc.) demonstrating the capability of the reservoir... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false How do I apply for a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title43-vol2/pdf/CFR-2011-title43-vol2-sec3138-11.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title43-vol2/pdf/CFR-2011-title43-vol2-sec3138-11.pdf"><span>43 CFR 3138.11 - How do I apply for a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage agreement?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... participation factor for all parties to the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage agreement; and (11) Supporting data (geologic maps showing the storage formation, reservoir data, etc.) demonstrating the capability of the reservoir... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false How do I apply for a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title43-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title43-vol2-sec3138-11.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title43-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title43-vol2-sec3138-11.pdf"><span>43 CFR 3138.11 - How do I apply for a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage agreement?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... participation factor for all parties to the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage agreement; and (11) Supporting data (geologic maps showing the storage formation, reservoir data, etc.) demonstrating the capability of the reservoir... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false How do I apply for a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24115624','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24115624"><span>Patterns and drivers of bacterial α- and β-diversity across vertical profiles from surface to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Luna, Gian Marco; Corinaldesi, Cinzia; Rastelli, Eugenio; Danovaro, Roberto</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>We investigated the patterns and drivers of bacterial α- and β-diversity, along with viral and prokaryotic abundance and the carbon production rates, in marine surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments (down to 1 m depth) in two habitats: vegetated sediments (seagrass meadow) and non-vegetated sediments. Prokaryotic abundance and production decreased with depth in the sediment, but cell-specific production rates and the virus-to-prokaryote ratio increased, highlighting unexpectedly high activity in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. The highest diversity was observed in vegetated sediments. Bacterial β-diversity between sediment horizons was high, and only a minor number of taxa was shared between surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layers. Viruses significantly contributed to explain α- and β-diversity patterns. Despite potential limitations due to the only use of fingerprinting techniques, this study indicates that the coastal <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> host highly active and diversified bacterial assemblages, that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cells are more active than expected and that viruses promote β-diversity and stimulate bacterial metabolism in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layers. The limited number of taxa shared between habitats, and between surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediment horizons, suggests that future investigations of the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> will provide insights into the census of bacterial diversity, and the comprehension of the patterns and drivers of prokaryotic diversity in marine ecosystems. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Society for Applied Microbiology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5580166','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5580166"><span>Imaging of <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Corrosion Using Gradient-Field Pulsed Eddy Current Probes with Uniform Field Excitation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ren, Shuting; Yan, Bei; Zainal Abidin, Ilham Mukriz; Wang, Yi</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>A corrosive environment leaves in-service conductive structures prone to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> corrosion which poses a severe threat to the structural integrity. It is indispensable to detect and quantitatively evaluate <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> corrosion via non-destructive evaluation techniques. Although the gradient-field pulsed eddy current technique (GPEC) has been found to be superior in the evaluation of corrosion in conductors, it suffers from a technical drawback resulting from the non-uniform field excited by the conventional pancake coil. In light of this, a new GPEC probe with uniform field excitation for the imaging of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> corrosion is proposed in this paper. The excited uniform field makes the GPEC signal correspond only to the field perturbation due to the presence of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> corrosion, which benefits the corrosion profiling and sizing. A 3D analytical model of GPEC is established to analyze the characteristics of the uniform field induced within a conductor. Following this, experiments regarding the imaging of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> corrosion via GPEC have been carried out. It has been found from the results that the proposed GPEC probe with uniform field excitation not only applies to the imaging of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> corrosion in conductive structures, but provides high-sensitivity imaging results regarding the corrosion profile and opening size. PMID:28758985</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28758985','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28758985"><span>Imaging of <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Corrosion Using Gradient-Field Pulsed Eddy Current Probes with Uniform Field Excitation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Yong; Ren, Shuting; Yan, Bei; Zainal Abidin, Ilham Mukriz; Wang, Yi</p> <p>2017-07-31</p> <p>A corrosive environment leaves in-service conductive structures prone to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> corrosion which poses a severe threat to the structural integrity. It is indispensable to detect and quantitatively evaluate <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> corrosion via non-destructive evaluation techniques. Although the gradient-field pulsed eddy current technique (GPEC) has been found to be superior in the evaluation of corrosion in conductors, it suffers from a technical drawback resulting from the non-uniform field excited by the conventional pancake coil. In light of this, a new GPEC probe with uniform field excitation for the imaging of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> corrosion is proposed in this paper. The excited uniform field makes the GPEC signal correspond only to the field perturbation due to the presence of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> corrosion, which benefits the corrosion profiling and sizing. A 3D analytical model of GPEC is established to analyze the characteristics of the uniform field induced within a conductor. Following this, experiments regarding the imaging of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> corrosion via GPEC have been carried out. It has been found from the results that the proposed GPEC probe with uniform field excitation not only applies to the imaging of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> corrosion in conductive structures, but provides high-sensitivity imaging results regarding the corrosion profile and opening size.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1257339-emergence-hydrogeophysics-improved-understanding-subsurface-processes-over-multiple-scales','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1257339-emergence-hydrogeophysics-improved-understanding-subsurface-processes-over-multiple-scales"><span>The emergence of hydrogeophysics for improved understanding of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> processes over multiple scales</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Binley, Andrew; Hubbard, Susan S.; Huisman, Johan A.; ...</p> <p>2015-06-15</p> <p>Geophysics provides a multidimensional suite of investigative methods that are transforming our ability to see into the very fabric of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment, and monitor the dynamics of its fluids and the biogeochemical reactions that occur within it. Here we document how geophysical methods have emerged as valuable tools for investigating shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> processes over the past two decades and offer a vision for future developments relevant to hydrology and also ecosystem science. The field of “hydrogeophysics” arose in the late 1990s, prompted, in part, by the wealth of studies on stochastic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrology that argued for better field-based investigativemore » techniques. These new hydrogeophysical approaches benefited from the emergence of practical and robust data inversion techniques, in many cases with a view to quantify shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity and the associated dynamics of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> fluids. Furthermore, the need for quantitative characterization stimulated a wealth of new investigations into petrophysical relationships that link hydrologically relevant properties to measurable geophysical parameters. Development of time-lapse approaches provided a new suite of tools for hydrological investigation, enhanced further with the realization that some geophysical properties may be sensitive to biogeochemical transformations in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment, thus opening up the new field of “biogeophysics.” Early hydrogeophysical studies often concentrated on relatively small “plot-scale” experiments. More recently, however, the translation to larger-scale characterization has been the focus of a number of studies. In conclusion, geophysical technologies continue to develop, driven, in part, by the increasing need to understand and quantify key processes controlling sustainable water resources and ecosystem services.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1257339','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1257339"><span>The emergence of hydrogeophysics for improved understanding of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> processes over multiple scales</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Binley, Andrew; Hubbard, Susan S.; Huisman, Johan A.</p> <p></p> <p>Geophysics provides a multidimensional suite of investigative methods that are transforming our ability to see into the very fabric of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment, and monitor the dynamics of its fluids and the biogeochemical reactions that occur within it. Here we document how geophysical methods have emerged as valuable tools for investigating shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> processes over the past two decades and offer a vision for future developments relevant to hydrology and also ecosystem science. The field of “hydrogeophysics” arose in the late 1990s, prompted, in part, by the wealth of studies on stochastic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrology that argued for better field-based investigativemore » techniques. These new hydrogeophysical approaches benefited from the emergence of practical and robust data inversion techniques, in many cases with a view to quantify shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity and the associated dynamics of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> fluids. Furthermore, the need for quantitative characterization stimulated a wealth of new investigations into petrophysical relationships that link hydrologically relevant properties to measurable geophysical parameters. Development of time-lapse approaches provided a new suite of tools for hydrological investigation, enhanced further with the realization that some geophysical properties may be sensitive to biogeochemical transformations in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment, thus opening up the new field of “biogeophysics.” Early hydrogeophysical studies often concentrated on relatively small “plot-scale” experiments. More recently, however, the translation to larger-scale characterization has been the focus of a number of studies. In conclusion, geophysical technologies continue to develop, driven, in part, by the increasing need to understand and quantify key processes controlling sustainable water resources and ecosystem services.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25803587','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25803587"><span>Relating <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> ice features to physiological stress in a climate sensitive mammal, the American pika (Ochotona princeps).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wilkening, Jennifer L; Ray, Chris; Varner, Johanna</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The American pika (Ochotona princeps) is considered a sentinel species for detecting ecological effects of climate change. Pikas are declining within a large portion of their range, and ongoing research suggests loss of <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> ice as a mechanism. However, no studies have demonstrated physiological responses of pikas to <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> ice features. Here we present the first analysis of physiological stress in pikas living in and adjacent to habitats underlain by ice. Fresh fecal samples were collected non-invasively from two adjacent sites in the Rocky Mountains (one with <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> ice and one without) and analyzed for glucocorticoid metabolites (GCM). We also measured <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> microclimates in each habitat. Results indicate lower GCM concentration in sites with <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> ice, suggesting that pikas are less stressed in favorable microclimates resulting from <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> ice features. GCM response was well predicted by habitat characteristics associated with <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> ice features, such as lower mean summer temperatures. These results suggest that pikas inhabiting areas without <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> ice features are experiencing higher levels of physiological stress and may be more susceptible to changing climates. Although post-deposition environmental effects can confound analyses based on fecal GCM, we found no evidence for such effects in this study. <span class="hlt">Sub-surface</span> ice features are key to water cycling and storage and will likely represent an increasingly important component of water resources in a warming climate. Fecal samples collected from additional watersheds as part of current pika monitoring programs could be used to further characterize relationships between pika stress and <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> ice features.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4372430','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4372430"><span>Relating <span class="hlt">Sub-Surface</span> Ice Features to Physiological Stress in a Climate Sensitive Mammal, the American Pika (Ochotona princeps)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wilkening, Jennifer L.; Ray, Chris; Varner, Johanna</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The American pika (Ochotona princeps) is considered a sentinel species for detecting ecological effects of climate change. Pikas are declining within a large portion of their range, and ongoing research suggests loss of <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> ice as a mechanism. However, no studies have demonstrated physiological responses of pikas to <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> ice features. Here we present the first analysis of physiological stress in pikas living in and adjacent to habitats underlain by ice. Fresh fecal samples were collected non-invasively from two adjacent sites in the Rocky Mountains (one with <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> ice and one without) and analyzed for glucocorticoid metabolites (GCM). We also measured <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> microclimates in each habitat. Results indicate lower GCM concentration in sites with <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> ice, suggesting that pikas are less stressed in favorable microclimates resulting from <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> ice features. GCM response was well predicted by habitat characteristics associated with <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> ice features, such as lower mean summer temperatures. These results suggest that pikas inhabiting areas without <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> ice features are experiencing higher levels of physiological stress and may be more susceptible to changing climates. Although post-deposition environmental effects can confound analyses based on fecal GCM, we found no evidence for such effects in this study. <span class="hlt">Sub-surface</span> ice features are key to water cycling and storage and will likely represent an increasingly important component of water resources in a warming climate. Fecal samples collected from additional watersheds as part of current pika monitoring programs could be used to further characterize relationships between pika stress and <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> ice features. PMID:25803587</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1004828','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1004828"><span>Integrated Disposal <span class="hlt">Facility</span> FY2010 Glass Testing Summary Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Pierce, Eric M.; Bacon, Diana H.; Kerisit, Sebastien N.</p> <p>2010-09-30</p> <p>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory was contracted by Washington River Protection Solutions, LLC to provide the technical basis for estimating radionuclide release from the engineered portion of the disposal <span class="hlt">facility</span> (e.g., source term). Vitrifying the low-activity waste at Hanford is expected to generate over 1.6 × 105 m3 of glass (Puigh 1999). The volume of immobilized low-activity waste (ILAW) at Hanford is the largest in the DOE complex and is one of the largest inventories (approximately 0.89 × 1018 Bq total activity) of long-lived radionuclides, principally 99Tc (t1/2 = 2.1 × 105), planned for disposal in a low-level waste (LLW) <span class="hlt">facility</span>.more » Before the ILAW can be disposed, DOE must conduct a performance assessement (PA) for the Integrated Disposal <span class="hlt">Facility</span> (IDF) that describes the long-term impacts of the disposal <span class="hlt">facility</span> on public health and environmental resources. As part of the ILAW glass testing program PNNL is implementing a strategy, consisting of experimentation and modeling, in order to provide the technical basis for estimating radionuclide release from the glass waste form in support of future IDF PAs. The purpose of this report is to summarize the progress made in fiscal year (FY) 2010 toward implementing the strategy with the goal of developing an understanding of the long-term corrosion behavior of low-activity waste glasses. The emphasis in FY2010 was the completing an evaluation of the most sensitive kinetic rate law parameters used to predict glass weathering, documented in Bacon and Pierce (2010), and transitioning from the use of the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Transport Over Reactive Multi-phases to <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Transport Over Multiple Phases computer code for near-field calculations. The FY2010 activities also consisted of developing a Monte Carlo and Geochemical Modeling framework that links glass composition to alteration phase formation by 1) determining the structure of unreacted and reacted glasses for use as input information into Monte</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5549742','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5549742"><span>Effects of rainfall patterns and land cover on the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow generation of sloping Ferralsols in southern China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Yang, Jie; Tang, Chongjun; Chen, Lihua; Liu, Yaojun; Wang, Lingyun</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Rainfall patterns and land cover are two important factors that affect the runoff generation process. To determine the surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows associated with different rainfall patterns on sloping Ferralsols under different land cover types, observational data related to surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows from 5 m × 15 m plots were collected from 2010 to 2012. The experiment was conducted to assess three land cover types (grass, litter cover and bare land) in the Jiangxi Provincial Soil and Water Conservation Ecological Park. During the study period, 114 natural rainfall events produced <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow and were divided into four groups using k-means clustering according to rainfall duration, rainfall depth and maximum 30-min rainfall intensity. The results showed that the total runoff and surface flow values were highest for bare land under all four rainfall patterns and lowest for the covered plots. However, covered plots generated higher <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow values than bare land. Moreover, the surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows associated with the three land cover types differed significantly under different rainfall patterns. Rainfall patterns with low intensities and long durations created more <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow in the grass and litter cover types, whereas rainfall patterns with high intensities and short durations resulted in greater surface flow over bare land. Rainfall pattern I had the highest surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow values for the grass cover and litter cover types. The highest surface flow value and lowest <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow value for bare land occurred under rainfall pattern IV. Rainfall pattern II generated the highest <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow value for bare land. Therefore, grass or litter cover are able to convert more surface flow into <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow under different rainfall patterns. The rainfall patterns studied had greater effects on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow than on total runoff and surface flow for covered surfaces, as well as a greater effect on surface flows associated</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/27816','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/27816"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> condition evaluation for asphalt pavement preservation treatments.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>This report presents a case study on the SR70 section with microsurface for understanding its performance; a development of a : methodology for evaluating the asphalt pavement <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> condition for applying pavement preservation treatments; and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1949t0006G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1949t0006G"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> damage detection in non-ferrous systems using 3D synchronous magnetic inspection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gray, David; Berry, David</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Prime Photonics is developing a non-destructive inspection (NDI) technology, 3-D synchronous magnetic imaging system (3-D SMIS), that uses synchronous detection of magnetic signatures resulting from ultrasonic excitation to measure both surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flaws in conductive structures. 3-D SMIS is showing promise in a wide range of NDI/NDE uses including characterizing surface-breaking cracks in ferrous and non-ferrous materials, locating and characterizing <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> cracks within nonferrous conductive materials (Ti 6-4 and carbon fiber composites), and characterization of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> residual stresses. The technology offers a non-contact, high resolution inspection technique that does not require austere environments, and can accommodate non-planar specimen geometries.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009HESS...13.1503Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009HESS...13.1503Z"><span>Simulation and validation of concentrated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> lateral flow paths in an agricultural landscape</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhu, Q.; Lin, H. S.</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>The importance of soil water flow paths to the transport of nutrients and contaminants has long been recognized. However, effective means of detecting concentrated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow paths in a large landscape are still lacking. The flow direction and accumulation algorithm based on single-direction flow algorithm (D8) in GIS hydrologic modeling is a cost-effective way to simulate potential concentrated flow paths over a large area once relevant data are collected. This study tested the D8 algorithm for simulating concentrated lateral flow paths at three interfaces in soil profiles in a 19.5-ha agricultural landscape in central Pennsylvania, USA. These interfaces were (1) the interface between surface plowed layers of Ap1 and Ap2 horizons, (2) the interface with subsoil water-restricting clay layer where clay content increased to over 40%, and (3) the soil-bedrock interface. The simulated flow paths were validated through soil hydrologic monitoring, geophysical surveys, and observable soil morphological features. The results confirmed that concentrated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> lateral flow occurred at the interfaces with the clay layer and the underlying bedrock. At these two interfaces, the soils on the simulated flow paths were closer to saturation and showed more temporally unstable moisture dynamics than those off the simulated flow paths. Apparent electrical conductivity in the soil on the simulated flow paths was elevated and temporally unstable as compared to those outside the simulated paths. The soil cores collected from the simulated flow paths showed significantly higher Mn content at these interfaces than those away from the simulated paths. These results suggest that (1) the D8 algorithm is useful in simulating possible concentrated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> lateral flow paths if used with appropriate threshold value of contributing area and sufficiently detailed digital elevation model (DEM); (2) repeated electromagnetic surveys can reflect the temporal change of soil water storage</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27851735','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27851735"><span>Reorientation of Sputnik Planitia implies a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean on Pluto.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nimmo, F; Hamilton, D P; McKinnon, W B; Schenk, P M; Binzel, R P; Bierson, C J; Beyer, R A; Moore, J M; Stern, S A; Weaver, H A; Olkin, C B; Young, L A; Smith, K E</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The deep nitrogen-covered basin on Pluto, informally named Sputnik Planitia, is located very close to the longitude of Pluto's tidal axis and may be an impact feature, by analogy with other large basins in the Solar System. Reorientation of Sputnik Planitia arising from tidal and rotational torques can explain the basin's present-day location, but requires the feature to be a positive gravity anomaly, despite its negative topography. Here we argue that if Sputnik Planitia did indeed form as a result of an impact and if Pluto possesses a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean, the required positive gravity anomaly would naturally result because of shell thinning and ocean uplift, followed by later modest nitrogen deposition. Without a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean, a positive gravity anomaly requires an implausibly thick nitrogen layer (exceeding 40 kilometres). To prolong the lifetime of such a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean to the present day and to maintain ocean uplift, a rigid, conductive water-ice shell is required. Because nitrogen deposition is latitude-dependent, nitrogen loading and reorientation may have exhibited complex feedbacks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.540...94N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.540...94N"><span>Reorientation of Sputnik Planitia implies a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean on Pluto</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nimmo, F.; Hamilton, D. P.; McKinnon, W. B.; Schenk, P. M.; Binzel, R. P.; Bierson, C. J.; Beyer, R. A.; Moore, J. M.; Stern, S. A.; Weaver, H. A.; Olkin, C. B.; Young, L. A.; Smith, K. E.; Moore, J. M.; McKinnon, W. B.; Spencer, J. R.; Beyer, R.; Binzel, R. P.; Buie, M.; Buratti, B.; Cheng, A.; Cruikshank, D.; Ore, C. Dalle; Earle, A.; Gladstone, R.; Grundy, W.; Howard, A. D.; Lauer, T.; Linscott, I.; Nimmo, F.; Parker, J.; Porter, S.; Reitsema, H.; Reuter, D.; Roberts, J. H.; Robbins, S.; Schenk, P. M.; Showalter, M.; Singer, K.; Strobel, D.; Summers, M.; Tyler, L.; White, O. L.; Umurhan, O. M.; Banks, M.; Barnouin, O.; Bray, V.; Carcich, B.; Chaikin, A.; Chavez, C.; Conrad, C.; Hamilton, D. P.; Howett, C.; Hofgartner, J.; Kammer, J.; Lisse, C.; Marcotte, A.; Parker, A.; Retherford, K.; Saina, M.; Runyon, K.; Schindhelm, E.; Stansberry, J.; Steffl, A.; Stryk, T.; Throop, H.; Tsang, C.; Verbiscer, A.; Winters, H.; Zangari, A.; Stern, S. A.; Weaver, H. A.; Olkin, C. B.; Young, L. A.; Smith, K. E.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The deep nitrogen-covered basin on Pluto, informally named Sputnik Planitia, is located very close to the longitude of Pluto’s tidal axis and may be an impact feature, by analogy with other large basins in the Solar System. Reorientation of Sputnik Planitia arising from tidal and rotational torques can explain the basin’s present-day location, but requires the feature to be a positive gravity anomaly, despite its negative topography. Here we argue that if Sputnik Planitia did indeed form as a result of an impact and if Pluto possesses a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean, the required positive gravity anomaly would naturally result because of shell thinning and ocean uplift, followed by later modest nitrogen deposition. Without a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean, a positive gravity anomaly requires an implausibly thick nitrogen layer (exceeding 40 kilometres). To prolong the lifetime of such a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean to the present day and to maintain ocean uplift, a rigid, conductive water-ice shell is required. Because nitrogen deposition is latitude-dependent, nitrogen loading and reorientation may have exhibited complex feedbacks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/1044/report.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/1044/report.pdf"><span>A study of surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ground motions at Calico Hills, Nevada Test Site</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>King, Kenneth W.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>A study of earthquake ground motions recorded at depth in a drill hole and at the ground surface has derived the surface to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> transfer functions such as might be expected at a potential nuclear waste repository in a similar setting. The site under investigation has small seismic velocity contrasts in the layers of rock between the surface and the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> seismometer location. The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> seismic motions were similar in spectral characteristics to the surface motions and were lower in amplitude across the recorded band-width by a factor of 1.5.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27597784','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27597784"><span>Introduction: energy and the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Christov, Ivan C; Viswanathan, Hari S</p> <p>2016-10-13</p> <p>This theme issue covers topics at the forefront of scientific research on energy and the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, ranging from carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration to the recovery of unconventional shale oil and gas resources through hydraulic fracturing. As such, the goal of this theme issue is to have an impact on the scientific community, broadly, by providing a self-contained collection of articles contributing to and reviewing the state-of-the-art of the field. This collection of articles could be used, for example, to set the next generation of research directions, while also being useful as a self-study guide for those interested in entering the field. Review articles are included on the topics of hydraulic fracturing as a multiscale problem, numerical modelling of hydraulic fracture propagation, the role of computational sciences in the upstream oil and gas industry and chemohydrodynamic patterns in porous media. Complementing the reviews is a set of original research papers covering growth models for branched hydraulic crack systems, fluid-driven crack propagation in elastic matrices, elastic and inelastic deformation of fluid-saturated rock, reaction front propagation in fracture matrices, the effects of rock mineralogy and pore structure on stress-dependent permeability of shales, topographic viscous fingering and plume dynamics in porous media convection.This article is part of the themed issue 'Energy and the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>'. © 2016 The Author(s).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B53J..03Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B53J..03Y"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> soil carbon losses offset surface carbon accumulation in abandoned agricultural fields</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Y.; Knops, J. M. H.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Soil carbon is widely understood to accumulate after agricultural abandonment. However, most of the studies have been focused on shallow depths (10 to 30 cm), and there is a lack of deeper soil carbon data. It was reported that in temperate grasslands, 58% of the soil organic carbon in the first meter was stored between 20 and 100 cm, and organic matter in deeper soil might also be susceptible to agricultural disturbance. We used repeated sampling in 2001 and 2014 to directly measure rates of soil carbon change in both surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil in 21 abandoned agricultural fields at Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve, MN. Congruent with many other studies, we found carbon accumulated 384.2 C g/m2 in surface soil (0 - 20 cm) over the 13 years. However, we also found carbon pool declined 688.1 C g/m2 in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil (40-100 cm), which resulted in a net total loss of soil carbon. We investigated the ecosystem carbon pools and fluxes to explore the mechanisms of the observed soil carbon changes. We found root carbon was not significantly correlated with soil carbon in any of the depth. In situ soil incubation showed nitrogen mineralization rates in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil are lower than that of surface soil. However, the estimated nitrogen and carbon output through decomposition is higher than inputs from roots, therefore leading to carbon loss in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil. These results suggest that the decomposition of soil organic matter by microorganisms in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil is significant, and should be incorporated in ecosystem carbon budget models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22908256','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22908256"><span>Impact of abrupt deglacial climate change on tropical Atlantic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperatures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schmidt, Matthew W; Chang, Ping; Hertzberg, Jennifer E; Them, Theodore R; Ji, Link; J, Link; Otto-Bliesner, Bette L</p> <p>2012-09-04</p> <p>Both instrumental data analyses and coupled ocean-atmosphere models indicate that Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variability is tightly linked to abrupt tropical North Atlantic (TNA) climate change through both atmospheric and oceanic processes. Although a slowdown of AMOC results in an atmospheric-induced surface cooling in the entire TNA, the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> experiences an even larger warming because of rapid reorganizations of ocean circulation patterns at intermediate water depths. Here, we reconstruct high-resolution temperature records using oxygen isotope values and Mg/Ca ratios in both surface- and subthermocline-dwelling planktonic foraminifera from a sediment core located in the TNA over the last 22 ky. Our results show significant changes in the vertical thermal gradient of the upper water column, with the warmest <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperatures of the last deglacial transition corresponding to the onset of the Younger Dryas. Furthermore, we present new analyses of a climate model simulation forced with freshwater discharge into the North Atlantic under Last Glacial Maximum forcings and boundary conditions that reveal a maximum <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> warming in the vicinity of the core site and a vertical thermal gradient change at the onset of AMOC weakening, consistent with the reconstructed record. Together, our proxy reconstructions and modeling results provide convincing evidence for a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oceanic teleconnection linking high-latitude North Atlantic climate to the tropical Atlantic during periods of reduced AMOC across the last deglacial transition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18641632','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18641632"><span>Significant contribution of Archaea to extant biomass in marine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lipp, Julius S; Morono, Yuki; Inagaki, Fumio; Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe</p> <p>2008-08-21</p> <p>Deep drilling into the marine sea floor has uncovered a vast sedimentary ecosystem of microbial cells. Extrapolation of direct counts of stained microbial cells to the total volume of habitable marine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments suggests that between 56 Pg (ref. 1) and 303 Pg (ref. 3) of cellular carbon could be stored in this largely unexplored habitat. From recent studies using various culture-independent techniques, no clear picture has yet emerged as to whether Archaea or Bacteria are more abundant in this extensive ecosystem. Here we show that in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments buried deeper than 1 m in a wide range of oceanographic settings at least 87% of intact polar membrane lipids, biomarkers for the presence of live cells, are attributable to archaeal membranes, suggesting that Archaea constitute a major fraction of the biomass. Results obtained from modified quantitative polymerase chain reaction and slot-blot hybridization protocols support the lipid-based evidence and indicate that these techniques have previously underestimated archaeal biomass. The lipid concentrations are proportional to those of total organic carbon. On the basis of this relationship, we derived an independent estimate of amounts of cellular carbon in the global marine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere. Our estimate of 90 Pg of cellular carbon is consistent, within an order of magnitude, with previous estimates, and underscores the importance of marine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> habitats for global biomass budgets.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.3164O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.3164O"><span>Neutron density profile in the lunar <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> produced by galactic cosmic rays</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ota, Shuya; Sihver, Lembit; Kobayashi, Shingo; Hasebe, Nobuyuki</p> <p></p> <p>Neutron production by galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in the lunar <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is very important when performing lunar and planetary nuclear spectroscopy and space dosimetry. Further im-provements to estimate the production with increased accuracy is therefore required. GCR, which is a main contributor to the neutron production in the lunar <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, consists of not only protons but also of heavy components such as He, C, N, O, and Fe. Because of that, it is important to precisely estimate the neutron production from such components for the lunar spectroscopy and space dosimetry. Therefore, the neutron production from GCR particles in-cluding heavy components in the lunar <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> was simulated with the Particle and Heavy ion Transport code System (PHITS), using several heavy ion interaction models. This work presents PHITS simulations of the neutron density as a function of depth (neutron density profile) in the lunar <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> and the results are compared with experimental data obtained by Apollo 17 Lunar Neutron Probe Experiment (LNPE). From our previous study, it has been found that the accuracy of the proton-induced neutron production models is the most influen-tial factor when performing precise calculations of neutron production in the lunar <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Therefore, a benchmarking of proton-induced neutron production models against experimental data was performed to estimate and improve the precision of the calculations. It was found that the calculated neutron production using the best model of Cugnon Old (E < 3 GeV) and JAM (E > 3 GeV) gave up to 30% higher values than experimental results. Therefore, a high energy nuclear data file (JENDL-HE) was used instead of the Cugnon Old model at the energies below 3 GeV. Then, the calculated neutron density profile successfully reproduced the experimental data from LNPE within experimental errors of 15% (measurement) + 30% (systematic). In this presentation, we summarize and discuss our calculated results of neutron</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1163821','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1163821"><span>A Strategy to Conduct an Analysis of the Long-Term Performance of Low-Activity Waste Glass in a Shallow <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Disposal System at Hanford</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Neeway, James J.; Pierce, Eric M.; Freedman, Vicky L.</p> <p>2014-08-04</p> <p>The federal <span class="hlt">facilities</span> located on the Hanford Site in southeastern Washington State have been used extensively by the U.S. government to produce nuclear materials for the U.S. strategic defense arsenal. Currently, the Hanford Site is under the stewardship of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Environmental Management (EM). A large inventory of radioactive and mixed waste resulting from the production of nuclear materials has accumulated, mainly in 177 underground single- and double-shell tanks located in the central plateau of the Hanford Site (Mann et al., 2001). The DOE-EM Office of River Protection (ORP) is proceeding with plans tomore » immobilize and permanently dispose of the low-activity waste (LAW) fraction onsite in a shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> disposal <span class="hlt">facility</span> (the Integrated Disposal <span class="hlt">Facility</span> [IDF]). Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) was contracted to provide the technical basis for estimating radionuclide release from the engineered portion of the IDF (the source term) as part of an immobilized low-activity waste (ILAW) glass testing program to support future IDF performance assessments (PAs).« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70015494','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70015494"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> temperatures and surface heat flow in the Michigan Basin and their relationships to regional <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> fluid movement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Vugrinovich, R.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>Linear regression of 405 bottomhole temperature (BHT) measurements vs. associated depths from Michigan's Lower Peninsula results in the following equation relating BHT and depth: BHT(??C) = 14.5 + 0.0192 ?? depth(m) Temperature residuals, defined as (BHT measured)-(BHT calculated), were determined for each of the 405 BHT's. Areas of positive temperature residuals correspond to areas of regional groundwater discharge (determined from maps of equipotential surface) while areas of negative temperature residuals correspond to areas of regional groundwater recharge. These relationships are observed in the principal aquifers in rocks of Devonian and Ordovician age and in a portion of the principal aquifer in rocks of Silurian age. There is a similar correspondence between high surface heat flow (determined using the silica geothermometer) and regional groundwater discharge areas and low surface heat flow and regional groundwater recharge areas. Post-Jurassic depositional and tectonic histories suggest that the observed coupling of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature and groundwater flow systems may have persisted since Jurassic time. Thus the higher <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> palaeotemperatures (and palaeogeothermal gradients) indicated by recent studies most likely pre-date the Jurassic. ?? 1989.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/15010672-ecology-physiology-phylogeny-deep-subsurface-sphingomonas-sp','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/15010672-ecology-physiology-phylogeny-deep-subsurface-sphingomonas-sp"><span>Ecology, physiology, and phylogeny of deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> Sphingomonas sp.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Fredrickson, Jim K.; Balkwill, David L.; Romine, Margaret F.</p> <p></p> <p>Several new species of the genus Sphingomonas including S. aromaticivorans, S. stygia, and S. subterranea that have the capacity for degrading a broad range of aromatic compounds including toluene, naphthalene, xylenes, p-cresol, fluorene, biphenyl, and dibenzothiophene, were isolated from deeply-buried (>200 m) sediments of the US Atlantic coastal plain (ACP). In S. aromaticivorans F199, many of the genes involved in the catabolism of these aromatic compounds are encoded on a 184-kb conjugative plasmid; some of the genes involved in aromatic catabolism are plasmid-encoded in the other strains as well. Members of the genus Sphingomonas were common among aerobic heterotrophic bacteriamore » cultured from ACP sediments and have been detected in deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments elsewhere. The major source of organic carbon for heterotrophic metabolism in ACP deep aquifers is lignite that originated from plant material buried with the sediments. We speculate that the ability of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> Sphingomonas strains to degrade a wide array of aromatic compounds represents an adaptation for utilization of sedimentary lignite. These and related <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> Sphingomonas spp may play an important role in the transformation of sedimentary organic carbon in the aerobic and microaerobic regions of the deep aquifers of the ACP.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/872642','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/872642"><span>Methods and system for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> stabilization using jet grouting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Loomis, Guy G.; Weidner, Jerry R.; Farnsworth, Richard K.; Gardner, Bradley M.; Jessmore, James J.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Methods and systems are provided for stabilizing a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> area such as a buried waste pit for either long term storage, or interim storage and retrieval. A plurality of holes are drilled into the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> area with a high pressure drilling system provided with a drill stem having jet grouting nozzles. A grouting material is injected at high pressure through the jet grouting nozzles into a formed hole while the drill stem is withdrawn from the hole at a predetermined rate of rotation and translation. A grout-filled column is thereby formed with minimal grout returns, which when overlapped with other adjacent grout-filled columns encapsulates and binds the entire waste pit area to form a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> agglomeration or monolith of grout, soil, and waste. The formed monolith stabilizes the buried waste site against subsidence while simultaneously providing a barrier against contaminate migration. The stabilized monolith can be left permanently in place or can be retrieved if desired by using appropriate excavation equipment. The jet grouting technique can also be utilized in a pretreatment approach prior to in situ vitrification of a buried waste site. The waste encapsulation methods and systems are applicable to buried waste materials such as mixed waste, hazardous waste, or radioactive waste.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/96304-aromatic-degrading-sphingomonas-isolates-from-deep-subsurface','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/96304-aromatic-degrading-sphingomonas-isolates-from-deep-subsurface"><span>Aromatic-degrading Sphingomonas isolates from the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Fredrickson, J.K.; Romine, M.F.; Balkwill, D.L.</p> <p></p> <p>An obligately aerobic chemoheterotrophic bacterium (strain F199) previously isolated from Southeast Coastal Plain <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments and shown to degrade toluene, naphthalene, and other aromatic compounds was characterized by analysis of its 16S rRNA nucleotide base sequence and cellular lipid composition. Strain F199 contained 2-OH14:0 and 18:1{omega}7c as the predominant cellular fatty acids and sphingolipids that are characteristic of the genus Sphingomonas. Phylogenetic analysis of its 16SrRNA sequence indicated that F199 was most closely related to Sphingomonas capsulata among the bacteria currently in the Ribosomal Database. Five additional isolates from deep Southeast Coastal Plain sediments were determined by 16S rRNA sequencemore » analysis to be closely related to F199. These strains also contained characteristic sphingolipids. Four of these five strains could also grow on a broad range of aromatic compounds and could mineralize [{sup 14C}]toluene and [{sup 14C}]naphthalene. S. capsulata (ATCC 14666), Sphingomonas paucimobiolis (ATCC 29837), and one of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> isolates were unable to grow on any of the aromatic compounds or mineralize toluene or naphthalene. These results indicate that bacteria within the genus Sphingomonas are present in Southeast Coastal Plain <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments and that the capacity for degrading a broad range of substituted aromatic compounds appears to be common among Sphingomonas species from this environment. 41 refs., 2 figs., 5 tabs.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18790519','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18790519"><span>Anthropogenic effects on the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> thermal and groundwater environments in Osaka, Japan and Bangkok, Thailand.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Taniguchi, Makoto; Shimada, Jun; Fukuda, Yoichi; Yamano, Makoto; Onodera, Shin-ichi; Kaneko, Shinji; Yoshikoshi, Akihisa</p> <p>2009-04-15</p> <p>Anthropogenic effects in both Osaka and Bangkok were evaluated to compare the relationships between <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment and the development stage of both cities. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> thermal anomalies due to heat island effects were found in both cities. The Surface Warming Index (SWI), the departure depth from the steady geothermal gradient, was used as an indicator of the heat island effect. SWI increases (deeper) with the magnitude of heat island effect and the elapsed time starting from the surface warming. Distributions of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> thermal anomalies due to the heat island effect agreed well with the distribution of changes in air temperature due to the same process, which is described by the distribution of population density in both Osaka and Bangkok. Different time lags between groundwater depression and subsidence in the two cities was found. This is attributed to differences in hydrogeologic characters, such as porosity and hydraulic conductivity. We find that differences in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> degradations in Osaka and Bangkok, including <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> thermal anomalies, groundwater depression, and land subsidence, depends on the difference of the development stage of urbanization and hydrogeological characters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=129150&keyword=bioremediation+AND+soils&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=129150&keyword=bioremediation+AND+soils&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>SOLID OXYGEN SOURCE FOR BIOREMEDIATION IN <span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> SOILS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Sodium percarbonate was encapsulated in poly(vinylidene chloride) to determine its potential as a slow-release oxygen source for biodegradation of contaminan ts in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils. In laboratory studies under aqueous conditions, the encapsulated sodium percarbonate was estimate...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000HydJ....8....4K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000HydJ....8....4K"><span>Microbial communities in the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krumholz, Lee R.</p> <p></p> <p>The diversity of microbial populations and microbial communities within the earth's <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is summarized in this review. Scientists are currently exploring the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> and addressing questions of microbial diversity, the interactions among microorganisms, and mechanisms for maintenance of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial communities. Heterotrophic anaerobic microbial communities exist in relatively permeable sandstone or sandy sediments, located adjacent to organic-rich deposits. These microorganisms appear to be maintained by the consumption of organic compounds derived from adjacent deposits. Sources of organic material serving as electron donors include lignite-rich Eocene sediments beneath the Texas coastal plain, organic-rich Cretaceous shales from the southwestern US, as well as Cretaceous clays containing organic materials and fermentative bacteria from the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Additionally, highly diverse microbial communities occur in regions where a source of organic matter is not apparent but where igneous rock is present. Examples include the basalt-rich <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of the Columbia River valley and the granitic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> regions of Sweden and Canada. These <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial communities appear to be maintained by the action of lithotrophic bacteria growing on H2 that is chemically generated within the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Other deep-dwelling microbial communities exist within the deep sediments of oceans. These systems often rely on anaerobic metabolism and sulfate reduction. Microbial colonization extends to the depths below which high temperatures limit the ability of microbes to survive. Energy sources for the organisms living in the oceanic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> may originate as oceanic sedimentary deposits. In this review, each of these microbial communities is discussed in detail with specific reference to their energy sources, their observed growth patterns, and their diverse composition. This information is critical to develop further understanding of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1333270','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1333270"><span>Using Muons to Image the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Bonal, Nedra; Cashion, Avery Ted; Cieslewski, Grzegorz</p> <p></p> <p>Muons are subatomic particles that can penetrate the earth 's crust several kilometers and may be useful for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> characterization . The absorption rate of muons depends on the density of the materials through which they pass. Muons are more sensitive to density variation than other phenomena, including gravity, making them beneficial for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> investigation . Measurements of muon flux rate at differing directions provide density variations of the materials between the muon source (cosmic rays and neutrino interactions) and the detector, much like a CAT scan. Currently, muon tomography can resolve features to the sub-meter scale. This work consistsmore » of three parts to address the use of muons for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> characterization : 1) assess the use of muon scattering for estimating density differences of common rock types, 2 ) using muon flux to detect a void in rock, 3) measure muon direction by designing a new detector. Results from this project lay the groundwork for future directions in this field. Low-density objects can be detected by muons even when enclosed in high-density material like lead, and even small changes in density (e.g. changes due to fracturing of material) can be detected. Rock density has a linear relationship with muon scattering density per rock volume when this ratio is greater than 0.10 . Limitations on using muon scattering to assess density changes among common rock types have been identified. However, other analysis methods may show improved results for these relatively low density materials. Simulations show that muons can be used to image void space (e.g. tunnels) within rock but experimental results have been ambiguous. Improvements are suggested to improve imaging voids such as tunnels through rocks. Finally, a muon detector has been designed and tested to measure muon direction, which will improve signal-to-noise ratio and help address fundamental questions about the source of upgoing muons .« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013OptEn..52b4203H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013OptEn..52b4203H"><span>Influence of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects on damage performance of fused silica in ultraviolet laser</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huang, Jin; Zhou, Xinda; Liu, Hongjie; Wang, Fengrui; Jiang, Xiaodong; Wu, Weidong; Tang, Yongjian; Zheng, Wanguo</p> <p>2013-02-01</p> <p>In ultraviolet pulse laser, damage performance of fused silica optics is directly dependent on the absorptive impurities and scratches in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, which are induced by mechanical polishing. In the research about influence of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects on damage performance, a series of fused silica surfaces with various impurity concentrations and scratch structures were created by hydrofluoric (HF) acid solution etching. Time of Flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and scanning probe microprobe revealed that with increasing etching depth, impurity concentrations in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layers are decreased, the scratch structures become smoother and the diameter:depth ratio is increased. Damage performance test with 355-nm pulse laser showed that when 600 nm <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> thickness is removed by HF acid etching, laser-induced damage threshold of fused silica is raised by 40 percent and damage density is decreased by over one order of magnitude. Laser weak absorption was tested to explain the cause of impurity elements impacting damage performance, field enhancement caused by change of scratch structures was calculated by finite difference time domain simulation, and the calculated results are in accord with the damage test results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1430685-subsurface-oxygen-necessary-electrochemical-reduction-co2-copper','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1430685-subsurface-oxygen-necessary-electrochemical-reduction-co2-copper"><span>Is <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Oxygen Necessary for the Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2 on Copper?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Garza, Alejandro J.; Bell, Alexis T.; Head-Gordon, Martin</p> <p></p> <p>It has recently been proposed that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oxygen is crucial for the adsorption and subsequent electroreduction of CO 2 on copper. Using density functional theory, we have studied the stability and diffusion of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oxygen in single crystals of copper exposing (111) and (100) facets. Oxygen is at least 1.5 eV more stable on the surface than beneath it for both crystal orientations; interstitial sites are too small to accommodate oxygen. Here, the rate of atomic oxygen diffusion from one layer below a Cu(111) surface to the surface is 5 × 10 3 s –1. Oxygen can survive longer inmore » deeper layers, but it does not promote CO 2 adsorption there. Diffusion of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oxygen is easier to the less-dense Cu(100) surface, even from lower layers (rate ≈ 1 × 107 s–1). Finally, once the applied voltage and dispersion forces are properly modeled, we find that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oxygen is unnecessary for CO 2 adsorption on copper.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1430685-subsurface-oxygen-necessary-electrochemical-reduction-co2-copper','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1430685-subsurface-oxygen-necessary-electrochemical-reduction-co2-copper"><span>Is <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Oxygen Necessary for the Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2 on Copper?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Garza, Alejandro J.; Bell, Alexis T.; Head-Gordon, Martin</p> <p>2018-01-17</p> <p>It has recently been proposed that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oxygen is crucial for the adsorption and subsequent electroreduction of CO 2 on copper. Using density functional theory, we have studied the stability and diffusion of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oxygen in single crystals of copper exposing (111) and (100) facets. Oxygen is at least 1.5 eV more stable on the surface than beneath it for both crystal orientations; interstitial sites are too small to accommodate oxygen. Here, the rate of atomic oxygen diffusion from one layer below a Cu(111) surface to the surface is 5 × 10 3 s –1. Oxygen can survive longer inmore » deeper layers, but it does not promote CO 2 adsorption there. Diffusion of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oxygen is easier to the less-dense Cu(100) surface, even from lower layers (rate ≈ 1 × 107 s–1). Finally, once the applied voltage and dispersion forces are properly modeled, we find that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oxygen is unnecessary for CO 2 adsorption on copper.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27857326','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27857326"><span>Developing a trend prediction model of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage for fixed-abrasive grinding of optics by cup wheels.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dong, Zhichao; Cheng, Haobo</p> <p>2016-11-10</p> <p>Fixed-abrasive grinding by cup wheels plays an important role in the production of precision optics. During cup wheel grinding, we strive for a large removal rate while maintaining fine integrity on the surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layers (academically recognized as surface roughness and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage, respectively). This study develops a theoretical model used to predict the trend of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage of optics (with respect to various grinding parameters) in fixed-abrasive grinding by cup wheels. It is derived from the maximum undeformed chip thickness model, and it successfully correlates the pivotal parameters of cup wheel grinding with the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage depth. The efficiency of this model is then demonstrated by a set of experiments performed on a cup wheel grinding machine. In these experiments, the characteristics of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage are inspected by a wedge-polishing plus microscopic inspection method, revealing that the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage induced in cup wheel grinding is composed of craterlike morphologies and slender cracks, with depth ranging from ∼6.2 to ∼13.2 μm under the specified grinding parameters. With the help of the proposed model, an optimized grinding strategy is suggested for realizing fine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> integrity as well as high removal rate, which can alleviate the workload of subsequent lapping and polishing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5358402','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5358402"><span>Enhanced groundwater recharge rates and altered recharge sensitivity to climate variability through <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hartmann, Andreas; Gleeson, Tom; Wagener, Thorsten</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Our environment is heterogeneous. In hydrological sciences, the heterogeneity of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> properties, such as hydraulic conductivities or porosities, exerts an important control on water balance. This notably includes groundwater recharge, which is an important variable for efficient and sustainable groundwater resources management. Current large-scale hydrological models do not adequately consider this <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity. Here we show that regions with strong <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity have enhanced present and future recharge rates due to a different sensitivity of recharge to climate variability compared with regions with homogeneous <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> properties. Our study domain comprises the carbonate rock regions of Europe, Northern Africa, and the Middle East, which cover ∼25% of the total land area. We compare the simulations of two large-scale hydrological models, one of them accounting for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity. Carbonate rock regions strongly exhibit “karstification,” which is known to produce particularly strong <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity. Aquifers from these regions contribute up to half of the drinking water supply for some European countries. Our results suggest that water management for these regions cannot rely on most of the presently available projections of groundwater recharge because spatially variable storages and spatial concentration of recharge result in actual recharge rates that are up to four times larger for present conditions and changes up to five times larger for potential future conditions than previously estimated. These differences in recharge rates for strongly heterogeneous regions suggest a need for groundwater management strategies that are adapted to the fast transit of water from the surface to the aquifers. PMID:28242703</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20180000150&hterms=accounting&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Daccounting','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20180000150&hterms=accounting&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Daccounting"><span>Enhanced Groundwater Recharge Rates and Altered Recharge Sensitivity to Climate Variability Through <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Heterogeneity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hartmann, Andreas; Gleeson, Tom; Wada, Yoshihide; Wagener, Thorsten</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Our environment is heterogeneous. In hydrological sciences, the heterogeneity of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> properties, such as hydraulic conductivities or porosities, exerts an important control on water balance. This notably includes groundwater recharge, which is an important variable for efficient and sustainable groundwater resources management. Current large-scale hydrological models do not adequately consider this <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity. Here we show that regions with strong <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity have enhanced present and future recharge rates due to a different sensitivity of recharge to climate variability compared with regions with homogeneous <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> properties. Our study domain comprises the carbonate rock regions of Europe, Northern Africa, and the Middle East, which cover 25 of the total land area. We compare the simulations of two large-scale hydrological models, one of them accounting for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity. Carbonate rock regions strongly exhibit karstification, which is known to produce particularly strong <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity. Aquifers from these regions contribute up to half of the drinking water supply for some European countries. Our results suggest that water management for these regions cannot rely on most of the presently available projections of groundwater recharge because spatially variable storages and spatial concentration of recharge result in actual recharge rates that are up to four times larger for present conditions and changes up to five times larger for potential future conditions than previously estimated. These differences in recharge rates for strongly heterogeneous regions suggest a need for groundwater management strategies that are adapted to the fast transit of water from the surface to the aquifers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70012525','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70012525"><span>A field evaluation of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> and surface runoff. II. Runoff processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Pilgrim, D.H.; Huff, D.D.; Steele, T.D.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>Combined use of radioisotope tracer, flow rate, specific conductance and suspended-sediment measurements on a large field plot near Stanford, California, has provided more detailed information on surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storm runoff processes than would be possible from any single approach used in isolation. Although the plot was surficially uniform, the runoff processes were shown to be grossly nonuniform, both spatially over the plot, and laterally and vertically within the soil. The three types of processes that have been suggested as sources of storm runoff (Horton-type surface runoff, saturated overland flow, and rapid <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> throughflow) all occurred on the plot. The nonuniformity of the processes supports the partial- and variable-source area concepts. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> storm runoff occurred in a saturated layer above the subsoil horizon, and short travel times resulted from flow through macropores rather than the soil matrix. Consideration of these observations would be necessary for physically realistic modeling of the storm runoff process. ?? 1978.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.8188W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.8188W"><span>A <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> depocenter in the South Polar Layered Deposits of Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Whitten, J. L.; Campbell, B. A.; Morgan, G. A.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The South Polar Layered Deposits (SPLD) are one of the largest water ice reservoirs on Mars, and their accumulation is driven by variations in the climate primarily controlled by orbital forcings. Patterns of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layering in the SPLD provide important information about past atmospheric dust content, periods of substantial erosion, and variations in local or regional deposition. Here we analyze the SPLD using SHAllow RADar (SHARAD) sounder data to gain a unique perspective on the interior structure of the deposits and to determine what <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layers indicate about the preserved climate history. SHARAD data reveal a major deviation from the gently domical layering typical of the SPLD: a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> elongate dome. The dome most likely formed due to variations in the accumulation of ice and snow across the cap, with a higher rate occurring in this region over a prolonged period. This SPLD depositional center provides an important marker of south polar climate patterns.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H33E1742B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H33E1742B"><span>Let's Go Off the Grid: <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Flow Modeling With Analytic Elements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bakker, M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> flow modeling with analytic elements has the major advantage that no grid or time stepping are needed. Analytic element formulations exist for steady state and transient flow in layered aquifers and unsaturated flow in the vadose zone. Analytic element models are vector-based and consist of points, lines and curves that represent specific features in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Recent advances allow for the simulation of partially penetrating wells and multi-aquifer wells, including skin effect and wellbore storage, horizontal wells of poly-line shape including skin effect, sharp changes in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> properties, and surface water features with leaky beds. Input files for analytic element models are simple, short and readable, and can easily be generated from, for example, GIS databases. Future plans include the incorporation of analytic element in parts of grid-based models where additional detail is needed. This presentation will give an overview of advanced flow features that can be modeled, many of which are implemented in free and open-source software.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/892038','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/892038"><span>Fluid Management Plan for Corrective Action Unit 447: Project Shoal Area, <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span>, Nevada, Rev. No.: 1 with ROTC 1 and Errata Sheet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Tim Echelard</p> <p></p> <p>The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Site Office (NNSA/NSO) initiated the Offsites Project to characterize the risk posed to human health and the environment as a result of testing at formerly used nuclear sites in Alaska, Colorado, Mississippi, Nevada, and New Mexico. The scope of this Fluid Management Plan (FMP) is to support the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> investigation at the Project Shoal Area (PSA) Corrective Action Unit (CAU) 447, Shoal-<span class="hlt">Subsurface</span>, Nevada, in accordance with the ''Federal <span class="hlt">Facility</span> Agreement and Consent Order'' (FFACO) (1996). Corrective Action Unit 447 is located in the Sand Spring Range, south of Highwaymore » 50, about 39 miles southeast of Fallon, Nevada. (Figure 1-1). This FMP will be used at the PSA in lieu of an individual discharge permit for each well or a general water pollution control permit for management of all fluids produced during the drilling, construction, development, testing, experimentation, and/or sampling of wells conducted by the Offsites Project. The FMP provides guidance for the management of fluids generated during investigation activities and provides the standards by which fluids may be discharged on site. Although the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP), Bureau of Federal <span class="hlt">Facilities</span> (BoFF) is not a signatory to this FMP, it is involved in the negotiation of the contents of this plan and approves the conditions contained within. The major elements of this FMP include: (1) establishment of a well-site operations strategy; (2) site design/layout; (3) monitoring of contamination indicators (monitoring program); (4) sump characterization (sump sampling program); (5) fluid management decision criteria and fluid disposition; and (6) reporting requirements.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133905','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133905"><span>Deglacial Tropical Atlantic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> warming links ocean circulation variability to the West African Monsoon.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schmidt, Matthew W; Chang, Ping; Parker, Andrew O; Ji, Link; He, Feng</p> <p>2017-11-13</p> <p>Multiple lines of evidence show that cold stadials in the North Atlantic were accompanied by both reductions in Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and collapses of the West African Monsoon (WAM). Although records of terrestrial change identify abrupt WAM variability across the deglaciation, few studies show how ocean temperatures evolved across the deglaciation. To identify the mechanism linking AMOC to the WAM, we generated a new record of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature variability over the last 21 kyr based on Mg/Ca ratios in a sub-thermocline dwelling planktonic foraminifera in an Eastern Equatorial Atlantic (EEA) sediment core from the Niger Delta. Our <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature record shows abrupt <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> warming during both the Younger Dryas (YD) and Heinrich Event 1. We also conducted a new transient coupled ocean-atmosphere model simulation across the YD that better resolves the western boundary current dynamics and find a strong negative correlation between AMOC strength and EEA <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperatures caused by changes in ocean circulation and rainfall responses that are consistent with the observed WAM change. Our combined proxy and modeling results provide the first evidence that an oceanic teleconnection between AMOC strength and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature in the EEA impacted the intensity of the WAM on millennial time scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.P21D..07H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.P21D..07H"><span>A new model of equilibrium <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydration on Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hecht, M. H.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>One of the surprises of the Odyssey mission was the discovery by the Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) suite of large concentrations of water-equivalent hydrogen (WEH) in the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> at low latitudes, consistent with 5-7% regolith water content by weight (Mitrofanov et al. Science 297, p. 78, 2002; Feldman et al. Science 297, p. 75, 2002). Water at low latitudes on Mars is generally believed to be sequestered in the form of hydrated minerals. Numerous attempts have been made to relate the global map of WEH to specific mineralogy. For example Feldman et al. (Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16702, 2004) associated an estimated 10% sulfate content of the soil with epsomite (51% water), hexahydrite (46% water) and kieserite (13% water). In such studies, stability maps have been created by assuming equilibration of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water vapor density with a global mean annual column mass vapor density. Here it is argued that this value significantly understates the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> humidity. Results from the Phoenix mission are used to suggest that the midday vapor pressure measured just above the surface is a better proxy for the saturation vapor pressure of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrous minerals. The measured frostpoint at the Phoenix site was found to be equal to the surface temperature by night and the modeled temperature at the top of the ice table by day (Zent et al. J. Geophys. Res., 115, E00E14, 2010). It was proposed by Hecht (41st LPSC abstract #1533, 2010) that this phenomenon results from water vapor trapping at the coldest nearby surface. At night, the surface is colder than the surface of the ice table; by day it is warmer. Thus, at night, the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is bounded by a fully saturated layer of cold water frost or adsorbed water at the surface, not by the dry boundary layer itself. This argument is not strongly dependent on the particular saturation vapor pressure (SVP) of ice or other <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> material, only on the thickness of the dry layer. Specifically, the diurnal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70023106','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70023106"><span>Shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storm flow in a forested headwater catchment: Observations and modeling using a modified TOPMODEL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Scanlon, Todd M.; Raffensperger, Jeff P.; Hornberger, George M.; Clapp, Roger B.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Transient, perched water tables in the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> are observed at the South Fork Brokenback Run catchment in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. Crest piezometers installed along a hillslope transect show that the development of saturated conditions in the upper 1.5 m of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is controlled by total precipitation and antecedent conditions, not precipitation intensity, although soil heterogeneities strongly influence local response. The macroporous <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storm flow zone provides a hydrological pathway for rapid runoff generation apart from the underlying groundwater zone, a conceptualization supported by the two‐storage system exhibited by hydrograph recession analysis. A modified version of TOPMODEL is used to simulate the observed catchment dynamics. In this model, generalized topographic index theory is applied to the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storm flow zone to account for logarithmic storm flow recessions, indicative of linearly decreasing transmissivity with depth. Vertical drainage to the groundwater zone is required, and both <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> reservoirs are considered to contribute to surface saturation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27380087','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27380087"><span>Phosphorus Release to Floodwater from Calcareous Surface Soils and Their Corresponding <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Soils under Anaerobic Conditions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jayarathne, P D K D; Kumaragamage, D; Indraratne, S; Flaten, D; Goltz, D</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>Enhanced phosphorus (P) release from soils to overlying water under flooded, anaerobic conditions has been well documented for noncalcareous and surface soils, but little information is available for calcareous and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils. We compared the magnitude of P released from 12 calcareous surface soils and corresponding <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils to overlying water under flooded, anaerobic conditions and examined the reasons for the differences. Surface (0-15 cm) and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> (15-30 cm) soils were packed into vessels and flooded for 8 wk. Soil redox potential and concentrations of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and total dissolved Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn in floodwater and pore water were measured weekly. Soil test P was significantly smaller in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils than in corresponding surface soils; thus, the P release to floodwater from <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils was significantly less than from corresponding surface soils. Under anaerobic conditions, floodwater DRP concentration significantly increased in >80% of calcareous surface soils and in about 40% of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils. The increase in floodwater DRP concentration was 2- to 17-fold in surface soils but only 4- to 7-fold in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils. With time of flooding, molar ratios of Ca/P and Mg/P in floodwater increased, whereas Fe/P and Mn/P decreased, suggesting that resorption and/or reprecipitation of P took place involving Fe and Mn. Results indicate that P release to floodwater under anaerobic conditions was enhanced in most calcareous soils. Surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> calcareous soils in general behaved similarly in releasing P under flooded, anaerobic conditions, with concentrations released mainly governed by initial soil P concentrations. Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1313253-quantifying-shallow-subsurface-water-heat-dynamics-using-coupled-hydrological-thermal-geophysical-inversion','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1313253-quantifying-shallow-subsurface-water-heat-dynamics-using-coupled-hydrological-thermal-geophysical-inversion"><span>Quantifying shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water and heat dynamics using coupled hydrological-thermal-geophysical inversion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Tran, Anh Phuong; Dafflon, Baptiste; Hubbard, Susan S.; ...</p> <p>2016-04-25</p> <p>Improving our ability to estimate the parameters that control water and heat fluxes in the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is particularly important due to their strong control on recharge, evaporation and biogeochemical processes. The objectives of this study are to develop and test a new inversion scheme to simultaneously estimate <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrological, thermal and petrophysical parameters using hydrological, thermal and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data. The inversion scheme-which is based on a nonisothermal, multiphase hydrological model-provides the desired <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> property estimates in high spatiotemporal resolution. A particularly novel aspect of the inversion scheme is the explicit incorporation of the dependence of themore » <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> electrical resistivity on both moisture and temperature. The scheme was applied to synthetic case studies, as well as to real datasets that were autonomously collected at a biogeochemical field study site in Rifle, Colorado. At the Rifle site, the coupled hydrological-thermal-geophysical inversion approach well predicted the matric potential, temperature and apparent resistivity with the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency criterion greater than 0.92. Synthetic studies found that neglecting the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature variability, and its effect on the electrical resistivity in the hydrogeophysical inversion, may lead to an incorrect estimation of the hydrological parameters. The approach is expected to be especially useful for the increasing number of studies that are taking advantage of autonomously collected ERT and soil measurements to explore complex terrestrial system dynamics.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JHyd..321..276F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JHyd..321..276F"><span>Imaging lateral groundwater flow in the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> using stochastic temperature fields</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fairley, Jerry P.; Nicholson, Kirsten N.</p> <p>2006-04-01</p> <p>Although temperature has often been used as an indication of vertical groundwater movement, its usefulness for identifying horizontal fluid flow has been limited by the difficulty of obtaining sufficient data to draw defensible conclusions. Here we use stochastic simulation to develop a high-resolution image of fluid temperatures in the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> at Borax Lake, Oregon. The temperature field inferred from the geostatistical simulations clearly shows geothermal fluids discharging from a group of fault-controlled hydrothermal springs, moving laterally through the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, and mixing with shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow originating from nearby Borax Lake. This interpretation of the data is supported by independent geochemical and isotopic evidence, which show a simple mixing trend between Borax Lake water and discharge from the thermal springs. It is generally agreed that stochastic simulation can be a useful tool for extracting information from complex and/or noisy data and, although not appropriate in all situations, geostatistical analysis may provide good definition of flow paths in the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Although stochastic imaging techniques are well known in problems involving transport of species, e.g. delineation of contaminant plumes from soil gas survey data, we are unaware of previous applications to the transport of thermal energy for the purpose of inferring shallow groundwater flow.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sust....2.1969I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sust....2.1969I"><span>The Search for Sustainable <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Habitats on Mars, and the Sampling of Impact Ejecta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ivarsson, Magnus; Lindgren, Paula</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>On Earth, the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere of both the oceanic and the continental crust is well known for surviving harsh conditions and environments characterized by high temperatures, high pressures, extreme pHs, and the absence of sunlight. The microorganisms of the terrestrial deep biosphere have an excellent capacity for adapting to changing geochemistry, as the alteration of the crust proceeds and the conditions of their habitats slowly change. Despite an almost complete isolation from surface conditions and the surface biosphere, the deep biosphere of the crustal rocks has endured over geologic time. This indicates that the deep biosphere is a self-sufficient system, independent of the global events that occur at the surface, such as impacts, glaciations, sea level fluctuations, and climate changes. With our sustainable terrestrial <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere in mind, the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> on Mars has often been suggested as the most plausible place to search for fossil Martian life, or even present Martian life. Since the Martian surface is more or less sterile, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> settings are the only place on Mars where life could have been sustained over geologic time. To detect a deep biosphere in the Martian basement, drilling is a requirement. However, near future Mars sample return missions are limited by the mission's payload, which excludes heavy drilling equipment and restrict the missions to only dig the topmost meter of the Martian soil. Therefore, the sampling and analysis of Martian impact ejecta has been suggested as a way of accessing the deeper Martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> without using heavy drilling equipment. Impact cratering is a natural geological process capable of excavating and exposing large amounts of rock material from great depths up to the surface. Several studies of terrestrial impact deposits show the preservation of pre-impact biosignatures, such as fossilized organisms and chemical biological markers. Therefore, if the Martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contains a record</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJI.200.1172B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJI.200.1172B"><span>Induced seismicity constraints on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geological structure, Paradox Valley, Colorado</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Block, Lisa V.; Wood, Christopher K.; Yeck, William L.; King, Vanessa M.</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>Precise relative hypocentres of seismic events induced by long-term fluid injection at the Paradox Valley Unit (PVU) brine disposal well provide constraints on the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geological structure and compliment information available from deep seismic reflection and well data. We use the 3-D spatial distribution of the hypocentres to refine the locations, strikes, and throws of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> faults interpreted previously from geophysical surveys and to infer the existence of previously unidentified <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> faults. From distinct epicentre lineations and focal mechanism trends, we identify a set of conjugate fracture orientations consistent with shear-slip reactivation of late-Palaeozoic fractures over a widespread area, as well as an additional fracture orientation present only near the injection well. We propose simple Mohr-Coulomb fracture models to explain these observations. The observation that induced seismicity preferentially occurs along one of the identified conjugate fracture orientations can be explained by a rotation in the direction of the regional maximum compressive stress from the time when the fractures were formed to the present. Shear slip along the third fracture orientation observed near the injection well is inconsistent with the current regional stress field and suggests a local rotation of the horizontal stresses. The detailed <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> model produced by this analysis provides important insights for anticipating spatial patterns of future induced seismicity and for evaluation of possible additional injection well sites that are likely to be seismically and hydrologically isolated from the current well. In addition, the interpreted fault patterns provide constraints for estimating the maximum magnitude earthquake that may be induced, and for building geomechanical models to simulate pore pressure diffusion, stress changes and earthquake triggering.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19073339','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19073339"><span>Hydro-environmental changes and their influence on the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment in the context of urban development.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yoshikoshi, Akihisa; Adachi, Itsu; Taniguchi, Tomomasa; Kagawa, Yuichi; Kato, Masahiro; Yamashita, Akio; Todokoro, Taiko; Taniguchi, Makoto</p> <p>2009-04-15</p> <p>The relationship between urban development and hydro-environmental change, particularly with regard to the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment is examined for three coastal cities affected by Asian monsoons (Tokyo and Osaka in Japan, and Bangkok in Thailand). Major differences in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> changes among these cities are closely related to city size, urban structure, and the timing, stage and extent of urbanization as well as the natural environment. The work shows that the urban development has not affected the Bangkok <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydro-environment in the same way it has in Tokyo and Osaka. Three reasons for the difference account for this, (1) Bangkok's abundant annual rainfall, (2) Bangkok has the smallest ratio of impervious pavement surface area, meaning that surface water can more easily infiltrate underground., (3) the degree and extent of urbanization. Bangkok's <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydro-environment has not been heavily affected because underground development has not yet reached deep subterranean areas. By researching yet more cities, at different stages of urbanization to that of Tokyo, Osaka and Bangkok, we plan to quantitatively examine urbanization and its influence on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydro-environments. This research will help limit damage to developing cities that are not yet experiencing <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> failures but which are expected to confront these problems in the future.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1407134','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1407134"><span>Research Performed at NETL on the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>None</p> <p></p> <p>Deep below our feet, lies the unique and complex world of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. A world that is improving the lives of Americans and brimming with the potential to generate even greater benefits through NETL research. NETL research supports industry by improving resource extraction while also helping to make carbon storage safe and more effective.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3437837','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3437837"><span>Impact of abrupt deglacial climate change on tropical Atlantic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperatures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Schmidt, Matthew W.; Chang, Ping; Hertzberg, Jennifer E.; Them, Theodore R.; Ji, Link; Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Both instrumental data analyses and coupled ocean-atmosphere models indicate that Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variability is tightly linked to abrupt tropical North Atlantic (TNA) climate change through both atmospheric and oceanic processes. Although a slowdown of AMOC results in an atmospheric-induced surface cooling in the entire TNA, the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> experiences an even larger warming because of rapid reorganizations of ocean circulation patterns at intermediate water depths. Here, we reconstruct high-resolution temperature records using oxygen isotope values and Mg/Ca ratios in both surface- and subthermocline-dwelling planktonic foraminifera from a sediment core located in the TNA over the last 22 ky. Our results show significant changes in the vertical thermal gradient of the upper water column, with the warmest <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperatures of the last deglacial transition corresponding to the onset of the Younger Dryas. Furthermore, we present new analyses of a climate model simulation forced with freshwater discharge into the North Atlantic under Last Glacial Maximum forcings and boundary conditions that reveal a maximum <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> warming in the vicinity of the core site and a vertical thermal gradient change at the onset of AMOC weakening, consistent with the reconstructed record. Together, our proxy reconstructions and modeling results provide convincing evidence for a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oceanic teleconnection linking high-latitude North Atlantic climate to the tropical Atlantic during periods of reduced AMOC across the last deglacial transition. PMID:22908256</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA571343','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA571343"><span>Wireless Sensor Network Based <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Contaminant Plume Monitoring</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-16</p> <p>Sensor Network (WSN) to monitor contaminant plume movement in naturally heterogeneous <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> formations to advance the sensor networking based...time to assess the source and predict future plume behavior. This proof-of-concept research aimed at demonstrating the use of an intelligent Wireless</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B11G1747M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B11G1747M"><span>Can Surface Seeps Elucidate Carbon Cycling in Terrestrial <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Ecosystems in Ophiolite-hosted Serpentinizing Fluids?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Meyer-Dombard, D. R.; Cardace, D.; Woycheese, K. M.; Vallalar, B.; Arcilla, C. A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Serpentinization in ophiolite-hosted regimes produces highly reduced, high pH fluids that are often characterized as having copious H2 and CH4 gas, little/no inorganic carbon, and limited electron acceptors. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> microbial biomes shift as deeply-sourced fluids reach the oxygenated surface environment, where organisms capable of metabolizing O2 thrive (Woycheese et al., 2015). The relationship, connection, and communication between surface expressions (such as fluid seeps) and the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere is still largely unexplored. Our work in the Zambales and Palawan ophiolites (Philippines) defines surface habitats with geochemistry, targeted culturing efforts, and community analysis (Cardace et al., 2015; Woycheese et al., 2015). Fluids in the spring sources are largely `typical' and fall in the pH range of 9-11.5 with measurable gas escaping from the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> (H2 and CH4 > 10uM, CO2 > 1 mM; Cardace et al., 2015). Outflow channels extend from the source pools. These surface data encourage prediction of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> metabolic landscape. To understand how carbon cycling in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> and surface environments might be related, we focus on community analysis, culturing, and the geochemical context of the ecosystem. Shotgun metagenomic analyses indicate carbon cycling is reliant on methanogenesis, acetogenesis, sulfate reduction, and H2 and CH4 oxidation. Methyl coenzyme M reductase, and formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase were detected, and relative abundance increased near the near-anoxic spring source. In this tropical climate, cellulose is also a likely carbon source, possibly even in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Enrichment cultures [pH 8-12] and strains [pH 8-10] from Zambales springs show degradation of cellulose and production of cellulase. DIC, DOC, and 13C of solid substrates show mixed autotrophic/heterotrophic activity. Results indicate a metabolically flexible surface community, and suggest details about carbon cycling in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1214819E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1214819E"><span>Contents and composition of organic matter in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils affected by land use and soil mineralogy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ellerbrock, Ruth H.; Kaiser, Michael</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>Land use and mineralogy affect the ability of surface as well as <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils to sequester organic carbon and their contribution to mitigate the greenhouse effect. This study aimed to investigate the long-term impact of land use (i.e., arable and forest) and soil mineralogy on contents and composition of soil organic matter (SOM) from <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils. Seven soils different in mineralogy (Albic and Haplic Luvisol, Colluvic and Haplic Regosol, Haplic and Vertic Cambisol, Haplic Stagnosol) were selected within Germany. Soil samples were taken from forest and adjacent arable sites. First, particulate and water soluble organic matter were separated from the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil samples. From the remaining solid residues the OM(PY) fractions were separated, analyzed for its OC content (OCPY) and characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. For the arable <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils multiple regression analyses indicate significant positive relationships between the soil organic carbon contents and the contents of i) exchangeable Ca and oxalate soluble Fe, and Alox contents. Further for the neutral arable <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils the contents OCPY weighted by its C=O contents were found to be related to the contents of Ca indicating interactions between OM(PY) and Ca cations. For the forest <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils (pH <5) the OCPY contents were positively related with the contents of Na-pyrophosphate soluble Fe and Al. For the acidic forest <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils such findings indicate interactions between OM(PY) and Fe3+ and Al3+ cations. The effects of land use and soil mineralogy on contents and composition of SOM and OM(PY) will be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.epa.gov/risk/users-guide-evaluating-subsurface-vapor-intrusion-buildings','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://www.epa.gov/risk/users-guide-evaluating-subsurface-vapor-intrusion-buildings"><span>User's Guide for Evaluating <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Vapor Intrusion into Buildings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>This revised version of the User's Guide corresponds with the release of Version 3.1 of the Johnson and Ettinger (1991) model (J E) spreadsheets for estimating <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> vapor intrusion into buildings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1327812','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1327812"><span>An Evaluation of <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Microbial Activity Conditional to <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Temperature, Porosity, and Permeability at North American Carbon Sequestration Sites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wilson, B.; Mordensky, S.; Verba, Circe</p> <p></p> <p>Several nations, including the United States, recognize global climate change as a force transforming the global ecosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is a greenhouse gas that contributes to the evolving climate. Reduction of atmospheric CO 2 levels is a goal for many nations and carbon sequestration which traps CO 2 in the Earth’s <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is one method to reduce atmospheric CO 2 levels. Among the variables that must be considered in developing this technology to a national scale is microbial activity. Microbial activity or biomass can change rock permeability, alter artificial seals around boreholes, and play a key role inmore » biogeochemistry and accordingly may determine how CO 2 is sequestered underground. Certain physical parameters of a reservoir found in literature (e.g., temperature, porosity, and permeability) may indicate whether a reservoir can host microbial communities. In order to estimate which <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> formations may host microbes, this report examines the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature, porosity, and permeability of underground rock formations that have high potential to be targeted for CO 2 sequestration. Of the 268 North American wellbore locations from the National Carbon Sequestration Database (NATCARB; National Energy and Technology Laboratory, 2015) and 35 sites from Nelson and Kibler (2003), 96 sequestration sites contain temperature data. Of these 96 sites, 36 sites have temperatures that would be favorable for microbial survival, 48 sites have mixed conditions for supporting microbial populations, and 11 sites would appear to be unfavorable to support microbial populations. Future studies of microbe viability would benefit from a larger database with more formation parameters (e.g. mineralogy, structure, and groundwater chemistry), which would help to increase understanding of where CO 2 sequestration could be most efficiently implemented.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8484025','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8484025"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> agricultural irrigation drainage: the need for regulation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lemly, A D</p> <p>1993-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> drainage resulting from irrigated agriculture is a toxic threat to fish and wildlife resources throughout the western United States. Studies by the U.S. Department of the Interior show that migratory waterfowl have been poisoned by drainwater contaminants on at least six national wildlife refuges. Allowing this poisoning to continue is a violation of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act under U.S. Federal law. Critical wetlands and waterfowl populations are threatened in both the Pacific and Central flyways. The public is also at risk and health warnings have been issued in some locations. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> irrigation drainage is a complex effluent containing toxic concentrations of trace elements, salts, and nitrogenous compounds. Some of the contaminants are classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as priority pollutants and they can be present in concentrations that exceed EPA's criteria for toxic waste. The on-farm drainage systems used to collect and transport this wastewater provide point-source identification as well as a mechanism for toxics control through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit process. A four-step approach is presented for dealing with irrigation drainage in an environmentally sound manner. This regulatory strategy is very similar to those commonly used for industrial discharges and includes site evaluation, contaminant reduction through NPDES, and compliance monitoring. The EPA must recognize <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> irrigation drainage as a specific class of pollution subject to regulation under the NPDES process. Active involvement by EPA is necessary to ensure that adequate controls on this wastewater are implemented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12959139','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12959139"><span>Human utilization of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> extraterrestrial environments.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Boston, P J; Frederick, R D; Welch, S M; Werker, J; Meyer, T R; Sprungman, B; Hildreth-Werker, V; Thompson, S L; Murphy, D L</p> <p>2003-06-01</p> <p>Caves have been used in the ancient past as shelter or habitat by many organisms (including humans). Since antiquity, humans have explored caves for the minerals they contain and sometimes for ceremonial purposes. Over the past century, caves have become the target of increasing exploration, scientific research, and recreation. The use of caves on extraterrestrial bodies for human habitation has been suggested by several investigators. Lunar lava tube bases received early attention because lava tubes were clearly visible in lunar images from the Apollo Era. More recently, Mars Observer Camera data has shown us clear evidence of large tubes visible in a number of volcanic regions on Mars. The budding field of cave geomicrobiology has direct application to questions about <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> life on other planets. Caves contain many unusual organisms making their living from unlikely materials like manganese, iron, and sulfur. This makes caves and other <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> habitats prime targets for astrobiological missions to Mars and possibly other bodies. We present the results of a completed Phase I and on-going Phase II NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC) study that intensively examines the possibilities of using extraterrestrial caves as both a resource for human explorers and as a highly promising scientific target for both robotic and future human missions to Mars and beyond.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.B52B..01H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.B52B..01H"><span>Energy as a Constraint on Habitability in the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hoehler, T.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>All living things must obtain energy from the environment to grow, to maintain a metabolic steady state, or simply to preserve viability. The availability of energy sources in the environment thus represents a key factor in determining the size, distribution, and activity of biological populations, and ultimately constrains the possibility for life itself. Lacking the abundant energy provided by solar radiation or the products of oxygenic photosynthesis, life in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments may be limited by energy availability as much as any other factor. The biological requirement for energy is expressed in two dimensions - analogous to the power and voltage requirements of electrical devices - and consideration and quantification of these requirements establishes quantitative boundary conditions on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> habitability. The magnitude of these requirements depends significantly on physicochemical environment, as does the provision of biologically-accessible energy from <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sources. With this conceptual basis, we are developing an 'energy balance' model that is designed to ultimately predict the habitability of a given environment, with respect to a given metabolism, in quantitative terms (as 'biomass density potential'). The model will develop from conceptual to quantitative as experimental and observational work constrains and quantifies, in natural populations adapted to low energy conditions, the magnitude of the biological energy requirements and the impacts of physicochemical environmental conditions on energy demand and supply.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMIN13A1818V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMIN13A1818V"><span>A Cloud Based Framework For Monitoring And Predicting <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> System Behaviour</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Versteeg, R. J.; Rodzianko, A.; Johnson, D. V.; Soltanian, M. R.; Dwivedi, D.; Dafflon, B.; Tran, A. P.; Versteeg, O. J.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> system behavior is driven and controlled by the interplay of physical, chemical, and biological processes which occur at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Capabilities to monitor, understand and predict this behavior in an effective and timely manner are needed for both scientific purposes and for effective <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> system management. Such capabilities require three elements: Models, Data and an enabling cyberinfrastructure, which allow users to use these models and data in an effective manner. Under a DOE Office of Science funded STTR award <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Insights and LBNL have designed and implemented a cloud based predictive assimilation framework (PAF) which automatically ingests, controls quality and stores heterogeneous physical and chemical <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> data and processes these data using different inversion and modeling codes to provide information on the current state and evolution of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> systems. PAF is implemented as a modular cloud based software application with five components: (1) data acquisition, (2) data management, (3) data assimilation and processing, (4) visualization and result delivery and (5) orchestration. Serverside PAF uses ZF2 (a PHP web application framework) and Python and both open source (ODM2) and in house developed data models. Clientside PAF uses CSS and JS to allow for interactive data visualization and analysis. Client side modularity (which allows for a responsive interface) of the system is achieved by implementing each core capability of PAF (such as data visualization, user configuration and control, electrical geophysical monitoring and email/SMS alerts on data streams) as a SPA (Single Page Application). One of the recent enhancements is the full integration of a number of flow and mass transport and parameter estimation codes (e.g., MODFLOW, MT3DMS, PHT3D, TOUGH, PFLOTRAN) in this framework. This integration allows for autonomous and user controlled modeling of hydrological and geochemical processes. In</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.7353C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.7353C"><span>Shallow characterization of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> for the 2018 Mission to Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ciarletti, V.; plettemeier, D.; Vieau, A. J.; Hassen-Khodja, R.; Lustrement, B.; Cais, P.; Clifford, S.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>The highest priority scientific objectives of the revised 2018 mission to Mars are (1) to search for evidence of past or present life, (2) to identify the samples that are most likely to preserve potential evidence of life and the nature of the early Martian environment that might have given rise to it and (3) to cache them for later retrieval back to Earth for more detailed analyses than can be performed by the rover's onboard analytical laboratory. WISDOM is a ground penetrating radar that has been designed to investigate the near <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of Mars down to a depth of ~2-3 m, with a vertical resolution of several centimeters - commensurate with the sampling capabilities of the ExoMars onboard drill. The ability of WISDOM to investigate the geology of the landing site in 3-dimensions will permit direct correlations between <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layers and horizons with those exposed in nearby outcrops and the interior of impact craters. By combining periodic soundings conducted during a Rover traverse with targeted, high density grid-type soundings of areas of potential scientific interest, it will be possible to construct a 3-dimensional map of the local radar stratigraphy. Of all of the Pasteur Payload instruments, only WISDOM has the ability to investigate and characterize the nature of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> remotely. Moreover, the geoelectrical properties of H2O make WISDOM a powerful tool to understand the local distribution and state of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> H2O, including the potential presence of segregated ground ice and the persistent or transient occurrence of liquid water/brine. A WISDOM prototype, representative of the final flight model is now being tested. A series of calibrations and verifications have been initiated. The real performance of the instrument is currently assessed for various test environments. Results about the resolution and sensitivity achieved are presented as well as 3D representations of detected <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures. Preliminary estimates of permittivity</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26452371','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26452371"><span>Influence of cutting parameters on the depth of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> deformed layer in nano-cutting process of single crystal copper.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Quanlong; Bai, Qingshun; Chen, Jiaxuan; Su, Hao; Wang, Zhiguo; Xie, Wenkun</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Large-scale molecular dynamics simulation is performed to study the nano-cutting process of single crystal copper realized by single-point diamond cutting tool in this paper. The centro-symmetry parameter is adopted to characterize the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> deformed layers and the distribution and evolution of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defect structures. Three-dimensional visualization and measurement technology are used to measure the depth of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> deformed layers. The influence of cutting speed, cutting depth, cutting direction, and crystallographic orientation on the depth of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> deformed layers is systematically investigated. The results show that a lot of defect structures are formed in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of workpiece during nano-cutting process, for instance, stair-rod dislocations, stacking fault tetrahedron, atomic clusters, vacancy defects, point defects. In the process of nano-cutting, the depth of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> deformed layers increases with the cutting distance at the beginning, then decreases at stable cutting process, and basically remains unchanged when the cutting distance reaches up to 24 nm. The depth of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> deformed layers decreases with the increase in cutting speed between 50 and 300 m/s. The depth of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> deformed layer increases with cutting depth, proportionally, and basically remains unchanged when the cutting depth reaches over 6 nm.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=260013','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=260013"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> examination of a foliar biofilm using scanning electron- and focused-ion-beam microscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The dual beam scanning electron microscope, equipped with both a focused ion- and scanning electron- beam (FIB SEM) is a novel tool for the exploration of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structure of biological tissues. The FIB is capable of removing small cross sections to view the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> features and may be s...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H23D1712K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H23D1712K"><span>Surface-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> turbulent interaction at the interface of a permeable bed: influence of the wall permeability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, T.; Blois, G.; Best, J.; Christensen, K. T.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Coarse-gravel river beds possess a high degree of permeability. Flow interactions between surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow across the bed interface is key to a number of natural processes occurring in the hyporheic zone. In fact, it is increasingly recognized that these interactions drive mass, momentum and energy transport across the interface, and consequently control biochemical processes as well as stability of sediments. The current study explores the role of the wall permeability in surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow interaction under controlled experimental conditions on a physical model of a gravel bed. The present wall model was constructed by five layers of cubically arranged spheres (d=25.4mm, where d is a diameter) providing 48% of porosity. Surface topography was removed by cutting half of a diameter on the top layer of spheres to render the flow surface smooth and highlight the impact of the permeability on the overlying flow. An impermeable smooth wall was also considered as a baseline of comparison for the permeable wall flow. To obtain basic flow statistics, low-frame-rate high-resolution PIV measurements were performed first in the streamwise-wall-normal (x-y) plane and refractive-index matching was employed to optically access the flow within the permeable wall. Time-resolved PIV experiments in the same <span class="hlt">facility</span> were followed to investigate the flow interaction across the wall interface in sptaio-temporal domain. In this paper, a detailed analysis of the first and second order velocity statistics as well as the amplitude modulation for the flow overlying the permeable smooth wall will be presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070013522','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070013522"><span>Mars Sulfate Formation Sourced in Sulfide-Enriched <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Fluids: The Rio Tinto Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fernandez-Remolar, D. C.; Prieto-Ballesteros, O.; Osburn, M. R.; Gomez-Ortiz, D.; Arvidson, R. E.; Morris, R. V.; Ming, D.; Amils, R.; Friendlander, L. R.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The extensive evidence for sulfate deposits on Mars provided by analyses of MER and Mars Express data shows that the sulfur played an essential role in the geochemical cycles of the planet, including reservoirs in the atmosphere, hydro-sphere and geosphere. Overall the data are consistent with a fluvial/lacustrine-evaporative origin of at least some of the sulfate deposits, with mineral precipitation through oversaturation of salty acidic fluids enriched in sulfates. This scenario requires reservoirs of sulfur and associated cations, as well as an acidic and oxidizing hydrochemistry which could be provided by surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> catching of meteoric waters resulting in the presence of sulfur-bearing gases and steam photochemistry. In this work we suggest a new scenario for the extensive generation of sulfates in Mars based on the observation of seasonal changes in the redox and pH of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> waters enriched in sulfur that supply the acidic Mars process analog of Rio Tinto. This model considers the long-term <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage of sulfur during most of Noachian and its release from the late Noachian to Hesperian time through weathering by meteoric fluids that would acidify and oxidize the sulfur bearing compounds stored in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HESS...22.2255C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HESS...22.2255C"><span>Using lagged dependence to identify (de)coupled surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil moisture values</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Carranza, Coleen D. U.; van der Ploeg, Martine J.; Torfs, Paul J. J. F.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Recent advances in radar remote sensing popularized the mapping of surface soil moisture at different spatial scales. Surface soil moisture measurements are used in combination with hydrological models to determine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil moisture values. However, variability of soil moisture across the soil column is important for estimating depth-integrated values, as decoupling between surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> can occur. In this study, we employ new methods to investigate the occurrence of (de)coupling between surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil moisture. Using time series datasets, lagged dependence was incorporated in assessing (de)coupling with the idea that surface soil moisture conditions will be reflected at the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> after a certain delay. The main approach involves the application of a distributed-lag nonlinear model (DLNM) to simultaneously represent both the functional relation and the lag structure in the time series. The results of an exploratory analysis using residuals from a fitted loess function serve as a posteriori information to determine (de)coupled values. Both methods allow for a range of (de)coupled soil moisture values to be quantified. Results provide new insights into the decoupled range as its occurrence among the sites investigated is not limited to dry conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1049239-evaluation-positron-emission-tomography-method-visualize-subsurface-microbial-processes','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1049239-evaluation-positron-emission-tomography-method-visualize-subsurface-microbial-processes"><span>Evaluation of positron emission tomography as a method to visualize <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kinsella K.; Schlyer D.; Kinsella, K.</p> <p>2012-01-18</p> <p>Positron emission tomography (PET) provides spatiotemporal monitoring in a nondestructive manner and has higher sensitivity and resolution relative to other tomographic methods. Therefore, this technology was evaluated for its application to monitor in situ <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> bacterial activity. To date, however, it has not been used to monitor or image soil microbial processes. In this study, PET imaging was applied as a 'proof-of-principle' method to assess the feasibility of visualizing a radiotracer labeled <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> bacterial strain (Rahnella sp. Y9602), previously isolated from uranium contaminated soils and shown to promote uranium phosphate precipitation. Soil columns packed with acid-purified simulated mineral soils weremore » seeded with 2-deoxy-2-[{sup 18}F]fluoro-d-glucose ({sup 18}FDG) labeled Rahnella sp. Y9602. The applicability of [{sup 18}F]fluoride ion as a tracer for measuring hydraulic conductivity and {sup 18}FDG as a tracer to identify <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> metabolically active bacteria was successful in our soil column studies. Our findings indicate that positron-emitting isotopes can be utilized for studies aimed at elucidating <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbiology and geochemical processes important in contaminant remediation.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DPS....4920301P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DPS....4920301P"><span>Surface Modification and Surface - <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Exchange Processes on Europa</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Phillips, Cynthia B.; Molaro, Jamie; Hand, Kevin P.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa is modified by exogenic processes such as sputtering, gardening, radiolysis, sulfur ion implantation, and thermal processing, as well as endogenic processes including tidal shaking, mass wasting, and the effects of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> tectonic and perhaps cryovolcanic activity. New materials are created or deposited on the surface (radiolysis, micrometeorite impacts, sulfur ion implantation, cryovolcanic plume deposits), modified in place (thermal segregation, sintering), transported either vertically or horizontally (sputtering, gardening, mass wasting, tectonic and cryovolcanic activity), or lost from Europa completely (sputtering, plumes, larger impacts). Some of these processes vary spatially, as visible in Europa’s leading-trailing hemisphere brightness asymmetry.Endogenic geologic processes also vary spatially, depending on terrain type. The surface can be classified into general landform categories that include tectonic features (ridges, bands, cracks); disrupted “chaos-type” terrain (chaos blocks, matrix, domes, pits, spots); and impact craters (simple, complex, multi-ring). The spatial distribution of these terrain types is relatively random, with some differences in apex-antiapex cratering rates and latitudinal variation in chaos vs. tectonic features.In this work, we extrapolate surface processes and rates from the top meter of the surface in conjunction with global estimates of transport and resurfacing rates. We combine near-surface modification with an estimate of surface-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> (and vice versa) transport rates for various geologic terrains based on an average of proposed formation mechanisms, and a spatial distribution of each landform type over Europa’s surface area.Understanding the rates and mass balance for each of these processes, as well as their spatial and temporal variability, allows us to estimate surface - <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> exchange rates over the average surface age (~50myr) of Europa. Quantifying the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.P52B..08P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.P52B..08P"><span>Surface Modification and Surface - <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Exchange Processes on Europa</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Phillips, C. B.; Molaro, J.; Hand, K. P.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The surface of Jupiter's moon Europa is modified by exogenic processes such as sputtering, gardening, radiolysis, sulfur ion implantation, and thermal processing, as well as endogenic processes including tidal shaking, mass wasting, and the effects of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> tectonic and perhaps cryovolcanic activity. New materials are created or deposited on the surface (radiolysis, micrometeorite impacts, sulfur ion implantation, cryovolcanic plume deposits), modified in place (thermal segregation, sintering), transported either vertically or horizontally (sputtering, gardening, mass wasting, tectonic and cryovolcanic activity), or lost from Europa completely (sputtering, plumes, larger impacts). Some of these processes vary spatially, as visible in Europa's leading-trailing hemisphere brightness asymmetry. Endogenic geologic processes also vary spatially, depending on terrain type. The surface can be classified into general landform categories that include tectonic features (ridges, bands, cracks); disrupted "chaos-type" terrain (chaos blocks, matrix, domes, pits, spots); and impact craters (simple, complex, multi-ring). The spatial distribution of these terrain types is relatively random, with some differences in apex-antiapex cratering rates and latitudinal variation in chaos vs. tectonic features. In this work, we extrapolate surface processes and rates from the top meter of the surface in conjunction with global estimates of transport and resurfacing rates. We combine near-surface modification with an estimate of surface-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> (and vice versa) transport rates for various geologic terrains based on an average of proposed formation mechanisms, and a spatial distribution of each landform type over Europa's surface area. Understanding the rates and mass balance for each of these processes, as well as their spatial and temporal variability, allows us to estimate surface - <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> exchange rates over the average surface age ( 50myr) of Europa. Quantifying the timescale</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGE....14.1608C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGE....14.1608C"><span>Model for the prediction of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> strata movement due to underground mining</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cheng, Jianwei; Liu, Fangyuan; Li, Siyuan</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The problem of ground control stability due to large underground mining operations is often associated with large movements and deformations of strata. It is a complicated problem, and can induce severe safety or environmental hazards either at the surface or in strata. Hence, knowing the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> strata movement characteristics, and making any subsidence predictions in advance, are desirable for mining engineers to estimate any damage likely to affect the ground surface or <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> strata. Based on previous research findings, this paper broadly applies a surface subsidence prediction model based on the influence function method to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> strata, in order to predict <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> stratum movement. A step-wise prediction model is proposed, to investigate the movement of underground strata. The model involves a dynamic iteration calculation process to derive the movements and deformations for each stratum layer; modifications to the influence method function are also made for more precise calculations. The critical subsidence parameters, incorporating stratum mechanical properties and the spatial relationship of interest at the mining level, are thoroughly considered, with the purpose of improving the reliability of input parameters. Such research efforts can be very helpful to mining engineers’ understanding of the moving behavior of all strata over underground excavations, and assist in making any damage mitigation plan. In order to check the reliability of the model, two methods are carried out and cross-validation applied. One is to use a borehole TV monitor recording to identify the progress of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> stratum bedding and caving in a coal mine, the other is to conduct physical modelling of the subsidence in underground strata. The results of these two methods are used to compare with theoretical results calculated by the proposed mathematical model. The testing results agree well with each other, and the acceptable accuracy and reliability of the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=129493&keyword=process+AND+improvement&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=129493&keyword=process+AND+improvement&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span><span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> VOLATIZATION AND VENTILATION SYSTEM (SVVS) - INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY REPORT</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>This report summarizes the findings associated with a Demonstration Test of Environmental Improvement Technologies’ (EIT) <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Volatilization and Ventilation System (SVVS) process. The technology was evaluated under the EPA Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B22D..01C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B22D..01C"><span>Observation to Theory in Deep <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Microbiology Research: Can We Piece It Together?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Colwell, F. S.; Thurber, A. R.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Three decades of observations of microbes in deep environments have led to startling discoveries of life in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Now, a few theoretical frameworks exist that help to define Stygian life. Temperature, redox gradients, productivity (e.g., in the overlying ocean), and microbial power requirements are thought to determine the distribution of microbes in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Still, we struggle to comprehend the spatial and temporal spectra of Earth processes that define how deep microbe communities survive. Stommel diagrams, originally used to guide oceanographic sampling, may be useful in depicting the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> where microbial communities are impacted by co-occurring spatial and temporal phenomena that range across exponential scales. Spatially, the geological settings that influence the activity and distribution of microbes range from individual molecules or minerals all the way up to the planetary-scale where geological formations, occupying up to 105 km3, dictate the bio- and functional geography of microbial communities. Temporally, life in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> may respond in time units familiar to humans (e.g., seconds to days) or to events that unfold over hundred millennial time periods. While surface community dynamics are underpinned by solar and lunar cycles, these cycles only fractionally dictate survival underground where phenomena like tectonic activity, isostatic rebound, and radioactive decay are plausible drivers of microbial life. Geological or planetary processes that occur on thousand or million year cycles could be uniquely important to microbial viability in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Such an approach aims at a holistic comprehension of the interaction of Earth system dynamics with microbial ecology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70197426','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70197426"><span>Prairie Pothole Region wetlands and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage systems: Key factors for determining drainage setback distances</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Tangen, Brian; Wiltermuth, Mark T.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Use of agricultural <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage systems in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America continues to increase, prompting concerns over potential negative effects to the Region's vital wetlands. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service protects a large number of wetlands through conservation easements that often utilize standard lateral setback distances to provide buffers between wetlands and drainage systems. Because of a lack of information pertaining to the efficacy of these setback distances for protecting wetlands, information is required to support the decision making for placement of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage systems adjacent to wetlands. We used qualitative graphical analyses and data comparisons to identify characteristics of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage systems and wetland catchments that could be considered when assessing setback distances. We also compared setback distances with catchment slope lengths to determine if they typically exclude drainage systems from the catchment. We demonstrated that depth of a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage system is a key factor for determining drainage setback distances. Drainage systems located closer to the surface (shallow) typically could be associated with shorter lateral setback distances compared with deeper systems. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> drainage systems would be allowed within a wetland's catchment for 44–59% of catchments associated with wetland conservation easements in North Dakota. More specifically, results suggest that drainage setback distances generally would exclude drainage systems from catchments of the smaller wetlands that typically have shorter slopes in the adjacent upland contributing area. For larger wetlands, however, considerable areas of the catchment would be vulnerable to drainage that may affect wetland hydrology. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service easements are associated with > 2,000 km2 of wetlands in North Dakota, demonstrating great potential to protect these systems from drainage depending on policies for installing</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1209875','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1209875"><span>Performance Indicators for Uranium Bioremediation in the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span>: Basis and Assessment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Long, Philip E.; Yabusaki, Steven B.</p> <p>2006-12-29</p> <p>The purpose of this letter report is to identify performance indicators for in situ engineered bioremediation of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> uranium (U) contamination. This report focuses on in situ treatment of groundwater by biostimulation of extant in situ microbial populations (see http://128.3.7.51/NABIR/generalinfo/primers_guides/03_NABIR_primer.pdf for background information on bioremediation of metals and radionuclides). The treatment process involves amendment of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> with an electron donor such as acetate, lactate, ethanol or other organic compound such that in situ microorganisms mediate the reduction of U(VI) to U(IV). U(VI) precipitates as uraninite or other insoluble U phase. Uranium is thus immobilized in place by such processesmore » and is subject to reoxidation that may remobilize the reduced uranium. Related processes include augmenting the extant <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial populations, addition of electron acceptors, and introduction of chemically reducing materials such as zero-valent Fe. While metrics for such processes may be similar to those for in situ biostimulation, these related processes are not directly in the scope of this letter report.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=286539','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=286539"><span>Nutrient loss in leachate and surface runoff from surface-broadcast and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-banded broiler litter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> band application of poultry litter has been shown to reduce the transport of nutrients from fields in surface runoff, compared to the conventional surface broadcast application. Little in situ research has been conducted to determine effects of surface broadcast application and <span class="hlt">subsurfac</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015E%26PSL.424..245L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015E%26PSL.424..245L"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> conditions in hydrothermal vents inferred from diffuse flow composition, and models of reaction and transport</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Larson, B. I.; Houghton, J. L.; Lowell, R. P.; Farough, A.; Meile, C. D.</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>Chemical gradients in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems create an environment where minerals precipitate and dissolve and where chemosynthetic organisms thrive. However, owing to the lack of easy access to the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, robust knowledge of the nature and extent of chemical transformations remains elusive. Here, we combine measurements of vent fluid chemistry with geochemical and transport modeling to give new insights into the under-sampled <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Temperature-composition relationships from a geochemical mixing model are superimposed on the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperature distribution determined using a heat flow model to estimate the spatial distribution of fluid composition. We then estimate the distribution of Gibb's free energies of reaction beneath mid oceanic ridges and by combining flow simulations with speciation calculations estimate anhydrite deposition rates. Applied to vent endmembers observed at the fast spreading ridge at the East Pacific Rise, our results suggest that sealing times due to anhydrite formation are longer than the typical time between tectonic and magmatic events. The chemical composition of the neighboring low temperature flow indicates relatively uniform energetically favorable conditions for commonly inferred microbial processes such as methanogenesis, sulfate reduction and numerous oxidation reactions, suggesting that factors other than energy availability may control <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial biomass distribution. Thus, these model simulations complement fluid-sample datasets from surface venting and help infer the chemical distribution and transformations in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP53B1715L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP53B1715L"><span>Linking Surface and <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Processes: Implications for Seismic Hazards in Southern California</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lin, J. C.; Moon, S.; Yong, A.; Meng, L.; Martin, A. J.; Davis, P. M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Earth's surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> processes such as bedrock weathering, soil production, and river incision can influence and be influenced by spatial variations in the mechanical strength of surface material. Mechanically weakened rocks tend to have reduced seismic velocity, which can result in larger ground-motion amplification and greater potential for earthquake-induced damages. However, the influence and extent of surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> processes on the mechanical strength of surface material and seismic site conditions in southern California remain unclear. In this study, we examine whether physics-based models of surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> processes can explain the spatial variability and non-linearity of near-surface seismic velocity in southern California. We use geophysical measurements (Yong et al., 2013; Ancheta et al., 2014), consisting of shear-wave velocity (Vs) tomography data, Vs profiles, and the time-averaged Vs in the upper 30 m of the crust (Vs30) to infer lateral and vertical variations of surface material properties. Then, we compare Vs30 values with geologic and topographic attributes such as rock type, slope, elevation, and local relief, as well as metrics for surface processes such as soil production and bedrock weathering from topographic stress, frost cracking, chemical reactions, and vegetation presence. Results from this study will improve our understanding of physical processes that control <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> material properties and their influences on local variability in seismic site conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10217E..06D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10217E..06D"><span>Raman spectroscopy method for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> detection of food powders through plastic layers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dhakal, Sagar; Chao, Kuanglin; Qin, Jianwei; Schmidt, Walter F.; Kim, Moon S.; Chan, Diane E.; Bae, Abigail</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Proper chemical analyses of materials in sealed containers are important for quality control purpose. Although it is feasible to detect chemicals at top surface layer, it is relatively challenging to detect objects beneath obscuring surface. This study used spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) method to detect urea, ibuprofen and acetaminophen powders contained within one or more (up to eight) layers of gelatin capsules to demonstrate <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> chemical detection and identification. A 785 nm point-scan Raman spectroscopy system was used to acquire spatially offset Raman spectra for an offset range of 0 to 10 mm from the surfaces of 24 encapsulated samples, using a step size of 0.1 mm to obtain 101 spectral measurements per sample. With increasing offset distance, the fraction of information from the deeper <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> material increased compared to that from the top surface material. The series of measurements was analyzed to differentiate and identify the top surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> materials. Containing mixed contributions from the powder and capsule, the SORS of each sample was decomposed using self modeling mixture analysis (SMA) to obtain pure component spectra of each component and corresponding components were identified using spectral information divergence values. Results show that SORS technique together with SMA method has a potential for non-invasive detection of chemicals at deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA600294','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA600294"><span>Polymer-Enhanced <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Delivery and Distribution of Permanganate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-02-01</p> <p>C-0006 Polymer-Enhanced <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Delivery and Distribution of Permanganate 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S...this project was to demonstrate and validate the use of a water-soluble polymer with permanganate for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) of organic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNS33B..06F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNS33B..06F"><span>Assessment of DInSAR Potential in Simulating Geological <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Structure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fouladi Moghaddam, N.; Rudiger, C.; Samsonov, S. V.; Hall, M.; Walker, J. P.; Camporese, M.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>High resolution geophysical surveys, including seismic, gravity, magnetic, etc., provide valuable information about <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structuring but they are very costly and time consuming with non-unique and sometimes conflicting interpretations. Several recent studies have examined the application of DInSAR to estimate surface deformation, monitor possible fault reactivation and constrain reservoir dynamic behaviour in geothermal and groundwater fields. The main focus of these studies was to generate an elevation map, which represents the reservoir extraction induced deformation. This research study, however, will focus on developing methods to simulate <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structuring and identify hidden faults/hydraulic barriers using DInSAR surface observations, as an innovative and cost-effective reconnaissance exploration tool for planning of seismic acquisition surveys in geothermal and Carbon Capture and Sequestration regions. By direct integration of various DInSAR datasets with overlapping temporal and spatial coverage we produce multi-temporal ground deformation maps with high resolution and precision to evaluate the potential of a new multidimensional MSBAS technique (Samsonov & d'Oreye, 2012). The technique is based on the Small Baseline Subset Algorithm (SBAS) that is modified to account for variation in sensor parameters. It allows integration of data from sensors with different wave-band, azimuth and incidence angles, different spatial and temporal sampling and resolutions. These deformation maps then will be used as an input for inverse modelling to simulate strain history and shallow depth structure. To achieve the main objective of our research, i.e. developing a method for coupled InSAR and geophysical observations and better understanding of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structuring, comparing DInSAR inverse modelling results with previously provided static structural model will result in iteratively modified DInSAR structural model for adequate match with in situ observations</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.7392H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.7392H"><span>Understanding <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Geoelectrical and Structural Constrains for Low Frequency Radar Sounding of Jovian Satellites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Heggy, Essam; Bruzzone, Lorenzo; Beck, Pierre; Doute, Sylvain; Gim, Youngyu; Herique, Alain; Kofman, Wlodek; Orosei, Roberto; Plaut, Jeffery; Rosen, Paul; Seu, Roberto</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>Thermally stable Ice sheets on earth are known to be among the most favorable geophysical contexts for deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sounding radars. Penetrations ranging from few to several hundreds of meters have been observed at 10 to 60 MHz when sounding homogenous and pure ice sheets in Antarctica and in Alaskan glaciers. Unlike the terrestrial case, ice sheets on Jovian satellites are older formations with a more complex matrix of mineral inclusions with an even three dimensional distribution on the surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> that is yet to be understood in order to quantify its effect on the dielectric attenuation at the experiment sounding frequencies. Moreover, ridges, tectonic and shock features, may results in a complex and heterogeneous <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structure that can induce scattering attenuation with different amplitudes depending on the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity levels. Such attenuation phenomena's has to be accounted in the instrument design and future data analysis in order to optimize the science return, reduce mission risk and define proper operation modes. In order to address those challenges in the current performance studies and instrument design of the proposed radar sounding experiments, we present an attempt to quantify both the dielectric and scattering losses on both icy satellites, Ganymede and Europa, based on experimental dielectric characterization of relevant icy-dust mixtures samples, field work from analog environment and radar propagation simulations in parametric <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geophysical models representing potential geological scenarios of the two Jovian satellites. Our preliminary results suggest that the use of a dual band radar enable to overcome several of these constrains and reduces ambiguities associated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> interface mapping. Acknowledgement. This research is carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, under a grant from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EurSS..50.1506Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EurSS..50.1506Z"><span>Characteristics of Nitrogen Loss through Surface-<span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Flow on Red Soil Slopes of Southeast China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zheng, Haijin; Liu, Zhao; Zuo, Jichao; Wang, Lingyun; Nie, Xiaofei</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Soil nitrogen (N) loss related to surface flow and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow (including interflow and groundwater flow) from slope lands is a global issue. A lysimetric experiment with three types of land cover (grass cover, GC; litter cover, LC; and bare land, BL) were carried out on a red soil slope land in southeast China. Total Nitrogen (TN) loss through surface flow, interflow and groundwater flow was observed under 28 natural precipitation events from 2015 to 2016. TN concentrations from <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow on BL and LC plots were, on average, 2.7-8.2 and 1.5-4.4 times greater than TN concentrations from surface flow, respectively; the average concentration of TN from <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow on GC was about 36-56% of that recorded from surface flow. Surface flow, interflow and groundwater flow contributed 0-15, 2-9 and 76-96%, respectively, of loss load of TN. Compared with BL, GC and LC intercepted 83-86% of TN loss through surface runoff; GC intercepted 95% of TN loss through <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow while TN loss through <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow on LC is 2.3 times larger than that on BL. In conclusion, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow especially groundwater flow is the dominant hydrological rout for N loss that is usually underestimated. Grass cover has the high retention of N runoff loss while litter mulch will increase N leaching loss. These findings provide scientific support to control N runoff loss from the red soil slope lands by using suitable vegetation cover and mulching techniques.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12793678','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12793678"><span>Baseline hydraulic performance of the Heathrow constructed wetlands <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow system.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Richter, K M; Margetts, J R; Saul, A J; Guymer, I; Worrall, P</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>A constructed wetland treatment system has been commissioned by BAA (formerly the British Airports Authority) in order to attenuate airfield runoff contaminated with de-icant and other potentially polluting materials from Heathrow Airport. Airfield runoff containing de-icants has the potential to impose significant oxygen demands on water bodies. The site consists of a number of integrated treatment systems, including a 1 ha rafted reed bed canal system and a 2 ha <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> flow gravel reed bed. This research project is concerned with the performance of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow reed beds, though attention will be paid in this paper to the operation of the whole system. Prior to the planting of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow reed beds, flow-tracing experiments were carried out on the three different types of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow beds, so that the baseline performance of the system could be quantified. In association, data regarding the soil organic matter content was also collected prior to the planting of the beds. As expected, soil organic matter content is observed to be negligible within the bed, though a small amount of build up was observed in localised areas on the surface of the beds. This was attributed to the growth of algae in depressions where standing water persisted during the construction phase. Few studies exist which provide detailed measurements into the cause and effect of variations in hydraulic conductivity within an operational reed bed system. The data presented here form the baseline results for an ongoing study into the investigation of the change in hydraulic conductivity of an operational reed bed system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CliPa..11..687H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CliPa..11..687H"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> North Atlantic warming as a trigger of rapid cooling events: evidence from the early Pleistocene (MIS 31-19)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hernández-Almeida, I.; Sierro, F.-J.; Cacho, I.; Flores, J.-A.</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> water column dynamics in the subpolar North Atlantic were reconstructed in order to improve the understanding of the cause of abrupt ice-rafted detritus (IRD) events during cold periods of the early Pleistocene. We used paired Mg / Ca and δ18O measurements of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral - sin.), deep-dwelling planktonic foraminifera, to estimate the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperatures and seawater δ18O from a sediment core from Gardar Drift, in the subpolar North Atlantic. Carbon isotopes of benthic and planktonic foraminifera from the same site provide information about the ventilation and water column nutrient gradient. Mg / Ca-based temperatures and seawater δ18O suggest increased <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperatures and salinities during ice-rafting, likely due to northward <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> transport of subtropical waters during periods of weaker Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Planktonic carbon isotopes support this suggestion, showing coincident increased <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ventilation during deposition of IRD. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> accumulation of warm waters would have resulted in basal warming and break-up of ice-shelves, leading to massive iceberg discharges in the North Atlantic. The release of heat stored at the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> to the atmosphere would have helped to restart the AMOC. This mechanism is in agreement with modelling and proxy studies that observe a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> warming in the North Atlantic in response to AMOC slowdown during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.6592D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.6592D"><span>MA_MISS: Mars Multispectral Imager for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>De Sanctis, M. C.; Coradini, A.; Ammannito, E.; Boccaccini, A.; Di Iorio, T.; Battistelli, E.; Capanni, A.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>A Drilling system, coupled with an in situ analysis package, is installed on the ExoMars Pasteur Rover to perform in situ investigations up to 2m in the Mars soil. Ma_Miss (Mars Multispectral Imager for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Studies) is a spectrometer devoted to observe the lateral wall of the borehole generated by the Drilling system. The instrument is fully integrated with the Drill and shares its structure and electronics. For the first time in Mars exploration experiments the water/geochemical environment will be investigated as function of depth in the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Samples from the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of Martian soil are unaltered by weathering process, oxidation and erosion. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> access can be the key to look for signs of present and past environmental conditions, associated to the possibility for life (water, volatiles and weathering process). The analysis of uncontaminated samples by means of instrumented Drill and in situ observations is the solution for unambiguous interpretation of the original environment that leading to the formation of rocks. Ma_Miss experiment is perfectly suited to perform multispectral imaging of the drilled layers. Ma_Miss is a miniaturized near-infrared imaging spectrometer in the range 0.4-2.2 µm with 20nm spectral sampling. The task of illuminating the borehole wall and collecting the diffused light from the illuminated spot on the target requires a transparent window on the Drill tool, which shall prevent the dust contamination of the optical and mechanical elements inside. Hardness of sapphire is the closest to diamond one, thus avoiding the risk of scratches on its surface. The Sapphire window is cylindrical, and bounded such as to realize a continuous auger profile. Ma_Miss Optical Head performs the double task of illuminating the borehole wall with a spot around 1 mm diameter and of collecting the scattered light coming from a 0.1 mm diameter spot of the target. The signal from the Optical Head to the spectrometer is transferred</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH41C1843Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMNH41C1843Y"><span>Evaluation on the Efficiency of <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Drainage in Chiu-Fen Landslide at Northern Taiwan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ying, L. Y.; Lin, D. G.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>For administrative district, the Chiu-Fen landslide is situated at northern Taiwan and comes within the jurisdiction of Ruei-Fang district, New Taipei City Government. Chiu-Fen village is a famous spot for sightseeing and tourism in Southeast Asia. In the last decade, for economic purpose, a vast area of slope land in Chiu-Fen area was reclaimed into business and commercial districts. However, due to the complicated geological and hydrological conditions, improper reclamation, and lack of appropriate soil and water conservation <span class="hlt">facilities</span>, large scale landslides are frequently triggered by typhoon rainfall and causes damages to the transportation and residential building in the community. As a consequence, the government initiated a comprehensive field investigations and remediation plans to stabilize the landslide from 1997 and the remediation works were concentrated on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainages, namely the application of drainage well (a vertical shaft with multi-level horizontal drainage boreholes). To investigate the efficiency of drainage wells on the landslide, the A1-profile in the landslide which covers the drainage wells W2 and W4 was selected for a series of rainfall seepage and slope stability analyses. In addition, a 48-hrs design rainfall with return period of 25, 50 and 100 years based on the local meteorological data bank was adopted for the analyses. The numerical results indicate the factor safety FS of the three potential sliding surfaces within A1-profile are constantly keeping greater than one (FS > 1.0) and without decreasing with the elapsed time during rainfall. This implies that the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage works can drain off the infiltrated rainwater from a high intensity and long duration rainfall and preserve the slope stability of landslides from deterioration. Finally, the efficiency of the drainage wells can be evaluated quantitatively in terms of the time-dependent factor of safety and the pore water pressure distribution on several potential</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/869941','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/869941"><span>Optical method and apparatus for detection of surface and near-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects in dense ceramics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Ellingson, William A.; Brada, Mark P.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>A laser is used in a non-destructive manner to detect surface and near-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects in dense ceramics and particularly in ceramic bodies with complex shapes such as ceramic bearings, turbine blades, races, and the like. The laser's wavelength is selected based upon the composition of the ceramic sample and the laser can be directed on the sample while the sample is static or in dynamic rotate or translate motion. Light is scattered off surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects using a preselected polarization. The change in polarization angle is used to select the depth and characteristics of surface/<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects. The scattered light is detected by an optical train consisting of a charge coupled device (CCD), or vidicon, television camera which, in turn, is coupled to a video monitor and a computer for digitizing the image. An analyzing polarizer in the optical train allows scattered light at a given polarization angle to be observed for enhancing sensitivity to either surface or near-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects. Application of digital image processing allows subtraction of digitized images in near real-time providing enhanced sensitivity to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects. Storing known "feature masks" of identified defects in the computer and comparing the detected scatter pattern (Fourier images) with the stored feature masks allows for automatic classification of detected defects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1041248','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1041248"><span>Earth analysis methods, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> feature detection methods, earth analysis devices, and articles of manufacture</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>West, Phillip B [Idaho Falls, ID; Novascone, Stephen R [Idaho Falls, ID; Wright, Jerry P [Idaho Falls, ID</p> <p>2012-05-29</p> <p>Earth analysis methods, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> feature detection methods, earth analysis devices, and articles of manufacture are described. According to one embodiment, an earth analysis method includes engaging a device with the earth, analyzing the earth in a single substantially lineal direction using the device during the engaging, and providing information regarding a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> feature of the earth using the analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1027111','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1027111"><span>Earth analysis methods, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> feature detection methods, earth analysis devices, and articles of manufacture</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>West, Phillip B [Idaho Falls, ID; Novascone, Stephen R [Idaho Falls, ID; Wright, Jerry P [Idaho Falls, ID</p> <p>2011-09-27</p> <p>Earth analysis methods, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> feature detection methods, earth analysis devices, and articles of manufacture are described. According to one embodiment, an earth analysis method includes engaging a device with the earth, analyzing the earth in a single substantially lineal direction using the device during the engaging, and providing information regarding a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> feature of the earth using the analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT.......223A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT.......223A"><span>Structural analyses of a rigid pavement overlaying a <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> void</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Adam, Fatih Alperen</p> <p></p> <p>Pavement failures are very hazardous for public safety and serviceability. These failures in pavements are mainly caused by <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> voids, cracks, and undulation at the slab-base interface. On the other hand, current structural analysis procedures for rigid pavement assume that the slab-base interface is perfectly planar and no imperfections exist in the <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> soil. This assumption would be violated if severe erosion were to occur due to inadequate drainage, thermal movements, and/or mechanical loading. Until now, the effect of erosion was only considered in the faulting performance model, but not with regards to transverse cracking at the mid-slab edge. In this research, the bottom up fatigue cracking potential, caused by the combined effects of wheel loading and a localized imperfection in the form of a void below the mid-slab edge, is studied. A robust stress and surface deflection analysis was also conducted to evaluate the influence of a <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> void on layer moduli back-calculation. Rehabilitative measures were considered, which included a study on overlay and fill remediation. A series regression of equations was proposed that provides a relationship between void size, layer moduli stiffness, and the overlay thickness required to reduce the stress to its original pre-void level. The effect of the void on 3D pavement crack propagation was also studied under a single axle load. The amplifications to the stress intensity was shown to be high but could be mitigated substantially if stiff material is used to fill the void and impede crack growth. The pavement system was modeled using the commercial finite element modeling program Abaqus RTM. More than 10,000 runs were executed to do the following analysis: stress analysis of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> voids, E-moduli back-calculation of base layer, pavement damage calculations of Beaumont, TX, overlay thickness estimations, and mode I crack analysis. The results indicate that the stress and stress intensity are, on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174928','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174928"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> materials management and containment system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Nickelson, Reva A.; Richardson, John G.; Kosteinik, Kevin M.; Sloan, Paul A.</p> <p>2004-07-06</p> <p>Systems, components, and methods relating to subterranean containment barriers. Laterally adjacent tubular casings having male interlock structures and multiple female interlock structures defining recesses for receiving a male interlock structure are used to create subterranean barriers for containing and treating buried waste and its effluents. The multiple female interlock structures enable the barriers to be varied around <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> objects and to form barrier sidewalls. The barrier may be used for treating and monitoring a zone of interest.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1175942','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1175942"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> materials management and containment system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Nickelson, Reva A.; Richardson, John G.; Kostelnik, Kevin M.; Sloan, Paul A.</p> <p>2006-10-17</p> <p>Systems, components, and methods relating to subterranean containment barriers. Laterally adjacent tubular casings having male interlock structures and multiple female interlock structures defining recesses for receiving a male interlock structure are used to create subterranean barriers for containing and treating buried waste and its effluents. The multiple female interlock structures enable the barriers to be varied around <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> objects and to form barrier sidewalls. The barrier may be used for treating and monitoring a zone of interest.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1172025','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1172025"><span>Phase II Investigation at the Former CCC/USDA Grain Storage <span class="hlt">Facility</span> in Savannah, Missouri</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>LaFreniere, Lorraine M.</p> <p></p> <p>From approximately 1949 until 1970, the Commodity Credit Corporation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (CCC/USDA) operated a grain storage <span class="hlt">facility</span> on federally owned property approximately 0.25 mi northwest of Savannah, Missouri. During this time, commercial grain fumigants containing carbon tetrachloride were commonly used by the CCC/USDA and the private grain storage industry to preserve grain in their <span class="hlt">facilities</span>. In November 1998, carbon tetrachloride was detected in a private well (Morgan) roughly 50 ft south of the former CCC/USDA <span class="hlt">facility</span>, as a result of statewide screening of private wells near former CCC/USDA <span class="hlt">facilities</span>, conducted in Missouri by the U.S. Environmentalmore » Protection Agency (EPA 1999). The 1998 and subsequent investigations by the EPA and the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) confirmed the presence of carbon tetrachloride in the Morgan well, as well as in a second well on property currently owned by the Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT), directly east of the former CCC/USDA <span class="hlt">facility</span>. The identified concentrations in these two wells were above the EPA maximum contaminant level (MCL) and the Missouri risk-based corrective action default target level (DTL) values of 5.0 μg/L for carbon tetrachloride in water used for domestic purposes (EPA 1999; MDNR 2000a,b, 2006). Because the observed contamination in the Morgan and MoDOT wells might be linked to the past use of carbon tetrachloride-based fumigants at its former grain storage <span class="hlt">facility</span>, the CCC/USDA is conducting an investigation to (1) characterize the source(s), extent, and factors controlling the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> distribution and movement of carbon tetrachloride and (2) evaluate the potential risks to human health, public welfare, and the environment posed by the contamination. This work is being performed in accord with an Intergovernmental Agreement established in 2007 between the Farm Service Agency of the USDA and the MDNR, to address carbon tetrachloride</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3243026','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3243026"><span>Potential for Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrification in the Granite-Hosted <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> at Henderson Mine, CO</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Swanner, Elizabeth D.; Templeton, Alexis S.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The existence of life in the deep terrestrial <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is established, yet few studies have investigated the origin of nitrogen that supports deep life. Previously, 16S rRNA gene surveys cataloged a diverse microbial community in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> fluids draining from boreholes 3000 feet deep at Henderson Mine, CO, USA (Sahl et al., 2008). The prior characterization of the fluid chemistry and microbial community forms the basis for the further investigation here of the source of NH4+. The reported fluid chemistry included N2, NH4+ (5–112 μM), NO2− (27–48 μM), and NO3− (17–72 μM). In this study, the correlation between low NH4+ concentrations in dominantly meteoric fluids and higher NH4+ in rock-reacted fluids is used to hypothesize that NH4+ is sourced from NH4+-bearing biotite. However, biotite samples from the host rocks and ore-body minerals were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy and none-contained NH4+. However, the nitrogenase-encoding gene nifH was successfully amplified from DNA of the fluid sample with high NH4+, suggesting that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbes have the capability to fix N2. If so, unregulated nitrogen fixation may account for the relatively high NH4+ concentrations in the fluids. Additionally, the amoA and nxrB genes for archaeal ammonium monooxygenase and nitrite oxidoreductase, respectively, were amplified from the high NH4+ fluid DNA, while bacterial amoA genes were not. Putative nitrifying organisms are closely related to ammonium-oxidizing Crenarchaeota and nitrite-oxidizing Nitrospira detected in other <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sites based upon 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Thermodynamic calculations underscore the importance of NH4+ as an energy source in a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> nitrification pathway. These results suggest that the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial community at Henderson is adapted to the low nutrient and energy environment by their capability of fixing nitrogen, and that fixed nitrogen may support <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biomass via</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.7959A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.7959A"><span>Quantification of microbial activity in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments using a hydrogenase enzyme assay</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Adhikari, R. R.; Nickel, J.; Kallmeyer, J.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere is the largest microbial ecosystem on Earth. Despite its large size and extensive industrial exploitation, very little is known about the role of microbial activity in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> microbial activity plays a fundamental role in geochemical cycles of carbon and other biologically important elements. How the indigenous microbial communities are supplied with energy is one of the most fundamental questions in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> research. It is still an enigma how these communities can survive with such recalcitrant carbon over geological time scales. Despite its usually very low concentration, hydrogen is an important element in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments. Heterotrophic and chemoautotrophic microorganisms use hydrogen in their metabolic pathways; they either obtain protons from the radiolysis of water and/or cleavage of hydrogen generated by the alteration of basaltic crust, or they dispose of protons by formation of water. Hydrogenase (H2ase) is a ubiquitous intracellular enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of molecular hydrogen and/or water into protons and electrons. The protons are used for the synthesis of ATP, thereby coupling energy-generating metabolic processes to electron acceptors such as carbon dioxide or sulfate. H2ase activity can therefore be used as a measure for total microbial activity as it targets a key metabolic compound rather than a specific turnover process. Using a highly sensitive tritium assay we measured H2ase enzyme activity in the organic-rich sediments of Lake Van, a saline, alkaline lake in eastern Turkey and in marine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments of the Barents Sea. Additionally, sulfate reduction rates (SRRs) were measured to compare the results of the H2ase enzyme assay with the quantitatively most important electron acceptor process. H2ase activity was found at all sites, measured values and distribution of activity varied widely with depth and between sites. At the Lake Van sites H2ase activity ranged from</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=35735&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=finite+AND+element&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=35735&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=finite+AND+element&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT MODELING FOR HYDROCARBON SPILLS INTO THE <span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Hydrocarbons which enter the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> through spills or leaks may create serious, long-lived ground-water contamination problems. onventional finite difference and finite element models of multiphase, multicomponent flow often have extreme requirements for both computer time an...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020080915&hterms=TPS&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3DTPS','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020080915&hterms=TPS&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3DTPS"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Microsensors for Assisted Recertification of TPS (SmarTPS)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pallix, Joan B.; Milos, Frank S.; Huestis, Dave; Arnold, James O. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Commercialization of a competitive reusable launch vehicle (RLV) is a primary goal for both NASA and the U.S. aerospace industry. To expedite achievement of this goal, the Bantam-X Technology Program is funding development of innovative technologies to lower costs for access to space. Ground operations is one area where significant cost reduction is required. For the Shuttle fleet, ground operations account for over 80% of the life cycle costs, and TPS recertification accounts for 27% of the operation costs ($4.5M per flight). Bantam Task TPS-7, <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Microsensors for Assisted Recertification of TPS (SmarTPS), is a joint effort between NASA centers and industry partners to develop rapid remote detection and scanning technology for inspection of TPS and detection of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects. This short paper will provide a general overview of the SmarTPS concept.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/873377','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/873377"><span>Using electrical impedance tomography to map <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydraulic conductivity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Berryman, James G.; Daily, William D.; Ramirez, Abelardo L.; Roberts, Jeffery J.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>The use of Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) to map <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydraulic conductivity. EIT can be used to map hydraulic conductivity in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> where measurements of both amplitude and phase are made. Hydraulic conductivity depends on at least two parameters: porosity and a length scale parameter. Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) measures and maps electrical conductivity (which can be related to porosity) in three dimensions. By introducing phase measurements along with amplitude, the desired additional measurement of a pertinent length scale can be achieved. Hydraulic conductivity controls the ability to flush unwanted fluid contaminants from the surface. Thus inexpensive maps of hydraulic conductivity would improve planning strategies for subsequent remediation efforts. Fluid permeability is also of importance for oil field exploitation and thus detailed knowledge of fluid permeability distribution in three-dimension (3-D) would be a great boon to petroleum reservoir analysts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=126461&keyword=ev&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=126461&keyword=ev&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>SITE TECHNOLOGY CAPSULE: <span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> VOLATILIZATION AND VENTILATION SYSTEM (SVVS)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Volatilization and Ventilation System is an integrated technology used for attacking all phases of volatile organic compound (VOC) contamination in soil and groundwater. The SVVS technology promotes insitu remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with or-ga...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1245538','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1245538"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Conditions Controlling Uranium Incorporation in Iron Oxides: A Redox Stable Sink</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Fendorf, Scott</p> <p>2016-04-05</p> <p>Toxic metals and radionuclides throughout the U.S. Department of Energy Complex pose a serious threat to ecosystems and to human health. Of particular concern is the redox-sensitive radionuclide uranium, which is classified as a priority pollutant in soils and groundwaters at most DOE sites owing to its large inventory, its health risks, and its mobility with respect to primary waste sources. The goal of this research was to contribute to the long-term mission of the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Biogeochemistry Program by determining reactions of uranium with iron (hydr)oxides that lead to long-term stabilization of this pervasive contaminant. The research objectives of thismore » project were thus to (1) identify the (bio)geochemical conditions, including those of the solid-phase, promoting uranium incorporation in Fe (hydr)oxides, (2) determine the magnitude of uranium incorporation under a variety of relevant <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> conditions in order to quantify the importance of this pathway when in competition with reduction or adsorption; (3) identify the mechanism(s) of U(VI/V) incorporation in Fe (hydr)oxides; and (4) determine the stability of these phases under different biogeochemical (inclusive of redox) conditions. Our research demonstrates that redox transformations are capable of achieving U incorporation into goethite at ambient temperatures, and that this transformation occurs within days at U and Fe(II) concentrations that are common in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geochemical environments with natural ferrihydrites—inclusive of those with natural impurities. Increasing Fe(II) or U concentration, or initial pH, made U(VI) reduction to U(IV) a more competitive sequestration pathway in this system, presumably by increasing the relative rate of U reduction. Uranium concentrations commonly found in contaminated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments are often on the order of 1-10 μM, and groundwater Fe(II) concentrations can reach exceed 1 mM in reduced zones of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. The redox-driven U</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7079274','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7079274"><span>Containment of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contaminants</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Corey, J.C.</p> <p>1994-09-06</p> <p>A barrier is disclosed for reducing the spread of a plume of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contaminants. The apparatus includes a well system for injecting a fluid, such as air, just outside and below the periphery of the plume. The fluid is injected at a pressure sufficient to lower the hydraulic conductivity of the soil from the point of injection to the surface thus establishing a curtain-like barrier to groundwater movement. The barrier is established upgradient of the plume to divert groundwater away, or preferably completely around the plume to reduce the flow of groundwater into or out of the plume. The barrier enables the remediation of the confined contamination and then, when the injection of the fluid is halted, the barrier quickly dissipates. 5 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/869480','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/869480"><span>Containment of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contaminants</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Corey, John C.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>A barrier for reducing the spread of a plume of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contaminants. The apparatus includes a well system for injecting a fluid, such as air, just outside and below the periphery of the plume. The fluid is injected at a pressure sufficient to lower the hydraulic conductivity of the soil from the point of injection to the surface thus establishing a curtain-like barrier to groundwater movement. The barrier is established upgradient of the plume to divert groundwater away, or preferably completely around the plume to reduce the flow of groundwater into or out of the plume. The barrier enables the remediation of the confined contamination and then, when the injection of the fluid is halted, the barrier quickly dissipates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H42D..01S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H42D..01S"><span>Large temporal scale and capacity <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> bulk energy storage with CO2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Saar, M. O.; Fleming, M. R.; Adams, B. M.; Ogland-Hand, J.; Nelson, E. S.; Randolph, J.; Sioshansi, R.; Kuehn, T. H.; Buscheck, T. A.; Bielicki, J. M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Decarbonizing energy systems by increasing the penetration of variable renewable energy (VRE) technologies requires efficient and short- to long-term energy storage. Very large amounts of energy can be stored in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> as heat and/or pressure energy in order to provide both short- and long-term (seasonal) storage, depending on the implementation. This energy storage approach can be quite efficient, especially where geothermal energy is naturally added to the system. Here, we present <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heat and/or pressure energy storage with supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) and discuss the system's efficiency, deployment options, as well as its advantages and disadvantages, compared to several other energy storage options. CO2-based <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> bulk energy storage has the potential to be particularly efficient and large-scale, both temporally (i.e., seasonal) and spatially. The latter refers to the amount of energy that can be stored underground, using CO2, at a geologically conducive location, potentially enabling storing excess power from a substantial portion of the power grid. The implication is that it would be possible to employ centralized energy storage for (a substantial part of) the power grid, where the geology enables CO2-based bulk <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> energy storage, whereas the VRE technologies (solar, wind) are located on that same power grid, where (solar, wind) conditions are ideal. However, this may require reinforcing the power grid's transmission lines in certain parts of the grid to enable high-load power transmission from/to a few locations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.B51K0557S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.B51K0557S"><span>Active Marine <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Bacterial Population Composition in Low Organic Carbon Environments from IODP Expedition 320</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shepard, A.; Reese, B. K.; Mills, H. J.; IODP Expedition 320 Shipboard Science Party</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>The marine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment contains abundant and active microorganisms. These microbial populations are considered integral players in the marine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biogeochemical system with significance in global geochemical cycles and reservoirs. However, variations in microbial community structure, activity and function associated with the wide-ranging sedimentary and geochemical environments found globally have not been fully resolved. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 320 recovered sediments from site U1332. Two sampling depths were selected for analysis that spanned differing lithological units in the sediment core. Sediments were composed of mostly clay with zeolite minerals at 8 meters below sea floor (mbsf). At 27 mbsf, sediments were composed of alternating clayey radiolarian ooze and nannofossil ooze. The concentration of SO42- had little variability throughout the core and the concentration of Fe2+ remained close to, or below, detection limits (0.4 μM). Total organic carbon content ranged from a low of 0.03 wt% to a high of 0.07 wt% between 6 and 30 mbsf providing an opportunity to evaluate marine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial communities under extreme electron donor limiting conditions. The metabolically active fraction of the bacterial population was isolated by the extraction and amplification of 16S ribosomal RNA. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA transcripts and subsequent bioinformatic analyses provided a robust data set (15,931 total classified sequences) to characterize the community at a high resolution. As observed in other <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments, the overall diversity of active bacterial populations decreased with depth. The population shifted from a diverse but evenly distributed community at approximately 8 mbsf to a Firmicutes dominated population at 27 mbsf (80% of sequences). A total of 95% of the sequences at 27 mbsf were grouped into three genera: Lactobacillus (phylum Firmicutes) at 80% of the total sequences, Marinobacter (phylum</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/19914','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/19914"><span>Applicability of radar <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> profiling in estimating sidewalk undermining.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>An evaluation was made of the applicability of the geophysical technique of radar <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> profiling to estimating the extent of sidewalk undermining. It was found that there is a distinct difference between the observed radar echo patterns of a no...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22482770-spectral-imaging-facility-setup-characterization','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22482770-spectral-imaging-facility-setup-characterization"><span>The spectral imaging <span class="hlt">facility</span>: Setup characterization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>De Angelis, Simone, E-mail: simone.deangelis@iaps.inaf.it; De Sanctis, Maria Cristina; Manzari, Paola Olga</p> <p>2015-09-15</p> <p>The SPectral IMager (SPIM) <span class="hlt">facility</span> is a laboratory visible infrared spectrometer developed to support space borne observations of rocky bodies of the solar system. Currently, this laboratory setup is used to support the DAWN mission, which is in its journey towards the asteroid 1-Ceres, and to support the 2018 Exo-Mars mission in the spectral investigation of the Martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. The main part of this setup is an imaging spectrometer that is a spare of the DAWN visible infrared spectrometer. The spectrometer has been assembled and calibrated at Selex ES and then installed in the <span class="hlt">facility</span> developed at the INAF-IAPS laboratorymore » in Rome. The goal of SPIM is to collect data to build spectral libraries for the interpretation of the space borne and in situ hyperspectral measurements of planetary materials. Given its very high spatial resolution combined with the imaging capability, this instrument can also help in the detailed study of minerals and rocks. In this paper, the instrument setup is first described, and then a series of test measurements, aimed to the characterization of the main subsystems, are reported. In particular, laboratory tests have been performed concerning (i) the radiation sources, (ii) the reference targets, and (iii) linearity of detector response; the instrumental imaging artifacts have also been investigated.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/39892','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/39892"><span>Mechanistic assessment of hillslope transpiration controls of diel <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow: a steady-state irrigation approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>H.R. Barnard; C.B. Graham; W.J. van Verseveld; J.R. Brooks; B.J. Bond; J.J. McDonnell</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Mechanistic assessment of how transpiration influences <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow is necessary to advance understanding of catchment hydrology. We conducted a 24-day, steady-state irrigation experiment to quantify the relationships among soil moisture, transpiration and hillslope <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow. Our objectives were to: (1) examine the time lag between maximum transpiration and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014CliPD..10.4033H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014CliPD..10.4033H"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> North Atlantic warming as a trigger of rapid cooling events: evidences from the Early Pleistocene (MIS 31-19)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hernández-Almeida, I.; Sierro, F.-J.; Cacho, I.; Flores, J.-A.</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> water column dynamics in the subpolar North Atlantic were reconstructed in order to improve the understanding of the cause of abrupt IRD events during cold periods of the Early Pleistocene. We used Mg / Ca-based temperatures of deep-dwelling (Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sinistral) planktonic foraminifera and paired Mg / Ca-δ18O measurements to estimate the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperatures and δ18O of seawater at Site U1314. Carbon isotopes on benthic and planktonic foraminifera from the same site provide information about the ventilation and water column nutrient gradient. Mg / Ca-based temperatures and δ18O of seawater suggest increased temperatures and salinities during ice-rafting, likely due to enhanced northward <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> transport of subtropical waters during periods of AMOC reduction. Planktonic carbon isotopes support this suggestion, showing coincident increased <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ventilation during deposition of ice-rafted detritus (IRD). Warm waters accumulated at <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> would result in basal warming and break-up of ice-shelves, leading to massive iceberg discharges in the North Atlantic. Release of heat and salt stored at <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> would help to restart the AMOC. This mechanism is in agreement with modelling and proxy studies that observe a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> warming in the North Atlantic in response to AMOC slowdown during the MIS3.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.P51E1781H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.P51E1781H"><span>Japan's exploration of vertical holes and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> caverns on the Moon and Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Haruyama, J.; Kawano, I.; Kubota, T.; Yoshida, K.; Kawakatsu, Y.; Kato, H.; Otsuki, M.; Watanabe, K.; Nishibori, T.; Yamamoto, Y.; Iwata, T.; Ishigami, G.; Yamada, T. T.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Recently, gigantic vertical holes exceeding several tens of meters in diameter and depth were discovered on the Moon and Mars. Based on high-resolution image data, lunar holes and some Martian pits (called 'holes' hereafter) are probably skylights of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> caverns such as lava tubes or magma chambers. We are starting preparations for exploring the caverns through the vertical holes. The holes and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> caverns have high potential as resources for scientific studies. Various important geological and mineralogical processes could be uniquely and effectively observed inside these holes and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> caverns. The exposed fresh lava layers on the vertical walls of the lunar and Martian holes would provide information on volcanic eruption histories. The lava layers may also provide information on past magnetic fields of the celestial bodies. The regolith layers may be sandwiched between lava layers and may preserve volatile elements including solar wind protons that could be a clue to understanding past solar activities. Water molecules from solar winds or cometary/meteorite impacts may be stored inside the caverns because of mild temperatures there. The fresh lava materials forming the walls and floors of caverns might trap endogenic volatiles from magma eruptions that will be key materials for revealing the formation and early evolution of the Moon and Mars. Furthermore, the Martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> caverns are highly expected to be life cradles where the temperatures are probably stable and that are free from ultra-violet and other cosmic rays that break chemical bonds, thus avoiding polymerization of molecules. Discovering extraterrestrial life and its varieties is one of our ultimate scientific purposes for exploring the lunar and Martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> caverns. In addition to scientific interests, lunar and Martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> caverns are excellent candidates for future lunar bases. We expect such caverns to have high potential due to stable temperatures; absence</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.B22B..05S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.B22B..05S"><span>Deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbiology of 64-71 million year old inactive seamounts along the Louisville Seamount Chain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sylvan, J. B.; Morono, Y.; Grim, S.; Inagaki, F.; Edwards, K. J.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>One of the objectives of IODP Expedition 330, Louisville Seamount Trail, was to sample and learn about the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere in the Louisville Seamount Chain (LSC). Seamounts are volcanic constructs that are ubiquitous along the seafloor - models suggest there are >100,000 seamounts of >1 km in height globally (Wessel et al., 2010). Therefore, knowledge about microbiology in the LSC <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> can broadly be interpreted as representative of much the seafloor. In addition, despite the fact that the vast majority of the sea floor is comprised of crust >10 Ma, the majority of work to date has focused on young sites with active hydrology. Our presentation summarizes work focusing on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbiology from two different LSC seamounts: holes U1374A (65-71 Ma) and U1376A (64 Ma). We here present data for microbial biomass in the LSC <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> using a method we developed to quantify microbial biomass in subseafloor ocean crust. We also present results from pyrotag analysis of 15 samples from holes U1374A and holes U1376A, representing several different lithologies from 40-491 meters below seafloor (mbsf) in hole U1374A and from 29-174 mbsf in hole U1376A. Finally, we present preliminary analysis of metagenomic sequencing from three of the samples from Hole U1376A. Biomass was low in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of both seamounts, ranging from below detection to ~104 cells cm-3. Bacteria comprised >99% of the prokaryotic community in LSC <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> samples, therefore, bacterial diversity was assessed through 454 pyrosequencing of the V4V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Rarefaction analysis indicates that bacterial communities from the LSC <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> are low diversity, on the order of a few hundred operational taxonomic units per sample. The phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and the classes α-, β- and γ-Proteobacteria are most abundant in the LSC <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Within these, the orders Actinomycetales, Sphingobacteriales, Bacillales and Burkholderiales are the most</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002cosp...34E1218O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002cosp...34E1218O"><span>Feeding a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere: radiolysis and abiogenic energy sources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Onstott, T.</p> <p></p> <p>Noble gas analyses of ground water collected from the deep, fractured, basaltic andesite and quartzite Archean strata in South Africa suggest <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> residence times ranging from tens to hundreds of millions of years. Hydraulically isolated compartments of highly saline water contain hundreds of μM concentrations of gas comprised primarily of C1-4 hydrocarbons, H2 and He, with minor Ar and N .2 Carbon and hydrogen isotopic analyses of the hydrocarbons suggest an abiogenic origin com atible with surface catalysed reductive assimilation (i.e. Fischer-Tropschp synthesis). H2 and He data suggest that the H2 is generated by <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> radiolysis of water. One sample of a saline, isolated water/gas pocket agrees exactly with that predicted by radioactive decay of U, Th, K in the host rock and indicates a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> H2 production rate of 0.1 to 1 nM/yr. Other samples yielded less H2 than predicted and require a sink for this H2 . Possible sinks include microbial H2 oxidation and abiotic formation of hydrocarbons at rates slightly less than the H2 production rate. Highly diffusive H2 is essential for life in deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments where only trace amounts of organic carbon exist. Lithoautotrophic microbes can acquire energy from the redox reactions involving H2 with other electron acceptors (Fe3 +, SO4 2 - or CO2 ), to synthesis organic carbon and can be fully independent of solar-driven photosynthesis. The microbial abundance in many of these ground water samples, however, is below our detection limit (<5000 cells/ml). This contrasts with shallow sedimentary aquifers where H2 levels of tens of nM are regulated by the coexistence of autotrophs/lithotrophs and heterotrophs for maximum efficiency of H2 utilization. The excessive H2 found in deep crustal environments implies that these microbial ecosystems are electron-acceptor and or substrate limited. The oxidants generated by water radiolysis interact with the reduced solid phases in the rock matrix, e.g. pyrite</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/87733','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/87733"><span>Optical method and apparatus for detection of surface and near-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects in dense ceramics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Ellingson, W.A.; Brada, M.P.</p> <p>1995-06-20</p> <p>A laser is used in a non-destructive manner to detect surface and near-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects in dense ceramics and particularly in ceramic bodies with complex shapes such as ceramic bearings, turbine blades, races, and the like. The laser`s wavelength is selected based upon the composition of the ceramic sample and the laser can be directed on the sample while the sample is static or in dynamic rotate or translate motion. Light is scattered off surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects using a preselected polarization. The change in polarization angle is used to select the depth and characteristics of surface/<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects. The scattered light is detected by an optical train consisting of a charge coupled device (CCD), or vidicon, television camera which, in turn, is coupled to a video monitor and a computer for digitizing the image. An analyzing polarizer in the optical train allows scattered light at a given polarization angle to be observed for enhancing sensitivity to either surface or near-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects. Application of digital image processing allows subtraction of digitized images in near real-time providing enhanced sensitivity to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects. Storing known ``feature masks`` of identified defects in the computer and comparing the detected scatter pattern (Fourier images) with the stored feature masks allows for automatic classification of detected defects. 29 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=167494','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=167494"><span>Occurrence of fecal indicator bacteria in surface waters and the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> aquifer in Key Largo, Florida.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Paul, J H; Rose, J B; Jiang, S; Kellogg, C; Shinn, E A</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Sewage waste disposal <span class="hlt">facilities</span> in the Florida Keys include septic tanks and individual package plants in place of municipal collection <span class="hlt">facilities</span> in most locations. In Key Largo, both <span class="hlt">facilities</span> discharge into the extremely porous Key Largo limestone. To determine whether there was potential contamination of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> aquifer and nearby coastal surface waters by such waste disposal practices, we examined the presence of microbial indicators commonly found in sewage (fecal coliforms, Clostridium perfringens, and enterococci) and aquatic microbial parameters (viral direct counts, bacterial direct counts, chlorophyll a, and marine vibriophage) in injection well effluent, monitoring wells that followed a transect from onshore to offshore, and surface waters above these wells in two separate locations in Key Largo in August 1993 and March 1994. Effluent and waters from onshore shallow monitoring wells (1.8- to 3.7-m depth) contained two or all three of the fecal indicators in all three samples taken, whereas deeper wells (10.7- to 12.2-m depth) at these same sites contained few or none. The presence of fecal indicators was found in two of five nearshore wells (i.e., those that were < or = 1.8 miles [< or = 2.9 km] from shore), whereas offshore wells (> or = 2.1 to 5.7 miles [< or = 3.4 to 9.2 km] from shore) showed little sign of contamination. Indicators were also found in surface waters in a canal in Key Largo and in offshore surface waters in March but not in August. Collectively, these results suggest that fecal contamination of the shallow onshore aquifer, parts of the nearshore aquifer, and certain surface waters has occurred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID:7793943</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26969693','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26969693"><span>Comparative Single-Cell Genomics of Chloroflexi from the Okinawa Trough Deep-<span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Biosphere.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fullerton, Heather; Moyer, Craig L</p> <p>2016-05-15</p> <p>Chloroflexi small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequences are frequently recovered from subseafloor environments, but the metabolic potential of the phylum is poorly understood. The phylum Chloroflexi is represented by isolates with diverse metabolic strategies, including anoxic phototrophy, fermentation, and reductive dehalogenation; therefore, function cannot be attributed to these organisms based solely on phylogeny. Single-cell genomics can provide metabolic insights into uncultured organisms, like the deep-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> Chloroflexi Nine SSU rRNA gene sequences were identified from single-cell sorts of whole-round core material collected from the Okinawa Trough at Iheya North hydrothermal field as part of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) expedition 331 (Deep Hot Biosphere). Previous studies of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> Chloroflexi single amplified genomes (SAGs) suggested heterotrophic or lithotrophic metabolisms and provided no evidence for growth by reductive dehalogenation. Our nine Chloroflexi SAGs (seven of which are from the order Anaerolineales) indicate that, in addition to genes for the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, exogenous carbon sources can be actively transported into cells. At least one subunit for pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase was found in four of the Chloroflexi SAGs. This protein can provide a link between the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and other carbon anabolic pathways. Finally, one of the seven Anaerolineales SAGs contains a distinct reductive dehalogenase homologous (rdhA) gene. Through the use of single amplified genomes (SAGs), we have extended the metabolic potential of an understudied group of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbes, the Chloroflexi These microbes are frequently detected in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biosphere, though their metabolic capabilities have remained elusive. In contrast to previously examined Chloroflexi SAGs, our genomes (several are from the order Anaerolineales) were recovered from a hydrothermally driven system and therefore provide a unique window into</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70034457','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70034457"><span>A shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> controlled release <span class="hlt">facility</span> in Bozeman, Montana, USA, for testing near surface CO2 detection techniques and transport models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Spangler, L.H.; Dobeck, L.M.; Repasky, K.S.; Nehrir, A.R.; Humphries, S.D.; Keith, C.J.; Shaw, J.A.; Rouse, J.H.; Cunningham, A.B.; Benson, S.M.; Oldenburg, C.M.; Lewicki, J.L.; Wells, A.W.; Diehl, J.R.; Strazisar, B.R.; Fessenden, J.E.; Rahn, T.A.; Amonette, J.E.; Barr, J.L.; Pickles, W.L.; Jacobson, J.D.; Silver, E.A.; Male, E.J.; Rauch, H.W.; Gullickson, K.S.; Trautz, R.; Kharaka, Y.; Birkholzer, J.; Wielopolski, L.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>A controlled field pilot has been developed in Bozeman, Montana, USA, to study near surface CO2 transport and detection technologies. A slotted horizontal well divided into six zones was installed in the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. The scale and CO2 release rates were chosen to be relevant to developing monitoring strategies for geological carbon storage. The field site was characterized before injection, and CO2 transport and concentrations in saturated soil and the vadose zone were modeled. Controlled releases of CO2 from the horizontal well were performed in the summers of 2007 and 2008, and collaborators from six national labs, three universities, and the U.S. Geological Survey investigated movement of CO2 through the soil, water, plants, and air with a wide range of near surface detection techniques. An overview of these results will be presented. ?? 2009 The Author(s).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15..252N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15..252N"><span>Nitrate Remediation of Soil and Groundwater Using Phytoremediation: Transfer of Nitrogen Containing Compounds from the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> to Surface Vegetation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nelson, Sheldon</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Nitrate Remediation of Soil and Groundwater Using Phytoremediation: Transfer of Nitrogen Containing Compounds from the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> to Surface Vegetation Sheldon Nelson Chevron Energy Technology Company 6001 Bollinger Canyon Road San Ramon, California 94583 snne@chevron.com The basic concept of using a plant-based remedial approach (phytoremediation) for nitrogen containing compounds is the incorporation and transformation of the inorganic nitrogen from the soil and/or groundwater (nitrate, ammonium) into plant biomass, thereby removing the constituent from the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. There is a general preference in many plants for the ammonium nitrogen form during the early growth stage, with the uptake and accumulation of nitrate often increasing as the plant matures. The synthesis process refers to the variety of biochemical mechanisms that use ammonium or nitrate compounds to primarily form plant proteins, and to a lesser extent other nitrogen containing organic compounds. The shallow soil at the former warehouse <span class="hlt">facility</span> test site is impacted primarily by elevated concentrations of nitrate, with a minimal presence of ammonium. Dissolved nitrate (NO3-) is the primary dissolved nitrogen compound in on-site groundwater, historically reaching concentrations of 1000 mg/L. The initial phases of the project consisted of the installation of approximately 1750 trees, planted in 10-foot centers in the areas impacted by nitrate and ammonia in the shallow soil and groundwater. As of the most recent groundwater analytical data, dissolved nitrate reductions of 40% to 96% have been observed in monitor wells located both within, and immediately downgradient of the planted area. In summary, an evaluation of time series groundwater analytical data from the initial planted groves suggests that the trees are an effective means of transfering nitrogen compounds from the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> to overlying vegetation. The mechanism of concentration reduction may be the uptake of residual nitrate from the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.H21G1143P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.H21G1143P"><span>Understanding <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Flow Mechanisms by Studying Recession Flow Curves</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>patnaik, S.; Biswal, B.; D, N.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The recession flows offer valuable information on the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> systems of the drainage which cannot be observed due to technological limitations. Many analytical frameworks have been proposed in the past to analyze recession flow curves assess. Among them the most widely used one is Brutsaert-Neiber method of expressing negative time derivative of Q (discharge at the basin outlet at time t), -dQ/dt, as a function of Q itself, which eliminates the need of finding a reference time. Typically, basins across geographical regions display a power law relationship of the type: -dQ/dt = kQ^α. For a particular basin, the exponent α remains fairly constant recession events while the coefficient k varies greatly from one recession event to another, indicating the dynamic nature -dQ/dt-Q relationship. Recent observations show that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage in a basin mainly controls the dynamic parameter k. As <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water takes long time to fully drain, k of a recession event can also be influenced by the storage that occurred during the past rainfall events. We indirectly analyze the effect of past storage on recession flow by considering past streamflow as a proxy of past storage. A stronger relationship implies that the basin is able to store water for longer duration, and vice versa. In this study, we used streamflow data from 388 USGS basins that are relatively unaffected by human activities to find out the factors that affect the relationship between the power law correlation (R^2_PN) between past discharge and k, where the subscript N is the number of days of past streamflow observations considered for the recession event. For most of the basins R^2_PN decreases with N. We then selected 18 physical and climatological parameters for each study basin and investigated how they influence the value of R^2_PN for each N. We followed multiple linear regression method and found that R^2_PN is strongly influenced by the selected parameters (R^2 = 0.58) for N =30 days. We also</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12708672','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12708672"><span>Surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geologic risk factors to ground water affecting brownfield redevelopment potential.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kaufman, Martin M; Murray, Kent S; Rogers, Daniel T</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>A model is created for assessing the redevelopment potential of brownfields. The model is derived from a space and time conceptual framework that identifies and measures the surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> risk factors present at brownfield sites. The model then combines these factors with a contamination extent multiplier at each site to create an index of redevelopment potential. Results from the application of the model within an urbanized watershed demonstrate clear differences between the redevelopment potential present within five different near-surface geologic units, with those units containing clay being less vulnerable to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contamination. With and without the extent multiplier, the total risk present at the brownfield sites within all the geologic units is also strongly correlated to the actual costs of remediation. Thus, computing the total surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> risk within a watershed can help guide the remediation efforts at broad geographic scales, and prioritize the locations for redevelopment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1912796H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1912796H"><span>Enhanced recharge rates and altered recharge sensitivity to climate variability through <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hartmann, Andreas; Gleeson, Tom; Wada, Yoshihide; Wagener, Thorsten</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Karst aquifers in Europe are an important source of fresh water contributing up to half of the total drinking water supply in some countries. Karstic groundwater recharge is one of the most important components of the water balance of karst systems as it feeds the karst aquifers. Presently available large-scale hydrological models do not consider karst heterogeneity adequately. Projections of current and potential future groundwater recharge of Europe's karst aquifers are therefore unclear. In this study we compare simulations of present (1991-2010) and future (2080-2099) recharge using two different models to simulate groundwater recharge processes. One model includes karst processes (<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heterogeneity, lateral flow and concentrated recharge), while the other is based on the conceptual understanding of common hydrological systems (homogeneous <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, saturation excess overland flow). Both models are driven by the bias-corrected 5 GCMs of the ISI-MIP project (RCP8.5). To further assess sensitivity of groundwater recharge to climate variability, we calculate the elasticity of recharge rates to annual precipitation, temperature and average intensity of rainfall events, which is the median change of recharge that corresponds to the median change of these climate variables within the present and future time period, respectively. Our model comparison shows that karst regions over Europe have enhanced recharge rates with greater inter-annual variability compared to those with more homogenous <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> properties. Furthermore, the heterogeneous representation shows stronger elasticity concerning climate variability than the homogeneous <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> representation. This difference tends to increase towards the future. Our results suggest that water management in regions with heterogeneous <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> can expect a higher water availability than estimated by most of the current large-scale simulations, while measures should be taken to prepare for increasingly</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23673763','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23673763"><span>Runoff quality from no-till cotton fertilized with broiler litter in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> bands.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Adeli, A; Tewolde, H; Shankle, M W; Way, T R; Brooks, J P; McLaughlin, M R</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Surface broadcast of broiler litter to no-till row crops exposes the litter and its nutrients to risks of loss in runoff water and volatilization and may limit the potential benefit of litter to the crops. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> banding of litter could alleviate these risks. A field study was conducted in 2008 and 2009 on an upland Falkner silt loam soil to determine the effect of broiler litter placement on runoff nutrient losses from no-till cotton ( L.). Treatments included surface broadcast broiler litter applied manually, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-banded litter applied by tractor-drawn equipment, and no broiler litter, all in combination with or without winter wheat ( L.) cover crop residue. Broiler litter rate was 5.6 Mg ha. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split-plot arrangement of treatments replicated three times. In 2008, simulated rainfall was used to generate runoff 27 d after litter application. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span>-banded litter reduced runoff total C, N, P, NH, NO, Cu, Zn and water-soluble P (WP) concentrations by 72, 64, 51, 49, 70, 36, 65, and 77%, respectively, compared with surface broadcast. The reductions were greater in 2009 where runoff occurred 1 d after litter application. Bacterial runoff was decreased by one log with <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-banded litter compared to surface broadcast. Except for C, NH, N, and WP, the presence of winter cover crop residue did not affect the load or runoff nutrient concentrations in either year. The results indicate that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> banding litter to no-till cotton substantially reduces nutrient and bacterial losses in runoff compared with surface broadcasting. Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1711568B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1711568B"><span>Quantifying induced effects of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> renewable energy storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bauer, Sebastian; Beyer, Christof; Pfeiffer, Tilmann; Boockmeyer, Anke; Popp, Steffi; Delfs, Jens-Olaf; Wang, Bo; Li, Dedong; Dethlefsen, Frank; Dahmke, Andreas</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>New methods and technologies for energy storage are required for the transition to renewable energy sources. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> energy storage systems such as salt caverns or porous formations offer the possibility of hosting large amounts of energy or substance. When employing these systems, an adequate system and process understanding is required in order to assess the feasibility of the individual storage option at the respective site and to predict the complex and interacting effects induced. This understanding is the basis for assessing the potential as well as the risks connected with a sustainable usage of these storage options, especially when considering possible mutual influences. For achieving this aim, in this work synthetic scenarios for the use of the geological underground as an energy storage system are developed and parameterized. The scenarios are designed to represent typical conditions in North Germany. The types of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> use investigated here include gas storage and heat storage in porous formations. The scenarios are numerically simulated and interpreted with regard to risk analysis and effect forecasting. For this, the numerical simulators Eclipse and OpenGeoSys are used. The latter is enhanced to include the required coupled hydraulic, thermal, geomechanical and geochemical processes. Using the simulated and interpreted scenarios, the induced effects are quantified individually and monitoring concepts for observing these effects are derived. This presentation will detail the general investigation concept used and analyze the parameter availability for this type of model applications. Then the process implementation and numerical methods required and applied for simulating the induced effects of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> storage are detailed and explained. Application examples show the developed methods and quantify induced effects and storage sizes for the typical settings parameterized. This work is part of the ANGUS+ project, funded by the German Ministry</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCoPh.284..505T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCoPh.284..505T"><span>Identification of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures using electromagnetic data and shape priors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tveit, Svenn; Bakr, Shaaban A.; Lien, Martha; Mannseth, Trond</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>We consider the inverse problem of identifying large-scale <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures using the controlled source electromagnetic method. To identify structures in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> where the contrast in electric conductivity can be small, regularization is needed to bias the solution towards preserving structural information. We propose to combine two approaches for regularization of the inverse problem. In the first approach we utilize a model-based, reduced, composite representation of the electric conductivity that is highly flexible, even for a moderate number of degrees of freedom. With a low number of parameters, the inverse problem is efficiently solved using a standard, second-order gradient-based optimization algorithm. Further regularization is obtained using structural prior information, available, e.g., from interpreted seismic data. The reduced conductivity representation is suitable for incorporation of structural prior information. Such prior information cannot, however, be accurately modeled with a gaussian distribution. To alleviate this, we incorporate the structural information using shape priors. The shape prior technique requires the choice of kernel function, which is application dependent. We argue for using the conditionally positive definite kernel which is shown to have computational advantages over the commonly applied gaussian kernel for our problem. Numerical experiments on various test cases show that the methodology is able to identify fairly complex <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> electric conductivity distributions while preserving structural prior information during the inversion.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1177451','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1177451"><span>Uranium Biomineralization By Natural Microbial Phosphatase Activities in the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Taillefert, Martial</p> <p></p> <p>This project investigated the geochemical and microbial processes associated with the biomineralization of radionuclides in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils. During this study, it was determined that microbial communities from the Oak Ridge Field Research <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> are able to express phosphatase activities that hydrolyze exogenous organophosphate compounds and result in the non-reductive bioimmobilization of U(VI) phosphate minerals in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The changes of the microbial community structure associated with the biomineralization of U(VI) was determined to identify the main organisms involved in the biomineralization process, and the complete genome of two isolates was sequenced. In addition, it was determined thatmore » both phytate, the main source of natural organophosphate compounds in natural environments, and polyphosphate accumulated in cells could also be hydrolyzed by native microbial population to liberate enough orthophosphate and precipitate uranium phosphate minerals. Finally, the minerals produced during this process are stable in low pH conditions or environments where the production of dissolved inorganic carbon is moderate. These findings suggest that the biomineralization of U(VI) phosphate minerals is an attractive bioremediation strategy to uranium bioreduction in low pH uranium-contaminated environments. These efforts support the goals of the SBR long-term performance measure by providing key information on "biological processes influencing the form and mobility of DOE contaminants in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>".« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AtmEn..88...14B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AtmEn..88...14B"><span>Influence of spatial and temporal variability of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil moisture and temperature on vapour intrusion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bekele, Dawit N.; Naidu, Ravi; Chadalavada, Sreenivasulu</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>A comprehensive field study was conducted at a site contaminated with chlorinated solvents, mainly trichloroethylene (TCE), to investigate the influence of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil moisture and temperature on vapour intrusion (VI) into built structures. Existing approaches to predict the risk of VI intrusion into buildings assume homogeneous or discrete layers in the vadose zone through which TCE migrates from an underlying source zone. In reality, the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of the majority of contaminated sites will be subject to significant variations in moisture and temperature. Detailed site-specific data were measured contemporaneously to evaluate the impact of spatial and temporal variability of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil properties on VI exposure assessment. The results revealed that indoor air vapour concentrations would be affected by spatial and temporal variability of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil moisture and temperature. The monthly monitoring of soil-gas concentrations over a period of one year at a depth of 3 m across the study site demonstrated significant variation in TCE vapour concentrations, which ranged from 480 to 629,308 μg/m3. Soil-gas wells at 1 m depth exhibited high seasonal variability in TCE vapour concentrations with a coefficient of variation 1.02 in comparison with values of 0.88 and 0.74 in 2 m and 3 m wells, respectively. Contour plots of the soil-gas TCE plume during wet and dry seasons showed that the plume moved across the site, hence locations of soil-gas monitoring wells for human risk assessment is a site specific decision. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> soil-gas vapour plume characterisation at the study site demonstrates that assessment for VI is greatly influenced by <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil properties such as temperature and moisture that fluctuate with the seasons of the year.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6974583','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6974583"><span>Using electrical resistance tomography to map <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperatures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Ramirez, A.L.; Chesnut, D.A.; Daily, W.D.</p> <p>1994-09-13</p> <p>A method is provided for measuring <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil or rock temperatures remotely using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Electrical resistivity measurements are made using electrodes implanted in boreholes driven into the soil and/or at the ground surface. The measurements are repeated as some process changes the temperatures of the soil mass/rock mass. Tomographs of electrical resistivity are calculated based on the measurements using Poisson's equation. Changes in the soil/rock resistivity can be related to changes in soil/rock temperatures when: (1) the electrical conductivity of the fluid trapped in the soil's pore space is low, (2) the soil/rock has a high cation exchange capacity and (3) the temperature changes are sufficiently high. When these three conditions exist the resistivity changes observed in the ERT tomographs can be directly attributed to changes in soil/rock temperatures. This method provides a way of mapping temperature changes in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils remotely. Distances over which the ERT method can be used to monitor changes in soil temperature range from tens to hundreds of meters from the electrode locations. 1 fig.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/869486','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/869486"><span>Using electrical resistance tomography to map <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> temperatures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Ramirez, Abelardo L.; Chesnut, Dwayne A.; Daily, William D.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>A method is provided for measuring <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soil or rock temperatures remotely using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Electrical resistivity measurements are made using electrodes implanted in boreholes driven into the soil and/or at the ground surface. The measurements are repeated as some process changes the temperatures of the soil mass/rock mass. Tomographs of electrical resistivity are calculated based on the measurements using Poisson's equation. Changes in the soil/rock resistivity can be related to changes in soil/rock temperatures when: (1) the electrical conductivity of the fluid trapped in the soil's pore space is low, (2) the soil/rock has a high cation exchange capacity and (3) the temperature changes are sufficiently high. When these three conditions exist the resistivity changes observed in the ERT tomographs can be directly attributed to changes in soil/rock temperatures. This method provides a way of mapping temperature changes in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils remotely. Distances over which the ERT method can be used to monitor changes in soil temperature range from tens to hundreds of meters from the electrode locations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EOSTr..84..364L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EOSTr..84..364L"><span>Identifying future directions for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrocarbon migration research</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Leifer, I.; Clark, J. F.; Luyendyk, B.; Valentine, D.</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> hydrocarbon migration is important for understanding the input and impacts of natural hydrocarbon seepage on the environment. Great uncertainties remain in most aspects of hydrocarbon migration, including some basic mechanisms of this four-phase flow of tar, oil, water, and gas through the complex fracture-network geometry particularly since the phases span a wide range of properties. Academic, government, and industry representatives recently attended a workshop to identify the areas of greatest need for future research in shallow hydrocarbon migration.Novel approaches such as studying temporal and spatial seepage variations and analogous geofluid systems (e.g., geysers and trickle beds) allow deductions of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> processes and structures that remain largely unclear. Unique complexities exist in hydrocarbon migration due to its multiphase flow and complex geometry, including in-situ biological weathering. Furthermore, many aspects of the role of hydrocarbons (positive and negative) in the environment are poorly understood, including how they enter the food chain (respiration, consumption, etc.) and “percolate” to higher trophic levels. But understanding these ecological impacts requires knowledge of the emissions' temporal and spatial variability and trajectories.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120016793','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120016793"><span>Liquid Water in the Extremely Shallow Martian <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pavlov, A.; Shivak, J. N.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Availability of liquid water is one of the major constraints for the potential Martian biosphere. Although liquid water is unstable on the surface of Mars due to low atmospheric pressures, it has been suggested that liquid films of water could be present in the Martian soil. Here we explored a possibility of the liquid water formation in the extremely shallow (1-3 cm) <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layer under low atmospheric pressures (0.1-10 mbar) and low ("Martian") surface temperatures (approx.-50 C-0 C). We used a new Goddard Martian simulation chamber to demonstrate that even in the clean frozen soil with temperatures as low as -25C the amount of mobile water can reach several percents. We also showed that during brief periods of simulated daylight warming the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ice sublimates, the water vapor diffuses through porous surface layer of soil temporarily producing supersaturated conditions in the soil, which leads to the formation of additional liquid water. Our results suggest that despite cold temperatures and low atmospheric pressures, Martian soil just several cm below the surface can be habitable.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1028658','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1028658"><span>Parallel heater system for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> formations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Harris, Christopher Kelvin [Houston, TX; Karanikas, John Michael [Houston, TX; Nguyen, Scott Vinh [Houston, TX</p> <p>2011-10-25</p> <p>A heating system for a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> formation is disclosed. The system includes a plurality of substantially horizontally oriented or inclined heater sections located in a hydrocarbon containing layer in the formation. At least a portion of two of the heater sections are substantially parallel to each other. The ends of at least two of the heater sections in the layer are electrically coupled to a substantially horizontal, or inclined, electrical conductor oriented substantially perpendicular to the ends of the at least two heater sections.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29867150','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29867150"><span>Role of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean in decadal climate predictability over the South Atlantic.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Morioka, Yushi; Doi, Takeshi; Storto, Andrea; Masina, Simona; Behera, Swadhin K</p> <p>2018-06-04</p> <p>Decadal climate predictability in the South Atlantic is explored by performing reforecast experiments using a coupled general circulation model with two initialization schemes; one is assimilated with observed sea surface temperature (SST) only, and the other is additionally assimilated with observed <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean temperature and salinity. The South Atlantic is known to undergo decadal variability exhibiting a meridional dipole of SST anomalies through variations in the subtropical high and ocean heat transport. Decadal reforecast experiments in which only the model SST is initialized with the observation do not predict well the observed decadal SST variability in the South Atlantic, while the other experiments in which the model SST and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean are initialized with the observation skillfully predict the observed decadal SST variability, particularly in the Southeast Atlantic. In-depth analysis of upper-ocean heat content reveals that a significant improvement of zonal heat transport in the Southeast Atlantic leads to skillful prediction of decadal SST variability there. These results demonstrate potential roles of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean assimilation in the skillful prediction of decadal climate variability over the South Atlantic.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JMS...172..118R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JMS...172..118R"><span>Blooms and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> phytoplankton layers on the Scotian Shelf: Insights from profiling gliders</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ross, Tetjana; Craig, Susanne E.; Comeau, Adam; Davis, Richard; Dever, Mathieu; Beck, Matthew</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Understanding how phytoplankton respond to their physical environment is key to predicting how bloom dynamics might change under future climate change scenarios. Phytoplankton are at the base of most marine food webs and play an important role in drawing CO2 out of the atmosphere. Using nearly 5 years of simultaneous CTD, irradiance, chlorophyll a fluorescence and optical backscattering observations obtained from Slocum glider missions, we observed the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> phytoplankton populations across the Scotian Shelf, near Halifax (Nova Scotia, Canada) along with their physical environment. Bloom conditions were observed in each of the 5 springs, with the average chlorophyll in the upper 60 m of water generally exceeding 3 mg m- 3. These blooms occurred when the upper water column stratification was at its lowest, in apparent contradiction of the critical depth hypothesis. A <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> chlorophyll layer was observed each summer at about 30 m depth, which was below the base of the mixed layer. This <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layer lasted 3-4 months and contained, on average, 1/4 of the integrated water column chlorophyll found during the spring bloom. This suggests that a significant portion of the primary productivity over the Scotian Shelf occurs at depths that cannot be observed by satellites-highlighting the importance of including <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> observations in the monitoring of future changes to primary productivity in the ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.995a2073H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.995a2073H"><span>Integral Analysis of Seismic Refraction and Ambient Vibration Survey for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Profile Evaluation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hazreek, Z. A. M.; Kamarudin, A. F.; Rosli, S.; Fauziah, A.; Akmal, M. A. K.; Aziman, M.; Azhar, A. T. S.; Ashraf, M. I. M.; Shaylinda, M. Z. N.; Rais, Y.; Ishak, M. F.; Alel, M. N. A.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Geotechnical site investigation as known as <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> profile evaluation is the process of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layer characteristics determination which finally used for design and construction phase. Traditionally, site investigation was performed using drilling technique thus suffers from several limitation due to cost, time, data coverage and sustainability. In order to overcome those problems, this study adopted surface techniques using seismic refraction and ambient vibration method for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> profile depth evaluation. Seismic refraction data acquisition and processing was performed using ABEM Terraloc and OPTIM software respectively. Meanwhile ambient vibration data acquisition and processing was performed using CityShark II, Lennartz and GEOPSY software respectively. It was found that studied area consist of two layers representing overburden and bedrock geomaterials based on p-wave velocity value (vp = 300 – 2500 m/s and vp > 2500 m/s) and natural frequency value (Fo = 3.37 – 3.90 Hz) analyzed. Further analysis found that both methods show some good similarity in term of depth and thickness with percentage accuracy at 60 – 97%. Consequently, this study has demonstrated that the application of seismic refractin and ambient vibration method was applicable in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> profile depth and thickness estimation. Moreover, surface technique which consider as non-destructive method adopted in this study was able to compliment conventional drilling method in term of cost, time, data coverage and environmental sustainaibility.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1324057-integrated-surface-subsurface-permafrost-thermal-hydrology-model-formulation-proof-concept-simulations','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1324057-integrated-surface-subsurface-permafrost-thermal-hydrology-model-formulation-proof-concept-simulations"><span>Integrated surface/<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> permafrost thermal hydrology: Model formulation and proof-of-concept simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Painter, Scott L.; Coon, Ethan T.; Atchley, Adam L.; ...</p> <p>2016-08-11</p> <p>The need to understand potential climate impacts and feedbacks in Arctic regions has prompted recent interest in modeling of permafrost dynamics in a warming climate. A new fine-scale integrated surface/<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> thermal hydrology modeling capability is described and demonstrated in proof-of-concept simulations. The new modeling capability combines a surface energy balance model with recently developed three-dimensional <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> thermal hydrology models and new models for nonisothermal surface water flows and snow distribution in the microtopography. Surface water flows are modeled using the diffusion wave equation extended to include energy transport and phase change of ponded water. Variation of snow depth in themore » microtopography, physically the result of wind scour, is also modeled heuristically with a diffusion wave equation. The multiple surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> processes are implemented by leveraging highly parallel community software. Fully integrated thermal hydrology simulations on the tilted open book catchment, an important test case for integrated surface/<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow modeling, are presented. Fine-scale 100-year projections of the integrated permafrost thermal hydrological system on an ice wedge polygon at Barrow Alaska in a warming climate are also presented. Finally, these simulations demonstrate the feasibility of microtopography-resolving, process-rich simulations as a tool to help understand possible future evolution of the carbon-rich Arctic tundra in a warming climate.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26PSL.485....1G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26PSL.485....1G"><span>Direct thermal effects of the Hadean bombardment did not limit early <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> habitability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grimm, R. E.; Marchi, S.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Intense bombardment is considered characteristic of the Hadean and early Archean eons, yet some detrital zircons indicate that near-surface water was present and thus at least intervals of clement conditions may have existed. We investigate the habitability of the top few kilometers of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> by updating a prior approach to thermal evolution of the crust due to impact heating, using a revised bombardment history, a more accurate thermal model, and treatment of melt sheets from large projectiles (>100 km diameter). We find that <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> habitable volume grows nearly continuously throughout the Hadean and early Archean (4.5-3.5 Ga) because impact heat is dissipated rapidly compared to the total duration and waning strength of the bombardment. Global sterilization was only achieved using an order of magnitude more projectiles in 1/10 the time. Melt sheets from large projectiles can completely resurface the Earth several times prior to ∼4.2 Ga but at most once since then. Even in the Hadean, melt sheets have little effect on habitability because cooling times are short compared to resurfacing intervals, allowing <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> biospheres to be locally re-established by groundwater infiltration between major impacts. Therefore the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is always habitable somewhere, and production of global steam or silicate-vapor atmospheres are the only remaining avenues to early surface sterilization by bombardment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29526246','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29526246"><span>High pressure-elevated temperature x-ray micro-computed tomography for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> applications.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Iglauer, Stefan; Lebedev, Maxim</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Physical, chemical and mechanical pore-scale (i.e. micrometer-scale) mechanisms in rock are of key importance in many, if not all, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> processes. These processes are highly relevant in various applications, e.g. hydrocarbon recovery, CO 2 geo-sequestration, geophysical exploration, water production, geothermal energy production, or the prediction of the location of valuable hydrothermal deposits. Typical examples are multi-phase flow (e.g. oil and water) displacements driven by buoyancy, viscous or capillary forces, mineral-fluid interactions (e.g. mineral dissolution and/or precipitation over geological times), geo-mechanical rock behaviour (e.g. rock compaction during diagenesis) or fines migration during water production, which can dramatically reduce reservoir permeability (and thus reservoir performance). All above examples are 3D processes, and 2D experiments (as traditionally done for micro-scale investigations) will thus only provide qualitative information; for instance the percolation threshold is much lower in 3D than in 2D. However, with the advent of x-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) - which is now routinely used - this limitation has been overcome, and such pore-scale processes can be observed in 3D at micrometer-scale. A serious complication is, however, the fact that in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> high pressures and elevated temperatures (HPET) prevail, due to the hydrostatic and geothermal gradients imposed upon it. Such HPET-reservoir conditions significantly change the above mentioned physical and chemical processes, e.g. gas density is much higher at high pressure, which strongly affects buoyancy and wettability and thus gas distributions in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>; or chemical reactions are significantly accelerated at increased temperature, strongly affecting fluid-rock interactions and thus diagenesis and deposition of valuable minerals. It is thus necessary to apply HPET conditions to the aforementioned μCT experiments, to be able to mimic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA536616','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA536616"><span>Handbook. Disaster Response Staff Officer’s Handbook: Observations, Insights, and Lessons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Agriculture, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency under <span class="hlt">ESF</span> #6, Mass Care , in the support of the Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act...in local hospitals, nursing homes, and extended care <span class="hlt">facilities</span>, those with special needs, household pets , and service animals. Significant...household pets and service animals will require appropriate care , sheltering, medical attention, and transportation. • A catastrophic incident will</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7739E..2EA','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7739E..2EA"><span>Studies on evaluating and removing <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage on the ground surface of CLEARCERAM-Z HS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Akitaya, Hiroshi; Yamashita, Takuya; Ohshima, Norio; Iye, Masanori; Maihara, Toshinori; Tokoro, Hitoshi; Takahashi, Keisuke</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>We evaluated depth of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage on a ground surface of the ultra low expansion glass-ceramics CLEARCERAMR®-Z HS (CC-Z HS) by Ohara Inc., which is one of the candidates for material for segmented mirrors of the Thirty Meter Telescope. We made polishing spots of Magnetorheological Finishing on the ground surface of CC-Z HS and measured exposed <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage features on the spot surface. We also studied on hydrofluoric acid etching of the CC-Z HS ground surface, which is expected to be an effective method to remove a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage layer compared with time-consuming polishing. We etched small ground surfaces of CC-Z HS and evaluated its uniformity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.B13C0495F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.B13C0495F"><span>Characterizing Microbial Diversity and Function in Natural <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> CO2 Reservoir Systems for Applied Use in Geologic Carbon Sequestration Environments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Freedman, A.; Thompson, J. R.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The injection of CO2 into geological formations at quantities necessary to significantly reduce CO2 emissions will represent an environmental perturbation on a continental scale. The extent to which biological processes may play a role in the fate and transport of CO2 injected into geological formations has remained an open question due to the fact that at temperatures and pressures associated with reservoirs targeted for sequestration CO2 exists as a supercritical fluid (scCO2), which has generally been regarded as a sterilizing agent. Natural <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> accumulations of CO2 serve as an excellent analogue for studying the long-term effects, implications and benefits of CO2 capture and storage (CCS). While several geologic formations bearing significant volumes of nearly pure scCO2 phases have been identified in the western United States, no study has attempted to characterize the microbial community present in these systems. Because the CO2 in the region is thought to have first accumulated millions of years ago, it is reasonable to assume that native microbial populations have undergone extensive and unique physiological and behavioral adaptations to adjust to the exceedingly high scCO2 content. Our study focuses on the microbial communities associated with the dolomite limestone McElmo Dome scCO2 Field in the Colorado Plateau region, approximately 1,000 m below the surface. Fluid samples were collected from 10 wells at an industrial CO2 production <span class="hlt">facility</span> outside Cortez, CO. Subsamples preserved on site in 3.7% formaldehyde were treated in the lab with Syto 9 green-fluorescent nucleic acid stain, revealing 3.2E6 to 1.4E8 microbial cells per liter of produced fluid and 8.0E9 cells per liter of local pond water used in well drilling fluids. Extracted DNAs from sterivex 0.22 um filters containing 20 L of sample biomass were used as templates for PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene. 16S rRNA amplicons from these samples were cloned, sequenced and subjected to microbial</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AsBio..17..565C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AsBio..17..565C"><span>The WISDOM Radar: Unveiling the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Beneath the ExoMars Rover and Identifying the Best Locations for Drilling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ciarletti, Valérie; Clifford, Stephen; Plettemeier, Dirk; Le Gall, Alice; Hervé, Yann; Dorizon, Sophie; Quantin-Nataf, Cathy; Benedix, Wolf-Stefan; Schwenzer, Susanne; Pettinelli, Elena; Heggy, Essam; Herique, Alain; Berthelier, Jean-Jacques; Kofman, Wlodek; Vago, Jorge L.; Hamran, Svein-Erik; WISDOM Team</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>The search for evidence of past or present life on Mars is the principal objective of the 2020 ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Rover mission. If such evidence is to be found anywhere, it will most likely be in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, where organic molecules are shielded from the destructive effects of ionizing radiation and atmospheric oxidants. For this reason, the ExoMars Rover mission has been optimized to investigate the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> to identify, understand, and sample those locations where conditions for the preservation of evidence of past life are most likely to be found. The Water Ice <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Deposit Observation on Mars (WISDOM) ground-penetrating radar has been designed to provide information about the nature of the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> over depth ranging from 3 to 10 m (with a vertical resolution of up to 3 cm), depending on the dielectric properties of the regolith. This depth range is critical to understanding the geologic evolution stratigraphy and distribution and state of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> H2O, which provide important clues in the search for life and the identification of optimal drilling sites for investigation and sampling by the Rover's 2-m drill. WISDOM will help ensure the safety and success of drilling operations by identification of potential hazards that might interfere with retrieval of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> samples.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=334264','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=334264"><span>Assessing coastal plain risk indices for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> phosphorus loss</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Phosphorus (P) Indices are important tools for nutrient management planning in the U.S. whose evaluation often has been deemphasized in favor of research and development. Assessing P Indices in artificially drained agroecosystems is especially important, as <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow is the predominant mode of...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/7764','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/7764"><span>A one-dimensional model of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hillslope flow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Jason C. Fisher</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Abstract - A one-dimensional, finite difference model of saturated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow within a hillslope was developed. The model uses rainfall, elevation data, a hydraulic conductivity, and a storage coefficient to predict the saturated thickness in time and space. The model was tested against piezometric data collected in a swale located in the headwaters of the North...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/1121','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/1121"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Agricultural Irrigation Drainage: The Need for Regulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>A. Dennis Lemly</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> drainage resulting from irrigated agriculture is a toxic threat to fish and wildlife resources throughout the western United States. Studies by the U.S. Department of the Interior show that migratory waterfowl have been poisoned by drainwater contaminants on at least six national wildlife refuges. Allowing this poisoning to continue is a violation of the...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA494535','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA494535"><span>Army Support during the Hurricane Katrina Disaster</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Human Capital Reform Act of 2004. 3. John D. Banusiewicz, “Bush Calls for Broader Military Disaster Response Role,” American Forces Press Service...Management (DHS/FEMA) <span class="hlt">ESF</span> #6, Mass Care, Housing, and Human Services (DHS/FEMA) <span class="hlt">ESF</span> #7, Resource Support (Government Services Administration) <span class="hlt">ESF</span> #8...Public Health and Medical Services (Department of Health and Human Services) <span class="hlt">ESF</span> #9, Urban Search and Rescue (DHS/FEMA) <span class="hlt">ESF</span> #10, Oil and Hazardous</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.9033K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.9033K"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> data visualization in Virtual Reality</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krijnen, Robbert; Smelik, Ruben; Appleton, Rick; van Maanen, Peter-Paul</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Due to their increasing complexity and size, visualization of geological data is becoming more and more important. It enables detailed examining and reviewing of large volumes of geological data and it is often used as a communication tool for reporting and education to demonstrate the importance of the geology to policy makers. In the Netherlands two types of nation-wide geological models are available: 1) Layer-based models in which the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is represented by a series of tops and bases of geological or hydrogeological units, and 2) Voxel models in which the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is subdivided in a regular grid of voxels that can contain different properties per voxel. The Geological Survey of the Netherlands (GSN) provides an interactive web portal that delivers maps and vertical cross-sections of such layer-based and voxel models. From this portal you can download a 3D <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> viewer that can visualize the voxel model data of an area of 20 × 25 km with 100 × 100 × 5 meter voxel resolution on a desktop computer. Virtual Reality (VR) technology enables us to enhance the visualization of this volumetric data in a more natural way as compared to a standard desktop, keyboard mouse setup. The use of VR for data visualization is not new but recent developments has made expensive hardware and complex setups unnecessary. The availability of consumer of-the-shelf VR hardware enabled us to create an new intuitive and low visualization tool. A VR viewer has been implemented using the HTC Vive head set and allows visualization and analysis of the GSN voxel model data with geological or hydrogeological units. The user can navigate freely around the voxel data (20 × 25 km) which is presented in a virtual room at a scale of 2 × 2 or 3 × 3 meters. To enable analysis, e.g. hydraulic conductivity, the user can select filters to remove specific hydrogeological units. The user can also use slicing to cut-off specific sections of the voxel data to get a closer look. This slicing</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70046679','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70046679"><span>The distribution of lingering <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oil from the Exxon Valdez oil spill</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Michel, Jacqueline; Nixon, Zachary; Hayes, Miles O.; Irvine, Gail V.; Short, Jeffrey W.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>This study used field data and a suite of geospatial models to identify areas where <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oil is likely to still be present on the shorelines of Prince William Sound (PWS) and the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill, as well as the factors related to continued presence of such oil. The goal was to identify factors and accompanying models that could serve as screening tools to prioritize shorelines for different remediation methods. The models were based on data collected at 314 shoreline segments surveyed between 2001 and 2007. These field data allowed us to identify a number of geomorphologic and hydrologic factors that have contributed to the persistence of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oil within PWS and GOA two decades after the spill. Because synoptic data layers for describing each of these factors at all locations were not available, the models developed used existing data sets as surrogates to represent these factors, such as distance to a stream mouth or shoreline convexity. While the linkages between the data used and the physical phenomena that drive persistence are not clearly understood in all cases, the performance of these models was remarkably good. The models simultaneously evaluate all identified variables to predict the presence of different types of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oiling in a rigorous, unbiased manner. The refined model results suggest there are a limited but significant number of as-yet unsurveyed locations in the study area that are likely to contain <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oil. Furthermore, the model results may be used to quantitatively prioritize shoreline for investigation with known uncertainty.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B14D..04T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B14D..04T"><span>Survival in the hot <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>: Hydrogen stress on hyperthermophilic heterotrophs and methanogens</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Topcuoglu, B. D.; Holden, J. F.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Marine hyperthermophilic heterotrophs and methanogens belonging to the Thermococcales and Methanococcales are often found in hot <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments such as hydrothermal vents, marine sediments, and oil reservoirs. This project aims to make fundamental advances in our understanding of interspecies microbe-microbe interactions in hot <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments by integrating metabolic network modeling, transcriptomic analyses and continuous cultivation of hyperthermophiles and describe how heterotrophs and methanogens eliminate H2 stress. Some <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments may lack alternative electron acceptors (e.g., S°) for the heterotroph and sufficient environmental flux rates to draw in fresh energy sources or remove excess metabolic products. We observed a decrease in growth rates for the H2-producer Thermococcus paralvinellae when grown with an aqueous H2 background of 65 µM relative to no added H2. Metabolite analysis showed increased formate production during H2 inhibition. Differential gene expression analyses coupled with metabolic network modeling showed that T. paralvinellae oxidized H2 and made formate by a formate hydrogenlyase to survive H2 inhibition. Low H2 concentrations (20 µM) also caused a decrease in growth and CH4 production rates for the H2-consuming methanogen Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. H2 stress in both organisms was ameliorated when the organisms were grown together syntrophically. CH4 was produced without any added H2 during syntrophic growth, and there was no formate produced by T. paralvinellae. These organisms may impact the biogeochemistry, especially natural gas production, in saline, organic-rich <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments when both are present.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPP14A0534K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPP14A0534K"><span>The Importance of <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Production for Carbon Export - Evidence from Past Oceans</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kemp, A. E. S.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>The maxim of the geological concept of uniformitarianism is "the present is the key to the past", but in the context of our temporally and spatially minimal observational record of modern ocean biogeochemical processes, ancient ocean sediments may provide critical evidence of the key species involved in carbon flux. Specifically, laminated marine sediments that preserve the seasonal flux cycle represent "palaeo-sediment traps" that vastly expand our knowledge of the operations of the marine biological carbon pump. Several key <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>-dwelling diatom taxa, hitherto thought to be biogeochemically insignificant, are dominant components of ancient marine sediments. For example, the sapropels and equivalent horizons that have accumulated in the Mediterranean over the past 5 million years, contain abundant rhizosolenid and hemiaulid diatoms. These deposits contain the highest concentrations of organic carbon and there is extensive evidence that this was produced by <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> production in a deep chlorophyll maximum. The highly stratified conditions that led to this <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> production and carbon flux are in contrast to prevailing views that have held upwelling systems as those with the highest potential for export in the global ocean. Similarly, studies of ancient "greenhouse" periods such as the Cretaceous, with highly stratified oceans and which are potential analogues for future climate change, show evidence for extensive <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> production. Together with emerging evidence from stratified regions of the modern ocean, such as the subtropical gyres, insights from these ancient oceans suggest that a reappraisal is required of current views on key phytoplankton producers and their role the operation of the marine biological carbon pump.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.S13A0639H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.S13A0639H"><span>Reverse-time migration for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> imaging using single- and multi- frequency components</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ha, J.; Kim, Y.; Kim, S.; Chung, W.; Shin, S.; Lee, D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Reverse-time migration is a seismic data processing method for obtaining accurate <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structure images from seismic data. This method has been applied to obtain more precise complex geological structure information, including steep dips, by considering wave propagation characteristics based on two-way traveltime. Recently, various studies have reported the characteristics of acquired datasets from different types of media. In particular, because real <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> media is comprised of various types of structures, seismic data represent various responses. Among them, frequency characteristics can be used as an important indicator for analyzing wave propagation in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structures. All frequency components are utilized in conventional reverse-time migration, but analyzing each component is required because they contain inherent seismic response characteristics. In this study, we propose a reverse-time migration method that utilizes single- and multi- frequency components for analyzing <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> imaging. We performed a spectral decomposition to utilize the characteristics of non-stationary seismic data. We propose two types of imaging conditions, in which decomposed signals are applied in complex and envelope traces. The SEG/EAGE Overthrust model was used to demonstrate the proposed method, and the 1st derivative Gaussian function with a 10 Hz cutoff was used as the source signature. The results were more accurate and stable when relatively lower frequency components in the effective frequency range were used. By combining the gradient obtained from various frequency components, we confirmed that the results are clearer than the conventional method using all frequency components. Also, further study is required to effectively combine the multi-frequency components.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70188153','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70188153"><span>Lateral and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows impact arctic coastal plain lake water budgets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Koch, Joshua C.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Arctic thaw lakes are an important source of water for aquatic ecosystems, wildlife, and humans. Many recent studies have observed changes in Arctic surface waters related to climate warming and permafrost thaw; however, explaining the trends and predicting future responses to warming is difficult without a stronger fundamental understanding of Arctic lake water budgets. By measuring and simulating surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> hydrologic fluxes, this work quantified the water budgets of three lakes with varying levels of seasonal drainage, and tested the hypothesis that lateral and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flows are a major component of the post-snowmelt water budgets. A water budget focused only on post-snowmelt surface water fluxes (stream discharge, precipitation, and evaporation) could not close the budget for two of three lakes, even when uncertainty in input parameters was rigorously considered using a Monte Carlo approach. The water budgets indicated large, positive residuals, consistent with up to 70% of mid-summer inflows entering lakes from lateral fluxes. Lateral inflows and outflows were simulated based on three processes; supra-permafrost <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> inflows from basin-edge polygonal ground, and exchange between seasonally drained lakes and their drained margins through runoff and evapotranspiration. Measurements and simulations indicate that rapid <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow through highly conductive flowpaths in the polygonal ground can explain the majority of the inflow. Drained lakes were hydrologically connected to marshy areas on the lake margins, receiving water from runoff following precipitation and losing up to 38% of lake efflux to drained margin evapotranspiration. Lateral fluxes can be a major part of Arctic thaw lake water budgets and a major control on summertime lake water levels. Incorporating these dynamics into models will improve our ability to predict lake volume changes, solute fluxes, and habitat availability in the changing Arctic.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.......105G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.......105G"><span>Niobrara Discrete Fracture Network: From Outcrop Surveys to <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Reservoir Models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grechishnikova, Alena</p> <p></p> <p>Heterogeneity of an unconventional reservoir is one of the main factors affecting production. Well performance depends on the size and efficiency of the interconnected fracture "plumbing system", as influenced by multistage hydraulic fracturing. A complex, interconnected natural fracture network can significantly increase the size of stimulated reservoir volume, provide additional surface area contact and enhance permeability. In 2013 the Reservoir Characterization Project (RCP) at the Colorado School of Mines began Phase XV to study Niobrara shale reservoir management. Anadarko Petroleum Corporation and RCP jointly acquired time-lapse multicomponent seismic data in Wattenberg Field, Denver Basin. Anadarko also provided RCP with a regional 3D seismic survey and a rich well dataset. The purpose of this study is to characterize the natural fracture patterns occurring in the unconventional Niobrara reservoir and to determine the drivers that influenced fracture trends and distributions. The findings are integrated into a reservoir model though DFN (Discrete Fracture Network) for further prediction of reservoir performance using reservoir simulations. Aiming to better understand the complexity of the natural fracture system I began my fracture analysis work at an active mine site that provides a Niobrara exposure. Access to a "fresh" outcrop surface created a perfect natural laboratory. Ground-based LIDAR and photogrammetry facilitated construction of a geological model and a DFN model for the mine site. The work was carried into <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> where the information gained served to improve reservoir characterization at a sub-seismic scale and can be used in well planning. I then embarked on a challenging yet essential task of outcrop-to-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> data calibration and application to RCP's Wattenberg Field study site. In this research the surface data was proven to be valid for comparative use in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> fracture information was derived from image</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.B23I..02P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.B23I..02P"><span>High CO2 <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment enriches for novel microbial lineages capable of autotrophic carbon fixation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Probst, A. J.; Jerett, J.; Castelle, C. J.; Thomas, B. C.; Sharon, I.; Brown, C. T.; Anantharaman, K.; Emerson, J. B.; Hernsdorf, A. W.; Amano, Y.; Suzuki, Y.; Tringe, S. G.; Woyke, T.; Banfield, J. F.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> environments span the planet but remain little understood from the perspective of the capacity of the resident organisms to fix CO2. Here we investigated the autotrophic capacity of microbial communities in range of a high-CO2 <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments via analysis of 250 near-complete microbial genomes (151 of them from distinct species) that represent the most abundant organisms over a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> depth transect. More than one third of the genomes belonged to the so-called candidate phyla radiation (CPR), which have limited metabolic capabilities. Approximately 30% of the community members are autotrophs that comprise 70% of the microbiome with metabolism likely supported by sulfur and nitrogen respiration. Of the carbon fixation pathways, the Calvin Benson Basham Cycle was most common, but the Wood-Ljungdhal pathway was present in the greatest phylogenetic diversity of organisms. Unexpectedly, one organism from a novel phylum sibling to the CPR is predicted to fix carbon by the reverse TCA cycle. The genome of the most abundant organism, an archaeon designated "Candidatus Altiarchaeum hamiconexum", was also found in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> samples from other continents including Europe and Asia. The archaeon was proven to be a carbon fixer using a novel reductive acetyl-CoA pathway. These results provide evidence that carbon dioxide is the major carbon source in these environments and suggest that autotrophy in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> represents a substantial carbon dioxide sink affecting the global carbon cycle.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000081173&hterms=search+extraterrestrial+life&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dsearch%2Bextraterrestrial%2Blife','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000081173&hterms=search+extraterrestrial+life&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dsearch%2Bextraterrestrial%2Blife"><span>Microbial Life in the Deep <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span>: Deep, Hot and Radioactive</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>DeStefano, Andrea L.; Ford, Jill C.; Winsor, Seana K.; Allen, Carlton C.; Miller, Judith; McNamara, Karen M.; Gibson, Everett K., Jr.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Recent studies, motivated in part by the search for extraterrestrial life, continue to expand the recognized limits of Earth's biosphere. This work explored evidence for life a high-temperature, radioactive environment in the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApSS..252.3855S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApSS..252.3855S"><span>Theoretical analysis of optical properties of dielectric coatings dependence on substrate <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shen, Jian; Liu, Shouhua; Shen, Zicai; Shao, Jianda; Fan, Zhengxiu</p> <p>2006-03-01</p> <p>A model for refractive index of stratified dielectric substrate was put forward according to theories of inhomogeneous coatings. The substrate was divided into surface layer, <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layer and bulk layer along the normal direction of its surface. Both the surface layer (separated into N1 sublayers of uniform thickness) and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layer (separated into N2 sublayers of uniform thickness), whose refractive indices have different statistical distributions, are equivalent to inhomogeneous coatings, respectively. And theoretical deduction was carried out by employing characteristic matrix method of optical coatings. An example of mathematical calculation for optical properties of dielectric coatings had been presented. The computing results indicate that substrate <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects can bring about additional bulk scattering and change propagation characteristic in thin film and substrate. Therefore, reflectance, reflective phase shift and phase difference of an assembly of coatings and substrate deviate from ideal conditions. The model will provide some beneficial theory directions for improving optical properties of dielectric coatings via substrate surface modification.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24159860','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24159860"><span>[Characterizing composition and transformation of dissolved organic matter in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> wastewater infiltration system].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Li-Jun; Liu, Yu-Zhong; Zhang, Lie-Yu; Xi, Bei-Dou; Xia, Xun-Feng; Liu, Ya-Ru</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>In the present study, the soil column with radius of 30 cm and height of 200 cm was used to simulate a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> wastewater infiltration system. Under the hydraulic loading of 4 cm x d(-1), composition and transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from different depths were analyzed in a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> wastewater infiltration system for treatment of septic tank effluent using three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) with regional integration analysis (FRI). The results indicate that: (1) from different depth, the composition of DOM was also different; influent with the depth of 0.5 m was mainly composed of protein-like substances, and that at other depths was mainly composed of humic- and fulvic-like substances. (2) DOM stability gradually increased and part of the nonbiodegradable organic matter can be removed during organic pollutants degradation process. (3) Not only the organic pollutants concentration was reduced effectively, but also the stability of the DOM improved in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> wastewater infiltration system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9688E..0KK','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9688E..0KK"><span>3D <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geological modeling using GIS, remote sensing, and boreholes data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kavoura, Katerina; Konstantopoulou, Maria; Kyriou, Aggeliki; Nikolakopoulos, Konstantinos G.; Sabatakakis, Nikolaos; Depountis, Nikolaos</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>The current paper presents the combined use of geological-geotechnical insitu data, remote sensing data and GIS techniques for the evaluation of a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geological model. High accuracy Digital Surface Model (DSM), airphotos mosaic and satellite data, with a spatial resolution of 0.5m were used for an othophoto base map compilation of the study area. Geological - geotechnical data obtained from exploratory boreholes and the 1:5000 engineering geological maps were digitized and implemented in a GIS platform for a three - dimensional <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> model evaluation. The study is located at the North part of Peloponnese along the new national road.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980GeoRL...7..885M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980GeoRL...7..885M"><span>Sources of fatty acids in Lake Michigan surface microlayers and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> waters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Meyers, Philip A.; Owen, Robert M.</p> <p>1980-11-01</p> <p>Fatty acid and organic carbon contents have been measured in the particulate and dissolved phases of surface microlayer and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water samples collected from Lake Michigan. Concentrations are highest close to fluvial sources and lowest in offshore areas, yet surface/<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> fractionation is lowest near river mouths and highest in open lake locations. These gradients plus accompanying fatty acid compositional changes indicate that river-borne organic materials are important constituents of coastal Lake Michigan microlayers and that sinking and turbulent resuspension of particulates affect surface film characteristics. Lake neuston and plankton contribute organic components which partially replace potamic materials removed by sinking.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010IJAsB...9...51P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010IJAsB...9...51P"><span>Growth of microorganisms in Martian-like shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> conditions: laboratory modelling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pavlov, A. K.; Shelegedin, V. N.; Vdovina, M. A.; Pavlov, A. A.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Low atmospheric pressures on Mars and the lack of substantial amounts of liquid water were suggested to be among the major limiting factors for the potential Martian biosphere. However, large amounts of ice were detected in the relatively shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layers of Mars by the Odyssey Mission and when ice sublimates the water vapour can diffuse through the porous surface layer of the soil. Here we studied the possibility for the active growth of microorganisms in such a vapour diffusion layer. Our results showed the possibility of metabolism and the reproduction of non-extremophile terrestrial microorganisms (Vibrio sp.) under very low (0.01-0.1 mbar) atmospheric pressures in a Martian-like shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> regolith.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=96767&keyword=legal&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=96767&keyword=legal&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span><span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> PROPERTY RIGHTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR GEOLOGIC CO2 STORAGE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The paper discusses <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> property rights as they apply to geologic sequestration (GS) of carbon dioxide (CO2). GS projects inject captured CO2 into deep (greater than ~1 km) geologic formations for the explicit purpose of avoiding atmospheric emission of CO2. Because of the...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016E%26ES...43a2091R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016E%26ES...43a2091R"><span>Strategic planning features of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> management in Kemerovo Oblast</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Romanyuk, V.; Grinkevich, A.; Akhmadeev, K.; Pozdeeva, G.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>The article discusses the strategic planning features of regional development based on the production and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> management in Kemerovo Oblast. The modern approach - SWOT analysis was applied to assess the regional development strategy. The estimation of regional development plan implementation was given for the foreseeable future.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=103953&keyword=area+AND+51&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=103953&keyword=area+AND+51&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span><span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> PROPERTY RIGHTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR GEOLOGIC CO2 SEQUESTRATION</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The chapter discusses <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> property rights as they apply to geologic sequestration (GS) of carbon dioxide (CO2). GS projects inject captured CO2 into deep (greater than ~1 km) geologic formations for the explicit purpose of avoiding atmospheric emission of CO2. Because of t...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AdSpR..31.1799N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AdSpR..31.1799N"><span>Advantages of using <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in space applications: Ground-based mars base prototype</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nelson, M.; Alling, A.; Dempster, W. F.; van Thillo, M.; Allen, John</p> <p></p> <p>Research and design of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow wetland wastewater treatment systems for a ground-based experimental prototype Mars Base <span class="hlt">facility</span> has been carried out, using a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow approach. These systems have distinct advantages in planetary exploration scenarios: they are odorless, relatively low-labor and low-energy, assist in purification of water and recycling of atmospheric CO2, and will support some food crops. An area of 6-8 m2 may be sufficient for integration of wetland wastewater treatment with a prototype Mars Base supporting 4-5 people. Discharge water from the wetland system will be used as irrigation water for the agricultural crop area, thus ensuring complete recycling and utilization of nutrients. Since the primary requirements for wetland treatment systems are warm temperatures and lighting, such bioregenerative systems may be integrated into early Mars base habitats, since waste heat from the lights may be used for temperature maintenance in the human living environment. "Wastewater gardens ™" can be modified for space habitats to lower space and mass requirements. Many of its construction requirements can eventually be met with use of in-situ materials, such as gravel from the Mars surface. Because the technology requires little machinery and no chemicals, and relies more on natural ecological mechanisms (microbial and plant metabolism), maintenance requirements are minimized, and systems can be expected to have long operating lifetimes. Research needs include suitability of Martian soil and gravel for wetland systems, system sealing and liner options in a Mars Base, and wetland water quality efficiency under varying temperature and light regimes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890017001','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890017001"><span>Detection of microbes in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>White, David C.; Tunlid, Anders</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>The search for evidence of microbial life in the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of Earth has implications for the Mars Rover Sampling Return Missions program. If suitably protected environments can be found on Mars then the instrumentation to detect biomarkers could be used to examine the molecular details. Finding a lipid in Martian soil would represent possibly the simplest test for extant or extinct life. A device that could do a rapid extraction possibly using the supercritical fluid technology under development now with a detection of the carbon content would clearly indicate a sample to be returned.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApSS..406..319W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApSS..406..319W"><span>Effect of electrochemical corrosion on the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microstructure evolution of a CoCrMo alloy in albumin containing environment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Zhongwei; Yan, Yu; Su, Yanjing; Qiao, Lijie</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microstructures of metallic implants play a key role in bio-tribocorrosion. Due to wear or change of local environment, the implant surface can have inhomogeneous electrochemical corrosion properties. In this work, the effect of electrochemical corrosion conditions on the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microstructure evolution of CoCrMo alloys for artificial joints was investigated. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was employed to observe the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microstructures of worn areas at different applied potentials in a simulated physiological solution. The results showed that applied potentials could affect the severity of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> deformation not only by changing the surface passivation but also affecting the adsorption of protein on the alloy surface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15385','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15385"><span>Supplementary <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> investigation section G-4aL, Addison route</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>2000-09-22</p> <p>Results are summarized herein of five supplementary borings to investigate <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> conditions along the subway alignment at the planned location of the Addison Route crossing of the Capital Beltway. The report contains geological sections which su...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000080995&hterms=Molas&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DMolas','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000080995&hterms=Molas&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DMolas"><span>Martian Wrinkle Ridge Topography: Evidence for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Faults from MOLA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Golombek, M. P.; Anderson, F. S.; Zuber, M. T.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) profiles across wrinkle ridges are characterized by plains surfaces at different elevations on either side that appear best explained by <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> thrust faults that underlie the ridges and produce the offset.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24430483','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24430483"><span>High virus-to-cell ratios indicate ongoing production of viruses in deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Engelhardt, Tim; Kallmeyer, Jens; Cypionka, Heribert; Engelen, Bert</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>Marine sediments cover two-thirds of our planet and harbor huge numbers of living prokaryotes. Long-term survival of indigenous microorganisms within the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> is still enigmatic, as sources of organic carbon are vanishingly small. To better understand controlling factors of microbial life, we have analyzed viral abundance within a comprehensive set of globally distributed <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments. Phages were detected by electron microscopy in deep (320 m below seafloor), ancient (∼14 Ma old) and the most oligotrophic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments of the world's oceans (South Pacific Gyre (SPG)). The numbers of viruses (10(4)-10(9) cm(-3), counted by epifluorescence microscopy) generally decreased with sediment depth, but always exceeded the total cell counts. The enormous numbers of viruses indicate their impact as a controlling factor for prokaryotic mortality in the marine deep biosphere. The virus-to-cell ratios increased in deeper and more oligotrophic layers, exhibiting values of up to 225 in the deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of the SPG. High numbers of phages might be due to absorption onto the sediment matrix and a diminished degradation by exoenzymes. However, even in the oldest sediments, microbial communities are capable of maintaining viral populations, indicating an ongoing viral production and thus, viruses provide an independent indicator for microbial life in the marine deep biosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70150308','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70150308"><span>Corn stover harvest increases herbicide movement to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drains: RZWQM simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Shipitalo, Martin J.; Malone, Robert W.; Ma, Liwang; Nolan, Bernard T.; Kanwar, Rameshwar S.; Shaner, Dale L.; Pederson, Carl H.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>BACKGROUND Crop residue removal for bioenergy production can alter soil hydrologic properties and the movement of agrochemicals to <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drains. The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM), previously calibrated using measured flow and atrazine concentrations in drainage from a 0.4 ha chisel-tilled plot, was used to investigate effects of 50 and 100% corn (Zea mays L.) stover harvest and the accompanying reductions in soil crust hydraulic conductivity and total macroporosity on transport of atrazine, metolachlor, and metolachlor oxanilic acid (OXA). RESULTS The model accurately simulated field-measured metolachlor transport in drainage. A 3-yr simulation indicated that 50% residue removal decreased <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage by 31% and increased atrazine and metolachlor transport in drainage 4 to 5-fold when surface crust conductivity and macroporosity were reduced by 25%. Based on its measured sorption coefficient, ~ 2-fold reductions in OXA losses were simulated with residue removal. CONCLUSION RZWQM indicated that if corn stover harvest reduces crust conductivity and soil macroporosity, losses of atrazine and metolachlor in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage will increase due to reduced sorption related to more water moving through fewer macropores. Losses of the metolachlor degradation product OXA will decrease due to the more rapid movement of the parent compound into the soil.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050161984&hterms=inversion&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dinversion','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050161984&hterms=inversion&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dinversion"><span>A Tower-based Prototype VHF/UHF Radar for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Sensing: System Description and Data Inversion Results</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Moghaddam, Mahta; Pierce, Leland; Tabatabaeenejad, Alireza; Rodriguez, Ernesto</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Knowledge of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> characteristics such as permittivity variations and layering structure could provide a breakthrough in many terrestrial and planetary science disciplines. For Earth science, knowledge of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> and subcanopy soil moisture layers can enable the estimation of vertical flow in the soil column linking surface hydrologic processes with that in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. For planetary science, determining the existence of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water and ice is regarded as one of the most critical information needs for the study of the origins of the solar system. The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> in general can be described as several near-parallel layers with rough interfaces. Each homogenous rough layer can be defined by its average thickness, permittivity, and rms interface roughness assuming a known surface spectral distribution. As the number and depth of layers increase, the number of measurements needed to invert for the layer unknowns also increases, and deeper penetration capability would be required. To nondestructively calculate the characteristics of the rough layers, a multifrequency polarimetric radar backscattering approach can be used. One such system is that we have developed for data prototyping of the Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> (MOSS) mission concept. A tower-mounted radar makes backscattering measurements at VHF, UHF, and L-band frequencies. The radar is a pulsed CW system, which uses the same wideband antenna to transmit and receive the signals at all three frequencies. To focus the beam at various incidence angles within the beamwidth of the antenna, the tower is moved vertically and measurements made at each position. The signals are coherently summed to achieve focusing and image formation in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. This requires an estimate of wave velocity profiles. To solve the inverse scattering problem for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> velocity profile simultaneously with radar focusing, we use an iterative technique based on a forward numerical solution of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=204664&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=chemical+AND+engineering+AND+reactions&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=204664&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=chemical+AND+engineering+AND+reactions&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Characterization To Support Evaluation Of Radionuclide Transport And Attenuation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Remediation of ground water contaminated with radionuclides may be achieved using attenuation-based technologies. These technologies may rely on engineered processes (e.g., bioremediation) or natural processes (e.g., monitored natural attenuation) within the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. In gene...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5568567','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5568567"><span>The WISDOM Radar: Unveiling the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Beneath the ExoMars Rover and Identifying the Best Locations for Drilling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Clifford, Stephen; Plettemeier, Dirk; Le Gall, Alice; Hervé, Yann; Dorizon, Sophie; Quantin-Nataf, Cathy; Benedix, Wolf-Stefan; Schwenzer, Susanne; Pettinelli, Elena; Heggy, Essam; Herique, Alain; Berthelier, Jean-Jacques; Kofman, Wlodek; Vago, Jorge L.; Hamran, Svein-Erik</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Abstract The search for evidence of past or present life on Mars is the principal objective of the 2020 ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Rover mission. If such evidence is to be found anywhere, it will most likely be in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>, where organic molecules are shielded from the destructive effects of ionizing radiation and atmospheric oxidants. For this reason, the ExoMars Rover mission has been optimized to investigate the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> to identify, understand, and sample those locations where conditions for the preservation of evidence of past life are most likely to be found. The Water Ice <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Deposit Observation on Mars (WISDOM) ground-penetrating radar has been designed to provide information about the nature of the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> over depth ranging from 3 to 10 m (with a vertical resolution of up to 3 cm), depending on the dielectric properties of the regolith. This depth range is critical to understanding the geologic evolution stratigraphy and distribution and state of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> H2O, which provide important clues in the search for life and the identification of optimal drilling sites for investigation and sampling by the Rover's 2-m drill. WISDOM will help ensure the safety and success of drilling operations by identification of potential hazards that might interfere with retrieval of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> samples. Key Words: Ground penetrating radar—Martian shallow subsurface—ExoMars. Astrobiology 17, 565–584.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.H33F1066S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.H33F1066S"><span>Discharge-nitrate data clustering for characterizing surface-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow interaction and calibration of a hydrologic model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shrestha, R. R.; Rode, M.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>Concentration of reactive chemicals has different chemical signatures in baseflow and surface runoff. Previous studies on nitrate export from a catchment indicate that the transport processes are driven by <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow. Therefore nitrate signature can be used for understanding the event and pre-event contributions to streamflow and surface-<span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow interactions. The study uses flow and nitrate concentration time series data for understanding the relationship between these two variables. Unsupervised artificial neural network based learning method called self organizing map is used for the identification of clusters in the datasets. Based on the cluster results, five different pattern in the datasets are identified which correspond to (i) baseflow, (ii) <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow increase, (iii) surface runoff increase, (iv) surface runoff recession, and (v) <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow decrease regions. The cluster results in combination with a hydrologic model are used for discharge separation. For this purpose, a multi-objective optimization tool NSGA-II is used, where violation of cluster results is used as one of the objective functions. The results show that the use of cluster results as supplementary information for the calibration of a hydrologic model gives a plausible simulation of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> flow as well total runoff at the catchment outlet. The study is undertaken using data from the Weida catchment in the North-Eastern Germany, which is a sub-catchment of the Weisse Elster river in the Elbe river basin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1184919-complete-genome-sequence-anaeromyxobacter-sp-fw109-anaerobic-metal-reducing-bacterium-isolated-from-contaminated-subsurface-environment','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1184919-complete-genome-sequence-anaeromyxobacter-sp-fw109-anaerobic-metal-reducing-bacterium-isolated-from-contaminated-subsurface-environment"><span>Complete genome sequence of Anaeromyxobacter sp. Fw109-5, an Anaerobic, Metal-Reducing Bacterium Isolated from a Contaminated <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Environment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Hwang, C.; Copeland, A.; Lucas, Susan; ...</p> <p>2015-01-22</p> <p>We report the genome sequence of Anaeromyxobacter sp. Fw109-5, isolated from nitrate- and uranium-contaminated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediment of the Oak Ridge Integrated Field-Scale <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Research Challenge (IFC) site, Oak Ridge Reservation, TN. The bacterium’s genome sequence will elucidate its physiological potential in <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments undergoing in situ uranium bioremediation and natural attenuation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1170054-anticorrelation-between-surface-subsurface-point-defects-impact-redox-chemistry-tio2','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1170054-anticorrelation-between-surface-subsurface-point-defects-impact-redox-chemistry-tio2"><span>Anticorrelation between Surface and <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Point Defects and the Impact on the Redox Chemistry of TiO2(110)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yoon, Yeohoon; Du, Yingge; Garcia, Juan C.</p> <p>2015-02-02</p> <p>Using combination of STM, DFT and SIMS, we explored the interplay and relative impact of surface vs. <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defects on the surface chemistry of rutile TiO2. STM results show that surface O vacancies (VO’s) are virtually absent in the vicinity of positively-charged <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> point-defects. This observation is consistent with DFT calculations of impact of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> defect proximity on VO formation energy. To monitor the influence of such lateral anticorrelation on surface redox chemistry, a test reaction of the dissociative adsorption of O2 is employed, which is observed to be suppressed around them. DFT results attribute this to a perceived absencemore » of the intrinsic (Ti) (and likely extrinsic) interstitials in the nearest <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layer beneath “inhibited” areas. We also postulate that the entire nearest <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> region could be voided of any charged point-defects, whereas prevalent VO’s are largely responsible for mediation of the redox chemistry at reduced TiO2(110) surface.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28162802','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28162802"><span>Biodegradation of crude oil in Arctic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water from the Disko Bay (Greenland) is limited.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Scheibye, Katrine; Christensen, Jan H; Johnsen, Anders R</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Biological degradation is the main process for oil degradation in a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> oil plume. There is, however, little information on the biodegradation potential of Arctic, marine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments. We therefore investigated oil biodegradation in microcosms at 2 °C containing Arctic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> seawater from the Disko Bay (Greenland) and crude oil at three concentrations of 2.5-10 mg/L. Within 71 days, the total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration decreased only by 18 ± 18% for an initial concentration of 5 mg/L. The saturated alkanes nC13-nC30 and the isoprenoids iC18-iC21 were biodegraded at all concentrations indicating a substantial potential for biodegradation of these compound classes. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) disappeared from the oil phase, but dissolution was the main process of removal. Analysis of diagnostic ratios indicated almost no PAC biodegradation except for the C1-naphthalenes. To conclude, the marine <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microorganisms from the Disko Bay had the potential for biodegradation of n-alkanes and isoprenoids while the metabolically complex and toxic PACs and their alkylated homologs remained almost unchanged. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1610957J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1610957J"><span>Effects of Hydraulic Frac Fluids on <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Microbial Communities in Gas Shales</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jiménez, Núria; Krüger, Martin</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Shale gas is being considered as a complementary energy resource to coal or other fossil fuels. The exploitation of unconventional gas reservoirs requires the use of advanced drilling techniques and hydraulic stimulation (fracking). During fracking operations, large amounts of fluids (fresh water, proppants and chemical additives) are injected at high pressures into the formations, to produce fractures and fissures, and thus to release gas from the source rock into the wellbore. The injected fluids partly remain in the formation, while about 20 to 40% of the originally injected fluid flows back to the surface, together with formation waters, sometimes containing dissolved hydrocarbons, high salt concentrations, etc. The overall production operation will likely affect and be affected by <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial communities associated to the shale formations. On the one hand microbial activity (like growth, biofilm formation) can cause unwanted processes like corrosion, clogging, etc. On the other hand, the introduction of frac fluids could either enhance microbial growth or cause toxicity to the shale-associated microbial communities. To investigate the potential impacts of changing environmental reservoir conditions, like temperature, salinity, oxgen content and pH, as well as the introduction of frac or geogenic chemicals on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial communities, laboratory experiments under in situ conditions (i.e. high temperatures and pressures) are being conducted. Enrichment cultures with samples from several <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments (e.g. shale and coal deposits, gas reservoirs, geothermal fluids) have been set up using a variety of carbon sources, including hydrocarbons and typical frac chemicals. Classical microbiological and molecular analysis are used to determine changes in the microbial abundance, community structure and function after the exposure to different single frac chemicals, "artificial" frac fluids or production waters. On the other hand, potential</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20584815','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20584815"><span>Paenibacillus phoenicis sp. nov., isolated from the Phoenix Lander assembly <span class="hlt">facility</span> and a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> molybdenum mine.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Benardini, James N; Vaishampayan, Parag A; Schwendner, Petra; Swanner, Elizabeth; Fukui, Youhei; Osman, Sharif; Satomi, Masakata; Venkateswaran, Kasthuri</p> <p>2011-06-01</p> <p>A novel Gram-positive, motile, endospore-forming, aerobic bacterium was isolated from the NASA Phoenix Lander assembly clean room that exhibits 100 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to two strains isolated from a deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment. All strains are rod-shaped, endospore-forming bacteria, whose endospores are resistant to UV radiation up to 500 J m(-2). A polyphasic taxonomic study including traditional phenotypic tests, fatty acid analysis, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and DNA-DNA hybridization analysis was performed to characterize these novel strains. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing convincingly grouped these novel strains within the genus Paenibacillus as a separate cluster from previously described species. The similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequences among the novel strains was identical but only 98.1 to 98.5 % with their nearest neighbours Paenibacillus barengoltzii ATCC BAA-1209(T) and Paenibacillus timonensis CIP 108005(T). The menaquinone MK-7 was dominant in these novel strains as shown in other species of the genus Paenibacillus. The DNA-DNA hybridization dissociation value was <45 % with the closest related species. The novel strains had DNA G+C contents of 51.9 to 52.8 mol%. Phenotypically, the novel strains can be readily differentiated from closely related species by the absence of urease and gelatinase and the production of acids from a variety of sugars including l-arabinose. The major fatty acid was anteiso-C(15 : 0) as seen in P. barengoltzii and P. timonensis whereas the proportion of C(16 : 0) was significantly different from the closely related species. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic results, it was concluded that these strains represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus phoenicis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 3PO2SA(T) ( = NRRL B-59348(T) = NBRC 106274(T)).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.P21B2088K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.P21B2088K"><span>Methane clathrate stability zone variations and gas transport in the Martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Karatekin, O.; Gloesener, E.; Dehant, V. M. A.; Temel, O.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>During the last years, several detections of methane in the atmosphere of Mars were reported from Earth-based and Mars orbit instruments with abundances ranging to tens of parts-per-billion by volume (ppbv). Recently, the Curiosity rover detected methane with background levels of 0.7 ppbv and episodic releases of 7 ppbv. Although the methane sources are still unknown, this gas may have been stored in reservoirs of clathrate hydrate in the Martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> where thermodynamics conditions are favourable to their presence. Clathrate hydrates are crystalline compounds constituted by cages formed by hydrogen-bonded water molecules inside of which guest gas molecules are trapped. In this study, methane clathrate stability in the Martian <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> are investigated and their temporal and spatial variations are studied. Present-day maps of methane clathrate stability zone are produced by coupling the stability conditions of methane clathrate with a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> model using the available observations such as the the thermal inertia derived from TES MGS data. Then, a gas transport model has been used to study the methane flux at the surface due to the diffusion of different plausible methane volumes released by clathrate hydrates at variable depths under the Martian surface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MRE.....4j5404G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MRE.....4j5404G"><span>Dissolution and regeneration of non-mulberry Eriogyna Pyretorum silk fibroin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Guo, Yuhang; Li, Xiufang; Zhang, Qiang; Yan, Shuqin; You, Renchuan</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Protein-based materials have been actively pursued as biomaterials because of their nontoxicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this work, we demonstrated the potential of Eriogyna pyretorum silk fibroin (<span class="hlt">ESF</span>), a non-mulberry silk protein, as biomaterials. The degummed <span class="hlt">ESF</span> fibers could be dissolved completely by Ca(NO3)2/H2O/C2H5OH solution to produce regenerated <span class="hlt">ESF</span>. The solubility was strongly dependent on the addition of C2H5OH, heating temperature and dissolving time. α-helix and random coil are main molecular conformation in aqueous <span class="hlt">ESF</span> solution. The sol-gel transition behavior of regenerated <span class="hlt">ESF</span> was also studied, indicating that the conformational transition of regenerated <span class="hlt">ESF</span> from random coil/α-helix to β-sheet during gelation. Especially, <span class="hlt">ESF</span> showed more rapid gelation than mulberry silk fibroin (BSF). Consequently, the gelation rate of BSF could be controlled ranging from tens of minutes to days by changing the <span class="hlt">ESF</span> ratio, providing useful options for the fabrication of silk hydrogels. Water-stable regenerated <span class="hlt">ESF</span> film could be achieved by using aqueous ethanol to induce structural transition. Tensile tests showed that the <span class="hlt">ESF</span> films have a dry strength of approximate 31.0 MPa and a wet strength of approximate 3.3 MPa. This study provides new opportunities as an alternative natural protein material for biomedical applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996LPI....27...19A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996LPI....27...19A"><span>The Search for <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Ice Caps on Mercury</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Allen, R. A.; Barlow, N. G.; Vilas, F.</p> <p>1996-03-01</p> <p>Recent ground-based radar observations of Mercury have detected strong, highly depolarized echoes from the north and south polar regions which have been interpreted as possible polar ice deposits. These radar echoes have been correlated with a number of impact craters. Theoretical studies indicate that such surface ice can be stable within permanently shadowed areas, such as the floors of high latitude impact craters. One proposed hypothesis suggests that stable <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ice caps exist at the poles of Mercury, and that several of the impact events that created the high latitude craters exposed this <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ice. Thus, our study focused on the possibility of ice caps extending below the mercurian surface, down to some unknown latitude in the polar regions. We used the experiences from Mars, where the depth/diameter ratio (d/D) is smaller for ice rich areas, to investigate whether a comparable latitudinal change in d/D is detectable on Mercury. We found no significant latitudinal differences within the two polar regions of our study or between the north polar and equatorial quadrangles, but craters in the south polar region tend to have slightly lower d/D than those in the north polar region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22370421','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22370421"><span>Field application of farmstead runoff to vegetated filter strips: surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> water quality assessment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Larson, Rebecca A; Safferman, Steven I</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Farmstead runoff poses significant environmental impacts to ground and surface waters. Three vegetated filter strips were assessed for the treatment of dairy farmstead runoff at the soil surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> at 0.3- or 0. 46-m and 0. 76-m depths for numerous storm events. A medium-sized Michigan dairy was retrofitted with two filter strips on sandy loam soil and a third filter strip was implemented on a small Michigan dairy with sandy soil to collect and treat runoff from feed storage, manure storage, and other impervious farmstead areas. All filter strips were able to eliminate surface runoff via infiltration for all storm events over the duration of the study, eliminating pollutant contributions to surface water. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> effluent was monitored to determine the contributing groundwater concentrations of numerous pollutants including chemical oxygen demand (COD), metals, and nitrates. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> samples have an average reduction of COD concentrations of 20, 11, and 85% for the medium dairy Filter Strip 1 (FS1), medium dairy Filter Strip 2 (FS2), and the small Michigan dairy respectively, resulting in average <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> concentrations of 355, 3960, and 718 mg L COD. Similar reductions were noted for ammonia and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> effluent. The small Michigan dairy was able to reduce the pollutant leachate concentrations of COD, TKN, and ammonia over a range of influent concentrations. Increased influent concentrations in the medium Michigan dairy filter strips resulted in an increase in COD, TKN, and ammonia concentrations in the leachate. Manganese was leached from the native soils at all filter strips as evidenced by the increase in manganese concentrations in the leachate. Nitrate concentrations were above standard drinking water limits (10 mg L), averaging <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> concentrations of 11, 45, and 25 mg L NO-N for FS1, FS2, and the small Michigan dairy, respectively. Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=129484&keyword=information+AND+technology+AND+project+AND+management+AND+processes&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=129484&keyword=information+AND+technology+AND+project+AND+management+AND+processes&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>ENGINEERING ISSUE: IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED UNSATURATED <span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> SOILS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>An emerging technology for the remediation of unsaturated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> soils involves the use of microorganisms to degrade contaminants which are present in such soils. Understanding the processes which drive in situ bioremediation, as well as the effectiveness and efficiency of th...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.B13C0518C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.B13C0518C"><span>Active Serpentinization and the Potential for a Diverse <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Biosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Canovas, P. A.; Shock, E.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The ubiquitous nature of serpentinization and the unique fluids it generates have major consequences for habitat generation, abiotic organic synthesis, and biosynthesis. The production of hydrogen from the anaerobic hydrolysis of ultramafic minerals sets the redox state of serpentinizing fluids to be thermodynamically favorable for these processes. Consequently, a host of specialized microbial populations and metabolisms can be sustained. Active low-temperature serpentinizing systems, such as the Samail ophiolite in Oman, offer an ideal opportunity to investigate biogeochemical processes during the alteration of ultramafic minerals. At the Samail ophiolite in particular, serpentinization may provide the potential for an active <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial community shielded from potentially unfavorable surface conditions. Support for this assertion comes from geochemical data including Mg, Ca, CH4 (aq), and H2 (aq) abundances indicating that methane is a product of serpentinization. To further investigate viable metabolic strategies, affinity calculations were performed on both the surface waters and the hyperalkaline springs, which may be considered as messengers of processes occurring in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Almost all sites yield positive affinities (i.e., are thermodynamically favorable) for a diverse suite of serpentinization metabolisms including methanogenesis, anammox, and carbon monoxide, nitrate, and sulfate reduction with hydrogen, as well as anaerobic methanotrophy coupled to nitrate, nitrite, and sulfate reduction. Reaction path modeling was performed to ascertain the extent to which serpentinization and mixing of surface waters with hyperalkaline spring waters in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> can generate suitable habitats. The serpentinization model simulates the reaction of pristine Oman harzburgite with surface water to quantify the redox state and generation of hyperalkaline spring water. Preliminary results show that water-rock ratios as high as 100 could effectively reduce</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017M%26PS...52.1505H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017M%26PS...52.1505H"><span>Hypervelocity impacts into ice-topped layered targets: Investigating the effects of ice crust thickness and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> density on crater morphology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Harriss, Kathryn H.; Burchell, Mark J.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Many bodies in the outer solar system are theorized to have an ice shell with a different <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> material below, be it chondritic, regolith, or a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> ocean. This layering can have a significant influence on the morphology of impact craters. Accordingly, we have undertaken laboratory hypervelocity impact experiments on a range of multilayered targets, with interiors of water, sand, and basalt. Impact experiments were undertaken using impact speeds in the range of 0.8-5.3 km s-1, a 1.5 mm Al ball bearing projectile, and an impact incidence of 45°. The surface ice crust had a thickness between 5 and 50 mm, i.e., some 3-30 times the projectile diameter. The thickness of the ice crust as well as the nature of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layer (liquid, well consolidated, etc.) have a marked effect on the morphology of the resulting impact crater, with thicker ice producing a larger crater diameter (at a given impact velocity), and the crater diameter scaling with impact speed to the power 0.72 for semi-infinite ice, but with 0.37 for thin ice. The density of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> material changes the structure of the crater, with flat crater floors if there is a dense, well-consolidated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layer (basalt) or steep, narrow craters if there is a less cohesive <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> (sand). The associated faulting in the ice surface is also dependent on ice thickness and the substrate material. We find that the ice layer (in impacts at 5 km s-1) is effectively semi-infinite if its thickness is more than 15.5 times the projectile diameter. Below this, the crater diameter is reduced by 4% for each reduction in ice layer thickness equal to the impactor diameter. Crater depth is also affected. In the ice thickness region, 7-15.5 times the projectile diameter, the crater shape in the ice is modified even when the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layer is not penetrated. For ice thicknesses, <7 times the projectile diameter, the ice layer is breached, but the nature of the resulting crater depends heavily on the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.449L..82G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.449L..82G"><span>The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> of Pluto from submillimetre observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Greaves, J. S.; Whitelaw, A. C. M.; Bendo, G. J.</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Surface areas on Pluto change in brightness and colour, at optical to infrared wavelengths, over time-scales as short as years. The <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contains a reservoir of frozen volatiles, but little is known about it because Pluto is out of reach for cm-radar. Here we present a 0.85 mm wavelength light curve of the Pluto system, from archival data taken in 1997 August with the SCUBA (Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array) camera on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). This wavelength probes for the first time to just below the skin depth of thermal changes over Pluto's day. The light curve differs significantly from counterparts in the mid- to far-infrared, in a longitude range that is optically dark on Pluto's surface. An estimate from Herschel of the 0.5 mm flux in 2012 is comparable to the mean 0.45 mm flux from SCUBA in 1997, suggesting that layers centimetres below the surface have not undergone any gross temperature change. The longitudes that are relatively submillimetre-faint could have a different emissivity, perhaps with a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> layer richer in nitrogen or methane ices than at the surface. The Radio Science Experiment (REX) instrument on New Horizons may be able to constrain physical properties deeper down, as it looks back on Pluto's nightside after the 2015 July flyby.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040141684&hterms=life+mars&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dlife%2Bmars','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040141684&hterms=life+mars&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dlife%2Bmars"><span>Atmospheric energy for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> life on Mars?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Weiss, B. P.; Yung, Y. L.; Nealson, K. H.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>The location and density of biologically useful energy sources on Mars will limit the biomass, spatial distribution, and organism size of any biota. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Martian organisms could be supplied with a large energy flux from the oxidation of photochemically produced atmospheric H(2) and CO diffusing into the regolith. However, surface abundance measurements of these gases demonstrate that no more than a few percent of this available flux is actually being consumed, suggesting that biological activity driven by atmospheric H(2) and CO is limited in the top few hundred meters of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. This is significant because the available but unused energy is extremely large: for organisms at 30-m depth, it is 2,000 times previous estimates of hydrothermal and chemical weathering energy and far exceeds the energy derivable from other atmospheric gases. This also implies that the apparent scarcity of life on Mars is not attributable to lack of energy. Instead, the availability of liquid water may be a more important factor limiting biological activity because the photochemical energy flux can only penetrate to 100- to 1,000-m depth, where most H(2)O is probably frozen. Because both atmospheric and Viking lander soil data provide little evidence for biological activity, the detection of short-lived trace gases will probably be a better indicator of any extant Martian life.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26444','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26444"><span>Atmospheric energy for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> life on Mars?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Weiss, Benjamin P.; Yung, Yuk L.; Nealson, Kenneth H.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>The location and density of biologically useful energy sources on Mars will limit the biomass, spatial distribution, and organism size of any biota. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Martian organisms could be supplied with a large energy flux from the oxidation of photochemically produced atmospheric H2 and CO diffusing into the regolith. However, surface abundance measurements of these gases demonstrate that no more than a few percent of this available flux is actually being consumed, suggesting that biological activity driven by atmospheric H2 and CO is limited in the top few hundred meters of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. This is significant because the available but unused energy is extremely large: for organisms at 30-m depth, it is 2,000 times previous estimates of hydrothermal and chemical weathering energy and far exceeds the energy derivable from other atmospheric gases. This also implies that the apparent scarcity of life on Mars is not attributable to lack of energy. Instead, the availability of liquid water may be a more important factor limiting biological activity because the photochemical energy flux can only penetrate to 100- to 1,000-m depth, where most H2O is probably frozen. Because both atmospheric and Viking lander soil data provide little evidence for biological activity, the detection of short-lived trace gases will probably be a better indicator of any extant Martian life. PMID:10660689</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10660689','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10660689"><span>Atmospheric energy for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> life on Mars?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Weiss, B P; Yung, Y L; Nealson, K H</p> <p>2000-02-15</p> <p>The location and density of biologically useful energy sources on Mars will limit the biomass, spatial distribution, and organism size of any biota. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Martian organisms could be supplied with a large energy flux from the oxidation of photochemically produced atmospheric H(2) and CO diffusing into the regolith. However, surface abundance measurements of these gases demonstrate that no more than a few percent of this available flux is actually being consumed, suggesting that biological activity driven by atmospheric H(2) and CO is limited in the top few hundred meters of the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. This is significant because the available but unused energy is extremely large: for organisms at 30-m depth, it is 2,000 times previous estimates of hydrothermal and chemical weathering energy and far exceeds the energy derivable from other atmospheric gases. This also implies that the apparent scarcity of life on Mars is not attributable to lack of energy. Instead, the availability of liquid water may be a more important factor limiting biological activity because the photochemical energy flux can only penetrate to 100- to 1,000-m depth, where most H(2)O is probably frozen. Because both atmospheric and Viking lander soil data provide little evidence for biological activity, the detection of short-lived trace gases will probably be a better indicator of any extant Martian life.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.C11A0755G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.C11A0755G"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Scattered Photons: Friend or Foe? Improving visible light laser altimeter elevation estimates, and measuring surface properties using <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> scattered photons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Greeley, A.; Kurtz, N. T.; Neumann, T.; Cook, W. B.; Markus, T.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Photon counting laser altimeters such as MABEL (Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental Lidar) - a single photon counting simulator for ATLAS (Advanced Topographical Laser Altimeter System) - use individual photons with visible wavelengths to measure their range to target surfaces. ATLAS, the sole instrument on NASA's upcoming ICESat-2 mission, will provide scientists a view of Earth's ice sheets, glaciers, and sea ice with unprecedented detail. Precise calibration of these instruments is needed to understand rapidly changing parameters such as sea ice freeboard, and to measure optical properties of surfaces like snow covered ice sheets using <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> scattered photons. Photons that travel through snow, ice, or water before scattering back to an altimeter receiving system travel farther than photons taking the shortest path between the observatory and the target of interest. These delayed photons produce a negative elevation bias relative to photons scattered directly off these surfaces. We use laboratory measurements of snow surfaces using a flight-tested laser altimeter (MABEL), and Monte Carlo simulations of backscattered photons from snow to estimate elevation biases from <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> scattered photons. We also use these techniques to demonstrate the ability to retrieve snow surface properties like snow grain size.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/19705','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/19705"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage on the structural capacity of flexible pavement.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Following the recommendation of the Virginia Transportation Research Council's Pavement Research Advisory Committee, this project was initiated to determine the effectiveness of including <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage systems in pavements in Virginia. The rese...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9864E..0CQ','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9864E..0CQ"><span>Line-scan spatially offset Raman spectroscopy for inspecting <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> food safety and quality</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Qin, Jianwei; Chao, Kuanglin; Kim, Moon S.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>This paper presented a method for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> food inspection using a newly developed line-scan spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) technique. A 785 nm laser was used as a Raman excitation source. The line-shape SORS data was collected in a wavenumber range of 0-2815 cm-1 using a detection module consisting of an imaging spectrograph and a CCD camera. A layered sample, which was created by placing a plastic sheet cut from the original container on top of cane sugar, was used to test the capability for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> food inspection. A whole set of SORS data was acquired in an offset range of 0-36 mm (two sides of the laser) with a spatial interval of 0.07 mm. Raman spectrum from the cane sugar under the plastic sheet was resolved using self-modeling mixture analysis algorithms, demonstrating the potential of the technique for authenticating foods and ingredients through packaging. The line-scan SORS measurement technique provides a new method for <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> inspection of food safety and quality.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28445999','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28445999"><span>Crystal Orientation Effect on the <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Deformation of Monocrystalline Germanium in Nanometric Cutting.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lai, Min; Zhang, Xiaodong; Fang, Fengzhou</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Molecular dynamics simulations of nanometric cutting on monocrystalline germanium are conducted to investigate the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> deformation during and after nanometric cutting. The continuous random network model of amorphous germanium is established by molecular dynamics simulation, and its characteristic parameters are extracted to compare with those of the machined deformed layer. The coordination number distribution and radial distribution function (RDF) show that the machined surface presents the similar amorphous state. The anisotropic <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> deformation is studied by nanometric cutting on the (010), (101), and (111) crystal planes of germanium, respectively. The deformed structures are prone to extend along the 110 slip system, which leads to the difference in the shape and thickness of the deformed layer on various directions and crystal planes. On machined surface, the greater thickness of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> deformed layer induces the greater surface recovery height. In order to get the critical thickness limit of deformed layer on machined surface of germanium, the optimized cutting direction on each crystal plane is suggested according to the relevance of the nanometric cutting to the nanoindentation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.V51C0364M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.V51C0364M"><span>The Lusi eruption site: insights from surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> investigations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mazzini, A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Indonesian Lusi eruption has been spewing boiling water, gas, and sediments since the 29th of May 2006. Initially, numerous aligned eruptions sites appeared along the Watukosek fault system (WFS) that was reactivated after the Yogyakarta earthquake occurring the 27th of May in the Java Island. Within weeks several villages were submerged by boiling mud. The most prominent eruption site was named Lusi. To date Lusi is still active and an area of 7 km2is covered by mud. Since its birth Lusi erupted with a pulsating behaviour. In the framework of the ERC grant "Lusi Lab" we conducted several years of monitoring and regional investigations coupling surface sampling and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> imaging in the region around Lusi. Ambient noise tomography studies, obtained with a local network of 31 stations, revealed for the first time <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> images of the Lusi region and the adjacent Arjuno-Welirang (AW) volcanic complex. Results show that below the AW volcanic complex are present 5km deep magma chambers that are connected, through a defined corridor, with the roots of the Lusi eruption site. The Lusi <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> shows the presence of a defined vertical hydrothermal plume that extends to at least 5km. Chemical analyses of the seeping fluids sampled from 1) the Lusi plume (using a specifically designed drone), 2) the region around Lusi, and 3) the fumaroles and the hydro thermal springs of AW, revealed striking similarities. More specifically a mantellic signature of the Lusi fluids confirms the scenario that Lusi represents a magmatic-driven hydrothermal system hosted in sedimentary basin. Seismic profiles interpretation, surface mapping, and fluid sampling show that the WFS, connecting AW and extending towards the NE of Java, acted as a preferential pathway for the igneous intrusion and fluids migration towards the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span>. Petrography and dating of the clasts erupted at Lusi record high temperatures and indicate that the roots of the active conduit extend to at least 5km</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1512506S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1512506S"><span>AMISS - Active and passive MIcrowaves for Security and <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> imaging</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Soldovieri, Francesco; Slob, Evert; Turk, Ahmet Serdar; Crocco, Lorenzo; Catapano, Ilaria; Di Matteo, Francesca</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The FP7-IRSES project AMISS - Active and passive MIcrowaves for Security and <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> imaging is based on a well-combined network among research institutions of EU, Associate and Third Countries (National Research Council of Italy - Italy, Technische Universiteit Delft - The Netherlands, Yildiz Technical University - Turkey, Bauman Moscow State Technical University - Russia, Usikov Institute for Radio-physics and Electronics and State Research Centre of Superconductive Radioelectronics "Iceberg" - Ukraine and University of Sao Paulo - Brazil) with the aims of achieving scientific advances in the framework of microwave and millimeter imaging systems and techniques for security and safety social issues. In particular, the involved partners are leaders in the scientific areas of passive and active imaging and are sharing their complementary knowledge to address two main research lines. The first one regards the design, characterization and performance evaluation of new passive and active microwave devices, sensors and measurement set-ups able to mitigate clutter and increase information content. The second line faces the requirements to make State-of-the-Art processing tools compliant with the instrumentations developed in the first line, suitable to work in electromagnetically complex scenarios and able to exploit the unexplored possibilities offered by new instrumentations. The main goals of the project are: 1) Development/improvement and characterization of new sensors and systems for active and passive microwave imaging; 2) Set up, analysis and validation of state of art/novel data processing approach for GPR in critical infrastructure and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> imaging; 3) Integration of state of art and novel imaging hardware and characterization approaches to tackle realistic situations in security, safety and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> prospecting applications; 4) Development and feasibility study of bio-radar technology (system and data processing) for vital signs detection and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMMR52A..06R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMMR52A..06R"><span>Micro Mechanics and Microstructures of Major <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Hydraulic Barriers: Shale Caprock vs Wellbore Cement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Radonjic, M.; Du, H.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Shale caprocks and wellbore cements are two of the most common <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> impermeable barriers in the oil and gas industry. More than 60% of effective seals for geologic hydrocarbon bearing formations as natural hydraulic barriers constitute of shale rocks. Wellbore cements provide zonal isolation as an engineered hydraulic barrier to ensure controlled fluid flow from the reservoir to the production <span class="hlt">facilities</span>. Shale caprocks were deposited and formed by squeezing excess formation water and mineralogical transformations at different temperatures and pressures. In a similar process, wellbore cements are subjected to compression during expandable tubular operations, which lead to a rapid pore water propagation and secondary mineral precipitation within the cement. The focus of this research was to investigate the effect of wellbore cement compression on its microstructure and mechanical properties, as well as a preliminary comparison of shale caprocks and hydrated cement. The purpose of comparative evaluation of engineered vs natural hydraulic barrier materials is to further improve wellbore cement durability when in contact with geofluids. The micro-indentation was utilized to evaluate the change in cement mechanical properties caused by compression. Indentation experiments showed an overall increase in hardness and Young's modulus of compressed cement. Furthermore, SEM imaging and Electron Probe Microanalysis showed mineralogical alterations and decrease in porosity. These can be correlated with the cement rehydration caused by microstructure changes as a result of compression. The mechanical properties were also quantitatively compared to shale caprock samples in order to investigate the similarities of hydraulic barrier features that could help to improve the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> application of cement in zonal isolation. The comparison results showed that the poro-mechanical characteristics of wellbore cement appear to be improved when inherent pore sizes are shifted to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=60644&keyword=couple&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=60644&keyword=couple&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>EFFECT OF FENTON'S REAGENT ON <span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> MICROBIOLOGY AND BIODEGRADATION CAPACITY</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Microcosm studies were conducted to determine the effect of Fenton's reagent on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbiology and biodegradation capacity in a DNAPL (PCE/TCE) contaminated aquifer previously treated with the reagent. Groundwater pH declined from 5 to 2.4 immediately after the treatmen...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=128914&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=transformation+AND+education&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=128914&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=transformation+AND+education&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>UNDERSTANDING THE FATE OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN THE <span class="hlt">SUBSURFACE</span> ENVIRONMENT</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Sinca a significant number of the two or more million underground storage tank (UST) systems used for petroleum products leak, their cleanup poses a major environmental challenge. Our understnading of the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environment is critical t...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.6658C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.6658C"><span>A mobile laboratory for surface and <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> imaging in geo-hazard monitoring activity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cornacchia, Carmela; Bavusi, Massimo; Loperte, Antonio; Pergola, Nicola; Pignatti, Stefano; Ponzo, Felice; Lapenna, Vincenzo</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p> high data acquisition repetition rate up to 500.000 pxl/sec with a range resolution of 0.1 mm, vertical and horizontal FoV of 310° and 360° respectively with a resolution of 0.0018°. The system is also equipped with a metric camera allows to georeference the high resolution images acquired. The electromagnetic sensors allow to obtain in near real time high-resolution 2D and 3D <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> tomographic images. The main components are a fully automatic resistivity meter for DC electrical surveys (resistivity) and Induced Polarization, a Ground Penetrating Radar with antennas covering range for 400 MHz to 1.5 GHz and a gradiometric magnetometric system. All the sensors can be installed on a mobile van and remotely controlled using wi-fi technologies. An all-time network connection capability is guaranteed by a self-configurable satellite link for data communication, which allows to transmit in near-real time experimental data coming from the field surveys and to share other geospatial information. This ICT <span class="hlt">facility</span> is well suited for emergency response activities during and after catastrophic events. Sensor synergy, multi-temporal and multi-scale resolutions of surface and <span class="hlt">sub-surface</span> imaging are the key technical features of this instrumental <span class="hlt">facility</span>. Finally, in this work we shortly present some first preliminary results obtained during the emergence phase of Abruzzo earthquake (Central Italy).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1815244K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1815244K"><span>Integrating experimental and numerical methods for a scenario-based quantitative assessment of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> energy storage options</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kabuth, Alina; Dahmke, Andreas; Hagrey, Said Attia al; Berta, Márton; Dörr, Cordula; Koproch, Nicolas; Köber, Ralf; Köhn, Daniel; Nolde, Michael; Tilmann Pfeiffer, Wolf; Popp, Steffi; Schwanebeck, Malte; Bauer, Sebastian</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Within the framework of the transition to renewable energy sources ("Energiewende"), the German government defined the target of producing 60 % of the final energy consumption from renewable energy sources by the year 2050. However, renewable energies are subject to natural fluctuations. Energy storage can help to buffer the resulting time shifts between production and demand. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> geological structures provide large potential capacities for energy stored in the form of heat or gas on daily to seasonal time scales. In order to explore this potential sustainably, the possible induced effects of energy storage operations have to be quantified for both specified normal operation and events of failure. The ANGUS+ project therefore integrates experimental laboratory studies with numerical approaches to assess <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> energy storage scenarios and monitoring methods. <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> storage options for gas, i.e. hydrogen, synthetic methane and compressed air in salt caverns or porous structures, as well as <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> heat storage are investigated with respect to site prerequisites, storage dimensions, induced effects, monitoring methods and integration into spatial planning schemes. The conceptual interdisciplinary approach of the ANGUS+ project towards the integration of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> energy storage into a sustainable <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> planning scheme is presented here, and this approach is then demonstrated using the examples of two selected energy storage options: Firstly, the option of seasonal heat storage in a shallow aquifer is presented. Coupled thermal and hydraulic processes induced by periodic heat injection and extraction were simulated in the open-source numerical modelling package OpenGeoSys. Situations of specified normal operation as well as cases of failure in operational storage with leaking heat transfer fluid are considered. Bench-scale experiments provided parameterisations of temperature dependent changes in shallow groundwater hydrogeochemistry. As a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18382566','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18382566"><span><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> damage distribution in the lapping process.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Zhuo; Wu, Yulie; Dai, Yifan; Li, Shengyi</p> <p>2008-04-01</p> <p>To systematically investigate the influence of lapping parameters on <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> damage (SSD) depth and characterize the damage feature comprehensively, maximum depth and distribution of SSD generated in the optical lapping process were measured with the magnetorheological finishing wedge technique. Then, an interaction of adjacent indentations was applied to interpret the generation of maximum depth of SSD. Eventually, the lapping procedure based on the influence of lapping parameters on the material removal rate and SSD depth was proposed to improve the lapping efficiency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AdWR...91....1X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AdWR...91....1X"><span>An analytical solution for predicting the transient seepage from a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xin, Pei; Dan, Han-Cheng; Zhou, Tingzhang; Lu, Chunhui; Kong, Jun; Li, Ling</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> drainage systems have been widely used to deal with soil salinization and waterlogging problems around the world. In this paper, a mathematical model was introduced to quantify the transient behavior of the groundwater table and the seepage from a <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage system. Based on the assumption of a hydrostatic pressure distribution, the model considered the pore-water flow in both the phreatic and vadose soil zones. An approximate analytical solution for the model was derived to quantify the drainage of soils which were initially water-saturated. The analytical solution was validated against laboratory experiments and a 2-D Richards equation-based model, and found to predict well the transient water seepage from the <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage system. A saturated flow-based model was also tested and found to over-predict the time required for drainage and the total water seepage by nearly one order of magnitude, in comparison with the experimental results and the present analytical solution. During drainage, a vadose zone with a significant water storage capacity developed above the phreatic surface. A considerable amount of water still remained in the vadose zone at the steady state with the water table situated at the drain bottom. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that effects of the vadose zone were intensified with an increased thickness of capillary fringe, capillary rise and/or burying depth of drains, in terms of the required drainage time and total water seepage. The analytical solution provides guidance for assessing the capillary effects on the effectiveness and efficiency of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> drainage systems for combating soil salinization and waterlogging problems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002iaf..confE.573S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002iaf..confE.573S"><span>An Experiment Support Computer for Externally-Based ISS Payloads</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sell, S. W.; Chen, S. E.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The Experiment Support <span class="hlt">Facility</span> - External (<span class="hlt">ESF</span>-X) is a computer designed for general experiment use aboard the International Space Station (ISS) Truss Site locations. The <span class="hlt">ESF</span>-X design is highly modular and uses commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components wherever possible to allow for maximum reconfigurability to meet the needs of almost any payload. The <span class="hlt">ESF</span>-X design has been developed with the EXPRESS Pallet as the target location and the University of Colorado's Micron Accuracy Deployment Experiment (MADE) as the anticipated first payload and capability driver. Thus the design presented here is configured for structural dynamics and control as well as optics experiments. The <span class="hlt">ESF</span>-X is a small (58.4 x 48.3 x 17.8") steel and copper enclosure which houses a 14 slot VME card chassis and power supply. All power and data connections are made through a single panel on the enclosure so that only one side of the enclosure must be accessed for nominal operation and servicing activities. This feature also allows convenient access during integration and checkout activities. Because it utilizes a standard VME backplane, <span class="hlt">ESF</span>-X can make use of the many commercial boards already in production for this standard. Since the VME standard is also heavily used in industrial and military applications, many ruggedized components are readily available. The baseline design includes commercial processors, Ethernet, MIL-STD-1553, and mass storage devices. The main processor board contains four TI 6701 DSPs with a PowerPC based controller. Other standard functions, such as analog-to-digital, digital-to-analog, motor driver, temperature readings, etc., are handled on industry-standard IP modules. Carrier cards, which hold 4 IP modules each, are placed in slots in the VME backplane. A unique, custom IP carrier board with radiation event detectors allows non RAD-hard components to be used in an extended exposure environment. Thermal control is maintained by conductive cooling through the copper</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4065101','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4065101"><span>Microbial Community Responses to Organophosphate Substrate Additions in Contaminated <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Sediments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Martinez, Robert J.; Wu, Cindy H.; Beazley, Melanie J.; Andersen, Gary L.; Conrad, Mark E.; Hazen, Terry C.; Taillefert, Martial; Sobecky, Patricia A.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Background Radionuclide- and heavy metal-contaminated <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> sediments remain a legacy of Cold War nuclear weapons research and recent nuclear power plant failures. Within such contaminated sediments, remediation activities are necessary to mitigate groundwater contamination. A promising approach makes use of extant microbial communities capable of hydrolyzing organophosphate substrates to promote mineralization of soluble contaminants within deep <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments. Methodology/Principal Findings Uranium-contaminated sediments from the U.S. Department of Energy Oak Ridge Field Research Center (ORFRC) Area 2 site were used in slurry experiments to identify microbial communities involved in hydrolysis of 10 mM organophosphate amendments [i.e., glycerol-2-phosphate (G2P) or glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P)] in synthetic groundwater at pH 5.5 and pH 6.8. Following 36 day (G2P) and 20 day (G3P) amended treatments, maximum phosphate (PO4 3−) concentrations of 4.8 mM and 8.9 mM were measured, respectively. Use of the PhyloChip 16S rRNA microarray identified 2,120 archaeal and bacterial taxa representing 46 phyla, 66 classes, 110 orders, and 186 families among all treatments. Measures of archaeal and bacterial richness were lowest under G2P (pH 5.5) treatments and greatest with G3P (pH 6.8) treatments. Members of the phyla Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria demonstrated the greatest enrichment in response to organophosphate amendments and the OTUs that increased in relative abundance by 2-fold or greater accounted for 9%–50% and 3%–17% of total detected Archaea and Bacteria, respectively. Conclusions/Significance This work provided a characterization of the distinct ORFRC <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> microbial communities that contributed to increased concentrations of extracellular phosphate via hydrolysis of organophosphate substrate amendments. Within <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> environments that are not ideal for reductive precipitation of uranium, strategies that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/870321','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/870321"><span>Using electrokinetic phenomena and electrical resistance tomography to characterize the movement of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> fluids</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Ramirez, Abelardo L.; Cooper, John F.; Daily, William D.</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>This invention relates generally to the remote detections of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> liquid contaminants using in combination a geophysical technique known as ERT and an EKS. Electrokinetic transport is used to enhance the ability of electrical resistance tomography (ERT) to detect position and movement of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contaminant liquids, particles or ions. ERT images alone are difficult to interpret because of natural inhomogeneities in soil composition and electrical properties. By subtracting two or more ERT images obtained before and after field induced movement, a high contrast image of a plume of distinct electrokinetic properties can be seen. The invention is applicable to important <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> characterization problems including, as examples, (1) detection of liquid-saturated plumes of contaminants such as those associated with leaks from underground storage tanks containing hazardous concentrated electrolytes, (2) detection and characterization of soils contaminated with organic pollutants such as droplets of gasoline; and (3) monitoring the progress of electrokinetic containment or clean up of underground contamination.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/201499','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/201499"><span>Using electrokinetic phenomena and electrical resistance tomography to characterize the movement of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> fluids</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Ramirez, A.L.; Cooper, J.F.; Daily, W.D.</p> <p>1996-02-27</p> <p>This invention relates generally to the remote detections of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> liquid contaminants using in combination a geophysical technique known as ERT and an EKS. Electrokinetic transport is used to enhance the ability of electrical resistance tomography (ERT) to detect position and movement of <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> contaminant liquids, particles or ions. ERT images alone are difficult to interpret because of natural inhomogeneities in soil composition and electrical properties. By subtracting two or more ERT images obtained before and after field induced movement, a high contrast image of a plume of distinct electrokinetic properties can be seen. The invention is applicable to important <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> characterization problems including, as examples, (1) detection of liquid-saturated plumes of contaminants such as those associated with leaks from underground storage tanks containing hazardous concentrated electrolytes, (2) detection and characterization of soils contaminated with organic pollutants such as droplets of gasoline; and (3) monitoring the progress of electrokinetic containment or clean up of underground contamination. 1 fig.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..4410240W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..4410240W"><span>Anatomy of Old Faithful From <span class="hlt">Subsurface</span> Seismic Imaging of the Yellowstone Upper Geyser Basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Sin-Mei; Ward, Kevin M.; Farrell, Jamie; Lin, Fan-Chi; Karplus, Marianne; Smith, Robert B.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The Upper Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park contains one of the highest concentrations of hydrothermal features on Earth including the iconic Old Faithful geyser. Although this system has been the focus of many geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies for decades, the shallow (<200 m) <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structure remains poorly characterized. To investigate the detailed <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> geologic structure including the hydrothermal plumbing of the Upper Geyser Basin, we deployed an array of densely spaced three-component nodal seismographs in November of 2015. In this study, we extract Rayleigh wave seismic signals between 1 and 10 Hz utilizing nondiffusive seismic waves excited by nearby active hydrothermal features with the following results: (1) imaging the shallow <span class="hlt">subsurface</span> structure by utilizing stationary hydrothermal activity as a seismic source, (2) characterizing how local geologic conditions control the formation and location of the Old Faithful hydrothermal system, and (3) resolving a relatively shallow (10-60 m) and large reservoir located 100 m southwest of Old Faithful geyser.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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