Geometric Hitting Set for Segments of Few Orientations

DOE PAGES

Fekete, Sandor P.; Huang, Kan; Mitchell, Joseph S. B.; ...

2016-01-13

Here we study several natural instances of the geometric hitting set problem for input consisting of sets of line segments (and rays, lines) having a small number of distinct slopes. These problems model path monitoring (e.g., on road networks) using the fewest sensors (the \\hitting points"). We give approximation algorithms for cases including (i) lines of 3 slopes in the plane, (ii) vertical lines and horizontal segments, (iii) pairs of horizontal/vertical segments. Lastly, we give hardness and hardness of approximation results for these problems. We prove that the hitting set problem for vertical lines and horizontal rays is polynomially solvable.

Unusual horizontal transfer of a long interspersed nuclear element between distant vertebrate classes

PubMed Central

Kordis, Dusan; Gubensek, Franc

1998-01-01

We have shown previously by Southern blot analysis that Bov-B long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) are present in different Viperidae snake species. To address the question as to whether Bov-B LINEs really have been transmitted horizontally between vertebrate classes, the analysis has been extended to a larger number of vertebrate, invertebrate, and plant species. In this paper, the evolutionary origin of Bov-B LINEs is shown unequivocally to be in Squamata. The previously proposed horizontal transfer of Bov-B LINEs in vertebrates has been confirmed by their discontinuous phylogenetic distribution in Squamata (Serpentes and two lizard infra-orders) as well as in Ruminantia, by the high level of nucleotide identity, and by their phylogenetic relationships. The horizontal transfer of Bov-B LINEs from Squamata to the ancestor of Ruminantia is evident from the genetic distances and discontinuous phylogenetic distribution. The ancestor of Colubroidea snakes is a possible donor of Bov-B LINEs to Ruminantia. The timing of horizontal transfer has been estimated from the distribution of Bov-B LINEs in Ruminantia and the fossil data of Ruminantia to be 40–50 My ago. The phylogenetic relationships of Bov-B LINEs from the various Squamata species agrees with that of the species phylogeny, suggesting that Bov-B LINEs have been maintained stably by vertical transmission since the origin of Squamata in the Mesozoic era. PMID:9724768

Open questions on prominences from coordinated observations by IRIS, Hinode, SDO/AIA, THEMIS, and the Meudon/MSDP

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmieder, B.; Tian, H.; Kucera, T.; López Ariste, A.; Mein, N.; Mein, P.; Dalmasse, K.; Golub, L.

2014-09-01

Context. A large prominence was observed by multiple instruments on the ground and in space during an international campaign on September 24, 2013, for three hours (12:12 UT -15:12 UT). Instruments used in the campaign included the newly launched (June 2013) Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), THEMIS (Tenerife), the Hinode Solar Optical Telescope (SOT), the Solar Dynamic Observatory's Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO/AIA), and the Multichannel Subtractive Double Pass spectrograph (MSDP) in the Meudon Solar Tower. The movies obtained in 304 Å with the EUV imager SDO/AIA, and in Ca II line by SOT show the dynamic nature of the prominence. Aims: The aim of this work is to study the dynamics of the prominence fine structures in multiple wavelengths to understand their formation. Methods: The spectrographs IRIS and MSDP provided line profiles with a high cadence in Mg II h (2803.5 Å) and k (2796.4 Å) lines along four slit positions (IRIS), and in Hα in a 2D field of view (MSDP). The spectropolarimetry of THEMIS (Tenerife) allowed us to derive the magnetic field of the prominence using the He D3 line depolarization (Hanle effect combined with the Zeeman effect). Results: The magnetic field is found to be globally horizontal with a relatively weak field strength (8-15 Gauss). On the other hand, the Ca II movie reveals turbulent-like motion that is not organized in specific parts of the prominence. We tested the addition of a turbulent magnetic component. This model is compatible with the polarimetric observations at those places where the plasma turbulence peaks. On the other hand, the Mg II line profiles show multiple peaks well separated in wavelength. This is interpreted by the existence of small threads along the line of sight with a large dispersion of discrete values of Doppler shifts, from 5 km s-1 (a quasi-steady component) to 60-80 km s-1. Each peak corresponds to a Gaussian profile, and not to a reversed profile as was expected by the present non-LTE radiative transfer modeling. This is a very surprising behavior for the Mg II line observed in prominences. Conclusions: Turbulent fields on top of the macroscopic horizontal component of the magnetic field supporting the prominence give rise to the complex dynamics of the plasma. The plasma with the high velocities (70 km s-1 to 100 km s-1 if we take into account the transverse velocities) may correspond to condensation of plasma along more or less horizontal threads of the arch-shape structure visible in 304 Å. The steady flows (5 km s-1) would correspond to a more quiescent plasma (cool and prominence-corona transition region) of the prominence packed into dips in horizontal magnetic field lines. The very weak secondary peaks in the Mg II profiles may reflect the turbulent nature of parts of the prominence. Movies are available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org

14 CFR 171.253 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... any horizontal plane at which the DDM is zero. Course sector (full) means a sector in a horizontal plane containing the course line and limited by the loci of points nearest to the course line at which the DDM is 0.155. Course sector (half) means the sector in a horizontal plane containing the course...

A monolingual mind can have two time lines: Exploring space-time mappings in Mandarin monolinguals.

PubMed

Yang, Wenxing; Sun, Ying

2016-06-01

Can a mind accommodate two time lines? Miles, Tan, Noble, Lumsden and Macrae (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 18, 598-604, 2011) shows that Mandarin-English bilinguals have both a horizontal space-time mapping consistent with linguistic conventions within English and a vertical representation of time commensurate with Mandarin. However, the present study, via two experiments, demonstrates that Mandarin monolinguals possess two mental time lines, i.e., one horizontal and one vertical line. This study concludes that a Mandarin speaker has two mental time lines not because he/she has acquired L2 English, but because there are both horizontal and vertical expressions in Mandarin spatiotemporal metaphors. Specifically, this study highlights the fact that a horizontal time line does exist in a Mandarin speaker's cognition, even if he/she is a Mandarin monolingual instead of a ME bilingual. Taken together, the evidence in hand is far from sufficient to support Miles et al.'s (2011) conclusion that ME bilinguals' horizontal concept of time is manipulated by English. Implications for theoretical issues concerning the language-thought relationship in general and the effect of bilingualism on cognition in particular are discussed.

Horizontal and Vertical Velocities Derived from the IDS Contribution to ITRF2014, and Comparisons with Geophysical Models

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moreaux, G.; Lemoine, F. G.; Argus, D. F.; Santamaria-Gomez, A.; Willis, P.; Soudarin, L.; Gravelle, M.; Ferrage, P.

2016-01-01

In the context of the 2014 realization of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF2014), the International DORIS Service (IDS) has delivered to the IERS a set of 1140 weekly SINEX files including station coordinates and Earth orientation parameters, covering the time period from 1993.0 to 2015.0. From this set of weekly SINEX files, the IDS Combination Center estimated a cumulative DORIS position and velocity solution to obtain mean horizontal and vertical motion of 160 stations at 71 DORIS sites. The main objective of this study is to validate the velocities of the DORIS sites by comparison with external models or time series. Horizontal velocities are compared with two recent global plate models (GEODVEL 2010 and NNR-MORVEL56). Prior to the comparisons, DORIS horizontal velocities were corrected for Global Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) from the ICE-6G (VM5a) model. For more than half of the sites, the DORIS horizontal velocities differ from the global plate models by less than 2-3 mm/yr. For five of the sites (Arequipa, Dionysos/Gavdos, Manila, Santiago) with horizontal velocity differences wrt these models larger than 10 mm/yr, comparisons with GNSS estimates show the veracity of the DORIS motions. Vertical motions from the DORIS cumulative solution are compared with the vertical velocities derived from the latest GPS cumulative solution over the time span 1995.0-2014.0 from the University of La Rochelle (ULR6) solution at 31 co-located DORIS-GPS sites. These two sets of vertical velocities show a correlation coefficient of 0.83. Vertical differences are larger than 2 mm/yr at 23 percent of the sites. At Thule the disagreement is explained by fine-tuned DORIS discontinuities in line with the mass variations of outlet glaciers. Furthermore, the time evolution of the vertical time series from the DORIS station in Thule show similar trends to the GRACE equivalent water height.

The influence of natural head position on the assessment of facial morphology.

PubMed

Woźniak, Krzysztof; Piątkowska, Dagmara; Lipski, Mariusz

2012-01-01

Skeletal relationships play a major part in determining occlusal relationships, and that is why they also affect orthodontic treatment. Facial morphology can be assessed by clinical or radiological methods. Soft tissue analysis of the face is accepted as an integral part of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the inclination between the Frankfort horizontal(FH) and the extracranial horizontal (HOR) lines with the head in the natural position (NHP) on the assessment of facial morphology. Lateral facial photographs of 200 young adult males and females were taken with the head in the natural head position and then analyzed. Each image was rotated in order to position the Frankfort line parallel to the extracranial horizontal line. Twelve landmarks on each of the 400 profile photographs (200 originals,200 processed) were identified, and nine linear measurements and three angular measurements were assessed. The inclination angle between the extracranial horizontal line and the Frankfort horizontal line in the NHP varied from -7.1° to 5.6° (mean -1.20°). Significant correlations were found between the inclination angle FH/HOR and both sagittal and vertical morphology predictors such as the sections N-Sn (r = 0.3737, p = 0.0001), Sn-Gn(r = 0.3231, p = 0.0000), and both facial angles (r = 0.9774, p = 0.0000) and proflle angles (r = 0.9654, p = 0.0000). A comparison of soft tissue measurements determined with reference to the Frankfort horizontal and extracranial horizontal lines with the head in the natural position reveals significant differences

Radial bisection of words and lines in right-brain-damaged patients with spatial neglect.

PubMed

Veronelli, Laura; Arduino, Lisa S; Girelli, Luisa; Vallar, Giuseppe

2017-09-01

The bisection of lines positioned radially (with the two ends of the line close and far, with respect to the participant's body) has been less investigated than that of lines placed horizontally (with their two ends left and right, with respect to the body's midsagittal plane). In horizontal bisection, patients with left neglect typically show a rightward bias for both lines and words, greater with longer stimuli. As for radial bisection, available data indicate that neurologically unimpaired participants make a distal error, while results from right-brain-damaged patients with left spatial neglect are contradictory. We investigated the bisection of radially oriented words, with the prediction that, during bisection, linguistic material would be recoded to its canonical left-to-right format in reading, with the performance of neglect patients being similar to that for horizontal words. Thirteen right-brain-damaged patients (seven with left spatial neglect) and fourteen healthy controls were asked to manually bisect 40 radial and 40 horizontal words (5-10 letters), and 80 lines, 40 radial and 40 horizontal, of comparable length. Right-brain-damaged patients with spatial neglect exhibited a proximal bias in the bisection of short radial words, with the proximal part corresponding to the final right part of horizontally oriented words. This proximal error was not found in patients without neglect and healthy controls. For bisection, short radial words may be recoded to the canonical orthographic horizontal format, unveiling the impact of left neglect on radially oriented stimuli. © 2015 The British Psychological Society.

Simplifying and enhancing the use of PyMOL with horizontal scripts

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

Abstract Scripts are used in PyMOL to exert precise control over the appearance of the output and to ease remaking similar images at a later time. We developed horizontal scripts to ease script development. A horizontal script makes a complete scene in PyMOL like a traditional vertical script. The commands in a horizontal script are separated by semicolons. These scripts are edited interactively on the command line with no need for an external text editor. This simpler workflow accelerates script development. In using PyMOL, the illustration of a molecular scene requires an 18‐element matrix of view port settings. The default format spans several lines and is laborious to manually reformat for one line. This default format prevents the fast assembly of horizontal scripts that can reproduce a molecular scene. We solved this problem by writing a function that displays the settings on one line in a compact format suitable for horizontal scripts. We also demonstrate the mapping of aliases to horizontal scripts. Many aliases can be defined in a single script file, which can be useful for applying costume molecular representations to any structure. We also redefined horizontal scripts as Python functions to enable the use of the help function to print documentation about an alias to the command history window. We discuss how these methods of using horizontal scripts both simplify and enhance the use of PyMOL in research and education. PMID:27488983

Using simulated 3D surface fuelbeds and terrestrial laser scan data to develop inputs to fire behavior models

Treesearch

Eric Rowell; E. Louise Loudermilk; Carl Seielstad; Joseph O' Brien

2016-01-01

Understanding fine-scale variability in understory fuels is increasingly important as physics-based fire behavior modelsdrive needs for higher-resolution data. Describing fuelbeds 3Dly is critical in determining vertical and horizontal distributions offuel elements and the mass, especially in frequently burned pine ecosystems where fine-scale...

OBSERVATIONS AND MAGNETIC FIELD MODELING OF A SOLAR POLAR CROWN PROMINENCE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Su Yingna; Van Ballegooijen, Adriaan, E-mail: ynsu@head.cfa.harvard.edu

2012-10-01

We present observations and magnetic field modeling of the large polar crown prominence that erupted on 2010 December 6. Combination of Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) and STEREO{sub B}ehind/EUVI allows us to see the fine structures of this prominence both at the limb and on the disk. We focus on the structures and dynamics of this prominence before the eruption. This prominence contains two parts: an active region part containing mainly horizontal threads and a quiet-Sun part containing mainly vertical threads. On the northern side of the prominence channel, both AIA and EUVI observe bright features which appearmore » to be the lower legs of loops that go above then join in the filament. Filament materials are observed to frequently eject horizontally from the active region part to the quiet-Sun part. This ejection results in the formation of a dense-column structure (concentration of dark vertical threads) near the border between the active region and the quiet Sun. Using the flux rope insertion method, we create nonlinear force-free field models based on SDO/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager line-of-sight magnetograms. A key feature of these models is that the flux rope has connections with the surroundings photosphere, so its axial flux varies along the filament path. The height and location of the dips of field lines in our models roughly replicate those of the observed prominence. Comparison between model and observations suggests that the bright features on the northern side of the channel are the lower legs of the field lines that turn into the flux rope. We suggest that plasma may be injected into the prominence along these field lines. Although the models fit the observations quiet well, there are also some interesting differences. For example, the models do not reproduce the observed vertical threads and cannot explain the formation of the dense-column structure.« less

Eye-Tracking Reveals that the Strength of the Vertical-Horizontal Illusion Increases as the Retinal Image Becomes More Stable with Fixation

PubMed Central

Chouinard, Philippe A.; Peel, Hayden J.; Landry, Oriane

2017-01-01

The closer a line extends toward a surrounding frame, the longer it appears. This is known as a framing effect. Over 70 years ago, Teodor Künnapas demonstrated that the shape of the visual field itself can act as a frame to influence the perceived length of lines in the vertical-horizontal illusion. This illusion is typically created by having a vertical line rise from the center of a horizontal line of the same length creating an inverted T figure. We aimed to determine if the degree to which one fixates on a spatial location where the two lines bisect could influence the strength of the illusion, assuming that the framing effect would be stronger when the retinal image is more stable. We performed two experiments: the visual-field and vertical-horizontal illusion experiments. The visual-field experiment demonstrated that the participants could discriminate a target more easily when it was presented along the horizontal vs. vertical meridian, confirming a framing influence on visual perception. The vertical-horizontal illusion experiment determined the effects of orientation, size and eye gaze on the strength of the illusion. As predicted, the illusion was strongest when the stimulus was presented in either its standard inverted T orientation or when it was rotated 180° compared to other orientations, and in conditions in which the retinal image was more stable, as indexed by eye tracking. Taken together, we conclude that the results provide support for Teodor Künnapas’ explanation of the vertical-horizontal illusion. PMID:28392764

Horizontal fields generated by return strokes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cooray, Vernon

1991-01-01

Horizontal fields generated by return strokes play an important role in the interaction of lightning generated electric fields with power lines. In many of the recent investigations on the interaction of lightning electromagnetic fields with power lines, the horizontal field was calculated by employing the expression for the tilt of the electric field of a plane wave propagating over finitely conducting earth. The method is suitable for calculating horizontal fields generated by return strokes at distances as close as 200m. At these close ranges, the use of the wavetilt expression can cause large errors.

[Distribution of fine root biomass of main planting tree species in Loess Plateau, China].

PubMed

Jian, Sheng-Qi; Zhao, Chuan-Yan; Fang, Shu-Min; Yu, Kai

2014-07-01

The distribution of fine roots of Pinus tabuliformis, Populus tomentosa, Prunus armeniaca, Robinia pseudoacacia, Hippophae rhamnoides, and Caragana korshinskii was investigated by using soil core method and the fine root was defined as root with diameter less than 2 mm. The soil moisture and soil properties were measured. The results showed that in the horizontal direction, the distribution of fine root biomass of P. tabuliformis presented a conic curve, and the fine root biomass of the other species expressed logarithm correlation. Radial roots developed, the fine root biomass were concentrated within the scope of the 2-3 times crown, indicating that trees extended their roots laterally to seek water farther from the tree. In the vertical direction, the fine root biomass decreased with the increasing soil depth. Fine root biomass had significant negative correlation with soil water content and bulk density, while significant positive correlation with organic matter and total N contents.

Numerical and Observational Investigations of Long-Lived Mcs-Induced Severe Surface Wind Events: the Derecho

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmidt, Jerome Michael

This study addresses the production of sustained, straight-line, severe surface winds associated with mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) of extratropical origin otherwise known as derechos. The physical processes which govern the observed derecho characteristics are identified and their possible forcing mechanisms are determined. Detailed observations of two derechos are presented along with simulations using the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (CSU-RAMS). The observations revealed a derecho environment characterized by strong vertical wind shear through the depth of the troposphere and large values of convective available potential energy (CAPE). The thermodynamic environment of the troposphere in each case had a distinct three-layer structure consisting of: (i) a surface-based stable layer of 1-to-2 km in depth, (ii) an elevated well -mixed layer of 2-4 km in depth, and (iii) an upper tropospheric layer of intermediate stability that extended to the tropopause. Two primary sets of simulations were performed to assess the impact of the observed environmental profiles on the derecho structure, propagation, and longevity. The first set consisted of nested-grid regional-scale simulations initialized from the standard NMC analyses on a domain having relatively coarse horizontal resolution (75 km). The second set of simulations consisted of two and three-dimensional experiments initialized in a horizontally homogeneous environment having a relatively fine horizontal resolution (2 km) and explicit microphysics. The results from these experiments indicate the importance of convectively -induced gravity waves on the MCS structure, propagation, longevity, and severe surface wind development. The sensitivity of the simulated convection and gravity waves to variations in the vertical wind shear and moisture profiles are described. Detailed Doppler radar analyses and 3-D simulations of a severe, bow echo squall line are presented which reveal the unique 3-D circulation features which accompany these mesoscale convective systems. We illustrate how the mesoscale and convective-scale flow fields within the bow echo establish the severe surface wind maximum. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.).

Preliminary Analysis of Night-time Aerosol Optical Depth Retrievals at a Rural, Near-urban Site in Southern Canada

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Baibakov, K.; O'Neill, N. T.; Firanski, B.

2009-03-11

In the summer of 2007, a SPSTAR03 starphotometer was installed at Egbert, Canada (44 deg. 13' N, 79 deg. 45' W, alt 264 m) and a continuous series of initial measurements was performed between August 26 and September 19. Several sunphotometry parameters such as the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the 'fine' and 'coarse' optical depths were extracted from the SPSTAR03 extinction spectra. The SPSTAR03 data was analyzed in conjunction with sunphotometry and zenith-pointing lidar data acquired during the same time period. Preliminary results show coarse continuity between the day- and night time AOD values (with the mean difference betweenmore » the measured and the interpolated values being 0.05) as well as a qualitative correlation between the 'fine' and 'coarse' optical depths and the normalized lidar backscatter coefficient profiles. It was also found that the spectra produced with the differential two-star measurement method were sensitive to non-horizontally homogeneous differences in the line-of-sight conditions of both stars. The one-star method helps to reduce the uncertainties but requires the determination of a calibration constant.« less

Straight line foraging in yellow-eyed penguins: new insights into cascading fisheries effects and orientation capabilities of marine predators.

PubMed

Mattern, Thomas; Ellenberg, Ursula; Houston, David M; Lamare, Miles; Davis, Lloyd S; van Heezik, Yolanda; Seddon, Philip J

2013-01-01

Free-ranging marine predators rarely search for prey along straight lines because dynamic ocean processes usually require complex search strategies. If linear movement patterns occur they are usually associated with travelling events or migratory behaviour. However, recent fine scale tracking of flying seabirds has revealed straight-line movements while birds followed fishing vessels. Unlike flying seabirds, penguins are not known to target and follow fishing vessels. Yet yellow-eyed penguins from New Zealand often exhibit directed movement patterns while searching for prey at the seafloor, a behaviour that seems to contradict common movement ecology theories. While deploying GPS dive loggers on yellow-eyed penguins from the Otago Peninsula we found that the birds frequently followed straight lines for several kilometres with little horizontal deviation. In several cases individuals swam up and down the same line, while some of the lines were followed by more than one individual. Using a remote operated vehicle (ROV) we found a highly visible furrow on the seafloor most likely caused by an otter board of a demersal fish trawl, which ran in a straight line exactly matching the trajectory of a recent line identified from penguin tracks. We noted high abundances of benthic scavengers associated with fisheries-related bottom disturbance. While our data demonstrate the acute way-finding capabilities of benthic foraging yellow-eyed penguins, they also highlight how hidden cascading effects of coastal fisheries may alter behaviour and potentially even population dynamics of marine predators, an often overlooked fact in the examination of fisheries' impacts.

Visuospatial biases in preschool children: Evidence from line bisection in three-dimensional space.

PubMed

Patro, Katarzyna; Nuerk, Hans-Christoph; Brugger, Peter

2018-04-09

Spatial attention in adults is characterized by systematic asymmetries across all three spatial dimensions. These asymmetries are evident when participants bisect horizontal, vertical, or radial lines and misplace their midpoints to the left, the top, or far from the body, respectively. However, bisection errors are rarely examined during early childhood. In this study, we examined the development of spatial-attentional asymmetries in three-dimensional (3D) space by asking preschool children (aged 3-6 years) to bisect horizontal, vertical, and radial lines. Children erred to the left with horizontal lines and to the top with vertical lines, consistent with the pattern reported in adults. These biases got stronger with age and were absent in the youngest preschoolers. However, by controlling for a possible failure in hitting the line, we observed an additional unpredicted pattern: Children's pointing systematically deviated away from the line to an empty space on its left side (for vertical and radial lines) or above it (for horizontal lines). Notably, this task-irrelevant deviation was pronounced in children as young as 3 or 4 years. We conclude that asymmetries in spatial-attentional functions should be measured not only in task-relevant dimensions but also in task-irrelevant dimensions because the latter may reveal biases in very young children not typically observed in task-relevant measures. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Adaptive radiation by waves of gene transfer leads to fine-scale resource partitioning in marine microbes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hehemann, Jan -Hendrik; Arevalo, Philip; Datta, Manoshi S.

Adaptive radiations are important drivers of niche filling, since they rapidly adapt a single clade of organisms to ecological opportunities. Although thought to be common for animals and plants, adaptive radiations have remained difficult to document for microbes in the wild. Here we describe a recent adaptive radiation leading to fine-scale ecophysiological differentiation in the degradation of an algal glycan in a clade of closely related marine bacteria. Horizontal gene transfer is the primary driver in the diversification of the pathway leading to several ecophysiologically differentiated Vibrionaceae populations adapted to different physical forms of alginate. Furthermore, pathway architecture is predictivemore » of function and ecology, underscoring that horizontal gene transfer without extensive regulatory changes can rapidly assemble fully functional pathways in microbes.« less

Adaptive radiation by waves of gene transfer leads to fine-scale resource partitioning in marine microbes

DOE PAGES

Hehemann, Jan -Hendrik; Arevalo, Philip; Datta, Manoshi S.; ...

2016-09-22

Adaptive radiations are important drivers of niche filling, since they rapidly adapt a single clade of organisms to ecological opportunities. Although thought to be common for animals and plants, adaptive radiations have remained difficult to document for microbes in the wild. Here we describe a recent adaptive radiation leading to fine-scale ecophysiological differentiation in the degradation of an algal glycan in a clade of closely related marine bacteria. Horizontal gene transfer is the primary driver in the diversification of the pathway leading to several ecophysiologically differentiated Vibrionaceae populations adapted to different physical forms of alginate. Furthermore, pathway architecture is predictivemore » of function and ecology, underscoring that horizontal gene transfer without extensive regulatory changes can rapidly assemble fully functional pathways in microbes.« less

Adaptive radiation by waves of gene transfer leads to fine-scale resource partitioning in marine microbes

PubMed Central

Hehemann, Jan-Hendrik; Arevalo, Philip; Datta, Manoshi S.; Yu, Xiaoqian; Corzett, Christopher H.; Henschel, Andreas; Preheim, Sarah P.; Timberlake, Sonia; Alm, Eric J.; Polz, Martin F.

2016-01-01

Adaptive radiations are important drivers of niche filling, since they rapidly adapt a single clade of organisms to ecological opportunities. Although thought to be common for animals and plants, adaptive radiations have remained difficult to document for microbes in the wild. Here we describe a recent adaptive radiation leading to fine-scale ecophysiological differentiation in the degradation of an algal glycan in a clade of closely related marine bacteria. Horizontal gene transfer is the primary driver in the diversification of the pathway leading to several ecophysiologically differentiated Vibrionaceae populations adapted to different physical forms of alginate. Pathway architecture is predictive of function and ecology, underscoring that horizontal gene transfer without extensive regulatory changes can rapidly assemble fully functional pathways in microbes. PMID:27653556

Implications of Earth analogs to Martian sulfate-filled Fractures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Holt, R. M.; Powers, D. W.

2017-12-01

Sulfate-filled fractures in fine-grained sediments on Mars are interpreted to be the result of fluid movement during deep burial. Fractures in the Dewey Lake (aka Quartermaster) Formation of southeastern New Mexico and west Texas are filled with gypsum that is at least partially synsedimentary. Sulfate in the Dewey Lake takes two principal forms: gypsum cement and gypsum (mainly fibrous) that fills fractures ranging from horizontal to vertical. Apertures are mainly mm-scale, though some are > 1 cm. The gypsum is antitaxial, fibrous, commonly approximately perpendicular to the wall rock, and displays suture lines and relics of the wall rock. Direct evidence of synsedimentary, near-surface origin includes gypsum intraclasts, intraclasts that include smaller intraclasts that contain gypsum clasts, intraclasts of gypsum with suture lines, gypsum concentrated in small desiccation cracks, and intraclasts that include fibrous gypsum-filled fractures that terminate at the eroded clast boundary. Dewey Lake fracture fillings suggest that their Martian analogs may also have originated in the shallow subsurface, shortly following the deposition of Martian sediments, in the presence of shallow aquifers.

The homogeneity effect on figure/ground perception in infancy.

PubMed

Takashima, Midori; Kanazawa, So; Yamaguchi, Masami K; Shiina, Ken

2014-02-01

We examined whether the homogeneity of the two profiles of Rubin's goblet affects figure/ground perception in infants. We modified the two profiles of Rubin's goblet in order to compare figure/ground perception under four test patterns: (1) two profiles painted with horizontal lines (horizontal-line condition), (2) two profiles painted middle gray (uni-color condition), (3) one profile painted light gray and the other dark gray (two-color condition), and (4) a goblet painted with concentric circles (concentric-circles condition). In the horizontal-line condition the homogeneity of the profile was strengthened, and in the two-color condition the homogeneity of the profile was weakened compared to the uni-color condition, which was an original Rubin's goblet. In the concentric-circles condition the homogeneity of the reversed areas of the horizontal-line were strengthened. After infants were familiarized with each Rubin's goblet, the infants were tested on their discrimination between the two profiles and the goblet in the post-familiarization test. In horizontal-line condition, uni-color condition and concentric-circles condition infants showed a novelty preference for the two profiles in the post-familiarization test. On the other hand, in the two-color condition no preference was observed in the post-familiarization test. This means that infants perceived the goblet as figure and the two profiles as ground in the horizontal-line condition, the uni-color condition and the concentric-circles condition. We found that infants could not perceive the goblet area as figure when the homogeneity of the two profiles was weakened. It can be said that figure/ground perception in infancy is not affected by strengthened homogeneity, but is affected by weakened homogeneity. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Hexagonal Pixels and Indexing Scheme for Binary Images

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, Gordon G.

2004-01-01

A scheme for resampling binaryimage data from a rectangular grid to a regular hexagonal grid and an associated tree-structured pixel-indexing scheme keyed to the level of resolution have been devised. This scheme could be utilized in conjunction with appropriate image-data-processing algorithms to enable automated retrieval and/or recognition of images. For some purposes, this scheme is superior to a prior scheme that relies on rectangular pixels: one example of such a purpose is recognition of fingerprints, which can be approximated more closely by use of line segments along hexagonal axes than by line segments along rectangular axes. This scheme could also be combined with algorithms for query-image-based retrieval of images via the Internet. A binary image on a rectangular grid is generated by raster scanning or by sampling on a stationary grid of rectangular pixels. In either case, each pixel (each cell in the rectangular grid) is denoted as either bright or dark, depending on whether the light level in the pixel is above or below a prescribed threshold. The binary data on such an image are stored in a matrix form that lends itself readily to searches of line segments aligned with either or both of the perpendicular coordinate axes. The first step in resampling onto a regular hexagonal grid is to make the resolution of the hexagonal grid fine enough to capture all the binaryimage detail from the rectangular grid. In practice, this amounts to choosing a hexagonal-cell width equal to or less than a third of the rectangular- cell width. Once the data have been resampled onto the hexagonal grid, the image can readily be checked for line segments aligned with the hexagonal coordinate axes, which typically lie at angles of 30deg, 90deg, and 150deg with respect to say, the horizontal rectangular coordinate axis. Optionally, one can then rotate the rectangular image by 90deg, then again sample onto the hexagonal grid and check for line segments at angles of 0deg, 60deg, and 120deg to the original horizontal coordinate axis. The net result is that one has checked for line segments at angular intervals of 30deg. For even finer angular resolution, one could, for example, then rotate the rectangular-grid image +/-45deg before sampling to perform checking for line segments at angular intervals of 15deg.

Variability of phase and amplitude fronts due to horizontal refraction in shallow water.

PubMed

Katsnelson, Boris G; Grigorev, Valery A; Lynch, James F

2018-01-01

The variability of the interference pattern of a narrow-band sound signal in a shallow water waveguide in the horizontal plane in the presence of horizontal stratification, in particular due to linear internal waves, is studied. It is shown that lines of constant phase (a phase front) and lines of constant amplitude/envelope (an amplitude front) for each waveguide mode may have different directions in the spatial vicinity of the point of reception. The angle between them depends on the waveguide's parameters, the mode number, and the sound frequency. Theoretical estimates and data processing methodology for obtaining these angles from experimental data recorded by a horizontal line array are proposed. The behavior of the angles, which are obtained for two episodes from the Shallow Water 2006 (SW06) experiment, show agreement with the theory presented.

'Where' and 'what' in visual search.

PubMed

Atkinson, J; Braddick, O J

1989-01-01

A line segment target can be detected among distractors of a different orientation by a fast 'preattentive' process. One view is that this depends on detection of a 'feature gradient', which enables subjects to locate where the target is without necessarily identifying what it is. An alternative view is that a target can be identified as distinctive in a particular 'feature map' without subjects knowing where it is in that map. Experiments are reported in which briefly exposed arrays of line segments were followed by a pattern mask, and the threshold stimulus-mask interval determined for three tasks: 'what'--subjects reported whether the target was vertical or horizontal among oblique distractors; 'coarse where'--subjects reported whether the target was in the upper or lower half of the array; 'fine where'--subjects reported whether or not the target was in a set of four particular array positions. The threshold interval was significantly lower for the 'coarse where' than for the 'what' task, indicating that, even though localization in this task depends on the target's orientation difference, this localization is possible without absolute identification of target orientation. However, for the 'fine where' task, intervals as long as or longer than those for the 'what' task were required. It appears either that different localization processes work at different levels of resolution, or that a single localization process, independent of identification, can increase its resolution at the expense of processing speed. These possibilities are discussed in terms of distinct neural representations of the visual field and fixed or variable localization processes acting upon them.

An In Vivo Evaluation of the Fit of Zirconium-Oxide Based, Ceramic Single Crowns with Vertical and Horizontal Finish Line Preparations.

PubMed

Vigolo, Paolo; Mutinelli, Sabrina; Biscaro, Leonello; Stellini, Edoardo

2015-12-01

Different types of tooth preparations influence the marginal precision of zirconium-oxide based ceramic single crowns. In this in vivo study, the marginal fits of zirconium-oxide based ceramic single crowns with vertical and horizontal finish lines were compared. Forty-six teeth were chosen in eight patients indicated for extraction for implant placement. CAD/CAM technology was used for the production of 46 zirconium-oxide-based ceramic single crowns: 23 teeth were prepared with vertical finishing lines, 23 with horizontal finishing lines. One operator accomplished all clinical procedures. The zirconia crowns were cemented with glass ionomer cement. The teeth were extracted 1 month later. Marginal gaps along vertical planes were measured for each crown, using a total of four landmarks for each tooth by means of a microscope at 50× magnification. On conclusion of microscopic assessment, ESEM evaluation was completed on all specimens. The comparison of the gap between the two types of preparation was performed with a nonparametric test (two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test) with a level of significance fixed at p < 0.05. All data were analyzed with STATA12. In the group with horizontal finish line preparations, the median value of the gap was 35.45 μm (Iqr, 0.33); for the vertical finish line group, the median value of the gap was 35.44 μm (Iqr, 0.40). The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test, p = 0.0872). Within the limitations of this study, the gaps of the zirconium-oxide-based ceramic CAD/CAM crowns with vertical and horizontal finish line preparations were not different. © 2015 by the American College of Prosthodontists.

Simulations of horizontal roll vortex development above lines of extreme surface heating

Treesearch

W.E. Heilman; J.D. Fast

1992-01-01

A two-dimensional, nonhydrostatic, coupled, earth/atmospheric model has been used to simulate mean and turbulent atmospheric characteristics near lines of extreme surface heating. Prognostic equations are used to solve for the horizontal and vertical wind components, potential temperature, and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). The model computes nonhydrostatic pressure...

Simulations of buoyancy-generated horizontal roll vortices over multiple heating lines

Treesearch

W.E. Heilman

1994-01-01

A two-dimensional nonhydrostatic atmospheric model is used to simulate the boundary-layer circulations that develop from multiple lines of extremely high surface temperatures. Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the role of buoyancy and ambient crossflow effects in generating horizontal roll vortices in the vicinity of adjacent wildland fire perimeters...

Right up There: Hemispatial and Hand Asymmetries of Altitudinal Pseudoneglect

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Suavansri, Ketchai; Falchook, Adam D.; Williamson, John B.; Heilman, Kenneth M.

2012-01-01

Background: Pseudoneglect is a normal left sided spatial bias observed with attempted bisections of horizontal lines and a normal upward bias observed with attempted bisections of vertical lines. Horizontal pseudoneglect has been attributed to right hemispheric dominance for the allocation of attention. The goal of this study was to test the…

A practical modification of horizontal line sampling for snag and cavity tree inventory

Treesearch

M. J. Ducey; G. J. Jordan; J. H. Gove; H. T. Valentine

2002-01-01

Snags and cavity trees are important structural features in forests, but they are often sparsely distributed, making efficient inventories problematic. We present a straightforward modification of horizontal line sampling designed to facilitate inventory of these features while remaining compatible with commonly employed sampling methods for the living overstory. The...

Summary of the Fourth AIAA CFD Drag Prediction Workshop

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vassberg, John C.; Tinoco, Edward N.; Mani, Mori; Rider, Ben; Zickuhr, Tom; Levy, David W.; Brodersen, Olaf P.; Eisfeld, Bernhard; Crippa, Simone; Wahls, Richard A.;

Optimal conditions for chlorothalonil and dissolved organic carbon in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands.

PubMed

Rìos-Montes, Karina A; Casas-Zapata, Juan C; Briones-Gallardo, Roberto; Peñuela, Gustavo

2017-04-03

The most efficient system of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSFCW) for removing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the presence of chlorothalonil pesticide (CLT) present in synthetic domestic wastewater was determined using the macrophyte Phragmites australis. Two concentrations of CLT (85 and 385 μg L -1 ) and one concentration of glucose (20 mg L -1 ) were evaluated in four pilot scale horizontal surface flow constructed wetlands coupled with two sizes of silica gravel, igneous gravel, fine chalky gravel (3.18-6.35 mm), coarse gravel (12.70-25.40 mm) and two water surface heights (20 and 40 cm). For a month, wetlands were acclimated with domestic wastewater. Some groups of bacteria were also identified in the biofilm attached to the gravel. In each treatment periodic samplings were conducted in the influent and effluent. Chlorothalonil was quantified by gas chromatography (GC-ECD m), DOC by an organic carbon analyzer and bacterial groups using conventional microbiology in accordance with Standard Methods. The largest removals of DOC (85.82%-85.31%) were found when using fine gravel (3.18-6.35 mm) and the lower layer of water (20 cm). The bacterial groups quantified in the biofilm were total heterotrophic, revivable heterotrophic, Pseudomonas and total coliforms. The results of this study indicate that fine grain gravel (3.18-6.35 mm) and both water levels (20 to 40 cm) can be used in the removal of organic matter and for the treatment of agricultural effluents contaminated with organo-chloride pesticides like CLT in HSSFCW.

Fine-scale variability of isopycnal salinity in the California Current System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Itoh, Sachihiko; Rudnick, Daniel L.

2017-09-01

This paper examines the fine-scale structure and seasonal fluctuations of the isopycnal salinity of the California Current System from 2007 to 2013 using temperature and salinity profiles obtained from a series of underwater glider surveys. The seasonal mean distributions of the spectral power of the isopycnal salinity gradient averaged over submesoscale (12-30 km) and mesoscale (30-60 km) ranges along three survey lines off Monterey Bay, Point Conception, and Dana Point were obtained from 298 transects. The mesoscale and submesoscale variance increased as coastal upwelling caused the isopycnal salinity gradient to steepen. Areas of elevated variance were clearly observed around the salinity front during the summer then spread offshore through the fall and winter. The high fine-scale variances were observed typically above 25.8 kg m-3 and decreased with depth to a minimum at around 26.3 kg m-3. The mean spectral slope of the isopycnal salinity gradient with respect to wavenumber was 0.19 ± 0.27 over the horizontal scale of 12-60 km, and 31%-35% of the spectra had significantly positive slopes. In contrast, the spectral slope over 12-30 km was mostly flat, with mean values of -0.025 ± 0.32. An increase in submesoscale variability accompanying the steepening of the spectral slope was often observed in inshore areas; e.g., off Monterey Bay in winter, where a sharp front developed between the California Current and the California Under Current, and the lower layers of the Southern California Bight, where vigorous interaction between a synoptic current and bottom topography is to be expected.

Eliminating Glutamatergic Input onto Horizontal Cells Changes the Dynamic Range and Receptive Field Organization of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells.

PubMed

Ströh, Sebastian; Puller, Christian; Swirski, Sebastian; Hölzel, Maj-Britt; van der Linde, Lea I S; Segelken, Jasmin; Schultz, Konrad; Block, Christoph; Monyer, Hannah; Willecke, Klaus; Weiler, Reto; Greschner, Martin; Janssen-Bienhold, Ulrike; Dedek, Karin

2018-02-21

In the mammalian retina, horizontal cells receive glutamatergic inputs from many rod and cone photoreceptors and return feedback signals to them, thereby changing photoreceptor glutamate release in a light-dependent manner. Horizontal cells also provide feedforward signals to bipolar cells. It is unclear, however, how horizontal cell signals also affect the temporal, spatial, and contrast tuning in retinal output neurons, the ganglion cells. To study this, we generated a genetically modified mouse line in which we eliminated the light dependency of feedback by deleting glutamate receptors from mouse horizontal cells. This genetic modification allowed us to investigate the impact of horizontal cells on ganglion cell signaling independent of the actual mode of feedback in the outer retina and without pharmacological manipulation of signal transmission. In control and genetically modified mice (both sexes), we recorded the light responses of transient OFF-α retinal ganglion cells in the intact retina. Excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were reduced and the cells were tuned to lower temporal frequencies and higher contrasts, presumably because photoreceptor output was attenuated. Moreover, receptive fields of recorded cells showed a significantly altered surround structure. Our data thus suggest that horizontal cells are responsible for adjusting the dynamic range of retinal ganglion cells and, together with amacrine cells, contribute to the center/surround organization of ganglion cell receptive fields in the mouse. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Horizontal cells represent a major neuronal class in the mammalian retina and provide lateral feedback and feedforward signals to photoreceptors and bipolar cells, respectively. The mode of signal transmission remains controversial and, moreover, the contribution of horizontal cells to visual processing is still elusive. To address the question of how horizontal cells affect retinal output signals, we recorded the light responses of transient OFF-α retinal ganglion cells in a newly generated mouse line. In this mouse line, horizontal cell signals were no longer modulated by light. With light response recordings, we show that horizontal cells increase the dynamic range of retinal ganglion cells for contrast and temporal changes and contribute to the center/surround organization of their receptive fields. Copyright © 2018 the authors 0270-6474/18/382015-14$15.00/0.

Observational study on the fine structure and dynamics of a solar jet. II. Energy release process revealed by spectral analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sakaue, Takahito; Tei, Akiko; Asai, Ayumi; Ueno, Satoru; Ichimoto, Kiyoshi; Shibata, Kazunari

2018-01-01

We report on a solar jet phenomenon associated with the C5.4 class flare on 2014 November 11. The data of the jet was provided by the Solar Dynamics Observatory, the X-Ray Telescope (XRT) aboard Hinode, and the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph and Domeless Solar Telescope (DST) at Hida Observatory, Kyoto University. These plentiful data enabled us to present this series of papers to discuss all the processes of the observed phenomena, including energy storage, event trigger, and energy release. In this paper, we focus on the energy release process of the observed jet, and mainly describe our spectral analysis on the Hα data of DST to investigate the internal structure of the Hα jet and its temporal evolution. This analysis reveals that in the physical quantity distributions of the Hα jet, such as line-of-sight velocity and optical thickness, there is a significant gradient in the direction crossing the jet. We interpret this internal structure as the consequence of the migration of the energy release site, based on the idea of ubiquitous reconnection. Moreover, by measuring the horizontal flow of the fine structures in the jet, we succeeded in deriving the three-dimensional velocity field and the line-of-sight acceleration field of the Hα jet. The analysis result indicates that part of the ejecta in the Hα jet experienced additional acceleration after it had been ejected from the lower atmosphere. This secondary acceleration was found to occur in the vicinity of the intersection between the trajectories of the Hα jet and the X-ray jet observed by Hinode/XRT. We propose that a fundamental cause of this phenomenon is magnetic reconnection involving the plasmoid in the observed jet.

[Ultraviolet spectroscopic study on the fine structures in the solar polar hole].

PubMed

Zhang, Min; Wang, Dong; Liu, Guo-Hong

2014-07-01

Fine structures in the south solar polar coronal hole were observed by N IV line of SOHO/SUMER spectrograph. The scales of the fine structures range spatially range from 1 arcsec to several arcsecs, temporally from 1 min to several minutes, and parts of them are in strip shape along the slit direction. The line-of-sight velocity of them is up to tens of km x s(-1) with red and blue shift intercrossed occasionally, which appear periodically as long as 100 minutes in some regions. Part of the fine structures can be clearly observed at the Ne V III line with higher formation temperature in the same spectral window. The time and location of some fine structures with high velocity in the Ne V III spectrum are almost the same as that in N IV spectrum, but they are extended and diffused in the Ne V III spectrum. Some fine structures have non-Gaussian profiles with the line-of-sight Doppler velocities up to 150 km x s(-1) in the N IV blue/red wings, which is similar with the explosive events in the transition region. In the past, explosive events are small-scale dynamic phenomena often observed in the quiet-sun (QS) region, while their properties in coronal holes (CHs) remain unclear. Here, we find the EE-like events with strong dynamics in the south solar polar coronal hole by N IV line of SOHO/SUMER spectrograph.

Fine-grained linings of leveed channels facilitate runout of granular flows

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kokelaar, B.P.; Graham, R. L.; Gray, J.M.N.T.; Vallance, James W.

2014-01-01

Catastrophic dense granular flows, such as occur in rock avalanches, debris flows and pyroclastic flows, move as fully shearing mixtures that have approximately 60 vol.% solids and tend to segregate to form coarse-grained fronts and leveed channels. Levees restrict spreading of unconfined flows and form as coarse particles that become concentrated in the top of the flow are transported to the front and then advect to the sides in the flow head. Channels from which most material has drained away down slope are commonly lined with fine-grained deposit, widely thought to remain from the tail of the waning flow. We show how segregation in experimental dense flows of carborundum or sand (300–425 μm) mixed with spherical fine ballotini (150–250 μm), on rough slopes of 27–29°, produces fine-grained channel linings that are deposited with the levees, into which they grade laterally. Maximum runout distance is attained with mixtures containing 30–40% sand, just sufficient to segregate and form levees that are adequately robust to restrict the spreading attributable to the low-friction fines. Resin impregnation and serial sectioning of deliberately arrested experimental flows shows how fines-lined levees form from the flow head; the flows create their own stable ‘conduit’ entirely from the front, which in a geophysical context can play an important mechanistic role in facilitating runout. The flow self-organization ensures that low-friction fines at the base of the segregated channel flow shear over fine-grained substrate in the channel, thus reducing frictional energy losses. We propose that in pyroclastic flows and debris flows, which have considerable mobility attributable to pore-fluid pressures, such fine-grained flow-contact zones form similarly and not only reduce frictional energy losses but also reduce flow–substrate permeability so as to enhance pore-fluid pressure retention. Thus the granular flow self-organization that produces fine-grained channel linings can be an important factor in facilitating long runout of catastrophic geophysical flows on the low slopes (few degrees) of depositional fans and aprons around mountains and volcanoes.

Fine-grained linings of leveed channels facilitate runout of granular flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kokelaar, B. P.; Graham, R. L.; Gray, J. M. N. T.; Vallance, J. W.

2014-01-01

Catastrophic dense granular flows, such as occur in rock avalanches, debris flows and pyroclastic flows, move as fully shearing mixtures that have approximately 60 vol.% solids and tend to segregate to form coarse-grained fronts and leveed channels. Levees restrict spreading of unconfined flows and form as coarse particles that become concentrated in the top of the flow are transported to the front and then advect to the sides in the flow head. Channels from which most material has drained away down slope are commonly lined with fine-grained deposit, widely thought to remain from the tail of the waning flow. We show how segregation in experimental dense flows of carborundum or sand (300-425 μm) mixed with spherical fine ballotini (150-250 μm), on rough slopes of 27-29°, produces fine-grained channel linings that are deposited with the levees, into which they grade laterally. Maximum runout distance is attained with mixtures containing 30-40% sand, just sufficient to segregate and form levees that are adequately robust to restrict the spreading attributable to the low-friction fines. Resin impregnation and serial sectioning of deliberately arrested experimental flows shows how fines-lined levees form from the flow head; the flows create their own stable ‘conduit’ entirely from the front, which in a geophysical context can play an important mechanistic role in facilitating runout. The flow self-organization ensures that low-friction fines at the base of the segregated channel flow shear over fine-grained substrate in the channel, thus reducing frictional energy losses. We propose that in pyroclastic flows and debris flows, which have considerable mobility attributable to pore-fluid pressures, such fine-grained flow-contact zones form similarly and not only reduce frictional energy losses but also reduce flow-substrate permeability so as to enhance pore-fluid pressure retention. Thus the granular flow self-organization that produces fine-grained channel linings can be an important factor in facilitating long runout of catastrophic geophysical flows on the low slopes (few degrees) of depositional fans and aprons around mountains and volcanoes.

SU-E-T-130: Are Proton Gantries Needed? An Analysis of 4332 Patient Proton Gantry Treatment Plans From the Past 10 Years

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yan, S; Lu, H; Flanz, J

2015-06-15

Purpose: To ascertain the necessity of a proton gantry, as compared to the feasibility of using a horizontal fixed proton beam-line for treatment with advanced technology. Methods: To calculate the percentage of patients that can be treated with a horizontal fixed beam-line instead of a gantry, we analyze the distributions of beam orientations of our proton gantry patients treated over the past 10 years. We identify three horizontal fixed beam geometries (FIXED, BEND and MOVE) with the patient in lying and/or sitting positions. The FIXED geometry includes only table/chair rotations and translations. In BEND, the beam can be bent up/downmore » for up to 20 degrees. MOVE allows for patient head/body angle adjustment. Based on the analysis, we select eight patients whose plan involves beams which are still challenging to achieve with a horizontal fixed beam. These beams are removed in the pencil beam scanning (PBS) plan optimized for the fixed beam-line (PBS-fix). We generate non-coplanar PBS-gantry plans for comparison, and perform a robustness analysis. Results: The percentage of patients with head-and-neck/brain tumors that can be treated with horizontal fixed beam is 44% in FIXED, 70% in 20-degrees BEND, and 100% in 90-degrees MOVE. For torso regions, 99% of the patients can be treated in 20-degree BEND. The target coverage is more homogeneous with PBS-fix plans compared to the clinical scattering treatment plans. The PBS-fix plans reduce the mean dose to organs-at-risk by a factor of 1.1–28.5. PBS-gantry plans are as good as PBS-fix plans, sometimes marginally better. Conclusion: The majority of the beam orientations can be realized with a horizontal fixed beam-line. Challenging non-coplanar beams can be eliminated with PBS delivery. Clinical implementation of the proposed fixed beam-line requires use of robotic patient positioning, further developments in immobilization, and image guidance. However, our results suggest that fixed beam-lines can be as effective as gantries.« less

Balance of corneal horizontal coma by internal optics in eyes with intraocular artificial lenses: evidence of a passive mechanism.

PubMed

Marcos, Susana; Rosales, Patricia; Llorente, Lourdes; Barbero, Sergio; Jiménez-Alfaro, I

2008-01-01

It is well known that the aberrations of the cornea are partially compensated by the aberrations of the internal optics of the eye (primarily the crystalline lens) in young subjects. This effect has been found not only for the spherical aberration, but also for horizontal coma. It has been debated whether the compensation of horizontal coma is the result of passive mechanism [Artal, P., Benito, A., & Tabernero, J. (2006). The human eye is an example of robust optical design. Journal of Vision, 6 (1), 1-7] or through an active developmental feedback process [Kelly, J. E., Mihashi, T., & Howland, H. C. (2004). Compensation of corneal horizontal/vertical astigmatism, lateral coma, and spherical aberration by internal optics of the eye. Journal of Vision, 4 (4), 262-271]. In this study we investigate the active or passive nature of the horizontal coma compensation using eyes with artificial lenses, where no active developmental process can be present. We measured total and corneal aberrations, and lens tilt and decentration in a group of 38 eyes implanted with two types of intraocular lenses designed to compensate the corneal spherical aberration of the average population. We found that spherical aberration was compensated by 66%, and horizontal coma by 87% on average. The spherical aberration is not compensated at an individual level, but horizontal coma is compensated individually (coefficients of correlation corneal/internal aberration: -0.946, p<0.0001). The fact that corneal (but not total) horizontal coma is highly correlated with angle lamda (computed from the shift of the 1st Purkinje image from the pupil center, for foveal fixation) indicates that the compensation arises primarily from the geometrical configuration of the eye (which generates horizontal coma of opposite signs in the cornea and internal optics). The amount and direction of tilts and misalignments of the lens are comparable to those found in young eyes, and on average tend to compensate (rather than increase) horizontal coma. Computer simulations using customized model eyes and different designs of intraocular lenses show that, while not all designs produce a compensation of horizontal coma, a wide range of aspheric biconvex designs may produce comparable compensation to that found in young eyes with crystalline lenses, over a relatively large field of view. These findings suggest that the lens shape, gradient index or foveal location do not need to be fine-tuned to achieve a compensation of horizontal coma. Our results cannot exclude a fine-tuning for the orientation of the crystalline lens, since cataract surgery seems to preserve the position of the capsule.

Dispersion/dilution enhances phytoplankton blooms in low-nutrient waters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lehahn, Yoav; Koren, Ilan; Sharoni, Shlomit; D'Ovidio, Francesco; Vardi, Assaf; Boss, Emmanuel

2017-03-01

Spatial characteristics of phytoplankton blooms often reflect the horizontal transport properties of the oceanic turbulent flow in which they are embedded. Classically, bloom response to horizontal stirring is regarded in terms of generation of patchiness following large-scale bloom initiation. Here, using satellite observations from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre and a simple ecosystem model, we show that the opposite scenario of turbulence dispersing and diluting fine-scale (~1-100 km) nutrient-enriched water patches has the critical effect of regulating the dynamics of nutrients-phytoplankton-zooplankton ecosystems and enhancing accumulation of photosynthetic biomass in low-nutrient oceanic environments. A key factor in determining ecological and biogeochemical consequences of turbulent stirring is the horizontal dilution rate, which depends on the effective eddy diffusivity and surface area of the enriched patches. Implementation of the notion of horizontal dilution rate explains quantitatively plankton response to turbulence and improves our ability to represent ecological and biogeochemical processes in oligotrophic oceans.

Point Cloud Analysis for Uav-Borne Laser Scanning with Horizontally and Vertically Oriented Line Scanners - Concept and First Results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weinmann, M.; Müller, M. S.; Hillemann, M.; Reydel, N.; Hinz, S.; Jutzi, B.

2017-08-01

In this paper, we focus on UAV-borne laser scanning with the objective of densely sampling object surfaces in the local surrounding of the UAV. In this regard, using a line scanner which scans along the vertical direction and perpendicular to the flight direction results in a point cloud with low point density if the UAV moves fast. Using a line scanner which scans along the horizontal direction only delivers data corresponding to the altitude of the UAV and thus a low scene coverage. For these reasons, we present a concept and a system for UAV-borne laser scanning using multiple line scanners. Our system consists of a quadcopter equipped with horizontally and vertically oriented line scanners. We demonstrate the capabilities of our system by presenting first results obtained for a flight within an outdoor scene. Thereby, we use a downsampling of the original point cloud and different neighborhood types to extract fundamental geometric features which in turn can be used for scene interpretation with respect to linear, planar or volumetric structures.

Non-musicians also have a piano in the head: evidence for spatial-musical associations from line bisection tracking.

PubMed

Hartmann, Matthias

2017-02-01

The spatial representation of ordinal sequences (numbers, time, tones) seems to be a fundamental cognitive property. While an automatic association between horizontal space and pitch height (left-low pitch, right-high pitch) is constantly reported in musicians, the evidence for such an association in non-musicians is mixed. In this study, 20 non-musicians performed a line bisection task while listening to irrelevant high- and low-pitched tones and white noise (control condition). While pitch height had no influence on the final bisection point, participants' movement trajectories showed systematic biases: When approaching the line and touching the line for the first time (initial bisection point), the mouse cursor was directed more rightward for high-pitched tones compared to low-pitched tones and noise. These results show that non-musicians also have a subtle but nevertheless automatic association between pitch height and the horizontal space. This suggests that spatial-musical associations do not necessarily depend on constant sensorimotor experiences (as it is the case for musicians) but rather reflect the seemingly inescapable tendency to represent ordinal information on a horizontal line.

Can a virtual reality assessment of fine motor skill predict successful central line insertion?

PubMed

Mohamadipanah, Hossein; Parthiban, Chembian; Nathwani, Jay; Rutherford, Drew; DiMarco, Shannon; Pugh, Carla

2016-10-01

Due to the increased use of peripherally inserted central catheter lines, central lines are not performed as frequently. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether a virtual reality (VR)-based assessment of fine motor skills can be used as a valid and objective assessment of central line skills. Surgical residents (N = 43) from 7 general surgery programs performed a subclavian central line in a simulated setting. Then, they participated in a force discrimination task in a VR environment. Hand movements from the subclavian central line simulation were tracked by electromagnetic sensors. Gross movements as monitored by the electromagnetic sensors were compared with the fine motor metrics calculated from the force discrimination tasks in the VR environment. Long periods of inactivity (idle time) during needle insertion and lack of smooth movements, as detected by the electromagnetic sensors, showed a significant correlation with poor force discrimination in the VR environment. Also, long periods of needle insertion time correlated to the poor performance in force discrimination in the VR environment. This study shows that force discrimination in a defined VR environment correlates to needle insertion time, idle time, and hand smoothness when performing subclavian central line placement. Fine motor force discrimination may serve as a valid and objective assessment of the skills required for successful needle insertion when placing central lines. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

IMPLEMENTATION OF AN URBAN CANOPY PARAMETERIZATION IN MM5

EPA Science Inventory

The Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) (Grell et al. 1994) has been modified to include an urban canopy parameterization (UCP) for fine-scale urban simulations (~1-km horizontal grid spacing). The UCP accounts for drag ...

Application of a predator-prey overlap metric to determine the impact of sub-grid scale feeding dynamics on ecosystem productivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Greer, A. T.; Woodson, C. B.

2016-02-01

Because of the complexity and extremely large size of marine ecosystems, research attention has a strong focus on modelling the system through space and time to elucidate processes driving ecosystem state. One of the major weaknesses of current modelling approaches is the reliance on a particular grid cell size (usually 10's of km in the horizontal & water column mean) to capture the relevant processes, even though empirical research has shown that marine systems are highly structured on fine scales, and this structure can persist over relatively long time scales (days to weeks). Fine-scale features can have a strong influence on the predator-prey interactions driving trophic transfer. Here we apply a statistic, the AB ratio, used to quantify increased predator production due to predator-prey overlap on fine scales in a manner that is computationally feasible for larger scale models. We calculated the AB ratio for predator-prey distributions throughout the scientific literature, as well as for data obtained with a towed plankton imaging system, demonstrating that averaging across a typical model grid cell neglects the fine-scale predator-prey overlap that is an essential component of ecosystem productivity. Organisms from a range of trophic levels and oceanographic regions tended to overlap with their prey both in the horizontal and vertical dimensions. When predator swimming over a diel cycle was incorporated, the amount of production indicated by the AB ratio increased substantially. For the plankton image data, the AB ratio was higher with increasing sampling resolution, especially when prey were highly aggregated. We recommend that ecosystem models incorporate more fine-scale information both to more accurately capture trophic transfer processes and to capitalize on the increasing sampling resolution and data volume from empirical studies.

Vertical and horizontal control dilemmas in public hospitals.

PubMed

Pettersen, Inger Johanne; Solstad, Elsa

2015-01-01

The hospital sector in Norway has been continuously reorganized since 2002 and the reforms have created organizations that are functionally/vertically controlled, whereas the production lines are coordinated on a process or a lateral basis. The purpose of this paper is to focus on both the perceived functional vertical control and horizontal controls within and between the local hospitals and the regional administrative levels. A national survey study, complemented with interviews of some key informants and document studies. The study shows that the functional and vertical lines of management control are perceived to be operating according to the traditional views of management control. The study indicates that the horizontal tasks are not very well implemented, and we did not find interactive and lateral uses of management control systems for managerial purposes. New control problems arise when services are to be coordinated between autonomous units. The paper focuses on the control problems found within the horizontal, flat relationship between production units in hospitals; new organizational structures have emerged where lateral relations are important, but traditional control practices follow functional, vertical lines.

CO-DARK Star Formation and Black Hole Activity in 3C 368 at Z = 1.131: Coeval Growth of Stellar and Supermassive Black Hole Masses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lamarche, C.; Stacey, G.; Brisbin, D.; Ferkinhoff, C.; Hailey-Dunsheath, S.; Nikola, T.; Riechers, D.; Sharon, C. E.; Spoon, H.; Vishwas, A.

2017-02-01

We present the detection of four far-infrared fine-structure oxygen lines, as well as strong upper limits for the CO(2-1) and [N II] 205 μm lines, in 3C 368, a well-studied radio-loud galaxy at z = 1.131. These new oxygen lines, taken in conjunction with previously observed neon and carbon fine-structure lines, suggest a powerful active galactic nucleus (AGN), accompanied by vigorous and extended star formation. A starburst dominated by O8 stars, with an age of ˜6.5 Myr, provides a good fit to the fine-structure line data. This estimated age of the starburst makes it nearly concurrent with the latest episode of AGN activity, suggesting a link between the growth of the supermassive black hole and stellar population in this source. We do not detect the CO(2-1) line, down to a level twelve times lower than the expected value for star-forming galaxies. This lack of CO line emission is consistent with recent star formation activity if the star-forming molecular gas has low metallicity, is highly fractionated (such that CO is photodissociated throughout much of the clouds), or is chemically very young (such that CO has not yet had time to form). It is also possible, although we argue it is unlikely, that the ensemble of fine-structure lines is emitted from the region heated by the AGN.

F-15B in on ramp with close-up of test panels covered with advanced spray-on foam insulation materia

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1999-01-01

Test panels covered with an advanced foam insulation material for the Space Shuttle's giant external fuel tank were test flown aboard an F-15B research aircraft at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif. Six panels were mounted on the left side of a heavily instrumented Flight Text Fixture mounted underneath the F-15B's fuselage. Insulation on this panel was finely machined over a horizontal rib structure to simulate in-line airflow past the tank; other panels had the ribs mounted vertically or had the insulation left in a rough as-sprayed surface. The tests were part of an effort by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center to determine why small particles of the new insulation flaked off the tank on recent Shuttle missions. The tests with Dryden's F-15B were designed to replicate the pressure environment the Shuttle encounters during the first minute after launch. No noticeable erosion of the insulation material was noted after the flight experiment at Dryden.

Ocean Research Enabled by Underwater Gliders.

PubMed

Rudnick, Daniel L

2016-01-01

Underwater gliders are autonomous underwater vehicles that profile vertically by changing their buoyancy and use wings to move horizontally. Gliders are useful for sustained observation at relatively fine horizontal scales, especially to connect the coastal and open ocean. In this review, research topics are grouped by time and length scales. Large-scale topics addressed include the eastern and western boundary currents and the regional effects of climate variability. The accessibility of horizontal length scales of order 1 km allows investigation of mesoscale and submesoscale features such as fronts and eddies. Because the submesoscales dominate vertical fluxes in the ocean, gliders have found application in studies of biogeochemical processes. At the finest scales, gliders have been used to measure internal waves and turbulent dissipation. The review summarizes gliders' achievements to date and assesses their future in ocean observation.

Characteristics of Upper Quadrant Posture of Young Women with Temporomandibular Disorders

PubMed Central

Uritani, Daisuke; Kawakami, Tetsuji; Inoue, Tomohiro; Kirita, Tadaaki

2014-01-01

[Purpose] This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of upper quadrant posture of young women with temporomandibular disorders. [Subjects] The participants were 19 female patients with temporomandibular disorders (patient group: mean age, 30.1 years) and 14 controls (control group: mean age, 24.6 years). [Methods] Outcome measures were the neck inclination angle (formed by a line connecting C7 and the ear tragus with a horizontal line), the angle of the shoulder (formed by a line connecting C7 and the acromial angle with a horizontal line), the cranial rotation angle (formed by a line connecting the ear tragus and the corner of the eye with a horizontal line), and the neck-length/shoulder-width ratio [the ratio of the neck length (from C7 to the tragus) to the width of the shoulder between the acromial angle]. The maximum range of mouth opening was measured using a scale. [Results] The neck inclination angle and maximum range of mouth opening were significantly smaller in the patient group than in the control group. No significant differences were observed in the other outcome measures between the two groups. [Conclusion] Temporomandibular disorders with limited mouth opening in young females are associated with the head position relative to the trunk. PMID:25276038

Real time, TV-based, point-image quantizer and sorter

DOEpatents

Case, Arthur L.; Davidson, Jackson B.

1976-01-01

A device is provided for improving the vertical resolution in a television-based, two-dimensional readout for radiation detection systems such as are used to determine the location of light or nuclear radiation impinging a target area viewed by a television camera, where it is desired to store the data indicative of the centroid location of such images. In the example embodiment, impinging nuclear radiation detected in the form of a scintillation occurring in a crystal is stored as a charge image on a television camera tube target. The target is scanned in a raster and the image position is stored according to a corresponding vertical scan number and horizontal position number along the scan. To determine the centroid location of an image that may overlap a number of horizontal scan lines along the vertical axis of the raster, digital logic circuits are provided with at least four series-connected shift registers, each having 512 bit positions according to a selected 512 horizontal increment of resolutions along a scan line. The registers are shifted by clock pulses at a rate of 512 pulses per scan line. When an image or portion thereof is detected along a scan, its horizontal center location is determined and the present front bit is set in the first shift register and shifted through the registers one at a time for each horizontal scan. Each register is compared bit-by-bit with the preceding register to detect coincident set bit positions until the last scan line detecting a portion of the image is determined. Depending on the number of shift registers through which the first detection of the image is shifted, circuitry is provided to store the vertical center position of the event according to the number of shift registers through which the first detection of the event is shifted. Interpolation circuitry is provided to determine if the event centroid is between adjacent scan lines and stored in a vertical address accordingly. The horizontal location of the event is stored in a separate address memory.

Slip-parallel seismic lineations on the Northern Hayward Fault, California

USGS Publications Warehouse

Waldhauser, F.; Ellsworth, W.L.; Cole, A.

1999-01-01

A high-resolution relative earthquake location procedure is used to image the fine-scale seismicity structure of the northern Hayward fault, California. The seismicity defines a narrow, near-vertical fault zone containing horizontal alignments of hypocenters extending along the fault zone. The lineations persist over the 15-year observation interval, implying the localization of conditions on the fault where brittle failure conditions are met. The horizontal orientation of the lineations parallels the slip direction of the fault, suggesting that they are the result of the smearing of frictionally weak material along the fault plane over thousands of years.

Teaching Braille Line Tracking Using Stimulus Fading

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scheithauer, Mindy C.; Tiger, Jeffrey H.

2014-01-01

Line tracking is a prerequisite skill for braille literacy that involves moving one's finger horizontally across a line of braille text and identifying when a line ends so the reader may reset his or her finger on the subsequent line. Current procedures for teaching line tracking are incomplete, because they focus on tracking lines with only…

Clinical tolerance and efficacy of capryloyl salicylic acid peel compared to a glycolic acid peel in subjects with fine lines/wrinkles and hyperpigmented skin.

PubMed

Oresajo, Christian; Yatskayer, Margarita; Hansenne, Isabelle

2008-12-01

Several chemical agents are currently used to perform superficial peels of the face to reduce facial hyperpigmentation and fine lines/wrinkles. Some of the most commonly used agents are alpha hydroxyl acids, such as glycolic acid (GA), or beta hydroxy acid, such as salicylic acid. This study aims to compare the efficacy of GA to that of a novel derivative of salicylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid (LHA). In a split-face study, 50 female volunteers between the ages of 35 and 60 years with mild to moderate facial hyperpigmentation and fine lines/wrinkles were randomized and LHA or GA peel was applied to one side of the face. Increasing peel concentrations were applied (5-10% LHA or 20-50% GA) based on the tolerance level of the subjects and clinical observations of an expert dermatologist for 12 weeks at biweekly intervals. Of the 44 volunteers who completed the study, at 12 weeks 41% of LHA-treated and 30% of GA-treated subjects demonstrated significant reduction of fine lines/wrinkles compared to baseline. Forty-six percent of LHA-treated subjects and 34% of GA-treated subjects showed significant reduction of hyperpigmentation compared to baseline. LHA treatment was better than GA peels, although there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Five percent to 10% of LHA peel is generally safe and as effective as 20-50% GA peel in reducing facial hyperpigmentation and fine lines/wrinkles.

Modular Multi-Sensor Display System Design Study. Volume 2. Detail Design and Application Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

1974-08-01

control grid . 2. Horizontal AFC/Deflection Module - Generates horizontal sweep signals from input syncs to provide 525 to 1023 line television raster...separation, and gener- ate composite blanking for the CRT control grid . Signal Number of Lines Signal Type Characteristics Input Interface Composite...SEPERATOR DC RESTORA- TION l_i BLANKING VERT DRIVE ■♦ Bl" CRT " CATHODE * _fc> BRIGHTNESS ^ (FRONT PANEL) .CRT GRID ■♦• COMP SYNC Figure

Radiologically defining horizontal gaze using EOS imaging-a prospective study of healthy subjects and a retrospective audit.

PubMed

Hey, Hwee Weng Dennis; Tan, Kimberly-Anne; Ho, Vivienne Chien-Lin; Azhar, Syifa Bte; Lim, Joel-Louis; Liu, Gabriel Ka-Po; Wong, Hee-Kit

2018-06-01

As sagittal alignment of the cervical spine is important for maintaining horizontal gaze, it is important to determine the former for surgical correction. However, horizontal gaze remains poorly-defined from a radiological point of view. The objective of this study was to establish radiological criteria to define horizontal gaze. This study was conducted at a tertiary health-care institution over a 1-month period. A prospective cohort of healthy patients was used to determine the best radiological criteria for defining horizontal gaze. A retrospective cohort of patients without rigid spinal deformities was used to audit the incidence of horizontal gaze. Two categories of radiological parameters for determining horizontal gaze were tested: (1) the vertical offset distances of key identifiable structures from the horizontal gaze axis and (2) imaginary lines convergent with the horizontal gaze axis. Sixty-seven healthy subjects underwent whole-body EOS radiographs taken in a directed standing posture. Horizontal gaze was radiologically defined using each parameter, as represented by their means, 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and associated 2 standard deviations (SDs). Subsequently, applying the radiological criteria, we conducted a retrospective audit of such radiographs (before the implementation of a strict radioimaging standardization). The mean age of our prospective cohort was 46.8 years, whereas that of our retrospective cohort was 37.2 years. Gender was evenly distributed across both cohorts. The four parameters with the lowest 95% CI and 2 SD were the distance offsets of the midpoint of the hard palate (A) and the base of the sella turcica (B), the horizontal convergents formed by the tangential line to the hard palate (C), and the line joining the center of the orbital orifice with the internal occipital protuberance (D). In the prospective cohort, good sensitivity (>98%) was attained when two or more parameters were used. Audit using Criterion B+D yielded compliance rates of 76.7%, a figure much closer to that of A+B+C+D (74.8%). From a practical viewpoint, Criterion B+D were most suitable for clinical use and could be simplified to the "3-6-12 rule" as a form of cursory assessment. Verbal instructions in the absence of stringent postural checks only ensured that ~75% of subjects achieved horizontal gaze. Fulfillment of Criterion B+D is sufficient to evaluate for horizontal gaze. Further criteria can be added to increase sensitivity. Verbal instructions alone yield high rates of inaccuracy when attempting to image patients in horizontal gaze. Apart from improving methods for obtaining radiographs, a radiological definition of horizontal gaze should be routinely applied for better evaluation of sagittal spinal alignment. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Sidelooking laser altimeter for a flight simulator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Webster, L. D. (Inventor)

1983-01-01

An improved laser altimeter for a flight simulator which allows measurement of the height of the simulator probe above the terrain directly below the probe tip is described. A laser beam is directed from the probe at an angle theta to the horizontal to produce a beam spot on the terrain. The angle theta that the laser beam makes with the horizontal is varied so as to bring the beam spot into coincidence with a plumb line coaxial with the longitudinal axis of the probe. A television altimeter camera observes the beam spot and has a raster line aligned with the plumb line. Spot detector circuit coupled to the output of the TV camera monitors the position of the beam spot relative to the plumb line.

CO-Dark Star Formation and Black Hole Activity in 3C 368 at z = 1.131: Coeval Growth of Stellar and Supermassive Black Hole Masses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lamarche, C.; Stacey, G.; Riechers, D.

We present the detection of four far-infrared fine-structure oxygen lines, as well as strong upper limits for the CO(2–1) and [N ii] 205 μ m lines, in 3C 368, a well-studied radio-loud galaxy at z = 1.131. These new oxygen lines, taken in conjunction with previously observed neon and carbon fine-structure lines, suggest a powerful active galactic nucleus (AGN), accompanied by vigorous and extended star formation. A starburst dominated by O8 stars, with an age of ∼6.5 Myr, provides a good fit to the fine-structure line data. This estimated age of the starburst makes it nearly concurrent with the latestmore » episode of AGN activity, suggesting a link between the growth of the supermassive black hole and stellar population in this source. We do not detect the CO(2–1) line, down to a level twelve times lower than the expected value for star-forming galaxies. This lack of CO line emission is consistent with recent star formation activity if the star-forming molecular gas has low metallicity, is highly fractionated (such that CO is photodissociated throughout much of the clouds), or is chemically very young (such that CO has not yet had time to form). It is also possible, although we argue it is unlikely, that the ensemble of fine-structure lines is emitted from the region heated by the AGN.« less

Morphological relationships in the chromospheric H-alpha fine structure

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Foukal, P.

1971-01-01

A continuous relationship is proposed between the basic elements of the dark fine structure of the quiet and active chromosphere. A progression from chromospheric bushes to fibrils, then to chromospheric threads and active region filaments, and finally to diffuse quiescent filaments, is described. It is shown that the horizontal component of the field on opposite sides of an active region quiescent filament can be in the same direction and closely parallel to the filament axis. Consequently, it is unnecessary to postulate twisted or otherwise complex field configurations to reconcile the support mechanism of filaments with the observed motion along their axis.

Pressure Measurements Using an Airborne Differential Absorption Lidar. Part 1; Analysis of the Systematic Error Sources

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Flamant, Cyrille N.; Schwemmer, Geary K.; Korb, C. Laurence; Evans, Keith D.; Palm, Stephen P.

1999-01-01

Remote airborne measurements of the vertical and horizontal structure of the atmospheric pressure field in the lower troposphere are made with an oxygen differential absorption lidar (DIAL). A detailed analysis of this measurement technique is provided which includes corrections for imprecise knowledge of the detector background level, the oxygen absorption fine parameters, and variations in the laser output energy. In addition, we analyze other possible sources of systematic errors including spectral effects related to aerosol and molecular scattering interference by rotational Raman scattering and interference by isotopic oxygen fines.

Tank 241-Z-361 Sludge Retrieval and Treatment Alternatives

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

HAMPTON, B.K.

2000-05-24

The Plutonium Finishing Plant (PFP) Tank 241-Z-361 (Z-361) contains legacy sludge resulting from waste discharges from past missions at PFP. A sketch of the tank is shown in Figure 1. In this view various risers and penetrations are shown along with the sludge level depicted by the horizontal line halfway up the tank, and the ground level depicted by the horizontal line above the tank. The HEPA filter installed for breathing is also shown on one of the risers.

Horizontal cryogenic bushing for the termination of a superconducting power-transmission line

DOEpatents

Minati, K.F.; Morgan, G.H.; McNerney, A.J.; Schauer, F.

1982-07-29

A termination for a superconducting power transmission line is disclosed which is comprised of a standard air entrance insulated vertical bushing with an elbow, a horizontal cryogenic bushing linking the pressurized cryogenic cable environment to the ambient temperature bushing and a stress cone which terminated the cable outer shield and transforms the large radial voltage gradient in the cable dielectric into a much lower radial voltage gradient in the high density helium coolant at the cold end of the cryogenic bushing.

Termination for a superconducting power transmission line including a horizontal cryogenic bushing

DOEpatents

Minati, Kurt F.; Morgan, Gerry H.; McNerney, Andrew J.; Schauer, Felix

1984-01-01

A termination for a superconducting power transmission line is disclosed which is comprised of a standard air entrance insulated vertical bushing with an elbow, a horizontal cryogenic bushing linking the pressurized cryogenic cable environment to the ambient temperature bushing and a stress cone which terminates the cable outer shield and transforms the large radial voltage gradient in the cable dielectric into a much lower radial voltage gradient in the high density helium coolant at the cold end of the cryogenic bushing.

Tortuosity of lightning return stroke channels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Levine, D. M.; Gilson, B.

1984-01-01

Data obtained from photographs of lightning are presented on the tortuosity of return stroke channels. The data were obtained by making piecewise linear fits to the channels, and recording the cartesian coordinates of the ends of each linear segment. The mean change between ends of the segments was nearly zero in the horizontal direction and was about eight meters in the vertical direction. Histograms of these changes are presented. These data were used to create model lightning channels and to predict the electric fields radiated during return strokes. This was done using a computer generated random walk in which linear segments were placed end-to-end to form a piecewise linear representation of the channel. The computer selected random numbers for the ends of the segments assuming a normal distribution with the measured statistics. Once the channels were simulated, the electric fields radiated during a return stroke were predicted using a transmission line model on each segment. It was found that realistic channels are obtained with this procedure, but only if the model includes two scales of tortuosity: fine scale irregularities corresponding to the local channel tortuosity which are superimposed on large scale horizontal drifts. The two scales of tortuosity are also necessary to obtain agreement between the electric fields computed mathematically from the simulated channels and the electric fields radiated from real return strokes. Without large scale drifts, the computed electric fields do not have the undulations characteristics of the data.

Development of Relative Disparity Sensitivity in Human Visual Cortex.

PubMed

Norcia, Anthony M; Gerhard, Holly E; Meredith, Wesley J

2017-06-07

Stereopsis is the primary cue underlying our ability to make fine depth judgments. In adults, depth discriminations are supported largely by relative rather than absolute binocular disparity, and depth is perceived primarily for horizontal rather than vertical disparities. Although human infants begin to exhibit disparity-specific responses between 3 and 5 months of age, it is not known how relative disparity mechanisms develop. Here we show that the specialization for relative disparity is highly immature in 4- to 6-month-old infants but is adult-like in 4- to 7-year-old children. Disparity-tuning functions for horizontal and vertical disparities were measured using the visual evoked potential. Infant relative disparity thresholds, unlike those of adults, were equal for vertical and horizontal disparities. Their horizontal disparity thresholds were a factor of ∼10 higher than adults, but their vertical disparity thresholds differed by a factor of only ∼4. Horizontal relative disparity thresholds for 4- to 7-year-old children were comparable with those of adults at ∼0.5 arcmin. To test whether infant immaturity was due to spatial limitations or insensitivity to interocular correlation, highly suprathreshold horizontal and vertical disparities were presented in alternate regions of the display, and the interocular correlation of the interdigitated regions was varied from 0% to 100%. This manipulation regulated the availability of coarse-scale relative disparity cues. Adult and infant responses both increased with increasing interocular correlation by similar magnitudes, but adult responses increased much more for horizontal disparities, further evidence for qualitatively immature stereopsis based on relative disparity at 4-6 months of age. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Stereopsis, our ability to sense depth from horizontal image disparity, is among the finest spatial discriminations made by the primate visual system. Fine stereoscopic depth discriminations depend critically on comparisons of disparity relationships in the image that are supported by relative disparity cues rather than the estimation of single, absolute disparities. Very young human and macaque infants are sensitive to absolute disparity, but no previous study has specifically studied the development of relative disparity sensitivity, a hallmark feature of adult stereopsis. Here, using high-density EEG recordings, we show that 4- to 6-month-old infants display both quantitative and qualitative response immaturities for relative disparity information. Relative disparity responses are adult-like no later than 4-7 years of age. Copyright © 2017 the authors 0270-6474/17/375608-12$15.00/0.

Study of a pipe-scanning robot for use in post-construction evaluation during horizontal directional drilling.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-06-01

Trenchless Technology has become an increasingly popular underground utility construction method, beginning in : the early 1900s with pipe jacking beneath railroad lines. One method, horizontal directional drilling (HDD), became : more common in the ...

Behaviors observed during S− in a simple discrimination learning task1

PubMed Central

Rand, Judith F.

1977-01-01

Key pecking of pigeons was reinforced with food in the presence of a horizontal line and never reinforced in the presence of a vertical line. Highly stereotyped behaviors, as well as key pecking, were observed and recorded in the presence of both stimuli. Results showed that a high proportion of time spent in the presence of the horizontal line was occupied by key pecking, a high proportion of time in the presence of the vertical line was occupied by stereotyped nonkey-pecking behaviors, and intermediate proportions of time spent in the presence of intermediate stimuli were occupied by each class of behavior during generalization tests. Similar running rates (number of key pecks divided by observed key-pecking time) were obtained in the presence of all stimuli, indicating that changes in time rather than tempo accounted for the changes in overall rates of key pecking. An exception occurred in responding to the horizontal line as differential performance was developing. In addition to an increase in time spent key pecking, increased running rates occurred in seven of eight birds, suggesting that both time allocation and tempo play a role in behavioral contrast of overall rates of key pecking. ImagesFig. 2a.Fig. 2b. PMID:16811968

Horizontal Structure: A Neo-Piagetian Analysis of Structural Parallels across Domains.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McKeough, Anne M.

An analysis of children's narrative composition and art revealed concurrent development at both a general structural level and at a fine-grained detail level. A three-part study investigated whether this general cognitive pattern would be maintained across a different range of tasks: literary composition, scientific reasoning, and working memory.…

Fine lattice lines on the corneal surface after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK).

PubMed

Carpel, E F; Carlson, K H; Shannon, S

2000-03-01

To present an example of a pattern of lines resembling fine lattice on the corneal surface subsequent to laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). This subtle phenomenon may be relatively common and may affect visual outcome. Case report. A 41-year-old year old man with high myopia and best-corrected visual acuity of 20/20 +2 in each eye underwent laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). No operative or postoperative complications occurred. No striae were evident on slit-lamp examination with direct illumination and retroillumination at the time of surgery or in the postoperative period. Postoperative uncorrected visual acuity was 20/25 with a best-corrected spectacle correction of 20/25 in both eyes. Fine lines in a lattice pattern were seen only with fluorescein dye in the precorneal tear film as areas of "negative stain" within the LASIK flap. With tear film supplementation, the lines were less evident and visual acuity improved. One year postoperatively, his uncorrected visual acuity was 20/25 in both eyes. The best-corrected spectacle visual acuity was RE: 20/20 -2, LE: 20/25. The fine lines were still present within the flap. A soft contact lens improved visual acuity to 20/20 in both eyes. Although all four puncta were occluded, he had no epiphora. Fine lines in a lattice pattern that may represent folds in the epithelium or Bowman layer may be present within the flap after LASIK and may adversely affect visual acuity. They may be visible as areas of negative stain with fluorescein dye in the precorneal tear film in the absence of any striae visible in the flap. These superficial lines have been seen more in patients with high degrees of correction and in patients with dry eye. If visual acuity is affected, it may be improved with punctal occlusion, tear supplements, or a contact lens.

Photoionization modeling of the LWS fine-structure lines in IR bright galaxies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Satyapal, S.; Luhman, M. L.; Fischer, J.; Greenhouse, M. A.; Wolfire, M. G.

1997-01-01

The long wavelength spectrometer (LWS) fine structure line spectra from infrared luminous galaxies were modeled using stellar evolutionary synthesis models combined with photoionization and photodissociation region models. The calculations were carried out by using the computational code CLOUDY. Starburst and active galactic nuclei models are presented. The effects of dust in the ionized region are examined.

Monte Carlo approaches to sampling forested tracts with lines or points

Treesearch

Harry T. Valentine; Jeffrey H. Gove; Timothy G. Gregoire

2001-01-01

Several line- and point-based sampling methods can be employed to estimate the aggregate dimensions of trees standing on a forested tract or pieces of coarse woody debris lying on the forest floor. Line methods include line intersect sampling, horizontal line sampling, and transect relascope sampling; point methods include variable- and fixed-radius plot sampling, and...

Towards a Fine-Resolution Global Coupled Climate System for Prediction on Decadal/Centennial Scales

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McClean, Julie L.

The over-arching goal of this project was to contribute to the realization of a fully coupled fine resolution Earth System Model simulation in which a weather-scale atmosphere is coupled to an ocean in which mesoscale eddies are largely resolved. Both a prototype fine-resolution fully coupled ESM simulation and a first-ever multi-decadal forced fine-resolution global coupled ocean/ice simulation were configured, tested, run, and analyzed as part of this grant. Science questions focused on the gains from the use of high horizontal resolution, particularly in the ocean and sea-ice, with respect to climatically important processes. Both these fine resolution coupled ocean/sea icemore » and fully-coupled simulations and precedent stand-alone eddy-resolving ocean and eddy-permitting coupled ocean/ice simulations were used to explore the high resolution regime. Overall, these studies showed that the presence of mesoscale eddies significantly impacted mixing processes and the global meridional overturning circulation in the ocean simulations. Fourteen refereed publications and a Ph.D. dissertation resulted from this grant.« less

Design and numerical simulation on an auto-cumulative flowmeter in horizontal oil-water two-phase flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Beibei; Kong, Lingfu; Kong, Deming; Kong, Weihang; Li, Lei; Liu, Xingbin; Chen, Jiliang

2017-11-01

In order to accurately measure the flow rate under the low yield horizontal well conditions, an auto-cumulative flowmeter (ACF) was proposed. Using the proposed flowmeter, the oil flow rate in horizontal oil-water two-phase segregated flow can be finely extracted. The computational fluid dynamics software Fluent was used to simulate the fluid of the ACF in oil-water two-phase flow. In order to calibrate the simulation measurement of the ACF, a novel oil flow rate measurement method was further proposed. The models of the ACF were simulated to obtain and calibrate the oil flow rate under different total flow rates and oil cuts. Using the finite-element method, the structure of the seven conductance probes in the ACF was simulated. The response values for the probes of the ACF under the conditions of oil-water segregated flow were obtained. The experiments for oil-water segregated flow under different heights of the oil accumulation in horizontal oil-water two-phase flow were carried out to calibrate the ACF. The validity of the oil flow rate measurement in horizontal oil-water two-phase flow was verified by simulation and experimental results.

Design and numerical simulation on an auto-cumulative flowmeter in horizontal oil-water two-phase flow.

PubMed

Xie, Beibei; Kong, Lingfu; Kong, Deming; Kong, Weihang; Li, Lei; Liu, Xingbin; Chen, Jiliang

2017-11-01

In order to accurately measure the flow rate under the low yield horizontal well conditions, an auto-cumulative flowmeter (ACF) was proposed. Using the proposed flowmeter, the oil flow rate in horizontal oil-water two-phase segregated flow can be finely extracted. The computational fluid dynamics software Fluent was used to simulate the fluid of the ACF in oil-water two-phase flow. In order to calibrate the simulation measurement of the ACF, a novel oil flow rate measurement method was further proposed. The models of the ACF were simulated to obtain and calibrate the oil flow rate under different total flow rates and oil cuts. Using the finite-element method, the structure of the seven conductance probes in the ACF was simulated. The response values for the probes of the ACF under the conditions of oil-water segregated flow were obtained. The experiments for oil-water segregated flow under different heights of the oil accumulation in horizontal oil-water two-phase flow were carried out to calibrate the ACF. The validity of the oil flow rate measurement in horizontal oil-water two-phase flow was verified by simulation and experimental results.

Maximal subtotal extirpation of the horizontal rectus extraocular muscles for the treatment of nystagmus with no null point. A report of four successful human cases.

PubMed

Sinskey, Robert M; Eshete, Almaz

2002-01-01

To evaluate the visual and restoration of normal appearance results of maximal excision of the horizontal rectus muscles in nystagmus patients. Menelik II Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and the Sinskey Eye Institute, Santa Monica, California. The medial and lateral rectus muscles were extirpated as far back as possible with an enucleation snare in four patients with horizontal nystagmus. A complete eye examination was performed pre- and postoperatively. Using a camcorder, ocular movements were recorded before surgery, and at postop; days 1 and 40, and months 1, 3 and 10. All four patients had a marked reduction in both abnormal and normal horizontal eye movement, and improvement in objective visual acuity. Postoperative residual intermittent fine horizontal movement was recorded in the left eye in a 6 year old and in both eyes of a 41 year old patient. A residual rotary component was recorded in a 15 year-old patient. The 6 and 9 year-old patients each developed a moderate exotropia. The 15 and 41 year-old patients maintained binocular fusion with some residual ability to converge. Vision increased subjectively in all cases. Subtotal myectomy of the horizontal muscles in horizontal nystagmus with no null point was very effective in improving and/or eliminating horizontal eye movement. Restoration of normal or near normal appearance and improvement in visual acuity occurred in all cases. None of the patients complained of their loss of horizontal gaze and eye movement. More complete myectomy of the muscles should produce total elimination of both normal and abnormal horizontal eye movement including nystagmus.

HELICAL MOTIONS OF FINE-STRUCTURE PROMINENCE THREADS OBSERVED BY HINODE AND IRIS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Okamoto, Takenori J.; Liu, Wei; Tsuneta, Saku, E-mail: joten.okamoto@nao.ac.jp

Fine-structure dynamics in solar prominences holds critical clues to understanding their physical nature of significant space-weather implications. We report evidence of rotational motions of horizontal helical threads in two active-region prominences observed by the Hinode and/or Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph satellites at high resolution. In the first event, we found transverse motions of brightening threads at speeds up to 55 km s{sup -1} seen in the plane of the sky. Such motions appeared as sinusoidal space–time trajectories with a typical period of ∼390 s, which is consistent with plane-of-sky projections of rotational motions. Phase delays at different locations suggest themore » propagation of twists along the threads at phase speeds of 90–270 km s{sup -1}. At least 15 episodes of such motions occurred in two days, none associated with an eruption. For these episodes, the plane-of-sky speed is linearly correlated with the vertical travel distance, suggestive of a constant angular speed. In the second event, we found Doppler velocities of 30–40 km s{sup -1} in opposite directions in the top and bottom portions of the prominence, comparable to the plane-of-sky speed. The moving threads have about twice broader line widths than stationary threads. These observations, when taken together, provide strong evidence for rotations of helical prominence threads, which were likely driven by unwinding twists triggered by magnetic reconnection between twisted prominence magnetic fields and ambient coronal fields.« less

Galactic Abundance Gradients fro IR Fine Strucuture LInes in Compact H II regions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Afflerbach, A.; Churchwell, E.; Werner, M. W.

1996-01-01

We present observations of the [S III]19(micro)m, [O III]52 and 88(micro)m, and [N III]57(micro)m lines toward 18 compact and ultracompact (UC) H II regions. These data were combined with data from the literature and high-resolution radio continuum maps to construct detailed statistical equilibrium and ionization equilibrium models of 34 compact H II regions located at galactocentric distances (Dg)0-12kpc. Our models simultaneously fit the observed IR fine-structure lines and high-resolution radio continuum maps.

Orienting numbers in mental space: horizontal organization trumps vertical.

PubMed

Holmes, Kevin J; Lourenco, Stella F

2012-01-01

While research on the spatial representation of number has provided substantial evidence for a horizontally oriented mental number line, recent studies suggest vertical organization as well. Directly comparing the relative strength of horizontal and vertical organization, however, we found no evidence of spontaneous vertical orientation (upward or downward), and horizontal trumped vertical when pitted against each other (Experiment 1). Only when numbers were conceptualized as magnitudes (as opposed to nonmagnitude ordinal sequences) did reliable vertical organization emerge, with upward orientation preferred (Experiment 2). Altogether, these findings suggest that horizontal representations predominate, and that vertical representations, when elicited, may be relatively inflexible. Implications for spatial organization beyond number, and its ontogenetic basis, are discussed.

Wetter for fine dry powder

DOEpatents

Hall, James E.; Williams, Everett H.

1977-01-01

A system for wetting fine dry powders such as bentonite clay with water or other liquids is described. The system includes a wetting tank for receiving water and a continuous flow of fine powder feed. The wetting tank has a generally square horizontal cross section with a bottom end closure in the shape of an inverted pyramid. Positioned centrally within the wetting tank is a flow control cylinder which is supported from the walls of the wetting tank by means of radially extending inclined baffles. A variable speed motor drives a first larger propeller positioned immediately below the flow control cylinder in a direction which forces liquid filling the tank to flow downward through the flow control cylinder and a second smaller propeller positioned below the larger propeller having a reverse pitch to oppose the flow of liquid being driven downward by the larger propeller.

Infrared fine-structure line diagnostics of shrouded active galactic nuclei

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Voit, G. M.

1993-01-01

Far-infrared spectroscopy of celestial objects will improve dramatically in the coming decade, allowing astronomers to use fine-structure line emission to probe photoionized regions obscured in the optical band by thick clouds of dust. The ultraluminous far-IR galaxies revealed by IRAS, quasar-like in luminosity but smothered in molecular gas, probably conceal either immense starbursts or luminous active nuclei. In both scenarios, these objects ought to produce copious infrared fine-structure emission with several lines comparable to H(beta) in luminosity. This paper shows how these lines, if detected, can be used to determine the electron densities and far-IR obscurations of shrouded photoionized regions and to constrain the shape and ionization parameter of the ionizing spectra. The presence of (Ne V) emission in particular will distinguish shrouded AGN's from shrouded starbursts. Since all active galaxies photoionize at least some surrounding material, these diagnostics can also be applied to active galaxies in general and will aid in studying how an active nucleus interacts with the interstellar medium of its host galaxy.

DYNAMICS OF VERTICAL THREADS AND DESCENDING KNOTS IN A HEDGEROW PROMINENCE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chae, Jongchul

The existence and behavior of vertical fine structures of plasma-threads and knots-are a significant observational clue to understanding the magnetic structure and dynamics of quiescent prominences on the quiet Sun. Based on the equation of motion in ideal MHD, we reason that the non-hydrostatic support of plasma against gravity in general requires either the motion of plasma with a high value of downward acceleration (dynamical support) or the role of horizontal magnetic fields (magnetic support). By carefully tracking the motion of several bright threads seen in a hedgerow prominence observed by the Solar Optical Telescope aboard Hinode, we confirm thatmore » these threads are essentially static and stable, which negates the dynamic support. The application of the Kippenhahn-Schlueter solution suggests that they may be supported by sagged magnetic field lines with a sag angle of about 43{sup 0}. We also track several bright descending knots and find that their descending speeds range from 10 to 30 km s{sup -1}, with a mean value of 16 km s{sup -1}, and their vertical accelerations from -0.10 to 0.10 km s{sup -2}, with a mean of practically zero. This finding suggests that these knots are basically supported by horizontal magnetic fields against gravity even when they descend, and the complex variations of their descending speeds should be attributed to small imbalances between gravity and the force of magnetic tension. Furthermore, some knots are observed to impulsively get accelerated downward from time to time. We conjecture that these impulsive accelerations are a result of magnetic reconnection and the subsequent interchange of magnetic configuration between a knot and its surrounding structure. It is proposed that this process of reconnection and interchange not only initiates the descending motion of the knots, but also allows knots to keep falling long distance through the medium permeated by horizontal magnetic fields.« less

Sources of acid and metals from the weathering of the Dinero waste pile, Lake Fork watershed, Leadville, Colorado

USGS Publications Warehouse

Diehl, S.F.; Hageman, Phil L.; Smith, Kathleen S.; Herron, J.T.; Desborough, G.A.

2005-01-01

Two trenches were dug into the south Dinero mine-waste pile near Leadville, Colorado, to study the weathering of rock fragments and the mineralogic sources of metal contaminants in the surrounding wetland and Lake Fork Watershed. Water seeping from the base of the south Dinero waste-rock pile was pH 2.9, whereas leachate from a composite sample of the rock waste was pH 3.3. The waste pile was mostly devoid of vegetation, open to infiltration of precipitation, and saturated at the base because of placement in the wetland. The south mine-waste pile is composed of poorly sorted material, ranging from boulder-size to fine-grained rock fragments. The trenches showed both matrix-supported and clast-supported zones, with faint horizontal color banding, suggesting zonation of Fe oxides. Secondary minerals such as jarosite and gypsum occurred throughout the depth of the trenches. Infiltration of water and transport of dissolved material through the pile is evidenced by optically continuous secondary mineral deposits that fill or line voids. Iron-sulfate material exhibits microlaminations with shrinkage cracking and preferential dissolution of microlayers that evidence drying and wetting events. In addition to fluids, submicron-sized to very fine-grained particles such as jarosite are transported through channel ways in the pile. Rock fragments are coated with a mixture of clay, jarosite, and manganese oxides. Dissolution of minerals is a primary source of metals. Skeletal remnants of grains, outlined by Fe-oxide minerals, are common. Potassium jarosite is the most abundant jarosite phase, but Pb-and Ag-bearing jarosite are common. Grain-sized clusters of jarosite suggest that entire sulfide grains were replaced by very fine-grained jarosite crystals. The waste piles were removed from the wetland and reclaimed upslope in 2003. This was an opportunity to test methods to identify sources of acid and metals and metal transport processes within a waste pile. A series of entrapment ponds, lined with limestone rip rap, was created where the mine waste was once situated. A flooded adit discharges low-pH metal-bearing waters into the ponds. A white (Zn, Mn)-sulfate precipitate was observed in 2003 around the edges of the most distal pond.

Impacts of Horizontal Propagation of Orographic Gravity Waves on the Wave Drag in the Stratosphere and Lower Mesosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Xin; Wang, Yuan; Xue, Ming; Zhu, Kefeng

2017-11-01

The impact of horizontal propagation of mountain waves on the orographic gravity wave drag (OGWD) in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere of the Northern Hemisphere is evaluated for the first time. Using a fine-resolution (1 arc min) terrain and 2.5°×2.5° European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA-Interim reanalysis data during 2011-2016, two sets of OGWD are calculated offline according to a traditional parameterization scheme (without horizontal propagation) and a newly proposed scheme (with horizontal propagation). In both cases, the zonal mean OGWDs show similar spatial patterns and undergo a notable seasonal variation. In winter, the OGWD is mainly distributed in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere of middle to high latitudes, whereas the summertime OGWD is confined in the lower stratosphere. Comparison between the two sets of OGWD reveal that the horizontal propagation of mountain waves tends to decrease (increase) the OGWD in the lower stratosphere (middle to upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere). Consequently, including the horizontal propagation of mountain waves in the parameterization of OGWD can reduce the excessive OGWD in the lower stratosphere and strengthen the insufficient gravity wave forcing in the mesosphere, which are the known problems of traditional OGWD schemes. The impact of horizontal propagation is more prominent in winter than in summer, with the OGWD in western Tibetan Plateau, Rocky Mountains, and Greenland notably affected.

Seeing big things: overestimation of heights is greater for real objects than for objects in pictures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yang, T. L.; Dixon, M. W.; Proffitt, D. R.; Kaiser, M. K. (Principal Investigator)

1999-01-01

In six experiments we demonstrate that the vertical-horizontal illusion that is evoked when viewing photographs and line drawings is relatively small, whereas the magnitude of this illusion when large objects are viewed is at least twice as great. Furthermore, we show that the illusion is due more to vertical overestimation than horizontal underestimation. The lack of a difference in vertical overestimation between pictures and line drawings suggests that vertical overestimation in pictures depends solely on the perceived physical size of the projection on the picture surface, rather than on what is apparent about an object's represented size. The vertical-horizontal illusion is influenced by perceived physical size. It is greater when viewing large objects than small pictures of these same objects, even when visual angles are equated.

Vertical drying of a suspension of sticks: Monte Carlo simulation for continuous two-dimensional problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lebovka, Nikolai I.; Tarasevich, Yuri Yu.; Vygornitskii, Nikolai V.

2018-02-01

The vertical drying of a two-dimensional colloidal film containing zero-thickness sticks (lines) was studied by means of kinetic Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The continuous two-dimensional problem for both the positions and orientations was considered. The initial state before drying was produced using a model of random sequential adsorption with isotropic orientations of the sticks. During the evaporation, an upper interface falls with a linear velocity in the vertical direction, and the sticks undergo translational and rotational Brownian motions. The MC simulations were run at different initial number concentrations (the numbers of sticks per unit area), pi, and solvent evaporation rates, u . For completely dried films, the spatial distributions of the sticks, the order parameters, and the electrical conductivities of the films in both the horizontal, x , and vertical, y , directions were examined. Significant evaporation-driven self-assembly and stratification of the sticks in the vertical direction was observed. The extent of stratification increased with increasing values of u . The anisotropy of the electrical conductivity of the film can be finely regulated by changes in the values of pi and u .

Riding a Trail of Debris

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

[figure removed for brevity, see original site] Figure 1

This image taken by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope shows the comet Encke riding along its pebbly trail of debris (long diagonal line) between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. This material actually encircles the solar system, following the path of Encke's orbit. Twin jets of material can also be seen shooting away from the comet in the short, fan-shaped emission, spreading horizontally from the comet.

Encke, which orbits the Sun every 3.3 years, is well traveled. Having exhausted its supply of fine particles, it now leaves a long trail of larger more gravel-like debris, about one millimeter in size or greater. Every October, Earth passes through Encke's wake, resulting in the well-known Taurid meteor shower.

This image was captured by Spitzer's multiband imaging photometer when Encke was 2.6 times farther away than Earth is from the Sun. It is the best yet mid-infrared view of the comet at this great distance. The data are helping astronomers understand how rotating comets eject particles as they circle the Sun.

Parallel line raster eliminates ambiguities in reading timing of pulses less than 500 microseconds apart

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Horne, A. P.

1966-01-01

Parallel horizontal line raster is used for precision timing of events occurring less than 500 microseconds apart for observation of hypervelocity phenomena. The raster uses a staircase vertical deflection and eliminates ambiguities in reading timing of pulses close to the end of each line.

The relationship between forward head posture and temporomandibular disorders.

PubMed

Lee, W Y; Okeson, J P; Lindroth, J

1995-01-01

This study investigated the relationship between forward head posture and temporomandibular disorder symptoms. Thirty-three temporomandibular disorder patients with predominant complaints of masticatory muscle pain were compared with an age- and gender-matched control group. Head position was measured from photographs taken with a plumb line drawn from the ceiling to the lateral malleolus of the ankle and with a horizontal plane that was perpendicular to the plumb line and that passed through the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra. The distances from the plumb line to the ear, to the seventh vertebra, and to the shoulder were measured. Two angles were also measured: (1) ear-seventh cervical vertebra-horizontal plane and (2) eye-ear-seventh cervical vertebra. The only measurement that revealed a statistically significant difference was angle ear-seventh cervical vertebra-horizontal plane. This angle was smaller in the patients with temporomandibular disorders than in the control subjects. In other words, when evaluating the ear position with respect to the seventh cervical vertebra, the head was positioned more forward in the group with temporomandibular disorders than in the control group (P < .05).

The ZINGRS Radio Survey: Probing metallicities at high-z with far-IR fine-structure lines and the radio continuum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferkinhoff, Carl; Higdon, Sarah; Higdon, James L.; Tidwell, Hannah; Rangel, Miguel; Vishwas, Amit; Nikola, Thomas; Stacey, Gordon J.; Brisbin, Drew

2017-01-01

The present day Universe is rich in metals that enable efficient cooling of gas in the ISM in order to form stars, create planets and make the building blocks of life as we know it. The Universe did not start in this state - we know that metals had to build up over time with successive generations of stars. Revealing the details of this evolution, however, is challenging and requires probes of metallicity that are not susceptible to dust extinction nor exhibit the degeneracies common to tracers in the visible regime. One possible indicator combines the far-IR fine structure lines with the radio continuum. Recently we have undertaken a multi-band radio continuum survey with the JVLA of high-z galaxies from ZINGRS. These observations will constrain the galaxies’ thermal and nonthermal radio emissions and demonstrate the use of far-IR lines together with radio continuum as a metallicity indicator. ZINGRS, the ZEUS 1 and 2 INvestigated Galaxy Reference Sample, includes ~30 galaxies from z ~ 1 - 4.5 for which the far-IR fine-structure lines (e.g. [CII] 158, [NII] 122, [OIII] 88) have been observed with the ZEUS-1 and 2 instruments. This is the largest collection of far-IR fine-structure line detections at high-z and is ideal for demonstrating the use of this new indicator. Here we describe the theory behind the new indicator, give an overview of ZINGRS, and report on the status of our radio survey.

Kinematically aligned TKA can align knee joint line to horizontal.

PubMed

Ji, Hyung-Min; Han, Jun; Jin, Dong San; Seo, Hyunseok; Won, Ye-Yeon

2016-08-01

The joint line of the native knee is horizontal to the floor and perpendicular to the vertical weight-bearing axis of the patient in a bipedal stance. The purposes of this study were as follows: (1) to find out the distribution of the native joint line in a population of normal patients with normal knees; (2) to compare the native joint line orientation between patients receiving conventional mechanically aligned total knee arthroplasty (TKA), navigated mechanically aligned TKA, and kinematically aligned TKA; and (3) to determine which of the three TKA methods aligns the postoperative knee joint perpendicular to the weight-bearing axis of the limb in bipedal stance. To determine the joint line orientation of a native knee, 50 full-length standing hip-to-ankle digital radiographs were obtained in 50 young, healthy individuals. The angle between knee joint line and the line parallel to the floor was measured and defined as joint line orientation angle (JLOA). JLOA was also measured prior to and after conventional mechanically aligned TKA (65 knees), mechanically aligned TKA using imageless navigation (65 knees), and kinematically aligned TKA (65 knees). The proportion of the knees similar to the native joint line was calculated for each group. The mean JLOA in healthy individuals was parallel to the floor (0.2° ± 1.1°). The pre-operative JLOA of all treatment groups slanted down to the lateral side. Postoperative JLOA slanted down to the lateral side in conventional mechanically aligned TKA (-3.3° ± 2.2°) and in navigation mechanically aligned TKA (-2.6° ± 1.8°), while it was horizontal to the floor in kinematically aligned TKA (0.6° ± 1.7°). Only 6.9 % of the conventional mechanically aligned TKA and 16.9 % of the navigation mechanically aligned TKA were within one SD of the mean JLOA of the native knee, while the proportion was significantly higher (50.8 %) in kinematically aligned TKA. The portion was statistically greater in mechanically aligned TKA group than the other two. Postoperative joint line orientation after kinematically aligned TKA was more similar to that of native knees than that of mechanically aligned TKA and horizontal to the floor. Kinematically aligned TKA can restore pre-arthritic knee joint line orientation, while mechanically aligned TKA is inefficient in achieving the purpose even if navigation TKA is employed. III.

The Facial Platysma and Its Underappreciated Role in Lower Face Dynamics and Contour.

PubMed

de Almeida, Ada R T; Romiti, Alessandra; Carruthers, Jean D A

2017-08-01

The platysma is a superficial muscle involved in important features of the aging neck. Vertical bands, horizontal lines, and loss of lower face contour are effectively treated with botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A). However, its pars facialis, mandibularis, and modiolaris have been underappreciated. To demonstrate the role of BoNT-A treatment of the upper platysma and its impact on lower face dynamics and contour. Retrospective analysis of cases treated by an injection pattern encompassing the facial platysma components, aiming to block the lower face as a whole complex. It consisted of 2 intramuscular injections into the mentalis muscle and 2 horizontal lines of BoNT-A injections superficially performed above and below the mandible (total dose, 16 onabotulinumtoxinA U/side). Photographs were taken at rest and during motion (frontal and oblique views), before and after treatment. A total of 161 patients have been treated in the last 2 years with the following results: frontal and lateral enhancement of lower facial contour, relaxation of high horizontal lines located just below the lateral mandibular border, and lower deep vertical smile lines present lateral to the oral commissures and melomental folds. The upper platysma muscle plays a relevant role in the functional anatomy of the lower face that can be modulated safely with neuromodulators.

Deformation from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake near the southwest margin of the Santa Clara Valley, California

USGS Publications Warehouse

Schmidt, Kevin M.; Ellen, Stephen D.; Peterson, David M.

2014-01-01

To gain additional measurement of any permanent ground deformation that accompanied this damage, we compiled and conducted post-earthquake surveys along two 5-km lines of horizontal control and a 15-km level line. Measurements of horizontal distortion indicate approximately 0.1 m shortening in a NE-SW direction across the valley margin, similar to the amount measured in the channel lining. Evaluation of precise leveling by the National Geodetic Survey showed a downwarp, with an amplitude of >0.1 m over a span of >12 km, that resembled regional geodetic models of coseismic deformation. Although the leveling indicates broad, regional warping, abrupt discontinuities characteristic of faulting characterize both the broad-scale distribution of damage and the local deformation of the channel lining. Reverse movement largely along preexisting faults and probably enhanced significantly by warping combined with enhanced ground shaking, produced the documented coseismic ground deformation.

Visual and visually mediated haptic illusions with Titchener's ⊥.

PubMed

Landwehr, Klaus

2014-05-01

For a replication and expansion of a previous experiment of mine, 14 newly recruited participants provided haptic and verbal estimates of the lengths of the two lines that make up Titchener's ⊥. The stimulus was presented at two different orientations (frontoparallel vs. horizontal) and rotated in steps of 45 deg around 2π. Haptically, the divided line of the ⊥ was generally underestimated, especially at a horizontal orientation. Verbal judgments also differed according to presentation condition and to which line was the target, with the overestimation of the undivided line ranging between 6.2 % and 15.3 %. The results are discussed with reference to the two-visual-systems theory of perception and action, neuroscientific accounts, and also recent historical developments (the use of handheld touchscreens, in particular), because the previously reported "haptic induction effect" (the scaling of haptic responses to the divided line of the ⊥, depending on the length of the undivided one) did not replicate.

Earth-Fissure Movements Associated with Fluctuations in Ground-Water Levels near the Picacho Mountains, South-Central Arizona, 1980-84

USGS Publications Warehouse

Carpenter, M.C.

1993-01-01

The Picacho earth fissure transects subsiding alluvial sediments near the east periphery of the Picacho basin in south-central Arizona. The basin has undergone land subsidence of as much as 3.8 meters since the 1930's owing to compaction of the aquifer system in response to ground-water-Ievel declines that have exceeded 100 meters. The fissure, which extends generally north-south for 15 kilometers, exhibits horizontal tensile failure and as much as 0.6 meter of normal dip-slip movement at the land surface. The west side of the fissure is down thrown. The fissure was observed as early as 1927 and is the longest earth fissure in Arizona. Vertical and horizontal displacements were monitored along a line normal to the fissure. The survey line extends from a bedrock outcrop in the Picacho Mountains on the east, past an observation well near the fissure, to a point 1,422 meters to the west. From May 1980 to May 1984, the downthrown west side of the fissure subsided 167+-1.8 millimeters and moved 18+-1.5 millimeters westward into the basin. Concurrently, the relatively upthrown east side subsided 148+-1.8 millimeters and moved 14+-1.5 millimeters westward. Dislocation modeling of deformation along the survey line near the fissure indicates that dip-slip movement has occurred along a vertical fault surface that extends from the land surface to a depth of about 300 meters. Slip was 9 millimeters from May to December 1980 and also 9 millimeters from March to November 1981. Continuous measurements were made of horizontal movement across the fissure using a buried invar-wire horizontal extensometer, while water-level fluctuations were continuously monitored in four piezometers nested in two observation wells. The range of horizontal movement was 4.620 millimeters, and the range of water-level fluctuation in the nearest piezometer in the deep alluvium was 9.05 meters. The maximum annual opening of the fissure during the study period was 3.740 millimeters from March to October 1981, while the water level declined 7.59 meters. The fissure closed 1.033 millimeters from October 1981 to March 1982, while the water level recovered 6.94 meters. Opening and closing of the fissure were smooth and were correlated with water-level decline and recovery, respectively, recorded in the nearby piezometers. Pearson correlation coefficients between the water-level fluctuations in the deeper piezometers and horizontal movement ranged from 0.913 to 0.925. The correlogram with water-level decline as ordinate and horizontal strain as abscissa exhibits hysteresis loops for annual cycles of water-level fluctuation as well as near-vertical excursions for shorter cycles of pumping and recovery. Vertical and horizontal displacements also were monitored along a second survey line 1 kilometer north of and nearly parallel to the first survey line. The north line extends from bedrock on the east across three fissures to a point 582 meters to the west but does not cross the Picacho earth fissure. From May 1980 to May 1984, the fissure farthest from the mountain front along this line exhibited 20+-1 millimeters of opening and 33.3+-1.1 millimeters of vertical offset; the west side of the fissure was downthrown. During the same period, the zone between this fissure and the mountain front exhibited compression. The hypothesis of generalized differential compaction is supported by data taken at the study site for several reasons. First, the vertical offset across fissures and the fit of deformation to a dislocation model are consistent with an elastic model of differential vertical movement deep in the alluvium. Second, correlation is high between horizontal movement across the Picacho earth fissure and water-level fluctuations in the deeper local piezometers. Third, correlation is high between horizontal movement across the fissure and compaction farther west in the basin. The hypothesis of rotation of a rigid plate is not supported because (1) fissures sometime

49 CFR 572.76 - Limbs assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

.... (3) Align the test probe specified in § 572.77(a) with the longitudinal center line of the femur force gauge, so that at impact, the probe's longitudinal center line coincides with the sensor's longitudinal center line within ±2 degrees. (4) Impact the knee with the test probe moving horizontally and...

49 CFR 572.76 - Limbs assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

.... (3) Align the test probe specified in § 572.77(a) with the longitudinal center line of the femur force gauge, so that at impact, the probe's longitudinal center line coincides with the sensor's longitudinal center line within ±2 degrees. (4) Impact the knee with the test probe moving horizontally and...

49 CFR 572.76 - Limbs assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

.... (3) Align the test probe specified in § 572.77(a) with the longitudinal center line of the femur force gauge, so that at impact, the probe's longitudinal center line coincides with the sensor's longitudinal center line within ±2 degrees. (4) Impact the knee with the test probe moving horizontally and...

49 CFR 572.76 - Limbs assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

.... (3) Align the test probe specified in § 572.77(a) with the longitudinal center line of the femur force gauge, so that at impact, the probe's longitudinal center line coincides with the sensor's longitudinal center line within ±2 degrees. (4) Impact the knee with the test probe moving horizontally and...

33 CFR 183.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... defined by a series of points of contact, with the boat structure, by straight lines at 45 degree angles... the line defined by a series of points of contact with the boat structure, by straight lines at 45 degree angles to the horizontal and contained in a vertical plane normal to the outside edge of the boat...

46 CFR 45.39 - Marking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the diamond as described in figure 2. (d) The salt water load lines must be horizontal lines extending.... (a) The diamond, lines, and letters must be painted in white or yellow on a dark ground or in black... that passes through the center of the diamond must indicate summer freeboard assigned under § 45.53. (c...

Status of the Proton Therapy Project at IUCF and the Midwest Proton Radiotherapy Institute

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klein, Susan B.

2003-08-01

The first proton therapy patient was successfully treated for astrocytoma using a modified nuclear experimentation beam line and in-house treatment planning in 1993. In 1998, IUCF constructed an eye treatment clinic, and conducted a phase III clinical trial investigating proton radiation treatment of AMD. Treatment was planned using Eyeplan modified to match the IUCF beam characteristics. MPRI was conceptualized in 1996 by a consortium of physicians and physicists. Reconfiguration began in 2000; construction of the achromatic trunk line began in 2001, followed by manufacture of 4 energy selection lines and two fixed horizontal beam treatment lines. Two isocentric, rotational gantries will be installed following completion of the horizontal beam lines. A fifth line will supply the full-time radiation effects research station. Standard proton delivery out of the main stage is specified at 500 nA of 205 MeV. Clinic construction began in April, 2002 and will be completed by mid-December. Design, construction and operation of these proton facilities have been accomplished by the proton therapy group at IUCF.

DESIGN INFORMATION ON FINE PORE AERATION SYSTEMS

EPA Science Inventory

Field studies were conducted over several years at municipal wastewater treatment plants employing line pore diffused aeration systems. These studies were designed to produce reliable information on the performance and operational requirements of fine pore devices under process ...

A Prospective Observational Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Botulinum Toxin in the Horizontal Neck Lines.

PubMed

Lee, Jong Hun; Park, Yu Gil; Park, Eun Soo

2018-06-19

Botulinum toxin is used extensively, and its use for aesthetic indications in the lower face and neck is now becoming increasingly popular. It is the ideal alternative to surgical procedures for patients who are too young for facelift surgery or who are unwilling to take recuperation time. We review current approaches to BTX A treatment for horizontal neck lines. Subjects were 20 women with an average age of 43 with mild to moderate horizontal neck lines but have had no treatment by BTX A for the past 3 months. Injections are performed at points 1-1.5 cm apart along the horizontal lines with 1-2 U in each injection site, for a total of 15-30 U. Patients were followed up 3 and 8 days after treatment and then every 4 weeks after initial treatment for 16 weeks. Except day 3 in the first neck line, the mean resulting from evaluation by the actual physician who performed the injection and two blinded physicians has statistical significance as shown by the maximum results at 8 weeks after injection. However, the patient improvement rate and satisfaction level did not exceed 50%. Adverse reactions were mild and transitory. The overall results of applying BTX A are excellent, and the satisfaction level of treated patients is high to a certain extent. Moreover, smoothening of the neck skin was observed due to the intradermal effect. It is also a safe and effective therapeutic modality for any patient desiring rejuvenation of his or her neck, but who at the same time does not desire any recuperation time or is unwilling to undertake the potential risks associated with surgical procedures. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

77 FR 12282 - Notice Soliciting Scoping Comments

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-29

...-megawatt (MW) horizontal Kaplan bulb turbine/generator unit; (4) a 2,300-foot-long, 13.2-kilovolt (kV... Kaplan bulb turbine/generator unit; (4) a 3.0 mile-long, 34.5-kV overhead transmission line leading from... the downstream Pool No. 4 of the Red River; (3) a 28.1-MW horizontal Kaplan bulb turbine/generator...

A new formulation of mean stress effects in fatigue

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Manson, S. S.; Heidmann, K. R.

1987-01-01

A common method of treating the mean stress effect on fatigue life is to displace the elastic line on a Manson-Coffin-Basquin diagram while retaining the position of the plastic line. Manson and Halford pointed out that this procedure implies that mean stress significantly affects the cyclic stress-strain curve. Actually, however, they showed experimentally and by more general reasoning, that mean stress has little, if any, effect on the cyclic stress-strain curve. Thus, they concluded that it is necessary to displace the plastic line as well as the elastic line in order to keep the cyclic stress-strain curve unaltered. Another way to express the common displacement of the two lines is to keep the lines in place and change the horizontal coordinate to include a term relating to the displacement. Thus, instead of life, 2N sub f, as the horizontal coordinate, a new coordinate can become 2N sub f (1-sigma sub m/sigma sub f) superscript 1/b, thereby displacing both the elastic and plastic lines by an amount (1-sigma sub m/sigma sub f) superscript 1/b where sigma sub m is the mean stress and sigma sub f is the intercept of the elastic line at N sub f = 1/2 cycles and b is the slope of the elastic line.

How Fine Motor Skills Influence the Assessment of High Abilities and Underachievement in Math

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ziegler, Albert; Stoeger, Heidrun

2010-01-01

Previously, fine motor skills have been of little or no interest to giftedness research. New lines of thought have been advanced that imply that fine motor skills can be of significance in the identification of gifted persons as well as gifted underachievers. This would also have consequences for the diagnostic process underlying identification.…

Statistical Fine Structure of Inhomogeneously Broadened Absorption Lines.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-07-31

inhomogeneously broadened optical absorption of pentacene n p-terphenyl at liquid helium temperatures... SFS is the actual frequency- ependent, time...statistical fine structure (SFS) in the inhomogeneously broadened optical absorption of pentacene in p-terphenyl at liquid helium temperatures. SFS is the...quite difficult . -2- We have observed for the first time statistical fine structure in the inhomogeneously broadened optical absorption of pentacene

Facies architecture of the fluvial Missão Velha Formation (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous), Araripe Basin, Northeast Brazil: paleogeographic and tectonic implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fambrini, Gelson Luís; Neumann, Virgínio Henrique M. L.; Menezes-Filho, José Acioli B.; Da Silva-Filho, Wellington F.; De Oliveira, Édison Vicente

2017-12-01

Sedimentological analysis of the Missão Velha Formation (Araripe Basin, northeast Brazil) is the aim of this paper through detailed facies analysis, architectural elements, depositional systems and paleocurrent data. The main facies recognized were: (i) coarse-grained conglomeratic sandstones, locally pebbly conglomerates, with abundant silicified fossil trunks and several large-to-medium trough cross-stratifications and predominantly lenticular geometry; (ii) lenticular coarse-to-medium sandstones with some granules, abundant silicified fossil wood, and large-to-medium trough cross-stratifications, cut-and fill features and mud drapes on the foresets of cross-strata, (iii) poorly sorted medium-grained sandstones with sparse pebbles and with horizontal stratification, (iv) fine to very fine silty sandstones, laminated, interlayered with (v) decimetric muddy layers with horizontal lamination and climbing-ripple cross-lamination. Nine architectural elements were recognized: CH: Channels, GB: Gravel bars and bed forms, SB: Sand bars and bedforms, SB (p): sand bedform with planar cross-stratification, OF: Overbank flow, DA: Downstream-accretion macroforms, LS: Laminated sandsheet, LA: Lateral-accretion macroforms and FF: Floodplain fines. The lithofacies types and facies associations were interpreted as having been generated by alluvial systems characterized by (i) high energy perennial braided river systems and (ii) ephemeral river systems. Aeolian sand dunes and sand sheets generated by the reworking of braided alluvial deposits can also occur. The paleocurrent measurements show a main dispersion pattern to S, SE and SW, and another to NE/E. These features imply a paleodrainage flowing into the basins of the Recôncavo-Tucano-Jatobá.

Space Radar Image of North Atlantic Ocean

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-04-15

This is a radar image showing surface features on the open ocean in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. There is no land mass in this image. The purple line in the lower left of the image is the stern wake of a ship. The ship creating the wake is the bright white spot on the middle, left side of the image. The ship's wake is about 28 kilometers (17 miles) long in this image and investigators believe that is because the ship may be discharging oil. The oil makes the wake last longer and causes it to stand out in this radar image. A fairly sharp boundary or front extends from the lower left to the upper right corner of the image and separates two distinct water masses that have different temperatures. The different water temperature affects the wind patterns on the ocean. In this image, the light green area depicts rougher water with more wind, while the purple area is calmer water with less wind. The dark patches are smooth areas of low wind, probably related to clouds along the front, and the bright green patches are likely due to ice crystals in the clouds that scatter the radar waves. The overall "fuzzy" look of this image is caused by long ocean waves, also called swells. Ocean radar imagery allows the fine detail of ocean features and interactions to be seen, such as the wake, swell, ocean front and cloud effects, which can then be used to enhance the understanding of ocean dynamics on smaller and smaller scales. The image is centered at 42.8 degrees north latitude, 26.2 degrees west longitude and shows an area approximately 35 kilometers by 65 kilometers (22 by 40 miles). The colors in the image are assigned to different frequencies and polarizations of the radar as follows: red is L-band horizontally transmitted, horizontally received; green is C-band horizontally transmitted, horizontally received; blue is L-band vertically transmitted, vertically received. This image was acquired by the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) imaging radar when it flew aboard the space shuttle Endeavour on April 11, 1994. SIR-C/X-SAR, a joint mission of the German, Italian and United States space agencies, is part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01799

Ellipsoidal Harmonic Vertical Deflections. Global and Regional Modeling of The Horizontal Derivative of The Terrestrial Garvity Field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grafarend, E. W.; Ardalan, A.; Finn, G.

In terms of elliptic coordinates of Jacobi type (longitude, latitude, semi-minor axis) the horizontal derivative is computed as a linear operator acting on an ellipsoidal har- monic disturbing/incremental gravitational potential. Such disturbing potential is de- fined with respect to the Somigliana-Pizzetti Reference Potential, the potential field of a level ellipsoid, and the International Reference Ellipsoid/WGS84 or World Geode- tic Datum 2000/WGD2000. Case studies of those vertical deflections on a global as well as regional scale are presented which take advantage of SEGEN (Special Ellipsoidal Gravity Earth Normal: ellipsoidal harmonics expansion 130321 coeffi- cients: http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/gi/research/paper/coefficients/coefficients.zip) and of CENT (precise centrifugal potential)

Effect of tree roots on a shear zone: modeling reinforced shear stress.

Treesearch

Kazutoki Abe; Robert R. Ziemer

1991-01-01

Tree roots provide important soil reinforcement that impoves the stability of hillslopes. After trees are cut and roots begin to decay, the frequency of slope failures can increase. To more fully understand the mechanics of how tree roots reinforce soil, fine sandy soil containing pine roots was placed in a large shear box in horizontal layers and sheared across a...

Gradual Improvement in Fine-Grained Sensitivity to Triadic Gaze after 6 Years of Age

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vida, Mark D.; Maurer, Daphne

2012-01-01

The current research compared the ability of adults and children to determine where another person is looking in shared visual space (triadic gaze). In Experiment 1, children (6-, 8-, 10-, and 14-year-olds) and adults viewed photographs of a model fixating a series of positions separated by 1.6 degrees along the horizontal plane. The task was to…

Beryllium Metal Supply Options

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-01-01

vacuum evaporator treatment to form ABF crystals, which are separated in a horizontal bowl centrifuge and dried. Formation of Beryllium Fluoride The...addition, the high viscosity of the slag may cause poor pebble formation and yield. Thus, the following programs to improve efficiency have been suggested...and avoiding the formation of beryllium fines, which are difficult to recover. The production of a readily manageable beryllium sponge is desired, which

The relative contribution of near-bed vs. intragravel horizontal transport to fine sediment accumulation processes in river gravel beds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Casas-Mulet, Roser; Lakhanpal, Garima; Stewardson, Michael J.

2018-02-01

Understanding flow-sediment interactions is important for comprehending river functioning. Fine sediment accumulation processes, in particular, have key implications for ecosystem health. However, the amount of fines generated by intragravel flows and later accumulated in gravel streambeds may have been underestimated, as the hydraulic-related driving transport mechanisms in play are not clearly identified. Specifically, the relative contribution of fines from upper vs. lower sediment layers in gravel beds is not well understood. By recreating flooded and dewatered conditions in an experimental flume filled with natural sediment, we estimated such contributions by observing and collecting intragravel transported fines that were later accumulated into a void in the middle of the sediment matrix. Near-bed transport in the upper sediment layers (named Brinkman load) during flooded conditions accounted for most (90%) of the accumulated fines. Intragravel transport in the lower sediment layers (named Interstitial load) was the sole source of transport and accumulation during dewatered conditions with steeper hydraulic gradients. Interstitial load accounted for 10% of the total transport during flooded conditions. Although small, such estimations demonstrate that hydraulic-gradient transport in the lower sediment layers occurs in spite of the contradicting analytical assessments. We provide a case study to challenge the traditional approaches of assessing intragravel transport, and a useful framework to understand the origin and relative contribution of fine sediment accumulation in gravel beds. Such knowledge will be highly useful for the design of monitoring programs aiding river management, particularly in regulated rivers.

A generalized analytical solution for an inclined well in a vertically and horizontally anisotropic confined aquifer and comparisons with MODFLOW

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Batu, Vedat

2015-01-01

In this paper, a new generalized three-dimensional complete analytical solution is presented for any well screen shape in a vertically and horizontally anisotropic confined aquifer in x-y-z Cartesian coordinates system for drawdown by taking into account the three principal hydraulic conductivities (Kx, Ky, and Kz) along the x-y-z coordinate directions. The special solution covers a partially-penetrating inclined parallelepiped as well as an inclined line source well. It has been showed that the rectangular parallelepiped screen case solution of Batu (2012) is a special case of this general solution. Like Batu (2012), the horizontal well case is a special case of this solution as well. The solution takes into account both the vertical anisotropy (azx = Kz/Kx) as well as the horizontal anisotropy (ayx = Ky/Kx) and has potential application areas to analyze pumping test drawdown data from partially-penetrating inclined wells by representing them as tiny parallelepiped as well as line sources. Apart from other verifications, the inclined well solution results have also been compared with the results of MODFLOW with very good agreement. The solution has also potential application areas for a partially-penetrating inclined parallelepiped fracture. With this new solution, both the horizontal anisotropy (ayx = Ky/Kx) as well as the vertical anisotropy (azx = Kz/Kx) can also be determined using observed drawdown data.

Can commonly used profile planes be used to evaluate changes in lower lip position?

PubMed

Buschang, Peter H; Fretty, Kimberly; Campbell, Phillip M

2011-07-01

To determine the validity of five profile planes commonly used to describe the horizontal changes of the lower lip during orthodontic treatment. Pretreatment and posttreatment cephalograms of 79 patients (12.4 ± 2.8 years of age) were evaluated. Lower lip (labrale inferiorus) changes over time were measured relative to the Rickett's E-line, Steiner's S1-line, Burstone's B-line, Sushner's S2-line, and Holdaway's H-line. As an independent measure of actual horizontal lip changes, the labrale inferiorus was measured relative to a stable reference plane registered on the sella and oriented on the SN-7°. The lower lip actually moved anteriorly 2.35 ± 3.35 mm during orthodontic treatment; the five profile planes indicated that the lower lip moved to a more retrusive, posterior position. The five profile planes also showed no statistically significant sex differences in terms of the treatment changes that occurred, while the actual lip changes showed that males exhibited significantly greater changes than females. Actual treatment changes showed that the lower lip moved to a more protrusive position with nonextraction than with extraction treatments, changes that were not evident based on the five profile lines. While lip changes based on the five profile planes demonstrated moderately high to high intercorrelations ranging from 0.81 to 0.97, they showed only weak correlations (r < .35) with the actual horizontal changes of the labrale inferiorus. While all five planes measured similar aspects of positional change, none of them closely reflected the actual lower lip changes that occurred. These planes should not be used to measure changes in lip position that occur during treatment.

Tracing Magnetic Fields With The Polarization Of Submillimeter Lines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Heshou; Yan, Huirong

2017-10-01

Magnetic fields play important roles in many astrophysical processes. However, there is no universal diagnostic for the magnetic fields in the interstellar medium (ISM) and each magnetic tracer has its limitation. Any new detection method is thus valuable. Theoretical studies have shown that submillimeter fine-structure lines are polarized due to atomic alignment by Ultraviolet (UV) photon-excitation, which opens up a new avenue to probe interstellar magnetic fields. The method is applicable to all radiative-excitation dominant region, e.g., H II Regions, PDRs. The polarization of the submillimeter fine-structure lines induced by atomic alignment could be substantial and the applicability of using the spectro-polarimetry of atomic lines to trace magnetic fields has been supported by synthetic observations of simulated ISM in our recent paper. Our results demonstrate that the polarization of submillimeter atomic lines is a powerful magnetic tracer and add great value to the observational studies of the submilimeter astronomy.

Dynamic properties along the neutral line of a delta spot inferred from high-resolution observations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cristaldi, A.; Guglielmino, S. L.; Zuccarello, F.

2014-07-10

Delta (δ) spots are complex magnetic configurations of sunspots characterized by umbrae of opposite polarity sharing a common penumbra. In order to investigate the fine structure of the region separating the two magnetic polarities of a δ spot, we studied the morphology, the magnetic configuration, and the velocity field in such a region using observations of active region (AR) NOAA 11267 obtained with the CRisp Imaging SpectroPolarimeter (CRISP) at the Swedish Solar Telescope on 2011 August 6. The analysis of CRISP data shows upflows and downflows of ∼ ± 3 km s{sup –1} in proximity of the δ spot polaritymore » inversion line (PIL), and horizontal motions along the PIL of the order of ∼1 km s{sup –1}. The results obtained from the SIR inversion of CRISP data also indicate that the transverse magnetic field in the brighter region separating the two opposite magnetic polarities of the δ spot is tilted about ∼45° with respect to the PIL. Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager observations confirm the presence of motions of ∼ ± 3 km s{sup –1} in proximity of the PIL, which were observed to last 15 hr. From the data analyzed, we conclude that the steady, persistent, and subsonic motions observed along the δ spot PIL can be interpreted as being due to Evershed flows occurring in the penumbral filaments that show a curved, wrapped configuration. The fluting of the penumbral filaments and their bending, continuously increased by the approaching motion of the negative umbra toward the positive one, give rise to the complex line-of-sight velocity maps that we observed.« less

Atomic clouds as spectrally selective and tunable delay lines for single photons from quantum dots

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wildmann, Johannes S.; Trotta, Rinaldo; Martín-Sánchez, Javier; Zallo, Eugenio; O'Steen, Mark; Schmidt, Oliver G.; Rastelli, Armando

2015-12-01

We demonstrate a compact, spectrally selective, and tunable delay line for single photons emitted by quantum dots. This is achieved by fine-tuning the wavelength of the optical transitions of such "artificial atoms" into a spectral window in which a cloud of natural atoms behaves as a slow-light medium. By employing the ground-state fine-structure-split exciton confined in an InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot as a source of single photons at different frequencies and the hyperfine-structure-split D1 transition of Cs-vapors as a tunable delay medium, we achieve a differential delay of up 2.4 ns on a 7.5-cm-long path for photons that are only 60 μ eV (14.5 GHz) apart. To quantitatively explain the experimental data, we develop a theoretical model that accounts for both the inhomogeneous broadening of the quantum-dot emission lines and the Doppler broadening of the atomic lines. The concept we proposed here may be used to implement time-reordering operations aimed at erasing the "which-path" information that deteriorates entangled-photon emission from excitons with finite fine-structure splitting.

Automatic Monitoring of Tunnel Deformation Based on High Density Point Clouds Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Du, L.; Zhong, R.; Sun, H.; Wu, Q.

2017-09-01

An automated method for tunnel deformation monitoring using high density point clouds data is presented. Firstly, the 3D point clouds data are converted to two-dimensional surface by projection on the XOY plane, the projection point set of central axis on XOY plane named Uxoy is calculated by combining the Alpha Shape algorithm with RANSAC (Random Sampling Consistency) algorithm, and then the projection point set of central axis on YOZ plane named Uyoz is obtained by highest and lowest points which are extracted by intersecting straight lines that through each point of Uxoy and perpendicular to the two -dimensional surface with the tunnel point clouds, Uxoy and Uyoz together form the 3D center axis finally. Secondly, the buffer of each cross section is calculated by K-Nearest neighbor algorithm, and the initial cross-sectional point set is quickly constructed by projection method. Finally, the cross sections are denoised and the section lines are fitted using the method of iterative ellipse fitting. In order to improve the accuracy of the cross section, a fine adjustment method is proposed to rotate the initial sectional plane around the intercept point in the horizontal and vertical direction within the buffer. The proposed method is used in Shanghai subway tunnel, and the deformation of each section in the direction of 0 to 360 degrees is calculated. The result shows that the cross sections becomes flat circles from regular circles due to the great pressure at the top of the tunnel

Characterization of fine motor development: dynamic analysis of children's drawing movements.

PubMed

Lin, Qiushi; Luo, Jianfei; Wu, Zhongcheng; Shen, Fei; Sun, Zengwu

2015-04-01

In this study, we investigated children's fine motor development by analyzing drawing trajectories, kinematics and kinetics. Straight lines drawing task and circles drawing task were performed by using a force sensitive tablet. Forty right-handed and Chinese mother-tongue students aged 6-12, attending classes from grade 1 to 5, were engaged in the experiment. Three spatial parameters, namely cumulative trace length, vector length of straight line and vertical diameter of circle were determined. Drawing duration, mean drawing velocity, and number of peaks in stroke velocity profile (NPV) were derived as kinematic parameters. Besides mean normal force, two kinetic indices were proposed: normalized force angle regulation (NFR) and variation of fine motor control (VFC) for circles drawing task. The maturation and automation of fine motor ability were reflected by increased drawing velocity, reduced drawing duration, NPV and NFR, with decreased VFC in circles drawing task. Grade and task main effects as well as significant correlations between age and parameters suggest that factors such as schooling, age and task should be considered in the assessment of fine motor skills. Compared with kinematic parameters, findings of NFR and VFC revealed that kinetics is another important perspective in the analysis of fine motor movement. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

NEUTRON-IRRADIATED STRUCTURES

DOEpatents

Ashley, E.L.; Ashley, J.W.; Bowker, H.W.; Hall, R.H.; Kendall, J.W.

1959-02-01

A moderator structure is described for a nuclear reactor of the heterogensous type wherein a large mass of moderator is provided with channels therethrough for the introduction of uranium serving as nuclear fuel and for the passage of a cooling fluid. The structure is comprised of blocks of moderator material in superposed horizontal layers, the blocks of each layer being tied together with spaces between them and oriented to have horizontal Wigner growth. The ties are strips of moderator material, the same as the blocks, with transverse Wigner growth, disposed horizontally along lines crossing at vertical axes of the blocks. The blocks are preferably rectangular with a larger or length dimension transverse to the directions of Wiguer growth and are stood on end to provide for horizontal growth.

Secretary of The Navy Professor

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-09-30

goal of this research is to develop a predictive capability for the upper ocean circulation and atmospheric interactions using numerical models...assimilation techniques to be used in these models. In addition, we are continuing the task of preparing long-term global surface fluxes for use in ocean...NASA, NSF, and NOAA. APPROACH We are using a suite of models forced with estimates of real winds, with very fine horizontal resolution and realistic

Up, Down, and All Around: Scale-Dependent Spatial Variation in Rocky-Shore Communities of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica

PubMed Central

Valdivia, Nelson; Díaz, María J.; Holtheuer, Jorge; Garrido, Ignacio; Huovinen, Pirjo; Gómez, Iván

2014-01-01

Understanding the variation of biodiversity along environmental gradients and multiple spatial scales is relevant for theoretical and management purposes. Hereby, we analysed the spatial variability in diversity and structure of intertidal and subtidal macrobenthic Antarctic communities along vertical environmental stress gradients and across multiple horizontal spatial scales. Since biotic interactions and local topographic features are likely major factors for coastal assemblages, we tested the hypothesis that fine-scale processes influence the effects of the vertical environmental stress gradients on the macrobenthic diversity and structure. We used nested sampling designs in the intertidal and subtidal habitats, including horizontal spatial scales ranging from few centimetres to 1000s of metres along the rocky shore of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island. In both intertidal and subtidal habitats, univariate and multivariate analyses showed a marked vertical zonation in taxon richness and community structure. These patterns depended on the horizontal spatial scale of observation, as all analyses showed a significant interaction between height (or depth) and the finer spatial scale analysed. Variance and pseudo-variance components supported our prediction for taxon richness, community structure, and the abundance of dominant species such as the filamentous green alga Urospora penicilliformis (intertidal), the herbivore Nacella concinna (intertidal), the large kelp-like Himantothallus grandifolius (subtidal), and the red crustose red alga Lithothamnion spp. (subtidal). We suggest that in coastal ecosystems strongly governed by physical factors, fine-scale processes (e.g. biotic interactions and refugia availability) are still relevant for the structuring and maintenance of the local communities. The spatial patterns found in this study serve as a necessary benchmark to understand the dynamics and adaptation of natural assemblages in response to observed and predicted environmental changes in Antarctica. PMID:24956114

Net Force of an Ideal Conductor on an Element of a Line of Charge Moving With Extreme Relativistic Speed

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cawley, Robert

1978-01-01

Considers the problem of determining the force on an element of a finite length line of charge moving horizontally with extreme relativistic speed through an evacuated space above an infinite plane ideal conducting surface. (SL)

33 CFR 183.410 - Ignition protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... both vertically and horizontally the distance of the open space between the fuel source and the... sources, such as engines, and valves, connections, or other fittings in vent lines, fill lines... component is isolated from a gasoline fuel source if: (1) A bulkhead that meets the requirements of...

Reviving a neglected celestial underwater polarization compass for aquatic animals.

PubMed

Waterman, Talbot H

2006-02-01

Substantial in situ measurements on clear days in a variety of marine environments at depths in the water down to 200 m have demonstrated the ubiquitous daytime presence of sun-related e-vector (=plane of polarization) patterns. In most lines of sight the e-vectors tilt from horizontal towards the sun at angles equal to the apparent underwater refracted zenith angle of the sun. A maximum tilt-angle of approximately 48.5 degrees , is reached in horizontal lines of sight at 90 degrees to the sun's bearing (the plane of incidence). This tilt limit is set by Snell's window, when the sun is on the horizon. The biological literature since the 1980s has been pervaded with assumptions that daytime aquatic e-vectors are mainly horizontal. This review attempts to set the record straight concerning the potential use of underwater e-vectors as a visual compass and to reopen the field to productive research on aquatic animals' orientation and navigation.

Effects of Selected Filmic Coding Elements of TV on the Development of the Euclidean Concepts of Horizontality and Verticality in Adolescents.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lynch, Beth Eloise

This study was conducted to determine whether the filmic coding elements of split screen, slow motion, generated line cues, the zoom of a camera, and rotation could aid in the development of the Euclidean space concepts of horizontality and verticality, and to explore presence and development of spatial skills involving these two concepts in…

Beam commissioning of a superconducting rotating-gantry for carbon-ion radiotherapy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iwata, Y.; Fujimoto, T.; Matsuba, S.; Fujita, T.; Sato, S.; Furukawa, T.; Hara, Y.; Mizushima, K.; Saraya, Y.; Tansho, R.; Saotome, N.; Shirai, T.; Noda, K.

2016-10-01

A superconducting rotating-gantry for carbon-ion radiotherapy was developed. This isocentric gantry can transport carbon ions having kinetic energies of between E=430 and 48 MeV/u to an isocenter over an angle of ±180°, and is further capable of performing three-dimensional raster-scanning irradiation. Construction of the entire rotating-gantry system was completed by the end of September 2015. Prior to beam commissioning, phase-space distributions of extracted carbon beams from the synchrotron were deduced by using an empirical method. In this method, phase-space distributions at the extraction channel of the synchrotron were modeled with 8 parameters, and the best parameters were determined so as to minimize a difference between the calculated and measured beam profiles by using a simplex method. Based on the phase-space distributions, beam optics through the beam-transport lines as well as the rotating gantry were designed. Since horizontal and vertical beam emittances, as extracted slowly from the synchrotron, generally differ with each other, a horizontal-vertical beam coupling would occur when the gantry rotates. Thus, the size and shape of beam spots at the isocenter should vary depending on the gantry angle. To compensate for the difference in the emittances, we employed a method to utilize multiple Coulomb scattering of the beam particles by a thin scatterer. Having compensated for the emittances and designed beam optics through the rotating gantry, beam commissioning over various combinations of gantry angles and beam energies was performed. By finely tuning the superconducting quadrupoles of the rotating gantry, we could successfully obtain the designed beam quality, which satisfies the requirements of scanning irradiation.

Extremum seeking x-ray position feedback using power line harmonic leakage as the perturbation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zohar, S.; Kissick, D. J.; Venugopalan, N.

Small x-ray beam sizes necessary for probing nanoscale phenomena require exquisite stability to prevent data corruption by noise. One source of instability at synchrotron radiation x-ray beamlines is the slow detuning of x-ray optics to marginal alignment where the onset of clipping increases the beam's susceptibility to higher frequency position oscillations. In this article, we show that a 1 mu m amplitude horizontal x-ray beam oscillation driven by power line harmonic leakage into the electron storage ring can be used as perturbation for horizontal position extremum seeking feedback. Feedback performance is characterized by convergence to 1.5% away from maximum intensitymore » at optimal alignment.« less

Extremum seeking x-ray position feedback using power line harmonic leakage as the perturbation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zohar, S.; Kissick, D. J.; Venugopalan, N.

Small X-ray beam sizes necessary for probing nanoscale phenomena require exquisite stability to prevent data corruption by noise. One source of instability at synchrotron radiation X-ray beamlines is the slow detuning of X-ray optics to marginal alignment where the onset of clipping increases the beam’s susceptibility to higher frequency position oscillations. In this article, we show that a 1 µm amplitude horizontal X-ray beam oscillation driven by power line harmonic leakage into the electron storage ring can be used as perturbation for horizontal position extremum seeking feedback. Feedback performance is characterized by convergence to 1.5% away from maximum intensity atmore » optimal alignment.« less

Evaluating video digitizer errors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peterson, C.

2016-01-01

Analog output video cameras remain popular for recording meteor data. Although these cameras uniformly employ electronic detectors with fixed pixel arrays, the digitization process requires resampling the horizontal lines as they are output in order to reconstruct the pixel data, usually resulting in a new data array of different horizontal dimensions than the native sensor. Pixel timing is not provided by the camera, and must be reconstructed based on line sync information embedded in the analog video signal. Using a technique based on hot pixels, I present evidence that jitter, sync detection, and other timing errors introduce both position and intensity errors which are not present in cameras which internally digitize their sensors and output the digital data directly.

The Sensitivity of Numerical Simulations of Cloud-Topped Boundary Layers to Cross-Grid Flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wyant, Matthew C.; Bretherton, Christopher S.; Blossey, Peter N.

2018-02-01

In mesoscale and global atmospheric simulations with large horizontal domains, strong horizontal flow across the grid is often unavoidable, but its effects on cloud-topped boundary layers have received comparatively little study. Here the effects of cross-grid flow on large-eddy simulations of stratocumulus and trade-cumulus marine boundary layers are studied across a range of grid resolutions (horizontal × vertical) between 500 m × 20 m and 35 m × 5 m. Three cases are simulated: DYCOMS nocturnal stratocumulus, BOMEX trade cumulus, and a GCSS stratocumulus-to-trade cumulus case. Simulations are performed with a stationary grid (with 4-8 m s-1 horizontal winds blowing through the cyclic domain) and a moving grid (equivalent to subtracting off a fixed vertically uniform horizontal wind) approximately matching the mean boundary-layer wind speed. For stratocumulus clouds, cross-grid flow produces two primary effects on stratocumulus clouds: a filtering of fine-scale resolved turbulent eddies, which reduces stratocumulus cloud-top entrainment, and a vertical broadening of the stratocumulus-top inversion which enhances cloud-top entrainment. With a coarse (20 m) vertical grid, the former effect dominates and leads to strong increases in cloud cover and LWP, especially as horizontal resolution is coarsened. With a finer (5 m) vertical grid, the latter effect is stronger and leads to small reductions in cloud cover and LWP. For the BOMEX trade cumulus case, cross-grid flow tends to produce fewer and larger clouds with higher LWP, especially for coarser vertical grid spacing. The results presented are robust to choice of scalar advection scheme and Courant number.

Lens-Aided Multi-Angle Spectroscopy (LAMAS) Reveals Small-Scale Outflow Structure in Quasars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Green, Paul J.

2006-06-01

Spectral differences between lensed quasar image components are common. Since lensing is intrinsically achromatic, these differences are typically explained as the effect of either microlensing, or as light path time delays sampling intrinsic quasar spectral variability. Here we advance a novel third hypothesis: some spectral differences are due to small line-of-sight differences through quasar disk wind outflows. In particular, we propose that variable spectral differences seen only in component A of the widest separation lens SDSS J1004+4112 are due to differential absorption along the sight lines. The absorber properties required by this hypothesis are akin to known broad absorption line (BAL) outflows but must have a broader, smoother velocity profile. We interpret the observed C IV emission-line variability as further evidence for spatial fine structure transverse to the line of sight. Since outflows are likely to be rotating, such absorber fine structure can consistently explain some of the UV and X-ray variability seen in AGNs. The implications are many: (1) Spectroscopic differences in other lensed objects may be due to this ``lens-aided multi-angle spectroscopy'' (LAMAS). (2) Outflows have fine structure on size scales of arcseconds, as seen from the nucleus. (3) Assuming either broad absorption line region sizes proposed in recent wind models, or typically assumed continuum emission region sizes, LAMAS and/or variability provide broadly consistent absorber size scale estimates of ~1015 cm. (4) Very broad smooth absorption may be ubiquitous in quasar spectra, even when no obvious troughs are seen.

Estimation of the Latitude, the Gnomon`s Length and Position About Sinbeop-Jipyeong-Ilgu in the Late of Joseon Dynasty

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mihn, Byeong-Hee; Lee, Yong Sam; Kim, Sang Hyuk; Choi, Won-Ho; Ham, Seon Young

2017-06-01

In this study, the characteristics of a horizontal sundial from the Joseon Dynasty were investigated. Korea’s Treasure No. 840 (T840) is a Western-style horizontal sundial where hour-lines and solar-term-lines are engraved. The inscription of this sundial indicates that the latitude (altitude of the north celestial pole) is 37° 39´, but the gnomon is lost. In the present study, the latitude of the sundial and the length of the gnomon were estimated based only on the hour-lines and solar-termlines of the horizontal sundial. When statistically calculated from the convergent point obtained by extending the hourlines, the latitude of this sundial was 37° 15´ ± 26´, which showed a 24´ difference from the record of the inscription. When it was also assumed that a convergent point is changeable, the estimation of the sundial’s latitude was found to be sensitive to the variation of this point. This study found that T840 used a vertical gnomon, that is, perpendicular to the horizontal plane, rather than an inclined triangular gnomon, and a horn-shaped mark like a vertical gnomon is cut on its surface. The length of the gnomon engraved on the artifact was 43.1 mm, and in the present study was statistically calculated as 43.7 ± 0.7 mm. In addition, the position of the gnomon according to the original inscription and our calculation showed an error of 0.3 mm.

Propagating Waves Transverse to the Magnetic Field in a Solar Prominence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kucera, Therese A.; Knizhnik, K.; Lopez Ariste, A.; Luna Bennasar, M.; Schmieder, B.; Toot, D.

2013-07-01

We have observed a quiescent prominence with the Hinode Solar Optical Telescope (SOT, in Ca II and H-alpha lines), Sacramento Peak Observatory (in H-alpha, H-beta and Sodium-D lines), and THEMIS/MTR (Télescope Héliographique pour l'Étude du Magnétisme et des Instabilités Solaires/MulTi Raies, providing vector magnetograms), and SDO/AIA (Solar Dynamics Observatory Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, in EUV) over a 4 hour period on 2012 October 10. The small fields of view of SOT, Sac Peak and THEMIS are centered on a large pillar-like prominence footpoint extending towards the surface. This feature appears in the larger field of view of the 304 Å band, as a large, quasi-vertical column with material flowing horizontally on each side. The THEMIS/MTR data indicate that the magnetic field in the pillar is essentially horizontal and the observations in the optical wavelengths show a large number of horizontally aligned features on a much smaller scale than the pillar as a whole. The data are consistent with a model of cool prominence plasma trapped in the dips of horizontal field lines. The SOT and Sac Peak data show what appear to be moving wave pulses. These pulses, which include a Doppler signature, move vertically, perpendicular to the field direction, along quasi-vertical columns. The pulses have a velocity of propagation of about 10 km/s, a period about 260 sec, and a wavelength around 2000 km. We interpret these waves in terms of fast magneto-sonic waves and discuss possible wave drivers.

Static Longitudinal Stability and Control Characteristics of an Unswept Wing and Unswept Horizontal-Tail Configuration at Mach Numbers from 0.70 to 2.22

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peterson, Victor L.; Menees, Gene P.

1959-01-01

Results of an investigation of the static longitudinal stability and control characteristics of an aspect-ratio-3.1, unswept wing configuration equipped with an aspect-ratio-4, unswept horizontal tail are presented without analysis for the Mach number range from 0.70 to 2.22. The hinge line of the all-movable horizontal tail was in the extended wing chord plane, 1.66 wing mean aerodynamic chords behind the reference center of moments. The ratio of the area of the exposed horizontal-tail panels to the total area of the wing was 13.3 percent and the ratio of the total areas was 19.9 percent. Data are presented at angles of attack ranging"from -6 deg to +18 deg for the horizontal tail set at angles ranging from +5 deg to -20 deg and for the tail removed.

Measurements of Lorentz air-broadening coefficients and relative intensities in the H2O-16 pure rotational and nu2 bands from long horizontal path atmospheric spectra

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rinsland, Curtis P.; Smith, Mary Ann H.; Goldman, Aaron; Malathy Devi, V.

1991-01-01

Lorentz air-broadening coefficients and relative intensities have been measured for forty-three lines in the pure rotational band and twenty lines in the nu2 band of H2O-16 between 800 and 1150/cm. The results were derived from analysis of nine 0.017/cm-resolution atmospheric absorption spectra recorded over horizontal paths of 0.5-1.5 km with the McMath Fourier transform spectrometer and main solar telescope operated on Kitt Peak by the National Solar Observatory. A nonlinear least-squares spectral fitting technique was used in the spectral analysis. The results are compared with previous measurements and calculations. In most cases, the measured pressure-broadening coefficients and intensities are significantly different from the values in the 1986 HITRAN line parameters compilation.

Three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics of the emerging magnetic flux in the solar atmosphere

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Matsumoto, R.; Tajima, T.; Shibata, K.; Kaisig, M.

1993-01-01

The nonlinear evolution of an emerging magnetic flux tube or sheet in the solar atmosphere is studied through 3D MHD simulations. In the initial state, a horizontal magnetic flux sheet or tube is assumed to be embedded at the bottom of MHD two isothermal gas layers, which approximate the solar photosphere/chromosphere and the corona. The magnetic flux sheet or tube is unstable against the undular mode of the magnetic buoyancy instability. The magnetic loop rises due to the linear and then later nonlinear instabilities caused by the buoyancy enhanced by precipitating the gas along magnetic field lines. We find by 3D simulation that during the ascendance of loops the bundle of flux tubes or even the flux sheet develops into dense gas filaments pinched between magnetic loops. The interchange modes help produce a fine fiber flux structure perpendicular to the magnetic field direction in the linear stage, while the undular modes determine the overall buoyant loop structure. The expansion of such a bundle of magnetic loops follows the self-similar behavior observed in 2D cases studied earlier. Our study finds the threshold flux for arch filament system (AFS) formation to be about 0.3 x 10 exp 20 Mx.

14 CFR 23.393 - Loads parallel to hinge line.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

...) K=24 for vertical surfaces; (2) K=12 for horizontal surfaces; and (3) W=weight of the movable... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Loads parallel to hinge line. 23.393 Section 23.393 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION...

14 CFR 23.393 - Loads parallel to hinge line.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...) K=24 for vertical surfaces; (2) K=12 for horizontal surfaces; and (3) W=weight of the movable... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Loads parallel to hinge line. 23.393 Section 23.393 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION...

14 CFR 23.393 - Loads parallel to hinge line.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...) K=24 for vertical surfaces; (2) K=12 for horizontal surfaces; and (3) W=weight of the movable... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Loads parallel to hinge line. 23.393 Section 23.393 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION...

14 CFR 23.393 - Loads parallel to hinge line.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...) K=24 for vertical surfaces; (2) K=12 for horizontal surfaces; and (3) W=weight of the movable... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Loads parallel to hinge line. 23.393 Section 23.393 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION...

14 CFR 23.393 - Loads parallel to hinge line.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) K=24 for vertical surfaces; (2) K=12 for horizontal surfaces; and (3) W=weight of the movable... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Loads parallel to hinge line. 23.393 Section 23.393 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION...

6. FOURTH FLOOR, DETAIL OF HOTEL SOAP LINE TO NORTH: ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. FOURTH FLOOR, DETAIL OF HOTEL SOAP LINE TO NORTH: AMERICAN CAR & FOUNDRY COMPANY MANUAL SOAP CUTTER INSTALLED 1932 (FOREGROUND); CONVEYORS; AND R.A. JONES & COMPANY HORIZONTAL PRESS INSTALLED 1931 (BACKGROUND) - Colgate & Company Jersey City Plant, Building No. B-15, 90-96 Greene Street, Jersey City, Hudson County, NJ

18 CFR 375.103 - Official seal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... protruding from a solid color wing-like shape. Below the eagle shall appear five squares, arranged in a horizontal line. Each of these squares shall contain a circle representing an area of the Commission's responsibility. The first square at the left of the line shall include a stylized representation of a pipeline...

18 CFR 375.103 - Official seal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... protruding from a solid color wing-like shape. Below the eagle shall appear five squares, arranged in a horizontal line. Each of these squares shall contain a circle representing an area of the Commission's responsibility. The first square at the left of the line shall include a stylized representation of a pipeline...

18 CFR 375.103 - Official seal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... protruding from a solid color wing-like shape. Below the eagle shall appear five squares, arranged in a horizontal line. Each of these squares shall contain a circle representing an area of the Commission's responsibility. The first square at the left of the line shall include a stylized representation of a pipeline...

18 CFR 375.103 - Official seal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... protruding from a solid color wing-like shape. Below the eagle shall appear five squares, arranged in a horizontal line. Each of these squares shall contain a circle representing an area of the Commission's responsibility. The first square at the left of the line shall include a stylized representation of a pipeline...

18 CFR 375.103 - Official seal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... protruding from a solid color wing-like shape. Below the eagle shall appear five squares, arranged in a horizontal line. Each of these squares shall contain a circle representing an area of the Commission's responsibility. The first square at the left of the line shall include a stylized representation of a pipeline...

Statistical Fine Structure in the Inhomogeneously Broadened Electronic Origin of Pentacene in p-Terphenyl.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-29

Electronic Origin of Pentacene in p-Terphenyl by T. P. Carter, M. Manavi, and W. E. Moerner Prepared for Publication inDTIC Journal of Chemical Physics...Classification) Statistical Fine Structure in the Inhomogeneously Broadened Electronic Origin of Pentacene in p-Terphenyl 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) T. P...of pentacene in p-terphenyl using laser FM spectroscopy. Statistical fine structure is time-independent structure on the inhomogeneous line caused by

Design and 4D Printing of Cross-Folded Origami Structures: A Preliminary Investigation.

PubMed

Teoh, Joanne Ee Mei; An, Jia; Feng, Xiaofan; Zhao, Yue; Chua, Chee Kai; Liu, Yong

2018-03-03

In 4D printing research, different types of complex structure folding and unfolding have been investigated. However, research on cross-folding of origami structures (defined as a folding structure with at least two overlapping folds) has not been reported. This research focuses on the investigation of cross-folding structures using multi-material components along different axes and different horizontal hinge thickness with single homogeneous material. Tensile tests were conducted to determine the impact of multi-material components and horizontal hinge thickness. In the case of multi-material structures, the hybrid material composition has a significant impact on the overall maximum strain and Young's modulus properties. In the case of single material structures, the shape recovery speed is inversely proportional to the horizontal hinge thickness, while the flexural or bending strength is proportional to the horizontal hinge thickness. A hinge with a thickness of 0.5 mm could be folded three times prior to fracture whilst a hinge with a thickness of 0.3 mm could be folded only once prior to fracture. A hinge with a thickness of 0.1 mm could not even be folded without cracking. The introduction of a physical hole in the center of the folding/unfolding line provided stress relief and prevented fracture. A complex flower petal shape was used to successfully demonstrate the implementation of overlapping and non-overlapping folding lines using both single material segments and multi-material segments. Design guidelines for establishing cross-folding structures using multi-material components along different axes and different horizontal hinge thicknesses with single or homogeneous material were established. These guidelines can be used to design and implement complex origami structures with overlapping and non-overlapping folding lines. Combined overlapping folding structures could be implemented and allocating specific hole locations in the overall designs could be further explored. In addition, creating a more precise prediction by investigating sets of in between hinge thicknesses and comparing the folding times before fracture, will be the subject of future work.

Teaching braille line tracking using stimulus fading.

PubMed

Scheithauer, Mindy C; Tiger, Jeffrey H

2014-01-01

Line tracking is a prerequisite skill for braille literacy that involves moving one's finger horizontally across a line of braille text and identifying when a line ends so the reader may reset his or her finger on the subsequent line. Current procedures for teaching line tracking are incomplete, because they focus on tracking lines with only small gaps between characters. The current study extended previous line-tracking instruction using stimulus fading to teach tracking across larger gaps. After instruction, all participants showed improvement in line tracking, and 2 of 3 participants met mastery criteria for tracking across extended spaces. © Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.

VizieR Online Data Catalog: FIR spectra of AGNs from Herschel (Fernandez-Ontiveros+, 2016)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fernandez-Ontiveros, J. A.; Spinoglio, L.; Pereira-Santaella, M.; Malkan, M. A.; Andreani, P.; Dasyra, K. M.

2016-11-01

The combination of Herschel/PACS during its 3.5yr of operational life and Spitzer/IRS allows us to cover the fine-structure emission lines from the mid- to the far-IR (10-200um in the rest-frame) for all the galaxies in the sample. This database was completed with the Herschel/SPIRE published values of the [NII]205um, and [CI]371,609um line fluxes (mainly from Kamenetzky+ 2016ApJ...829...93K). Table 8 collects published mid-IR (10-35um) fine-structure line fluxes measured with Spitzer/IRS for our samples of AGN and starburst galaxies. These values were complemented with unpublished IRS observations from the Spitzer archive. (10 data files).

Methods for constraining fine structure constant evolution with OH microwave transitions.

PubMed

Darling, Jeremy

2003-07-04

We investigate the constraints that OH microwave transitions in megamasers and molecular absorbers at cosmological distances may place on the evolution of the fine structure constant alpha=e(2)/ variant Planck's over 2pi c. The centimeter OH transitions are a combination of hyperfine splitting and lambda doubling that can constrain the cosmic evolution of alpha from a single species, avoiding systematic errors in alpha measurements from multiple species which may have relative velocity offsets. The most promising method compares the 18 and 6 cm OH lines, includes a calibration of systematic errors, and offers multiple determinations of alpha in a single object. Comparisons of OH lines to the HI 21 cm line and CO rotational transitions also show promise.

Spectral Confusion for Cosmological Surveys of Redshifted C II Emission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kogut, A.; Dwek, E.; Moseley, S. H.

2015-01-01

Far-infrared cooling lines are ubiquitous features in the spectra of star-forming galaxies. Surveys of redshifted fine-structure lines provide a promising new tool to study structure formation and galactic evolution at redshifts including the epoch of reionization as well as the peak of star formation. Unlike neutral hydrogen surveys, where the 21 cm line is the only bright line, surveys of redshifted fine-structure lines suffer from confusion generated by line broadening, spectral overlap of different lines, and the crowding of sources with redshift. We use simulations to investigate the resulting spectral confusion and derive observing parameters to minimize these effects in pencilbeam surveys of redshifted far-IR line emission. We generate simulated spectra of the 17 brightest far-IR lines in galaxies, covering the 150-1300 µm wavelength region corresponding to redshifts 0 < z < 7, and develop a simple iterative algorithm that successfully identifies the 158 µm [C II] line and other lines. Although the [C II] line is a principal coolant for the interstellar medium, the assumption that the brightest observed lines in a given line of sight are always [C II] lines is a poor approximation to the simulated spectra once other lines are included. Blind line identification requires detection of fainter companion lines from the same host galaxies, driving survey sensitivity requirements. The observations require moderate spectral resolution 700 < R < 4000 with angular resolution between 20? and 10', sufficiently narrow to minimize confusion yet sufficiently large to include a statistically meaningful number of sources.

Feature Orientation and Positional Accuracy Assessment of Digital Orthophoto and Line Map for Large Scale Mapping: the Case Study on Bahir Dar Town, Ethiopia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sisay, Z. G.; Besha, T.; Gessesse, B.

2017-05-01

This study used in-situ GPS data to validate the accuracy of horizontal coordinates and orientation of linear features of orthophoto and line map for Bahir Dar city. GPS data is processed using GAMIT/GLOBK and Lieca GeoOfice (LGO) in a least square sense with a tie to local and regional GPS reference stations to predict horizontal coordinates at five checkpoints. Real-Time-Kinematic GPS measurement technique is used to collect the coordinates of road centerline to test the accuracy associated with the orientation of the photogrammetric line map. The accuracy of orthophoto was evaluated by comparing with in-situ GPS coordinates and it is in a good agreement with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 12.45 cm in x- and 13.97 cm in y-coordinates, on the other hand, 6.06 cm with 95 % confidence level - GPS coordinates from GAMIT/GLOBK. Whereas, the horizontal coordinates of the orthophoto are in agreement with in-situ GPS coordinates at an accuracy of 16.71 cm and 18.98 cm in x and y-directions respectively and 11.07 cm with 95 % confidence level - GPS data is processed by LGO and a tie to local GPS network. Similarly, the accuracy of linear feature is in a good fit with in-situ GPS measurement. The GPS coordinates of the road centerline deviates from the corresponding coordinates of line map by a mean value of 9.18 cm in x- direction and -14.96 cm in y-direction. Therefore, it can be concluded that, the accuracy of the orthophoto and line map is within the national standard of error budget ( 25 cm).

What is shale gas and why is it important?

EIA Publications

2012-01-01

Shale gas refers to natural gas that is trapped within shale formations. Shales are fine-grained sedimentary rocks that can be rich sources of petroleum and natural gas. Over the past decade, the combination of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing has allowed access to large volumes of shale gas that were previously uneconomical to produce. The production of natural gas from shale formations has rejuvenated the natural gas industry in the United States.

Hydrography change detection: the usefulness of surface channels derived From LiDAR DEMs for updating mapped hydrography

USGS Publications Warehouse

Poppenga, Sandra K.; Gesch, Dean B.; Worstell, Bruce B.

2013-01-01

The 1:24,000-scale high-resolution National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) mapped hydrography flow lines require regular updating because land surface conditions that affect surface channel drainage change over time. Historically, NHD flow lines were created by digitizing surface water information from aerial photography and paper maps. Using these same methods to update nationwide NHD flow lines is costly and inefficient; furthermore, these methods result in hydrography that lacks the horizontal and vertical accuracy needed for fully integrated datasets useful for mapping and scientific investigations. Effective methods for improving mapped hydrography employ change detection analysis of surface channels derived from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) digital elevation models (DEMs) and NHD flow lines. In this article, we describe the usefulness of surface channels derived from LiDAR DEMs for hydrography change detection to derive spatially accurate and time-relevant mapped hydrography. The methods employ analyses of horizontal and vertical differences between LiDAR-derived surface channels and NHD flow lines to define candidate locations of hydrography change. These methods alleviate the need to analyze and update the nationwide NHD for time relevant hydrography, and provide an avenue for updating the dataset where change has occurred.

Feedback and Feeding in the Context of Galaxy Evolution with SPICA: Direct Characterisation of Molecular Outflows and Inflows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

González-Alfonso, E.; Armus, L.; Carrera, F. J.; Charmandaris, V.; Efstathiou, A.; Egami, E.; Fernández-Ontiveros, J. A.; Fischer, J.; Granato, G. L.; Gruppioni, C.; Hatziminaoglou, E.; Imanishi, M.; Isobe, N.; Kaneda, H.; Koziel-Wierzbowska, D.; Malkan, M. A.; Martín-Pintado, J.; Mateos, S.; Matsuhara, H.; Miniutti, G.; Nakagawa, T.; Pozzi, F.; Rico-Villas, F.; Rodighiero, G.; Roelfsema, P.; Spinoglio, L.; Spoon, H. W. W.; Sturm, E.; van der Tak, F.; Vignali, C.; Wang, L.

2017-11-01

A far-infrared observatory such as the SPace Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics, with its unprecedented spectroscopic sensitivity, would unveil the role of feedback in galaxy evolution during the last 10 Gyr of the Universe (z = 1.5-2), through the use of far- and mid-infrared molecular and ionic fine structure lines that trace outflowing and infalling gas. Outflowing gas is identified in the far-infrared through P-Cygni line shapes and absorption blueshifted wings in molecular lines with high dipolar moments, and through emission line wings of fine-structure lines of ionised gas. We quantify the detectability of galaxy-scale massive molecular and ionised outflows as a function of redshift in AGN-dominated, starburst-dominated, and main-sequence galaxies, explore the detectability of metal-rich inflows in the local Universe, and describe the most significant synergies with other current and future observatories that will measure feedback in galaxies via complementary tracers at other wavelengths.

An automatic optimum kernel-size selection technique for edge enhancement

USGS Publications Warehouse

Chavez, Pat S.; Bauer, Brian P.

1982-01-01

Edge enhancement is a technique that can be considered, to a first order, a correction for the modulation transfer function of an imaging system. Digital imaging systems sample a continuous function at discrete intervals so that high-frequency information cannot be recorded at the same precision as lower frequency data. Because of this, fine detail or edge information in digital images is lost. Spatial filtering techniques can be used to enhance the fine detail information that does exist in the digital image, but the filter size is dependent on the type of area being processed. A technique has been developed by the authors that uses the horizontal first difference to automatically select the optimum kernel-size that should be used to enhance the edges that are contained in the image. 

Gross, histological and ultrastructural morphology of the aglomerular kidney in the lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus.

PubMed

Fogelson, S B; Yanong, R P E; Kane, A; Teal, C N; Berzins, I K; Smith, S A; Brown, C; Camus, A

2015-09-01

Histologic evaluation of the renal system in the lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus reveals a cranial kidney with low to moderate cellularity, composed of a central dorsal aorta, endothelial lined capillary sinusoids, haematopoietic tissue, fine fibrovascular stroma, ganglia and no nephrons. In comparison, the caudal kidney is moderately to highly cellular with numerous highly convoluted epithelial lined tubules separated by interlacing haematopoietic tissue, no glomeruli, fine fibrovascular stroma, numerous capillary sinusoids, corpuscles of Stannius and clusters of endocrine cells adjacent to large calibre vessels. Ultrastructural evaluation of the renal tubules reveals minimal variability of the tubule epithelium throughout the length of the nephron and the majority of tubules are characterized by epithelial cells with few apical microvilli, elaborate basal membrane infolding, rare electron dense granules and abundant supporting collagenous matrix. © 2015 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

Graphene-based fine-tunable optical delay line for optical beamforming in phased-array antennas.

PubMed

Tatoli, Teresa; Conteduca, Donato; Dell'Olio, Francesco; Ciminelli, Caterina; Armenise, Mario N

2016-06-01

The design of an integrated graphene-based fine-tunable optical delay line on silicon nitride for optical beamforming in phased-array antennas is reported. A high value of the optical delay time (τ_g=920  ps) together with a compact footprint (4.15  mm²) and optical loss <27  dB make this device particularly suitable for highly efficient steering in active phased-array antennas. The delay line includes two graphene-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer switches and two vertically stacked microring resonators between which a graphene capacitor is placed. The tuning range is obtained by varying the value of the voltage applied to the graphene electrodes, which controls the optical path of the light propagation and therefore the delay time. The graphene provides a faster reconfigurable time and low values of energy dissipation. Such significant advantages, together with a negligible beam-squint effect, allow us to overcome the limitations of conventional RF beamformers. A highly efficient fine-tunable optical delay line for the beamsteering of 20 radiating elements up to ±20° in the azimuth direction of a tile in a phased-array antenna of an X-band synthetic aperture radar has been designed.

Calculation of induced voltages on overhead lines caused by inclined lightning strokes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sakakibara, A.

1989-01-01

Equations to calculate the inducing scalar and vector potentials produced by inclined return strokes are shown. Equations are also shown for calculating the induced voltages on overhead lines where horizontal components of inducing vector potential exist. The adequacy of the calculation method is demonstrated by field experiments. Using these equations, induced voltages on overhead lines are calculated for a variety of directions of return strokes.

Using Nonlinearity and Contact Lines to Control Fluid Flow in Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Perlin, M.; Schultz, W. W.; Bian, X.; Agarwal, M.

2002-01-01

Slug flows in a tube are affected by surface tension and contact lines, especially under microgravity. Numerical analyses and experiments are conducted of slug flows in small-diameter tubes with horizontal, inclined and vertical orientations. A PID-controlled, meter-long platform capable of following specified motions is used. An improved understanding of the contact line boundary condition for steady and unsteady contact-line motion is expected. Lastly, a direct fluid-handling method using nonlinear oscillatory motion of a tube is presented.

Security camera resolution measurements: Horizontal TV lines versus modulation transfer function measurements.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Birch, Gabriel Carisle; Griffin, John Clark

2015-01-01

The horizontal television lines (HTVL) metric has been the primary quantity used by division 6000 related to camera resolution for high consequence security systems. This document shows HTVL measurements are fundamen- tally insufficient as a metric to determine camera resolution, and propose a quantitative, standards based methodology by measuring the camera system modulation transfer function (MTF), the most common and accepted metric of res- olution in the optical science community. Because HTVL calculations are easily misinterpreted or poorly defined, we present several scenarios in which HTVL is frequently reported, and discuss their problems. The MTF metric is discussed, and scenariosmore » are presented with calculations showing the application of such a metric.« less

Helium induced fine structure in the electronic spectra of anthracene derivatives doped into superfluid helium nanodroplets

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pentlehner, D.; Slenczka, A., E-mail: alkwin.slenczka@chemie.uni-regensburg.de

2015-01-07

Electronic spectra of organic molecules doped into superfluid helium nanodroplets show characteristic features induced by the helium environment. Besides a solvent induced shift of the electronic transition frequency, in many cases, a spectral fine structure can be resolved for electronic and vibronic transitions which goes beyond the expected feature of a zero phonon line accompanied by a phonon wing as known from matrix isolation spectroscopy. The spectral shape of the zero phonon line and the helium induced phonon wing depends strongly on the dopant species. Phonon wings, for example, are reported ranging from single or multiple sharp transitions to broadmore » (Δν > 100 cm{sup −1}) diffuse signals. Despite the large number of example spectra in the literature, a quantitative understanding of the helium induced fine structure of the zero phonon line and the phonon wing is missing. Our approach is a systematic investigation of related molecular compounds, which may help to shed light on this key feature of microsolvation in superfluid helium droplets. This paper is part of a comparative study of the helium induced fine structure observed in electronic spectra of anthracene derivatives with particular emphasis on a spectrally sharp multiplet splitting at the electronic origin. In addition to previously discussed species, 9-cyanoanthracene and 9-chloroanthracene will be presented in this study for the first time.« less

Quiescent Prominence Structure and Dynamics: a new View From the Hinode/SOT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berger, T.; Okamoto, J.; Slater, G.; Magara, T.; Tarbell, T.; Tsuneta, S.; Hurlburt, N.

2008-05-01

To date the Hinode/Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) has produced over a dozen sub-arcsecond, multi-hour movies of quiescent solar prominences in both the Ca II 396.8~nm H-line and the H-alpha 656.3~nm line. These datasets have revealed new details of the structure and dynamics of quiescent prominences including a new form of mass transport in the form of buoyant plume upflows from the chromosphere. We review the SOT prominence datasets to show that quiescent prominences appear in two major morphological categories: "vertically" and "horizontally" structured. The vertically structured prominences all show ubiquitous downflows in 400--700~km wide "streams" with velocities of approximately 10~km~s-1. Most of the vertically structured prominences also show episodic upflows in the form of dark turbulent plumes with typical velocities of 20~km~s-1. Large-scale oscillations are frequently seen in vertical prominences with periods on the order of 10 min and upward propagation speeds of approximately 10~km~s-1. In addition, "bubble" events in which large voids 10--30~Mm across inflate and then burst are seen in some of the vertical prominences. In contrast, the horizontally structured quiescent prominences exhibit only limited flows along the horizontal filaments. We speculate on the origin of the distinction between the vertically and horizontally structured prominences, taking into account viewing angle and the underlying photospheric magnetic flux density. We also discuss the nature of the mysterious dark plumes and bubble expansions and their implications for prominence mass balance in light of recent models of prominence magnetic structure that find vertical flows along some field lines.

Emerging organic contaminant removal depending on primary treatment and operational strategy in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands: influence of redox.

PubMed

Avila, Cristina; Reyes, Carolina; Bayona, Josep María; García, Joan

2013-01-01

This study aimed at assessing the influence of primary treatment (hydrolytic upflow sludge blanket (HUSB) reactor vs. conventional settling) and operational strategy (alternation of saturated/unsaturated phases vs. permanently saturated) on the removal of various emerging organic contaminants (i.e. ibuprofen, diclofenac, acetaminophen, tonalide, oxybenzone, bisphenol A) in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands. For that purpose, a continuous injection experiment was carried out in an experimental treatment plant for 26 days. The plant had 3 treatment lines: a control line (settler-wetland permanently saturated), a batch line (settler-wetland operated with saturate/unsaturated phases) and an anaerobic line (HUSB reactor-wetland permanently saturated). In each line, wetlands had a surface area of 2.95 m(2), a water depth of 25 cm and a granular medium D(60) = 7.3 mm, and were planted with common reed. During the study period the wetlands were operated at a hydraulic and organic load of 25 mm/d and about 4.7 g BOD/m(2)d, respectively. The injection experiment delivered very robust results that show how the occurrence of higher redox potentials within the wetland bed promotes the elimination of conventional quality parameters as well as emerging microcontaminants. Overall, removal efficiencies were always greater for the batch line than for the control and anaerobic lines, and to this respect statistically significantly differences were found for ibuprofen, diclofenac, oxybenzone and bisphenol A. As an example, ibuprofen, whose major removal mechanism has been reported to be biodegradation under aerobic conditions, showed a higher removal in the batch line (85%) than in the control (63%) and anaerobic (52%) lines. Bisphenol A showed also a great dependence on the redox status of the wetlands, finding an 89% removal rate for the batch line, as opposed to the control and anaerobic lines (79 and 65%, respectively). Furthermore, diclofenac showed a greater removal under a higher redox status (70, 48 and 32% in the batch, control and anaerobic lines). Average removal efficiencies of acetaminophen, oxybenzone and tonalide were almost >90% for the 3 treatment lines. The results of this study indicate that the efficiency of horizontal flow constructed wetland systems can be improved by using a batch operation strategy. Furthermore, we tentatively identified 4-hydroxy-diclofenac and carboxy-bisphenol A as intermediate degradation products. The higher abundance of the latter under the batch operation strategy reinforced biodegradation as a relevant bisphenol A removal pathway under higher redox conditions. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Propagating Waves Transverse to the Magnetic Field in a Solar Prominence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmieder, B.; Kucera, T. A.; Knizhnik, K.; Luna, M.; Lopez-Ariste, A.; Toot, D.

2013-11-01

We report an unusual set of observations of waves in a large prominence pillar that consist of pulses propagating perpendicular to the prominence magnetic field. We observe a huge quiescent prominence with the Solar Dynamics Observatory Atmospheric Imaging Assembly in EUV on 2012 October 10 and only a part of it, the pillar, which is a foot or barb of the prominence, with the Hinode Solar Optical Telescope (SOT; in Ca II and Hα lines), Sac Peak (in Hα, Hβ, and Na-D lines), and THEMIS ("Télescope Héliographique pour l' Etude du Magnétisme et des Instabilités Solaires") with the MTR (MulTi-Raies) spectropolarimeter (in He D3 line). The THEMIS/MTR data indicates that the magnetic field in the pillar is essentially horizontal and the observations in the optical domain show a large number of horizontally aligned features on a much smaller scale than the pillar as a whole. The data are consistent with a model of cool prominence plasma trapped in the dips of horizontal field lines. The SOT and Sac Peak data over the four hour observing period show vertical oscillations appearing as wave pulses. These pulses, which include a Doppler signature, move vertically, perpendicular to the field direction, along thin quasi-vertical columns in the much broader pillar. The pulses have a velocity of propagation of about 10 km s-1, a period of about 300 s, and a wavelength around 2000 km. We interpret these waves in terms of fast magnetosonic waves and discuss possible wave drivers.

ERRATUM: Propagating Waves Transverse to the Magnetic Field in a Solar Prominence

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schmieder, B.; Kucera, T. A.; Knizhnik, K.; Luna, M.; Lopez-Ariste, A.; Toot, D.

2014-01-01

We report an unusual set of observations of waves in a large prominence pillar that consist of pulses propagating perpendicular to the prominence magnetic field. We observe a huge quiescent prominence with the Solar Dynamics Observatory Atmospheric Imaging Assembly in EUV on 2012 October 10 and only a part of it, the pillar, which is a foot or barb of the prominence, with the Hinode Solar Optical Telescope (SOT; in Ca II and Halpha lines), Sac Peak (in Ha, Hß, and Na-D lines), and THEMIS ("Télescope Héliographique pour l' Etude du Magnétisme et des Instabilités Solaires") with the MTR (MulTi-Raies) spectropolarimeter (in He D3 line). The THEMIS/MTR data indicates that the magnetic field in the pillar is essentially horizontal and the observations in the optical domain show a large number of horizontally aligned features on a much smaller scale than the pillar as a whole. The data are consistent with a model of cool prominence plasma trapped in the dips of horizontal field lines. The SOT and Sac Peak data over the four hour observing period show vertical oscillations appearing as wave pulses. These pulses, which include a Doppler signature, move vertically, perpendicular to the field direction, along thin quasi-vertical columns in the much broader pillar. The pulses have a velocity of propagation of about 10 km/s, a period of about 300 s, and a wavelength around 2000 km. We interpret these waves in terms of fast magnetosonic waves and discuss possible wave drivers.

Collisional excitation of CH2 rotational/fine-structure levels by helium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dagdigian, P. J.; Lique, F.

2018-02-01

Accurate determination of the abundance of CH2 in interstellar media relies on both radiative and collisional rate coefficients. We investigate here the rotational/fine-structure excitation of CH2 induced by collisions with He. We employ a recoupling technique to generate fine-structure-resolved cross-sections and rate coefficients from close coupling spin-free scattering calculations. The calculations are based on a recent, high-accuracy CH2-He potential energy surface computed at the coupled clusters level of theory. The collisional cross-section calculations are performed for all fine-structure transitions among the first 22 and 24 energy levels of ortho- and para-CH2, respectively, and for temperatures up to 300 K. As a first application, we simulate the excitation of CH2 in typical molecular clouds. The excitation temperatures of the CH2 lines are found to be small at typical densities of molecular clouds, showing that the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium approach has to be used to analyse interstellar spectra. We also found that the fine-structure lines connected with the 404 - 313 and 505 - 414 rotational transitions show possible maser emissions so that they can be easily seen in emission. These calculations show that CH2 may have to be detected mainly through absorption spectra.

Solid State Mini-RPV Color Imaging System

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-09-12

completed in the design and construction phase . Con- siderations are now in progress for conducting field tests of the equipment against "real world...Simplified Parallel Injection Configuration 2-21 CID Parallel Injection Configuration 2-23 Element Rate Timing 2-25 Horizontal Input and Phase Line...Timing 2-26 Line Reset /Injection Timing 2-27 Line Rate Timing (Start of Readout) 2-28 Driver A4 Block Diagram 2-31 Element Scan Time Base

Dragging a floating horizontal cylinder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Duck-Gyu; Kim, Ho-Young

2010-11-01

A cylinder immersed in a fluid stream experiences a drag, and it is well known that the drag coefficient is a function of the Reynolds number only. Here we study the force exerted on a long horizontal cylinder that is dragged perpendicular to its axis while floating on an air-water interface with a high Reynolds number. In addition to the flow-induced drag, the floating body is subjected to capillary forces along the contact line where the three phases of liquid/solid/gas meet. We first theoretically predict the meniscus profile around the horizontally moving cylinder assuming the potential flow, and show that the profile is in good agreement with that obtained experimentally. Then we compare our theoretical predictions and experimental measurement results for the drag coefficient of a floating horizontal cylinder that is given by a function of the Weber number and the Bond number. This study can help us to understand the horizontal motion of partially submerged objects at air-liquid interface, such as semi-aquatic insects and marine plants.

Microstructure characterization of heat affected zone after welding in Mod.9Cr–1Mo steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sawada, K., E-mail: sawada.kota@nims.go.jp; Hara, T.; Tabuchi, M.

2015-03-15

The microstructure of the heat affected zone after welding was investigated in Mod.9Cr–1Mo steel, using TEM and STEM-EDX. The microstructure of thin foil was observed at the fusion line, and at the positions of 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm and 3.5 mm to the base metal side of the fusion line. Martensite structure with very fine lath and high dislocation density was confirmed at all positions. Twins with a twin plane of (112) were locally observed at all positions. Elemental mapping was obtained for all positions by means of STEM-EDX. Inclusions of mainlymore » Si were formed at the fusion line but not at the other positions. No precipitates could be detected at the fusion line or at the position of 0.5 mm. On the other hand, MX particles were observed at the positions of 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm and 3.5 mm even after welding. M{sub 23}C{sub 6} particles were also confirmed at the positions of 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm and 3.5 mm. Very fine equiaxed grains were locally observed at the positions of 2.0 mm and 2.5 mm. The Cr content of the equiaxed grains was about 12 mass%, although the martensite area included about 8 mass% Cr. - Graphical abstract: Display Omitted - Highlights: • Nonequilibrium microstructure of heat affected zone was observed after welding in Mod.9Cr–1Mo steel. • Inclusions containing Si were detected at the fusion line. • Undissolved M{sub 23}C{sub 6} and MX particles were confirmed in heat affected zone. • Twins with a twin plane of (112) were locally observed at all positions. • Very fine ferrite grains with high Cr content were observed in fine grained heat affected zone.« less

Putting atomic diffusion theory of magnetic ApBp stars to the test: evaluation of the predictions of time-dependent diffusion models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kochukhov, O.; Ryabchikova, T. A.

2018-02-01

A series of recent theoretical atomic diffusion studies has address the challenging problem of predicting inhomogeneous vertical and horizontal chemical element distributions in the atmospheres of magnetic ApBp stars. Here we critically assess the most sophisticated of such diffusion models - based on a time-dependent treatment of the atomic diffusion in a magnetized stellar atmosphere - by direct comparison with observations as well by testing the widely used surface mapping tools with the spectral line profiles predicted by this theory. We show that the mean abundances of Fe and Cr are grossly underestimated by the time-dependent theoretical diffusion model, with discrepancies reaching a factor of 1000 for Cr. We also demonstrate that Doppler imaging inversion codes, based either on modelling of individual metal lines or line-averaged profiles simulated according to theoretical three-dimensional abundance distribution, are able to reconstruct correct horizontal chemical spot maps despite ignoring the vertical abundance variation. These numerical experiments justify a direct comparison of the empirical two-dimensional Doppler maps with theoretical diffusion calculations. This comparison is generally unfavourable for the current diffusion theory, as very few chemical elements are observed to form overabundance rings in the horizontal field regions as predicted by the theory and there are numerous examples of element accumulations in the vicinity of radial field zones, which cannot be explained by diffusion calculations.

Fine mapping and characterization of BPH27, a brown planthopper resistance gene from wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.).

PubMed

Huang, D; Qiu, Y; Zhang, Y; Huang, F; Meng, J; Wei, S; Li, R; Chen, B

2013-01-01

The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål; BPH) is one of the most serious rice pests worldwide. Growing resistant varieties is the most effective way to manage this insect, and wild rice species are a valuable source of resistance genes for developing resistant cultivars. BPH27 derived from an accession of Guangxi wild rice, Oryza rufipogon Griff. (Accession no. 2183, hereafter named GX2183), was primarily mapped to a 17-cM region on the long arm of the chromosome four. In this study, fine mapping of BPH27 was conducted using two BC(1)F(2) populations derived from introgression lines of GX2183. Insect resistance was evaluated in the BC(1)F(2) populations with 6,010 individual offsprings, and 346 resistance extremes were obtained and employed for fine mapping of BPH27. High-resolution linkage analysis defined the BPH27 locus to an 86.3-kb region in Nipponbare. Regarding the sequence information of rice cultivars, Nipponbare and 93-11, all predicted open reading frames (ORFs) in the fine-mapping region have been annotated as 11 types of proteins, and three ORFs encode disease-related proteins. Moreover, the average BPH numbers showed significant differences in 96-120 h after release in comparisons between the preliminary near-isogenic lines (pre-NILs, lines harboring resistance genes) and BaiR54. BPH growth and development were inhibited and survival rates were lower in the pre-NIL plants compared with the recurrent parent BaiR54. The pre-NIL exhibited 50.7% reductions in population growth rates (PGR) compared to BaiR54. The new development in fine mapping of BPH27 will facilitate the efforts to clone this important resistant gene and to use it in BPH-resistance rice breeding.

INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: Realization of Fine Tip Tilting by 16-Step Line Tilting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ding, Lu; Chen, Ying-Tian; Hu, Sen; Zhang, Yang

2010-07-01

Following Chen's method [Common. Theor. Phys. 52 (2009) 549] to use 8-step line tilting to realize tip tilting, to achieve finer rotation, it is discovered that a 16-step line tilting method may realize a rotation two order smaller than that achieved by 8-step.

Evidence for Two Separate but Interlaced Components of the Chromospheric Magnetic Field

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reardom, K. P.; Wang, Y.-M.; Muglach, K.; Warren, H. P.

2011-01-01

Chromospheric fibrils are generally thought to trace out low-lying, mainly horizontal magnetic elds that fan out from flux concentrations in the photosphere. A high-resolution (approximately 0.1" per pixel) image, taken in the core of the Ca II 854.2 nm line and covering an unusually large area, shows the dark brils within an active region remnant as fine, looplike features that are aligned parallel to each other and have lengths comparable to a supergranular diameter. Comparison with simultaneous line-of-sight magnetograms confirms that the fibrils are centered above intranetwork areas (supergranular cell interiors), with one end rooted just inside the neighboring plage or strong unipolar network but the other endpoint less clearly defined. Focusing on a particular arcade-like structure lying entirely on one side of a lament channel (large-scale polarity inversion), we find that the total amount of positive-polarity flux underlying this "fibril arcade" is approximately 50 times greater than the total amount of negative-polarity flux. Thus, if the brils represent closed loops, they must consist of very weak fields (in terms of total magnetic flux), which are interpenetrated by a more vertical field that contains most of the flux. This surprising result suggests that the fibrils in unipolar regions connect the network to the nearby intranetwork flux, while the bulk of the network flux links to remote regions of the opposite polarity, forming a second, higher canopy above the fibril canopy. The chromospheric field near the edge of the network thus has an interlaced structure resembling that in sunspot penumbrae.

HOPI: on-line injection optimization program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

LeMaire, J L

1977-10-26

A method of matching the beam from the 200 MeV linac to the AGS without the necessity of making emittance measurements is presented. An on-line computer program written on the PDP10 computer performs the matching by modifying independently the horizontal and vertical emittance. Experimental results show success with this method, which can be applied to any matching section.

The Dryline on 22 May 2002 during IHOP_2002: Convective-Scale Measurements at the Profiling Site

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Demoz, Belay; Flamant, Cyrille; Weckwerth, Tammy; Whiteman, David; Evans, Keith; Fabry, Frederic; DiGirolamo, Paolo; Miller, David; Geerts, Bart; Brown, William;

Filmwise Condensation of Steam on Externally-Finned Horizontal Tubes.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-12-01

via gravity to the boiler. The auxiliary condenser was constructed of two 9.5-mm (3/8-in) water- cooled ccpper lines helically coiled to a height of...34. " . .. . ’ . .- .. ’. .. .- . . . i . ’ -, - NPS69-83-003 - m NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS FILMWISE CONDENSATION OF STEAM ON EXTERNALLY-FINNED...and SubEtee) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED Filmwise Condensation of Steam on Master Thesis; Externally-Finned Horizontal Tubes D e r1 6

Soft sensor for real-time cement fineness estimation.

PubMed

Stanišić, Darko; Jorgovanović, Nikola; Popov, Nikola; Čongradac, Velimir

2015-03-01

This paper describes the design and implementation of soft sensors to estimate cement fineness. Soft sensors are mathematical models that use available data to provide real-time information on process variables when the information, for whatever reason, is not available by direct measurement. In this application, soft sensors are used to provide information on process variable normally provided by off-line laboratory tests performed at large time intervals. Cement fineness is one of the crucial parameters that define the quality of produced cement. Providing real-time information on cement fineness using soft sensors can overcome limitations and problems that originate from a lack of information between two laboratory tests. The model inputs were selected from candidate process variables using an information theoretic approach. Models based on multi-layer perceptrons were developed, and their ability to estimate cement fineness of laboratory samples was analyzed. Models that had the best performance, and capacity to adopt changes in the cement grinding circuit were selected to implement soft sensors. Soft sensors were tested using data from a continuous cement production to demonstrate their use in real-time fineness estimation. Their performance was highly satisfactory, and the sensors proved to be capable of providing valuable information on cement grinding circuit performance. After successful off-line tests, soft sensors were implemented and installed in the control room of a cement factory. Results on the site confirm results obtained by tests conducted during soft sensor development. Copyright © 2014 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Studies on use of Copper Slag as Replacement Material for River Sand in Building Constructions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Madheswaran, C. K.; Ambily, P. S.; Dattatreya, J. K.; Rajamane, N. P.

2014-09-01

This work focuses on the use of copper slag, as a partial replacement of sand for use in cement concrete and building construction. Cement mortar mixtures prepared with fine aggregate made up of different proportions of copper slag and sand were tested for use as masonry mortars and plastering. Three masonry wall panels of dimensions 1 × 1 m were plastered. The studies showed that although copper slag based mortar is suitable for plastering, with the increase in copper slag content, the wastage due to material rebounding from the plastered surfaces increases. It is therefore suggested that the copper slag can be used for plastering of floorings and horizontal up to 50 % by mass of the fine aggregate, and for vertical surfaces, such as, brick/block walls it can be used up to 25 %. In this study on concrete mixtures were prepared with two water cement ratios and different proportions of copper slag ranging from 0 % (for the control mix) to 100 % of fine aggregate. The Concrete mixes were evaluated for workability, density, and compressive strength.

RR LYRAE ATMOSPHERICS: WRINKLES OLD AND NEW. A PREVIEW

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Preston, George W., E-mail: gwp@obs.carnegiescience.ed

I report some results of an echelle spectroscopic survey of RR Lyrae stars begun in 2006 that I presented in my Henry Norris Lecture of 2010 January 4. Topics include (1) atmospheric velocity gradients, (2) phase-dependent envelope turbulence as it relates to Peterson's discoveries of axial rotation on the horizontal branch and to Stothers' explanation of the Blazhko effect, (3) the three apparitions of hydrogen emission during a pulsation cycle, (4) the occurrence of He I lines in emission and absorption, (5) detection of He II emission and metallic line doubling in Blazhko stars, and finally (6) speculation about whatmore » helium observations of RR Lyrae stars in omega Centauri might tell us about the putative helium populations and the horizontal branch of that strange globular cluster.« less

Radar error statistics for the space shuttle

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lear, W. M.

1979-01-01

Radar error statistics of C-band and S-band that are recommended for use with the groundtracking programs to process space shuttle tracking data are presented. The statistics are divided into two parts: bias error statistics, using the subscript B, and high frequency error statistics, using the subscript q. Bias errors may be slowly varying to constant. High frequency random errors (noise) are rapidly varying and may or may not be correlated from sample to sample. Bias errors were mainly due to hardware defects and to errors in correction for atmospheric refraction effects. High frequency noise was mainly due to hardware and due to atmospheric scintillation. Three types of atmospheric scintillation were identified: horizontal, vertical, and line of sight. This was the first time that horizontal and line of sight scintillations were identified.

Time in the eye of the beholder: Gaze position reveals spatial-temporal associations during encoding and memory retrieval of future and past.

PubMed

Martarelli, Corinna S; Mast, Fred W; Hartmann, Matthias

2017-01-01

Time is grounded in various ways, and previous studies point to a "mental time line" with past associated with the left, and future with the right side. In this study, we investigated whether spontaneous eye movements on a blank screen would follow a mental timeline during encoding, free recall, and recognition of past and future items. In all three stages of processing, gaze position was more rightward during future items compared to past items. Moreover, horizontal gaze position during encoding predicted horizontal gaze position during free recall and recognition. We conclude that mental time line and the stored gaze position during encoding assist memory retrieval of past versus future items. Our findings highlight the spatial nature of temporal representations.

PULSE AMPLITUDE ANALYZER

DOEpatents

Greenblatt, M.H.

1958-03-25

This patent pertains to pulse amplitude analyzers for sorting and counting a serles of pulses, and specifically discloses an analyzer which ls simple in construction and presents the puise height distribution visually on an oscilloscope screen. According to the invention, the pulses are applied to the vertical deflection plates of an oscilloscope and trigger the horizontal sweep. Each pulse starts at the same point on the screen and has a maximum amplitude substantially along the same vertical line. A mask is placed over the screen except for a slot running along the line where the maximum amplitudes of the pulses appear. After the slot has been scanned by a photocell in combination with a slotted rotating disk, the photocell signal is displayed on an auxiliary oscilloscope as vertical deflection along a horizontal time base to portray the pulse amplitude distribution.

Plant growth, biomass partitioning and soil carbon formation in response to altered lignin biosynthesis in Populus tremuloides.

PubMed

Hancock, Jessica E; Loya, Wendy M; Giardina, Christian P; Li, Laigeng; Chiang, Vincent L; Pregitzer, Kurt S

2007-01-01

We conducted a glasshouse mesocosm study that combined (13)C isotope techniques with wild-type and transgenic aspen (Populus tremuloides) in order to examine how altered lignin biosynthesis affects plant production and soil carbon formation. Our transgenic aspen lines expressed low stem lignin concentration but normal cellulose concentration, low lignin stem concentration with high cellulose concentration or an increased stem syringyl to guaiacyl lignin ratio. Large differences in stem lignin concentration observed across lines were not observed in leaves or fine roots. Nonetheless, low lignin lines accumulated 15-17% less root C and 33-43% less new soil C than the control line. Compared with the control line, transformed aspen expressing high syringyl lignin accumulated 30% less total plant C - a result of greatly reduced total leaf area - and 70% less new soil C. These findings suggest that altered stem lignin biosynthesis in Populus may have little effect on the chemistry of fine roots or leaves, but can still have large effects on plant growth, biomass partitioning and soil C formation.

Explorations in Aeolian Ecology: Radar and Visual Studies of the Aerofauna during the Convection and Precipitation/electrification (cape) Experiment.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Russell, Robert William

I studied the ecology of aerial insects and birds (the "aerofauna") during the Convection and Precipitation/Electrification (CaPE) Experiment in Florida during the summer of 1991. Visual observations were coordinated with simultaneous measurements of atmospheric motions, permitting novel explorations of: (1) patterns and processes in the distribution of "aerial plankton" (i.e., small, weakly flying insects that drift with boundary-layer winds); (2) the feeding ecology of "aerial planktivores" (i.e., predators that feed on aerial plankton); and (3) the flight tactics of soaring birds. Sensitive Doppler radars regularly detected fine lines of enhanced reflectivity in boundary-layer convergence zones. These "fine lines" were attributable to dense concentrations of aerial plankton entrained by the convergent airflow. Insect densities were inferred to be about an order of magnitude higher inside convergence zones then elsewhere. Anecdotal observations suggested that large quantities of aerial plankton entrained in convergence zones were sometimes "scrubbed" from the boundary layer by precipitation. Radar images clearly depicted the rapid aeolian transport of aerial plankton across the landscape, but also showed that densities of aerial plankton became concentrated along coastlines when winds blew toward the sea. In contrast, airspace over the adjacent ocean remained largely free of radar echoes under all wind conditions. The coastal concentrations, together with the absence of overwater echoes, indicate that the organisms comprising the aerial plankton respond behaviorally to coastlines to avoid being blown out to sea. Several species of aerial insectivorous predators commonly exploited boundary-layer fine lines as food resources. Chimney swifts (Chaetura pelagica), barn swallows (Hirundo rustica), and wandering gliders (Pantala flavescens) showed significant responses to fine lines. Details of these responses differed, but this variation clearly reflected species-specific behavioral constraints and life-history characteristics. Vertical airflows were predictably enhanced in convergence lines, and soaring birds, which require ascending air to employ their preferred mode of flight, appeared to use these lines as aerial corridors for cross-country travel. Theoretical analyses showed that convergence lines can be profitably exploited under a wide variety of circumstances. The results presented here indicate that sensitive Doppler radars capable of detecting clear-air motions offer tremendous potential as research platforms for future studies of the "aerofauna.".

Design and 4D Printing of Cross-Folded Origami Structures: A Preliminary Investigation

PubMed Central

Teoh, Joanne Ee Mei; Feng, Xiaofan; Zhao, Yue; Liu, Yong

2018-01-01

In 4D printing research, different types of complex structure folding and unfolding have been investigated. However, research on cross-folding of origami structures (defined as a folding structure with at least two overlapping folds) has not been reported. This research focuses on the investigation of cross-folding structures using multi-material components along different axes and different horizontal hinge thickness with single homogeneous material. Tensile tests were conducted to determine the impact of multi-material components and horizontal hinge thickness. In the case of multi-material structures, the hybrid material composition has a significant impact on the overall maximum strain and Young’s modulus properties. In the case of single material structures, the shape recovery speed is inversely proportional to the horizontal hinge thickness, while the flexural or bending strength is proportional to the horizontal hinge thickness. A hinge with a thickness of 0.5 mm could be folded three times prior to fracture whilst a hinge with a thickness of 0.3 mm could be folded only once prior to fracture. A hinge with a thickness of 0.1 mm could not even be folded without cracking. The introduction of a physical hole in the center of the folding/unfolding line provided stress relief and prevented fracture. A complex flower petal shape was used to successfully demonstrate the implementation of overlapping and non-overlapping folding lines using both single material segments and multi-material segments. Design guidelines for establishing cross-folding structures using multi-material components along different axes and different horizontal hinge thicknesses with single or homogeneous material were established. These guidelines can be used to design and implement complex origami structures with overlapping and non-overlapping folding lines. Combined overlapping folding structures could be implemented and allocating specific hole locations in the overall designs could be further explored. In addition, creating a more precise prediction by investigating sets of in between hinge thicknesses and comparing the folding times before fracture, will be the subject of future work. PMID:29510503

Infrared fine-structure line diagnostics of shrouded active galactic nuclei

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Voit, G. M.

1992-01-01

The ultraluminous far-IR galaxies revealed by IRAS, quasar-like in luminosity but smothered in molecular gas, probably conceal either immense starbursts or luminous active nuclei. In both scenarios, these objects ought to produce copious infrared fine-structure emission with several lines comparable to H-beta in luminosity. We show how these lines, if detected, can be used to determine the electron densities and far-IR obscurations of shrouded photoionized regions and to constrain the shape and ionization parameter of the ionizing spectra. The presence of Ne v emission in particular will distinguish shrouded AGNs from shrouded starbursts. Since all active galaxies photoionize at least some surrounding material, these diagnostics can also be applied to active galaxies in general and will aid in studying how an active nucleus interacts with the interstellar medium of its host galaxy.

Using the in-line component for fixed-wing EM 1D inversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smiarowski, Adam

2015-09-01

Numerous authors have discussed the utility of multicomponent measurements. Generally speaking, for a vertical-oriented dipole source, the measured vertical component couples to horizontal planar bodies while the horizontal in-line component couples best to vertical planar targets. For layered-earth cases, helicopter EM systems have little or no in-line component response and as a result much of the in-line signal is due to receiver coil rotation and appears as noise. In contrast to this, the in-line component of a fixed-wing airborne electromagnetic (AEM) system with large transmitter-receiver offset can be substantial, exceeding the vertical component in conductive areas. This paper compares the in-line and vertical response of a fixed-wing airborne electromagnetic (AEM) system using a half-space model and calculates sensitivity functions. The a posteriori inversion model parameter uncertainty matrix is calculated for a bathymetry model (conductive layer over more resistive half-space) for two inversion cases; use of vertical component alone is compared to joint inversion of vertical and in-line components. The joint inversion is able to better resolve model parameters. An example is then provided using field data from a bathymetry survey to compare the joint inversion to vertical component only inversion. For each inversion set, the difference between the inverted water depth and ship-measured bathymetry is calculated. The result is in general agreement with that expected from the a posteriori inversion model parameter uncertainty calculation.

Fine-Scale Focal Dtag Behavioral Study of Diel Trends in Activity Budgets and Sound Production of Endangered Baleen Whales in the Gulf of Maine

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-30

endangered baleen whale species, the humpback whale (Megaptera novaengliae) and the right whale (Eubalaena glacialis), on the Stellwagen Bank National...in dive profiles and horizontal movement patterns for tagged humpback and right whales on the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary; 2...determine the sound production behavior of individual tagged humpback and right whales on the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary; and 3) examine the

Staining of retinal neurons in the isolated eyecup by extracellular horseradish peroxidase injection.

PubMed

Amthor, F R; Jackson, C A

1986-01-01

A reliable method has been developed for the staining of mammalian retinal neurons in the isolated eyecup. Small injections of horseradish peroxidase are made at a number of places on the retinal surface while the hemisected eyecup preparation floats in Eagle's medium. After 30 min, the retinas are removed, fixed, and reacted with diaminobenzidine. Golgi-like staining of fine dendrites, spines and axons of ganglion cells is achieved. The method also stains amacrine, horizontal and bipolar cells.

Effect of printing parameters on gravure patterning with conductive silver ink

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Seunghwan; Sung, Hyung Jin

2015-04-01

Conductive line patterns were printed on a poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate using a gravure printing method with conductive silver ink. A plate-to-roll gravure print was prepared for this experiment. Gravure plates with fine lines 5-25 μm in width and 0-90° in tilted angles were fabricated using photolithography techniques. The printability, defined as the ratio of the real printed area to the ideal printed area, was measured and analyzed with respect to the process parameters and the line pattern designs. The effect of the process parameters on the fine line patterning was discussed, including the wiping condition, the printing pressure and the printing speed. The printability of the high adhesive substrate was examined by preparing a nanostructured PDMS substrate featuring a forest of 200 nm nanopillars using an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. The patterns printed onto the nanostructured PDMS were compared with those printed on a flat PDMS substrate.

Infraorbital foramen: horizontal location in relation to ala nasi.

PubMed

Takahashi, Yasuhiro; Kakizaki, Hirohiko; Nakano, Takashi

2011-01-01

To examine the horizontal location of the infraorbital foramen in relation to the ala nasi. Fifty-six orbits of 28 Japanese cadavers (18 male and 10 female cadavers; average death age, 79.7 years), fixed in 10% buffered formalin, were used. The horizontal distance from the vertical line through the lateral margin of the ala nasi to the medial margin of the infraorbital foramen (the horizontal distance) and the transverse diameter of the infraorbital foramen (the transverse diameter) were examined. Values were compared between genders and sides using Student's t test. The mean horizontal distance was 4.9 mm, with no significant difference between genders (male, 5.2 mm; female, 4.4 mm; p = 0.150) or sides (right, 4.9 mm; left, 4.9 mm; p = 0.944). The mean transverse diameter was 5.5 mm. Although there was no significant difference in this diameter between sides (right, 5.3 mm; left, 5.6 mm; p = 0.358), there was a significant difference between genders (male, 5.7 mm; female, 5.1 mm; p = 0.033). The horizontal distance had no gender difference. This value is available irrespective of gender in surgery.

Quantifying near-wall coherent structures in turbulent convection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gunasegarane, G. S.; A Puthenveettil, Baburaj; K Agrawal, Yogesh; Schmeling, Daniel; Bosbach, Johannes; Arakeri, Jaywant; IIT Madras-DLR-IISc Collaboration

2011-11-01

We present planforms of line plumes formed on horizontal surfaces in turbulent convection, along with the length of near- wall line plumes measured from these planforms, in a six decade range of Rayleigh numbers (105 < Ra <1011) and at three Prandtl numbers (Pr = 0 . 7 , 6 , 602). Using geometric constraints on the relations for the mean plume spacings, we obtain expressions for the total length of these near-wall plumes in turbulent convection. The plume length per unit area (Lp / A), made dimensionless by the near-wall length scale in turbulent convection (Zw) remains a constant for a given fluid. The Nusselt number is shown to be directly proportional to Lp H / A for a given fluid layer of height H. Increase in Pr has a weak influence in decreasing Lp / A . These expressions match the measurements, thereby showing that the assumption of laminar natural convection boundary layers in turbulent convection is consistent with the observed total length of line plumes. We then show that similar relationships are obtained based on the assumption that the line plumes are the outcome of the instability of laminar natural convection boundary layers on the horizontal surfaces.

The Effect of Condensate Inundation on Steam Condensation Heat Transfer in a Tube Bundle.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-06-01

predicted by Nusselt [Ref. 10] were measured. This increase was attributed to the effect of surface tension drawing the condensate to the wire and acting...analysis of film condensation on a horizontal tube was set forth by Nusselt in 1916. His analy- sis was, however, for laminar film condensation on a single...temperature. Jakob [Ref. 17] extended the Nusselt analysis to film condensation on a vertical in-line column of horizontal tubes by assuming that all

Field Measurements and Modeling of Dust Transport and Deposition on a Hawaiian Volcano

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Douglas, M.; Stock, J. D.; Cerovski-Darriau, C.; Bishaw, K.; Bedford, D.

2017-12-01

The western slopes of Hawaii's Mauna Kea volcano are mantled by fine-grained soils that record volcanic airfall and eolian deposition. Where exposed, strong winds transport this sediment across west Hawaii, affecting tourism and local communities by decreasing air and water quality. Operations on US Army's Ke'amuku Maneuver Area (KMA) have the potential to increase dust flux from these deposits. To understand regional dust transport and composition, the USGS established 18 ground monitoring sites and sampling locations surrounding KMA. For over three years, each station measured vertical and horizontal dust flux while co-located anemometers measured wind speed and direction. We use these datasets to develop a model for dust supply and transport to assess whether KMA is a net dust sink or source. We find that horizontal dust flux rates are most highly correlated with entrainment threshold wind speeds of 8 m/s. Using a dust model that partitions measured horizontal dust flux into inward- and outward-directed components, we predict that KMA is currently a net dust sink. Geochemical analysis of dust samples illustrates that organics and pedogenic carbonate make up to 70% of their mass. Measured vertical dust deposition rates of 0.005 mm/m2/yr are similar to deposition rates of 0.004 mm/m2/yr predicted from the divergence of dust across KMA's boundary. These rates are low compared to pre-historic rates of 0.2-0.3 mm/yr estimated from radiocarbon dating of buried soils. Therefore, KMA's soils record persistent deposition both over past millennia and at present at rates that imply infrequent, large dust storms. Such events led to soil-mantled topography in an otherwise rocky Pleistocene volcanic landscape. A substantial portion of fine-grained soils in other leeward Hawaiian Island landscapes may have formed from similar eolian deposition, and not direct weathering of parent rock.

Factors Affecting the Evolution of Hurricane Erin and the Distributions of Hydrometeors: Role of Microphysical Processes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

McFarquhar, Greg M.; Zhang, Henian; Dudhia, Jimy; Halverson, Jeffrey B.; Heymsfield, Gerald; Hood, Robbie; Marks, Frank, Jr.

2003-01-01

Fine-resolution simulations of Hurricane Erin 2001 are conducted using the Penn State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model version 3.5 to investigate the role of thermodynamic, boundary layer and microphysical processes in Erin's growth and maintenance, and their effects on the horizontal and vertical distributions of hydrometeors. Through comparison against radar, radiometer, and dropsonde data collected during the Convection and Moisture Experiment 4, it is seen that realistic simulations of Erin are obtained provided that fine resolution simulations with detailed representations of physical processes are conducted. The principle findings of the study are as follows: 1) a new iterative condensation scheme, which limits the unphysical increase of equivalent potential temperature associated with most condensation schemes, increases the horizontal size of the hurricane, decreases its maximum rainfall rate, reduces its intensity, and makes its eye more moist; 2) in general, microphysical parameterization schemes with more categories of hydrometeors produce more intense hurricanes, larger hydrometeor mixing ratios, and more intense updrafts and downdrafts; 3) the choice of coefficients describing hydrometeor fall velocities has as big of an impact on the hurricane simulations as does choice of microphysical parameterization scheme with no clear relationship between fall velocity and hurricane intensity; and 4) in order for a tropical cyclone to adequately intensify, an advanced boundary layer scheme (e.g., Burk-Thompson scheme) must be used to represent boundary layer processes. The impacts of varying simulations on the horizontal and vertical distributions of different categories of hydrometeor species, on equivalent potential temperature, and on storm updrafts and downdrafts are examined to determine how the release of latent heat feedbacks upon the structure of Erin. In general, all simulations tend to overpredict precipitation rate and hydrometeor mixing ratios. The ramifications of these findings for quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) of tropical cyclones are discussed.

Transfer of a parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia endosymbiont derived from Trichogramma dendrolimi into Trichogramma evanescens.

PubMed

Watanabe, Masaya; Kageyama, Daisuke; Miura, Kazuki

2013-01-01

Wolbachia, which are maternally transmitted endosymbionts, are considered to have moved horizontally between invertebrate hosts multiple times. However, it is not well understood how easily Wolbachia are transmitted horizontally between different hosts and how frequently horizontally-transmitted Wolbachia become established in their new hosts. We transferred a parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia endosymbiont derived from the parasitic wasp Trichogramma dendrolimi to Trichogramma evanescens. Specifically, Wolbachia was cultivated in a mosquito cell line and the Wolbachia-infected cells were microinjected into uninfected T. evanescens. Among 276 pupae inoculated with Wolbachia-infected cells, 65 adults emerged (G0). Diagnostic PCR demonstrated that 25 of 37 G0 females (68%) were Wolbachia-positive. Among isofemale lines established from G0 females, the proportions of infected lines were 80% (20 of 25) in G1 and 100% (18 of 18) in G2. In an isofemale line, infection was stably maintained for more than 10 generations. These results indicate invasion of Wolbachia into the germline of the recipient insect. Quantitative PCR demonstrated that the Wolbachia titer in the recipient host was significantly lower than that in the native host. The absence or very low number, if any, of parthenogenetically-reproducing individuals in the recipient host may be caused by the low Wolbachia titer. The Wolbachia titer in the recipients was lower in G11 than in G5, suggesting a decline in the density. Together with a previous report, our study may imply that Wolbachia in Trichogramma species are highly adapted to their hosts, which hinders robust expression of the Wolbachia phenotype in non-native host species. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PROPAGATING WAVES TRANSVERSE TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD IN A SOLAR PROMINENCE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schmieder, B.; Kucera, T. A.; Knizhnik, K.

2013-11-10

We report an unusual set of observations of waves in a large prominence pillar that consist of pulses propagating perpendicular to the prominence magnetic field. We observe a huge quiescent prominence with the Solar Dynamics Observatory Atmospheric Imaging Assembly in EUV on 2012 October 10 and only a part of it, the pillar, which is a foot or barb of the prominence, with the Hinode Solar Optical Telescope (SOT; in Ca II and Hα lines), Sac Peak (in Hα, Hβ, and Na-D lines), and THEMIS ({sup T}élescope Héliographique pour l' Etude du Magnétisme et des Instabilités Solaires{sup )} with themore » MTR (MulTi-Raies) spectropolarimeter (in He D{sub 3} line). The THEMIS/MTR data indicates that the magnetic field in the pillar is essentially horizontal and the observations in the optical domain show a large number of horizontally aligned features on a much smaller scale than the pillar as a whole. The data are consistent with a model of cool prominence plasma trapped in the dips of horizontal field lines. The SOT and Sac Peak data over the four hour observing period show vertical oscillations appearing as wave pulses. These pulses, which include a Doppler signature, move vertically, perpendicular to the field direction, along thin quasi-vertical columns in the much broader pillar. The pulses have a velocity of propagation of about 10 km s{sup –1}, a period of about 300 s, and a wavelength around 2000 km. We interpret these waves in terms of fast magnetosonic waves and discuss possible wave drivers.« less

Dynamics of a homogeneous ball on a horizontal plane with sliding, spinning, and rolling friction taken into account

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ishkhanyan, M. V.; Karapetyan, A. V.

2010-04-01

We analyze the dynamics of a homogeneous ball on a horizontal plane with friction of all kinds, namely, sliding, spinning, and rolling friction, taken into account. The qualitative-analytic study of the ball dynamics is supplemented with numerical experiments. The problem on the motion of a homogeneous ball on a horizontal plane with friction was apparently first studied in 1758 by I. Euler (Leonard Euler's son) with sliding friction taken into account in the framework of the Coulomb model. I. Euler showed that the ball sliding ceases in finite time, after which the ball uniformly rolls along a fixed straight line and uniformly spins about the vertical. This result has long become classical and is described in many textbooks on theoretical mechanics. In 1998, V. F. Zhuravlev considered the problem of motion of a homogeneous ball on a horizontal plane with sliding and spinning friction taken into account in the framework of the Contensou-Zhuravlev model [1, 2] and showed that the ball sliding and spinning cease simultaneously, after which the ball uniformly rolls along a fixed straight line. The Contensou-Zhuravlev theory was further developed in [3-7]. In the present paper, we consider themotion of a homogeneous ball on a horizontal plane with friction of all kinds taken into account in the framework of the model proposed in [8]. We show that, in one and the same time, both the sliding velocity and the angular velocity of the ball become zero. Our studies are based on the results obtained in [2], the properties of the friction model proposed in [8], and the method for qualitative analysis of dynamics of dissipative systems [9, 10]. The qualitative-analytic study is supplemented with numerical experiments.

Contrasting behavioral and feeding strategies recorded by tidal-flat bivalve trace fossils from the Upper Carboniferous of eastern Kansas

USGS Publications Warehouse

Mangano, M.G.; Buatois, L.A.; West, R.R.; Maples, C.G.

1998-01-01

Upper Carboniferous tidal-flat deposits near Waverly, eastern Kansas (Stull Shale Member, Kanwaka Shale Formation), host abundant and very well-preserved trace fossils attributed to the activity of burrowing bivalves. Thin shell lenses with an abundant bivalve fauna area associated with the ichnofossil-bearing beds and afford an unusual opportunity to relate trace fossils to their makers. Two distinctive life and feeding strategies can be reconstructed on the basis of trace fossil analysis and functional morphology. Lockeria siliquaria hyporeliefs commonly are connected with vertical to inclined, truncated endichnial shafts in the absence of horizontal locomotion traces. These structures record vertical and oblique displacement through the sediment, and suggest relatively stable domiciles rather than temporary resting traces as typically considered. Crowded bedding surfaces displaying cross-cutting relationships between specimens of L. siliquaria and differential preservation at the top (concave versus convex epireliefs) record a complex history of successive events of colonization, erosion, deposition, and recolonization (time-averaged assemblages). Irregujlar contours of some large hypichnia indicate the cast of the foot, while other outlines closely match the anterior area of Wilkingia, its suggested tracemaker. Relatively stable, vertical to inclined life positions and dominanit vertical mobility suggest a filter-feeding strategy. Moreover, the elongate shell and pallial sinus of Wilkingia providfe a strong independent line of evidence for an opisthosiphonate, moderately deep-tier inhabitant. Wilingia may represent a pioneer attempt at siphon-feeding in the late Paleozoic, preceding the outcome of the Mesozoic infaunal radiation. A second strategy is represented by Lockeia ornata and association locomotionm and locomotion/feding structures. Lockeia ornata is commonly connected with chevron locomotion traces that record the bifurcated foot of a protobranch bivalve. Lockeia ornata exhibits distinctive, fine, parallel lines that mimic the ornamentation of Phestia, a nuculanid protobranch bivalve. Rosary and radial structures give evidence of a patterned search for food. Lockeia ornata and associated Protovirgularia record dominant horizontal locomoton and suggest the activity of deposit-feeding bivalves. Morphologic variability of Protovirgularia was controlled by substrate fluidity, which was dependent on sediment heterogeneity and tidal-cycle dynamics. This study demonstrates that detailed analysis of bivalve traces provides valuable information on bivalve ethology and paleoecology, evolutionary innovations, environmental dynamics, and substrate fluidity.

Mapping by sequencing in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) line MD52ne identified candidate genes for fiber strength and its related quality attributes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Fiber strength, length, maturity and fineness determine the market value of cotton fibers and the quality of spun yarn. Cotton fiber strength has been recognized as a critical quality attribute in the modern textile industry. Fine mapping along with quantitative trait loci (QTL) validation and candi...

THE UBIQUITOUS PRESENCE OF LOOPLIKE FINE STRUCTURE INSIDE SOLAR ACTIVE REGIONS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Y.-M., E-mail: yi.wang@nrl.navy.mil

Although most of the solar surface outside active regions (ARs) is pervaded by small-scale fields of mixed polarity, this magnetic “carpet” or “junkyard” is thought to be largely absent inside AR plages and strong network. However, using extreme-ultraviolet images and line-of-sight magnetograms from the Solar Dynamics Observatory, we find that unipolar flux concentrations, both inside and outside ARs, often have small, loop-shaped Fe ix 17.1 and Fe xii 19.3 nm features embedded within them, even though no minority-polarity flux is visible in the corresponding magnetograms. Such looplike structures, characterized by horizontal sizes of ∼3–5 Mm and varying on timescales ofmore » minutes or less, are seen inside bright 17.1 nm moss, as well as in fainter moss-like regions associated with weaker network outside ARs. We also note a tendency for bright coronal loops to show compact, looplike features at their footpoints. Based on these observations, we suggest that present-day magnetograms may be substantially underrepresenting the amount of minority-polarity flux inside plages and strong network, and that reconnection between small bipoles and the overlying large-scale field could be a major source of coronal heating both in ARs and in the quiet Sun.« less

3D Deformation at the Coso Geothermal Field - Observations and Models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hetland, E. A.; Hager, B. H.; McClusky, S.; King, R. W.

2001-12-01

Over the past decade, rapid ground deformation has been measured over the Coso geothermal field in Eastern CA using InSAR and GPS. InSAR resolves changes in distance along the line-of-sight (LOS) to the satellite with high spatial coverage. In the Coso geothermal field the maximum LOS displacements are up to 35 mm/yr. The inclination of the LOS is acute (about 20 degrees), hence the majority of the deformation resolved with InSAR is vertical, however LOS displacements are also affected by horizontal displacements. The ratio of the sensitivity of LOS displacements to vertical and horizontal displacements is at most 5 to 2, for horizontal displacements inline with the LOS. GPS is able to resolve large horizontal displacements in this area, leading to the conclusion that the InSAR LOS displacement fields are non-trivially affected by horizontal displacements. Additionally, since the horizontal displacements are large, GPS is also able to resolve vertical displacements. Moreover, the GPS three component velocities are fairly consistent with the LOS displacements from InSAR. This deformation has been largely attributed to subsidence as fluid is extracted from the geothermal reservoir. The reservoir has been previously modeled as deflating elliptical volumes and as collapsing sills. The elliptical volumes are described as Mogi sources, which are mathematically given as point forces along a line. The collapsing sills are treated as Okada dislocations for finite area faults with pure tensile displacements across them. In both of these dislocation models of the reservoir, the elastic moduli of the rock remains constant with changing fluid pressure. Actual reservoirs are more likely composed of regions of rock permeated with fluid-filled cracks and pores. In such a composite material, changing the pore-fluid pressure changes the elastic moduli of the region. These moduli changes cause the region to deform under loading, thus resulting in observed surface displacements. The surface displacements resulting from models with varying moduli of the reservoir rock are markedly different from patterns of surface displacements resulting from models in which the reservoir is treated as dislocations. For a given reservoir size, the differences in displacements from the various models are clearest in the horizontal displacement field, differing by up to a factor of two. We use finite element models with simple reservoir geometries to investigate the sensitivity of both vertical and horizontal displacements to the chosen reservoir model.

Comparing mean high water and high water line shorelines: Should prosy-datum offsets be incorporated into shoreline change analysis?

USGS Publications Warehouse

Moore, L.J.; Ruggiero, P.; List, J.H.

2006-01-01

More than one type of shoreline indicator can be used in shoreline change analyses, and quantifying the effects of this practice on the resulting shoreline change rates is important. Comparison of three high water line (proxy-based) shorelines and a mean high water intercept (datum-based) shoreline collected from simultaneous aerial photographic and lidar surveys of a relatively steep reflective beach (tan ?? = 0.07), which experiences a moderately energetic wave climate (annual average Hs = 1.2 m), reveals an average horizontal offset of 18.8 m between the two types of shoreline indicators. Vertical offsets are also substantial and are correlated with foreshore beach slope and corresponding variations in wave runup. Incorporating the average horizontal offset into both a short-term, endpoint shoreline change analysis and a long-term, linear regression analysis causes rates to be shifted an average of -0.5 m/y and -0.1 m/y, respectively. The rate shift increases with increasing horizontal offset and decreasing measurement intervals and, depending on the rapidity of shoreline change rates, is responsible for varying degrees of analysis error. Our results demonstrate that under many circumstances, the error attributable to proxy-datum offsets is small relative to shoreline change rates and thus not important. Furthermore, we find that when the error associated with proxy-datum offsets is large enough to be important, the shoreline change rates themselves are not likely to be significant. A total water level model reveals that the high water line digitized by three independent coastal labs for this study was generated by a combination of large waves and a high tide several days before the collection of aerial photography. This illustrates the complexity of the high water line as a shoreline indicator and calls into question traditional definitions, which consider the high water line a wetted bound or "marks left by the previous high tide.".

Observed and Simulated Temporal and Spatial Variations of Gap Outflow Region

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-09-01

5 Figure 3. (a) Cross section plot of potential temperature (every 2oK) and horizontal wind along line AB. The orientation of cross section AB is...c)18Z, and (d) 21Z. The length of the wind vector is proportional to its magnitude. The yellow lines indicate the leading edge identified from...a) 12Z February 26 2004 and (b) 00Z February 27 2004. The black transverse lines indicate the position of the low level flight passes by the

Letter box line blackener for the HDTV/conventional-analog hybrid system

DOEpatents

Wysocki, Frederick J.; Nickel, George H.

2006-07-18

A blackener for letter box lines associated with a HDTV/conventional-analog hybrid television transmission where the blackener counts horizontal sync pulses contained in the HDTV/conventional-analog hybrid television transmission and determines when the HDTV/conventional-analog hybrid television transmission is in letter-box lines: if it is, then the blackener sends substitute black signal to an output; and if it is not, then the blackener sends the HDTV/conventional-analog hybrid television transmission to the output.

Differential Impedance Obstacle Detection Sensor (DIOD) - Phase 2

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2006-11-01

To minimize excavations and public inconvenience, utilities often use horizontal directional drilling (HDD) to create underground pathways for the installation of pipes, cables, and other utility lines. While HDD provides efficiency improvements over...

47 CFR 27.1235 - Post-transition notification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...) The horizontal and vertical pattern of the antenna; (4) EIRP of the main lobe; (5) Orientation; (6) Height of antenna center of radiation; (7) Transmitter output power; (8) All line and combiner losses. (c...

47 CFR 27.1235 - Post-transition notification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...) The horizontal and vertical pattern of the antenna; (4) EIRP of the main lobe; (5) Orientation; (6) Height of antenna center of radiation; (7) Transmitter output power; (8) All line and combiner losses. (c...

47 CFR 27.1235 - Post-transition notification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...) The horizontal and vertical pattern of the antenna; (4) EIRP of the main lobe; (5) Orientation; (6) Height of antenna center of radiation; (7) Transmitter output power; (8) All line and combiner losses. (c...

47 CFR 27.1235 - Post-transition notification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...) The horizontal and vertical pattern of the antenna; (4) EIRP of the main lobe; (5) Orientation; (6) Height of antenna center of radiation; (7) Transmitter output power; (8) All line and combiner losses. (c...

Articulating Support for Horizontal Resistive Exercise

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gundo, Daniel; Schaffner, Grant; Bentley, Jason; Loehr, James A.

2005-01-01

A versatile mechanical device provides support for a user engaged in any of a variety of resistive exercises in a substantially horizontal orientation. The unique features and versatility of the device promise to be useful in bedrest studies, rehabilitation, and specialized strength training. The device affords a capability for selectively loading and unloading of portions of the user s body through its support mechanisms, so that specific parts of the body can be trained with little or no effect on other parts that may be disabled or in the process of recovery from injury. Thus, the device is ideal for rehabilitation exercise programs prescribed by physicians and physical therapists. The capability for selective loading and support also offers potential benefits to strength and conditioning trainers and athletes who wish to selectively strengthen selected parts. The principal innovative aspect of the device is that it supports the subject s weight while enabling the subject, lying substantially horizontally, to perform an exercise that closely approximates a full standing squat. The device includes mechanisms that support the subject in such a way that the hips are free to translate both horizontally and vertically and are free to rotate about the line connecting the hips. At the same time, the shoulders are free to translate horizontally while the upper back is free to rotate about the line connecting the shoulders. Among the mechanisms for hip motion and support is a counterbalance that offsets the weight of the subject as the subject s pelvis translates horizontally and vertically and rotates the pelvis about the line connecting the hips. The counterbalance is connected to a pelvic support system that allows these pelvic movements. The subject is also supported at the shoulder by a mechanism that can tilt to provide continuous support of the upper back while allowing the rotation required for arching the back as the pelvis is displaced. The shoulder support also affords a capability for horizontal motion, and acts as the point of attachment of a load that is provided for squat and heel-raise exercises. The device is compatible with any resistive-exercise machine that provides bilateral loading via a moving cable or other mechanical linkage. The hip-translation and shoulder-translation and -rotation degrees of freedom of the supports can be locked individually or in combination in order to support the subject as necessary for exercises other than the standing squat. If necessary, for such exercises, the load can be applied directly to the subject by use of various attachments. In addition to the aforementioned heel raise, such exercises include the upright row, leg press, curls, extension of the triceps, front raise, lateral raise, and rear raise.

A coronal magnetic field model with horizontal volume and sheet currents

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zhao, Xuepu; Hoeksema, J. Todd

1994-01-01

When globally mapping the observed photospheric magnetic field into the corona, the interaction of the solar wind and magnetic field has been treated either by imposing source surface boundary conditions that tacitly require volume currents outside the source surface or by limiting the interaction to thin current sheets between oppositely directed field regions. Yet observations and numerical Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) calculations suggest the presence of non-force-free volume currents throughout the corona as well as thin current sheets in the neighborhoods of the interfaces between closed and open field lines or between oppositely directed open field lines surrounding coronal helmet-streamer structures. This work presents a model including both horizontal volume currents and streamer sheet currents. The present model builds on the magnetostatic equilibria developed by Bogdan and Low and the current-sheet modeling technique developed by Schatten. The calculation uses synoptic charts of the line-of-sight component of the photospheric magnetic field measured at the Wilcox Solar Observatory. Comparison of an MHD model with the calculated model results for the case of a dipole field and comparison of eclipse observations with calculations for CR 1647 (near solar minimum) show that this horizontal current-current-sheet model reproduces polar plumes and axes of corona streamers better than the source-surface model and reproduces polar plumes and axes of corona streamers better than the source-surface model and reproduces coro nal helmet structures better than the current-sheet model.

Natural head position: An overview.

PubMed

Meiyappan, N; Tamizharasi, S; Senthilkumar, K P; Janardhanan, K

2015-08-01

Cephalometrics has given us a different perspective of interpreting various skeletal problems in the dentofacial complex. Natural head position (NHP) is a reproducible, physiologically determined aspect of function. To determine NHP, a horizontal or vertical reference line outside the crania was used, but preference was given generally to the horizontal. Various intra and extracranial cephalometric horizontal reference planes have been used to formulate diagnosis and plan individualized treatment for an integrated correction of the malocclusion cephalometrics is constantly undergoing refinements in its techniques and analyses to improve the clinical applications. Even though various methods for establishing NHP have been proposed, still it remains a challenge to the clinicians to implement the concept of NHP thoroughly in all the stages of treatment because of practical difficulties in the clinical scenario.

Comparison of simple, small, full-scale sewage treatment systems in Brazil: UASB-maturation ponds-coarse filter; UASB-horizontal subsurface-flow wetland; vertical-flow wetland (first stage of French system).

PubMed

von Sperling, M

2015-01-01

This paper presents a comparison between three simple sewage treatment lines involving natural processes: (a) upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor-three maturation ponds in series-coarse rock filter; (b) UASB reactor-horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland; and (c) vertical-flow constructed wetlands treating raw sewage (first stage of the French system). The evaluation was based on several years of practical experience with three small full-scale plants receiving the same influent wastewater (population equivalents of 220, 60 and 100 inhabitants) in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The comparison included interpretation of concentrations and removal efficiencies based on monitoring data (organic matter, solids, nitrogen, phosphorus, coliforms and helminth eggs), together with an evaluation of practical aspects, such as land and volume requirements, sludge production and handling, plant management, clogging and others. Based on an integrated evaluation of all aspects involved, it is worth emphasizing that each system has its own specificities, and no generalization can be made on the best option. The overall conclusion is that the three lines are suitable for sewage treatment in small communities in warm-climate regions.

Effect of heterogeneity and anisotropy related to the construction method on transfer processes in waste rock piles.

PubMed

Lahmira, Belkacem; Lefebvre, René; Aubertin, Michel; Bussière, Bruno

2016-01-01

Waste rock piles producing acid mine drainage (AMD) are partially saturated systems involving multiphase (gas and liquid) flow and coupled transfer processes. Their internal structure and heterogeneous properties are inherited from their wide-ranging material grain sizes, their modes of deposition, and the underlying topography. This paper aims at assessing the effect of physical heterogeneity and anisotropy of waste rock piles on the physical processes involved in the generation of AMD. Generic waste rock pile conditions were represented with the numerical simulator TOUGH AMD based on those found at the Doyon mine waste rock pile (Canada). Models included four randomly distributed material types (coarse, intermediate, fine and very fine-grained). The term "randomly" as used in this study means that the vertical profile and spatial distribution of materials in waste rock piles (internal structure) defy stratigraphy principles applicable to natural sediments (superposition and continuity). The materials have different permeability and capillary properties, covering the typical range of materials found in waste rock piles. Anisotropy with a larger horizontal than vertical permeability was used to represent the effect of pile construction by benches, while the construction by end-dumping was presumed to induce a higher vertical than horizontal permeability. Results show that infiltrated precipitation preferentially flows in fine-grained materials, which remain almost saturated, whereas gas flows preferentially through the most permeable coarse materials, which have higher volumetric gas saturation. Anisotropy, which depends on pile construction methods, often controls global gas flow paths. Construction by benches favours lateral air entry close to the pile slope, whereas end-dumping leads to air entry from the surface to the interior of the pile by secondary gas convection cells. These results can be useful to construct and rehabilitate waste rock piles to minimize AMD, while controlling gas flow and oxygen supply. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fine pattern replication on 10 x 10-mm exposure area using ETS-1 laboratory tool in HIT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hamamoto, K.; Watanabe, Takeo; Hada, Hideo; Komano, Hiroshi; Kishimura, Shinji; Okazaki, Shinji; Kinoshita, Hiroo

2002-07-01

Utilizing ETS-1 laboratory tool in Himeji Institute of Technology (HIT), as for the fine pattern replicated by using the Cr mask in static exposure, it is replicated in the exposure area of 10 mm by 2 mm in size that the line and space pattern width of 60 nm, the isolated line pattern width of 40 nm, and hole pattern width of 150 nm. According to the synchronous scanning of the mass and wafer with EUVL laboratory tool with reduction optical system which consisted of three-aspherical-mirror in the NewSUBARU facilities succeeded in the line of 60 nm and the space pattern formation in the exposure region of 10mm by 10mm. From the result of exposure characteristics for positive- tone resist for KrF and EB, KrF chemically amplified resist has better characteristics than EB chemically amplified resist.

The Acceptability of Caning Children in Singapore: The Fine Line Between Discipline and Physical Maltreatment.

PubMed

Ngiam, Xin Ying; Tung, Serena S W

2016-01-01

Child maltreatment is a worldwide phenomenon with far-reaching negative consequences, and physical abuse is its most visible and widely reported form of maltreatment. There is a fine line between nonabusive physical punishment and physical child abuse, and where this line is drawn is often influenced by prevailing cultural practices and child-rearing beliefs. This article focus on Singapore-a modern Asian society that remains rooted in traditional attitudes and practices-as a case study in exploring the boundaries. In particular, the local practice of caning (hitting with a rattan cane) as a disciplinary measure for children, the ambiguity of the law on the issue of physical abuse, and the influence of judicial caning on the acceptability of this common practice are examined. Finally, the possible means of safeguarding children and discouraging the use of physical punishment in the home are discussed.

Recent progress on the genetics and molecular breeding of brown planthopper resistance in rice.

PubMed

Hu, Jie; Xiao, Cong; He, Yuqing

2016-12-01

Brown planthopper (BPH) is the most devastating pest of rice. Host-plant resistance is the most desirable and economic strategy in the management of BPH. To date, 29 major BPH resistance genes have been identified from indica cultivars and wild rice species, and more than ten genes have been fine mapped to chromosome regions of less than 200 kb. Four genes (Bph14, Bph26, Bph17 and bph29) have been cloned. The increasing number of fine-mapped and cloned genes provide a solid foundation for development of functional markers for use in breeding. Several BPH resistant introgression lines (ILs), near-isogenic lines (NILs) and pyramided lines (PLs) carrying single or multiple resistance genes were developed by marker assisted backcross breeding (MABC). Here we review recent progress on the genetics and molecular breeding of BPH resistance in rice. Prospect for developing cultivars with durable, broad-spectrum BPH resistance are discussed.

High-resolution imaging spectroscopy of two micro-pores and an arch filament system in a small emerging-flux region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

González Manrique, S. J.; Bello González, N.; Denker, C.

2017-04-01

Context. Emerging flux regions mark the first stage in the accumulation of magnetic flux eventually leading to pores, sunspots, and (complex) active regions. These flux regions are highly dynamic, show a variety of fine structure, and in many cases live only for a short time (less than a day) before dissolving quickly into the ubiquitous quiet-Sun magnetic field. Aims: The purpose of this investigation is to characterize the temporal evolution of a minute emerging flux region, the associated photospheric and chromospheric flow fields, and the properties of the accompanying arch filament system. We aim to explore flux emergence and decay processes and investigate if they scale with structure size and magnetic flux contents. Methods: This study is based on imaging spectroscopy with the Göttingen Fabry-Pérot Interferometer at the Vacuum Tower Telescope, Observatorio del Teide, Tenerife, Spain on 2008 August 7. Photospheric horizontal proper motions were measured with Local correlation tracking using broadband images restored with multi-object multi-frame blind deconvolution. Cloud model (CM) inversions of line scans in the strong chromospheric absorption Hαλ656.28 nm line yielded CM parameters (Doppler velocity, Doppler width, optical thickness, and source function), which describe the cool plasma contained in the arch filament system. Results: The high-resolution observations cover the decay and convergence of two micro-pores with diameters of less than one arcsecond and provide decay rates for intensity and area. The photospheric horizontal flow speed is suppressed near the two micro-pores indicating that the magnetic field is already sufficiently strong to affect the convective energy transport. The micro-pores are accompanied by a small arch filament system as seen in Hα, where small-scale loops connect two regions with Hα line-core brightenings containing an emerging flux region with opposite polarities. The Doppler width, optical thickness, and source function reach the largest values near the Hα line-core brightenings. The chromospheric velocity of the cloud material is predominantly directed downwards near the footpoints of the loops with velocities of up to 12 km s-1, whereas loop tops show upward motions of about 3 km s-1. Some of the loops exhibit signs of twisting motions along the loop axis. Conclusions: Micro-pores are the smallest magnetic field concentrations leaving a photometric signature in the photosphere. In the observed case, they are accompanied by a miniature arch filament system indicative of newly emerging flux in the form of Ω-loops. Flux emergence and decay take place on a time-scale of about two days, whereas the photometric decay of the micro-pores is much more rapid (a few hours), which is consistent with the incipient submergence of Ω-loops. Considering lifetime and evolution timescales, impact on the surrounding photospheric proper motions, and flow speed of the chromospheric plasma at the loop tops and footpoints, the results are representative for the smallest emerging flux regions still recognizable as such.

Fine line structures of ceramic films formed by patterning of metalorganic precursors using photolithography and ion beams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hung, L. S.; Zheng, L. R.

1992-05-01

Fine line structures of ceramic thin films were fabricated by patterning of metalorganic precursors using photolithography and ion beams. A trilevel structure was developed with an outer resist layer to transfer patterns, a silver delineated layer as an implantation mask, and a planar resist layer protecting the precursor film from chemical attacking and sputtering. Ion irradiation through the Ag stencil rendered metal carboxylates insoluble in 2-ethylhexanoic acid, permitting patterning of the precursor film with patterning features on micron scales. The potential of this technique was demonstrated in patterning of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O(8+x) and Pb(Zr(0.53)Ti(0.47) thin films.

Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Study of Bond Constraints in Ge-Sb-Te Alloys

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-02-07

Ray Absorption Spectroscopy, or EXAFS. Using the spectroscopic capabilities provided by the MCAT line at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne...Absorption Spectroscopy, or EXAFS. Using the spectroscopic capabilities provided by the MCAT line at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National

Are consumers aware of top-bottom but not of left-right inferences? Implications for shelf space positions.

PubMed

Valenzuela, Ana; Raghubir, Priya

2015-09-01

We propose that the horizontal and vertical position of an item on a display is a source of information that individuals use to make judgments. Six experiments using 1 × 5 or 5 × 5 displays show that consumers judge that products placed at the bottom (vs. top) and on the left-hand (vs. middle and right-hand) side of a display are less expensive and of lower quality (Study 1a using a bar display, Study 1b using wine, and Study 1c using Swatch watches). Results support the claim that verticality effects (top-bottom) are attenuated when participants are less involved with the decision task (Study 2 using Swatch watches and chocolates) and when they are exposed to information that questions the diagnosticity of using vertical position as a cue (Study 3 using wine). However, the horizontality (left-right) effect is robust to both of these manipulations. Horizontality effects are exacerbated for participants primed with a number line (Study 4 also using wine), suggesting that exposure to the number line (where higher numbers are on the right) is a possible antecedent of the horizontality effect. The verticality effects may, on the other hand, reflect people's retail experience of seeing higher priced products on higher shelves, which leads to their forming a similar expectation. The paper concludes with a discussion of theoretical implications for visual information processing as well as practical implications for retail management. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).

Efficient design of nanoplasmonic waveguide devices using the space mapping algorithm.

PubMed

Dastmalchi, Pouya; Veronis, Georgios

2013-12-30

We show that the space mapping algorithm, originally developed for microwave circuit optimization, can enable the efficient design of nanoplasmonic waveguide devices which satisfy a set of desired specifications. Space mapping utilizes a physics-based coarse model to approximate a fine model accurately describing a device. Here the fine model is a full-wave finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) simulation of the device, while the coarse model is based on transmission line theory. We demonstrate that simply optimizing the transmission line model of the device is not enough to obtain a device which satisfies all the required design specifications. On the other hand, when the iterative space mapping algorithm is used, it converges fast to a design which meets all the specifications. In addition, full-wave FDFD simulations of only a few candidate structures are required before the iterative process is terminated. Use of the space mapping algorithm therefore results in large reductions in the required computation time when compared to any direct optimization method of the fine FDFD model.

Solar Cycle Fine Structure and Surface Rotation from Ca II K-Line Time Series Data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Scargle, Jeff; Keil, Steve; Worden, Pete

2011-01-01

Analysis of three and a half decades of data from the NSO/AFRL/Sac Peak K-line monitoring program yields evidence for four components to the variation: (a) the solar cycle, with considerable fine structure and a quasi-periodicity of 122.4 days; (b) a stochastic process, faster than (a) and largely independent of it, (c) a quasi-periodic signal due to rotational modulation, and of course (d) observational errors (shown to be quite small). Correlation and power spectrum analyses elucidate periodic and aperiodic variation of these chromospheric parameters. Time-frequency analysis is especially useful for extracting information about differential rotation, and in particular elucidates the connection between its behavior and fine structure of the solar cycle on approximately one-year time scales. These results further suggest that similar analyses will be useful at detecting and characterizing differential rotation in stars from stellar light-curves such as those being produced at NASA's Kepler observatory.

Aerosol Retrievals from ARM SGP MFRSR Data

DOE Data Explorer

Alexandrov, Mikhail

2008-01-15

The Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR) makes precise simultaneous measurements of the solar direct normal and diffuse horizontal irradiances at six wavelengths (nominally 415, 500, 615, 673, 870, and 940 nm) at short intervals (20 sec for ARM instruments) throughout the day. Time series of spectral optical depth are derived from these measurements. Besides water vapor at 940 nm, the other gaseous absorbers within the MFRSR channels are NO2 (at 415, 500, and 615 nm) and ozone (at 500, 615, and 670 nm). Aerosols and Rayleigh scattering contribute atmospheric extinction in all MFRSR channels. Our recently updated MFRSR data analysis algorithm allows us to partition the spectral aerosol optical depth into fine and coarse modes and to retrieve the fine mode effective radius. In this approach we rely on climatological amounts of NO2 from SCIAMACHY satellite retrievals and use daily ozone columns from TOMS.

Prediction of alpha factor values for fine pore aeration systems.

PubMed

Gillot, S; Héduit, A

2008-01-01

The objective of this work was to analyse the impact of different geometric and operating parameters on the alpha factor value for fine bubble aeration systems equipped with EPDM membrane diffusers. Measurements have been performed on nitrifying plants operating under extended aeration and treating mainly domestic wastewater. Measurements performed on 14 nitrifying plants showed that, for domestic wastewater treatment under very low F/M ratios, the alpha factor is comprised between 0.44 and 0.98. A new composite variable (the Equivalent Contact Time, ECT) has been defined and makes it possible for a given aeration tank, knowing the MCRT, the clean water oxygen transfer coefficient and the supplied air flow rate, to predict the alpha factor value. ECT combines the effect on mass transfer of all generally accepted factors affecting oxygen transfer performances (air flow rate, diffuser submergence, horizontal flow). (c) IWA Publishing 2008.

Condylar guidance: correlation between protrusive interocclusal record and panoramic radiographic image: a pilot study.

PubMed

Tannamala, Pavan Kumar; Pulagam, Mahesh; Pottem, Srinivas R; Swapna, B

2012-04-01

The purpose of this study was to compare the sagittal condylar angles set in the Hanau articulator by use of a method of obtaining an intraoral protrusive record to those angles found using a panoramic radiographic image. Ten patients, free of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and with intact dentition were selected. The dental stone casts of the subjects were mounted on a Hanau articulator with a springbow and poly(vinyl siloxane) interocclusal records. For all patients, the protrusive records were obtained when the mandible moved forward by approximately 6 mm. All procedures for recording, mounting, and setting were done in the same session. The condylar guidance angles obtained were tabulated. A panoramic radiographic image of each patient was made with the Frankfurt horizontal plane parallel to the floor of the mouth. Tracings of the radiographic images were made. The horizontal reference line was marked by joining the orbitale and porion. The most superior and most inferior points of the curvatures were identified. These two lines were connected by a straight line representing the mean curvature line. Angles made by the intersection of the mean curvature line and the horizontal reference line were measured. The results were subjected to statistical analysis with a significance level of p < 0.05. The radiographic values were on average 4° greater than the values obtained by protrusive interocclusal record method. The mean condylar guidance angle between the right and left side by both the methods was not statistically significant. The comparison of mean condylar guidance angles between the right side of the protrusive record method and the right side of the panoramic radiographic method and the left side of the protrusive record method and the left side of the panoramic radiographic method (p= 0.071 and p= 0.057, respectively) were not statistically significant. Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that the protrusive condylar guidance angles obtained by panoramic radiograph may be used in programming semi-adjustable articulators. © 2012 by the American College of Prosthodontists.

The use of C-near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy for the elaboration of chemistry in lignocellulosics

Treesearch

Lucian A. Lucia; Hiroki Nanko; Alan W. Rudie; Doug G. Mancosky; Sue Wirick

2006-01-01

The research presented elucidates the oxidation chemistry occurring in hydrogen peroxide bleached kraft pulp fibers by employing carbon near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (C-NEXAFS). C-NEXAFS is a soft x-ray technique that selectively interrogates atomic moieties using photoelectrons (Xrays) of variable energies. The X1A beam line at the National...

Estimating the quadratic mean diameter of fine woody debris for forest type groups of the United States

Treesearch

Christopher W. Woodall; Vicente J. Monleon

2009-01-01

The Forest Inventory and Analysis program of the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture conducts a national inventory of fine woody debris (FWD); however, the sampling protocols involve tallying only the number of FWD pieces by size class that intersect a sampling transect with no measure of actual size. The line intersect estimator used with those samples...

Numerical demonstration of surfactant concentration-dependent capillarity and viscosity effects on infiltration from a constant flux line source

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Henry, Eric J.; Smith, James E.

2006-09-01

SummarySurface infiltration line sources can deliver surfactant solutions for agricultural purposes or for use in subsurface remediation. Though the prediction of water distribution below a line source has received considerable attention in the scientific literature, little has been has been reported on how infiltration of surfactant solution from a line source differs from water infiltration. Few numerical models are capable of simulating surfactant-induced changes in moisture characteristic and hydraulic conductivity properties of unsaturated soil, so it is difficult to assess the importance of these effects when designing surfactant application schemes. We investigated surfactant infiltration behavior by using the variably-saturated flow and transport model HYDRUS-2D [Simunek, J., Sejna, M., van Genuchten, M.Th., 1999. The HYDRUS-2D software package for simulating the two-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably-saturated media, Version 2.0. IGWMC-TPS-53C. International Ground Water Modeling Center, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO] which was modified by [Henry, E.J., Smith, J.E., Warrick, A.W., 2002. Two-dimensional modeling of flow and transport in the vadose zone with surfactant-induced flow. Water Resour. Res. 38. DOI: doi:10.1029/2001WR000674] to incorporate surfactant effects on unsaturated flow. Significant differences were found between pure water and surfactant solution infiltration into a fine sand that was initially at residual moisture content. The surfactant solution wetted a larger area, both horizontally and vertically, relative to water, while the distribution of water within the wetted zone was more uniform than in the surfactant system. The surfactant system exhibited transient localized drainage and rewetting caused by surfactant-induced capillary pressure gradients within the wetting front. A standard unsaturated flow model (i.e., one that does not include surfactant effects on flow) is not capable of capturing the transient flow behavior. However, our results show that by using an effective scaled media (ESM) approach a standard model can be used to simulate later-time hydraulic conditions in a surfactant system.

Interferometric rotation sensor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Walsh, T. M.

1972-01-01

Sensor generates interference fringes varying in number (horizontally and vertically) as a function of the total angular deviation relative to the line-of-sight axis. Device eliminates errors from zero or null shift due to lack of electrical circuitry stability.

49 CFR 172.556 - RADIOACTIVE placard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... on the RADIOACTIVE placard must be white in the lower portion with a yellow triangle in the upper... horizontal center line. The symbol, text, class number and inner border must be black. [Amdt. 172-123, 56 FR...

49 CFR 172.558 - CORROSIVE placard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the CORROSIVE placard must be black in the lower portion with a white triangle in the upper portion... horizontal center line. The text and class number must be white. The symbol and inner border must be black...

LINE-ABOVE-GROUND ATTENUATOR

DOEpatents

Wilds, R.B.; Ames, J.R.

1957-09-24

The line-above-ground attenuator provides a continuously variable microwave attenuator for a coaxial line that is capable of high attenuation and low insertion loss. The device consists of a short section of the line-above- ground plane type transmission lime, a pair of identical rectangular slabs of lossy material like polytron, whose longitudinal axes are parallel to and indentically spaced away from either side of the line, and a geared mechanism to adjust amd maintain this spaced relationship. This device permits optimum fineness and accuracy of attenuator control which heretofore has been difficult to achieve.

Directional motion of impacting drops on dual-textured surfaces.

PubMed

Vaikuntanathan, V; Sivakumar, D

2012-09-01

In this work, we analyze the directional movement of impacting liquid drops on dual-textured solid surfaces comprising two different surface morphologies: a textured surface and a smooth surface. The dynamics of liquid drops impacting onto the junction line between the two parts of the dual-textured surfaces is studied experimentally for varying drop impact velocity. The dual-textured surfaces used here featured a variation in their textures' geometrical parameters as well as their surface chemistry. Two types of liquid drop differing in their surface tension were used. The impact process develops a net horizontal drop velocity towards the higher-wettability surface portion and results in a bulk movement of the impacting drop liquid. The final distance moved by the impacting drop from the junction line decreases with increasing impacting drop Weber number We. A fully theoretical model, employing a balance of forces acting at the drop contact line as well as energy conservation, is formulated to determine the variation, with We, of net horizontal drop velocity and subsequent movement of the impacting drop on the dual-textured surfaces.

Surface study of graphene ink for fine solid lines printed on BOPP Substrate in micro-flexographic printing using XPS analysis technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hassan, S.; Yusof, M. S.; Embong, Z.; Ding, S.; Maksud, M. I.

2018-01-01

Micro-flexographic printing is a combination of flexography and micro-contact printing technique. It is a new printing method for fine solid lines printing purpose. Graphene material has been used as depositing agent or printing ink in other printing technique like inkjet printing. This graphene ink is printed on biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) by using Micro-flexographic printing technique. The choose of graphene as a printing ink is due to its wide application in producing electronic and micro-electronic devices such as Radio-frequency identification (RFID) and printed circuit board. The graphene printed on the surface of BOPP substrate was analyzed using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The positions for each synthetic component in the narrow scan are referred to the electron binding energy (eV). This research is focused on two narrow scan regions which are C 1s and O 1s. Further discussion of the narrow scan spectrum will be explained in detail. From the narrow scan analysis, it is proposed that from the surface adhesive properties of graphene, it is suitable as an alternative printing ink medium for Micro-flexographic printing technique in printing multiple fine solid lines at micro to nano scale feature.

Line profile studies of hydrodynamical models of cometary compact H II regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Feng-Yao; Zhu, Qing-Feng

2015-06-01

We simulate the evolution of cometary H II regions based on several champagne flow models and bow shock models, and calculate the profiles of the [Ne II] fine-structure line at 12.81 μm, the H30α recombination line and the [Ne III] fine-structure line at 15.55 μm for these models at different inclinations of 0°, 30° and 60°. We find that the profiles in the bow shock models are generally different from those in the champagne flow models, but the profiles in the bow shock models with lower stellar velocity (≤ 5 km s-1) are similar to those in the champagne flow models. In champagne flow models, both the velocity of peak flux and the flux weighted central velocities of all three lines point outward from molecular clouds. In bow shock models, the directions of these velocities depend on the speed of stars. The central velocities of these lines are consistent with the stellar motion in the high stellar speed cases, but they are opposite directions from the stellar motion in the low speed cases. We notice that the line profiles from the slit along the symmetrical axis of the projected 2D image of these models are useful for distinguishing bow shock models from champagne flow models. It is also confirmed by the calculation that the flux weighted central velocity and the line luminosity of the [Ne III] line can be estimated from the [Ne II] line and the H30α line.

Self-broadening of the sodium resonance lines and excitation transfer between the 3P32 and 3P12 levels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huennekens, J.; Gallagher, A.

1983-04-01

Sodium vapor, in the density range 1013 to 5 × 1014 cm-3, was excited by a cw dye laser, tuned 20-150 GHz from either the D1 or D2 resonance line. We observed a three-peak scattered spectrum, consisting of the Rayleigh component at the laser frequency, and the two fluorescence components (direct and sensitized) at the atomic resonance-line frequencies. Corrections to the Rayleigh signals for anisotropy and polarization effects, and to the fluorescence signals for radiation trapping, were made in order to obtain the ratio of the sum of the total intensities of the two fluorescence components to that of the Rayleigh component. This ratio combined with a measurement of the line-wing absorption coefficient yields the sodium density and the D-line self-broadening rate coefficients [kbr=4.67×10-7 cm3s-1 (+/-15%) for the D2 line and kbr=3.07×10-7 cm3s-1 (+/-15%) for the D1 line]. Asymmetry in the self-broadened line wings due to fine-structure recoupling was observed. The measured intensity ratio of the D lines, combined with pulsed measurements of the effective radiative decay rates in the presence of radiation trapping, yields the fine-structure collisional-mixing cross section [σ(3P32-->3P12)=172Å2(+/-18%)] at T≅300° C. Our results are compared to other experiments and to theory.

Strapdown Airborne Gravimetry Quality Assessment Method Based on Single Survey Line Data: A Study by SGA-WZ02 Gravimeter

PubMed Central

Wu, Meiping; Cao, Juliang; Zhang, Kaidong; Cai, Shaokun; Yu, Ruihang

2018-01-01

Quality assessment is an important part in the strapdown airborne gravimetry. Root mean square error (RMSE) evaluation method is a classical way to evaluate the gravimetry quality, but classical evaluation methods are preconditioned by extra flight or reference data. Thus, a method, which is able to largely conquer the premises of classical quality assessment methods and can be used in single survey line, has been developed in this paper. According to theoretical analysis, the method chooses the stability of two horizontal attitude angles, horizontal specific force and vertical specific force as the determinants of quality assessment method. The actual data, collected by SGA-WZ02 from 13 flights 21 lines in certain survey, was used to build the model and elaborate the method. To substantiate the performance of the quality assessment model, the model is applied in extra repeat line flights from two surveys. Compared with internal RMSE, standard deviation of assessment residuals are 0.23 mGal and 0.16 mGal in two surveys, which shows that the quality assessment method is reliable and stricter. The extra flights are not necessary by specially arranging the route of flights. The method, summarized from SGA-WZ02, is a feasible approach to assess gravimetry quality using single line data and is also suitable for other strapdown gravimeters. PMID:29373535

High Spatial Resolution Observations of Pores and the Formation of a Rudimentary Penumbra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, G.; Xu, Y.; Wang, H.; Denker, C.

2003-11-01

We present high spatial resolution observation of small-scale magnetic activity in solar active region NOAA 9539. The observations were obtained on 2001 July 15 using the 65 cm vacuum reflector and 25 cm refractor of the Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO). The data sets include time series of speckle reconstructed continuum images at 5200 Å, Hα filtergrams (blue line wing, line center, and red line wing), and line-of-sight magnetograms. Two pores, separated by a light bridge, were located in the central part of NOAA 9539. The formation of penumbral filaments near the light bridge indicated a sudden change of the local magnetic field topology from almost vertical to strongly inclined magnetic fields, which allowed cool material previously suspended in a filament to stream downward. During the downward motion of the cool material, Hα Dopplergrams revealed twisted streamlines along the filament. Finally, there are several well-defined Hα brightenings, Ellerman bombs (EBs), occurred near the region where the downflow of materials fell in. The EBs reside near a magnetic inversion line and are stationary, as opposed to EBs associated with moving magnetic features. We also found that the horizontal flow field of the white-light images derived from local correlation tracking is different from the previous observations. The horizontal movements in the superpenumbrae of leading sunspot and the following sunspots are opposite.

How do patients with neglect see a horizontal line? Analysis of performances in coloured line bisection task.

PubMed

Misonou, Kaori; Ishiai, Sumio; Seki, Keiko; Koyama, Yasumasa; Nakano, Naomi

2004-06-01

Twelve patients with left unilateral spatial neglect were examined with a newly devised "coloured line bisection task". They were presented with a horizontal line printed in blue on one side and in red on the other side; the proportions of the blue and red segments were varied. Immediately after placement of the subjective midpoint, the line was concealed and the patients were asked to name the colours of the right and left ends. Five patients who identified the left-end colour almost correctly had no visual field defect, while the other seven whose colour naming was impaired on the left side had left visual field defect. The rightward bisection errors were similarly distributed in the fair and poor colour-naming patients except for two patients from the latter group. The lesions of the fair colour-naming patients spared the lingual and fusiform gyri, which are known to be engaged in colour processing. Patients with neglect whose visual field is preserved may neglect the leftward extension of a line but not the colour in the neglected space. The poor colour-naming patients frequently failed to name the left-end colour that appeared to the left of their subjective midpoint, which indicates that they hardly searched leftward beyond that point. In such trials, they reported that the left end had the same colour as the right end. The results suggest that in patients with neglect and left visual field defect, both the leftward extent and the colour of a line may be represented on the basis of the information from the attended right segment.

Incorporation of Three-dimensional Radiative Transfer into a Very High Resolution Simulation of Horizontally Inhomogeneous Clouds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ishida, H.; Ota, Y.; Sekiguchi, M.; Sato, Y.

2016-12-01

A three-dimensional (3D) radiative transfer calculation scheme is developed to estimate horizontal transport of radiation energy in a very high resolution (with the order of 10 m in spatial grid) simulation of cloud evolution, especially for horizontally inhomogeneous clouds such as shallow cumulus and stratocumulus. Horizontal radiative transfer due to inhomogeneous clouds seems to cause local heating/cooling in an atmosphere with a fine spatial scale. It is, however, usually difficult to estimate the 3D effects, because the 3D radiative transfer often needs a large resource for computation compared to a plane-parallel approximation. This study attempts to incorporate a solution scheme that explicitly solves the 3D radiative transfer equation into a numerical simulation, because this scheme has an advantage in calculation for a sequence of time evolution (i.e., the scene at a time is little different from that at the previous time step). This scheme is also appropriate to calculation of radiation with strong absorption, such as the infrared regions. For efficient computation, this scheme utilizes several techniques, e.g., the multigrid method for iteration solution, and a correlated-k distribution method refined for efficient approximation of the wavelength integration. For a case study, the scheme is applied to an infrared broadband radiation calculation in a broken cloud field generated with a large eddy simulation model. The horizontal transport of infrared radiation, which cannot be estimated by the plane-parallel approximation, and its variation in time can be retrieved. The calculation result elucidates that the horizontal divergences and convergences of infrared radiation flux are not negligible, especially at the boundaries of clouds and within optically thin clouds, and the radiative cooling at lateral boundaries of clouds may reduce infrared radiative heating in clouds. In a future work, the 3D effects on radiative heating/cooling will be able to be included into atmospheric numerical models.

A large QTL for fear and anxiety mapped using an F2 cross can be dissected into multiple smaller QTLs.

PubMed

Parker, C C; Sokoloff, G; Leung, E; Kirkpatrick, S L; Palmer, A A

2013-10-01

Using chromosome substitution strains (CSS), we previously identified a large quantitative trait locus (QTL) for conditioned fear (CF) on mouse chromosome 10. Here, we used an F2 cross between CSS-10 and C57BL/6J (B6) to localize that QTL to distal chromosome 10. That QTL accounted for all the difference between CSS-10 and B6. We then produced congenic strains to fine-map that interval. We identified two congenic strains that captured some or all the QTL. The larger congenic strain (Line 1: 122.387121-129.068 Mb; build 37) appeared to account for all the difference between CSS-10 and B6. The smaller congenic strain (Line 2: 127.277-129.068 Mb) was intermediate between CSS-10 and B6. We used haplotype mapping followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction to identify one gene that was differentially expressed in both lines relative to B6 (Rnf41) and one that was differentially expressed between only Line 1 and B6 (Shmt2). These cis-eQTLs may cause the behavioral QTLs; however, further studies are required to validate these candidate genes. More generally, our observation that a large QTL mapped using CSS and F2 crosses can be dissected into multiple smaller QTLs shows a weaknesses of two-stage approaches that seek to use coarse mapping to identify large regions followed by fine-mapping. Indeed, additional dissection of these congenic strains might result in further subdivision of these QTL regions. Despite these limitations, we have successfully fine-mapped two QTLs to small regions and identified putative candidate genes, showing that the congenic approach can be effective for fine-mapping QTLs. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society.

Sampling design for long-term regional trends in marine rocky intertidal communities

USGS Publications Warehouse

Irvine, Gail V.; Shelley, Alice

2013-01-01

Probability-based designs reduce bias and allow inference of results to the pool of sites from which they were chosen. We developed and tested probability-based designs for monitoring marine rocky intertidal assemblages at Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve (GLBA), Alaska. A multilevel design was used that varied in scale and inference. The levels included aerial surveys, extensive sampling of 25 sites, and more intensive sampling of 6 sites. Aerial surveys of a subset of intertidal habitat indicated that the original target habitat of bedrock-dominated sites with slope ≤30° was rare. This unexpected finding illustrated one value of probability-based surveys and led to a shift in the target habitat type to include steeper, more mixed rocky habitat. Subsequently, we evaluated the statistical power of different sampling methods and sampling strategies to detect changes in the abundances of the predominant sessile intertidal taxa: barnacles Balanomorpha, the mussel Mytilus trossulus, and the rockweed Fucus distichus subsp. evanescens. There was greatest power to detect trends in Mytilus and lesser power for barnacles and Fucus. Because of its greater power, the extensive, coarse-grained sampling scheme was adopted in subsequent years over the intensive, fine-grained scheme. The sampling attributes that had the largest effects on power included sampling of “vertical” line transects (vs. horizontal line transects or quadrats) and increasing the number of sites. We also evaluated the power of several management-set parameters. Given equal sampling effort, sampling more sites fewer times had greater power. The information gained through intertidal monitoring is likely to be useful in assessing changes due to climate, including ocean acidification; invasive species; trampling effects; and oil spills.

A cephalometric study to establish the relationship of the occlusal plane to the three different ala-tragal lines and the Frankfort horizontal plane in different head forms.

PubMed

Subhas, S; Rupesh, P L; Devanna, R; Kumar, D R V; Paliwal, A; Solanki, P

2017-04-01

The aim of the study is to compare the relationship of the occlusal plane to 3 different ala-tragal lines, namely the superior, middle and inferior lines, in individuals having different head forms and its relation to the Frankfort horizontal plane. A total of 75 lateral cephalometric radiographs of subjects with natural dentition, having full complement of teeth, between the age group of 18-25 were screened and selected. Lateral cephalogram were made for each subjects in an open mouth position. Prior to making the lateral cephalogram, radiopaque markers were placed on the superior, middle and inferior tragus points and on the inferior border of the ala of the nose. Cephalometric tracing was done over each cephalogram. In mesiocephalic head form the middle ala-tragal line was most parallel to the occlusal plane having a mean angle of (1.96°). In dolichocephalic headform, the superior ala-tragal line was most parallel to the occlusal plane having a mean angle of (0.48°). In brachycephalic head form, the middle ala-tragal line was most parallel to the occlusal plane having a mean angle of (2.08°). The mean angulations of occlusal plane to FH plane is 11.04°, 10.16° and 10.60° in mesiocephalic, dolichocephalic and brachycephalic head forms, respectively. The study concludes that the middle ala-tragal line can be used as a reference for the mesiocephalic head form and the superior ala-tragal line for the dolichocephalic and brachycephalic head form as a reference to establish the occlusal plane. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

Aerodynamic characteristics of horizontal tail surfaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Silverstein, Abe; Katzoff, S

1940-01-01

Collected data are presented on the aerodynamic characteristics of 17 horizontal tail surfaces including several with balanced elevators and two with end plates. Curves are given for coefficients of normal force, drag, and elevator hinge moment. A limited analysis of the results has been made. The normal-force coefficients are in better agreement with the lifting-surface theory of Prandtl and Blenk for airfoils of low aspect ratio than with the usual lifting-line theory. Only partial agreement exists between the elevator hinge-moment coefficients and those predicted by Glauert's thin-airfoil theory.

Fine Structure and Dynamics of Sunspot Penumbra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ryutova, M.; Berger, T.; Title, A.

2007-08-01

A mature sunspot is usually surrounded by a penumbra: strong vertical magnetic field in the umbra, the dark central region of sunspot, becomes more and more horizontal toward the periphery forming an ensemble of a thin magnetic filaments of varying inclinations. Recent high resolution observations with the 1-meter Swedish Solar Telescope (SST) on La Palma revealed a fine substructure of penumbral filaments and new regularities in their dynamics.1 These findings provide both the basis and constraints for an adequate model of the penumbra whose origin still remains enigmatic. We present results of recent observations obtained with the SST. Our data, taken simultaneously in 4305 Å G-band and 4396 Å continuum bandpasses and compiled in high cadence movies, confirm previous results and reveal new features of the penumbra. We find e.g. that individual filaments are cylindrical helices with a pitch/radius ratio providing their dynamic stability. We propose a mechanism that may explain the fine structure of penumbral filaments, the observed regularities, and their togetherness with sunspot formation. The mechanism is based on the anatomy of sunspots in which not only penumbra has a filamentary structure but umbra itself is a dense conglomerate of twisted interlaced flux tubes.

49 CFR 172.446 - CLASS 9 label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... top half. The black vertical stripes must be spaced, so that, visually, they appear equal in width to...” underlined and centered at the bottom. The solid horizontal line dividing the lower and upper half of the...

49 CFR 172.446 - CLASS 9 label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... top half. The black vertical stripes must be spaced, so that, visually, they appear equal in width to...” underlined and centered at the bottom. The solid horizontal line dividing the lower and upper half of the...

49 CFR 172.446 - CLASS 9 label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... top half. The black vertical stripes must be spaced, so that, visually, they appear equal in width to...” underlined and centered at the bottom. The solid horizontal line dividing the lower and upper half of the...

49 CFR 172.446 - CLASS 9 label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... top half. The black vertical stripes must be spaced, so that, visually, they appear equal in width to...” underlined and centered at the bottom. The solid horizontal line dividing the lower and upper half of the...

GRAND DITCH VIEW, FROM FARVIEW CURVE OVERLOOK, VIEWING WEST. DITCH ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

GRAND DITCH VIEW, FROM FARVIEW CURVE OVERLOOK, VIEWING WEST. DITCH IS INDICATED BY HORIZONTAL LINE NEAR TOP OF CLOUD COVERED PEAKS - Grand Ditch, Baker Creek to LaPoudre Pass Creek, Grand Lake, Grand County, CO

Conflicting motion perspective simulating sinultaneous clockwise and counterclockwise rotation in depth.

PubMed

Hershberger, W A; Stewart, M R; Laughlin, N K

1976-05-01

Motion projections (pictures) simulating a horizontal array of vertical lines rotating in depth about its central vertical line were observed by 24 college students who rotated a crank handle in the direction of apparent rotation. All displays incorporated contradictory motion perspective: Whereas the perspective transformation in the vertical (y) dimension stimulated one direction of rotation, the transformation in the horizontal (x) dimension simulated the opposite direction. The amount of perspective in each dimension was varied independently of the other by varying the projection ratio used for each dimension. We used the same five ratios for each dimension, combining them factorially to generate the 25 displays. Analysis of variance of the duration of crank turning which agreed with y-axis information yielded main effects of both x and y projection ratios but no interaction, revealing that x- and y-axis motion perspectives mediate kinetic depth effects which are functionally independent.

Representing grounding line migration in synchronous coupling between a marine ice sheet model and a z-coordinate ocean model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goldberg, D. N.; Snow, K.; Holland, P.; Jordan, J. R.; Campin, J.-M.; Heimbach, P.; Arthern, R.; Jenkins, A.

2018-05-01

Synchronous coupling is developed between an ice sheet model and a z-coordinate ocean model (the MITgcm). A previously-developed scheme to allow continuous vertical movement of the ice-ocean interface of a floating ice shelf ("vertical coupling") is built upon to allow continuous movement of the grounding line, or point of floatation of the ice sheet ("horizontal coupling"). Horizontal coupling is implemented through the maintenance of a thin layer of ocean ( ∼ 1 m) under grounded ice, which is inflated into the real ocean as the ice ungrounds. This is accomplished through a modification of the ocean model's nonlinear free surface evolution in a manner akin to a hydrological model in the presence of steep bathymetry. The coupled model is applied to a number of idealized geometries and shown to successfully represent ocean-forced marine ice sheet retreat while maintaining a continuous ocean circulation.

Sub-one-third wavelength focusing of surface plasmon polaritons excited by linearly polarized light.

PubMed

Wang, Jiayuan; Zhang, Jiasen

2018-05-28

We report the generation of a subwavelength focal spot for surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) by increasing the proportion of high-spatial-frequency components in the plasmonic focusing field. We have derived an analytical expression for the angular-dependent contribution of an arbitrary-shaped SPP line source to the focal field and have found that the proportion for high-spatial-frequency components can be significantly increased by launching SPPs from a horizontal line source. Accordingly, we propose a rectangular-groove plasmonic lens (PL) consisting of horizontally-arrayed central grooves and slantingly-arrayed flanking grooves on gold film. We demonstrate both numerically and experimentally that, under linearly polarized illumination, such a PL generates a focal spot of full width half maximum 274 nm at an operating wavelength of 830 nm. The method we describe provides guidance to the further structure design and optimization for plasmonic focusing devices.

Austin chalk yields oil near basaltic cone

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1990-09-03

This paper reports on the completion of a Cretaceous Austin chalk horizontal oil well near a basaltic cone in the Uvalde volcanic field area of Dimmit County, Tex. The well is the HDP Inc. 1 autumn Unit, about 9 miles northeast to Carrizo Springs HDP, which stands for horizontal development and production, of Palo Alto, Calif., drilled the well on a farmout from American Exploration Co., Houston. It initially pumped and flowed 1,600 b/d of oil without stimulation from openhole. HDP drilled about 1,500 ft of horizontal and deviated hole in Austin chalk B-1, the producing horizon. Production in latemore » August was about 500 b/d of oil, pending determination of proration unit size and allowable. The well, in the greater Pearsall field Austin chalk play along the Dimmit-Savala county line, is the first horizontal chalk producer in Elaine field. The field has produced mainly from Escondido sand, Olmos sand and Anacacho limestone, all in the Upper Cretaceous.« less

Estimating the quadratic mean diameters of fine woody debris in forests of the United States

Treesearch

Christopher W. Woodall; Vicente J. Monleon

2010-01-01

Most fine woody debris (FWD) line-intersect sampling protocols and associated estimators require an approximation of the quadratic mean diameter (QMD) of each individual FWD size class. There is a lack of empirically derived QMDs by FWD size class and species/forest type across the U.S. The objective of this study is to evaluate a technique known as the graphical...

Fabrication of large-scale ripples on fluorine-doped tin oxide films by femtosecond laser irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Yan-Hua; Li, Yan; Zhao, Xiu-Li; Qu, Shi-Liang

2014-09-01

The large-scale uniform self-organized ripples are fabricated on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass by femtosecond laser. They can be smoothly linked in a horizontal line with the moving of XYZ stage by setting its velocity and the repetition rate of the laser. The ripple-to-ripple linking can also be realized through line-by-line scanning on a vertical level. The mechanism analysis shows that the seeding effect plays a key role in the linking of ripples.

Pump station for radioactive waste water

DOEpatents

Whitton, John P.; Klos, Dean M.; Carrara, Danny T.; Minno, John J.

2003-11-18

A pump station for transferring radioactive particle containing waste water, includes: (a.) an enclosed sump having a vertically elongated right frusto conical wall surface and a bottom surface and (b.) a submersible volute centrifugal pump having a horizontally rotating impeller and a volute exterior surface. The sump interior surface, the bottom surface and the volute exterior surface are made of stainless steel having a 30 Ra or finer surface finish. A 15 Ra finish has been found to be most cost effective. The pump station is used for transferring waste water, without accumulation of radioactive fines.

Mooring line damping estimation for a floating wind turbine.

PubMed

Qiao, Dongsheng; Ou, Jinping

2014-01-01

The dynamic responses of mooring line serve important functions in the station keeping of a floating wind turbine (FWT). Mooring line damping significantly influences the global motions of a FWT. This study investigates the estimation of mooring line damping on the basis of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory 5 MW offshore wind turbine model that is mounted on the ITI Energy barge. A numerical estimation method is derived from the energy absorption of a mooring line resulting from FWT motion. The method is validated by performing a 1/80 scale model test. Different parameter changes are analyzed for mooring line damping induced by horizontal and vertical motions. These parameters include excitation amplitude, excitation period, and drag coefficient. Results suggest that mooring line damping must be carefully considered in the FWT design.

Mooring Line Damping Estimation for a Floating Wind Turbine

PubMed Central

Qiao, Dongsheng; Ou, Jinping

2014-01-01

The dynamic responses of mooring line serve important functions in the station keeping of a floating wind turbine (FWT). Mooring line damping significantly influences the global motions of a FWT. This study investigates the estimation of mooring line damping on the basis of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory 5 MW offshore wind turbine model that is mounted on the ITI Energy barge. A numerical estimation method is derived from the energy absorption of a mooring line resulting from FWT motion. The method is validated by performing a 1/80 scale model test. Different parameter changes are analyzed for mooring line damping induced by horizontal and vertical motions. These parameters include excitation amplitude, excitation period, and drag coefficient. Results suggest that mooring line damping must be carefully considered in the FWT design. PMID:25243231

Optical transitions in highly charged californium ions with high sensitivity to variation of the fine-structure constant.

PubMed

Berengut, J C; Dzuba, V A; Flambaum, V V; Ong, A

2012-08-17

We study electronic transitions in highly charged Cf ions that are within the frequency range of optical lasers and have very high sensitivity to potential variations in the fine-structure constant, α. The transitions are in the optical range despite the large ionization energies because they lie on the level crossing of the 5f and 6p valence orbitals in the thallium isoelectronic sequence. Cf(16+) is a particularly rich ion, having several narrow lines with properties that minimize certain systematic effects. Cf(16+) has very large nuclear charge and large ionization energy, resulting in the largest α sensitivity seen in atomic systems. The lines include positive and negative shifters.

Layperson's preference regarding orientation of the transverse occlusal plane and commissure line from the frontal perspective.

PubMed

Silva, Bruno Pereira; Jiménez-Castellanos, Emilio; Finkel, Sivan; Macias, Inmaculada Redondo; Chu, Stephen J

2017-04-01

Facial asymmetries in features such as lip commissure and interpupillary plane canting have been described as common conditions affecting smile esthetics. When presented with these asymmetries, the clinician must choose the reference line with which to orient the transverse occlusal plane of the planned dental restorations. The purpose of the online survey described in this study was to determine lay preferences regarding the transverse occlusal plane orientation in faces that display a cant of the commissure line viewed from the frontal perspective. From a digitally created symmetrical facial model with the transverse occlusal plane and commissure line parallel to the interpupillary line (horizontal) and a model constructed in a previous study (control), a new facial model was created with 3 degrees of cant of the commissure line. Three digital tooth mountings were designed with different transverse occlusal plane orientations: parallel to the interpupillary line (A), parallel to the commissure line (B), and the mean angulation plane formed between the interpupillary and commissure line (C), resulting in a total of 4 images. All images, including the control, were organized into 6 pairs and evaluated by 247 selected laypersons through an online Web site survey. Each participant was asked to choose the more attractive face from each of the 6 pairs of images. The control image was preferred by 72.9% to 74.5% of the participants compared with the other 3 images, all of which represented a commissure line cant. Among the 3 pairs which represent a commissure line cant, 59.1% to 61.1% preferred a transverse plane of occlusion cant (B and C) compared with a plane of occlusion parallel to the interpupillary, line and 61.1% preferred a plane of occlusion parallel to the commissure line (B) compared with the mean angulation plane (C). Laypeople prefer faces with a commissure line and transverse occlusal plane parallel to the horizontal plane or horizon. When faces present a commissure line cant, laypeople prefer a transverse occlusal plane with a similar and coincident cant. Copyright © 2016 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Observations of photospheric magnetic fields and shear flows in flaring active regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tarbell, T.; Ferguson, S.; Frank, Z.; Title, A.; Topka, K.

1988-11-01

Horizontal flows in the photosphere and subsurface convection zone move the footpoints of coronal magnetic field lines. Magnetic energy to power flares can be stored in the corona if the flows drive the fields far from the potential configuration. Videodisk movies were shown with 0.5 to 1 arcsecond resolution of the following simultaneous observations: green continuum, longitudinal magnetogram, Fe I 5576 A line center (mid-photosphere), H alpha wings, and H alpha line center. The movies show a 90 x 90 arcsecond field of view of an active region at S29, W11. When viewed at speeds of a few thousand times real-time, the photospheric movies clearly show the active region fields being distorted by a remarkable combination of systematic flows and small eruptions of new flux. Magnetic bipoles are emerging over a large area, and the polarities are systematically flowing apart. The horizontal flows were mapped in detail from the continuum movies, and these may be used to predict the future evolution of the region. The horizontal flows are not discernable in H alpha. The H alpha movies strongly suggest reconnection processes in the fibrils joining opposite polarities. When viewed in combination with the magnetic movies, the cause for this evolution is apparent: opposite polarity fields collide and partially cancel, and the fibrils reconnect above the surface. This type of reconnection, driven by subphotospheric flows, complicates the chromospheric and coronal fields, causing visible braiding and twisting of the fibrils. Some of the transient emission events in the fibrils and adjacent plage may also be related.

CONSTRAINTS ON SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN THE FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT FROM PLANCK

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

O'Bryan, Jon; Smidt, Joseph; De Bernardis, Francesco

2015-01-01

We use the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy data from Planck to constrain the spatial fluctuations of the fine-structure constant α at a redshift of 1100. We use a quadratic estimator to measure the four-point correlation function of the CMB temperature anisotropies and extract the angular power spectrum fine-structure constant spatial variations projected along the line of sight at the last scattering surface. At tens of degree angular scales and above, we constrain the fractional rms fluctuations of the fine-structure constant to be (δα/α){sub rms} < 3.4 × 10{sup –3} at the 68% confidence level. We find no evidence formore » a spatially varying α at a redshift of 10{sup 3}.« less

Remarkably enhanced thermal transport based on a flexible horizontally-aligned carbon nanotube array film

PubMed Central

Qiu, Lin; Wang, Xiaotian; Su, Guoping; Tang, Dawei; Zheng, Xinghua; Zhu, Jie; Wang, Zhiguo; Norris, Pamela M.; Bradford, Philip D.; Zhu, Yuntian

2016-01-01

It has been more than a decade since the thermal conductivity of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) arrays was reported possible to exceed that of the best thermal greases or phase change materials by an order of magnitude. Despite tremendous prospects as a thermal interface material (TIM), results were discouraging for practical applications. The primary reason is the large thermal contact resistance between the CNT tips and the heat sink. Here we report a simultaneous sevenfold increase in in-plane thermal conductivity and a fourfold reduction in the thermal contact resistance at the flexible CNT-SiO2 coated heat sink interface by coupling the CNTs with orderly physical overlapping along the horizontal direction through an engineering approach (shear pressing). The removal of empty space rapidly increases the density of transport channels, and the replacement of the fine CNT tips with their cylindrical surface insures intimate contact at CNT-SiO2 interface. Our results suggest horizontally aligned CNT arrays exhibit remarkably enhanced in-plane thermal conductivity and reduced out-of-plane thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance. This novel structure makes CNT film promising for applications in chip-level heat dissipation. Besides TIM, it also provides for a solution to anisotropic heat spreader which is significant for eliminating hot spots. PMID:26880221

Horizontal Residual Mean Circulation: Evaluation of Spatial Correlations in Coarse Resolution Ocean Models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Y.; McDougall, T. J.

2016-02-01

Coarse resolution ocean models lack knowledge of spatial correlations between variables on scales smaller than the grid scale. Some researchers have shown that these spatial correlations play a role in the poleward heat flux. In order to evaluate the poleward transport induced by the spatial correlations at a fixed horizontal position, an equation is obtained to calculate the approximate transport from velocity gradients. The equation involves two terms that can be added to the quasi-Stokes streamfunction (based on temporal correlations) to incorporate the contribution of spatial correlations. Moreover, these new terms do not need to be parameterized and is ready to be evaluated by using model data directly. In this study, data from a high resolution ocean model have been used to estimate the accuracy of this HRM approach for improving the horizontal property fluxes in coarse-resolution ocean models. A coarse grid is formed by sub-sampling and box-car averaging the fine grid scale. The transport calculated on the coarse grid is then compared to the transport on original high resolution grid scale accumulated over a corresponding number of grid boxes. The preliminary results have shown that the estimate on coarse resolution grids roughly match the corresponding transports on high resolution grids.

First Panoramic View From The Surface Of Mars

NASA Image and Video Library

1996-12-30

First panoramic view by NASA's Viking 1 from the surface of Mars. The out of focus spacecraft component toward left center is the housing for the Viking sample arm, which is not yet deployed. Parallel lines in the sky are an artifact and are not real features. However, the change of brightness from horizon towards zenith and towards the right (west) is accurately reflected in this picture, taken in late Martian afternoon. At the horizon to the left is a plateau-like prominence much brighter than the foreground material between the rocks. The horizon features are approximately three kilometers (1.8 miles) away. At left is a collection of fine-grained material reminiscent of sand dunes. The dark sinuous markings in left foreground are of unknown origin. Some unidentified shapes can be perceived on the hilly eminence at the horizon towards the right. A horizontal cloud stratum can be made out halfway from the horizon to the top of the picture. At left is seen the low gain antenna for receipt of commands from the Earth. The projections on or near the horizon may represent the rims distant impact craters. In right foreground are color charts for Lander camera calibration, a mirror for the Viking magnetic properties experiment and part of a grid on the top of the Lander body. At upper right is the high gain dish antenna for direct communication between landed spacecraft and Earth. Toward the right edge is an array of smooth fine-grained material which shows some hint of ripple structure and may be the beginning of a large dune field off to the right of the picture, which joins with dunes seen at the top left in this 300 degree panoramic view. Some of the rocks appear to be undercut on one side and partially buried by drifting sand on the other. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00383

New Quasar Studies Keep Fundamental Physical Constant Constant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

2004-03-01

Very Large Telescope sets stringent limit on possible variation of the fine-structure constant over cosmological time Summary Detecting or constraining the possible time variations of fundamental physical constants is an important step toward a complete understanding of basic physics and hence the world in which we live. A step in which astrophysics proves most useful. Previous astronomical measurements of the fine structure constant - the dimensionless number that determines the strength of interactions between charged particles and electromagnetic fields - suggested that this particular constant is increasing very slightly with time. If confirmed, this would have very profound implications for our understanding of fundamental physics. New studies, conducted using the UVES spectrograph on Kueyen, one of the 8.2-m telescopes of ESO's Very Large Telescope array at Paranal (Chile), secured new data with unprecedented quality. These data, combined with a very careful analysis, have provided the strongest astronomical constraints to date on the possible variation of the fine structure constant. They show that, contrary to previous claims, no evidence exist for assuming a time variation of this fundamental constant. PR Photo 07/04: Relative Changes with Redshift of the Fine Structure Constant (VLT/UVES) A fine constant To explain the Universe and to represent it mathematically, scientists rely on so-called fundamental constants or fixed numbers. The fundamental laws of physics, as we presently understand them, depend on about 25 such constants. Well-known examples are the gravitational constant, which defines the strength of the force acting between two bodies, such as the Earth and the Moon, and the speed of light. One of these constants is the so-called "fine structure constant", alpha = 1/137.03599958, a combination of electrical charge of the electron, the Planck constant and the speed of light. The fine structure constant describes how electromagnetic forces hold atoms together and the way light interacts with atoms. But are these fundamental physical constants really constant? Are those numbers always the same, everywhere in the Universe and at all times? This is not as naive a question as it may seem. Contemporary theories of fundamental interactions, such as the Grand Unification Theory or super-string theories that treat gravity and quantum mechanics in a consistent way, not only predict a dependence of fundamental physical constants with energy - particle physics experiments have shown the fine structure constant to grow to a value of about 1/128 at high collision energies - but allow for their cosmological time and space variations. A time dependence of the fundamental constants could also easily arise if, besides the three space dimensions, there exist more hidden dimensions. Already in 1955, the Russian physicist Lev Landau considered the possibility of a time dependence of alpha. In the late 1960s, George Gamow in the United States suggested that the charge of the electron, and therefore also alpha, may vary. It is clear however that such changes, if any, cannot be large or they would already have been detected in comparatively simple experiments. Tracking these possible changes thus requires the most sophisticated and precise techniques. Looking back in time In fact, quite strong constraints are already known to exist for the possible variation of the fine structure constant alpha. One such constraint is of geological nature. It is based on measures taken in the ancient natural fission reactor located near Oklo (Gabon, West Africa) and which was active roughly 2,000 million years ago. By studying the distribution of a given set of elements - isotopes of the rare earths, for example of samarium - which were produced by the fission of uranium, one can estimate whether the physical process happened at a faster or slower pace than we would expect it nowadays. Thus we can measure a possible change of the value of the fundamental constant at play here, alpha. However, the observed distribution of the elements is consistent with calculations assuming that the value of alpha at that time was precisely the same as the value today. Over the 2 billion years, the change of alpha has therefore to be smaller than about 2 parts per 100 millions. If present at all, this is a rather small change indeed. But what about changes much earlier in the history of the Universe? To measure this we must find means to probe still further into the past. And this is where astronomy can help. Because, even though astronomers can't generally do experiments, the Universe itself is a huge atomic physics laboratory. By studying very remote objects, astronomers can look back over a long time span. In this way it becomes possible to test the values of the physical constants when the Universe had only 25% of is present age, that is, about 10,000 million years ago. Very far beacons To do so, astronomers rely on spectroscopy - the measurement of the properties of light emitted or absorbed by matter. When the light from a flame is observed through a prism, a rainbow is visible. When sprinkling salt on the flame, distinct yellow lines are superimposed on the usual colours of the rainbow, so-called emission lines. Putting a gas cell between the flame and the prism, one sees however dark lines onto the rainbow: these are absorption lines. The wavelength of these emission and absorption lines is directly related to the energy levels of the atoms in the salt or in the gas. Spectroscopy thus allows us to study atomic structure. The fine structure of atoms can be observed spectroscopically as the splitting of certain energy levels in those atoms. So if alpha were to change over time, the emission and absorption spectra of these atoms would change as well. One way to look for any changes in the value of alpha over the history of the Universe is therefore to measure the spectra of distant quasars, and compare the wavelengths of certain spectral lines with present-day values. Quasars are here only used as a beacon - the flame - in the very distant Universe. Interstellar clouds of gas in galaxies, located between the quasars and us on the same line of sight and at distances varying from six to eleven thousand of million light years, absorb parts of the light emitted by the quasars. The resulting spectrum consequently presents dark "valleys" that can be attributed to well-known elements. If the fine-structure constant happens to change over the duration of the light's journey, the energy levels in the atoms would be affected and the wavelengths of the absorption lines would be shifted by different amounts. By comparing the relative gaps between the valleys with the laboratory values, it is possible to calculate alpha as a function of distance from us, that is, as a function of the age of the Universe. These measures are however extremely delicate and require a very good modelling of the absorption lines. They also put exceedingly strong requirements on the quality of the astronomical spectra. They must have enough resolution to allow very precise measurement of minuscule shifts in the spectra. And a sufficient number of photons must be captured in order to provide a statistically unambiguous result. For this, astronomers have to turn to the most advanced spectral instruments on the largest telescopes. This is where the Ultra-violet and Visible Echelle Spectrograph (UVES) and ESO's Kueyen 8.2-m telescope at the Paranal Observatory is unbeatable, thanks to the unequalled spectral quality and large collecting mirror area of this combination. Constant or not? ESO PR Photo 07/04 ESO PR Photo 07/04 Relative Changes with Redshift of the Fine Structure Constant [Preview - JPEG: 496 x 400 pix - 36k] [Normal - JPEG: 991 x 800 pix - 320k] Captions: ESO PR Photo 07/04 shows measured values of the relative change of alpha from the sample of absorption systems studied by Hum Chand and his colleagues, plotted as a function of the redshift and the corresponding look-back time. The open circle is the measurement from the Oklo natural reactor. The horizontal long dashed lines show the area of the previous claim of variation of the fine structure constant. Clearly, the new UVES data are inconsistent with this range. A team of astronomers [1], led by Patrick Petitjean (Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris and Observatoire de Paris, France) and Raghunathan Srianand (IUCAA Pune, India) very carefully studied a homogeneous sample of 50 absorption systems observed with UVES and Kueyen along 18 distant quasars lines of sight. They recorded the spectra of quasars over a total of 34 nights to achieve the highest possible spectral resolution and the best signal-to-noise ratio. Sophisticated automatic procedures specially designed for this programme were applied. In addition, the astronomers used extensive simulations to show that they can correctly model the line profiles to recover a possible variation of alpha. The result of this extensive study is that over the last 10,000 million years, the relative variation of alpha must be less than 0.6 part per million. This is the strongest constraint from quasar absorption lines studies to date. More importantly, this new result does not support previous claims of a statistically significant change of alpha with time. Interestingly, this result is supported by another - less extensive - analysis, also conducted with the UVES spectrometer on the VLT [2]. Even though those observations were only concerned with one of the brightest known quasar HE 0515-4414, this independent study lends further support to the hypothesis of no variation of alpha. Even though these new results represent a significant improvement in our knowledge of the possible (non-) variation of one of the fundamental physical constants, the present set of data would in principle still allow variations that are comparatively large compared to those resulting from the measurements from the Oklo natural reactor. Nevertheless, further progress in this field is expected with the new very-high-accuracy radial velocity spectrometer HARPS on ESO's 3.6-m telescope at the La Silla Observatory (Chile). This spectrograph works at the limit of modern technology and is mostly used to detect new planets around stars other than the Sun - it may provide an order of magnitude improvement on the determination of the variation of alpha. Other fundamental constants can be probed using quasars. In particular, by studying the wavelengths of molecular hydrogen in the remote Universe, one can probe the variations of the ratio between the masses of the proton and the electron. The same team is now engaged in such a large survey with the Very Large Telescope that should lead to unprecedented constraints on this ratio. More Information The research presented in this Press Release is based on papers published in Physical Review Letters ("Limits on the time variation of the electromagnetic fine-structure constant in the low energy limit from absorption lines in the spectra of distant quasars" by Raghunathan Srianand, Hum Chand, Patrick Petitjean, and Bastien Aracil) and in the leading European astronomy journal Astronomy & Astrophysics ("Probing the cosmological variation of the fine-structure constant: Results based on VLT-UVES sample" by Hum Chand, Raghunathan Srianand, Patrick Petitjean, and Bastien Aracil).

Improvements, upgrades, and plans for Thomson scattering on DIII-D

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carlstrom, T. N.; Du, D.; Glass, F.; Liu, C.; Watkins, M.; McLean, A. G.

2016-10-01

The Thomson scattering diagnostic on DIII-D consists of 3 beam lines that probe vertically, horizontally, and in the divertor region of the tokamak, with 54 spatial locations, edge spatial resolution down to 5 mm, and 10 Nd:YAG lasers. In its 25-year history, the collection lens optics and interference filters degraded and have been replaced, restoring previous performance. In addition, improved calibrations and detector temperature control (+/- 0.1 C) have reduced systematic errors. Cross calibration with the CO2 interferometer and ECE cut-off have improved the density calibration. Improvements to the beam line and lasers have increased the laser energy delivered to the scattering volume in the plasma. Future plans include moving the divertor system to measure regions of high triangularity using in-vessel mirrors to redirect the laser beam; adding a wide angle lens to the horizontal system to view the entire plasma radius near the plasma mid plane; and reversing the direction of the laser beam on the horizontal system to reduce the scattering angle and compressing the spectrum in wavelength space so that higher central Te measurements (<5 KeV) can be made with improved accuracy. Work supported by the US DOE under DE-FC02-04ER54698 and by LLNL under DE-AC52-07NA27344.

Emergence of magnetic flux from the convection zone into the corona

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Archontis, V.; Moreno-Insertis, F.; Galsgaard, K.; Hood, A.; O'Shea, E.

2004-11-01

Numerical experiments of the emergence of magnetic flux from the uppermost layers of the solar interior to the photosphere and its further eruption into the low atmosphere and corona are carried out. We use idealized models for the initial stratification and magnetic field distribution below the photosphere similar to those used for multidimensional flux emergence experiments in the literature. The energy equation is adiabatic except for the inclusion of ohmic and viscous dissipation terms, which, however, become important only at interfaces and reconnection sites. Three-dimensional experiments for the eruption of magnetic flux both into an unmagnetized corona and into a corona with a preexisting ambient horizontal field are presented. The shocks preceding the rising plasma present the classical structure of nonlinear Lamb waves. The expansion of the matter when rising into the atmosphere takes place preferentially in the horizontal directions: a flattened (or oval) low plasma-β ball ensues, in which the field lines describe loops in the corona with increasing inclination away from the vertical as one goes toward the sides of the structure. Magnetograms and velocity field distributions on horizontal planes are presented simultaneously for the solar interior and various levels in the atmosphere. Since the background pressure and density drop over many orders of magnitude with increasing height, the adiabatic expansion of the rising plasma yields very low temperatures. To avoid this, the entropy of the rising fluid elements should be increased to the high values of the original atmosphere via heating mechanisms not included in the present numerical experiments. The eruption of magnetic flux into a corona with a preexisting magnetic field pointing in the horizontal direction yields a clear case of essentially three-dimensional reconnection when the upcoming and ambient field systems come into contact. The coronal ambient field is chosen at time t=0 perpendicular to the direction of the tube axis and thus, given the twist of the magnetic tube, almost anti-parallel to the field lines at the upper boundary of the rising plasma ball. A thin, dome-shaped current layer is formed at the interface between the two flux systems, in which ohmic dissipation and heating are taking place. The reconnection proceeds by merging successive layers on both sides of the reconnection site; however, this occurs not only at the cusp of the interface, but, also, gradually along its sides in the direction transverse to the ambient magnetic field. The topology of the magnetic field in the atmosphere is thereby modified: the reconnected field lines typically are part of the flanks of the tube below the photosphere but then join the ambient field system in the corona and reach the boundaries of the domain as horizontal field lines.

Infrared Abundances and the Chemical Enrichment of the Universe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, J. D.

Elements heavier than helium make up only a small fraction of the mass of the present day Universe, yet they heavily impact how galaxies and stars form and evolve. The chemical enrichment history of the Universe therefore forms an essential part of any complete understanding of galaxy evolution, and with the advent of incredibly sensitive IR/sub-mm/radio facilities, we are poised to begin unraveling it. Nonetheless, significant, decades-old problems plague even the most data-rich local methods of measuring gas phase metal abundance, with large (up to 10x) disagreements stemming principally from unknown and unseen temperature structure in ionized gas. The farinfared fine structure lines of oxygen offer a path out of this deadlock. Oxygen is the most important coolant of ionized gas, and the dominant metal abundance indicator. Its ground state fine structure lines, in particular [OIII] 88¼m, arise from such low-lying energy levels that they are insensitive to temperature. And unlike the faint "auroral" lines used by the gold-standard direct abundance method, they are bright, and readily observable at all metallicities. Indeed this crucial line has already been observed with ALMA in a number of galaxies directly in the era of reionization at z=7-9. Herschel has mapped and archived more than 150 nearby (d<25Mpc) galaxies on scales of 1 kiloparsec and below in the important [OIII] 88¼m line. We propose a comprehensive program to develop the far-infrared fine structure lines of oxygen into direct, empirical gas phase metal abundance measures. We will validate directly against the largest, deepest survey of direct spectroscopic optical metal abundances ever undertaken - the LBT/MODS program CHAOS. We will leverage spatially matched nebular emission lines ([NeII], [NeIII], [SIII], [SIV]) from Spitzer/IRS for ionization balance. We will employ our extensive optical IFU data (PPAK, MUSE, and VENGA) for strong line abundance comparisons, and to bridge the physical scales between Herschel/Spitzer and CHAOS. In addition, we will combine and validate decomposed radio free-free continuum as an extinction-free substitute for recombination emission for hydrogen normalization. This is the first time this unique combination of ionized gas tracers from optical through radio - spanning a factor of 200,000 in wavelength - will have been brought together on the same physical scales in a large and widely varied sample of nearby galaxies. The suite of hybrid abundance indicators we produce will enable empirical, intercomparable, temperature-insensitive, extinction-free measurements of gas phase metal abundance both locally and at high-redshift, even in dusty systems like ULIRGs where inferring abundance has traditionally been impossible. The results will impact, if not resolve, a decades long debate on the true oxygen abundance scale for galaxies. As natural byproducts of this study, we will also (1) construct a system of best practices for determining abundances of high redshift galaxies from fine structure emission lines and related measurements, and (2) produce and deliver a large line atlas of many thousands of independent spatially resolved regions within galaxies in their principal optical, mid- and far-infrared emission lines, enabling many additional studies.

Association of X-ray arches with chromospheric neutral lines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcintosh, P. S.; Krieger, A. S.; Nolte, J. T.; Vaiana, G.

1976-01-01

Daily maps of magnetic neutral lines derived from H-alpha observations have been superimposed on solar X-ray images for the period from June 15 to 30, 1973. Nearly all X-ray-emitting structures consist of systems of arches covering chromospheric neutral lines. Areas of low emissivity, coronal holes, appear as the areas between arcades of arches. The presence of a coronal hole, therefore, is determined by the spacing between neutral lines and the scale of the arches over those neutral lines. X-ray emissivity on the solar disk extends from neutral lines in proportion to the vertical and horizontal scale of the arches over those neutral lines. Increasing scale of arches corresponds with increasing age of magnetic fields associated with the neutral line. All X-ray filament cavities coincided with neutral lines, but filaments appeared under cavities for only part of their length and for only a fraction of the disk passage.

Technical background of the FireLine Assessment MEthod (FLAME)

Treesearch

Jim Bishop

2007-01-01

The FireLine Assessment MEthod (FLAME) provides a fireline-practical tool for predicting significant changes in fire rate-of-spread (ROS). FLAME addresses the dominant drivers of large, short-term change: effective windspeed, fuel type, and fine-fuel moisture. Primary output is the ROS-ratio, expressing the degree of change in ROS. The application process guides and...

Fine mapping and identification of candidate genes for a QTL affecting Meloidogyne incognita reproduction in Upland cotton

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The resistant line Auburn 623RNR and a number of elite breeding lines derived from it remain the most important source of root-knot nematode (RKN) resistance because they exhibit the highest level of resistance to RKN known to date in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L). Prior genetic mapping analy...

A Next Generation Atmospheric Prediction System for the Navy

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-30

by DOE and NSF , while the HiRAM system has primarily been supported by NOAA, although both models have leveraged considerably from indirect and...Neptune scalability (blue line) with the increasing number of cores compared to a perfect simulation rate (black line). Horizontal distance (km...draw on the community expertise with both MPAS and HIRAM. NRL is a no- cost collaborator with a number of proposals for the ONR Seasonal Prediction

Fine-scale structure of the San Andreas fault zone and location of the SAFOD target earthquakes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Thurber, C.; Roecker, S.; Zhang, H.; Baher, S.; Ellsworth, W.

2004-01-01

We present results from the tomographic analysis of seismic data from the Parkfield area using three different inversion codes. The models provide a consistent view of the complex velocity structure in the vicinity of the San Andreas, including a sharp velocity contrast across the fault. We use the inversion results to assess our confidence in the absolute location accuracy of a potential target earthquake. We derive two types of accuracy estimates, one based on a consideration of the location differences from the three inversion methods, and the other based on the absolute location accuracy of "virtual earthquakes." Location differences are on the order of 100-200 m horizontally and up to 500 m vertically. Bounds on the absolute location errors based on the "virtual earthquake" relocations are ??? 50 m horizontally and vertically. The average of our locations places the target event epicenter within about 100 m of the SAF surface trace. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.

Constraining possible variations of the fine structure constant in strong gravitational fields with the Kα iron line

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bambi, Cosimo, E-mail: bambi@fudan.edu.cn

2014-03-01

In extensions of general relativity and in theories aiming at unifying gravity with the forces of the Standard Model, the value of the ''fundamental constants'' is often determined by the vacuum expectation value of new fields, which may thus change in different backgrounds. Variations of fundamental constants with respect to the values measured today in laboratories on Earth are expected to be more evident on cosmological timescales and/or in strong gravitational fields. In this paper, I show that the analysis of the Kα iron line observed in the X-ray spectrum of black holes can potentially be used to probe themore » fine structure constant α in gravitational potentials relative to Earth of Δφ ≈ 0.1. At present, systematic effects not fully under control prevent to get robust and stringent bounds on possible variations of the value of α with this technique, but the fact that current data can be fitted with models based on standard physics already rules out variations of the fine structure constant larger than some percent.« less

Thighplasty: improving aesthetics through revival of the medial, horizontal procedure: A safe and scar-saving option.

PubMed

Schwaiger, Karl; Russe, Elisabeth; Heinrich, Klemens; Ensat, Florian; Steiner, Gernot; Wechselberger, Gottfried; Hladik, Michaela

2018-04-01

Thighplasty is a common bodycontouring procedure, but also associated with a high complication rate. The purpose of this study was to access the outcome of the medial horizontal thigh lift as it is a common surgical technique regarding thigh deformity correction performed at the authors' department. Surgical keysteps, clinical applications, advantages and disadvantages of the procedure are shown. Postoperative evaluation took place with special focus on individual patient satisfaction. Retrospective analysis of 25 bilateral thigh lifts with single medial horizontal incision line was performed. Evaluated data include patient age, sex, body mass index, combined procedures, additional liposuction, weight loss, former bariatric surgery, comorbidities, smoking status and surgical complications. Follow-up was performed with a standardized protocol and the scar was accessed according to the Vancouver-Scare-Scale. Additionally the patients were asked to complete a questionnaire divided into the sections 'scars', 'postoperative result' and 'sexuality'. Average patient-age was 43 years. Average follow-up was 2 years and 8 months. Average weight loss before surgery was 57 kg. 36% of all patients additionally received a liposuction of the medial thigh. In six cases (24%), we observed complications, which were designated as 'minor complications' in five times (conservative management without problems) and 'major complication' in one time (surgical revision). Postoperative patient-satisfaction was high. Compared to the horizontal and vertical combined thigh lift with the classic T-shaped incision lines we observed fewer complications and a reduction of postoperative morbidity. Additionally patient satisfaction was very high. We estimate that the main reason therefore is the avoidance of the vertical scar and its associated short- and longterm problems. The evaluated data confirm the medial horizontal thighplasty as a good and valuablesurgical option for the management of thigh deformities with moderate skin and tissue excess, localized in the upper part of the thigh. Copyright © 2017 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Seam tracking with adaptive image capture for fine-tuning of a high power laser welding process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lahdenoja, Olli; Säntti, Tero; Laiho, Mika; Paasio, Ari; Poikonen, Jonne K.

2015-02-01

This paper presents the development of methods for real-time fine-tuning of a high power laser welding process of thick steel by using a compact smart camera system. When performing welding in butt-joint configuration, the laser beam's location needs to be adjusted exactly according to the seam line in order to allow the injected energy to be absorbed uniformly into both steel sheets. In this paper, on-line extraction of seam parameters is targeted by taking advantage of a combination of dynamic image intensity compression, image segmentation with a focal-plane processor ASIC, and Hough transform on an associated FPGA. Additional filtering of Hough line candidates based on temporal windowing is further applied to reduce unrealistic frame-to-frame tracking variations. The proposed methods are implemented in Matlab by using image data captured with adaptive integration time. The simulations are performed in a hardware oriented way to allow real-time implementation of the algorithms on the smart camera system.

Effects of stimulant medication on the lateralisation of line bisection judgements of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

PubMed

Sheppard, D M; Bradshaw, J L; Mattingley, J B; Lee, P

1999-01-01

Deficits in the maintenance of attention may underlie problems in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Children with ADHD also show asymmetric attention deficits in traditional lateralisation and visuospatial orienting tasks, suggesting right hemispheric (and left hemispace) attentional disturbance. This study aimed to examine the lateralisation of selective attention in ADHD; specifically, the effect of a moving, random dot background, and stimulant medication in the line bisection task. The performance of children with ADHD, on and off methylphenidate, was examined using a computerised horizontal line bisection task with moving and blank backgrounds. Twenty children with a DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD participated with 20 controls, individually matched for age, sex, grade at school, and IQ. Twelve of the 20 children with ADHD were on stimulant medication at the time of testing. Horizontal lines of varying length were presented in the centre of a computer screen, with either a blank background, or a moving, random dot field. The random dots moved either leftward or rightward across the screen at either 40 mm/s or 80 mm/s. The children with ADHD off medication bisected lines significantly further to the right compared with controls, who showed a small leftward error. Methylphenidate normalised the performance of the children with ADHD for the task with the moving dots. These results support previous evidence for a right hemispheric hypoarousal theory of attentional dysfunction, and are consistent with the emerging picture of a lateralised dysfunction of frontostriatal circuitry in ADHD.

The Neuronal Organization of a Unique Cerebellar Specialization: The Valvula Cerebelli of a Mormyrid Fish

PubMed Central

Shi, Zhigang; Zhang, Yueping; Meek, Johannes; Qiao, Jiantian; Han, Victor Z.

2018-01-01

The distal valvula cerebelli is the most prominent part of the mormyrid cerebellum. It is organized in ridges of ganglionic and molecular layers, oriented perpendicular to the granular layer. We have combined intracellular recording and labelling techniques to reveal the cellular morphology of the valvula ridges in slice preparations. We have also locally ejected tracer in slices and in intact animals to examine its input fibers. The palisade dendrites and fine axon arbors of Purkinje cells are oriented in the horizontal plane of the ridge. The dendrites of basal efferent cells and large central cells are confined to the molecular layer, but are not planer. Basal efferent cell axons are thick, and join the basal bundle leaving the cerebellum. Large central cell axons are also thick, and traverse long distances in the transverse plane, with local collaterals in the ganglionic layer. Vertical cells and small central cells also have thick axons with local collaterals. The dendrites of Golgi cells are confined to the molecular layer, but their axon arbors are either confined to the granular layer or proliferate in both the granular and ganglionic layers. Dendrites of deep stellate cells are distributed in the molecular layer, with fine axon arbors in the ganglionic layer. Granule cell axons enter the molecular layer as parallel fibers without bifurcating. Climbing fibers run in the horizontal plane and terminate exclusively in the ganglionic layer. Our results confirm and extend previous studies and suggest a new concept of the circuitry of the mormyrid valvula cerebelli. PMID:18537139

New three-dimensional visualization system based on angular image differentiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Montes, Juan D.; Campoy, Pascual

1995-03-01

This paper presents a new auto-stereoscopic system capable of reproducing static or moving 3D images by projection with horizontal parallax or with horizontal and vertical parallaxes. The working principle is based on the angular differentiation of the images which are projected onto the back side of the new patented screen. The most important features of this new system are: (1) Images can be seen by naked eye, without the use of glasses or any other aid. (2) The 3D view angle is not restricted by the angle of the optics making up the screen. (3) Fine tuning is not necessary, independently of the parallax and of the size of the 3D view angle. (4) Coherent light is not necessary neither in capturing the image nor in its reproduction, but standard cameras and projectors. (5) Since the images are projected, the size and depth of the reproduced scene is unrestricted. (6) Manufacturing cost is not excessive, due to the use of optics of large focal length, to the lack of fine tuning and to the use of the same screen several reproduction systems. (7) This technology can be used for any projection system: slides, movies, TV cannons,... A first prototype of static images has been developed and tested with a 3D view angle of 90 degree(s) and a photographic resolution over a planar screen of 900 mm, of diagonal length. Present developments have success on a dramatic size reduction of the projecting system and of its cost. Simultaneous tasks have been carried out on the development of a prototype of 3D moving images.

Underwater spark discharge with long transmission line for cleaning horizontal wells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Kern; Chung, Kyoung-Jae; Hwang, Y. S.; Kim, C. Y.

2017-06-01

A transmission line is discussed for application in an underwater spark-discharge technique in the cleaning of a horizontal well by incorporating a power-transmission model into the simulation. The pulsed-spark-discharge technique has been proposed for clogged-well rehabilitation, because it removes incrustations that are attached to well screens by using strong pressure waves that are generated by the rapid expansion of a spark channel. To apply the pulsed-spark-discharge technique to the cleaning of horizontal wells, the coaxial cable between the pulsed power supply and the spark gap as a load needs to be extended to a few hundred meters. Prior to field application, pulsed-spark-discharge experiments were conducted and the role of the transmission line was examined using an improved simulation model. In the model, a non-linear interaction of the spark channel and the capacitor bank is described by the pulse-forming action of the coaxial cable. Based on the accurate physical properties of the water plasma, such as the equation of state and electrical conductivity within the region of interest, the amount of energy contributed to the development of a shock wave was evaluated. The simulation shows that if the initial conditions of the spark channel are the same, no further reduction in strength of the pressure wave occurs, even if the cable length is increased above 50 m. Hence, the degraded peak pressure that was observed in the experiments using the longer cable is attributed to a change in the initial condition of the spark channel. The parametric study suggests that the low initial charging voltage, the high ambient water pressure, and the long cable length yield the low initial spark-channel density, which results in a reduced peak pressure. The simulation of line charging is presented to discuss the principle of disturbing the pre-breakdown process by an extended cable.

Yo-yo Pull Demonstration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Layton, William

2013-03-01

A popular demonstration involves placing a yo-yo on a level table and gently pulling the string horizontally when it is wrapped to come out below the center of the yo-yo's axis. Students are then asked to predict which way the yo-yo will move. A similar demonstration is performed with a tricycle by pulling forward on a pedal with the pedal down in its lowest position.2,3 As well as pulling the yo-yo horizontally, often the string is lifted until the angle it makes with the table causes no motion. This occurs when the line extended from the string intersects the point of contact of the yo-yo with the table.4 This paper describes an apparatus that extends these demonstrations to the situation where the force pulling the yo-yo is still horizontal yet is below the level of the table.

Evaluation of Horizontal Seismic Hazard of Shahrekord, Iran

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Amiri, G. Ghodrati; Dehkordi, M. Raeisi; Amrei, S. A. Razavian

2008-07-08

This paper presents probabilistic horizontal seismic hazard assessment of Shahrekord, Iran. It displays the probabilistic estimate of Peak Ground Horizontal Acceleration (PGHA) for the return period of 75, 225, 475 and 2475 years. The output of the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is based on peak ground acceleration (PGA), which is the most common criterion in designing of buildings. A catalogue of seismic events that includes both historical and instrumental events was developed and covers the period from 840 to 2007. The seismic sources that affect the hazard in Shahrekord were identified within the radius of 150 km and the recurrencemore » relationships of these sources were generated. Finally four maps have been prepared to indicate the earthquake hazard of Shahrekord in the form of iso-acceleration contour lines for different hazard levels by using SEISRISK III software.« less

Stand-off transmission lines and method for making same

DOEpatents

Tuckerman, David B.

1991-01-01

Standoff transmission lines in an integrated circuit structure are formed by etching away or removing the portion of the dielectric layer separating the microstrip metal lines and the ground plane from the regions that are not under the lines. The microstrip lines can be fabricated by a subtractive process of etching a metal layer, an additive process of direct laser writing fine lines followed by plating up the lines or a subtractive/additive process in which a trench is etched over a nucleation layer and the wire is electrolytically deposited. Microstrip lines supported on freestanding posts of dielectric material surrounded by air gaps are produced. The average dielectric constant between the lines and ground plane is reduced, resulting in higher characteristic impedance, less crosstalk between lines, increased signal propagation velocities, and reduced wafer stress.

Fusion of Cross-Track TerraSAR-X PS Point Clouds over Las Vegas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Ziyun; Balz, Timo; Wei, Lianhuan; Liao, Mingsheng

2014-11-01

Persistent scatterer interferometry (PS-InSAR) is widely used in radar remote sensing. However, because the surface motion is estimated in the line-of-sight (LOS) direction, it is not possible to differentiate between vertical and horizontal surface motions from a single stack. Cross-track data, i.e. the combination of data from ascending and descending orbits, allows us to better analyze the deformation and to obtain 3d motion information. We implemented a cross-track fusion of PS-InSAR point cloud data, making it possible to separate the vertical and horizontal components of the surface motion.

Structure Prediction and Analysis of DNA Transposon and LINE Retrotransposon Proteins*

PubMed Central

Abrusán, György; Zhang, Yang; Szilágyi, András

2013-01-01

Despite the considerable amount of research on transposable elements, no large-scale structural analyses of the TE proteome have been performed so far. We predicted the structures of hundreds of proteins from a representative set of DNA and LINE transposable elements and used the obtained structural data to provide the first general structural characterization of TE proteins and to estimate the frequency of TE domestication and horizontal transfer events. We show that 1) ORF1 and Gag proteins of retrotransposons contain high amounts of structural disorder; thus, despite their very low conservation, the presence of disordered regions and probably their chaperone function is conserved. 2) The distribution of SCOP classes in DNA transposons and LINEs indicates that the proteins of DNA transposons are more ancient, containing folds that already existed when the first cellular organisms appeared. 3) DNA transposon proteins have lower contact order than randomly selected reference proteins, indicating rapid folding, most likely to avoid protein aggregation. 4) Structure-based searches for TE homologs indicate that the overall frequency of TE domestication events is low, whereas we found a relatively high number of cases where horizontal transfer, frequently involving parasites, is the most likely explanation for the observed homology. PMID:23530042

Limits on the dependence of the fine-structure constant on gravitational potential from white-dwarf spectra.

PubMed

Berengut, J C; Flambaum, V V; Ong, A; Webb, J K; Barrow, John D; Barstow, M A; Preval, S P; Holberg, J B

2013-07-05

We propose a new probe of the dependence of the fine-structure constant α on a strong gravitational field using metal lines in the spectra of white-dwarf stars. Comparison of laboratory spectra with far-UV astronomical spectra from the white-dwarf star G191-B2B recorded by the Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph gives limits of Δα/α=(4.2±1.6)×10(-5) and (-6.1±5.8)×10(-5) from FeV and NiV spectra, respectively, at a dimensionless gravitational potential relative to Earth of Δφ≈5×10(-5). With better determinations of the laboratory wavelengths of the lines employed these results could be improved by up to 2 orders of magnitude.

Limits on the Dependence of the Fine-Structure Constant on Gravitational Potential from White-Dwarf Spectra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berengut, J. C.; Flambaum, V. V.; Ong, A.; Webb, J. K.; Barrow, John D.; Barstow, M. A.; Preval, S. P.; Holberg, J. B.

2013-07-01

We propose a new probe of the dependence of the fine-structure constant α on a strong gravitational field using metal lines in the spectra of white-dwarf stars. Comparison of laboratory spectra with far-UV astronomical spectra from the white-dwarf star G191-B2B recorded by the Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph gives limits of Δα/α=(4.2±1.6)×10-5 and (-6.1±5.8)×10-5 from FeV and NiV spectra, respectively, at a dimensionless gravitational potential relative to Earth of Δϕ≈5×10-5. With better determinations of the laboratory wavelengths of the lines employed these results could be improved by up to 2 orders of magnitude.

Airborne spectrophotometry of Eta Carinae from 4.5 to 7.5 microns and a model for source morphology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Russell, Ray W.; Lynch, David K.; Hackwell, John A.; Rudy, Richard J.; Rossano, George S.; Castelaz, M. W.

1987-01-01

Spectrophotometric observations of Eta Car between 4.5 and 7.5 microns show a featureless thermal-like spectrum with no fine-structure lines or broad emission or absorption features. The color temperature of the spectrum is approximately 375 K. High spatial resolution maps at 3.5, 4.8, and 10 microns obtained from the ground are used to discuss the dust distribution and temperature structure, and to present a model for general source morphology. The upper limit to the brightness of the forbidden Ar II fine-structure emission line at 6.98 microns is less than 7 x 10 to the -16th W/sq cm, which still allows for a significant overabundance of argon and is consistent with the evolved nature of the source.

Carbon recombination lines as a diagnostic of photodissociation regions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Natta, A.; Walmsley, C. M.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.

1994-01-01

We have observed the C91 alpha radio recombination line toward the Orion H II region. This narrow (approximately 3-5 km per sec full width at half maximum (FWHM)) line is spatially very extended (approximately 8 arcmin or 1 pc). These charateristics compare well with the observed characteristics of the C II fine structure line at 158 microns. Thus, the C91 alpha line originates in the predominantly neutral photodissociation regions separating the H II region from the molecular cloud. We have developed theoretical models for the C II radio recombination lines from photodissociation regions. The results show that the I(C91 alpha)/I(C158) intensity ratio is a sensitive function of the temperature and density of the emitting gas. We have also extended theoretical models for photodissociation regions to include the C II recombination lines. Comparison with these models show that, in the central portion of the Orion region, the C91 alpha line originates in dense (10(exp 6) per cu cm), warm (500-1000 K) gas. Even at large projected distances (approximately 1 pc), the inferred density is still high (10(exp 5) per cu cm) and implies extremely high thermal pressures. As in the case of the (C II) 158 microns line, the large extent of the C91 alpha line shows that (FUV) photons can penetrate to large distances from the illuminating source. The decline of the intensity of the incident radiation field with distance from Theta(sup 1) C seems to be dominated by geometrical dilution, rather than dust extinction. Finally, we have used our models to calculate the intensity of the 9850 A recombination line of C II. The physical conditions inferred from this line are in good agreement with those determined from the radio recombination and the far-infrared fine-structure lines. We show that the ratio of the 9850 A to the C91 alpha lines is a very good probe of very high density clumps.

3D WHOLE-PROMINENCE FINE STRUCTURE MODELING

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gunár, Stanislav; Mackay, Duncan H.

2015-04-20

We present the first 3D whole-prominence fine structure model. The model combines a 3D magnetic field configuration of an entire prominence obtained from nonlinear force-free field simulations, with a detailed description of the prominence plasma. The plasma is located in magnetic dips in hydrostatic equilibrium and is distributed along multiple fine structures within the 3D magnetic model. Through the use of a novel radiative transfer visualization technique for the Hα line such plasma-loaded magnetic field model produces synthetic images of the modeled prominence comparable with high-resolution observations. This allows us for the first time to use a single technique tomore » consistently study, in both emission on the limb and absorption against the solar disk, the fine structures of prominences/filaments produced by a magnetic field model.« less

Scaling-law equilibria for calcium in canopy-type models of the solar chromosphere

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, H. P.

1982-01-01

Scaling laws for resonance line formation are used to obtain approximate excitation and ionization equilibria for a three-level model of singly ionized calcium. The method has been developed for and is applied to the study of magnetograph response in the 8542 A infrared triplet line to magnetostatic canopies which schematically model diffuse, nearly horizontal fields in the low solar chromosphere. For this application, the method is shown to be efficient and semi-quantitative, and the results indicate the type and range of effects on calcium-line radiation which result from reduced gas pressure inside the magnetic regions.

Sub-Millimeter Heterodyne Focal-Plane Arrays for High-Resolution Astronomical Spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goldsmith, Paul F.

2017-09-01

Spectral lines are vital tools for astronomy, particularly for studying the interstellar medium, which is widely distributed throughout the volume of our Milky Way and of other galaxies. Broadband emissions, including synchrotron, free-free, and thermal dust emissions give astronomers important information. However, they do not give information about the motions of, for example, interstellar clouds, the filamentary structures found within them, star-forming dense cores, and photon-dominated regions energized by massive young stars. For study of the interstellar medium, spectral lines at sub-millimeter wavelengths are particularly important, for two reasons. First, they offer the unique ability to observe a variety of important molecules, atoms, and ions, which are the most important gas coolants (fine-structure lines of ionized and neutral carbon, neutral oxygen), probes of physical conditions (high-J transitions of CO, HF, fine-structure lines of ionized nitrogen), and of obvious biogenic importance (H2O). In addition, high-resolution observations of spectral lines offer the unique ability to disentangle the complex motions within these regions and, in some cases, to determine their arrangement along the line of sight. To accomplish this, spectral resolution high enough to resolve the spectral lines of interest is required. We can measure the resolution of the spectrometer in terms of its resolution, R = f/δf, where f is the rest frequency of the line, and δJ is the frequency resolution of the spectrometer. More-active sources can be advantageously studied with R = 3 × 10^5, while more quiescent sources require R as high as 10^7.

Re/Os constraint on the time variability of the fine-structure constant.

PubMed

Fujii, Yasunori; Iwamoto, Akira

2003-12-31

We argue that the accuracy by which the isochron parameters of the decay 187Re-->187Os are determined by dating iron meteorites may constrain the possible time dependence of the decay rate and hence of the fine-structure constant alpha, not directly but only in a model-dependent manner. From this point of view, some of the attempts to analyze the Oklo constraint and the results of the quasistellar-object absorption lines are reexamined.

The Effects of, Lined Paper, Prompting, Tracing, Rewards, and Fading to Increase Handwriting Performance and Legibility with Two Preschool Special Education Students Diagnosed with Developmental Delays, and Fine Motor Deficits

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Erin; McLaughlin, T. F.; Neyman, Jennifer; Rinaldi, Lisa

2013-01-01

This study was designed to examine the effects of tracing and fading prompts to improve the handwriting of two preschoolers both diagnosed as Developmentally Delayed (DD) and one of whom had fine motor goals. The study took place in a self-contained special education public preschool classroom located in the Pacific Northwest. The results showed…

METAL AEROSOL FORMATION IN A LABORATORY SWIRL FLAME INCINERATOR

EPA Science Inventory

The paper describes experiments performed using an 82 kW (280,000 Btu/hr) refractory-lined horizontal tunnel combustor to examine the aerosol particle size distribution (PSD) produced by simulated nickel, cadmium, and lead wastes injected into an incineration environment. Metal c...

46 CFR 160.037-4 - Approval and production tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... signal plus packaging in a sealed plastic waterproof bag, the 24-hour water immersion conditioning will... discontinued production line. (2) Inspections and tests by the manufacturer. The manufacturer's quality control...: (i) Conditioning of test specimens—water resistance. Immerse specimen horizontally with uppermost...

46 CFR 160.037-4 - Approval and production tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... signal plus packaging in a sealed plastic waterproof bag, the 24-hour water immersion conditioning will... discontinued production line. (2) Inspections and tests by the manufacturer. The manufacturer's quality control...: (i) Conditioning of test specimens—water resistance. Immerse specimen horizontally with uppermost...

46 CFR 160.037-4 - Approval and production tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... signal plus packaging in a sealed plastic waterproof bag, the 24-hour water immersion conditioning will... discontinued production line. (2) Inspections and tests by the manufacturer. The manufacturer's quality control...: (i) Conditioning of test specimens—water resistance. Immerse specimen horizontally with uppermost...

Internal Fine Structure of Ellerman Bombs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hashimoto, Yuki; Kitai, Reizaburo; Ichimoto, Kiyoshi; Ueno, Satoru; Nagata, Shin'ichi; Ishii, Takako T.; Hagino, Masaoki; Komori, Hiroyuki; Nishida, Keisuke; Matsumoto, Takuma; Otsuji, Kenichi; Nakamura, Tahei; Kawate, Tomoko; Watanabe, Hiroko; Shibata, Kazunari

2010-08-01

We conducted coordinated observations of Ellerman bombs (EBs) between Hinode Satellite and Hida Observatory (HOP12). CaII H broad-band filter images of NOAA 10966 on 2007 August 9 and 10 were obtained with the Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) aboard the Hinode Satellite, and many bright points were observed. We identified a total of 4 bright points as EBs, and studied the temporal variation of their morphological fine structures and spectroscopic characteristics. With high-resolution CaII H images of SOT, we found that the EBs, thus far thought of as single bright features, are composed of a few of fine subcomponents. Also, by using Stokes I/V filtergrams with Hinode/SOT, and CaII H spectroheliograms with Hida/Domeless Solar Telescope (DST), our observation showed: (1) The mean duration, the mean width, the mean length, and the mean aspect ratio of the subcomponents were 390 s, 170 km, 450 km, and 2.7, respectively. (2) Subcomponents started to appear on the magnetic neutral lines, and extended their lengths from the original locations. (3) When the CaII H line of EBs showed the characteristic blue asymmetry, they are associated with the appearance or re-brightening of subcomponents. Summarizing our results, we obtained an observational view that elementary magnetic reconnections take place one by one successively and intermittently in EBs, and that their manifestation is the fine subcomponents of the EB phenomena.

A Study of the Correlation Between Dislocations and Diffusion Length in In(49)Ga(51)P Solar Cells

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

method of depositing a monocrystalline film on a monocrystalline substrate, the variation in lattice constant is a measure of the structural...charge transport results in greater power generation, reducing the number of cells per panel , thereby reducing weight and volume requirements while... panel . 39 The line scan mode with a horizontal rotation imaged across the dislocation bands was seen in Figure 15, where as the line scan mode

Observational signature of high spin at the Event Horizon Telescope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gralla, Samuel E.; Lupsasca, Alexandru; Strominger, Andrew

2018-04-01

We analytically compute the observational appearance of an isotropically emitting point source on a circular, equatorial orbit near the horizon of a rapidly spinning black hole. The primary image moves on a vertical line segment, in contrast to the primarily horizontal motion of the spinless case. Secondary images, also on the vertical line, display a rich caustic structure. If detected, this unique signature could serve as a `smoking gun' for a high spin black hole in nature.

Supersonic aerodynamic characteristics of a low-aspect-ratio missile model with wing and tail controls and with tails in line and interdigitated

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Graves, E. B.

1972-01-01

A study has been made to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of a low-aspect ratio cruciform missile model with all-movable wings and tails. The configuration was tested at Mach numbers from 1.50 to 4.63 with the wings in the vertical and horizontal planes and with the wings in a 45 deg roll plane with tails in line and interdigitated.

Understanding and Targeting Epigenetic Alterations in Acquired Bone Marrow Failure

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-01

Cre 1 2 P95H 3 Activated allele Neo Lox P Frt Long homology arm Short homology arm Neo cassette Probe primer P95H (GGC => GTG ) Reference: 297...right) (th indicates 95% confidence interval by bootstrapping. The schematic illustrates a p left to right, the features are the upstream exon ( gray box...and intron (black line), t (black line) and exon ( gray box). Horizontal axis, genomic coordinates defined with relative frequency of the indicated

Biostratinomic processes for the development of mud-cast logs in Carboniferous and Holocene swamps

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gastaldo, R.A.; Demko, T.M.; Liu, Yuejin

1989-08-01

Prostrate trees are common features of fossil forest litters, and are frequently preserved as mud-casts. Specimens of Carboniferous mud-cast trees and a mud-filled incipient cast of a Holocene Taxodium have been investigated to determine the biostratinomic processes responsible for their formation. These processes are complex. Hollowing of tree trunks may take place during life or by degradation after death. Once the trunk has fallen, the hollow cavity is supported by surrounding wood and/or bark tissues and acts as a conduit for sediment-laden waters. Leaf litter may be preserved on bedding surfaces. The infilling sequence of horizontal, parallel bedded, fine-grained sedimentmore » is deposited from suspended load during multiple overbank flooding events. These results differ from experimentally produced pith casts in which the sediment grain size is of fine sand. In Holocene specimens, alluvial mud within the log may provide a substrate for infaunal invertebrates. No evidence of infaunal burrowing in Carboniferous analogues exists.« less

Capable Copper Electrodeposition Process for Integrated Circuit - substrate Packaging Manufacturing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghanbari, Nasrin

This work demonstrates a capable reverse pulse deposition methodology to influence gap fill behavior inside microvia along with a uniform deposit in the fine line patterned regions for substrate packaging applications. Interconnect circuitry in IC substrate packages comprises of stacked microvia that varies in depth from 20microm to 100microm with an aspect ratio of 0.5 to 1.5 and fine line patterns defined by photolithography. Photolithography defined pattern regions incorporate a wide variety of feature sizes including large circular pad structures with diameter of 20microm - 200microm, fine traces with varying widths of 3microm - 30microm and additional planar regions to define a IC substrate package. Electrodeposition of copper is performed to establish the desired circuit. Electrodeposition of copper in IC substrate applications holds certain unique challenges in that they require a low cost manufacturing process that enables a void-free gap fill inside the microvia along with uniform deposition of copper on exposed patterned regions. Deposition time scales to establish the desired metal thickness for such packages could range from several minutes to few hours. This work showcases a reverse pulse electrodeposition methodology that achieves void-free gap fill inside the microvia and uniform plating in FLS (Fine Lines and Spaces) regions with significantly higher deposition rates than traditional approaches. In order to achieve this capability, systematic experimental and simulation studies were performed. A strong correlation of independent parameters that govern the electrodeposition process such as bath temperature, reverse pulse plating parameters and the ratio of electrolyte concentrations is shown to the deposition kinetics and deposition uniformity in fine patterned regions and gap fill rate inside the microvia. Additionally, insight into the physics of via fill process is presented with secondary and tertiary current simulation efforts. Such efforts lead to show "smart" control of deposition rate at the top and bottom of via to avoid void formation. Finally, a parametric effect on grain size and the ensuing copper metallurgical characteristics of bulk copper is also shown to enable high reliability substrate packages for the IC packaging industry.

Robust visual object tracking with interleaved segmentation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abel, Peter; Kieritz, Hilke; Becker, Stefan; Arens, Michael

2017-10-01

In this paper we present a new approach for tracking non-rigid, deformable objects by means of merging an on-line boosting-based tracker and a fast foreground background segmentation. We extend an on-line boosting- based tracker, which uses axes-aligned bounding boxes with fixed aspect-ratio as tracking states. By constructing a confidence map from the on-line boosting-based tracker and unifying this map with a confidence map, which is obtained from a foreground background segmentation algorithm, we build a superior confidence map. For constructing a rough confidence map of a new frame based on on-line boosting, we employ the responses of the strong classifier as well as the single weak classifier responses that were built before during the updating step. This confidence map provides a rough estimation of the object's position and dimension. In order to refine this confidence map, we build a fine, pixel-wisely segmented confidence map and merge both maps together. Our segmentation method is color-histogram-based and provides a fine and fast image segmentation. By means of back-projection and the Bayes' rule, we obtain a confidence value for every pixel. The rough and the fine confidence maps are merged together by building an adaptively weighted sum of both maps. The weights are obtained by utilizing the variances of both confidence maps. Further, we apply morphological operators in the merged confidence map in order to reduce the noise. In the resulting map we estimate the object localization and dimension via continuous adaptive mean shift. Our approach provides a rotated rectangle as tracking states, which enables a more precise description of non-rigid, deformable objects than axes-aligned bounding boxes. We evaluate our tracker on the visual object tracking (VOT) benchmark dataset 2016.

Atmosphere-ionosphere coupling from convectively generated gravity waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Azeem, Irfan; Barlage, Michael

2018-04-01

Ionospheric variability impacts operational performances of a variety of technological systems, such as HF communication, Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation, and radar surveillance. The ionosphere is not only perturbed by geomagnetic inputs but is also influenced by atmospheric tides and other wave disturbances propagating from the troposphere to high altitudes. Atmospheric Gravity Waves (AGWs) excited by meteorological sources are one of the largest sources of mesoscale variability in the ionosphere. In this paper, Total Electron Content (TEC) data from networks of GPS receivers in the United States are analyzed to investigate AGWs in the ionosphere generated by convective thunderstorms. Two case studies of convectively generated gravity waves are presented. On April 4, 2014 two distinct large convective systems in Texas and Arkansas generated two sets of concentric AGWs that were observed in the ionosphere as Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs). The period of the observed TIDs was 20.8 min, the horizontal wavelength was 182.4 km, and the horizontal phase speed was 146.4 m/s. The second case study shows TIDs generated from an extended squall line on December 23, 2015 stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes in North America. Unlike the concentric wave features seen in the first case study, the extended squall line generated TIDs, which exhibited almost plane-parallel phase fronts. The TID period was 20.1 min, its horizontal wavelength was 209.6 km, and the horizontal phase speed was 180.1 m/s. The AGWs generated by both of these meteorological events have large vertical wavelength (>100 km), which are larger than the F2 layer thickness, thus allowing them to be discernible in the TEC dataset.

Space Radar Image of Florence, Italy

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-04-15

This radar image shows land use patterns in and around the city of Florence, Italy, shown here in the center of the image. Florence is situated on a plain in the Chianti Hill region of Central Italy. The Arno River flows through town and is visible as the dark line running from the upper right to the bottom center of the image. The city is home to some of the world's most famous art museums. The bridges seen crossing the Arno, shown as faint red lines in the upper right portion of the image, were all sacked during World War II with the exception of the Ponte Vecchio, which remains as Florence's only covered bridge. The large, black V-shaped feature near the center of the image is the Florence Railroad Station. This image was acquired by the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) onboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour on April 14, 1994. SIR-C/X-SAR, a joint mission of the German, Italian, and United States space agencies, is part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth. This image is centered at 43.7 degrees north latitude and 11.15 degrees east longitude with North toward the upper left of the image. The area shown measures 20 kilometers by 17 kilometers (12.4 miles by 10.6 miles). The colors in the image are assigned to different frequencies and polarizations of the radar as follows: red is L-band horizontally transmitted, horizontally received; green is L-band horizontally transmitted, vertically received; blue is C-band horizontally transmitted, vertically received. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01795

Formation of a uniform ion beam using octupole magnets for BioLEIR facility at CERN

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amin, T.; Barlow, R.; Ghithan, S.; Roy, G.; Schuh, S.

2018-04-01

The possibility to transform the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) accelerator at CERN into a multidisciplinary, biomedical research facility (BioLEIR) was investigated based on a request from the biomedical community. BioLEIR aims to provide a unique facility with a range of fully stripped ion beams (e.g. He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O) and energies suitable for multidisciplinary biomedical, clinically-oriented research. Two horizontal and one vertical beam transport lines have been designed for transporting the extracted beam from LEIR to three experimental end-stations. The vertical beamline was designed for a maximum energy of 75 MeV/u, while the two horizontal beamlines shall deliver up to a maximum energy of 440 MeV/u. A pencil beam of 4.3 mm FWHM (Full Width Half Maximum) as well as a homogeneous broad beam of 40 × 40 mm2, with a beam homogeneity better than ±4%, are available at the first horizontal (H1) irradiation point, while only a pencil beam is available at the second horizontal (H2) and vertical (V) irradiation points. The H1 irradiation point shall be used to conduct systematic studies of the radiation effect from different ion species on cell-lines. The H1 beamline was designed to utilize two octupole magnets which transform the Gaussian beam distribution at the target location into an approximately uniformly distributed rectangular beam. In this paper, we report on the multi-particle tracking calculations performed using MAD-X software suite for the H1 beam optics to arrive at a homogeneous broad beam on target using nonlinear focusing techniques, and on those to create a Gaussian pencil beam on target by adjusting quadrupoles strengths and positions.

Spatio-temporal modelling for assessing air pollution in Santiago de Chile

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nicolis, Orietta; Camaño, Christian; Mařın, Julio C.; Sahu, Sujit K.

2017-01-01

In this work, we propose a space-time approach for studying the PM2.5 concentration in the city of Santiago de Chile. In particular, we apply the autoregressive hierarchical model proposed by [1] using the PM2.5 observations collected by a monitoring network as a response variable and numerical weather forecasts from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model as covariate together with spatial and temporal (periodic) components. The approach is able to provide short-term spatio-temporal predictions of PM2.5 concentrations on a fine spatial grid (at 1km × 1km horizontal resolution.)

Effects of Down- and Up-regulated Lignin Biosynthesis in Populus of Soil Carbon Transformation and Storage

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chiang, Vincent, L.; Pregitzer, Kurt, S.

2010-03-30

Our objective is to understand how rates of soil C formation and plant biomass are influenced by changes in plant growth and performance resulting from lowered lignin and altered lignin S/G ratios. A greenhouse study of the effects of altered lignin in SOC formation and plant biomass has been completed as of November 2009. Wild-type (control) and three transgenic aspen lines expressing reduced stem lignin concentrations and/or increased syringyl (S) to guaiacyl (G) ratio lignin were grown in greenhouse mesocosms. Soil was collected from the Colorado Central Plains Experimental Range (CPER) northeast of Fort Collins, Colorado. The Colorado soil ismore » an Olney fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Ultic Haplargrid). Plants at the surface mineral soil up to 5 cm depth were removed and the underlying soil was sampled to a depth of 30 cm. Soils were immediately shipped to Reno, NV. This C4 soil was then used to trace belowground C inputs by the C3 plants into the soil using the 13C natural abundance methods as described in the DOE proposal. Transgenic quaking aspen were generated by the Forest Biotechnology Group at North Carolina State University (NCSU) using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, the seedlings were then shipped to Reno, NV. Rooted seedlings were transferred from sterile agar into small pots with 250 g of C4 grass-dominated soil and kept in mist chambers in a greenhouse for four to six weeks. Plants were arranged randomly in adjacent greenhouse benches, soil blanks were placed randomly among the plants and treated in the same manner as pots with plants. Growth measurements were conducted for all plants in both groups and consisted of height, width at base of stem, number of leaves and length and width of every leaf in every tree. Plants were grown for a period of 120-140 days. At harvest, the aboveground portions of the trees were separated into leaves, litter, and stems. Soils were immediately frozen after harvest and roots were subsequently removed from thawed soil. Roots were further separated into coarse (> 1mm) and fine (< 1mm) roots. All tissue samples were dried for 48 h at 65 ºC, weighed, and then milled for analysis. Fine roots were analyzed for C and N concentrations and 13C (± 0.25‰). All other plant tissues were analyzed for C and N concentrations. Soils were analyzed for available soil nutrients, after harvest and root extraction, soils (including soil blanks pots) were analyzed for C and N concentrations and 13C using the same procedure as the fine roots. Growth measurements from both experiments showed that plant lines differed in heights, number of leaves, total biomass, and total leaf area; but did not differ in average leaf size or stem width. The low lignin line (23) and the control line (271) were similar to each other for all measured characteristics and were significantly larger than the low lignin + high S/G ratio lines (72 and 75). C/N ratios were highest for low lignin plants (line 23) in the woody tissue (roots and stems). The soil C concentrations and total C contents in the soil did not vary significantly among lines. There were no significant difference among lines in the amount (g) of new soil C, however, the soil from the control line (271) and low lignin line (23) had the highest new C concentration and total new C input into the soil. All soils with plants lost some of the existing “old” C, but the loss of old C was not significantly different among lines. Our findings support our first hypothesis, that high S/G ratio lines (72, 75, and 93) have less biomass, and soil C formation is affected as a result of the lower biomass. Our second hypothesis, that low lignin lines (23) would have more biomass and greater soil C formation, was partially supported. Although line 23 did not significantly out-perform the control line (271), the values for all measured growth and soil C characteristics were either comparable or greater than those for 271. The second part of this hypothesis, that line 23 would mobilize more old soil C and alter C/N ratios, was only partially supported by our data. Line 23 did not mobilize more old soil C, but the woody tissue C/N ratios were significantly higher than other lines, suggesting that tissue from line 23 plants is possibly more recalcitrant to decomposition. The comparable performance to the control lines coupled with the reduced lignin in the wood structure gives line 23 an advantage over line 271 in terms of pulping efficiency. The higher C/N ratios in the woody tissue could also suggest it has an advantage for C sequestration in tissue.« less

Manufacturing an advanced process characterization reticle incorporating halftone biasing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakagawa, Kent H.; Van Den Broeke, Douglas J.; Chen, J. Fung; Laidig, Thomas L.; Wampler, Kurt E.; Caldwell, Roger F.

1999-04-01

As the semiconductor roadmap continues to require imaging of smaller feature son wafers, we continue to explore new approaches in OPC strategies to extend the lifespan of existing technology. In this paper, we study a new OPC technology, called halftone biasing, and its application on an OPC characterization reticle, designed by MicroUnity Systems Engineering, Inc. The RTP9 test reticle is the latest in a series of 'LineSweeper' characterization reticles. Each reticle contains a wide range of line width sand pitches, each with several alternative OPC treatments, including references cases, scattering bars, and fine biasing. One of RTP9's design requirements was to support very fine, incremental biases for densely-pitched lines. Ordinarily, this would dictate a reduced address unit and with it the costly penalty of a square-law increase in e- beam write time. RTP9 incorporates a new OPC strategy, called halftone biasing, which has been proposed to address this problem. Taking advantage of optical reduction printing, this technique applies a sub-resolution halftone screen to the edges of figures to accomplish fine biasing equivalent to using an address unit one-fourth of the size of the actual e-beam writing grid. The resulting edge structure has some of the characteristics of aggressive OPC structures, but can be used in areas where traditional scattering bars cannot be placed. The trade-off between the faster write times achieved and the inflation of pattern file size is examined. The manufacturability and inspectability of halftone-biased lines on the RTP9 test reticle are explored. Pattern fidelity is examined using both optical and SEM tools. Printed 0.18 micrometers DUV resist line edge profiles are compared for both halftone and non- halftone feature edges. The CD uniformity of the OPC features, and result of die-to-database inspection are reported. The application of halftone biasing to real circuits, including the impact of data volume and saved write time, is also discussed.

{open_quotes}Horizontal{close_quotes} gene transfer from a transgenic potato line to a bacterial pathogen (Erwinia chrysanthemi) occurs - if at all - at an extremely low frequency

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schlueter, K.; Fuetterer, J.; Potrykus, I.

1995-10-01

The frequency of possible {open_quotes}horizontal{close_quotes} gene transfer between a plant and a tightly associated bacterial pathogen was studied in a model system consisting of transgenic Solanum tuberosum, containing a {beta}-lactamase gene linked to a pBR322 origin of replication, and Erwinia chrysanthemi. This experimental system offers optimal conditions for the detection of possible horizontal gene transfer events, even when they occur at very low frequency. Horizontal gene transfer was not detected under conditions mimicking a {open_quotes}natural{close_quotes} infection. The gradual, stepwise alteration of artificial, positive control conditions to idealized natural conditions, however, allowed the characterization of factors that affected gene transfer, andmore » revealed a gradual decrease of the gene transfer frequency from 6.3 x 10{sup -2} under optimal control conditions to a calculated 2.0 x 10{sub -17} under idealized natural conditions. These data, in combination with other published studies, argue that horizontal gene transfer is so rare as to be essentially irrelevant to any realistic assessment of the risk involved in release experiments involving transgenic plants. 22 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.« less

Stand-off transmission lines and method for making same

DOEpatents

Tuckerman, D.B.

1991-05-21

Standoff transmission lines in an integrated circuit structure are formed by etching away or removing the portion of the dielectric layer separating the microstrip metal lines and the ground plane from the regions that are not under the lines. The microstrip lines can be fabricated by a subtractive process of etching a metal layer, an additive process of direct laser writing fine lines followed by plating up the lines or a subtractive/additive process in which a trench is etched over a nucleation layer and the wire is electrolytically deposited. Microstrip lines supported on freestanding posts of dielectric material surrounded by air gaps are produced. The average dielectric constant between the lines and ground plane is reduced, resulting in higher characteristic impedance, less crosstalk between lines, increased signal propagation velocities, and reduced wafer stress. 16 figures.

GEOMEMBRANE ANCHORAGE BEHAVIOR USING A LARGE SCALE PULLOUT APPARATUS

EPA Science Inventory

The terminus of most geomembrane lined facilities, e.g., landfills, surface impoundments and waste piles, is via a small horizontal runout distance and then into a shallow anchor trench. hile several analytic models are available for such a design, common practice is usually base...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

M Severson; M Bissen; M Fisher

SRC has recently commissioned a new Varied Line-Spacing Plane Grating Monochromator (VLS-PGM) utilizing as its source a 1 m long APPLE II insertion device in short-straight-section 9 of the Aladdin storage ring. The insertion device reliably delivers horizontal, vertical, and right and left circularly polarized light to the beamline. Measurements from an in situ polarimeter can be used for undulator corrections to compensate for depolarizing effects of the beamline. The beamline has only three optical elements and covers the energy range from 11.1 to 270 eV using two varied line-spacing gratings. A plane mirror rotates to illuminate the gratings atmore » the correct angle to cancel the defocus term at all photon energies. An exit slit and elliptical-toroid refocusing mirror complete the beamline. Using a 50 {mu}m exit slit, the beamline provides moderate to high resolution, with measured flux in the mid 10{sup 12} (photons/s/200 mA) range, and a spot size of 400 {mu}m horizontal by 30 {mu}m vertical.« less

Enhanced Automated Guidance System for Horizontal Auger Boring Based on Image Processing

PubMed Central

Wu, Lingling; Wen, Guojun; Wang, Yudan; Huang, Lei; Zhou, Jiang

2018-01-01

Horizontal auger boring (HAB) is a widely used trenchless technology for the high-accuracy installation of gravity or pressure pipelines on line and grade. Differing from other pipeline installations, HAB requires a more precise and automated guidance system for use in a practical project. This paper proposes an economic and enhanced automated optical guidance system, based on optimization research of light-emitting diode (LED) light target and five automated image processing bore-path deviation algorithms. An LED target was optimized for many qualities, including light color, filter plate color, luminous intensity, and LED layout. The image preprocessing algorithm, feature extraction algorithm, angle measurement algorithm, deflection detection algorithm, and auto-focus algorithm, compiled in MATLAB, are used to automate image processing for deflection computing and judging. After multiple indoor experiments, this guidance system is applied in a project of hot water pipeline installation, with accuracy controlled within 2 mm in 48-m distance, providing accurate line and grade controls and verifying the feasibility and reliability of the guidance system. PMID:29462855

New Beamlines For Protein Crystallography At The EMBL-Outstation Hamburg

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hermes, C.; Gehrmann, T.; Jahn, D.

2004-05-12

Three new beamlines for Protein Crystallography were built up on a bending magnet fan of the DORIS III storage ring. A 10 mrad wide fan of white Synchrotron Radiation (SR) is evenly distributed among 3 individual stations: X12, a central, wavelength-tunable station intended for anomalous scattering experiments (MAD) and fixed wavelength, high intensity stations symmetrically on either side. The fixed wavelength beamlines X11 and X13 comprise triangular, asymmetrically cut Si (111) monochromators as horizontally focusing optical elements. The tunable station is based on a fixed-exit, horizontally focusing double crystal monochromator system. Vertical focusing is achieved on all three lines bymore » trapezoidal shaped, continuous Rh-coated mirrors which can be dynamically bent. In all three lines the X-ray beam can be examined at various points on its way through the optical system by removable screens and PIN-diode based intensity monitors. Purpose built crystallographic end-stations complete the set-up. The design of individual components and their performance will be described.« less

Small Infrared Target Detection by Region-Adaptive Clutter Rejection for Sea-Based Infrared Search and Track

PubMed Central

Kim, Sungho; Lee, Joohyoung

2014-01-01

This paper presents a region-adaptive clutter rejection method for small target detection in sea-based infrared search and track. In the real world, clutter normally generates many false detections that impede the deployment of such detection systems. Incoming targets (missiles, boats, etc.) can be located in the sky, horizon and sea regions, which have different types of clutters, such as clouds, a horizontal line and sea-glint. The characteristics of regional clutter were analyzed after the geometrical analysis-based region segmentation. The false detections caused by cloud clutter were removed by the spatial attribute-based classification. Those by the horizontal line were removed using the heterogeneous background removal filter. False alarms by sun-glint were rejected using the temporal consistency filter, which is the most difficult part. The experimental results of the various cluttered background sequences show that the proposed region adaptive clutter rejection method produces fewer false alarms than that of the mean subtraction filter (MSF) with an acceptable degradation detection rate. PMID:25054633

Enhanced Automated Guidance System for Horizontal Auger Boring Based on Image Processing.

PubMed

Wu, Lingling; Wen, Guojun; Wang, Yudan; Huang, Lei; Zhou, Jiang

2018-02-15

Horizontal auger boring (HAB) is a widely used trenchless technology for the high-accuracy installation of gravity or pressure pipelines on line and grade. Differing from other pipeline installations, HAB requires a more precise and automated guidance system for use in a practical project. This paper proposes an economic and enhanced automated optical guidance system, based on optimization research of light-emitting diode (LED) light target and five automated image processing bore-path deviation algorithms. An LED light target was optimized for many qualities, including light color, filter plate color, luminous intensity, and LED layout. The image preprocessing algorithm, direction location algorithm, angle measurement algorithm, deflection detection algorithm, and auto-focus algorithm, compiled in MATLAB, are used to automate image processing for deflection computing and judging. After multiple indoor experiments, this guidance system is applied in a project of hot water pipeline installation, with accuracy controlled within 2 mm in 48-m distance, providing accurate line and grade controls and verifying the feasibility and reliability of the guidance system.

Matched Bearing Processing for Airborne Source Localization by an Underwater Horizontal Line Array

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peng, Zhao-Hui; Li, Zheng-Lin; Wang, Guang-Xu

2010-11-01

Location of an airborne source is estimated from signals measured by a horizontal line array (HLA), based on the fact that a signal transmitted by an airborne source will reach a underwater hydrophone in different ways: via a direct refracted path, via one or more bottom and surface reflections, via the so-called lateral wave. As a result, when an HLA near the airborne source is used for beamforming, several peaks at different bearing angles will appear. By matching the experimental beamforming outputs with the predicted outputs for all source locations, the most likely location is the one which gives minimum difference. An experiment is conducted for airborne source localization in the Yellow Sea in October 2008. An HLA was laid on the sea bottom at the depth of 30m. A high-power loudspeaker was hung on a research ship floating near the HLA and sent out LFM pulses. The estimated location of the loudspeaker is in agreement well with the GPS measurements.

Spatial judgments in the horizontal and vertical planes from different vantage points.

PubMed

Prytz, Erik; Scerbo, Mark W

2012-01-01

Todorović (2008 Perception 37 106-125) reported that there are systematic errors in the perception of 3-D space when viewing 2-D linear perspective drawings depending on the observer's vantage point. Because these findings were restricted to the horizontal plane, the current study was designed to determine the nature of these errors in the vertical plane. Participants viewed an image containing multiple colonnades aligned on parallel converging lines receding to a vanishing point. They were asked to judge where, in the physical room, the next column should be placed. The results support Todorović in that systematic deviations in the spatial judgments depended on vantage point for both the horizontal and vertical planes. However, there are also marked differences between the two planes. While judgments in both planes failed to compensate adequately for the vantage-point shift, the vertical plane induced greater distortions of the stimulus image itself within each vantage point.

Magnetic Field, Density Current, and Lorentz Force Full Vector Maps of the NOAA 10808 Double Sunspot: Evidence of Strong Horizontal Current Flows in the Penumbra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bommier, V.; Landi Degl'Innocenti, E.; Schmieder, B.; Gelly, B.

2011-04-01

The context is that of the so-called “fundamental ambiguity” (also azimuth ambiguity, or 180° ambiguity) in magnetic field vector measurements: two field vectors symmetrical with respect to the line-of-sight have the same polarimetric signature, so that they cannot be discriminated. We propose a method to solve this ambiguity by applying the “simulated annealing” algorithm to the minimization of the field divergence, added to the longitudinal current absolute value, the line-of-sight derivative of the magnetic field being inferred by the interpretation of the Zeeman effect observed by spectropolarimetry in two lines formed at different depths. We find that the line pair Fe I λ 6301.5 and Fe I λ 6302.5 is appropriate for this purpose. We treat the example case of the δ-spot of NOAA 10808 observed on 13 September 2005 between 14:25 and 15:25 UT with the THEMIS telescope. Besides the magnetic field resolved map, the electric current density vector map is also obtained. A strong horizontal current density flow is found surrounding each spot inside its penumbra, associated to a non-zero Lorentz force centripetal with respect to the spot center (i.e., oriented towards the spot center). The current wrapping direction is found to depend on the spot polarity: clockwise for the positive polarity, counterclockwise for the negative one. This analysis is made possible thanks to the UNNOFIT2 Milne-Eddington inversion code, where the usual theory is generalized to the case of a line Fe I λ 6301.5) that is not a normal Zeeman triplet line (like Fe I λ 6302.5).

Impact of gut microbiota on the fly's germ line.

PubMed

Elgart, Michael; Stern, Shay; Salton, Orit; Gnainsky, Yulia; Heifetz, Yael; Soen, Yoav

2016-04-15

Unlike vertically transmitted endosymbionts, which have broad effects on their host's germ line, the extracellular gut microbiota is transmitted horizontally and is not known to influence the germ line. Here we provide evidence supporting the influence of these gut bacteria on the germ line of Drosophila melanogaster. Removal of the gut bacteria represses oogenesis, expedites maternal-to-zygotic-transition in the offspring and unmasks hidden phenotypic variation in mutants. We further show that the main impact on oogenesis is linked to the lack of gut Acetobacter species, and we identify the Drosophila Aldehyde dehydrogenase (Aldh) gene as an apparent mediator of repressed oogenesis in Acetobacter-depleted flies. The finding of interactions between the gut microbiota and the germ line has implications for reproduction, developmental robustness and adaptation.

Resolving the Azimuthal Ambiguity in Vector Magnetogram Data with the Divergence-Free Condition: Theoretical Examination

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Crouch, A.; Barnes, G.

2008-01-01

We demonstrate that the azimuthal ambiguity that is present in solar vector magnetogram data can be resolved with line-of-sight and horizontal heliographic derivative information by using the divergence-free property of magnetic fields without additional assumptions. We discuss the specific derivative information that is sufficient to resolve the ambiguity away from disk center, with particular emphasis on the line-of-sight derivative of the various components of the magnetic field. Conversely, we also show cases where ambiguity resolution fails because sufficient line-of-sight derivative information is not available. For example, knowledge of only the line-of-sight derivative of the line-of-sight component of the field is not sufficient to resolve the ambiguity away from disk center.

Growth and Application of Cadmium Telluride.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

25%). It was then rinsed in doubly distilled deionised water and evacuated on a glass vacuum line to 10-6 torr for several hours, while being...this condition for 10 minutes, a drop of Analar benzeneI was admitted via a glass syringe system. The benzene immediately ’cracked’ and a fine...150 0 C in a vacuum of i0-4torr for 10 minutes. The crystal was then attached to a small glass slide with impact adhesive. Fine stainless steel wires

Differential absorption radar techniques: water vapor retrievals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Millán, Luis; Lebsock, Matthew; Livesey, Nathaniel; Tanelli, Simone

2016-06-01

Two radar pulses sent at different frequencies near the 183 GHz water vapor line can be used to determine total column water vapor and water vapor profiles (within clouds or precipitation) exploiting the differential absorption on and off the line. We assess these water vapor measurements by applying a radar instrument simulator to CloudSat pixels and then running end-to-end retrieval simulations. These end-to-end retrievals enable us to fully characterize not only the expected precision but also their potential biases, allowing us to select radar tones that maximize the water vapor signal minimizing potential errors due to spectral variations in the target extinction properties. A hypothetical CloudSat-like instrument with 500 m by ˜ 1 km vertical and horizontal resolution and a minimum detectable signal and radar precision of -30 and 0.16 dBZ, respectively, can estimate total column water vapor with an expected precision of around 0.03 cm, with potential biases smaller than 0.26 cm most of the time, even under rainy conditions. The expected precision for water vapor profiles was found to be around 89 % on average, with potential biases smaller than 77 % most of the time when the profile is being retrieved close to surface but smaller than 38 % above 3 km. By using either horizontal or vertical averaging, the precision will improve vastly, with the measurements still retaining a considerably high vertical and/or horizontal resolution.

Competing Distractors Facilitate Visual Search in Heterogeneous Displays.

PubMed

Kong, Garry; Alais, David; Van der Burg, Erik

2016-01-01

In the present study, we examine how observers search among complex displays. Participants were asked to search for a big red horizontal line among 119 distractor lines of various sizes, orientations and colours, leading to 36 different feature combinations. To understand how people search in such a heterogeneous display, we evolved the search display by using a genetic algorithm (Experiment 1). The best displays (i.e., displays corresponding to the fastest reaction times) were selected and combined to create new, evolved displays. Search times declined over generations. Results show that items sharing the same colour and orientation as the target disappeared over generations, implying they interfered with search, but items sharing the same colour and were 12.5° different in orientation only interfered if they were also the same size. Furthermore, and inconsistent with most dominant visual search theories, we found that non-red horizontal distractors increased over generations, indicating that these distractors facilitated visual search while participants were searching for a big red horizontally oriented target. In Experiments 2 and 3, we replicated these results using conventional, factorial experiments. Interestingly, in Experiment 4, we found that this facilitation effect was only present when the displays were very heterogeneous. While current models of visual search are able to successfully describe search in homogeneous displays, our results challenge the ability of these models to describe visual search in heterogeneous environments.

Localized electrical fine tuning of passive microwave and radio frequency devices

DOEpatents

Findikoglu, Alp T.

2001-04-10

A method and apparatus for the localized electrical fine tuning of passive multiple element microwave or RF devices in which a nonlinear dielectric material is deposited onto predetermined areas of a substrate containing the device. An appropriate electrically conductive material is deposited over predetermined areas of the nonlinear dielectric and the signal line of the device for providing electrical contact with the nonlinear dielectric. Individual, adjustable bias voltages are applied to the electrically conductive material allowing localized electrical fine tuning of the devices. The method of the present invention can be applied to manufactured devices, or can be incorporated into the design of the devices so that it is applied at the time the devices are manufactured. The invention can be configured to provide localized fine tuning for devices including but not limited to coplanar waveguides, slotline devices, stripline devices, and microstrip devices.

A Quantitative Analysis of Solar Flare Characteristics as Observed in the Solar Observing Optical Network and the Global Oscillation Network Group

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

due to their possible threat to operations. Because of their importance, event-level flares are given extra consideration in this report. (AFWA...In the impulsive phase (3 to 10 minutes), as this reconnection takes place, electrons and ions with large energies are accelerated and released...right, correspond to the horizontal lines with large red dashes. The flash and gradual phases are bound by the vertical dashed lines. 13 variable in

Credit PSR. This interior view shows the vacuum tumble dryer. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit PSR. This interior view shows the vacuum tumble dryer. The tumble dryer is lined with a water jacket to maintain temperature during the drying of ammonium perchlorate ("AP"); water enters and exits the dryer jacket through the pipe fittings along the horizontal center line of the dryer. The wall at the right is constructed to blow out in the event of an explosion - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Oxidizer Dryer Building, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Operations and maintenance manual for the linear accelerator (sled)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1981-01-01

The Linear Accelerator, a sliding chair which is pulled along a stationary platform in a horizontal axis is described. The driving force is a motor controlled by a velocity loop amplifier, and the mechanical link to the chair is a steel cable. The chair is moved in forward and reverse directions as indicated by the direction of motor rotation. The system operation is described with emphasis on the electronic control and monitoring functions. Line-by-line schematics and wire lists are included.

NREL Evaluates Performance of Fast-Charge Electric Buses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

2016-09-16

This real-world performance evaluation is designed to enhance understanding of the overall usage and effectiveness of electric buses in transit operation and to provide unbiased technical information to other agencies interested in adding such vehicles to their fleets. Initial results indicate that the electric buses under study offer significant fuel and emissions savings. The final results will help Foothill Transit optimize the energy-saving potential of its transit fleet. NREL's performance evaluations help vehicle manufacturers fine-tune their designs and help fleet managers select fuel-efficient, low-emission vehicles that meet their bottom line and operational goals. help Foothill Transit optimize the energy-saving potentialmore » of its transit fleet. NREL's performance evaluations help vehicle manufacturers fine-tune their designs and help fleet managers select fuel-efficient, low-emission vehicles that meet their bottom line and operational goals.« less

Fine mapping of a quantitative resistance gene for gray leaf spot of maize (Zea mays L.) derived from teosinte (Z. mays ssp. parviglumis)

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

In previous work, using near isogenic line (NIL) populations in which segments of the tesosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) genome had been introgressed into the background of the maize line B73, we had identified a QTL on chromosome 8, here called Qgls8, for gray leaf spot resistance. We identified...

Rare earth crystal field spectra as a probe of librational motions in BaY2F8 solid state laser crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Capelletti, R.; Baraldi, A.; Buffagni, E.; Magnani, N.; Mazzera, M.

2010-11-01

The fine structure (FS) accompanying a few lines, originated by crystal field (CF) transitions of rare earths (RE), as Er3+ and Tm3+, in BaY2F8 single crystals, is analyzed as a function of the RE3+ concentration (0.5÷20 at%) and temperature (9-300 K), by using high resolution (as fine as 0.02 cm-1) Fourier transform spectroscopy and linear dichroism measurements. The 9 K absorption spectra show that FS includes weak, narrow, and closely spaced (0.4÷0.8 cm-1) lines, covering a few cm-1 range on both sides of the narrowest among the CF lines. The FS increases by increasing the RE3+ concentration and vanishes at rather low temperature (40 and 60 K for Er3+ and Tm3+, respectively). The polarized light spectra confirm the association of a given set of FS lines to a specific CF line. The FS is ascribed to the simultaneous excitation of an electronic CF transition and of a local librational (or hindered rotation) mode of the RE3+-F- group. The attribution is supported 1) by specific features of the host matrix and guest rare earths, which allow some mobility of F- ions, and 2) by the spacing of the FS lines, which is in excellent agreement with the calculated RE3+-F- group rotational constant.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shen, Yuandeng; Liu, Yu; Xu, Zhi

We present high-resolution observations of a quiescent solar prominence that consists of a vertical and a horizontal foot encircled by an overlying spine and has ubiquitous counter-streaming mass flows. While the horizontal foot and the spine were connected to the solar surface, the vertical foot was suspended above the solar surface and was supported by a semicircular bubble structure. The bubble first collapsed, then reformed at a similar height, and finally started to oscillate for a long time. We find that the collapse and oscillation of the bubble boundary were tightly associated with a flare-like feature located at the bottommore » of the bubble. Based on the observational results, we propose that the prominence should be composed of an overlying horizontal spine encircling a low-lying horizontal and vertical foot, in which the horizontal foot consists of shorter field lines running partially along the spine and has ends connected to the solar surface, while the vertical foot consists of piling-up dips due to the sagging of the spine fields and is supported by a bipolar magnetic system formed by parasitic polarities (i.e., the bubble). The upflows in the vertical foot were possibly caused by the magnetic reconnection at the separator between the bubble and the overlying dips, which intruded into the persistent downflow field and formed the picture of counter-streaming mass flows. In addition, the counter-streaming flows in the horizontal foot were possibly caused by the imbalanced pressure at the both ends.« less

A bacterial genetic screen identifies functional coding sequences of the insect mariner transposable element Famar1 amplified from the genome of the earwig, Forficula auricularia.

PubMed

Barry, Elizabeth G; Witherspoon, David J; Lampe, David J

2004-02-01

Transposons of the mariner family are widespread in animal genomes and have apparently infected them by horizontal transfer. Most species carry only old defective copies of particular mariner transposons that have diverged greatly from their active horizontally transferred ancestor, while a few contain young, very similar, and active copies. We report here the use of a whole-genome screen in bacteria to isolate somewhat diverged Famar1 copies from the European earwig, Forficula auricularia, that encode functional transposases. Functional and nonfunctional coding sequences of Famar1 and nonfunctional copies of Ammar1 from the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, were sequenced to examine their molecular evolution. No selection for sequence conservation was detected in any clade of a tree derived from these sequences, not even on branches leading to functional copies. This agrees with the current model for mariner transposon evolution that expects neutral evolution within particular hosts, with selection for function occurring only upon horizontal transfer to a new host. Our results further suggest that mariners are not finely tuned genetic entities and that a greater amount of sequence diversification than had previously been appreciated can occur in functional copies in a single host lineage. Finally, this method of isolating active copies can be used to isolate other novel active transposons without resorting to reconstruction of ancestral sequences.

Coupling fine particle and bedload transport in gravel-bedded streams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, Jungsu; Hunt, James R.

2017-09-01

Fine particles in the silt- and clay-size range are important determinants of surface water quality. Since fine particle loading rates are not unique functions of stream discharge this limits the utility of the available models for water quality assessment. Data from 38 minimally developed watersheds within the United States Geological Survey stream gauging network in California, USA reveal three lines of evidence that fine particle release is coupled with bedload transport. First, there is a transition in fine particle loading rate as a function of discharge for gravel-bedded sediments that does not appear when the sediment bed is composed of sand, cobbles, boulders, or bedrock. Second, the discharge at the transition in the loading rate is correlated with the initiation of gravel mobilization. Third, high frequency particle concentration and discharge data are dominated by clockwise hysteresis where rising limb discharges generally have higher concentrations than falling limb discharges. These three observations across multiple watersheds lead to a conceptual model that fine particles accumulate within the sediment bed at discharges less than the transition and then the gravel bed fluidizes with fine particle release at discharges above the transition discharge. While these observations were individually recognized in the literature, this analysis provides a consistent conceptual model based on the coupling of fine particle dynamics with filtration at low discharges and gravel bed fluidization at higher discharges.

A study on fine motor skills of Iranian children with attention deficit/hyper activity disorder aged from 6 to 11 years.

PubMed

Lavasani, Negar Miri; Stagnitti, Karen

2011-06-01

The aim of this study was to compare the fine motor skills of two groups of Iranian children. Of the 55 male Tehranian children aged 6 to 10 years, 29 children were typically developing and 26 were identified as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder. All children were assessed using the Raven Intelligence Test and nine fine motor tasks. There were no significant differences between the groups based on intelligence. In eight of the fine motor tasks, there was a significant difference between the groups. These tasks were cutting, placing dots in a grid pattern without direction, threading beads, drawing a line within 1 and 2 minutes, finger movements and Purdue pegboard. Boys who have been identified as ADHD have poorer fine motor skills compared to typically developing boys of the same age. Children aged 6 to 10 years who have been identified as ADHD will require more attention to their fine motor skill performance to enable greater participation in daily living tasks in Tehran such as writing, fine arts and dressing which require fast and quick hand motor skills. There are still limitations in this area; therefore, research in fine motor skills and ADHD children are recommended for future research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Pink-Beam, Highly-Accurate Compact Water Cooled Slits

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lyndaker, Aaron; Deyhim, Alex; Jayne, Richard

2007-01-19

Advanced Design Consulting, Inc. (ADC) has designed accurate compact slits for applications where high precision is required. The system consists of vertical and horizontal slit mechanisms, a vacuum vessel which houses them, water cooling lines with vacuum guards connected to the individual blades, stepper motors with linear encoders, limit (home position) switches and electrical connections including internal wiring for a drain current measurement system. The total slit size is adjustable from 0 to 15 mm both vertically and horizontally. Each of the four blades are individually controlled and motorized. In this paper, a summary of the design and Finite Elementmore » Analysis of the system are presented.« less

Mineralogy of the Almahata Sitta Ureilite

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zolensky, Michael E.; Herrin, J.; Friedrich, J. M.; Rumble, D.; Steele, A.; Jenniskens, P.; Shaddad, M. H.; Le, L.; Robinson, G. A.

2009-01-01

Mineralogy & Petrography: Almahata Sitta, deriving from the asteroid 2008 TC3, is a coarse-grained- to porous, fine-grained, fragmental breccia with subrounded mineral fragments and olivine aggregates embedded in a cataclastic matrix of ureilitic material. Mineral fragments include polycrystalline olivine, low-calcium, pigeonite, and augite. Abundant carbonaceous aggregates containing graphite, microdiamonds and aliphatics. Kamacite, Cr-rich troilite, silica and schreibersite are abundant. The compositional range of the silicates is characteristic of the ureilites as a group, but unusually broad for an individual ureilite. The dense lithology is typical for ureilites, but the porous lithology is anomalous. In the porous lithology pore walls are largely coated by crystals of olivine. Classification: Almahata Sitta is an anomalous, polymict eucrite. Anomalous features include large compositional range of silicates, high abundance and large size of pores, crystalline pore wall linings, and fine-grained texture. Tomography reveals that the pores define thin, discontinuous "sheets" connected in three dimensions, suggesting that they outline grains that have been incompletely welded together. The crystals lining the pore walls are probably vapor phase deposits. Therefore Almahata Sitta may represent an agglomeration of coarse- to fine-grained, incompletely reduced pellets formed during impact, and subsequently welded together at high temperature.

The ZEUS 1 & 2 INvestigated Galaxy Reference Sample (ZINGRS): A window into galaxies in the early Universe.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferkinhoff, Carl; Hershey, Deborah; Scrabeck, Alex; Higdon, Sarah; Higdon, James L.; Tidwell, Hannah; Lamarche, Cody; Vishwas, Amit; Nikola, Thomas; Stacey, Gordon J.; Brisbin, Drew

2018-06-01

Galaxies have evolved significantly from the early Universe until today. Star formation rates, stellar and molecular gas masses, sizes and metal enrichment of galaxies have all changed significantly from early epochs until the present. Probing the physical conditions of galaxy at high redshift is vital to understanding this evolution. ZINGRS, the ZEUS 1 and 2 INvestigated Galaxy Reference Sample, provides a unique and powerful window for this work. The sample consists of more than ~30 galaxies from z ~ 1 - 4.5 for which the far-IR fine-structure lines (e.g. [CII] 158 micron, [NII] 122micron, [OIII] 88 micron) have been observed with the ZEUS-1 and 2 instruments. These lines are ideal for studying high-z systems since they require low energies for excitation, are typically optically thin, and are not susceptible to extinction from dust. ZINGRS is the largest collection of far-IR fine-structure line detections at high-z. Here we describe the sample, including extensive multifrequency supporting observations like CO & radio continuum, and summarize what we have learned so far.

Interstellar absorption along the line of sight to Theta Carinae using Copernicus observations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Allen, M. M.; Jenkins, E. B.; Snow, T. P.

1992-01-01

A profile fitting technique is employed to identify the velocities and Doppler b values for H I and H II clouds along the line of sight to Theta Car. Total abundances and depletions for 12 elements, plus column densities for the J = 0 to J = 5 rotational levels of H2 are obtained. Electron densities for both clouds are calculated from the ratios of the fine-structure levels of C II and N II, obtaining 0.08/cu cm and 1.2/cu cm. The fine-structure levels of C I, which led to 120/cu cm, are used to calculate the neutral hydrogen density for the H I region. D I is also present in the data from the Theta Car line of sight, yielding a D/H ratio of 5 x 10 exp -6. Elemental depletions are calculated for the H I region as well. Comparison of the results for Theta Car and those for Zeta Oph and Alpha Vir shows that the absolute depletions are different; however, the relative depletions are remarkably stable for different physical conditions.

Nature of exciton transitions in hexagonal boron nitride

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, J.; Cao, X. K.; Lin, J. Y.

2016-03-21

In contrast to other III-nitride semiconductors GaN and AlN, the intrinsic (or free) exciton transition in hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) consists of rather complex fine spectral features (resolved into six sharp emission peaks) and the origin of which is still unclear. Here, the free exciton transition (FX) in h-BN bulk crystals synthesized by a solution method at atmospheric pressure has been probed by deep UV time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Based on the separations between the energy peak positions of the FX emission lines, the identical PL decay kinetics among different FX emission lines, and the known phonon modes in h-BN,more » we suggest that there is only one principal emission line corresponding to the direct intrinsic FX transition in h-BN, whereas all other fine features are a result of phonon-assisted transitions. The identified phonon modes are all associated with the center of the Brillouin zone. Our results offer a simple picture for the understanding of the fundamental exciton transitions in h-BN.« less

Experimental aerodynamic characteristics for slender bodies with thin wings and tail at angles of attack from 0 deg to 58 deg and Mach numbers from 0.6 to 2.0

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jorgensen, L. H.; Nelson, E. R.

1976-01-01

An experimental investigation was conducted by wind tunnel to measure the static aerodynamic characteristics for bodies of circular and elliptic cross section with various thin flat plate wings and a thin tail consisting of horizontal and vertical parts. The wings had aspect ratios of 4 and taper ratios of about 0, 0.25, and 0.5. Two additional wings, which had taper ratios near 0.25 and aspect ratios of about 3 and 5, were also tested in combination with the bodies and tail. All wings had about the same planform area. The exposed area of the horizontal portion of the tail was about 33 to 36 percent of the exposed area of the wings. The exposed area of the vertical tail fin was about 22 to 24 percent of the exposed area of the wings. The elliptic body, with an a/b = 2 cross section, had the same length and axial distribution of cross sectional area as the circular body. The circular body had a cylindrical aftersection of fineness ratio 7, and it was tested with the wings and tail in combination with tangent ogive noses that had fineness ratios of 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 5.0. In addition, an ogive nose with a rounded tip and an ogive nose with two different nose strake arrangements were used. Nineteen configuration combinations were tested at Mach numbers of 0.6, 0.9, 1.5, and 2.0 at angles of attack from 0 to 58 deg. The Reynolds numbers, based on body base diameter, were about 4.3 X 100,000.

Data Report for Monitoring at Six West Virginia Marcellus Shale Development Sites using NETL’s Mobile Air Monitoring Laboratory (July–November 2012)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pekney, Natalie J.; Reeder, Matthew; Veloski, Garret A.

The West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection’s Office of Oil and Gas was directed according to the Natural Gas Horizontal Well Control Act of December 14, 2011 (West Virginia Code §22-6A) to conduct studies of horizontal well drilling activities related to air quality. The planned study, “Noise, Light, Dust, Volatile Organic Compounds Related to Well Location Restrictions,” required determination of the effectiveness of a 625 ft minimum set-back from the center of the pad of a horizontal well drilling site to the nearest occupied dwelling. An investigation was conducted at seven drilling sites by West Virginia University (WVU) and themore » National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to collect data on dust, hydrocarbon compounds and on noise, radiation, and light levels. NETL’s role in this study was to collect measurements of ambient pollutant concentrations at six of the seven selected sites using NETL’s Mobile Air Monitoring Laboratory. The trailer-based laboratory was situated a distance of 492–1,312 ft from each well pad, on which activities included well pad construction, vertical drilling, horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and flaring, with the objective of evaluating the air quality impact of each activity for 1–4 weeks per site. Measured pollutants included volatile organic compounds (VOCs), coarse and fine particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5, respectively), ozone, methane (CH 4), carbon dioxide (CO 2), carbon isotopes of CH 4 and CO 2, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO 2).« less

Apparent thermal inertia and the surface heterogeneity of Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Putzig, Nathaniel E.; Mellon, Michael T.

2007-11-01

Thermal inertia derivation techniques generally assume that surface properties are uniform at horizontal scales below the footprint of the observing instrument and to depths of several decimeters. Consequently, surfaces with horizontal or vertical heterogeneity may yield apparent thermal inertia which varies with time of day and season. To investigate these temporal variations, we processed three Mars years of Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer observations and produced global nightside and dayside seasonal maps of apparent thermal inertia. These maps show broad regions with diurnal and seasonal differences up to 200 J m -2 K -1s -1/2 at mid-latitudes (60° S to 60° N) and 600 J m -2 K -1s -1/2 or greater in the polar regions. We compared the seasonal mapping results with modeled apparent thermal inertia and created new maps of surface heterogeneity at 5° resolution, delineating regions that have thermal characteristics consistent with horizontal mixtures or layers of two materials. The thermal behavior of most regions on Mars appears to be dominated by layering, with upper layers of higher thermal inertia (e.g., duricrusts or desert pavements over fines) prevailing in mid-latitudes and upper layers of lower thermal inertia (e.g., dust-covered rock, soils with an ice table at shallow depths) prevailing in polar regions. Less common are regions dominated by horizontal mixtures, such as those containing differing proportions of rocks, sand, dust, and duricrust or surfaces with divergent local slopes. Other regions show thermal behavior that is more complex and not well-represented by two-component surface models. These results have important implications for Mars surface geology, climate modeling, landing-site selection, and other endeavors that employ thermal inertia as a tool for characterizing surface properties.

Genotoxicity of fine and coarse fraction ambient particulate matter in immortalised normal (TT1) and cancer‐derived (A549) alveolar epithelial cells

PubMed Central

Enlo‐Scott, Zachary; Nagy, Eszter; Mudway, Ian S.; Tetley, Teresa D.; Arlt, Volker M.; Phillips, David H.; Gollapudi, B.

2018-01-01

Human exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) is associated with adverse cardiopulmonary health effects, including lung cancer. Ambient PM represents a heterogeneous mixture of chemical classes including transition metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives such as nitro‐PAHs, many of which are classified as putative carcinogens. As the primary site of human exposure to PM is the lungs, we investigated the response of two alveolar epithelial cell lines, the tumour‐derived A549 and newly described TT1 cells, to fine and coarse PM collected from background and roadside locations. We show that coarse PM elicits a genotoxic response in the TT1 cells, with the strongest signal associated with the background sample. This response could be recapitulated using the organic extract derived from this sample. No responses were observed in PM‐challenged A549 cells. Fine PM failed to elicit a genotoxic response in either cell line despite the higher PAH concentrations within this fraction. Consistent with the lack of a simplistic association between PM PAH content and the observed genotoxic response, TT1 cells treated with benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) demonstrated no increase in the selected markers. In contrast, a pattern of response was observed in TT1 cells challenged with 3‐nitrobenzanthrone (3‐NBA) similar to that with coarse PM. Together, these data illustrated the suitability of the TT1 cell line for assessing PM‐induced genotoxicity and challenge the contention that fine roadside PM poses the higher cancer risk. Furthermore, the response to 3‐NBA and not BaP suggests a major contribution of nitro‐PAHs to the overall toxicity of PM. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:290–301, 2018. © 2018 The Authors Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Environmental Mutagen Society PMID:29368350

Correlation between solar flare productivity and photospheric vector magnetic fields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cui, Yanmei; Wang, Huaning

2008-11-01

Studying the statistical correlation between the solar flare productivity and photospheric magnetic fields is very important and necessary. It is helpful to set up a practical flare forecast model based on magnetic properties and improve the physical understanding of solar flare eruptions. In the previous study ([Cui, Y.M., Li, R., Zhang, L.Y., He, Y.L., Wang, H.N. Correlation between solar flare productivity and photospheric magnetic field properties 1. Maximum horizontal gradient, length of neutral line, number of singular points. Sol. Phys. 237, 45 59, 2006]; from now on we refer to this paper as ‘Paper I’), three measures of the maximum horizontal gradient, the length of the neutral line, and the number of singular points are computed from 23990 SOHO/MDI longitudinal magnetograms. The statistical relationship between the solar flare productivity and these three measures is well fitted with sigmoid functions. In the current work, the three measures of the length of strong-shear neutral line, total unsigned current, and total unsigned current helicity are computed from 1353 vector magnetograms observed at Huairou Solar Observing Station. The relationship between the solar flare productivity and the current three measures can also be well fitted with sigmoid functions. These results are expected to be beneficial to future operational flare forecasting models.

Design of and normative data for a new computer based test of ocular torsion.

PubMed

Vaswani, Reena S; Mudgil, Ananth V

2004-01-01

To evaluate a new clinically practical and dynamic test for quantifying torsional binocular eye alignment changes which may occur in the change from monocular to binocular viewing conditions. The test was developed using a computer with Lotus Freelance Software, binoculars with prisms and colored filters. The subject looks through binoculars at the computer screen two meters away. For monocular vision, six concentric blue circles, a blue horizontal line and a tilted red line were displayed on the screen. For binocular vision, white circles replaced blue circles. The subject was asked to orient the lines parallel to each other. The difference in tilt (degrees) between the subjective parallel and fixed horizontal position is the torsional alignment of the eye. The time to administer the test was approximately two minutes. In 70 Normal subjects, average age 16 years, the mean degree of cyclodeviation tilt in the right eye was 0.6 degrees for monocular viewing conditions and 0.7 degrees for binocular viewing conditions, with a standard deviation of approximately one degree. There was no "statistically significant" difference between monocular and binocular viewing. This computer based test is a simple, computerized, non-invasive test that has a potential for use in the diagnosis of cyclovertical strabismus. Currently, there is no commercially available test for this purpose.

Global Characterization of Protein-Altering Mutations in Prostate Cancer

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-08-01

abnormal signals are marked as horizontal dashed lines on each plot. (A) Average number of AR per nucleus. (B) Average PTEN/CEP10 ratio. doi:10.1371...1060. 20. Hankinson SE, Manson JE, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Longcope C, et al. (1995) Reproducibility of plasma hormone levels in postmenopausal

Architecture and the Ethics of Authenticity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Spector, Tom

2011-01-01

Across most of Oklahoma's gently rolling prairie countryside these artistically uninformed structures often provide the only vertical punctuation to a landscape otherwise made of mostly horizontal lines. One of the pleasures of teaching architecture is to participate in the intellectual progress of students--many of whom hail from rural areas and…

--No Title--

Science.gov Websites

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47 CFR 80.769 - Shadow loss.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... average terrain elevation at the coast station antenna to the water level at the ship location. If average... antenna site elevation, the obstruction elevation and the height of the ship station on rectangular... the horizontal scale. Then draw a straight line between the antenna and the ship. (c) If a hill...

47 CFR 80.769 - Shadow loss.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... average terrain elevation at the coast station antenna to the water level at the ship location. If average... antenna site elevation, the obstruction elevation and the height of the ship station on rectangular... the horizontal scale. Then draw a straight line between the antenna and the ship. (c) If a hill...

47 CFR 80.769 - Shadow loss.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... average terrain elevation at the coast station antenna to the water level at the ship location. If average... antenna site elevation, the obstruction elevation and the height of the ship station on rectangular... the horizontal scale. Then draw a straight line between the antenna and the ship. (c) If a hill...

47 CFR 80.769 - Shadow loss.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... average terrain elevation at the coast station antenna to the water level at the ship location. If average... antenna site elevation, the obstruction elevation and the height of the ship station on rectangular... the horizontal scale. Then draw a straight line between the antenna and the ship. (c) If a hill...

Near Space and Its Relation to Claustrophobic Fear

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lourenco, Stella F.; Longo, Matthew R.; Pathman, Thanujeni

2011-01-01

It is well established that the near space immediately surrounding the body (also known as peripersonal space) is represented differently than the space farther away. When bisecting horizontal lines, for example, neurologically-healthy adults show a slight leftward bias (known as pseudoneglect) in near space; this attentional bias, however,…

Mapping the Idea: A Notetaking System.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Driskell, Jeanette

"Mapping" is a note-taking technique by which students use visual cues to isolate, emphasize, and group information meaningfully. Features of this technique include: organizing the note page laterally, so that general topics are on the left side and supportive information is on the right side; separating topics by horizontal lines;…

Why Does the Motorbike Feather?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ruocco, A.; De Luca, R.

2007-01-01

The problem of motorbike feathering has been analysed by writing the angular momentum theorem for non-inertial reference systems. The acceleration, for which the ideal line joining the median points of the axles of the two wheels makes an angle [theta] with the horizontal, has been calculated neglecting air friction and considering that the…

An Experimental Study of Filmwise Condensation on Horizontal Enhanced Condenser Tubing.

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-12-01

with a 51 mm thick sheet of Johns - Manville Aerotube insulation. 22 D. CONDENSATE AND FEEDWATER SYSTEMS The condensate and feedwater systems are shown...desuperheater. The condensate and feedwater lines are insulated with 25.4 mm thick Johns - Manville Aerotube insulation. E. COOLING WATER SYSTEM The cooling

14 CFR 171.253 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... height of 200 feet or less above the horizontal plane containing the threshold. Glide path means that locus of points in the vertical plane containing the runway center line at which the DDM is zero, which... sector (full) means the sector in the vertical plane containing the ISMLS glide path and limited by the...

Pitch variable liquid lens array using electrowetting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, YooKwang; Lee, Jin Su; Kim, Junoh; Won, Yong Hyub

2017-02-01

These days micro lens array is used in various fields such as fiber coupling, laser collimation, imaging and sensor system and beam homogenizer, etc. One of important thing in using micro lens array is, choice of its pitch. Especially imaging systems like integral imaging or light-field camera, pitch of micro lens array defines the system property and thus it could limit the variability of the system. There are already researches about lens array using liquid, and droplet control by electrowetting. This paper reports the result of combining them, the liquid lens array that could vary its pitch by electrowetting. Since lens array is a repeated system, realization of a small part of lens array is enough to show its property. The lens array is composed of nine (3 by 3) liquid droplets on flat surface. On substrate, 11 line electrodes are patterned along vertical and horizontal direction respectively. The width of line electrodes is 300um and interval is 200um. Each droplet is positioned to contain three electrode lines for both of vertical and horizontal direction. So there is one remaining electrode line in each of outermost side for both direction. In original state the voltage is applied to inner electrodes. When voltage of outermost electrodes are turned on, eight outermost droplets move to outer side, thereby increasing pitch of lens array. The original pitch was 1.5mm and it increased to 2.5mm after electrodes of voltage applied is changed.

The role of physical content in piagetian spatial tasks: Sex differences in spatial knowledge?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Golbeck, Susan L.

Sex-related differences on Piagetian horizontality (water level) and verticality (plumb line) tasks were examined in 64 college students. It was hypothesized that females' difficulties on these Euclidean spatial problems are due not to differences in underlying spatial competence, but rather to differences in knowledge of task specific information about the physical properties of water levels and plumb lines. This was tested by presenting subjects with the standard water level and plumb line problems and also modified problems not requiring knowledge of physical principles (i.e., drawing straight up and down or straight across lines inside tipped rectangles). While males were expected to outperform females on the standard tasks, no sex differences were expected on the modified tasks. Results of an ANOVA on scores for horizontality and verticality each showed main effects for sex and task version but failed to reveal the hypothesized interaction. However, performance on the Euclidean spatial tasks was also considered in terms of overall success versus failure. While males were more successful than females in the standard format, males and females were equally successful in the modified, nonphysical, format. Hence, college aged males and females generally do not differ in spatial competence although they may be differentially influenced by task content. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for theory and practice. It is emphasized that science educators must be especially aware of such task influences for females so that performance deficits are not mistaken for competence deficits.

Spectrum syntheses of high-resolution integrated light spectra of Galactic globular clusters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sakari, Charli M.; Shetrone, Matthew; Venn, Kim; McWilliam, Andrew; Dotter, Aaron

2013-09-01

Spectrum syntheses for three elements (Mg, Na and Eu) in high-resolution integrated light spectra of the Galactic globular clusters 47 Tuc, M3, M13, NGC 7006 and M15 are presented, along with calibration syntheses of the solar and Arcturus spectra. Iron abundances in the target clusters are also derived from integrated light equivalent width analyses. Line profiles in the spectra of these five globular clusters are well fitted after careful consideration of the atomic and molecular spectral features, providing levels of precision that are better than equivalent width analyses of the same integrated light spectra, and that are comparable to the precision in individual stellar analyses. The integrated light abundances from the 5528 and 5711 Å Mg I lines, the 6154 and 6160 Å Na I lines, and the 6645 Å Eu II line fall within the observed ranges from individual stars; however, these integrated light abundances do not always agree with the average literature abundances. Tests with the second parameter clusters M3, M13 and NGC 7006 show that assuming an incorrect horizontal branch morphology is likely to have only a small ( ≲ 0.06 dex) effect on these Mg, Na and Eu abundances. These tests therefore show that integrated light spectrum syntheses can be applied to unresolved globular clusters over a wide range of metallicities and horizontal branch morphologies. Such high precision in integrated light spectrum syntheses is valuable for interpreting the chemical abundances of globular cluster systems around other galaxies.

Winter urban air particles from Rome (Italy): Effects on the monocytic-macrophagic RAW 264.7 cell line

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pozzi, Roberta; De Berardis, Barbara; Paoletti, Luigi

2005-11-15

Epidemiological data show an association between exposure to elevated levels of particulate matter (PM), in particular the fine fraction (<2.5{mu}m in diameter), and an increase in cardiovascular mortality and respiratory symptoms. The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro toxicity of coarse and fine particulate matter collected with a cascade impactor during winter in an urban area of Rome in relation to their physicochemical characterization (size distribution and chemical composition) as assessed by analytical electron microscopy (SEM/EDX). The X-ray microanalysis data of single particles of coarse and fine matter were analyzed by hierarchical cluster analysis to determinemore » the principal component of the two granulometric fractions. The main chemical difference between the two fractions was the greater abundance of carbonaceous particles in the fine fraction. We compared the ability of coarse and fine fractions, carbon black (CB), and residual oil fly ash (ROFA) to induce arachidonic acid release and tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} (TNF-{alpha}) production in the monocytic-macrophagic RAW 264.7 cell line at concentrations of 30 and 120{mu}g/mL. Our results showed that CB and ROFA were consistently less effective than both fractions of urban particles at inducing an inflammatory reaction in RAW 264.7 cells. Both PM fractions dose-dependently increased TNF-{alpha} production in RAW 264.7 cells after 5 and 24h of incubation, and only the TNF-{alpha} production induced by coarse particles at 30{mu}g/mL decreased significantly (P<0.01) after 24h of treatment. In our in vitro model the winter fine fraction was more reactive than the winter coarse fraction, in contrast to a previously examined summer sample. In the summer sample, coarse particles produced higher levels of inflammatory mediators than fine particles and the CB was consistently less effective than the urban particles. The different behaviors between summer and winter urban fractions may be due to their different physicochemical characteristics; in fact, the comparison of the two samples' characterization by SEM/EDX and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed that in winter the carbonaceous particles are more abundant than in summer and that winter particles carry a greater quantity of organic compounds. We suggest that the higher concentration of organic compounds on fine carbonaceous particles may partially explain the higher activation of RAW 264.7 cells by fine particles.« less

Implications of the ISO LWS spectrum of the prototypical ultraluminous galaxy: ARP 220

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fischer, J.; Satyapal, S.; Luhman, M. L.; Melnick, G.; Cox, P.; Cernicharo, J.; Stacey, G. J.; Smith, H. A.; Lord, S. D.; Greenhouse, M. A.

1997-01-01

The low resolution far infrared spectrum of the galaxy Arp 220, obtained with the low wavelength spectrometer (LWS) onboard the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), is presented. The spectrum is dominated by the OH, H2O, CH, NH3 and O I absorption lines. The upper limits on the far infrared fine structure lines indicate a softer radiation in Arp 220 than in starburst galaxies.

Statistical Fine Structure in Inhomogeneously Broadened Absorption Lines in Solids.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-12-22

the inhomogeneously broadened zero-phonon SijSo (0-0) absorption of pentacene molecules in crystals of p-terphenyl at liquid helium temperatures. SFS...structure (SFS) in the inhomogeneously broadened zero-phonon S, +- So (0-0) absorption of pentacene molecules in crystals of p-terphenyl at liquid helium...tile large multiplicity of local environments. Inhomogeneously broadened absorption lines are usually treated as smooth, Gaussian profiles. In recent

Suppression of starch synthase I expression affects the granule morphology and granule size and fine structure of starch in wheat endosperm

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Studies in Arabidopsis and rice suggest that manipulation of starch synthase I (SSI) expression in wheat may lead to the production of wheat grains with novel starch structure and properties. This work describes the suppression of SSI expression in wheat grains using RNAi technology, which leads to a low level of enzymatic activity for SSI in the developing endosperm, and a low abundance of SSI protein inside the starch granules of mature grains. The amylopectin fraction of starch from the SSI suppressed lines showed an increased frequency of very short chains (degree of polymerization, dp 6 and 7), a lower proportion of short chains (dp 8–12), and more intermediate chains (dp 13–20) than in the grain from their negative segregant lines. In the most severely affected line, amylose content was significantly increased, the morphology of starch granules was changed, and the proportion of B starch granules was significantly reduced. The change of the fine structure of the starch in the SSI-RNAi suppression lines alters the gelatinization temperature, swelling power, and viscosity of the starch. This work demonstrates that the roles of SSI in the determination of starch structure and properties are similar among different cereals and Arabidopsis. PMID:24634486

Precision Control of the Electron Longitudinal Bunch Shape Using an Emittance-Exchange Beam Line

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ha, Gwanghui; Cho, Moo -Hyun; Namkung, W.

2017-03-09

Here, we report on the experimental generation of relativistic electron bunches with a tunable longitudinal bunch shape. A longitudinal bunch-shaping (LBS) beam line, consisting of a transverse mask followed by a transverse-to-longitudinal emittance exchange (EEX) beam line, is used to tailor the longitudinal bunch shape (or current profile) of the electron bunch. The mask shapes the bunch’s horizontal profile, and the EEX beam line converts it to a corresponding longitudinal profile. The Argonne wakefield accelerator rf photoinjector delivers electron bunches into a LBS beam line to generate a variety of longitudinal bunch shapes. The quality of the longitudinal bunch shapemore » is limited by various perturbations in the exchange process. We develop a simple method, based on the incident slope of the bunch, to significantly suppress the perturbations.« less

Cephalometrically assessing the validity of superior, middle and inferior tragus points on ala-tragus line while establishing the occlusal plane in edentulous patient

PubMed Central

Thombare, Ram

2013-01-01

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to decide the most appropriate point on tragus to be used as a reference point at time of marking ala tragus line while establishing occlusal plane. MATERIALS AND METHODS The data was collected in two groups of subjects: 1) Dentulous 2) Edentulous group having sample size of 30 for each group with equal gender distribution (15 males, 15 females each). Downs analysis was used for base value. Lateral cephalographs were taken for all selected subjects. Three points were marked on tragus as Superior (S), Middle (M), and Inferior (I) and were joined with ala (A) of the nose to form ala-tragus lines. The angle formed by each line (SA plane, MA plane, IA plane) with Frankfort Horizontal (FH) plane was measured by using custom made device and modified protractor in all dentulous and edentulous subjects. Also, in dentulous subjects angle between Frankfort Horizontal plane and natural occlusal plane was measured. The measurements obtained were subjected to the following statistical tests; descriptive analysis, Student's unpaired t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS The results demonstrated, the mean angle COO (cant of occlusal plane) as 9.76°, inferior point on tragus had given the mean angular value of IFH [Angle between IA plane (plane formed by joining inferior point-I on tragus and ala of nose- A) and FH plane) as 10.40° and 10.56° in dentulous and edentulous subjects respectively which was the closest value to the angle COO and was comparable with the values of angle COO value in Downs analysis. Angulations of ala-tragus line marked from inferior point with occlusal plane in dentulous subject had given the smallest value 2.46° which showed that this ala-tragus line was nearly parallel to occlusal plane. CONCLUSION The inferior point marked on tragus is the most appropriate point for marking ala-tragus line. PMID:23508068

A supersymmetric grand unified model with noncompact horizontal symmetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamatsu, Naoki

2013-12-01

In a supersymmetric SU(5) grand unified model with a horizontal symmetry SU(1,1), we discuss spontaneous generation of generations to produce three chiral generations of quarks and leptons and one generation of Higgses by using one structure field with a half-integer spin of SU(1,1) and two structure fields with integer spins. In particular, the colored Higgses can disappear without fine-tuning. The difference of the Yukawa coupling matrices between the down-type quarks and charged leptons is discussed. We show that some special SU(1,1) weight assignments include R-parity as a discrete subgroup, and R-parity remains even after we take into account the SU(1,1) breaking effects from all the vacuum expectation values of the structure and matter fields. The assignments forbid the baryon and/or lepton number violating terms except a superpotential quartic term including a coupling of two lepton doublets and two up-type Higgses. We discuss how to generate sizable neutrino masses. We show that the proton decay derived from the colored Higgses is highly suppressed.

Acoustic wave propagation and intensity fluctuations in shallow water 2006 experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luo, Jing

Fluctuations of low frequency sound propagation in the presence of nonlinear internal waves during the Shallow Water 2006 experiment are analyzed. Acoustic waves and environmental data including on-board ship radar images were collected simultaneously before, during, and after a strong internal solitary wave packet passed through a source-receiver acoustic track. Analysis of the acoustic wave signals shows temporal intensity fluctuations. These fluctuations are affected by the passing internal wave and agrees well with the theory of the horizontal refraction of acoustic wave propagation in shallow water. The intensity focusing and defocusing that occurs in a fixed source-receiver configuration while internal wave packet approaches and passes the acoustic track is addressed in this thesis. Acoustic ray-mode theory is used to explain the modal evolution of broadband acoustic waves propagating in a shallow water waveguide in the presence of internal waves. Acoustic modal behavior is obtained from the data through modal decomposition algorithms applied to data collected by a vertical line array of hydrophones. Strong interference patterns are observed in the acoustic data, whose main cause is identified as the horizontal refraction referred to as the horizontal Lloyd mirror effect. To analyze this interference pattern, combined Parabolic Equation model and Vertical-mode horizontal-ray model are utilized. A semi-analytic formula for estimating the horizontal Lloyd mirror effect is developed.

Topography of eye-position sensitivity of saccades evoked electrically from the cat's superior colliculus.

PubMed

McIlwain, J T

1990-03-01

Saccades evoked electrically from the deep layers of the superior colliculus have been examined in the alert cat with its head fixed. Amplitudes of the vertical and horizontal components varied linearly with the starting position of the eye. The slopes of the linear-regression lines provided an estimate of the sensitivity of these components to initial eye position. In observations on 29 sites in nine cats, the vertical and horizontal components of saccades evoked from a given site were rarely influenced to the same degree by initial eye position. For most sites, the horizontal component was more sensitive than the vertical component. Sensitivities of vertical and horizontal components were lowest near the representations of the horizontal and vertical meridians, respectively, of the collicular retinotopic map, but otherwise exhibited no systematic retinotopic dependence. Estimates of component amplitudes for saccades evoked from the center of the oculomotor range also diverged significantly from those predicted from the retinotopic map. The results of this and previous studies indicate that electrical stimulation of the cat's superior colliculus cannot yield a unique oculomotor map or one that is in register everywhere with the sensory retinotopic map. Several features of these observations suggest that electrical stimulation of the colliculus produces faulty activation of a saccadic control system that computes target position with respect to the head and that small and large saccades are controlled differently.

Infrared-Bright Interacting Galaxies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rojas Ruiz, Sofia; Murphy, Eric Joseph; Armus, Lee; Smith, John-David; Bradford, Charles Matt; Stierwalt, Sabrina

2018-01-01

We present the mid-infrared spectral mapping of eight LIRG-class interacting galaxies: NGC 6670, NGC 7592, IIZw 96, IIIZw 35, Arp 302, Arp 236, Arp 238, Arp 299. The properties of galaxy mergers, which are bright and can be studied at high resolutions at low-z, provide local analogs for sources that may be important contributors to the Far Infrared Background (FIRB.) In order to study star formation and the physical conditions in the gas and dust in our sample galaxies, we used the Spitzer InfraRed Spectrograph (IRS) to map the galaxies over the 5-35 μm window to trace the PAH, molecular hydrogen, and atomic fine structure line emission on scales of 1.4 – 5.3 kpc. Here we present the reduction for low and high-resolution data, and preliminary results in the analysis of fine structure line ratios and dust features in the two nuclei and interacting regions from one of our sample galaxies, NGC 6670.

Fine structure of microwave spike bursts and associated cross-field energy transport

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Winglee, R. M.; Dulk, G. A.; Pritchett, P. L.

1988-01-01

The characteristics of the maser emission from a driven system where energetic electrons continue to flow through the source region is investigated using electronic particle simulations. It is shown that, under appropriate conditions, the maser can efficiently radiate a significant portion of the energy of the fast electrons in a very short time. The radiation is emitted in pulses even though the flow of electrons through the system is at a constant rate. The mission of these pulses is proposed as the source of the fine structure. Under other conditions the dominant maser emission changes from fundamental x-mode to either fundamental z-mode or to electrostatic upper hybrid or Bernstein modes. The bulk of the emission from the maser instability cannot propagate across field lines in this regime, and hence strong local plasma heating is expected, with little energy transport across the magnetic field lines.

A Horizontal Tilt Correction Method for Ship License Numbers Recognition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Baolong; Zhang, Sanyuan; Hong, Zhenjie; Ye, Xiuzi

2018-02-01

An automatic ship license numbers (SLNs) recognition system plays a significant role in intelligent waterway transportation systems since it can be used to identify ships by recognizing the characters in SLNs. Tilt occurs frequently in many SLNs because the monitors and the ships usually have great vertical or horizontal angles, which decreases the accuracy and robustness of a SLNs recognition system significantly. In this paper, we present a horizontal tilt correction method for SLNs. For an input tilt SLN image, the proposed method accomplishes the correction task through three main steps. First, a MSER-based characters’ center-points computation algorithm is designed to compute the accurate center-points of the characters contained in the input SLN image. Second, a L 1- L 2 distance-based straight line is fitted to the computed center-points using M-estimator algorithm. The tilt angle is estimated at this stage. Finally, based on the computed tilt angle, an affine transformation rotation is conducted to rotate and to correct the input SLN horizontally. At last, the proposed method is tested on 200 tilt SLN images, the proposed method is proved to be effective with a tilt correction rate of 80.5%.

Computer Simulation of Global Profiles of Carbon Dioxide Using a Pulsed, 2-Micron, Coherent-Detection, Column-Content DIAL System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kavaya, Michael J.; Singh, Upendra N.; Koch, Grady J.; Yu, Jirong; Frehlich, Rod G.

2009-01-01

We present preliminary results of computer simulations of the error in measuring carbon dioxide mixing ratio profiles from earth orbit. The simulated sensor is a pulsed, 2-micron, coherent-detection lidar alternately operating on at least two wavelengths. The simulated geometry is a nadir viewing lidar measuring the column content signal. Atmospheric absorption is modeled using FASCODE3P software with the HITRAN 2004 absorption line data base. Lidar shot accumulation is employed up to the horizontal resolution limit. Horizontal resolutions of 50, 100, and 200 km are shown. Assuming a 400 km spacecraft orbit, the horizontal resolutions correspond to measurement times of about 7, 14, and 28 s. We simulate laser pulse-pair repetition frequencies from 1 Hz to 100 kHz. The range of shot accumulation is 7 to 2.8 million pulse-pairs. The resultant error is shown as a function of horizontal resolution, laser pulse-pair repetition frequency, and laser pulse energy. The effect of different on and off pulse energies is explored. The results are compared to simulation results of others and to demonstrated 2-micron operating points at NASA Langley.

A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from Costa Rica and Panama, with a key to the lower Central American species of the genus.

PubMed

Angulo, A; Santos, A C; López, M; Langeani, F; Mcmahan, C D

2018-06-01

Astyanax anai, a new species of characid fish, is described from the Sixaola River basin, eastern Costa Rica-western Panama, Central America. The new species can be distinguished from all other congeners by the following combination of characters: premaxillary teeth 4-5 at the inner series and 4-6 at the outer series; maxillary teeth tricuspid, 2-4; predorsal scale series irregular and incomplete, with an unscaled space behind tip of supraoccipital process and 12-14 scales; lateral line scales 34-39; humeral region with a conspicuous black and rounded to horizontally ovate spot and two diffuse brown and vertically elongate bars (the first through the rounded to horizontally ovate spot, the second 2-4 scales behind the first); body depth 36·6-42·3% of standard length (L S ); midlateral stripe formed by a series of 10-14 anteriorly-directed dermal herringbone, or chevron-shaped, marks, most apparent in juveniles and in preserved specimens, extending above the lateral line from the black humeral spot or just behind it (from the second vertical bar) to the caudal peduncle; scale rows from lateral line to base of first dorsal-fin ray 8-9; scale rows from lateral line to base of pelvic fin 7-8; pre-anal distance 53·9-61·9% of L S ; total anal-fin elements 29-33; caudal spot elongated, rhomboid or rectangular, with its anterior margin surpassing the middle of the caudal peduncle, usually reaching the anal-fin insertion, posteriorly covering 4-7 principal caudal-fin rays and not extending onto the ventral and dorsal margins of the caudal peduncle, covering 3-5 horizontal scale rows. In order to test the phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon in relation to the other North and Central American species of the genus, a new phylogenetic hypothesis based on a reanalysis of the morphological matrix by Schmitter-Soto (2016) is proposed. A key to the lower Central American (southern Nicaragua to eastern Panama) species of Astyanax is also provided. © 2018 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

Drop Shapes Versus Fall Velocities in Rain: 2 Contrasting Examples

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thurai, M.; Bringi, V. N.; Petersen, W. A.; Carey, L. D.; Gatlin, P. N.; Tokay, A.

2011-01-01

Rainfall retrievals from polarimetric radar measurements require the knowledge of four fundamental rain microstructure parameters, namely, drop size distribution, drop shape distribution, canting angles and drop fall velocities. Some recent measurements of all four parameters in natural rain are summarized in [1]. In this paper, we perform an in-depth analysis of two events, using two co-located 2D video disdrometers (2DVD; see [2]) both with high calibration accuracy, and a C-band polarimetric radar [3], located 15 km away. The two events, which occurred 7 days apart (on the 18th and the 25th of Dec 2009), had moderate-to-intense rainfall rates, but the second event had an embedded convection line within the storm. The line had passed over the 2DVD site, thus enabling the shapes and fall velocities to be determined as the line crossed the site. The first event was also captured in a similar manner by both the 2DVDs as well as the C-band radar. Drop fall velocity measurements for, say, the 3 mm drops show noticeable differences between the two events. Whereas for the first event, the velocity distribution showed a narrow and symmetric distribution, with a mode at the expected value (7.95 m/s, as given by the formula in [4]), the second event produced a wider distribution with a significant skewness towards lower velocities (although its mode too was close to the expected value). Moreover, the slower 3 mm drops in the second event occurred when the convection line was directly over the 2DVD site (03:35-03:45 utc), and not before nor after. A similar trend was observed in terms of the horizontal dimensions of the 3 mm drops, i.e. large fluctuations during the same time period, but not outside the period. Vertical dimensions of the drops also fluctuated but not to the same extent. Interestingly, the horizontal dimensions tended towards larger values during the 10-minute period, implying an increase in drop oblateness, which in turn indicates the possibility of the horizontal mode oscillation, one of the three fundamental modes of drop oscillations [5], albeit the most difficult one to excite.

The origin of two X-class flares in active region NOAA 12673. Shear flows and head-on collision of new and preexisting flux

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Verma, Meetu

2018-05-01

Flare-prolific active region NOAA 12673 produced consecutive X2.2 and X9.3 flares on the 6 September 2017. To scrutinize the morphological, magnetic, and horizontal flow properties associated with these flares, a seven-hour time series was used consisting of continuum images, line-of-sight and vector magnetograms, and 1600 Å UV images. These data were acquired with the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA). The white-light flare emission differed for both flares, while the X2.2 flare displayed localized, confined flare kernels, the X9.3 flare exhibited a two-ribbon structure. In contrast, the excess UV emission exhibited a similar structure for both flares, but with larger areal extent for the X9.3 flare. These two flares represented a scenario in which the first confined flare acted as precursor, setting up the stage for the more extended flare. Difference maps for continuum and magnetograms revealed locations of significant changes, that is, penumbral decay and umbral strengthening. The curved magnetic polarity inversion line in the δ-spot was the fulcrum of most changes. Horizontal proper motions were computed using the differential affine velocity estimator for vector magnetograms (DAVE4VM). Persistent flow features included (1) strong shear flows along the polarity inversion line, where the negative, parasitic polarity tried to bypass the majority, positive-polarity part of the δ-spot in the north, (2) a group of positive-polarity spots, which moved around the δ-spot in the south, moving away from the δ-spot with significant horizontal flow speeds, and (3) intense moat flows partially surrounding the penumbra of several sunspots, which became weaker in regions with penumbral decay. The enhanced flare activity has its origin in the head-on collision of newly emerging flux with an already existing regular, α-spot. Umbral cores of emerging bipoles were incorporated in its penumbra, creating a δ-configuration with an extended polarity inversion line, as the parasitic umbral cores were stretched while circumventing the majority polarity. The movie associated to Fig. A.1 is available at http://https://www.aanda.org

Solving vertical and horizontal well hydraulics problems analytically in Cartesian coordinates with vertical and horizontal anisotropies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Batu, Vedat

2012-01-01

SummaryA new generalized three-dimensional analytical solution is developed for a partially-penetrating vertical rectangular parallelepiped well screen in a confined aquifer by solving the three-dimensional transient ground water flow differential equation in x- y- z Cartesian coordinates system for drawdown by taking into account the three principal hydraulic conductivities ( Kx, Ky, and Kz) along the x- y- z coordinate directions. The fully penetrating screen case becomes equivalent to the single vertical fracture case of Gringarten and Ramey (1973). It is shown that the new solution and Gringarten and Ramey solution (1973) match very well. Similarly, it is shown that this new solution for a horizontally tiny fully penetrating parallelepiped rectangular parallelepiped screen case match very well with Theis (1935) solution. Moreover, it is also shown that the horizontally tiny partially-penetrating parallelepiped rectangular well screen case of this new solution match very well with Hantush (1964) solution. This new analytical solution can also cover a partially-penetrating horizontal well by representing its screen interval with vertically tiny rectangular parallelepiped. Also the solution takes into account both the vertical anisotropy ( azx = Kz/ Kx) as well as the horizontal anisotropy ( ayx = Ky/ Kx) and has potential application areas to analyze pumping test drawdown data from partially-penetrating vertical and horizontal wells by representing them as tiny rectangular parallelepiped as well as line sources. The solution has also potential application areas for a partially-penetrating parallelepiped rectangular vertical fracture. With this new solution, the horizontal anisotropy ( ayx = Ky/ Kx) in addition to the vertical anisotropy ( azx = Kz/ Kx) can also be determined using observed drawdown data. Most importantly, with this solution, to the knowledge of the author, it has been shown the first time in the literature that some well-known well hydraulics problems can also be solved in Cartesian coordinates with some additional advantages other than the conventional cylindrical coordinates method.

Suspended sand transport in surf zones

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kobayashi, Nobuhisa; Zhao, Haoyu; Tega, Yukiko

2005-12-01

Three tests were conducted in a wave flume to investigate time-averaged suspended sediment transport processes under irregular breaking waves on equilibrium beaches consisting of fine sand. Free surface elevations were measured at ten locations for each test. Velocities and concentrations were measured in the vicinity of the bottom at 94 elevations along 17 vertical lines. The relations among the three turbulent velocity variances are found to be similar to those for the boundary layer flow. The vertical variation of the mean velocity, which causes offshore transport, is fitted by a parabolic profile fairly well. The vertical variation of the mean concentration ? is fitted by the exponential and power-form distributions equally well. The ratio between the concentration standard deviation σC and the mean ? varies little vertically. The correlation coefficient γUC between the horizontal velocity and concentration, which results in onshore transport, is of the order of 0.1 and decreases upward linearly. The offshore and onshore transport rates of suspended sediment are estimated and expressed in terms of the suspended sediment volume ? per unit area. A time-averaged numerical model is developed to predict ? as well as the mean and standard deviation of the free surface elevation and horizontal velocity. The bottom slope effect on the wave energy dissipation rate DB due to wave breaking is included in the model. The computation can be made well above the still water shoreline with no numerical difficulty. Reflected waves from the shoreline are estimated from the wave energy flux remaining at the shoreline. The numerical model is in agreement with the statistical data except that the undertow current is difficult to predict accurately. The measured turbulent velocities are found to be more related to the turbulent velocity estimated from the energy dissipation rate Df due to bottom friction. The suspended sediment volume ? expressed in terms of DB and Df can be predicted only within a factor of about 2. The roller effect represented by the roller volume flux does not necessarily improve the agreement for the three tests.

High-quality digital color xerography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takiguchi, Koichi

1993-06-01

Image noise, tone reproduction, color reproduction, fine line reproduction, and OHP performance are the most important characteristics for a high quality color copier. Technologies enabling such quality are use of fine toner, halftone algorithm to ensure good highlight reproduction, soft roll fuser with good release performance, smooth surface and high thermal conductivity, white and smooth paper, and selection of a coating material for the surface layer of the OHP sheets. These technologies are integrated in the Fuji Xerox `A- Color' product. Utilizing 7 micrometers color toner, `A-Color' can make very high quality color copies.

Flight software operation of the Hubble Space Telescope fine guidance sensor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rodden, J. J.; Dougherty, H. J.; Cormier, D. J.

1988-01-01

The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is to carry five major scientific instruments to collect imagery, spectrographic, and photometric astronomical data. The Pointing Control System is designed to achieve pointing accuracies and line of sight jitter levels an order of magnitude less than can be achieved with ground mounted telescopes. This paper describes the operation of the pointing control system flight software in targeting a celestial object in a science instrument aperture and in performing the coordinate transformations necessary for commanding the fine guidance sensor and determining the attitude-error corrections.

Recurrent invasion and extinction of a selfish gene.

PubMed

Goddard, M R; Burt, A

1999-11-23

Homing endonuclease genes show super-Mendelian inheritance, which allows them to spread in populations even when they are of no benefit to the host organism. To test the idea that regular horizontal transmission is necessary for the long-term persistence of these genes, we surveyed 20 species of yeasts for the omega-homing endonuclease gene and associated group I intron. The status of omega could be categorized into three states (functional, nonfunctional, or absent), and status was not clustered on the host phylogeny. Moreover, the phylogeny of omega differed significantly from that of the host, strong evidence of horizontal transmission. Further analyses indicate that horizontal transmission is more common than transposition, and that it occurs preferentially between closely related species. Parsimony analysis and coalescent theory suggest that there have been 15 horizontal transmission events in the ancestry of our yeast species, through simulations indicate that this value is probably an underestimate. Overall, the data support a cyclical model of invasion, degeneration, and loss, followed by reinvasion, and each of these transitions is estimated to occur about once every 2 million years. The data are thus consistent with the idea that frequent horizontal transmission is necessary for the long-term persistence of homing endonuclease genes, and further, that this requirement limits these genes to organisms with easily accessible germ lines. The data also show that mitochondrial DNA sequences are transferred intact between yeast species; if other genes do not show such high levels of horizontal transmission, it would be due to lack of selection, rather than lack of opportunity.

Large-scale variability of wind erosion mass flux rates at Owens Lake 1. Vertical profiles of horizontal mass fluxes of wind-eroded particles with diameter greater than 50 μm

USGS Publications Warehouse

Gillette, Dale A.; Fryrear, D.W.; Xiao, Jing Bing; Stockton, Paul; Ono, Duane; Helm, Paula J.; Gill, Thomas E; Ley, Trevor

1997-01-01

A field experiment at Owens (dry) Lake, California, tested whether and how the relative profiles of airborne horizontal mass fluxes for >50-μm wind-eroded particles changed with friction velocity. The horizontal mass flux at almost all measured heights increased proportionally to the cube of friction velocity above an apparent threshold friction velocity for all sediment tested and increased with height except at one coarse-sand site where the relative horizontal mass flux profile did not change with friction velocity. Size distributions for long-time-averaged horizontal mass flux samples showed a saltation layer from the surface to a height between 30 and 50 cm, above which suspended particles dominate. Measurements from a large dust source area on a line parallel to the wind showed that even though the saltation flux reached equilibrium ∼650 m downwind of the starting point of erosion, weakly suspended particles were still input into the atmosphere 1567 m downwind of the starting point; thus the saltating fraction of the total mass flux decreased after 650 m. The scale length difference and ratio of 70/30 suspended mass flux to saltation mass flux at the farthest down wind sampling site confirm that suspended particles are very important for mass budgets in large source areas and that saltation mass flux can be a variable fraction of total horizontal mass flux for soils with a substantial fraction of <100-μm particles.

The addition of stripes (a version of the 'horizontal-vertical illusion') increases foot clearance when crossing low-height obstacles.

PubMed

Foster, Richard J; Buckley, John G; Whitaker, David; Elliott, David B

2016-07-01

Trips over obstacles are one of the main causes of falling in older adults, with vision playing an important role in successful obstacle negotiation. We determined whether a horizontal-vertical illusion, superimposed onto low-height obstacles to create a perceived increase in obstacle height, increased foot clearances during obstacle negotiation thus reducing the likelihood of tripping. Eleven adults (mean ± 1 SD: age 27.3 ± 5.1 years) negotiated obstacles of varying heights (3, 5, 7 cm) with four different appearance conditions; two were obstacles with a horizontal-vertical illusion (vertical stripes of different thickness) superimposed on the front, one was a plain obstacle and the fourth a plain obstacle with a horizontal black line painted on the top edge. Foot clearance parameters were compared across conditions. Both illusions led to a significant increase in foot clearance when crossing the obstacle, compared to the plain condition, irrespective of obstacle height. Superimposing a horizontal-vertical illusion onto low-height obstacles can increase foot clearance, and its use on the floor section of a double-glazing door frame for example may reduce the incidence of tripping in the home. Practitioner Summary: Low-height obstacles such as the floor section of a double-glazing door frame are potential tripping hazards. In a gait lab-based study we found that a horizontal-vertical illusion superimposed onto low-height obstacles led to significantly higher foot clearances; indicating their potential as a useful safety measure.

Paleoseismic Investigations of the Walnut Site on the San Jacinto Fault

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fumal, T.E.; Kendrick, K.J.

2008-01-01

The Walnut paleoseismic site is located along the northern San Jacinto fault about 3 km southeast of the San Bernardino, California city center (Figures 1, 2). More than 340 meters of trenches were excavated across the fault zone at this site as part of an Alquist-Priolo fault study (Figure 3). We photographed and logged the SE wall and most of the NE wall of trench 1, both walls of trenches 2 and 7, the NW walls of trenches 3 and 4 and the SE wall of trench 6. After carefully cleaning the trench walls we put up a 1m by 0.5m string and nail grid. For trenches 1, 2, 6, and 7, we photographed each 1m by 0.5m panel individually and photologged on these unrectified photos. These large-scale photos were later rectified to remove the distortion due to irregularities in the trench walls and slight distortion introduced by the camera lens. Field linework was then transferred to the rectified photomosaics. We also took a set of overview photographs for each trench taken from the top of the trench towards the opposite wall. We spliced together these overview photos to make photomosaics of all of the trenches. Because the photos were taken at a downward angle, there is significant distortion. Some of this distortion has been corrected: an attempt was made to keep horizontal grid lines horizontal and there has been some horizontal scaling to align vertical lines between benches. Although the string and nail grid spacing is 1 meter by 0.5 meter, because of the distortion in the photos and subsequent adjustments, the scale is variable along the benches, from bench to bench and from trench to trench for these overview mosaics. This report serves principally as a repository for the overview photomosaics. Sheet 1 shows the overview mosaics for both walls of trenches 1 and 2 along with some linework including most of the fault traces, a prominent unconformity within the fluvial deposits and the larger bodies of liquefied sand. Sheet 2 shows the overview mosaics for the SE wall of trench 3 and the NW wall of trench 4 along with photomosaics of both walls of trench 7 and the SE wall of trench 6 that were complied from the rectified, large scale photos. No linework has been portrayed on these photomosaics. Sheet 3 shows the overview mosaics of both walls of trench 1 with the locations of detrital charcoal samples that were collected. A later version of this report will contain photomosaics for trenches 1 and 2 compiled from the individual, fully rectified photos covering each 1m by 0.5m area with detailed linework superimposed. The trenches exposed a main, Holocene-active, fault zone about 5-12 m wide which juxtaposes Late Pleistocene (?) fluvial sand and gravel southwest of the fault against organic-rich, Holocene fine sand, silt and clay apparently deposited in a marsh. Most of the faults in the main zone appear to rupture to the ground surface making it impossible to resolve individual prehistoric earthquakes along this zone. However, the main fault zone is associated with a slight upwarp and growth strata associated with this folding has recorded evidence for at least 6 late-Holocene earthquakes. Deformation due to liquefaction is further evidence of large earthquakes at these horizons. The fine-grained Holocene deposits contain abundant detrital charcoal. We have so far dated 36 samples from 20 stratigraphic layers. We used 27 of these dates in an Oxcal chronological model in order to constrain the ages of the six earthquakes. Too few samples have so far been dated from the uppermost horizons so the ages of the two youngest earthquakes recorded at the site are poorly constrained. However, it appears that the youngest sediment at the site was deposited about 2000 years ago and the thick surface soil indicate that the two youngest earthquake recorded at the site may be about this old. The radiocarbon dates provide good constraints on the ages of the four older earthquakes (Table 1). The ages of these four earthquakes suggest an aver

Intensity Mapping of the [CII] Fine Structure Line during the Epoch of Reionization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gong, Yan; Cooray, A.; Silva, M.; Santos, M. G.; Bock, J.; Bradford, M.; Zemcov, M.

2012-01-01

The atomic CII fine-structure line is one of the brightest lines in a typical star-forming galaxy spectrum with a luminosity 0.1% to 1% of the bolometric luminosity. It is otentially a reliable tracer of the dense gas distribution at high edshifts and could provide an additional probe to the era of reionization. By taking into account of the spontaneous, stimulated and collisional emission of the CII line, we calculate the spin temperature and the mean intensity as a function of the redshift. When averaged over a cosmologically large volume, we find that the CII emission from ionized carbon in individual galaxies is larger than the signal generated by carbon in the intergalactic medium (IGM). Assuming that the CII luminosity is proportional to the carbon mass in dark matter halos, we also compute the power spectrum of the CII line intensity at various redshifts. In order to avoid the contamination from CO rotational lines at low redshift when targeting a CII survey at high redshifts, we propose the cross-correlation of CII and 21-cm line emission from high redshifts. To explore the detectability of the CII signal from reionization, we also evaluate the expected errors on the CII power spectrum and CII-21 cm cross power spectrum based on the design of the future milimeter surveys. We note that the CII-21 cm cross power spectrum contains interesting features that captures physics during reionization, including the ionized bubble sizes and the mean ionization fraction, which are challenging to measure from 21-cm data alone. We propose an instrumental concept for the reionization CII experiment targeting the frequency range of 200 to 300 GHz with 1, 3 and 10 meter apertures and a bolometric spectrometer array with 64 independent spectral pixels with about 20,000 bolometers.

The [CII]/[NII] far-infrared line ratio at z>5: extreme conditions for “normal” galaxies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pavesi, Riccardo; Riechers, Dominik; Capak, Peter L.; Carilli, Chris Luke; Sharon, Chelsea E.; Stacey, Gordon J.; Karim, Alexander; Scoville, Nicholas; Smolcic, Vernesa

2017-01-01

Thanks to the Atacama Large (sub-)Millimeter Array (ALMA), observations of atomic far-infrared fine structure lines are a very productive way of measuring physical properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) in galaxies at high redshift, because they provide an unobscured view into the physical conditions of star formation. While the bright [CII] line has become a routine probe of the dynamical properties of the gas, its intensity needs to be compared to other lines in order to establish the physical origin of the emission. [NII] selectively traces the emission coming from the ionized fraction of the [CII]-emitting gas, offering insight into the phase structure of the ISM. Here we present ALMA measurements of [NII] 205 μm fine structure line emission from a representative sample of galaxies at z=5-6 spanning two orders of magnitude in star formation rate (SFR). Our results show at least two different regimes of ionized gas properties for galaxies in the first billion years of cosmic time, separated by their L[CII]/L[NII] ratio. First, we find extremely low [NII] emission compared to [CII] from a “typical” Lyman Break Galaxy (LBG-1), likely due to low dust content and reminiscent of local dwarfs. Second, the dusty Lyman Break Galaxy HZ10 and the extreme starburst AzTEC-3 show ionized gas fractions typical of local star-forming galaxies and show hints of spatial variations in their [CII]/[NII] line ratio. These observations of far-infrared lines in “normal” galaxies at z>5 yield some of the first constraints on ISM models for young galaxies in the first billion years of cosmic time and shed light on the observed evolution of the dust and gas properties.

Text String Detection from Natural Scenes by Structure-based Partition and Grouping

PubMed Central

Yi, Chucai; Tian, YingLi

2012-01-01

Text information in natural scene images serves as important clues for many image-based applications such as scene understanding, content-based image retrieval, assistive navigation, and automatic geocoding. However, locating text from complex background with multiple colors is a challenging task. In this paper, we explore a new framework to detect text strings with arbitrary orientations in complex natural scene images. Our proposed framework of text string detection consists of two steps: 1) Image partition to find text character candidates based on local gradient features and color uniformity of character components. 2) Character candidate grouping to detect text strings based on joint structural features of text characters in each text string such as character size differences, distances between neighboring characters, and character alignment. By assuming that a text string has at least three characters, we propose two algorithms of text string detection: 1) adjacent character grouping method, and 2) text line grouping method. The adjacent character grouping method calculates the sibling groups of each character candidate as string segments and then merges the intersecting sibling groups into text string. The text line grouping method performs Hough transform to fit text line among the centroids of text candidates. Each fitted text line describes the orientation of a potential text string. The detected text string is presented by a rectangle region covering all characters whose centroids are cascaded in its text line. To improve efficiency and accuracy, our algorithms are carried out in multi-scales. The proposed methods outperform the state-of-the-art results on the public Robust Reading Dataset which contains text only in horizontal orientation. Furthermore, the effectiveness of our methods to detect text strings with arbitrary orientations is evaluated on the Oriented Scene Text Dataset collected by ourselves containing text strings in non-horizontal orientations. PMID:21411405

Development of fine-resolution analyses and expanded large-scale forcing properties. Part II: Scale-awareness and application to single-column model experiments

DOE PAGES

Feng, Sha; Vogelmann, Andrew M.; Li, Zhijin; ...

2015-01-20

Fine-resolution three-dimensional fields have been produced using the Community Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) data assimilation system for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Southern Great Plains region. The GSI system is implemented in a multi-scale data assimilation framework using the Weather Research and Forecasting model at a cloud-resolving resolution of 2 km. From the fine-resolution three-dimensional fields, large-scale forcing is derived explicitly at grid-scale resolution; a subgrid-scale dynamic component is derived separately, representing subgrid-scale horizontal dynamic processes. Analyses show that the subgrid-scale dynamic component is often a major component over the large-scale forcing for grid scalesmore » larger than 200 km. The single-column model (SCM) of the Community Atmospheric Model version 5 (CAM5) is used to examine the impact of the grid-scale and subgrid-scale dynamic components on simulated precipitation and cloud fields associated with a mesoscale convective system. It is found that grid-scale size impacts simulated precipitation, resulting in an overestimation for grid scales of about 200 km but an underestimation for smaller grids. The subgrid-scale dynamic component has an appreciable impact on the simulations, suggesting that grid-scale and subgrid-scale dynamic components should be considered in the interpretation of SCM simulations.« less

Spectral characteristics of background error covariance and multiscale data assimilation

DOE PAGES

Li, Zhijin; Cheng, Xiaoping; Gustafson, Jr., William I.; ...

2016-05-17

The steady increase of the spatial resolutions of numerical atmospheric and oceanic circulation models has occurred over the past decades. Horizontal grid spacing down to the order of 1 km is now often used to resolve cloud systems in the atmosphere and sub-mesoscale circulation systems in the ocean. These fine resolution models encompass a wide range of temporal and spatial scales, across which dynamical and statistical properties vary. In particular, dynamic flow systems at small scales can be spatially localized and temporarily intermittent. Difficulties of current data assimilation algorithms for such fine resolution models are numerically and theoretically examined. Ourmore » analysis shows that the background error correlation length scale is larger than 75 km for streamfunctions and is larger than 25 km for water vapor mixing ratios, even for a 2-km resolution model. A theoretical analysis suggests that such correlation length scales prevent the currently used data assimilation schemes from constraining spatial scales smaller than 150 km for streamfunctions and 50 km for water vapor mixing ratios. Moreover, our results highlight the need to fundamentally modify currently used data assimilation algorithms for assimilating high-resolution observations into the aforementioned fine resolution models. Lastly, within the framework of four-dimensional variational data assimilation, a multiscale methodology based on scale decomposition is suggested and challenges are discussed.« less

Architectural elements from Lower Proterozoic braid-delta and high-energy tidal flat deposits in the Magaliesberg Formation, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eriksson, Patrick G.; Reczko, Boris F. F.; Jaco Boshoff, A.; Schreiber, Ute M.; Van der Neut, Markus; Snyman, Carel P.

1995-06-01

Three architectural elements are identified in the Lower Proterozoic Magaliesberg Formation (Pretoria Group, Transvaal Supergroup) of the Kaapvaal craton, South Africa: (1) medium- to coarse-grained sandstone sheets; (2) fine- to medium-grained sandstone sheets; and (3) mudrock elements. Both sandstone sheet elements are characterised by horizontal lamination and planar cross-bedding, with lesser trough cross-bedding, channel-fills and wave ripples, as well as minor desiccated mudrock partings, double-crested and flat-topped ripples. Due to the local unimodal palaeocurrent patterns in the medium- to coarse-grained sandstone sheets, they are interpreted as ephemeral braid-delta deposits, which were subjected to minor marine reworking. The predominantly bimodal to polymodal palaeocurrent trends in the fine- to medium-grained sandstone sheets are inferred to reflect high-energy macrotidal processes and more complete reworking of braid-delta sands. The suspension deposits of mudrocks point to either braid-delta channel abandonment, or uppermost tidal flat sedimentation. The depositional model comprises ephemeral braid-delta systems which debouched into a high-energy peritidal environment, around the margins of a shallow epeiric sea on the Kaapvaal craton. Braid-delta and tidal channel dynamics are inferred to have been similar. Fine material in the Magaliesberg Formation peritidal complexes indicates that extensive aeolian removal of clay does not seem applicable to this example of the early Proterozoic.

Experimental Optimization Methods for Multi-Element Airfoils

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Landman, Drew; Britcher, Colin P.

1996-01-01

A modern three element airfoil model with a remotely activated flap was used to investigate optimum flap testing position using an automated optimization algorithm in wind tunnel tests. Detailed results for lift coefficient versus flap vertical and horizontal position are presented for two angles of attack: 8 and 14 degrees. An on-line first order optimizer is demonstrated which automatically seeks the optimum lift as a function of flap position. Future work with off-line optimization techniques is introduced and aerodynamic hysteresis effects due to flap movement with flow on are discussed.

Aggression in Sport: Its Implications for Character Building.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

VanDyke, Roger R.

1980-01-01

The premise that "sports builds character" is scrutinized through a discussion of several contact sports--boxing, hockey, and football. The fine line between assertiveness and aggression is explored, and the interrelationship between society and sports is investigated. (JN)

Fine mapping of a dominantly inherited powdery mildew resistance major-effect QTL, Pm1.1, in cucumber identifies a 41.1 kb region containing two tandemly arrayed cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase genes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Powdery mildew (PM) is a severe fungal disease in cucumber, but the molecular genetic mechanisms of PM resistance in cucumber are still poorly understood. In this study, through marker-assisted backcrossing with an elite susceptible inbred line D8, we developed a single segment substitution line SSS...

The High Altitude Balloon Experiment demonstration of acquisition, tracking, and pointing technologies (HABE-ATP)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dimiduk, D.; Caylor, M.; Williamson, D.; Larson, L.

1995-01-01

The High Altitude Balloon Experiment demonstration of Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing (HABE-ATP) is a system built around balloon-borne payload which is carried to a nominal 26-km altitude. The goal is laser tracking thrusting theater and strategic missiles, and then pointing a surrogate laser weapon beam, with performance levels end a timeline traceable to operational laser weapon system requirements. This goal leads to an experiment system design which combines hardware from many technology areas: an optical telescope and IR sensors; an advanced angular inertial reference; a flexible multi-level of actuation digital control system; digital tracking processors which incorporate real-time image analysis and a pulsed, diode-pumped solid state tracking laser. The system components have been selected to meet the overall experiment goals of tracking unmodified boosters at 50- 200 km range. The ATP system on HABE must stabilize and control a relative line of sight between the platform and the unmodified target booster to a 1 microrad accuracy. The angular pointing reference system supports both open loop and closed loop track modes; GPS provides absolute position reference. The control system which positions the line of sight for the ATP system must sequence through accepting a state vector handoff, closed-loop passive IR acquisition, passive IR intermediate fine track, active fine track, and then finally aimpoint determination and maintenance modes. Line of sight stabilization to fine accuracy levels is accomplished by actuating wide bandwidth fast steering mirrors (FSM's). These control loops off-load large-amplitude errors to the outer gimbal in order to remain within the limited angular throw of the FSM's. The SWIR acquisition and MWIR intermediate fine track sensors (both PtSi focal planes) image the signature of the rocket plume. After Hard Body Handover (HBHO), active fine tracking is conducted with a visible focal plane viewing the laser-illuminated target rocket body. The track and fire control performance must be developed to the point that an aimpoint can be selected, maintained, and then track performance scored with a low-power 'surrogate' weapon beam. Extensive instrumentation monitors not only the optical sensors and the video data, but all aspects of each of the experiment subsystems such as the control system, the experiment flight vehicle, and the tracker. Because the system is balloon-borne and recoverable, it is expected to fly many times during its development program.

High Strength and Ductility of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Explained

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shamsujjoha, Md.; Agnew, Sean R.; Fitz-Gerald, James M.; Moore, William R.; Newman, Tabitha A.

2018-04-01

Structure-property relationships of an additively manufactured 316L stainless steel were explored. A scanning electron microscope and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis revealed a fine cellular-dendritic (0.5 to 2 μm) substructure inside large irregularly shaped grains ( 100 μm). The cellular structure grows along the <100> crystallographic directions. However, texture analysis revealed that the main <100> texture component is inclined by 15 deg from the building direction. X-ray diffraction line profile analysis indicated a high dislocation density of 1 × 1015 m-2 in the as-built material, which correlates well with the observed EBSD microstructure and high-yield strength, via the traditional Taylor hardening equation. Significant variations in strain hardening behavior and ductility were observed for the horizontal (HB) and vertical (VB) built samples. Ductility of HB and VB samples measured 49 and 77 pct, respectively. The initial growth texture and subsequent texture evolution during tensile deformation are held responsible for the observed anisotropy. Notably, EBSD analysis of deformed samples showed deformation twins, which predominately form in the grains with <111> aligned parallel to the loading direction. The VB samples showed higher twinning activity, higher strain hardening rates at high strain, and therefore, higher ductility. Analysis of annealed samples revealed that the observed microstructures and properties are thermally stable, with only a moderate decrease in strength and very similar levels of ductility and anisotropy, compared with the as-built condition.

High Strength and Ductility of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Explained

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shamsujjoha, Md.; Agnew, Sean R.; Fitz-Gerald, James M.; Moore, William R.; Newman, Tabitha A.

2018-07-01

Structure-property relationships of an additively manufactured 316L stainless steel were explored. A scanning electron microscope and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis revealed a fine cellular-dendritic (0.5 to 2 μm) substructure inside large irregularly shaped grains ( 100 μm). The cellular structure grows along the <100> crystallographic directions. However, texture analysis revealed that the main <100> texture component is inclined by 15 deg from the building direction. X-ray diffraction line profile analysis indicated a high dislocation density of 1 × 1015 m-2 in the as-built material, which correlates well with the observed EBSD microstructure and high-yield strength, via the traditional Taylor hardening equation. Significant variations in strain hardening behavior and ductility were observed for the horizontal (HB) and vertical (VB) built samples. Ductility of HB and VB samples measured 49 and 77 pct, respectively. The initial growth texture and subsequent texture evolution during tensile deformation are held responsible for the observed anisotropy. Notably, EBSD analysis of deformed samples showed deformation twins, which predominately form in the grains with <111> aligned parallel to the loading direction. The VB samples showed higher twinning activity, higher strain hardening rates at high strain, and therefore, higher ductility. Analysis of annealed samples revealed that the observed microstructures and properties are thermally stable, with only a moderate decrease in strength and very similar levels of ductility and anisotropy, compared with the as-built condition.

A hybrid algorithm for the segmentation of books in libraries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Zilong; Tang, Jinshan; Lei, Liang

2016-05-01

This paper proposes an algorithm for book segmentation based on bookshelves images. The algorithm can be separated into three parts. The first part is pre-processing, aiming at eliminating or decreasing the effect of image noise and illumination conditions. The second part is near-horizontal line detection based on Canny edge detector, and separating a bookshelves image into multiple sub-images so that each sub-image contains an individual shelf. The last part is book segmentation. In each shelf image, near-vertical line is detected, and obtained lines are used for book segmentation. The proposed algorithm was tested with the bookshelf images taken from OPIE library in MTU, and the experimental results demonstrate good performance.

Variational analysis of temperature and moisture advection in a severe storm environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcfarland, M. J.; Sasaki, Y. K.

1977-01-01

Horizontal wind components, potential temperature, and mixing ratio fields associated with a severe storm environment in the south central United States were objectively analyzed from synoptic upper air observations with a nonhomogeneous anisotropic weighting function. The particular case study discussed here is the tornado producting squall line which moved through eastern Oklahoma 26 May 1973. The synoptic situation which preceded squall line development was cyclogenesis and frontogenesis in the lee-of-mountain trough, which produced a well-defined surface dry line (or dew point front) and a pronounced mid-level dry air intrusion. It is shown that the intrusion was also characterized by warm air, with a lapse rate approaching the dry adiabatic.

Double line groups: structure, irreducible representations and spin splitting of the bands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lazić, N.; Milivojević, M.; Vuković, T.; Damnjanović, M.

2018-06-01

Double line groups are derived, structurally examined and classified within 13 infinite families. Their irreducible representations, found and tabulated, single out the complete set of conserved quantum numbers in fermionic quasi-one-dimensional systems possessing either translational periodicity or incommensurate helical symmetry. Spin–orbit interaction is analyzed: the induced orbital band splitting and the consequent removal of the spin degeneracy are completely explained. Being incompatible with vertical mirror symmetry, as well as with simultaneous invariance under time-reversal and horizontal (roto)reflections, spin splitting and spin polarized currents may occur only in the systems with the first and the fifth family double line group symmetry. The effects are illustrated on carbon nanotubes.

A Tool for the Analysis of Motion Picture Film or Video Tape.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ekman, Paul; Friesen, Wallace V.

1969-01-01

A visual information display and retrieval system (VID-R) is described for application to visual records. VID-R searches and retrieves events by time address (location) or by previously stored ovservations or measurements. Fields are labeled by writing discriminable binary addresses on the horizontal lines outside the normal viewing area. The…

7 CFR 51.586 - Serious damage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...) Growth cracks when more than 4 branches are affected by growth cracks which are over one-half inch in length, or when more than 8 branches have growth cracks; (b) Horizontal cracks when more than 5 branches..., whichever is less, has more than 3 distinct hair-like lines more than 3 inches long occurring on the outer...

7 CFR 51.586 - Serious damage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...) Growth cracks when more than 4 branches are affected by growth cracks which are over one-half inch in length, or when more than 8 branches have growth cracks; (b) Horizontal cracks when more than 5 branches..., whichever is less, has more than 3 distinct hair-like lines more than 3 inches long occurring on the outer...

16 CFR 1211.15 - Field-installed labels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., and (3) A message panel, with adjacent panels delineated from each other by a horizontal black line. The entire label shall be surrounded by a black border and shall measure at least 5 inches (127 mm... consisting of an orange exclamation mark on a black solid equilateral triangle background with the point of...

16 CFR § 1211.15 - Field-installed labels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., and (3) A message panel, with adjacent panels delineated from each other by a horizontal black line. The entire label shall be surrounded by a black border and shall measure at least 5 inches (127 mm... consisting of an orange exclamation mark on a black solid equilateral triangle background with the point of...

16 CFR 1211.15 - Field-installed labels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., and (3) A message panel, with adjacent panels delineated from each other by a horizontal black line. The entire label shall be surrounded by a black border and shall measure at least 5 inches (127 mm... consisting of an orange exclamation mark on a black solid equilateral triangle background with the point of...

16 CFR 1211.15 - Field-installed labels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., and (3) A message panel, with adjacent panels delineated from each other by a horizontal black line. The entire label shall be surrounded by a black border and shall measure at least 5 inches (127 mm... consisting of an orange exclamation mark on a black solid equilateral triangle background with the point of...

9 Is Always on Top: Assessing the Automaticity of Synaesthetic Number-Forms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jarick, Michelle; Dixon, Michael J.; Smilek, Daniel

2011-01-01

For number-form synaesthetes, digits occupy idiosyncratic spatial locations. Atypical to the mental number line that extends horizontally, the synaesthete (L) experiences the numbers 1-10 vertically. We used a spatial cueing task to demonstrate that L's attention could be automatically directed to locations within her number-space--being faster to…

External Video for the Macintosh. Microcomputing Working Paper Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA. Microcomputing Program.

This paper offers technical information on implementing external video capability on the Apple Macintosh Computer, which has no simple provisions for implementing this type of capability because it uses a non-standard horizontal line rate of 22.35KHz and lacks protection against the emission of RFI (radio frequency interference). The information…

49 CFR 571.210 - Standard No. 210; Seat belt assembly anchorages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... reference point, shall extend forward from that contact point at an angle with the horizontal of not less... torso belt first contacts the uppermost torso belt anchorage.Seat belt anchorage means any component... line from the seating reference point to the nearest contact point of the belt with the anchorage shall...

49 CFR 571.213 - Standard No. 213; Child restraint systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... the initial pre-test position of the respective knee pivot point, measured along a horizontal line... test dummy, specified in S7, when a child restraint system is tested in accordance with S6.1. Factory... body of a seated anthropomorphic test dummy, excluding the thighs, that lies between the top of the...

49 CFR 571.213 - Standard No. 213; Child restraint systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... the initial pre-test position of the respective knee pivot point, measured along a horizontal line... test dummy, specified in S7, when a child restraint system is tested in accordance with S6.1. Factory... body of a seated anthropomorphic test dummy, excluding the thighs, that lies between the top of the...

49 CFR 571.213 - Standard No. 213; Child restraint systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... the initial pre-test position of the respective knee pivot point, measured along a horizontal line... the head or torso of the appropriate test dummy, specified in S7, when a child restraint system is... (§ 571.225). Torso means the portion of the body of a seated anthropomorphic test dummy, excluding the...

Women into Non-Traditional Sectors: Addressing Gender Segregation in the Northern Ireland Workplace

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Potter, Michael; Hill, Myrtle

2009-01-01

The horizontal segregation of the workforce along gender lines tends to assign women to lower paid, lower status employment. Consequently, schemes to address segregation have focused on preparing women to enter non-traditional occupations through training and development processes. This article examines models to encourage women into…

Centrifugal dryers keep pace with the market

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fiscor, S.

2008-03-15

New plant design and upgrades create a shift in dewatering strategies. The article describes recent developments. Three major manufacturers supply centrifugal dryers - TEMA, Centrifugal & Mechanical Industries (CMI) and Ludowici. CMI introduced a line of vertical centrifugal dryers. TEMA improved the techniques by developing a horizontal vibratory centrifuge (HVC) which simplified maintenance. 3 figs., 1 photo.

Automated Driftmeter Fused with Inertial Navigation

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-27

6 IMU Inertial Measurement Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 SLAM Simultaneous...timing lines to remain horizontal at all times, regardless of turbulence and within 20 degrees of roll , pitch, and yaw of the aircraft. It had two...introduced in 1960 [2]. The Kalman filter algorithm has been used to merge inertial navigational data from Inertial Measurement Units ( IMU ) with

46 CFR 69.203 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., excluding rub rails, from the outboard side of the skin (outside planking or plating) on one side of the hull to the outboard side of the skin on the other side of the hull. Overall depth means the vertical distance taken at or near midships from a line drawn horizontally through the uppermost edges of the skin...

Measuring Effects Of Lightning On Power And Telephone Lines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jafferis, William; Thompson, E. M.; Medelius, P.; Rubinstein, M.; Tzeng, A.

1992-01-01

Spherical antenna senses both horizontal and vertical fields simultaneously. Measures "fast" components of electric field used in conjunction with other equipment, including antenna measuring "slow" vertical component of electric field; microphone that senses thunder; cameras making visual records, which locate lightning; magnetic-field sensor; optical sensors; and instruments measuring speed and direction of wind.

Reliability assessment of an OVH HV power line truss transmission tower subjected to seismic loading

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Winkelmann, Karol; Jakubowska, Patrycja; Soltysik, Barbara

2017-03-01

The study focuses on the reliability of a transmission tower OS24 ON150 + 10, an element of an OVH HV power line, under seismic loading. In order to describe the seismic force, the real-life recording of the horizontal component of the El Centro earthquake was adopted. The amplitude and the period of this excitation are assumed random, their variation is described by Weibull distribution. The possible space state of the phenomenon is given in the form of a structural response surface (RSM methodology), approximated by an ANOVA table with directional sampling (DS) points. Four design limit states are considered: stress limit criterion for a natural load combination, criterion for an accidental combination (one-sided cable snap), vertical and horizontal translation criteria. According to these cases the HLRF reliability index β is used for structural safety assessment. The RSM approach is well suited for the analysis - it is numerically efficient, not excessively time consuming, indicating a high confidence level. Given the problem conditions, the seismic excitation is shown the sufficient trigger to the loss of load-bearing capacity or stability of the tower.

Microburst vertical wind estimation from horizontal wind measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vicroy, Dan D.

1994-01-01

The vertical wind or downdraft component of a microburst-generated wind shear can significantly degrade airplane performance. Doppler radar and lidar are two sensor technologies being tested to provide flight crews with early warning of the presence of hazardous wind shear. An inherent limitation of Doppler-based sensors is the inability to measure velocities perpendicular to the line of sight, which results in an underestimate of the total wind shear hazard. One solution to the line-of-sight limitation is to use a vertical wind model to estimate the vertical component from the horizontal wind measurement. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of simple vertical wind models to improve the hazard prediction capability of an airborne Doppler sensor in a realistic microburst environment. Both simulation and flight test measurements were used to test the vertical wind models. The results indicate that in the altitude region of interest (at or below 300 m), the simple vertical wind models improved the hazard estimate. The radar simulation study showed that the magnitude of the performance improvement was altitude dependent. The altitude of maximum performance improvement occurred at about 300 m.

Validation of gravity data from the geopotential field model for subsurface investigation of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (Western Africa)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marcel, Jean; Abate Essi, Jean Marcel; Nouck, Philippe Njandjock; Sanda, Oumarou; Manguelle-Dicoum, Eliézer

2018-03-01

Belonging to the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL), the western part of Cameroon is an active volcanic zone with volcanic eruptions and deadly gas emissions. The volcanic flows generally cover areas and bury structural features like faults. Terrestrial gravity surveys can hardly cover entirely this mountainous area due to difficult accessibility. The present work aims to evaluate gravity data derived from the geopotential field model, EGM2008 to investigate the subsurface of the CVL. The methodology involves upward continuation, horizontal gradient, maxima of horizontal gradient-upward continuation combination and Euler deconvolution techniques. The lineaments map inferred from this geopotential field model confirms several known lineaments and reveals new ones covered by lava flows. The known lineaments are interpreted as faults or geological contacts such as the Foumban fault and the Pan-African Belt-Congo craton contact. The lineaments highlighted coupled with the numerous maar lakes identified in this volcanic sector attest of the vulnerability of the CVL where special attention should be given for geohazard prevention.

Horizontal and vertical integration in hospital laboratories and the laboratory information system.

PubMed

Friedman, B A; Mitchell, W

1990-09-01

An understanding of horizontal and vertical integration and their quasi-integration variants is important for pathologists to formulate a competitive strategy for hospital clinical laboratories. These basic organizational concepts, in turn, are based on the need to establish control over critical laboratory inputs and outputs. The pathologist seeks greater control of mission-critical system inputs and outputs to increase the quality and efficiency of the laboratory operations. The LIS produces horizontal integration of the various hospital laboratories by integrating them vertically. Forward vertical quasi-integration of the laboratories is mediated primarily by the LIS through front-end valued-added features such as reporting of results and creating a long-term on-line test result archive. These features increase the value of the information product of pathology for clinicians and increase the cost of switching to another system. The LIS can also serve as a means for customizing the information product of the laboratories to appeal to new market segments such as hospital administrators.

Development of an omni-directional shear horizontal mode magnetostrictive patch transducer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Zenghua; Hu, Yanan; Xie, Muwen; Fan, Junwei; He, Cunfu; Wu, Bin

2018-04-01

The fundamental shear horizontal wave, SH0 mode, has great potential in defect detection and on-line monitoring with large scale and high efficiency in plate-like structures because of its non-dispersive characteristics. Aiming at consistently exciting single SH0 mode in plate-like structures, an omni-directional shear horizontal mode magnetostrictive patch transducer (OSHM-MPT) is developed on the basis of magnetostrictive effect. It consists of four fan-shaped array elements and corresponding plane solenoid array (PSA) coils, four fan-shaped permanent magnets and a circular nickel patch. The experimental results verify that the developed transducer can effectively produce the single SH0 mode in an aluminum plate. The frequency response characteristics of this developed transducer are tested. The results demonstrate that the proposed OSHM-MPT has a center frequency of 300kHz related to the distance between adjacent arc-shaped steps of the PSA coils. Furthermore, omni-directivity of this developed transducer is tested. The results demonstrate that the developed transducer has a high omnidirectional consistency.

The Buoyancy Approach to U-tube Problems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Binder, P.-M.; Magowan, M. A.

2016-02-01

In this note we unify two physical situations treatable with hydrostatics: an object floating on a denser fluid and an open U-shaped tube with two immiscible fluids. We begin by reviewing the problem of a partially floating uniform, rectangular prism of horizontal area A immersed in a denser fluid, with respective densities ρ1 < ρh for the prism and fluid (the subscripts stand for light and heavy): see Fig. 1. We define three horizontal levels within the solid, y0, y1, and y2, corresponding to the bottom, flotation line, and top of the prism. The buoyant force is ρh (y1 - y0)gA upwards, and the weight of the prism is ρ1 (y2 - y0)gA downwards. By Newton's second law, these two forces balance at equilibrium. After dividing by the common horizontal area, one obtains y/1-y0 y2-y0 =ρ/1 ρh . A detailed derivation can be found for example in Ref. 1, Section 13-7.

Effects of line-of-sight velocity on spaced-antenna measurements, part 3.5A

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Royrvik, O.

1984-01-01

Horizontal wind velocities in the upper atmosphere, particularly the mesosphere, have been measured using a multitude of different techniques. Most techniques are based on stated or unstated assumptions about the wind field that may or may not be true. Some problems with the spaced antenna drifts (SAD) technique that usually appear to be overlooked are investigated. These problems are not unique to the SAD technique; very similar considerations apply to measurement of horizontal wind using multiple-beam Doppler radars as well. Simply stated, the SAD technique relies on scattering from multiple scatterers within an antenna beam of fairly large beam width. The combination of signals with random phase gives rise to an interference pattern on the ground. This pattern will drift across the ground with a velocity twice that of the ionospheric irregularities from which the radar signals are scattered. By using spaced receivers and measuring time delays of the signal fading in different antennas, it is possible to estimate the horizontal drift velocities.

Wind-Tunnel Investigation at Low Speed of the Effects of Chordwise Wing Fences and Horizontal-Tail Position on the Static Longitudinal Stability Characteristics of an Airplane Model with a 35 Degree Sweptback Wing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Queijo, M J; Jaquet, Byron M; Wolhart, Walter D

1954-01-01

Low-speed tests of a model with a wing swept back 35 degrees at the 0.33-chord line and a horizontal tail located well above the extended wing-chord plane indicated static longitudinal instability at moderate angles of attack for all configurations tested. An investigation therefore was made to determine whether the longitudinal stability could be improved by the use of chordwise wing fences, by lowering the horizontal tail, or by a combination of both. The results of the investigation showed that the longitudinal stability characteristics of the model with slats retracted could be improved at moderate angles of attack by placing chordwise wing fences at a spanwise station of about 73 percent of the wing semispan from the plane of symmetry provided the nose of the fence extended slightly beyond or around the wing leading edge.

Emittance matching of a slow extracted beam for a rotating gantry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fujimoto, T.; Iwata, Y.; Matsuba, S.; Fujita, T.; Sato, S.; Shirai, T.; Noda, K.

2017-09-01

The introduction of a heavy-ion rotating gantry is in progress at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) for realizing high-precision cancer therapy using heavy ions. A scanning irradiation method will be applied to this gantry course with 48-430 MeV/u beam energy. In the rotating gantry, the horizontal and vertical beam parameters are coupled by its rotation. To maintain a circular spot shape at the isocenter irrespective of the gantry angle, achieving symmetric phase space distribution of the horizontal and vertical beam at the entrance of the rotating gantry is necessary. Therefore, compensating the horizontal and vertical emittance is necessary. We consider using a thin scatterer method to compensate the emittance. After considering the optical design for emittance matching, the scatterer device is located in the high-energy beam transport line. In the beam commissioning, we confirm that the symmetrical spot shape is obtained at the isocenter without depending on the gantry angle.

Fine-scale Horizontal Structure of Arctic Mixed-Phase Clouds.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rambukkange,M.; Verlinde, J.; Elorante, E.

2006-07-10

Recent in situ observations in stratiform clouds suggest that mixed phase regimes, here defined as limited cloud volumes containing both liquid and solid water, are constrained to narrow layers (order 100 m) separating all-liquid and fully glaciated volumes (Hallett and Viddaurre, 2005). The Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's (DOE-ARM, Ackerman and Stokes, 2003) North Slope of Alaska (NSA) ARM Climate Research Facility (ACRF) recently started collecting routine measurement of radar Doppler velocity power spectra from the Millimeter Cloud Radar (MMCR). Shupe et al. (2004) showed that Doppler spectra has potential to separate the contributions to the total reflectivitymore » of the liquid and solid water in the radar volume, and thus to investigate further Hallett and Viddaurre's findings. The Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (MPACE) was conducted along the NSA to investigate the properties of Arctic mixed phase clouds (Verlinde et al., 2006). We present surface based remote sensing data from MPACE to discuss the fine-scale structure of the mixed-phase clouds observed during this experiment.« less

Seafloor Tectonic Fabric from Satellite Altimetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, Walter H. F.

Ocean floor structures with horizontal scales of 10 to a few hundred kilometers and vertical scales of 100 m or more generate sea surface gravity anomalies observable with satellite altimetry. Prior to 1990, altimeter data resolved only tectonic lineaments, some seamounts, and some aspects of mid-ocean ridge structure. New altimeter data available since mid-1995 resolve 10-km--scale structures over nearly all the world's oceans. These data are the basis of new global bathymetric maps and have been interpreted as exhibiting complexities in the sea floor spreading process including ridge jumps, propagating rifts, and variations in magma supply. This chapter reviews the satellite altimetry technique and its resolution of tectonic structures, gives examples of intriguing tectonic phenomena, and shows that structures as small as abyssal hills are partially resolved. A new result obtained here is that the amplitude of the fine-scale (10--80 km) roughness of old ocean floor is spreading-rate dependent in the same that it is at mid-ocean ridges, suggesting that fine-scale tectonic fabric is generated nearly exclusively by ridge-axis processes.

Multi-scale comparison of the fine particle removal capacity of urban forests and wetlands.

PubMed

Zhang, Zhenming; Liu, Jiakai; Wu, Yanan; Yan, Guoxin; Zhu, Lijuan; Yu, Xinxiao

2017-04-10

As fine particle (FP) pollution is harmful to humans, previous studies have focused on the mechanisms of FP removal by forests. The current study aims to compare the FP removal capacities of urban forests and wetlands on the leaf, canopy, and landscape scales. Water washing and scanning electron microscopy are used to calculate particle accumulation on leaves, and models are used to estimate vegetation collection, sedimentation, and dry deposition. Results showed that, on the leaf scale, forest species are able to accumulate more FP on their leaf surface than aquatic species in wetlands. On the canopy scale, horizontal vegetation collection is the major process involved in FP removal, and the contribution of vertical sedimentation/emission can be ignored. Coniferous tree species also showed stronger FP collection ability than broadleaf species. In the landscape scale, deposition on the forest occurs to a greater extent than that on wetlands, and dry deposition is the major process of FP removal on rain-free days. In conclusion, when planning an urban green system, planting an urban forest should be the first option for FP mitigation.

Observations of particle extinction, PM2.5 mass concentration profile and flux in north China based on mobile lidar technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lv, Lihui; Liu, Wenqing; Zhang, Tianshu; Chen, Zhenyi; Dong, Yunsheng; Fan, Guangqiang; Xiang, Yan; Yao, Yawei; Yang, Nan; Chu, Baolin; Teng, Man; Shu, Xiaowen

2017-09-01

Fine particle with diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) have important direct and indirect effects on human life and activities. However, the studies of fine particle were limited by the lack of monitoring data obtained with multiple fixed site sampling strategies. Mobile monitoring has provided a means for broad measurement of fine particles. In this research, the potential use of mobile lidar to map the distribution and transport of fine particles was discussed. The spatial and temporal distributions of particle extinction, PM2.5 mass concentration and regional transport flux of fine particle in the planetary boundary layer were investigated with the use of vehicle-based mobile lidar and wind field data from north China. Case studies under different pollution levels in Beijing were presented to evaluate the contribution of regional transport. A vehicle-based mobile lidar system was used to obtain the spatial and temporal distributions of particle extinction in the measurement route. Fixed point lidar and a particulate matter sampler were operated next to each other at the University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS) in Beijing to determine the relationship between the particle extinction coefficient and PM2.5 mass concentration. The correlation coefficient (R2) between the particle extinction coefficient and PM2.5 mass concentration was found to be over 0.8 when relative humidity (RH) was less than 90%. A mesoscale meteorological model, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, was used to obtain profiles of the horizontal wind speed, wind direction and relative humidity. A vehicle-based mobile lidar technique was applied to estimate transport flux based on the PM2.5 profile and vertical profile of wind data. This method was applicable when hygroscopic growth can be neglected (relatively humidity<90%). Southwest was found to be the main pathway of Beijing during the experiments.

AMS of an Analogue Non-Scale Model Simulating Diapiric Pluton Emplacement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hrouda, F.; Kratinova, Z.; Zavada, P.; Schulmann, K.

2004-12-01

Development of magnetic fabric within a pluton during its diapiric ascent was investigated using an analogue non-scale model of plaster of Paris containing small amount of fine-grained (less than 0.09 mm) homogeneously mixed magnetite, with resulting bulk susceptibility being in the order of 10-3 [SI]. The apparatus for this modelling consists of a manual squeezer with calibrated spring and a perspex container. Stratified coloured to visualize internal flow geometries, weak plaster layer at the bottom of the container was forced to intrude overlying fine-grained (>0.017mm) sand through a hole in a board attached to the squeezer. A retarding compound was admixed into the plaster to postpone the solidification of plaster. After solidifying the model, small oriented cylindrical specimens (7 mm in diameter and 6 mm in height) were drilled and their anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) was measured with the KLY-4S Kappabridge. The magnetic fabric in the margins of the vertical column of the diapir is characterized by high degree of AMS (P'=1.26-1.30), neutral to oblate AMS ellipsoid (T=0.2-0.6) and vertical magnetic lineations and foliations. In the vent area, the degree of AMS is also high, but the AMS ellipsoid being strongly prolate (T= -1 to -0.8) with vertical magnetic lineations. In the interior of the plug above the vent zone, abrupt transition into horizontal lineations and foliations take place and the low degree of AMS (P'=1.05-1.10) marks the area where strongly prolate magnetic fabric is being gradually changed into the magnetic fabric characterized by neutral to oblate AMS ellipsoid. This type of magnetic fabric extends to the apical part of the body. In the extrusive portions of the diapir, oblate magnetic fabric increases in anisotropy (T=0.8-1, P'=1.26-1.29), while the front of the radial extrusion shows horizontal lineations parallel to the margin and neutral AMS ellipsoids (T=0.2-0.6,P'=1.23-1.26). This changeover of fabric thus indicates divergent flow in the radial extrusion. The development of AMS fabric is correlated with complex flow pattern indicated by coloured and originally horizontal plaster layers. Narrow shear zones in the margins of the plug indicate non-linear behavior of plaster during experiments.

Vertical suspended sediment fluxes observed from a formation of underwater gliders

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Merckelbach, Lucas; Riethmueller, Rolf

2014-05-01

In order to understand and predict the pathways and deposition of fine sediments in coastal regions valid parameterisations of the fluxes across interfaces (sea bed - water column or a pycnocline) are paramount. Traditionally, these parameterisations are based on the concept of a critical shear stress, but more recently a probabilistic approach has been proposed, in which the resuspension of sediment is assumed to have a certain likelihood, depending on the external forcing. Both approaches find their justification, to some extent, from the results of laboratory experiments, however, in-situ data, essential for model validation, are scarce. In this study we develop a field method to estimate the (fine) sediment fluxes between the seabed and the water column, and across the pycnocline. The method is applied to a stratified shallow sea (the North Sea in Summer). In order to assess the results, these fluxes are interpreted in terms of bottom shear stress and current shear between upper and lower layer, respectively. The method was tested in an experiment with two underwater gliders in Summer 2013 in the German Bight. Both gliders were equipped with optical backscatter sensors, the measurements of which serve as a proxy for suspended sediment concentration. The profiling character of the gliders allows to calculate the rate of change of the layer-averaged sediment concentration, as observed by the platform. The local, Lagrangian rate of change of sediment concentration is the balance between the fluxes across the layer's interfaces. Due to a horizontal speed of the glider of about 0.5 m/s, horizontal gradients in sediment concentration cause the observed and the local rate of change of sediment concentration to be significantly different. The novelty of this experiment was that the two gliders were flown in a rigid formation, where one glider trailed the other at a more or less constant distance of 5 km, controlled by an algorithm. This allowed the local rate of change to be quantified - and therefore the net fluxes across the interfaces - by accounting for the effects of horizontal gradients. The validity of this method was assessed by comparing the settling and resuspension/entrainment fluxes with physical drivers: current shear near the pycnocline and bottom shear, with wind effects and tidal motion as proxies, respectively.

Implementation of a generalized actuator line model for wind turbine parameterization in the Weather Research and Forecasting model

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marjanovic, Nikola; Mirocha, Jeffrey D.; Kosović, Branko

A generalized actuator line (GAL) wind turbine parameterization is implemented within the Weather Research and Forecasting model to enable high-fidelity large-eddy simulations of wind turbine interactions with boundary layer flows under realistic atmospheric forcing conditions. Numerical simulations using the GAL parameterization are evaluated against both an already implemented generalized actuator disk (GAD) wind turbine parameterization and two field campaigns that measured the inflow and near-wake regions of a single turbine. The representation of wake wind speed, variance, and vorticity distributions is examined by comparing fine-resolution GAL and GAD simulations and GAD simulations at both fine and coarse-resolutions. The higher-resolution simulationsmore » show slightly larger and more persistent velocity deficits in the wake and substantially increased variance and vorticity when compared to the coarse-resolution GAD. The GAL generates distinct tip and root vortices that maintain coherence as helical tubes for approximately one rotor diameter downstream. Coarse-resolution simulations using the GAD produce similar aggregated wake characteristics to both fine-scale GAD and GAL simulations at a fraction of the computational cost. The GAL parameterization provides the capability to resolve near wake physics, including vorticity shedding and wake expansion.« less

Symmetric Absorber-Coupled Far-Infrared Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detector

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

U-yen, Kongpop (Inventor); Wollack, Edward J. (Inventor); Brown, Ari D. (Inventor); Stevenson, Thomas R. (Inventor); Patel, Amil A. (Inventor)

2016-01-01

The present invention relates to a symmetric absorber-coupled far-infrared microwave kinetic inductance detector including: a membrane having an absorber disposed thereon in a symmetric cross bar pattern; and a microstrip including a plurality of conductor microstrip lines disposed along all edges of the membrane, and separated from a ground plane by the membrane. The conducting microstrip lines are made from niobium, and the pattern is made from a superconducting material with a transition temperature below niobium, including one of aluminum, titanium nitride, or molybdenum nitride. The pattern is disposed on both a top and a bottom of the membrane, and creates a parallel-plate coupled transmission line on the membrane that acts as a half-wavelength resonator at readout frequencies. The parallel-plate coupled transmission line and the conductor microstrip lines form a stepped impedance resonator. The pattern provides identical power absorption for both horizontal and vertical polarization signals.

On the role of horizontal resolution over the Tibetan Plateau in the REMO regional climate model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Jingwei; Koldunov, Nikolay; Remedio, Armelle Reca C.; Sein, Dmitry V.; Zhi, Xiefei; Jiang, Xi; Xu, Min; Zhu, Xiuhua; Fraedrich, Klaus; Jacob, Daniela

2018-02-01

A number of studies have shown that added value is obtained by increasing the horizontal resolution of a regional climate model to capture additional fine-scale weather processes. However, the mechanisms leading to this added value are different over areas with complicated orographic features, such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP). To determine the role that horizontal resolution plays over the TP, a detailed comparison was made between the results from the REMO regional climate model at resolutions of 25 and 50 km for the period 1980-2007. The model was driven at the lateral boundaries by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis data. The experiments differ only in representation of topography, all other land parameters (e.g., vegetation characteristics, soil texture) are the same. The results show that the high-resolution topography affects the regional air circulation near the ground surface around the edge of the TP, which leads to a redistribution of the transport of atmospheric water vapor, especially over the Brahmaputra and Irrawaddy valleys—the main water vapor paths for the southern TP—increasing the amount of atmospheric water vapor transported onto the TP by about 5%. This, in turn, significantly decreases the temperature at 2 m by > 1.5 °C in winter in the high-resolution simulation of the southern TP. The impact of topography on the 2 m temperature over the TP is therefore by influencing the transport of atmospheric water vapor in the main water vapor paths.

3D WHOLE-PROMINENCE FINE STRUCTURE MODELING. II. PROMINENCE EVOLUTION

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gunár, Stanislav; Mackay, Duncan H.

2015-10-20

We use the new three-dimensional (3D) whole-prominence fine structure model to study the evolution of prominences and their fine structures in response to changes in the underlying photospheric magnetic flux distribution. The applied model combines a detailed 3D prominence magnetic field configuration with a realistic description of the prominence plasma distributed along multiple fine structures. In addition, we utilize an approximate Hα visualization technique to study the evolution of the visible cool prominence plasma both in emission (prominence) and absorption (filament). We show that the initial magnetic field configuration of the modeled prominence is significantly disturbed by the changing positionmore » of a single polarity of a magnetic bipole as the bipole is advected toward the main body of the filament. This leads to the creation of a barb, which becomes the dominant feature visible in the synthetic Hα images of both the prominence and filament views. The evolution of the bipole also creates conditions that lead to the disappearance and reappearance of large portions of the main body. We also show that an arch-like region containing a dark void (a bubble) can be naturally produced in the synthetic prominence Hα images. While not visible in terms of the magnetic field lines, it is due to a lack of Hα emission from low-pressure, low-density plasma located in shallow magnetic dips lying along the lines of sight intersecting the dark void. In addition, a quasi-vertical small-scale feature consisting of short and deep dips, piled one above the other, is produced.« less

Anomalous Abundances in Gaseous Nebulae From Recombination and Collisional Lines: Improved Photoionization and Recombination Studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pradhan, Anil Kumar; Nahar, S. N.; Eissner, W. B.; Montenegro, M.

2011-01-01

A perplexing anomaly arises in the determination of abundances of common elements in gaseous nebulae, as derived from collisionally excited lines (CEL) as opposed to those from Recombination Lines (RCL). The "abundance discrepancy factors" can range from a factor of 2 to an order of magnitude or more. That has led to quite different interpretation of the physical structure and processes in gaseous nebulae, such as temperature fluctuations across the object, or metal-rich concentrations leading to a dual-abundnace scenario. We show that the problem may lie in inaccuracies in photoionization and recombination models neglecting low-energy resonance phenomena due to fine structure. Whereas the atomic physics of electron impact excitation of forbidden lines is well understood, and accurate collision strengths have long been available, that is not generally the case for electron-ion recombination cross sections. A major problem is the inclusion of relativisitic effects as it pertains to the existence of very low-energy fine structure resonances in photoionization cross sections. We carry out new relativistic calculations for photoionization and recombination cross sections using a recently extended version of the Breit-Pauli R-matrix codes, and the unified electron-ion recombination method that subsumes both the radiative and the dielectronic recombination (RR and DR) processes in an ab initio and self-consistent manner. We find that near-thresold resonances manifest themselves within fine structure levels of the ground state of ions, enhancing low-temperature recombination rate coefficients at 1000-10,000 K. The resulting enahncement in level-specific and total recombination rate coefficients should therefore lead to reduced abundances derived from RCL, and in accordance with those from CEL. We present results for photoionization of O II into, and recombination from, O III. Theoretical cross sections are benchmarked against high-resolution measurements from synchrotron based light sources. Work on other atomic species is in progress.

Fine mapping of a distal chromosome 4 QTL affecting growth and muscle mass in a chicken advanced intercross line.

PubMed

Lyu, S; Arends, D; Nassar, M K; Brockmann, G A

2017-06-01

In our previous research, QTL analysis in an F 2 cross between the inbred New Hampshire (NHI) and White Leghorn (WL77) lines revealed a growth QTL in the distal part of chromosome 4. To physically reduce the chromosomal interval and the number of potential candidate genes, we performed fine mapping using individuals of generations F 10 , F 11 and F 12 in an advanced intercross line that had been established from the initial F 2 mapping population. Using nine single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers within the QTL region for an association analysis with several growth traits from hatch to 20 weeks and body composition traits at 20 weeks, we could reduce the confidence interval from 26.9 to 3.4 Mb. Within the fine mapped region, markers rs14490774, rs314961352 and rs318175270 were in full linkage disequilibrium (D' = 1.0) and showed the strongest effect on growth and muscle mass (LOD ≥ 4.00). This reduced region contains 30 genes, compared to 292 genes in the original region. Chicken 60 K and 600 K SNP chips combined with DNA sequencing of the parental lines were used to call mutations in the reduced region. In the narrowed-down region, 489 sequence variants were detected between NHI and WL77. The most deleterious variants are a missense variant in ADGRA3 (SIFT = 0.02) and a frameshift deletion in the functional unknown gene ENSGALG00000014401 in NHI chicken. In addition, five synonymous variants were discovered in genes PPARGC1A, ADGRA3, PACRGL, SLIT2 and FAM184B. In our study, the confidence interval and the number of potential genes could be reduced 8- and 10- fold respectively. Further research will focus on functional effects of mutant genes. © 2017 Stichting International Foundation for Animal Genetics.

Multimodal imaging of central retinal disease progression in a 2 year mean follow up of Retinitis Pigmentosa

PubMed Central

Sujirakul, Tharikarn; Lin, Michael K.; Duong, Jimmy; Wei, Ying; Lopez-Pintado, Sara; Tsang, Stephen H.

2015-01-01

Purpose To determine the rate of progression and optimal follow up time in patients with advanced stage retinitis pigmentosa (RP) comparing the use of fundus autofluorescence imaging and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Design Retrospective analysis of progression rate. Methods Longitudinal imaging follow up in 71 patients with retinitis pigmentosa was studied using the main outcome measurements of hyperautofluoresent ring horizontal diameter and vertical diameter along with ellipsoid zone line width from spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Test-retest reliability and the rate of progression were calculated. The interaction between the progression rates was tested for sex, age, mode of inheritance, and baseline measurement size. Symmetry of left and right eye progression rate was also tested. Results Significant progression was observed in >75% of patients during the 2 year mean follow up. The mean annual progression rates of ellipsoid zone line, and hyperautofluorescent ring horizontal diameter and vertical diameter were 0.45° (4.9%), 0.51° (4.1%), and 0.42° (4.0%), respectively. The e llipsoid zone line width, and hyperautofluorescent ring horizontal diameter and vertical diameter had low test-retest variabilities of 8.9%, 9.5% and 9.6%, respectively. This study is the first to demonstrate asymmetrical structural progression rate between right and left eye, which was found in 19% of patients. The rate of progression was significantly slower as the disease approached the fovea, supporting the theory that RP progresses in an exponential fashion. No significant interaction between progression rate and patient age, sex, or mode of inheritance was observed. Conclusions Fundus autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography detect progression in patients with RP reliably and with strong correlation. These parameters may be useful alongside functional assessments as the outcome measurements for future therapeutic trials. Follow-up at 1 year intervals should be adequate to efficiently detect progression. PMID:26164827

Pattern-Recognition System for Approaching a Known Target

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Huntsberger, Terrance; Cheng, Yang

2008-01-01

A closed-loop pattern-recognition system is designed to provide guidance for maneuvering a small exploratory robotic vehicle (rover) on Mars to return to a landed spacecraft to deliver soil and rock samples that the spacecraft would subsequently bring back to Earth. The system could be adapted to terrestrial use in guiding mobile robots to approach known structures that humans could not approach safely, for such purposes as reconnaissance in military or law-enforcement applications, terrestrial scientific exploration, and removal of explosive or other hazardous items. The system has been demonstrated in experiments in which the Field Integrated Design and Operations (FIDO) rover (a prototype Mars rover equipped with a video camera for guidance) is made to return to a mockup of Mars-lander spacecraft. The FIDO rover camera autonomously acquires an image of the lander from a distance of 125 m in an outdoor environment. Then under guidance by an algorithm that performs fusion of multiple line and texture features in digitized images acquired by the camera, the rover traverses the intervening terrain, using features derived from images of the lander truss structure. Then by use of precise pattern matching for determining the position and orientation of the rover relative to the lander, the rover aligns itself with the bottom of ramps extending from the lander, in preparation for climbing the ramps to deliver samples to the lander. The most innovative aspect of the system is a set of pattern-recognition algorithms that govern a three-phase visual-guidance sequence for approaching the lander. During the first phase, a multifeature fusion algorithm integrates the outputs of a horizontal-line-detection algorithm and a wavelet-transform-based visual-area-of-interest algorithm for detecting the lander from a significant distance. The horizontal-line-detection algorithm is used to determine candidate lander locations based on detection of a horizontal deck that is part of the lander.

A Reliable Method to Measure Lip Height Using Photogrammetry in Unilateral Cleft Lip Patients.

PubMed

van der Zeeuw, Frederique; Murabit, Amera; Volcano, Johnny; Torensma, Bart; Patel, Brijesh; Hay, Norman; Thorburn, Guy; Morris, Paul; Sommerlad, Brian; Gnarra, Maria; van der Horst, Chantal; Kangesu, Loshan

2015-09-01

There is still no reliable tool to determine the outcome of the repaired unilateral cleft lip (UCL). The aim of this study was therefore to develop an accurate, reliable tool to measure vertical lip height from photographs. The authors measured the vertical height of the cutaneous and vermilion parts of the lip in 72 anterior-posterior view photographs of 17 patients with repairs to a UCL. Points on the lip's white roll and vermillion were marked on both the cleft and the noncleft sides on each image. Two new concepts were tested. First, photographs were standardized using the horizontal (medial to lateral) eye fissure width (EFW) for calibration. Second, the authors tested the interpupillary line (IPL) and the alar base line (ABL) for their reliability as horizontal lines of reference. Measurements were taken by 2 independent researchers, at 2 different time points each. Overall 2304 data points were obtained and analyzed. Results showed that the method was very effective in measuring the height of the lip on the cleft side with the noncleft side. When using the IPL, inter- and intra-rater reliability was 0.99 to 1.0, with the ABL it varied from 0.91 to 0.99 with one exception at 0.84. The IPL was easier to define because in some subjects the overhanging nasal tip obscured the alar base and gave more consistent measurements possibly because the reconstructed alar base was sometimes indistinct. However, measurements from the IPL can only give the percentage difference between the left and right sides of the lip, whereas those from the ABL can also give exact measurements. Patient examples were given that show how the measurements correlate with clinical assessment. The authors propose this method of photogrammetry with the innovative use of the IPL as a reliable horizontal plane and use of the EFW for calibration as a useful and reliable tool to assess the outcome of UCL repair.

High-resolution imaging and near-infrared spectroscopy of penumbral decay

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Verma, M.; Denker, C.; Balthasar, H.; Kuckein, C.; Rezaei, R.; Sobotka, M.; Deng, N.; Wang, H.; Tritschler, A.; Collados, M.; Diercke, A.; González Manrique, S. J.

2018-06-01

Aims: Combining high-resolution spectropolarimetric and imaging data is key to understanding the decay process of sunspots as it allows us to scrutinize the velocity and magnetic fields of sunspots and their surroundings. Methods: Active region NOAA 12597 was observed on 2016 September 24 with the 1.5-meter GREGOR solar telescope using high-spatial-resolution imaging as well as imaging spectroscopy and near-infrared (NIR) spectropolarimetry. Horizontal proper motions were estimated with local correlation tracking, whereas line-of-sight (LOS) velocities were computed with spectral line fitting methods. The magnetic field properties were inferred with the "Stokes Inversions based on Response functions" (SIR) code for the Si I and Ca I NIR lines. Results: At the time of the GREGOR observations, the leading sunspot had two light bridges indicating the onset of its decay. One of the light bridges disappeared, and an elongated, dark umbral core at its edge appeared in a decaying penumbral sector facing the newly emerging flux. The flow and magnetic field properties of this penumbral sector exhibited weak Evershed flow, moat flow, and horizontal magnetic field. The penumbral gap adjacent to the elongated umbral core and the penumbra in that penumbral sector displayed LOS velocities similar to granulation. The separating polarities of a new flux system interacted with the leading and central part of the already established active region. As a consequence, the leading spot rotated 55° clockwise over 12 h. Conclusions: In the high-resolution observations of a decaying sunspot, the penumbral filaments facing the flux emergence site contained a darkened area resembling an umbral core filled with umbral dots. This umbral core had velocity and magnetic field properties similar to the sunspot umbra. This implies that the horizontal magnetic fields in the decaying penumbra became vertical as observed in flare-induced rapid penumbral decay, but on a very different time-scale.

Far Infrared Spectroscopy of H II Regions. Ph.D. Thesis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ward, D. B.

1975-01-01

The far infrared spectra of H II regions are investigated. A liquid helium cooled grating spectrometer designed to make observations from the NASA Lear Jet is described along with tests of the instrument. The observing procedure on the Lear Jet telescope is described and the method of data analysis is discussed. Results are presented from a search for the (O III) 88.16 micron line. An upper limit on the emission in this line is obtained and line detection is described. Results are compared to theoretical predictions, and future applications of fine structure line observations are discussed. Coarse resolution results are given along with calibration problems. The spectra obtained are compared to models for dust emission.

Spectral Line Shapes. Proceedings

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zoppi, M.; Ulivi, L.

1997-02-01

These proceedings represent papers presented at the 13th International Conference on Spectral Line Shapes which was held in Firenze,Italy from June 16-21, 1996. The topics covered a wide range of subjects emphasizing the physical processes associated with the formation of line profiles: high and low density plasma; atoms and molecules in strong laser fields, Dopple{minus}free and ultra{minus}fine spectroscopy; the line shapes generated by the interaction of neutrals, atoms and molecules, where the relavant quantities are single particle properties, and the interaction{minus}induced spectroscopy. There were 131 papers presented at the conference, out of these, 6 have been abstracted for the Energymore » Science and Technology database.(AIP)« less

Ion and electron temperatures in the SUMMA mirror device by emission spectroscopy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Patch, R. W.; Voss, D. E.; Reinmann, J. J.; Snyder, A.

1974-01-01

Ion and electron temperatures, and ion drift were measured in a superconducting magnetic mirror apparatus by observing the Doppler-broadened charge-exchange component of the 667.8 and 587.6 nanometer He lines in He plasma, and the H sub alpha and H sub beta lines in H2 plasma. The second moment of the line profiles was used as the parameter for determining ion temperature. Corrections for magnetic splitting, fine structure, monochromator slit function, and variation in charge-exchange cross section with energy are included. Electron temperatures were measured by the line ratio method for the corona model, and correlations of ion and electron temperatures with plasma parameters are presented.

First Panoramic View From The Surface Of Mars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

First panoramic view by Viking 1 from the surface of Mars. (Top): The out-of-focus spacecraft component toward left center is the housing for the Viking sample arm, which is not yet deployed. Parallel lines in the sky are an artifact and are not real features. However, the change of brightness from horizon towards zenith and towards the right (west) is accurately reflected in this picture, taken in late Martian afternoon. At the horizon to the left is a plateau-like prominence much brighter than the foreground material between the rocks. The horizon features are approximately three kilometers (1.8 miles) away. At left is a collection of fine-grained material reminiscent of sand dunes. The dark sinuous markings in left foreground are of unknown origin. Some unidentified shapes can be perceived on the hilly eminence at the horizon towards the right. Patches of bright sand can be discerned among the rocks and boulders in middle distance. In right fore-ground are two peculiarly shaped rocks which may possibly be ventifacts produced by wind abrasion on Mars. A horizontal cloud stratum can be made out halfway from the horizon to the top of the picture. (Bottom): At left is seen the low gain antenna for receipt of commands from the Earth. The projections on or near the horizon may represent the rims distant impact craters. In right foreground are color charts for Lander camera calibration, a mirror for the Viking magnetic properties experiment and part of a grid on the top of the Lander body. At upper right is the high-gain dish antenna for direct communication between landed space-craft and Earth. Toward the right edge is an array of smooth fine-grained material which shows some hint of ripple structure and may be the beginning of a large dune field off to the right of the picture, which joins with dunes seen at the top left in this 300 panoramic view. Some of the rocks appear to be undercut on one side and partially buried by drifting sand on the other.

First Panoramic View From The Surface Of Mars

NASA Image and Video Library

1996-12-30

First panoramic view by Viking 1 from the surface of Mars. (Top): The out-of-focus spacecraft component toward left center is the housing for the Viking sample arm, which is not yet deployed. Parallel lines in the sky are an artifact and are not real features. However, the change of brightness from horizon towards zenith and towards the right (west) is accurately reflected in this picture, taken in late Martian afternoon. At the horizon to the left is a plateau-like prominence much brighter than the foreground material between the rocks. The horizon features are approximately three kilometers (1.8 miles) away. At left is a collection of fine-grained material reminiscent of sand dunes. The dark sinuous markings in left foreground are of unknown origin. Some unidentified shapes can be perceived on the hilly eminence at the horizon towards the right. Patches of bright sand can be discerned among the rocks and boulders in middle distance. In right fore-ground are two peculiarly shaped rocks which may possibly be ventifacts produced by wind abrasion on Mars. A horizontal cloud stratum can be made out halfway from the horizon to the top of the picture. (Bottom): At left is seen the low gain antenna for receipt of commands from the Earth. The projections on or near the horizon may represent the rims distant impact craters. In right foreground are color charts for Lander camera calibration, a mirror for the Viking magnetic properties experiment and part of a grid on the top of the Lander body. At upper right is the high-gain dish antenna for direct communication between landed space-craft and Earth. Toward the right edge is an array of smooth fine-grained material which shows some hint of ripple structure and may be the beginning of a large dune field off to the right of the picture, which joins with dunes seen at the top left in this 300 panoramic view. Some of the rocks appear to be undercut on one side and partially buried by drifting sand on the other. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00382

Loads from Compressive Strain Caused by Mining Activity Illustrated with the Example of Two Buildings in Silesia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kadela, Marta; Chomacki, Leszek

2017-10-01

The soil’s load on retention walls or underground elements of engineering structures consists of three basic types of pressure: active pressure (p a ), passive pressure (p b ) and at-rest pressure (p 0 ). In undisturbed areas without any mining, due to lack of activity in the soil, specific forces from the soil are stable and unchanging throughout the structure’s life. Mining activity performed at a certain depth activates the soil. Displacements take place in the surface layer of the rock mass, which begins to act on the structure embedded in it, significantly changing the original stress distribution. Deformation of the subgrade, mainly horizontal strains, becomes a source of significant additional actions in the contact zone between the structure and the soil, constituting an additional load for the structure. In order to monitor the mining influence in the form of compressive load on building walls, an observation line was set up in front of two buildings located in Silesia (in Mysłowice). In 2013, some mining activity took place directly under those buildings, with expected horizontal strains of εx = -5.8 mm/m. The measurement results discussed in this paper showed that, as predicted, the buildings were subjected only to horizontal compressive strains with the values parallel to the analysed wall being less than -4.0 ‰ for first building and -1.5‰ for second building, and values perpendicular to the analysed wall being less than -6.0‰ for first building and -4.0‰ for second building (the only exception was the measurement in line 8-13, where εx = -17.04‰ for first building and -4.57‰ for second building). The horizontal displacement indicate that the impact of mining activity was greater on first building. This is also confirmed by inspections of the damage.

Propagation and Breaking at High Altitudes of Gravity Waves Excited by Tropospheric Forcing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Prusa, Joseph M.; Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K.; Garcia, Rolando R.

1996-01-01

An anelastic approximation is used with a time-variable coordinate transformation to formulate a two-dimensional numerical model that describes the evolution of gravity waves. The model is solved using a semi-Lagrangian method with monotone (nonoscillatory) interpolation of all advected fields. The time-variable transformation is used to generate disturbances at the lower boundary that approximate the effect of a traveling line of thunderstorms (a squall line) or of flow over a broad topographic obstacle. The vertical propagation and breaking of the gravity wave field (under conditions typical of summer solstice) is illustrated for each of these cases. It is shown that the wave field at high altitudes is dominated by a single horizontal wavelength; which is not always related simply to the horizontal dimension of the source. The morphology of wave breaking depends on the horizontal wavelength; for sufficiently short waves, breaking involves roughly one half of the wavelength. In common with other studies, it is found that the breaking waves undergo "self-acceleration," such that the zonal-mean intrinsic frequency remains approximately constant in spite of large changes in the background wind. It is also shown that many of the features obtained in the calculations can be understood in terms of linear wave theory. In particular, linear theory provides insights into the wavelength of the waves that break at high altitudes, the onset and evolution of breaking. the horizontal extent of the breaking region and its position relative to the forcing, and the minimum and maximum altitudes where breaking occurs. Wave breaking ceases at the altitude where the background dissipation rate (which in our model is a proxy for molecular diffusion) becomes greater than the rate of dissipation due to wave breaking, This altitude, in effect, the model turbopause, is shown to depend on a relatively small number of parameters that characterize the waves and the background state.

Joint the active source and passive source seismic to research the fine crustal structure of the Lushan area

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Q.; Yu, C.

2017-12-01

On April 20, 2013, Ms7.0 strong earthquake (Lushan earthquake) occurred in Lanshan County Ya'an City, Sichuan Province. It is another earthquake that occurred in the Longmenshan fault zone after the Wenchuan earthquake. However, there is still no conclusive conclusion in relationship between the fine structure of the Lushan area and triggering seismic fault . In this study, the crustal structure, the shallow structure and the hidden faults and the focal mechanism of the Lushan earthquake were analyzed by using the deep seismic reflection profile and the broadband seismic array data. Combined with the surface geological information, the structure and fracture cause of the Lishan earthquake were discussed.We have synthetic analyzed the seismic precursors, fine locating, focal mechanism analysis and time-tomographic imaging of the broadband seismic data before and after the earthquake in Lushan earthquake, and obtained the seismic distribution, the focal mechanism and the crustal fine structure in the Lushan area. And we use these results to detailed interpreted the deep reflection seismic section of the Lushan earthquake zone.The results show that the crust of the Lushan area is characterized by a distinct structure of upper crust with thickness about 14.75km. The nature of the faults is inferred to be thrusting in the region due to the pushing of the crustal material of the Tibetan plateau into the southeast part of the rigid Sichuan basin. The shuangshi-Dachuan fault stretches from the surface to the deep crust at a low angle, and is dominated by thrusting in a form of imbricate structure with small-scale faults nearby. Whereas the Guangyuan-Dayi fault is a positive flower structure with a listric shape, consisting of six branches. Its movement is dominated by thrusting with gentle horizontal slip.

Seismicity map tools for earthquake studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boucouvalas, Anthony; Kaskebes, Athanasios; Tselikas, Nikos

2014-05-01

We report on the development of new and online set of tools for use within Google Maps, for earthquake research. We demonstrate this server based and online platform (developped with PHP, Javascript, MySQL) with the new tools using a database system with earthquake data. The platform allows us to carry out statistical and deterministic analysis on earthquake data use of Google Maps and plot various seismicity graphs. The tool box has been extended to draw on the map line segments, multiple straight lines horizontally and vertically as well as multiple circles, including geodesic lines. The application is demonstrated using localized seismic data from the geographic region of Greece as well as other global earthquake data. The application also offers regional segmentation (NxN) which allows the studying earthquake clustering, and earthquake cluster shift within the segments in space. The platform offers many filters such for plotting selected magnitude ranges or time periods. The plotting facility allows statistically based plots such as cumulative earthquake magnitude plots and earthquake magnitude histograms, calculation of 'b' etc. What is novel for the platform is the additional deterministic tools. Using the newly developed horizontal and vertical line and circle tools we have studied the spatial distribution trends of many earthquakes and we here show for the first time the link between Fibonacci Numbers and spatiotemporal location of some earthquakes. The new tools are valuable for examining visualizing trends in earthquake research as it allows calculation of statistics as well as deterministic precursors. We plan to show many new results based on our newly developed platform.

Planform structure and heat transfer in turbulent free convection over horizontal surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Theerthan, S. Ananda; Arakeri, Jaywant H.

2000-04-01

This paper deals with turbulent free convection in a horizontal fluid layer above a heated surface. Experiments have been carried out on a heated surface to obtain and analyze the planform structure and the heat transfer under different conditions. Water is the working fluid and the range of flux Rayleigh numbers (Ra) covered is 3×107-2×1010. The different conditions correspond to Rayleigh-Bénard convection, convection with either the top water surface open to atmosphere or covered with an insulating plate, and with an imposed external flow on the heated boundary. Without the external flow the planform is one of randomly oriented line plumes. At large Rayleigh number Ra and small aspect ratio (AR), these line plumes seem to align along the diagonal, presumably due to a large scale flow. The side views show inclined dyelines, again indicating a large scale flow. When the external flow is imposed, the line plumes clearly align in the direction of external flow. The nondimensional average plume spacing, Raλ1/3, varies between 40 and 90. The heat transfer rate, for all the experiments conducted, represented as RaδT-1/3, where δT is the conduction layer thickness, varies only between 0.1-0.2, showing that in turbulent convection the heat transfer rates are similar under the different conditions.

Analysis of liquid-phase chemical detection using guided shear horizontal-surface acoustic wave sensors.

PubMed

Li, Zhonghui; Jones, Yolanda; Hossenlopp, Jeanne; Cernosek, Richard; Josse, Fabien

2005-07-15

Direct chemical sensing in liquid environments using polymer-guided shear horizontal surface acoustic wave sensor platforms on 36 degrees rotated Y-cut LiTaO3 is investigated. Design considerations for optimizing these devices for liquid-phase detection are systematically explored. Two different sensor geometries are experimentally and theoretically analyzed. Dual delay line devices are used with a reference line coated with poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and a sensing line coated with a chemically sensitive polymer, which acts as both a guiding layer and a sensing layer or with a PMMA waveguide and a chemically sensitive polymer. Results show the three-layer model provides higher sensitivity than the four-layer model. Contributions from mass loading and coating viscoelasticity changes to the sensor response are evaluated, taking into account the added mass, swelling, and plasticization. Chemically sensitive polymers are investigated in the detection of low concentrations (1-60 ppm) of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in water. A low-ppb level detection limit is estimated from the present experimental measurements. Sensor properties are investigated by varying the sensor geometries, coating thickness combinations, coating properties, and curing temperature for operation in liquid environments. Partition coefficients for polymer-aqueous analyte pairs are used to explain the observed trend in sensitivity for the polymers PMMA, poly(isobutylene), poly(epichlorohydrin), and poly(ethyl acrylate) used in this work.

3D-profile measurement of advanced semiconductor features by using FIB as reference metrology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takamasu, Kiyoshi; Iwaki, Yuuki; Takahashi, Satoru; Kawada, Hiroki; Ikota, Masami

2017-03-01

A novel method of sub-nanometer uncertainty for the 3D-profile measurement and LWR (Line Width Roughness) measurement by using FIB (Focused Ion Beam) processing, and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) and CD-SEM (Critical Dimension Scanning Electron Microscope) images measurement is proposed to standardize 3D-profile measurement through reference metrology. In this article, we apply the methodology to line profile measurements and roughness measurement of advanced FinFET (Fin-shaped Field-Effect Transistor) features. The FinFET features are horizontally sliced as a thin specimen by FIB micro sampling system. Horizontally images of the specimens are obtained then by a planar TEM. LWR is calculated from the edges positions on TEM images. Moreover, we already have demonstrated the novel on-wafer 3D-profile metrology as "FIB-to-CDSEM method" with FIB slope cut and CD-SEM measuring. Using the method, a few micrometers wide on a wafer is coated and cut by 45-degree slope using FIB tool. Then, the wafer is transferred to CD-SEM to measure the cross section image by top down CD-SEM measurement. We applied FIB-to-CDSEM method to a CMOS image sensor feature. The 45-degree slope cut surface is observed using AFM. The surface profile of slope cut surface and line profiles are analyzed for improving the accuracy of FIB-to-CDSEM method.

Temperature Dependent Rubidium Helium Line Shapes and Fine Structure Mixing Rates

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-01

that uses alkali metal vapor as a gain medium and a buffer gas to control the line shape and kinetics. While these systems were first demonstrated in...noble gas interactions with a high degree of accuracy. The physical parameters of interest here include pressure broadening (γ), pressure shift (δ...optical transitions between the two excited states. This collisional partner is a gas mixture that is pumped into the cell. The gases used range from

Temperature Dependent Rubidium-Helium Line Shapes and Fine Structure Mixing Rates

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-17

that uses alkali metal vapor as a gain medium and a buffer gas to control the line shape and kinetics. While these systems were first demonstrated in...noble gas interactions with a high degree of accuracy. The physical parameters of interest here include pressure broadening (γ), pressure shift (δ...optical transitions between the two excited states. This collisional partner is a gas mixture that is pumped into the cell. The gases used range from

Bov-B-mobilized SINEs in vertebrate genomes.

PubMed

Gogolevsky, Konstantin P; Vassetzky, Nikita S; Kramerov, Dmitri A

2008-01-15

Two new short retroposon families (SINEs) have been found in the genome of springhare Pedetes capensis (Rodentia). One of them, Ped-1, originated from 5S rRNA, while the other one, Ped-2, originated from tRNA-derived SINE ID. In contrast to most currently active mammalian SINEs mobilized by L1 long retrotransposon (LINE), Ped-1 and Ped-2 are mobilized by Bov-B, a LINE family of the widely distributed RTE clade. The 3' part of these SINEs originates from two sequences in the 5' and 3' regions of Bov-B. Such bipartite structure of the LINE-derived part has been revealed in all Bov-B-mobilized SINEs known to date (AfroSINE, Bov-tA, Mar-1, and Ped-1/2), which distinguishes them from other SINEs with only a 3' LINE-derived part. Structural analysis and the distribution of Bov-B LINEs and partner SINEs supports the horizontal transfer of Bov-B, while the SINEs emerged independently in lineages with this LINE.

Process and apparatus for separating fine particles by microbubble flotation together with a process and apparatus for generation of microbubbles

DOEpatents

Yoon, R.H.; Adel, G.T.; Luttrell, G.H.

1991-01-01

A method and apparatus are disclosed for the microbubble flotation separation of very fine particles, especially coal, so as to produce a high purity and large recovery efficiently. This is accomplished through the use of a high aspect ratio flotation column, microbubbles, and a countercurrent use of wash water to gently wash the froth. Also, disclosed are unique processes and apparatus for generating microbubbles for flotation in a high efficient and inexpensive manner using either a porous tube or an in-line static generator. 23 figures.

[Application of stereoscopy on edible birds nest identification].

PubMed

Lin, Jie-Ru; Zhou, Hua; Lai, Xiao-Ping

2006-03-01

To study the feasibility of using stereoscopy in identification on Edible Bird's Nest (EBN). Characteristics of white EBN pieces, red EBN, white fungus pieces and EBN painted with colloid were observed under stereoscopy. EBN pieces could be distinguished from white fungus pieces under stereoscope. The former is semitransparent and has more fine cracks; the latter is opaque and without fine cracks. EBN painted with colloid can be distinguished under stereoscopy too. The characteristics include: (1) the surface lines were not clear; (2) feathers were plastered on the surface. Stereoscopy can be used in identification of EBN, especially in general investigation of commercials.

FAST TRACK COMMUNICATION Accurate estimate of α variation and isotope shift parameters in Na and Mg+

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sahoo, B. K.

2010-12-01

We present accurate calculations of fine-structure constant variation coefficients and isotope shifts in Na and Mg+ using the relativistic coupled-cluster method. In our approach, we are able to discover the roles of various correlation effects explicitly to all orders in these calculations. Most of the results, especially for the excited states, are reported for the first time. It is possible to ascertain suitable anchor and probe lines for the studies of possible variation in the fine-structure constant by using the above results in the considered systems.

Resonance Scattering of Fe XVII X-ray and EUV Lines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bhatia, A. K.; Saba, J. L. R.; Fisher, Richard R. (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

Over the years a number of calculations have been carried out to derive intensities of various X-ray and EUV lines in Fe XVII to compare with observed spectra. The predicted intensities have not agreed with solar observations, particularly for the line at 1.5.02 Angstroms; resonance scattering has been suggested as the source for much of the disagreement. The atomic data calculated earlier used seven configurations having n=3 orbitals and the scattering calculations were carried out only for incident energies above the threshold of the highest fine-structure level. These calculations have now been extended to thirteen configurations having n=4 orbitals and the scattering calculations are carried out below as well as above the threshold of the highest fine structure level. These improved calculations of Fe XVII change the intensity ratios compared to those obtained earlier, bringing the optically thin F(15.02)/F(16.78) ratio and several other ratios closer to the observed values. However, some disagreement with the solar observations still persists, even thought the agreement of the presently calculated optically thin F(15.02)/F(15.26) ratio with the experimental results of Brown et al. (1998) and Laming et al. (2000) has improved. Some of the remaining discrepancy is still thought to be the effect of opacity, which is consistent with expected physical conditions for solar sources. EUV intensity ratios are also calculated and compared with observations. Level populations and intensity ratios are calculated, as a function of column density of Fe XVII, in the slab and cylindrical geometries. As found previously, the predicted intensities for the resonance lines at 15.02 and 15.26 Angstroms exhibit initial increases in flux relative to the forbidden line at 17.10 Angstroms and the resonance line at 16.78 Angstroms as optical thickness increases. The same behavior is predicted for the lines at 12.262 and 12.122 Angstroms. Predicted intensities for some of the allowed EUV lines are also affected by opacity.

Precipitation Kinetics of M23C6 Carbides in the Super304H Austenitic Heat-Resistant Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Qingwen; Ping, Shaobo; Meng, Xiaobo; Wang, Ruikun; Gao, Yan

2017-12-01

The precipitation kinetics of M23C6 carbides in Super304H and TP304H steels were investigated using the selective-etching method, SEM backscattered electron images and Image-Pro-Plus 6.0 software. Precipitation-temperature-time (PTT) diagrams of M23C6 carbides in the as-received Super304H (fine grains), coarsened Super304H (coarse grains) and TP304H (coarse grains) steels all show the typical C-shaped character with nose temperature range from 800 to 850 °C. Compared with the TP304H steel, the same trend is found of the PTT curve of M23C6 carbides for both kinds of Super304H steels, but their start lines move to the right and finish lines to the left. The preferential formation of Nb(C,N) phase at grain boundaries in the Super304H steels inhibited the nucleation of M23C6 carbides in the early stage of precipitation, causing the right shift of the start line of PTT curve. The main reason for the left shift of the finish line of the two Super304H steels was the quicker growing and coarsening rate of M23C6 in the later precipitation stage due to their higher C content than in TP304H. For the difference in PPT curves between the two grain sizes of the Super304H steel, the lower diffusion rate of atoms in the coarse-grained Super304H steel may explain its righter finish line than the fine-grained counterpart, while the reason for its lefter start line is due to the higher solute segregation along coarse-grained boundaries.

Sensory and Postural Input in the Occurrence of a Gender Difference in Orienting Liquid Surfaces

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Robert, Michele; Longpre, Sophie

2005-01-01

In the water-level task, both spatial skill and physical knowledge contribute to representing the surface of a liquid as horizontal irrespective of the container's tilt. Under the standard visual format of the task, men systematically surpass women at drawing correct water lines in outlines of tilted containers. The present exploratory experiments…