46 CFR 185.524 - Fire fighting drills and training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Fire fighting drills and training. 185.524 Section 185... 100 GROSS TONS) OPERATIONS Preparations for Emergencies § 185.524 Fire fighting drills and training. (a) The master shall conduct sufficient fire drills to make sure that each crew member is familiar...

46 CFR 122.524 - Fire fighting drills and training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire fighting drills and training. 122.524 Section 122... Preparations for Emergencies § 122.524 Fire fighting drills and training. (a) The master shall conduct sufficient fire drills to make sure that each crew member is familiar with his or her duties in case of a...

46 CFR 122.524 - Fire fighting drills and training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Fire fighting drills and training. 122.524 Section 122... Preparations for Emergencies § 122.524 Fire fighting drills and training. (a) The master shall conduct sufficient fire drills to make sure that each crew member is familiar with his or her duties in case of a...

46 CFR 122.524 - Fire fighting drills and training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Fire fighting drills and training. 122.524 Section 122... Preparations for Emergencies § 122.524 Fire fighting drills and training. (a) The master shall conduct sufficient fire drills to make sure that each crew member is familiar with his or her duties in case of a...

46 CFR 122.524 - Fire fighting drills and training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Fire fighting drills and training. 122.524 Section 122... Preparations for Emergencies § 122.524 Fire fighting drills and training. (a) The master shall conduct sufficient fire drills to make sure that each crew member is familiar with his or her duties in case of a...

46 CFR 122.524 - Fire fighting drills and training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Fire fighting drills and training. 122.524 Section 122... Preparations for Emergencies § 122.524 Fire fighting drills and training. (a) The master shall conduct sufficient fire drills to make sure that each crew member is familiar with his or her duties in case of a...

No Further Action Decision Under CERCLA, Study Area 31, Moore Army Airfield Fire Fighting Training Area, Fort Devens, Massachusetts

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-01-01

FURTHER ACTION DECISION UNDER CERCLAI STUDY AREA 31 MOORE ARMY AIRFIELD FIRE FIGHTING TRAINING AREA FORT DEVENS , MASSACHUSETFS TABLE OF CONTENTS jSection...Inc. 31DD.DOC 6917.11 111,, NO FURTHER ACTION DECISION UNDER CERCLA I STUDY AREA 31 MOORE ARMY AIRFIELD FIRE FIGHTING TRAINING AREA 3 FORT DEVENS ...Fire Fighting Training Area) at Fort Devens , Massachusetts, have resulted in the decision that no further studies or remediation are required at this

Autonomous UAV-Based Mapping of Large-Scale Urban Firefights

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Snarski, S; Scheibner, K F; Shaw, S

2006-03-09

This paper describes experimental results from a live-fire data collect designed to demonstrate the ability of IR and acoustic sensing systems to detect and map high-volume gunfire events from tactical UAVs. The data collect supports an exploratory study of the FightSight concept in which an autonomous UAV-based sensor exploitation and decision support capability is being proposed to provide dynamic situational awareness for large-scale battalion-level firefights in cluttered urban environments. FightSight integrates IR imagery, acoustic data, and 3D scene context data with prior time information in a multi-level, multi-step probabilistic-based fusion process to reliably locate and map the array of urbanmore » firing events and firepower movements and trends associated with the evolving urban battlefield situation. Described here are sensor results from live-fire experiments involving simultaneous firing of multiple sub/super-sonic weapons (2-AK47, 2-M16, 1 Beretta, 1 Mortar, 1 rocket) with high optical and acoustic clutter at ranges up to 400m. Sensor-shooter-target configurations and clutter were designed to simulate UAV sensing conditions for a high-intensity firefight in an urban environment. Sensor systems evaluated were an IR bullet tracking system by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and an acoustic gunshot detection system by Planning Systems, Inc. (PSI). The results demonstrate convincingly the ability for the LLNL and PSI sensor systems to accurately detect, separate, and localize multiple shooters and the associated shot directions during a high-intensity firefight (77 rounds in 5 sec) in a high acoustic and optical clutter environment with no false alarms. Preliminary fusion processing was also examined that demonstrated an ability to distinguish co-located shooters (shooter density), range to <0.5 m accuracy at 400m, and weapon type.« less

Physiological and Technical-tactical Analysis in Brazilian Jiu-jitsu Competition.

PubMed

Andreato, Leonardo V; Franchini, Emerson; de Moraes, Solange M F; Pastório, Juliana J; da Silva, Danilo F; Esteves, João V D C; Branco, Braulio H M; Romero, Paulo V Ds; Machado, Fabiana A

2013-06-01

The present study aims at investigating the physiological response and technical-tactical parameters in Brazilian jiu-jitsu competition. The study included 35 male Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (adult category, body mass: 80.2 ± 13.0 kg), graded from white to brown belt, during combats fought at regional level. Twenty-two fights were analyzed in terms of technique and time structure. Blood glucose, lactate and maximal isometric grip strength were determined before and after the fights. The rate of perceived exertion was also assessed after the fight, using the 6-20 Borg rating. The fights were recorded and the following variables were determined: the exertion/pause ratio and subjective intensity of actions, categorized between low and high intensity. The results indicated that during Brazilian jiu-jitsu fights, the glycolytic pathway is only moderately activated (lactate before: 4.4 (4.0 - 4.6) mmol/L, after: 10.1 (8.0 - 11.3) mmol/L; glucose before: 112.4 ± 22.3 mg/dL, after: 130.5 ± 31.0 mg/dL). The exertion during the fight resulted in significant reductions in handgrip strength (right hand grip before: 45.9 ± 10.3 kgf, after: 40.1 ± 9.5 kgf; left hand grip before: 44.2 ± 11.1 kgf, after: 37.0 ± 10.2 kgf). The athletes rated the fight as hard: 15 (13 - 15). Effort/pause ratio was 6:1, while high-intensity actions lasted approximately 4 s, resulting in a low/high intensity? ratio of 8:1. It is recommended that coaches direct the training loads to simulate the energy demand imposed by the competitive matches, activating moderately the glycolytic pathway. Moreover, the time structure of combats can be used to prescribe both physical and technical-tactical training.

US Coast Guard lightweight fire-fighting module

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

1980-05-01

The U.S. Coast Guard Fire-fighting Module developed for the purpose of fighting fires in harbors and on ships is described. The module can be lifted by a dockside crane or helicopter and placed on the deck of a patrol boat or cutter for transportation to the scene of the fire. At the fire the module can be set up and put in operation by a crew of two in approximately fifteen minutes. Once in operation the module will deliver water to two fire nozzles at a pressure of 150 psi and a flow rate of 2000 gpm. Sufficient fuel is carried in the module for three hours of continuous operation. A record of the development of the fire fighting module is also presented.

US Coast Guard lightweight fire-fighting module

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1980-01-01

The U.S. Coast Guard Fire-fighting Module developed for the purpose of fighting fires in harbors and on ships is described. The module can be lifted by a dockside crane or helicopter and placed on the deck of a patrol boat or cutter for transportation to the scene of the fire. At the fire the module can be set up and put in operation by a crew of two in approximately fifteen minutes. Once in operation the module will deliver water to two fire nozzles at a pressure of 150 psi and a flow rate of 2000 gpm. Sufficient fuel is carried in the module for three hours of continuous operation. A record of the development of the fire fighting module is also presented.

Efficiencies from Applying a Rotational Equipping Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

Washington, D.C.: United States Government Accountability Office, 2007. NOTES: BFV = Bradley Fighting Vehicle, HEMTT = heavy expanded mobility tactical...of Its Equipment Reset Strategy, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Accountability Office, 2007. NOTES: BFV = Bradley Fighting Vehicle

46 CFR 109.223 - Fire fighting equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire fighting equipment. 109.223 Section 109.223 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS OPERATIONS Tests, Drills, and Inspections § 109.223 Fire fighting equipment. The master or person in charge...

46 CFR 109.223 - Fire fighting equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Fire fighting equipment. 109.223 Section 109.223 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS OPERATIONS Tests, Drills, and Inspections § 109.223 Fire fighting equipment. The master or person in charge...

46 CFR 109.223 - Fire fighting equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Fire fighting equipment. 109.223 Section 109.223 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS OPERATIONS Tests, Drills, and Inspections § 109.223 Fire fighting equipment. The master or person in charge...

46 CFR 109.223 - Fire fighting equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Fire fighting equipment. 109.223 Section 109.223 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS OPERATIONS Tests, Drills, and Inspections § 109.223 Fire fighting equipment. The master or person in charge...

46 CFR 109.223 - Fire fighting equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Fire fighting equipment. 109.223 Section 109.223 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS OPERATIONS Tests, Drills, and Inspections § 109.223 Fire fighting equipment. The master or person in charge...

Firefighter safety: rampant unsafe practices as documented in mainstream media.

PubMed

Kahn, Steven A; Woods, Jason; Sipes, Jan C; Toscano, Nicole; Bell, Derek E

2014-01-01

More than 30,000 firefighters are injured on the fireground each year. Literature suggests that injury often occurs when protective gear is not used properly. According to firefighters, failure to correctly wear protective equipment occurs for several reasons: (1) gear not used because of haste, (2) cumbersome gear can sometimes interfere with performance, and (3) cultural factors. The purpose of this study is to quantify improper gear and tactic use in a publicly available, online video repository in order to better understand unsafe firefighting. This was an Institutional Review Board-exempt study of public video records. A search for "fire fighting videos" was conducted at YouTube (www.youtube.com). The first 50 videos that contained volunteer or career firefighters at work fighting fires were selected evaluated for appropriate use of personal protective equipment and for safe behavior. The videos were evaluated by two highly experienced professional firefighters. Of the 50 videos reviewed, 25 (50%) demonstrated violations of firefighting safety principles. Of the unsafe videos, 21 (42%) displayed firefighters improperly using gear, while the other 4 (8%) were related to unsound tactics. The most common problem was failure to wear or properly secure a self-contained breathing apparatus when appropriate (14 videos or 28%). The second most common failure was lack of helmet, hood, or approved gloves (11 videos or 22%). In conclusion, firefighting as documented on YouTube is often unsafe because of failure to properly use personal protective equipment. Half of the videos reviewed contained unsafe practices. With such a shockingly high rate of unsafe firefighting, the profession is in need of additional education and reform. In response to this epidemic, a multidisciplinary educational program has been developed to improve firefighter awareness of gear limitations and burn injury risk. Effectiveness of educational programs should be documented in additional prospective studies.

14 CFR 91.815 - Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes: Noise operating limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes... RULES Operating Noise Limits § 91.815 Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes: Noise operating limitations. (a) This section applies to propeller-driven, small airplanes having standard airworthiness...

14 CFR 91.815 - Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes: Noise operating limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes... RULES Operating Noise Limits § 91.815 Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes: Noise operating limitations. (a) This section applies to propeller-driven, small airplanes having standard airworthiness...

14 CFR 91.815 - Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes: Noise operating limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes... RULES Operating Noise Limits § 91.815 Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes: Noise operating limitations. (a) This section applies to propeller-driven, small airplanes having standard airworthiness...

14 CFR 91.815 - Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes: Noise operating limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes... RULES Operating Noise Limits § 91.815 Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes: Noise operating limitations. (a) This section applies to propeller-driven, small airplanes having standard airworthiness...

77 FR 70172 - Lifesaving and Fire-Fighting Equipment, Training and Drills Onboard Offshore Facilities and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-23

... Equipment, Training and Drills Onboard Offshore Facilities and Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (MODUs... lifesaving and fire-fighting equipment, training and drills on board offshore facilities and MODUs operating... guidance concerning lifesaving and fire-fighting equipment, training, and drills onboard manned offshore...

Crew size affects fire fighting efficiency: A progress report on time studies of the fire fighting job.

Treesearch

Donald N. Matthews

1940-01-01

Fire fighting is still largely a hand-work job in the heavy cover and fuel conditions and rugged topography of the Douglas fir region, in spite of recent advances that have been made in %he use of machinery. Controlling a fire in this region requires immense amounts of work per unit of fire perimeter, so that large numbers of men are required to attack all but the...

Tactical Firefighter Teams: Pivoting Toward the Fire Service’s Evolving Homeland Security Mission

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-01

critical response command C-TECC Committee on Tactical Emergency Casualty Care EMS emergency medical services EMT emergency medical technician ESU...Interagency Tactical Response Model: Integrating Fire and EMS with Law Enforcement to Mitigate Mumbai-Style Terrorist Attacks (New York: FDNY Center...the assailants, several traditional fire and EMS activities must often occur simultaneously to successfully mitigate the threat. Although rare

Fight tactics in wood ants: individuals in smaller groups fight harder but die faster

PubMed Central

Batchelor, Tim P.; Briffa, Mark

2011-01-01

When social animals engage in inter-group contests, the outcome is determined by group sizes and individual masses, which together determine group resource-holding potential (‘group RHP’). Individuals that perceive themselves as being in a group with high RHP may receive a motivational increase and increase their aggression levels. Alternatively, individuals in lower RHP groups may increase their aggression levels in an attempt to overcome the RHP deficit. We investigate how ‘group RHP’ influences agonistic tactics in red wood ants Formica rufa. Larger groups had higher total agonistic indices, but per capita agonistic indices were highest in the smallest groups, indicating that individuals in smaller groups fought harder. Agonistic indices were influenced by relative mean mass, focal group size, opponent group size and opponent group agonistic index. Focal group attrition rates decreased as focal group relative agonistic indices increased and there was a strong negative influence of relative mean mass. The highest focal attrition rates were received when opponent groups were numerically large and composed of large individuals. Thus, fight tactics in F. rufa seem to vary with both aspects of group RHP, group size and the individual attributes of group members, indicating that information on these are available to fighting ants. PMID:21389029

Physical fitness predicts technical-tactical and time-motion profile in simulated Judo and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu matches.

PubMed

Coswig, Victor S; Gentil, Paulo; Bueno, João C A; Follmer, Bruno; Marques, Vitor A; Del Vecchio, Fabrício B

2018-01-01

Among combat sports, Judo and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) present elevated physical fitness demands from the high-intensity intermittent efforts. However, information regarding how metabolic and neuromuscular physical fitness is associated with technical-tactical performance in Judo and BJJ fights is not available. This study aimed to relate indicators of physical fitness with combat performance variables in Judo and BJJ. The sample consisted of Judo ( n  = 16) and BJJ ( n  = 24) male athletes. At the first meeting, the physical tests were applied and, in the second, simulated fights were performed for later notational analysis. The main findings indicate: (i) high reproducibility of the proposed instrument and protocol used for notational analysis in a mobile device; (ii) differences in the technical-tactical and time-motion patterns between modalities; (iii) performance-related variables are different in Judo and BJJ; and (iv) regression models based on metabolic fitness variables may account for up to 53% of the variances in technical-tactical and/or time-motion variables in Judo and up to 31% in BJJ, whereas neuromuscular fitness models can reach values up to 44 and 73% of prediction in Judo and BJJ, respectively. When all components are combined, they can explain up to 90% of high intensity actions in Judo. In conclusion, performance prediction models in simulated combat indicate that anaerobic, aerobic and neuromuscular fitness variables contribute to explain time-motion variables associated with high intensity and technical-tactical variables in Judo and BJJ fights.

STS-42 crewmembers participate in JSC fire fighting training exercises

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

STS-42 Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, Payload Specialist Ulf D. Merbold (far left), fire fighting trainer (center), Payload Specialist Roberta L. Bondar (holding hose nozzle), and backup Payload Specialist Roger K. Crouch position water hoses in the direction of a blazing fire in JSC's Fire Training Pit. The crewmembers and backup are learning fire extinguishing techniques during fire fighting and fire training exercises held at JSC's Fire Training Pit located across from the Gilruth Center Bldg 207. Merbold is representing the European Space Agency (ESA) and Bondar is representing Canada during the International Microgravity Laboratory 1 (IML-1) mission aboard OV-103.

Decree No. 849/988 of 14 December 1988 setting forth regulations on the prevention and combat of forest fires.

PubMed

1989-01-01

This Uruguayan Decree sets forth regulations on the prevention and fighting of forest fires. Among other things, it does the following: 1) requires all public and private organizations, as well as all persons, to assist personally in and provide vehicles, machines, and tools for the fighting of forest fires; 2) requires the owners of property containing forests to maintain instruction in fighting fires for an adequate number of employees; 3) requires all forests to be kept cleared of vegetation capable of spreading fires and to have fire walls; 4) requires owners of forests larger than 30 hectares in size to present to the Forest Directorate an annual plan for forest fire defense; and 5) requires owners of forests larger than 30 hectares in size to maintain specified equipment for fighting fires. Persons violating the provisions of this Decree are subject to fines.

The implicit rules of combat.

PubMed

Romero, Gorge A; Pham, Michael N; Goetz, Aaron T

2014-12-01

Conspecific violence has been pervasive throughout evolutionary history. The current research tested the hypotheses that individuals implicitly categorize combative contexts (i.e., play fighting, status contests, warfare, and anti-exploitative violence) and use the associated contextual information to guide expectations of combative tactics. Using U.S. and non-U.S. samples, Study 1 demonstrated consistent classification of combative contexts from scenarios for which little information was given and predictable shifts in the acceptability of combative tactics across contexts. Whereas severe tactics (e.g., eye-gouging) were acceptable in warfare and anti-exploitative violence, they were unacceptable in status contests and play fights. These results suggest the existence of implicit rules governing the contexts of combat. In Study 2, we explored the reputational consequences of violating these implicit rules. Results suggest that rule violators (e.g., those who use severe tactics in a status contest) are given less respect. These are the first studies to implicate specialized mechanisms for aggression that use contextual cues of violence to guide expectations and behavior.

Crisis management with applicability on fire fighting plants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Panaitescu, M.; Panaitescu, F. V.; Voicu, I.; Dumitrescu, L. G.

2017-08-01

The paper presents a case study for a crisis management analysis which address to fire fighting plants. The procedures include the steps of FTA (Failure tree analysis). The purpose of the present paper is to describe this crisis management plan with tools of FTA. The crisis management procedures have applicability on anticipated and emergency situations and help to describe and planning a worst-case scenario plan. For this issue must calculate the probabilities in different situations for fire fighting plants. In the conclusions of paper is analised the block diagram with components of fire fighting plant and are presented the solutions for each possible risk situations.

Measuring wildland fire fighter performance with wearable technology.

PubMed

Parker, Richard; Vitalis, Antonios; Walker, Robyn; Riley, David; Pearce, H Grant

2017-03-01

Wildland (rural) fire fighting is a physically demanding and hazardous occupation. An observational study was conducted to explore the use of new technologies for the field study of fire fighters at wildfires and to understand the work pressures of wildland fire fighting. The research was carried out with two fire fighters at real fires wearing microphones, miniature video cameras, heart rate monitors and GPS units to record their actions and location at wildfire events. The fire fighters were exposed to high physiological workloads (heart rates of up to 180 beats per minute) and walked considerable distances at the fires. Results from this study have been used in presentations to fire fighters and non-operational fire personnel to understand the pressures fire fighters are under and how others complete the fire fighting tasks. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Physical fitness predicts technical-tactical and time-motion profile in simulated Judo and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu matches

PubMed Central

Gentil, Paulo; Bueno, João C.A.; Follmer, Bruno; Marques, Vitor A.; Del Vecchio, Fabrício B.

2018-01-01

Background Among combat sports, Judo and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) present elevated physical fitness demands from the high-intensity intermittent efforts. However, information regarding how metabolic and neuromuscular physical fitness is associated with technical-tactical performance in Judo and BJJ fights is not available. This study aimed to relate indicators of physical fitness with combat performance variables in Judo and BJJ. Methods The sample consisted of Judo (n = 16) and BJJ (n = 24) male athletes. At the first meeting, the physical tests were applied and, in the second, simulated fights were performed for later notational analysis. Results The main findings indicate: (i) high reproducibility of the proposed instrument and protocol used for notational analysis in a mobile device; (ii) differences in the technical-tactical and time-motion patterns between modalities; (iii) performance-related variables are different in Judo and BJJ; and (iv) regression models based on metabolic fitness variables may account for up to 53% of the variances in technical-tactical and/or time-motion variables in Judo and up to 31% in BJJ, whereas neuromuscular fitness models can reach values up to 44 and 73% of prediction in Judo and BJJ, respectively. When all components are combined, they can explain up to 90% of high intensity actions in Judo. Discussion In conclusion, performance prediction models in simulated combat indicate that anaerobic, aerobic and neuromuscular fitness variables contribute to explain time-motion variables associated with high intensity and technical-tactical variables in Judo and BJJ fights. PMID:29844991

Physiological and Technical-tactical Analysis in Brazilian Jiu-jitsu Competition

PubMed Central

Andreato, Leonardo V.; Franchini, Emerson; de Moraes, Solange M.F.; Pastório, Juliana J.; da Silva, Danilo F.; Esteves, João V.D.C; Branco, Braulio H.M.; Romero, Paulo V.dS.; Machado, Fabiana A.

2013-01-01

Purpose The present study aims at investigating the physiological response and technical-tactical parameters in Brazilian jiu-jitsu competition. Methods The study included 35 male Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (adult category, body mass: 80.2 ± 13.0 kg), graded from white to brown belt, during combats fought at regional level. Twenty-two fights were analyzed in terms of technique and time structure. Blood glucose, lactate and maximal isometric grip strength were determined before and after the fights. The rate of perceived exertion was also assessed after the fight, using the 6-20 Borg rating. The fights were recorded and the following variables were determined: the exertion/pause ratio and subjective intensity of actions, categorized between low and high intensity. Results The results indicated that during Brazilian jiu-jitsu fights, the glycolytic pathway is only moderately activated (lactate before: 4.4 (4.0 – 4.6) mmol/L, after: 10.1 (8.0 – 11.3) mmol/L; glucose before: 112.4 ± 22.3 mg/dL, after: 130.5 ± 31.0 mg/dL). The exertion during the fight resulted in significant reductions in handgrip strength (right hand grip before: 45.9 ± 10.3 kgf, after: 40.1 ± 9.5 kgf; left hand grip before: 44.2 ± 11.1 kgf, after: 37.0 ± 10.2 kgf). The athletes rated the fight as hard: 15 (13 – 15). Effort/pause ratio was 6:1, while high-intensity actions lasted approximately 4 s, resulting in a low/high intensity? ratio of 8:1. Conclusion It is recommended that coaches direct the training loads to simulate the energy demand imposed by the competitive matches, activating moderately the glycolytic pathway. Moreover, the time structure of combats can be used to prescribe both physical and technical-tactical training. PMID:23802056

Male fighting and "territoriality" within colonies of the ant Cardiocondyla venustula.

PubMed

Frohschammer, Sabine; Heinze, Jürgen

2009-01-01

The ant genus Cardiocondyla is characterized by a bizarre male polymorphism with wingless fighter males and winged disperser males. Winged males have been lost convergently in several clades, and in at least one of them, wingless males have evolved mutual tolerance. To better understand the evolutionary pathways of reproductive tactics, we investigated Cardiocondyla venustula, a species, which in a phylogenetic analysis clusters with species with fighting and species with mutually tolerant, wingless males. Wingless males of C. venustula use their strong mandibles to kill freshly eclosed rival males and also engage in short fights with other adult males, but in addition show a novel behavior hitherto not reported from social insect males: they spread out in the natal nest and defend "territories" against other males. Ant males therefore show a much larger variety of reproductive tactics than previously assumed.

Male fighting and ``territoriality'' within colonies of the ant Cardiocondyla venustula

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Frohschammer, Sabine; Heinze, Jürgen

2009-01-01

The ant genus Cardiocondyla is characterized by a bizarre male polymorphism with wingless fighter males and winged disperser males. Winged males have been lost convergently in several clades, and in at least one of them, wingless males have evolved mutual tolerance. To better understand the evolutionary pathways of reproductive tactics, we investigated Cardiocondyla venustula, a species, which in a phylogenetic analysis clusters with species with fighting and species with mutually tolerant, wingless males. Wingless males of C. venustula use their strong mandibles to kill freshly eclosed rival males and also engage in short fights with other adult males, but in addition show a novel behavior hitherto not reported from social insect males: they spread out in the natal nest and defend “territories” against other males. Ant males therefore show a much larger variety of reproductive tactics than previously assumed.

A WebGIS-based command control system for forest fire fighting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Jianyu; Ming, Dongping; Zhang, Xiaodong; Huang, Haitao

2006-10-01

Forest is a finite resource and fire prevention is crucial work. However, once a forest fire or accident occurs, timely and effective fire-fighting is the only necessary measure. The aim of this research is to build a computerized command control system based on WEBGIS to direct fire-fighting. Firstly, this paper introduces the total technique flow and functional modules of the system. Secondly, this paper analyses the key techniques for building the system, and they are data obtaining, data organizing & management, architecture of WebGIS and sharing & interoperation technique. In the end, this paper demonstrates the on line martial symbol editing function to show the running result of system. The practical application of this system showed that it played very important role in the forest fire fighting work. In addition, this paper proposes some strategic recommendations for the further development of the system.

STS-30 crewmembers participate in fire fighting training at JSC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1989-01-01

STS-30 Atlantis, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104, crewmembers participate in fire fighting training at JSC's fire training pit across from the Gilruth Center Bldg 207. Commander David M. Walker and Pilot Ronald J. Grabe use fire extinguishers to control blaze. Fire / security staff member Robert Fife coaches the two crewmembers during the training exercise.

STS-47 crew participates in fire fighting exercises at JSC Fire Training Pit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1992-01-01

STS-47 Endeavour, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 105, Mission Specialist (MS) N. Jan Davis (foreground) and MS and Payload Commander (PLC) Mark C. Lee, squinting and holding water hose, listen to instructions prior to participating in fire fighting exercises held at JSC's Fire Training Pit across from Gilruth Center Bldg 207.

STS-48 crew participates in JSC fire fighting and fire training exercises

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

In this overall view, STS-48 crewmembers approach a firey blaze armed with water hoses. Left to right are Mission Specialist (MS) Charles D. Gemar, Pilot Kenneth S. Reightler, Jr, an unidentified fire department Official, MS Mark N. Brown, and Commander John O. Creighton. These fire fighting and fire training exercises were conducted at JSC's Fire Training Pit located across from the Gilruth Center Bldg 207.

STS-48 crew participates in JSC fire fighting and fire training exercises

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

STS-48 Mission Specialist (MS) Charles D. Gemar opens water hose nozzle as he approaches a fire blazing in JSC's Fire Training Pit during fire fighting and fire training exercises. Pilot Kenneth S. Reightler, Jr steadies the hose behind Gemar. At Gemars right is an unidentified fire department Official, MS Mark N. Brown, and Commander John O. Creighton. Brown and Crieghton are obscured by the water spray. The Fire Training Pit is located across from the Gilruth Center Bldg 207.

NASA helicopter helps fight fire at KSC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A NASA helicopter takes off to bring water to fight a small fire on Kennedy Space Center grounds. The site is between Kennedy Parkway North and the Indian River. The fire is one of many throughout Central Florida, which is suffering from drought.

An assessment of air quality impacts of fires associated with fire fighting operations.

PubMed

Leahey, D M; Hansen, M C; Schroeder, M B

1993-03-01

Fire fighters in Canada's navy must undergo regular training with fires from simulated helicopter crashes. Visible emissions from these fires often create health concerns in surrounding communities. This paper presents air quality implications of plume dispersion associated with "helicopter fires." Evaluations involved measuring plume rise, estimating emissions, dispersion modeling and ambient monitoring. Results of the evaluation provided ground-level concentration estimates of plume particulate matter, oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen fluoride, carbon monoxide, 22 metals, 15 PAH and 13 VOC. The study showed that the air quality impact of the fire fighting training is much lower than the relevant time-weighted averages established to protect workers' health. This paper will be of interest to people in environmental protection agencies because it demonstrates the effects of fire fighting operations that must frequently occur as part of training exercises.

Fire fighting aboard ships. Volume 1: Hazard analysis and behavior of combustible materials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stavitskiy, M.G.; Kortunov, M.F.; Sidoryuk, V.M.

1983-01-01

The volume zeros in on fire hazards on ships afloat or under construction/repair. It examines fire hazards peculiar to ships carrying particular cargoes, such as dry-cargo ships, tankers, and factory and fishing vessels. This volume examines specific features of fire-fighting equipment, along with the thermal behavior of materials used in shipbuilding.

Training Effectiveness Evaluation (TEE) of the Advanced Fire Fighting Training System. Focus on the Trained Person.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cordell, Curtis C.; And Others

A training effectiveness evaluation of the Navy Advanced Fire Fighting Training System was conducted. This system incorporates simulated fires as well as curriculum materials and instruction. The fires are non-pollutant, computer controlled, and installed in a simulated shipboard environment. Two teams of 15 to 16 persons, with varying amounts of…

NASA helicopter helps fight brush fire at KSC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A NASA helicopter flies over fire-fighting equipment and personnel in order to drop its load of water on a wildfire at KSC. Before being extinguished, the fire burned about 20 acres at a site near gate 2C on Kennedy Parkway North (route 3).

NASA helicopter helps fight brush fire at KSC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A NASA helicopter dips its fire-fighting bucket into the river to pick up and deliver a cargo of water to a wildfire at KSC. Before being extinguished, the fire burned about 20 acres at a site near gate 2C on Kennedy Parkway North (route 3).

Cascading effects of fire exclusion in the Rocky Mountain ecosystems: a literature review

Treesearch

Robert E. Keane; Kevin C. Ryan; Tom T. Veblen; Craig D. Allen; Jessie Logan; Brad Hawkes

2002-01-01

The health of many Rocky Mountain ecosystems is in decline because of the policy of excluding fire in the management of these ecosystems. Fire exclusion has actually made it more difficult to fight fires, and this poses greater risks to the people who fight fires and for those who live in and around Rocky Mountain forests and rangelands. This paper discusses the extent...

Light, Compact Pumper for Harbor Fires

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burns, R. A.

1983-01-01

Report describes development of new transportable water-pumping unit for fire-fighting. Compact, self-contained unit provides fire protection at coastal and inland ports and is lighter than standard firetruck pumper of same capacity. Used to fight fires in harbors, cities, forests, refineries, chemical plants, and offshore drilling platforms. Other possible applications include cleaning up oilspills, pumping out ships, and flood control pumping.

STS-48 crew participates in JSC fire fighting and fire training exercises

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

STS-48 Pilot Kenneth S. Reightler, Jr directs water hose nozzle as Mission Specialist (MS) Charles D. Gemar pulls the hose toward the blaze. In the background, an unidentified fire department Official instructs Commander John O. Creighton and MS Mark N. Brown (wearing cap), manning a second hose, on how to approach the blaze. These fire fighting and fire training exercises were conducted at JSC's Fire Training Pit located across from the Gilruth Center Bldg 207.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The anti-coal lobby has mounted a highly successful campaign that has brought the permitting, financing, and construction of new conventional coal-fired plants to a virtual halt. But the coal lobby is not yet ready to concede defeat. With powerful constituents in coal-mining and coal-burning states and influential utilities, mining companies, and railroads, it continues to fight for its survival using any and all gimmicks and scare tactics in the book. The battle is being waged in courtrooms, public forums, media campaigns, and especially in Congress. The problem with the coal lobby is that it refuses to admit that coal combustionmore » to generate electricity is among the chief sources of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions; unless they address this issue honestly, effectively, and immediately, their efforts are going to win few converts in the courts of law or public opinion.« less

STS-30 crewmembers participate in fire fighting training at JSC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1989-01-01

STS-30 Atlantis, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104, crewmembers participate in fire fighting training at JSC's fire training pit across from the Gilruth Center Bldg 207. Crewmembers listen to hose and nozzle instructions given by fire / security staff member Robert Fife. Left to right Commander David M. Walker (holding hose nozzle), Mission Specialist (MS) Mark C. Lee, MS Mary L. Cleave, Pilot Ronald J. Grabe, and MS Norman E. Thagard.

Fire Fighting from High Altitude

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cobleigh, Brent; Ambrosia, Vince

2007-01-01

A viewgraph presentation on high altitude fire fighting is shown. The topics include: 1) Yellowstone Fire - 1988; 2) 2006 Western States Fire Mission Over-View; 3) AMS-Wildfire Scanner; 4) October 24-25 Mission: Yosemite NP and NF; 5) October 24-25 Mission MODIS Overpass; 6) October 24-25 Mission Highlights; 7) October 28-29 Mission Esperanza Fire, California; 8) Response to the Esperanza Fire in Southern California -- Timeline Oct 27-29 2006; 9) October 28-29 Mission Esperanza Fire Altair Flight Routing; 10) October 28-29 Mission Esperanza Fire Altair Over-Flights; 11) October 28-29 Mission Highlights; 12) Results from the Esperanza Fire Response; 13) 2007 Western States Fire Mission; and 14) Western States UAS Fire Mission 2007

14 CFR 121.106 - ETOPS Alternate Airport: Rescue and fire fighting service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false ETOPS Alternate Airport: Rescue and fire... and Flag Operations § 121.106 ETOPS Alternate Airport: Rescue and fire fighting service. (a) Except as... available at each airport listed as an ETOPS Alternate Airport in a dispatch or flight release. (1) For...

14 CFR 121.106 - ETOPS Alternate Airport: Rescue and fire fighting service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false ETOPS Alternate Airport: Rescue and fire... and Flag Operations § 121.106 ETOPS Alternate Airport: Rescue and fire fighting service. (a) Except as... available at each airport listed as an ETOPS Alternate Airport in a dispatch or flight release. (1) For...

14 CFR 121.106 - ETOPS Alternate Airport: Rescue and fire fighting service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false ETOPS Alternate Airport: Rescue and fire... and Flag Operations § 121.106 ETOPS Alternate Airport: Rescue and fire fighting service. (a) Except as... available at each airport listed as an ETOPS Alternate Airport in a dispatch or flight release. (1) For...

Biodegradability of fluorinated fire-fighting foams in water.

PubMed

Bourgeois, A; Bergendahl, J; Rangwala, A

2015-07-01

Fluorinated fire-fighting foams may be released into the environment during fire-fighting activities, raising concerns due to the potential environmental and health impacts for some fluorinated organics. The current study investigated (1) the biodegradability of three fluorinated fire-fighting foams, and (2) the applicability of current standard measures used to assess biodegradability of fluorinated fire-fighting foams. The biodegradability of three fluorinated fire-fighting foams was evaluated using a 28-day dissolved organic carbon (DOC) Die-Away Test. It was found that all three materials, diluted in water, achieved 77-96% biodegradability, meeting the criteria for "ready biodegradability". Defluorination of the fluorinated organics in the foam during biodegradation was measured using ion chromatography. It was found that the fluorine liberated was 1-2 orders of magnitude less than the estimated initial amount, indicating incomplete degradation of fluorinated organics, and incomplete CF bond breakage. Published biodegradability data may utilize biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC) metrics to quantify organics. COD and TOC of four fluorinated compounds were measured and compared to the calculated carbon content or theoretical oxygen demand. It was found that the standard dichromate-based COD test did not provide an accurate measure of fluorinated organic content. Thus published biodegradability data using COD for fluorinated organics quantification must be critically evaluated for validity. The TOC measurements correlated to an average of 91% of carbon content for the four fluorinated test substances, and TOC is recommended for use as an analytical parameter in fluorinated organics biodegradability tests. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

STS-29 crewmembers participate in fire fighting training at JSC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1988-01-01

STS-29 Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, crewmembers participate in fire fighting training at JSC's fire training pit across from the Gilruth Center Bldg 207. Mission Specialist (MS) Robert C. Springer (left) and Pilot John E. Blaha, controlling water hose nozzles, approach the blaze and attempt to extinguish it. They are followed by fire / security staff member Robert Fife (between hoses), Commander Michael L. Coats (left), and MS James P. Bagian.

Underground Coal-Fires in Xinjiang, China: A Continued Effort in Applying Geophysics to Solve a Local Problem and to Mitigate a Global Hazard

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wuttke, M. W.; Halisch, M.; Tanner, D. C.; Cai, Z. Y.; Zeng, Q.; Wang, C.

2012-04-01

Spontaneous uncontrolled coal seam fires are a well known phenomenon that causes severe environmental problems and severe impact on natural coal reserves. Coal fires are a worldwide phenomenon, but in particular in Xinjiang, that covers 17.3 % of Chinas area and hosts approx 42 % of its coal resources. In Xinjiang since more than 50 years a rigorous strategy for fire fighting on local and regional scale is persued. The Xinjiang Coalfield Fire Fighting Bureau (FFB) has developed technologies and methods to deal with any known fire. Many fires have been extinguished already, but the problem is still there if not even growing. This problem is not only a problem for China due to the loss of valuable energy resources, but it is also a worldwide threat because of the generation of substantial amounts of greenhouse gases. Through the FFB, China is struggling to overcome this, but the activities could be much enhanced by the continuation of the already successful conjoint operations. The last ten years have seen two successful cooperative projects between China and Germany on the field of coal-fire fighting, namely the German Technical Cooperation Project on Coal Fire in Xinjiang and the Sino-German Coal Fire Research Initiative funded by the corresponding ministeries of both countries. A persistent task in the fire fighting is the identification and supervision of areas with higher risks for the ignition of coal fires, the exploration of already ignited fire zones to extinguish the fires and the monitoring of extinguished fires to detect as early as possible process that may foster re-ignition. This can be achieved by modeling both the structures and the processes that are involved. This has also been a promising part of the past cooperation projects, yet to be transformed into a standard application of fire fighting procedures. In this contribution we describe the plans for a new conjoint project between China and Germany where on the basis of field investigations and laboratory measurements realistic dynamical models of fire-zones are constructed to increase the understanding of particular coal-fires, to interpret the surface signatures of the coal-fire in terms of location and propagation and to estimate the output of hazardous exhaust products to evaluate the economic benefit of fire extinction.

Physiological responses to fire fighting activities.

PubMed

Romet, T T; Frim, J

1987-01-01

Eight professional fire fighters participated in six fire fighting scenarios at a training facility. Data on heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (Tre), and skin temperatures at the chest and thigh were collected using a portable data acquisition system. Average HR ranged from 122 to 151 beats.min-1 during the six scenarios. Detailed analyses indicated that HR and Tre increases are related to both the physical and environmental stresses of the various activities carried out. The most demanding activity, that of building search and victim rescue, resulted in an average HR of 153 beats.min-1 and Tre rise of 1.3 degree C, while the least demanding activity, that of the crew captain who directs the fire fighting, resulted in an average HR of only 122 beats.min-1 and a Tre rise of only 0.3 degree C. This study shows that fire fighting is strenuous work for those directly entering a building and performing related duties, but that the physical demands of other activities are considerably less. The results further suggest that heat strain injuries in fire fighters could perhaps be reduced by rotating duties frequently with other crew members performing less stressful work.

Results of field testing with the FightSight infrared-based projectile tracking and weapon-fire characterization technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Snarski, Steve; Menozzi, Alberico; Sherrill, Todd; Volpe, Chris; Wille, Mark

2010-04-01

This paper describes experimental results from recent live-fire data collects that demonstrate the capability of a prototype system for projectile detection and tracking. This system, which is being developed at Applied Research Associates, Inc., under the FightSight program, consists of a high-speed thermal camera and sophisticated image processing algorithms to detect and track projectiles. The FightSight operational vision is automated situational intelligence to detect, track, and graphically map large-scale firefights and individual shooting events onto command and control (C2) systems in real time (shot location and direction, weapon ID, movements and trends). Gaining information on enemy-fire trajectories allows educated inferences on the enemy's intent, disposition, and strength. Our prototype projectile detection and tracking system has been tested at the Joint Readiness Training Center (Ft Polk, LA) during live-fire convoy and mortar registration exercises, in the summer of 2009. It was also tested during staged military-operations- on-urban-terrain (MOUT) firefight events at Aberdeen Test Center (Aberdeen, MD) under the Hostile Fire Defeat Army Technology Objective midterm experiment, also in the summer of 2009, where we introduced fusion with acoustic and EO sensors to provide 3D localization and near-real time display of firing events. Results are presented in this paper that demonstrate effective and accurate detection and localization of weapon fire (5.56mm, 7.62mm, .50cal, 81/120mm mortars, 40mm) in diverse and challenging environments (dust, heat, day and night, rain, arid open terrain, urban clutter). FightSight's operational capabilities demonstrated under these live-fire data collects can support closecombat scenarios. As development continues, FightSight will be able to feed C2 systems with a symbolic map of enemy actions.

STS-32 crewmembers use water hoses during fire fighting training at JSC

NASA Image and Video Library

1989-09-22

STS-32 crewmembers use water hoses during fire fighting exercises at JSC's Fire Training Pit across from the Gilruth Center Bldg 207. Mission Specialist (MS) G. David Low with nozzle open directs water into the fire as fire/ security personnel coaches and instructs him on his attempt to extinguish the blaze. MS Bonnie J. Dunbar maneuvers the hose behind Low. A second group of crewmembers alongside Low and Dunbar, MS Marsha S. Ivins, holding hose nozzle, Commander Daniel C. Brandenstein, and Pilot James D. Wetherbee position themselves before opening hose nozzle.

STS-32 crewmembers use water hoses during fire fighting training at JSC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1989-01-01

STS-32 crewmembers use water hoses during fire fighting exercises at JSC's Fire Training Pit across from the Gilruth Center Bldg 207. Mission Specialist (MS) G. David Low with nozzle open directs water into the fire as fire/ security personnel coaches and instructs him on his attempt to extinguish the blaze. MS Bonnie J. Dunbar maneuvers the hose behind Low. A second group of crewmembers alongside Low and Dunbar, MS Marsha S. Ivins, holding hose nozzle, Commander Daniel C. Brandenstein, and Pilot James D. Wetherbee position themselves before opening hose nozzle.

An empirical test of Lanchester's square law: mortality during battles of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta

PubMed Central

Plowes, Nicola J.R; Adams, Eldridge S

2005-01-01

Lanchester's models of attrition describe casualty rates during battles between groups as functions of the numbers of individuals and their fighting abilities. Originally developed to describe human warfare, Lanchester's square law has been hypothesized to apply broadly to social animals as well, with important consequences for their aggressive behaviour and social structure. According to the square law, the fighting ability of a group is proportional to the square of the number of individuals, but rises only linearly with fighting ability of individuals within the group. By analyzing mortality rates of fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) fighting in different numerical ratios, we provide the first quantitative test of Lanchester's model for a non-human animal. Casualty rates of fire ants were not consistent with the square law; instead, group fighting ability was an approximately linear function of group size. This implies that the relative numbers of casualties incurred by two fighting groups are not strongly affected by relative group sizes and that battles do not disproportionately favour group size over individual prowess. PMID:16096093

Using Space Technologies for a timely detection of forest fires: the experience of end-users in 3 Italian Regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Filizzola, Carolina; Belloni, Antonella; Benigno, Giuseppe; Biancardi, Alberto; Corrado, Rosita; Coviello, Irina; De Costanzo, Giovanni; Genzano, Nicola; Lacava, Teodosio; Lisi, Mariano; Marchese, Francesco; Mazzeo, Giuseppe; Merzagora, Cinzio; Paciello, Rossana; Pergola, Nicola; Sannazzaro, Filomena; Serio, Salvatore; Tramutoli, Valerio

2013-04-01

Every year, hundreds of thousands of hectares of European forests are destroyed by fires. Due to the particular topography, landscape and demographic distribution in Europe (very different from typical scenarios of China, USA, Canada and Australia), rapidity in fire sighting is still the determining factor in limiting damages to people and goods. Moreover, the possibility of early fire detection means also potentially to reduce the size of the event to be faced, the necessary fire fighting resources and, therefore, even the reaction times. In such a context, integration of satellite technologies (mainly high temporal resolution data) and traditional surveillance systems within the fire fighting procedures seems to positively impact on the effectiveness of active fire fighting as demonstrated by recent experiences over Italian territory jointly performed by University of Basilicata, IMAA-CNR and Local Authorities. Real time implementation was performed since 2007, during fire seasons, over several Italian regions with different fire regimes and features, in order to assess the actual potential of different satellite-based fire detection products to support regional and local authorities in efficiently fighting fires and better mitigating their negative effects. Real-time campaigns were carried out in strict collaboration with end-users within the framework of specific projects (i.e. the AVVISA, AVVISTA and AVVISA-Basilicata projects) funded by Civil Protection offices of Regione Lombardia, Provincia Regionale di Palermo and Regione Basilicata in charge of fire risk management and mitigation. A tailored training program was dedicated to the personnel of Regional Civil Protection offices in order to ensure the full understanding and the better integration of satellite based products and tools within the existing fire fighting protocols. In this work, outcomes of these practices are shown and discussed, especially highlighting the impact that a real time satellite system may have in assisting and complementing traditional surveillance systems to mitigate damages due to fires. In particular, the usefulness of satellite technology in an operational context was demonstrated mainly in reference to: i) the possibility of identifying fires at an early stage (so avoiding that small hotbeds could extend and become dangerous for citizens and destructive for environmental protected areas) as well as ii) the possibility to have an effective territorial control (e.g. discovering illegal burning fires such as unauthorized cleaning fires, and permitting local authorities to rapidly intervene and catch red-handed pyromaniacs).

14 CFR 91.815 - Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes: Noise operating limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...: Noise operating limitations. 91.815 Section 91.815 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... RULES Operating Noise Limits § 91.815 Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes: Noise operating limitations. (a) This section applies to propeller-driven, small airplanes having standard airworthiness...

Numerical modelling of the work of a pulsed aerosol system for fire fighting at the ignitions of liquid hydrocarbon fuels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rychkov, A. D.

2009-06-01

The work of a pulsed aerosol system for fire fighting is modelled, which is designed for fire fighting at oil storages and at the spills of oil products, whose vapors were modelled by gaseous methane. The system represents a device for separate installation, which consists of a charge of solid propellant (the gas generator) and a container with fine-dispersed powder of the flame-damper substance. The methane combustion was described by a one-stage gross-reaction, the influence of the concentration of vapors of the flame-damper substance on the combustion process was taken into account by reducing the pre-exponent factor in the Arrhenius law and was described by an empirical dependence. The computational experiment showed that the application of the pulsed aerosol system for fire fighting ensures an efficient transport of fine-dispersed aerosol particles of the flame-damping substance and its forming vapors to the combustion zone; the concentration of particles ensures the damping of the heat source.

Measuring What Right Looks Like: A System in Developing Metrics for Tactical Level Units

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

matters in order to facilitate political outcomes in their OE. The metrics must meet the four previous requirements. The capabilities of the average...experiences offered few useful perspectives. Occupying terrain no longer indicated military success. The political context of fighting an insurgency...but might also mean the insurgents were so established politically they no longer needed to fight.”122 David Kilcullen supports this idea

Evaluation of a wearable physiological status monitor during simulated fire fighting activities.

PubMed

Smith, Denise L; Haller, Jeannie M; Dolezal, Brett A; Cooper, Christopher B; Fehling, Patricia C

2014-01-01

A physiological status monitor (PSM) has been embedded in a fire-resistant shirt. The purpose of this research study was to examine the ability of the PSM-shirt to accurately detect heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) when worn under structural fire fighting personal protective equipment (PPE) during the performance of various activities relevant to fire fighting. Eleven healthy, college-aged men completed three activities (walking, searching/crawling, and ascending/descending stairs) that are routinely performed during fire fighting operations while wearing the PSM-shirt under structural fire fighting PPE. Heart rate and RR recorded by the PSM-shirt were compared to criterion values measured concurrently with an ECG and portable metabolic measurement system, respectively. For all activities combined (overall) and for each activity, small differences were found between the PSM-shirt and ECG (mean difference [95% CI]: overall: -0.4 beats/min [-0.8, -0.1]; treadmill: -0.4 beats/min [-0.7, -0.1]; search: -1.7 beats/min [-3.1, -.04]; stairs: 0.4 beats/min [0.04, 0.7]). Standard error of the estimate was 3.5 beats/min for all tasks combined and 1.9, 5.9, and 1.9 beats/min for the treadmill walk, search, and stair ascent/descent, respectively. Correlations between the PSM-shirt and criterion heart rates were high (r = 0.95 to r = 0.99). The mean difference between RR recorded by the PSM-shirt and criterion overall was 1.1 breaths/min (95% CI: -1.9 to -0.4). The standard error of the estimate for RR ranged from 4.2 breaths/min (treadmill) to 8.2 breaths/min (search), with an overall value of 6.2 breaths/min. These findings suggest that the PSM-shirt provides valid measures of HR and useful approximations of RR when worn during fire fighting duties.

Emergency Management Computer-Aided Trainer (EMCAT)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rodriguez, R. C.; Johnson, R. P.

1986-01-01

The Emergency Management Computer-Aided Trainer (EMCAT) developed by Essex Corporation or NASA and the Federal Emergency Management Administration's (FEMA) National Fire Academy (NFA) is described. It is a computer based training system for fire fighting personnel. A prototype EMCAT system was developed by NASA first using video tape images and then video disk images when the technology became available. The EMCAT system is meant to fill the training needs of the fire fighting community with affordable state-of-the-art technologies. An automated real time simulation of the fire situation was needed to replace the outdated manual training methods currently being used. In order to be successful, this simulator had to provide realism, be user friendly, be affordable, and support multiple scenarios. The EMCAT system meets these requirements and therefore represents an innovative training tool, not only for the fire fighting community, but also for the needs of other disciplines.

Capability Portfolio Analysis Tool (CPAT) Verification and Validation Report

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

BFSB Battlefield Surveillance Brigade BFV Bradley Fighting Vehicle BMOD Bradley Modernization C2 (H) Command and Control (HBCT) C2 (S...Fire Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV); Fire Integrated Support Team (FIST); Engineer (Eng); Cavalry (CAV) BFV FOV CDD Block II - 16 Apr 2010 GCV FOV

14 CFR 36.1583 - Noncomplying agricultural and fire fighting airplanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... airplanes. 36.1583 Section 36.1583 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... Limitations and Information § 36.1583 Noncomplying agricultural and fire fighting airplanes. (a) This section applies to propeller-driven, small airplanes that— (1) Are designed for “agricultural aircraft operations...

14 CFR 36.1583 - Noncomplying agricultural and fire fighting airplanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... airplanes. 36.1583 Section 36.1583 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... Limitations and Information § 36.1583 Noncomplying agricultural and fire fighting airplanes. (a) This section applies to propeller-driven, small airplanes that— (1) Are designed for “agricultural aircraft operations...

14 CFR 36.1583 - Noncomplying agricultural and fire fighting airplanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... airplanes. 36.1583 Section 36.1583 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... Limitations and Information § 36.1583 Noncomplying agricultural and fire fighting airplanes. (a) This section applies to propeller-driven, small airplanes that— (1) Are designed for “agricultural aircraft operations...

14 CFR 36.1583 - Noncomplying agricultural and fire fighting airplanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... airplanes. 36.1583 Section 36.1583 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... Limitations and Information § 36.1583 Noncomplying agricultural and fire fighting airplanes. (a) This section applies to propeller-driven, small airplanes that— (1) Are designed for “agricultural aircraft operations...

14 CFR 36.1583 - Noncomplying agricultural and fire fighting airplanes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... airplanes. 36.1583 Section 36.1583 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... Limitations and Information § 36.1583 Noncomplying agricultural and fire fighting airplanes. (a) This section applies to propeller-driven, small airplanes that— (1) Are designed for “agricultural aircraft operations...

STS-42 crewmembers participate in JSC fire fighting training exercises

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

STS-42 Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, Mission Specialist (MS) Norman E. Thagard, holding hose nozzle, is followed by Payload Specialist Ulf D. Merbold and backup Payload Specialist Kenneth Money as the team positions the water hose in the direction of a blazing fire at JSC's Fire Training Pit. A second team of crewmembers, manning another hose, forms a line parallel to the first. The crewmembers and backups are learning fire extinguishing techniques during fire fighting and fire training exercises held at JSC's Fire Training Pit located across from the Gilruth Center Bldg 207. Merbold is representing the European Space Agency (ESA) during the International Microgravity Laboratory 1 (IML-1) mission aboard OV-103.

Evaluation of three percent Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) concentrates as fire fighting agents

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jablonski, E. J.

1981-04-01

A large-scale fire test program involving 20,000-square foot JP-4 fuel fires was conducted to evaluate the fire suppression effectiveness and compatibility of 3 percent Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) agents in Air Force fire fighting vehicles. Three commercially available 3 percent AFFF concentrates were tested in accordance with military specification MIL-F-24385B. Test results are summarized in Appendix A. As a result of these tests, an updated Revision C to this MIL SPEC has been accomplished with new requirements for both 3 percent and 6 percent AFFF extinguishing agents.

78 FR 33074 - Army Science Board Summer Study Session

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-03

... ethical dimensions. Planning for Climate Change study 2013--This study considers the most likely climate change scenarios and assesses how the changes might change the way the Army fights, not just tactically...

Schools for Strategy: Teaching Strategy for 21st Century Conflict

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-11-01

To illustrate, if for now your army cannot win decisive success by fighting (tactically), you are obliged to adopt a long-haul strategy guided by a...sense,” but also who could fight their commands successfully in battle through the competent exercise of real- and near-real- time leadership.27 In...should always be recognition that ultimately it must be a practical, not a scholarly, pursuit. Education in strategy for potentially designated

29 CFR 1910.159 - Automatic sprinkler systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... supply is out of service, except for systems of 20 or fewer sprinklers. (5) Hose connections for fire fighting use. The employer may attach hose connections for fire fighting use to wet pipe sprinkler systems... 29 Labor 5 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Automatic sprinkler systems. 1910.159 Section 1910.159...

29 CFR 1910.159 - Automatic sprinkler systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... supply is out of service, except for systems of 20 or fewer sprinklers. (5) Hose connections for fire fighting use. The employer may attach hose connections for fire fighting use to wet pipe sprinkler systems... 29 Labor 5 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Automatic sprinkler systems. 1910.159 Section 1910.159...

29 CFR 1910.159 - Automatic sprinkler systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... supply is out of service, except for systems of 20 or fewer sprinklers. (5) Hose connections for fire fighting use. The employer may attach hose connections for fire fighting use to wet pipe sprinkler systems... 29 Labor 5 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Automatic sprinkler systems. 1910.159 Section 1910.159...

29 CFR 1910.159 - Automatic sprinkler systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... supply is out of service, except for systems of 20 or fewer sprinklers. (5) Hose connections for fire fighting use. The employer may attach hose connections for fire fighting use to wet pipe sprinkler systems... 29 Labor 5 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Automatic sprinkler systems. 1910.159 Section 1910.159...

29 CFR 1910.159 - Automatic sprinkler systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... supply is out of service, except for systems of 20 or fewer sprinklers. (5) Hose connections for fire fighting use. The employer may attach hose connections for fire fighting use to wet pipe sprinkler systems... 29 Labor 5 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Automatic sprinkler systems. 1910.159 Section 1910.159...

Indicator Systems for School and Teacher Evaluation: Fire-Fighting It Is!

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fitz-Gibbon, C. T.

In 1979, Gene Glass suggested that it might not be possible to evaluate schools nor to create widely applicable research findings, but that the complexity of education was such that merely "fire-fighting," establishing monitoring systems to alert about educational events, was the best approach. In the United Kingdom, monitoring systems…

Three-dimensional tracking for efficient fire fighting in complex situations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Akhloufi, Moulay; Rossi, Lucile

2009-05-01

Each year, hundred millions hectares of forests burn causing human and economic losses. For efficient fire fighting, the personnel in the ground need tools permitting the prediction of fire front propagation. In this work, we present a new technique for automatically tracking fire spread in three-dimensional space. The proposed approach uses a stereo system to extract a 3D shape from fire images. A new segmentation technique is proposed and permits the extraction of fire regions in complex unstructured scenes. It works in the visible spectrum and combines information extracted from YUV and RGB color spaces. Unlike other techniques, our algorithm does not require previous knowledge about the scene. The resulting fire regions are classified into different homogenous zones using clustering techniques. Contours are then extracted and a feature detection algorithm is used to detect interest points like local maxima and corners. Extracted points from stereo images are then used to compute the 3D shape of the fire front. The resulting data permits to build the fire volume. The final model is used to compute important spatial and temporal fire characteristics like: spread dynamics, local orientation, heading direction, etc. Tests conducted on the ground show the efficiency of the proposed scheme. This scheme is being integrated with a fire spread mathematical model in order to predict and anticipate the fire behaviour during fire fighting. Also of interest to fire-fighters, is the proposed automatic segmentation technique that can be used in early detection of fire in complex scenes.

Tactical Considerations for the Defensive Employment of Light Infantry in Korea.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-12-02

improved for the battle under 300 meters; units down to the lowest level should he organized with the assets with which they must fight. Tactical...for the battle under 300 meters; * nits down to the lowest level should be organized with the assets with which they must fLTht. Tacticql conclusions...finally culminated near Chipyong-Ni on 14 February 1951. The UN then conducted a counteroffensive and Seoul was once again under South Korean control on

Fight Fire Without Fire Fighters!

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Peacock, Richard D.

1977-01-01

There is a role for the classroom teacher in teaching fire safety. Discusses the inadequacies of present fire prevention programs and provides ten specific steps teachers can take to avoid suffering and death from fire. (Author/RK)

Thermal response to firefighting activities in residential structure fires: impact of job assignment and suppression tactic.

PubMed

Horn, Gavin P; Kesler, Richard M; Kerber, Steve; Fent, Kenneth W; Schroeder, Tad J; Scott, William S; Fehling, Patricia C; Fernhall, Bo; Smith, Denise L

2018-03-01

Firefighters' thermal burden is generally attributed to high heat loads from the fire and metabolic heat generation, which may vary between job assignments and suppression tactic employed. Utilising a full-sized residential structure, firefighters were deployed in six job assignments utilising two attack tactics (1. Water applied from the interior, or 2. Exterior water application before transitioning to the interior). Environmental temperatures decreased after water application, but more rapidly with transitional attack. Local ambient temperatures for inside operation firefighters were higher than other positions (average ~10-30 °C). Rapid elevations in skin temperature were found for all job assignments other than outside command. Neck skin temperatures for inside attack firefighters were ~0.5 °C lower when the transitional tactic was employed. Significantly higher core temperatures were measured for the outside ventilation and overhaul positions than the inside positions (~0.6-0.9 °C). Firefighters working at all fireground positions must be monitored and relieved based on intensity and duration. Practitioner Summary: Testing was done to characterise the thermal burden experienced by firefighters in different job assignments who responded to controlled residential fires (with typical furnishings) using two tactics. Ambient, skin and core temperatures varied based on job assignment and tactic employed, with rapid elevations in core temperature in many roles.

Field Expedient Armor Modifications to US Armored Vehicles

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-01

Technology” (Fort Knox, KY: US Army Armor Center, 1983). 12 2Ian V. Hogg. Armour in Conflict, The Design and Tactics of Armoured Fighting...making their own whitewash. Lacking whitewash, they often resorted to commandeering white bed linen to drape over their vehicles. Both techniques proved...other Armoured Fighting Vehicles of World War II (New York: Exeter Books, 1983), 256. 19White, I. D., “Report on US vs. German Armor,” Exhibit 2, p. 6

Acute toxicity of three fire-retardant and two fire-suppressant foam formulations to the early life stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

USGS Publications Warehouse

Gaikowski, Mark P.; Hamilton, Steven J.; Buhl, Kevin J.; McDonald, Susan F.; Summers, Cliff H.; Linder, G.; Krest, S.; Sparling, D.; Little, E.

1996-01-01

Laboratory studies were conducted with five early life stages of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, to determine the acute toxicities of five fire-fighting chemical formulations in standardized soft and hard water. Eyed egg, embryo–larvae, swim-up fry, and 60- and 90-d posthatch juveniles were exposed to three fire retardants (Fire-Trol LCG-R, Fire-Trol GTS-R, and Phos-Chek D75-F) and two fire-suppressant foams (Phos-Chek WD-881 and Silv-Ex). Swim-up fry were generally the most sensitive life stage, whereas the eyed-egg was the least sensitive. Toxicity of fire-fighting formulations was greater in hard water than in soft water for all life stages tested with Fire-Trol GTS-R and Silv-Ex and for 90-d-old juveniles tested with Fire-Trol LCG-R. The fire-suppressant foams were more toxic than the fire retardants. The 96-h median lethal concentrations (LC50s) were ranked from the most toxic to the least toxic formulation as follows (ranges are the lowest and highest 96-h LC50 calculated for each formulation): Phos-Chek WD-881 (11–44 mg/L), Silv-Ex (11–78 mg/L), Phos-Chek D75-F (218–>3,600 mg/L), Fire-Trol GTS-R (207–>6,000 mg/L), and Fire-Trol LCG-R (872–>10,000 mg/L). Toxicity values suggest that accidental entry of fire-fighting chemicals into aquatic environments could adversely affect fish populations.

Effect of an uncontrolled fire and the subsequent fire fight on the chemical composition of landfill leachate.

PubMed

Oygard, Joar Karsten; Måge, Amund; Gjengedal, Elin; Svane, Tore

2005-01-01

Landfill leachates sampled during and after an accidental landfill fire were analysed and the levels of selected metals and chemical compounds compared to those occurring in the leachate under normal conditions. The fire at the landfill site was put out by excavation and cooling by use of water. The investigation during the fire and fire fight revealed a moderate increase in the level of nitrogen and also in pH and conductivity. Heavy metals and COD in the leachate showed considerably increased levels. In general, the determined variables appeared to normalise within one week after the fire was extinguished. It can be concluded that landfill fires extinguished by excavation may lead to elevated leachate levels of especially COD and heavy metals, but that this is only a short-term effect.

Defense Acquisitions: Assessments of Selected Weapon Programs

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

PAC-3 MSE) 81 Warfighter Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T) Increment 2 83 Improved Turbine Engine Program (ITEP) 85 Long Range Precision Fires...Unmanned Air System 05/2018 —- O  Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System Recapitalization 10/2017 —- O  Improved Turbine Engine Program TBD...Network-Tactical (WIN-T) Increment 2 83 1-page assessments Improved Turbine Engine Program (ITEP) 85 Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF) 86

The simulation of surface fire spread based on Rothermel model in windthrow area of Changbai Mountain (Jilin, China)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yin, Hang; Jin, Hui; Zhao, Ying; Fan, Yuguang; Qin, Liwu; Chen, Qinghong; Huang, Liya; Jia, Xiang; Liu, Lijie; Dai, Yuhong; Xiao, Ying

2018-03-01

The forest-fire not only brings great loss to natural resources, but also destructs the ecosystem and reduces the soil fertility, causing some natural disasters as soil erosion and debris flow. However, due to the lack of the prognosis for forest fire spreading trend in forest fire fighting, it is difficult to formulate rational and effective fire-fighting scheme. In the event of forest fire, achieving accurate judgment to the fire behavior would greatly improve the fire-fighting efficiency, and reduce heavy losses caused by fire. Researches on forest fire spread simulation can effectively reduce the loss of disasters. The present study focused on the simulation of "29 May 2012" wildfire in windthrow area of Changbai Mountain. Basic data were retrieved from the "29 May 2012" wildfire and field survey. A self-development forest fire behavior simulated program based on Rothermel Model was used in the simulation. Kappa coefficient and Sørensen index were employed to evaluate the simulation accuracy. The results showed that: The perimeter of simulated burned area was 4.66 km, the area was 56.47 hm2 and the overlapped burned area was 33.68 hm2, and the estimated rate of fire spread was 0.259 m/s. Between the simulated fire and actual fire, the Kappa coefficient was 0.7398 and the Sørensen co-efficient was 0.7419. This proved the application of Rothermel model to conduct fire behavior simulation in windthrow meadow was feasible. It can achieve the goal of forecasting for the spread behavior in windthrow area of Changbai Mountain. Thus, our self-development program based on the Rothermel model can provide a effective forecast of fire spread, which will facilitate the fire suppression work.

Estimating suppression expenditures for individual large wildland fires

Treesearch

Krista M. Gebert; David E. Calkin; Jonathan Yoder

2007-01-01

The extreme cost of fighting wildland fires has brought fire suppression expenditures to the forefront of budgetary and policy debate in the United States. Inasmuch as large fires are responsible for the bulk of fire suppression expenditures, understanding fire characteristics that influence expenditures is important for both strategic fire planning and onsite fire...

Fire and the Design of Educational Buildings. Building Bulletin 7. Sixth Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Department of Education and Science, London (England).

This bulletin offers guidance on English school premises regulations applying to safety protection against fires in the following general areas: means of escape in case of fire; precautionary measures to prevent fire; fire warning systems and fire fighting; fire spreading speed; structures and materials resistant to fires; and damage control. It…

Theory of Stochastic Duels - Miscellaneous Results

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-03-01

TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 2-77, "THEORY OF STOCHASTIC DUELS - MISCELLANEOUS RESULTS"______________ 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER _USA TRASANA 7. AUT)IOR...Identify by block number) This memorandum presents particular applications of various aspects of the theory of stochastic duels that the author has...Marksman Problem with Erlang n Firing Time 1 Distribution 2.3 Tactical Equity Duel with Erlang 2 Firing Times 4 2.4 Different Tactical Equity Duel 6 S2.5

Canadian Forces in Joint Fires Support - Human Factors Analysis: Coalition Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-08-01

mesure/l’estimation des dommages collatéraux (EDC). Outil pour comprendre l’EDC de certains pays comparativement à celle des membres de l’OTAN et...Program (TDP). The TDP is aimed at concept development, evaluation for force design , and the demonstration of technologies fostered by Defence Research...logistics and the designation of targets on the joint targeting list. • Tactical capability / response time / training. The tactical capability of a fire

STS-47 crew during JSC fire fighting exercises in the Fire Training Pit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1992-01-01

STS-47 Endeavour, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 105, crewmembers line up along water hoses during JSC fire fighting exercises held at JSC's Fire Training Pit. In the foreground are (left to right) Pilot Curtis L. Brown, Jr, holding the hose nozzle, Mission Specialist (MS) N. Jan Davis, MS and Payload Commander (PLC) Mark C. Lee, and backup Payload Specialist Stan Koszelak, partially visible at the end of the line. In the background, manning a second hose are backup Payload Specialist Takao Doi, MS Jerome Apt, and Commander Robert L. Gibson. A veteran fire fighter (behind Brown) stands between the two hoses giving instructions. The Fire Training Pit is located across from the Gilruth Center Bldg 207. Doi represents Japan's National Space Development Agency (NASDA).

Applying Open Source Game Engine for Building Visual Simulation Training System of Fire Fighting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yuan, Diping; Jin, Xuesheng; Zhang, Jin; Han, Dong

There's a growing need for fire departments to adopt a safe and fair method of training to ensure that the firefighting commander is in a position to manage a fire incident. Visual simulation training systems, with their ability to replicate and interact with virtual fire scenarios through the use of computer graphics or VR, become an effective and efficient method for fire ground education. This paper describes the system architecture and functions of a visual simulated training system of fire fighting on oil storage, which adopting Delat3D, a open source game and simulation engine, to provide realistic 3D views. It presents that using open source technology provides not only the commercial-level 3D effects but also a great reduction of cost.

Monitoring system of multiple fire fighting based on computer vision

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Jinlong; Wang, Li; Gao, Xiaorong; Wang, Zeyong; Zhao, Quanke

2010-10-01

With the high demand of fire control in spacious buildings, computer vision is playing a more and more important role. This paper presents a new monitoring system of multiple fire fighting based on computer vision and color detection. This system can adjust to the fire position and then extinguish the fire by itself. In this paper, the system structure, working principle, fire orientation, hydrant's angle adjusting and system calibration are described in detail; also the design of relevant hardware and software is introduced. At the same time, the principle and process of color detection and image processing are given as well. The system runs well in the test, and it has high reliability, low cost, and easy nodeexpanding, which has a bright prospect of application and popularization.

Universal Stationary/Mobile NoFoam Unit (USNOFU) for Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) Vehicles

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-01-01

AFFF aqueous film forming foam AFRL Air Force Research Laboratory ARFF Aircraft Rescue and...distribution system checks use a fire-fighting agent called aqueous film forming foam ( AFFF ) and generate significant amounts of AFFF wastewater. Despite its...but it has been classified as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT). As a result, the AFFF wastewater resulting from foam distribution

Fire protection for a Martian colony

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beattie, Robert M., Jr.

The fire prevention failures that occurred in Apollo 1 and Challenger accidents are reviewed and used to discuss fire protection measures that should be taken in a Martian colony. Fire detection systems, classes of fire, and suppression agents are described. The organization of fire fighting personnel appropriate for Mars is addressed.

Near real-time wildfire mapping using spatially-refined satellite data: The rim fire case study

Treesearch

Patricia Oliva; Wilfrid Schroeder

2015-01-01

Fire incident teams depend on accurate fire diagnostics and predictive data to guide daily positioning and tactics of fire crews. Currently, the U.S. Department of Agriculture - Forest Service National Infrared Operations (NIROPs) nighttime airborne data provides daily information about the fire front and total fire affected area of priority fires to the incident teams...

Training Fires on Indian Reservations in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The Federal Air Rules for Reservations (FARR) Open Burning Rule allows Fire Protection Services to request permission from EPA to conduct an outdoor burn by qualified personnel to train firefighters on fire suppression and fire fighting techniques.

Multi-Level Wild Land Fire Fighting Management Support System for an Optimized Guidance of Ground and Air Forces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Almer, Alexander; Schnabel, Thomas; Perko, Roland; Raggam, Johann; Köfler, Armin; Feischl, Richard

2016-04-01

Climate change will lead to a dramatic increase in damage from forest fires in Europe by the end of this century. In the Mediterranean region, the average annual area affected by forest fires has quadrupled since the 1960s (WWF, 2012). The number of forest fires is also on the increase in Central and Northern Europe. The Austrian forest fire database shows a total of 584 fires for the period 2012 to 2014, while even large areas of Sweden were hit by forest fires in August 2014, which were brought under control only after two weeks of intense fire-fighting efforts supported by European civil protection modules. Based on these facts, the improvements in forest fire control are a major international issue in the quest to protect human lives and resources as well as to reduce the negative environmental impact of these fires to a minimum. Within this paper the development of a multi-functional airborne management support system within the frame of the Austrian national safety and security research programme (KIRAS) is described. The main goal of the developments is to assist crisis management tasks of civil emergency teams and armed forces in disaster management by providing multi spectral, near real-time airborne image data products. As time, flexibility and reliability as well as objective information are crucial aspects in emergency management, the used components are tailored to meet these requirements. An airborne multi-functional management support system was developed as part of the national funded project AIRWATCH, which enables real-time monitoring of natural disasters based on optical and thermal images. Airborne image acquisition, a broadband line of sight downlink and near real-time processing solutions allow the generation of an up-to-date geo-referenced situation map. Furthermore, this paper presents ongoing developments for innovative extensions and research activities designed to optimize command operations in national and international fire-fighting missions. The ongoing development focuses on the following topics: (1) Development of a multi-level management solution to coordinate and guide different airborne and terrestrial deployed firefighting modules as well as related data processing and data distribution activities. (2) Further, a targeted control of the thermal sensor based on a rotating mirror system to extend the "area performance" (covered area per hour) in time critical situations for the monitoring requirements during forest fire events. (3) Novel computer vision methods for analysis of thermal sensor signatures, which allow an automatic classification of different forest fire types and situations. (4) A module for simulation-based decision support for planning and evaluation of resource usage and the effectiveness of performed fire-fighting measures. (5) Integration of wearable systems to assist ground teams in rescue operations as well as a mobile information system into innovative command and fire-fighting vehicles. In addition, the paper gives an outlook on future perspectives including a first concept for the integration of the near real-time multilevel forest fire fighting management system into an "EU Civil Protection Team" to support the EU civil protection modules and the Emergency Response Coordination Centre in Brussels. Keywords: Airborne sensing, multi sensor imaging, near real-time fire monitoring, simulation-based decision support, forest firefighting management, firefighting impact analysis.

Limitations imposed on fire PRA methods as the result of incomplete and uncertain fire event data.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nowlen, Steven Patrick; Hyslop, J. S.

2010-04-01

Fire probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) methods utilize data and insights gained from actual fire events in a variety of ways. For example, fire occurrence frequencies, manual fire fighting effectiveness and timing, and the distribution of fire events by fire source and plant location are all based directly on the historical experience base. Other factors are either derived indirectly or supported qualitatively based on insights from the event data. These factors include the general nature and intensity of plant fires, insights into operator performance, and insights into fire growth and damage behaviors. This paper will discuss the potential methodology improvements thatmore » could be realized if more complete fire event reporting information were available. Areas that could benefit from more complete event reporting that will be discussed in the paper include fire event frequency analysis, analysis of fire detection and suppression system performance including incipient detection systems, analysis of manual fire fighting performance, treatment of fire growth from incipient stages to fully-involved fires, operator response to fire events, the impact of smoke on plant operations and equipment, and the impact of fire-induced cable failures on plant electrical circuits.« less

29 CFR 1926.155 - Definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... part, fire resistance shall be determined by the Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building... knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in fire fighting operations. (f) Fire resistance means so resistant to fire that, for specified...

29 CFR 1926.155 - Definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... part, fire resistance shall be determined by the Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building... knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in fire fighting operations. (f) Fire resistance means so resistant to fire that, for specified...

29 CFR 1926.155 - Definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... part, fire resistance shall be determined by the Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building... knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in fire fighting operations. (f) Fire resistance means so resistant to fire that, for specified...

29 CFR 1926.155 - Definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... part, fire resistance shall be determined by the Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building... knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in fire fighting operations. (f) Fire resistance means so resistant to fire that, for specified...

29 CFR 1926.155 - Definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... part, fire resistance shall be determined by the Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building... knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in fire fighting operations. (f) Fire resistance means so resistant to fire that, for specified...

The effect of smoke inhalation on lung function and airway responsiveness in wildland fire fighters

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, D.; Tager, I.B.; Balmes, J.R.

1992-12-01

The current study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of smoke on forced expiratory volumes and airway responsiveness in wildland fire fighters during a season of active fire fighting. Sixty-three seasonal and full-time wildland fire fighters from five U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USDAFS) Hotshot crews in Northern California and Montana completed questionnaires, spirometry, and methacholine challenge testing before and after an active season of fire fighting in 1989. There were significant mean individual declines of 0.09, 0.15, and 0.44 L/s in postseason values of FVC, FEV1, and FEF25-75, respectively, compared with preseason values. There were no consistent significantmore » relationships between mean individual declines of the spirometric parameters and the covariates: sex, smoking history, history of asthma or allergies, years as a fire fighter, upper/lower respiratory symptoms, or membership in a particular Hotshot crew. There was a statistically significant increase in airway responsiveness when comparing preseason methacholine dose-response slopes (DRS) with postseason dose-response slopes (p = 0.02). The increase in airway responsiveness appeared to be greatest in fire fighters with a history of lower respiratory symptoms or asthma, but it was not related to smoking history. These data suggest that wildland fire fighting is associated with decreases in lung function and increases in airway responsiveness independent of a history of cigarette smoking. Our findings are consistent with the results of previous studies of municipal fire fighters.« less

Relation of number and size of fires to fire-season weather indexes in western Washington and western Oregon.

Treesearch

Owen P. Cramer

1959-01-01

Hard-hitting fire-fighting crews and effective fire prevention held down this year's fire losses despite critical weather." Have you ever read such a statement and wondered how much of the apparently good record was really due to weather conditions?

Fire Safety. Managing School Facilities, Guide 6.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Department for Education and Employment, London (England). Architects and Building Branch.

This booklet discusses how United Kingdom schools can manage fire safety and minimize the risk of fire. The guide examines what legislation school buildings must comply with and covers the major risks. It also describes training and evacuation procedures and provides guidance on fire precautions, alarm systems, fire fighting equipment, and escape…

Why I Fought.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nakanishi, Don T.

1990-01-01

An Asian Pacific American professor, D. T. Nakanishi, describes his decision to fight the University of California Los Angeles' initial denial of tenure, including the legal and tactical considerations involved, his sense of generational duty, the case's importance for other Asian Americans, and the personal pain and suffering involved. (JB)

SMART Fires: A COTS Approach to Tactical Fire Support Using a Smartphone

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-01

Battalion Landing Team C2 Command and Control C2PC Command and Control Personal Computer CAC Common Access Card COC Combat Operation Center COIN...functionality to way-points. It is currently available on the iTunes App Store for $5.99 (Tactical NAV, 2010). 11 MILS are a unit...download on both the iTunes App Store and the Android Marketplace. Apps for the Army (A4A) also created a repository for the applications submitted, along

Inflatable partition for fighting mine fires

DOEpatents

Conti, Ronald S.; Lazzara, Charles P.

1995-01-01

The seal is a lightweight, inflatable, bag which may be inflated by a portable air generator and is used to seal a burning mine passage. A collapsible tube-like aperture extends through the seal and allows passage of high expansion foam through the seal in a feed tube. The foam fills the passageway and extinguishes the fire. In other embodiments, the feed tubes incorporate means to prevent collapse of the aperture. In these embodiments a shroud connects the feed tube to a foam generator. This seal allows creation of a high expansion foam fire fighting barrier even in upward sloping passages.

Multisensor Fire Observations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boquist, C.

2004-01-01

This DVD includes animations of multisensor fire observations from the following satellite sources: Landsat, GOES, TOMS, Terra, QuikSCAT, and TRMM. Some of the animations are included in multiple versions of a short video presentation on the DVD which focuses on the Hayman, Rodeo-Chediski, and Biscuit fires during the 2002 North American fire season. In one version of the presentation, MODIS, TRMM, GOES, and QuikSCAT data are incorporated into the animations of these wildfires. These data products provided rain, wind, cloud, and aerosol data on the fires, and monitored the smoke and destruction created by them. Another presentation on the DVD consists of a panel discussion, in which experts from academia, NASA, and the U.S. Forest Service answer questions on the role of NASA in fighting forest fires, the role of the Terra satellite and its instruments, including the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), in fire fighting decision making, and the role of fire in the Earth's climate. The third section of the DVD features several animations of fires over the years 2001-2003, including animations of global and North American fires, and specific fires from 2003 in California, Washington, Montana, and Arizona.

Fight Fire with These Safety Strategies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jackson, Lisa M.

1998-01-01

Provides expert guidelines on ways to keep schools and children safe from building fires, such as maintenance of exits for easy egress in emergencies, maintaining fire-protection systems, and utilizing evacuation planning and drilling. Highlights fire-safety ideas as part of school-building and renovation projects. (GR)

75 FR 3193 - Information Collection; Annual Wildfire Summary Report

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-20

... addressed to Tim Melchert, Fire and Aviation Management, National Interagency Fire Center, Forest Service... Forest Service State and Private Forestry Cooperative Fire Program. The program provides supplemental funding for State and local fire fighting agencies. The Forest Service works cooperatively with State and...

Potential production of palm oil-based foaming agent as fire extinguisher of peatlands in Indonesia: Literature review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Subekti, P.; Hambali, E.; Suryani, A.; Suryadarma, P.

2017-05-01

This study aims to analyze the potential aplication of of palm oil-based foaming agent as peat fires fighter in Indonesia. From literature review, it has been known that the foaming agent able to form foam to extinguish fire, wrap and refrigerate the burning peat. It is necessary to develop the production and application of foaming agent in Indonesia because peat fires occur almost every year that caused smoke haze. Potential raw material for the production of environmental friendly foaming agent as foam extinguishing for peat fires in Indonesia aong other is palm oil due to abundant availability, sustainable, and foam product easily degraded in the environment of the burnt areas. Production of foaming agent as fire-fighting in Indonesia is one alternative to reduce the time to control the fire and smog disaster impact. Application of palm oil as a raw material for fire-fighting is contribute to increase the value added and the development of palm oil downstream industry.

Fatigue risk management by volunteer fire-fighters: Use of informal strategies to augment formal policy.

PubMed

Dawson, Drew; Mayger, Katherine; Thomas, Matthew J W; Thompson, Kirrilly

2015-11-01

An increasing number and intensity of catastrophic fire events in Australia has led to increasing demands on a mainly volunteer fire-fighting workforce. Despite the increasing likelihood of fatigue in the emergency services environment, there is not yet a systematic, unified approach to fatigue management in fire agencies across Australia. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to identify informal strategies used in volunteer fire-fighting and examine how these strategies are transmitted across the workforce. Thirty experienced Australian volunteer fire-fighters were interviewed in August 2010. The study identified informal fatigue-management behaviours at the individual, team and brigade level that have evolved in fire-fighting environments and are regularly implemented. However, their purpose was not explicitly recognized as such. This apparent paradox - that fatigue proofing behaviours exist but that they are not openly understood as such - may well resolve a potential conflict between a culture of indefatigability in the emergency services sector and the frequent need to operate safely while fatigued. However, formal controls require fire-fighters and their organisations to acknowledge and accept their vulnerability. This suggests two important areas in which to improve formal fatigue risk management in the emergency services sector: (1) identifying and formalising tacit or informal fatigue coping strategies as legitimate elements of the fatigue risk management system; and (2) developing culturally appropriate techniques for systematically communicating fatigue levels to self and others. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Transformation of American Revolutionary Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-05-25

aid was the existence of “a fighting American army.”114 The army did survive, and managed to achieve some impressive tactical victories, thus meeting...Frederick Roger Dunn. A Documentary History of the American People. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1951. Dupuy, Richard E., and Trevor N. Dupuy

Treatability of Aqueous Film-Forming Foams Used for Fire Fighting.

DTIC Science & Technology

BIODETERIORATION, *FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS, SURFACE ACTIVE SUBSTANCES, FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS, FOAM , ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS, ACTIVATED CARBON, TOXICITY, WASTE DISPOSAL, TABLES(DATA), ADSORPTION.

FIRE SERVICE TRAINING, INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL, BASIC COURSE.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

BERNDT, WILLIAM M.; AND OTHERS

INSTRUCTORS CAN USE THIS MANUAL IN CONDUCTING A 34-HOUR FIRE STATION OR TRAINING CENTER EXTENSION PROGRAM TO IMPROVE THE COMPETENCIES AND SKILLS OF LOCAL FIRE PERSONNEL IN THE SPECIALIZED FIELD OF FIRE SERVICE. IT WAS DEVELOPED BY A STATEWIDE COMMITTEE OF FIRE FIGHTING CONSULTANTS AND ADVISORY GROUPS. THE 26 TEACHING GUIDES PROVIDE INSTRUCTIONAL…

Fire hazard considerations for composites in vehicle design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gordon, Rex B.

1994-01-01

Military ground vehicles fires are a significant cause of system loss, equipment damage, and crew injury in both combat and non-combat situations. During combat, the ability to successfully fight an internal fire, without losing fighting and mobility capabilities, is often the key to crew survival and mission success. In addition to enemy hits in combat, vehicle fires are initiated by electrical system failures, fuel line leaks, munitions mishaps and improper personnel actions. If not controlled, such fires can spread to other areas of the vehicle, causing extensive damage and the potential for personnel injury and death. The inherent fire safety characteristics (i.e. ignitability, compartments of these vehicles play a major roll in determining rather a newly started fire becomes a fizzle or a catastrophe. This paper addresses a systems approach to assuring optimum vehicle fire safety during the design phase of complex vehicle systems utilizing extensive uses of composites, plastic and related materials. It provides practical means for defining the potential fire hazard risks during a conceptual design phase, and criteria for the selection of composite materials based on its fire safety characteristics.

Towards improving wildland firefighter situational awareness through daily fire behaviour risk assessments in the US Northern Rockies and Northern Great Basin

Treesearch

W. Matt Jolly; Patrick H. Freeborn

2017-01-01

Wildland firefighters must assess potential fire behaviour in order to develop appropriate strategies and tactics that will safely meet objectives. Fire danger indices integrate surface weather conditions to quantify potential variations in fire spread rates and intensities and therefore should closely relate to observed fire behaviour. These indices could better...

Mann Gulch fire: A race that couldn't be won

Treesearch

Richard C. Rothermel

1993-01-01

Describes the final 20 minutes of a smokejumper fire-fighting crew and the fire that overran 16 men as they were attempting to escape. The foreman and two firefighters escaped. Comparison with the behavior of a crew trapped by a fire in 1985 is described.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Matthews, B.; Matthews, R.T.

Since Drake`s first oil well in 1859, well fires have been frequent and disastrous. Hardly a year has passed in over a century without a well fire somewhere in the world. In the 1920`s the classic method of fire fighting using explosives to starve the fire of oxygen was developed and it has been used extensively ever since. While explosives are still one of the most frequently used methods today, several other methods are used to supplement it where special conditions exist. Tunneling at an angle from a safe distance is used in some cases, especially where the fire ismore » too hot for a close approach on the ground surface. Pumping drilling muds into a well to plug it is another method that has been used successfully for some time. Diverter wells are occasionally used, and sometimes simply pumping enough water on a well fire is sufficient to extinguish it. Of course, prevention is always the best solution. Many advances in blow-out prevention devices have been developed in the last 50 years and the number of fires has been substantially reduced compared to the number of wells drilled. However, very little in new technology has been applied to oil well fire fighting in the 1960s, 1970s, or 1980s. Overall technological progress has accelerated tremendously in this period, of course, but new materials and equipment were not applied to this field for some reason. Saddam Hussein`s environmental holocaust in Kuwait changed that by causing many people throughout the world to focus their creative energy on more efficient oil well fire fighting methods.« less

ZrP nanoplates based fire-fighting foams stabilizer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Lecheng; Cheng, Zhengdong; Li, Hai

2015-03-01

Firefighting foam, as a significant innovation in fire protection, greatly facilitates extinguishments for liquid pool fire. Recently, with developments in LNG industry, high-expansion firefighting foams are also used for extinguishing LNG fire or mitigating LNG leakage. Foam stabilizer, an ingredient in fire-fighting foam, stabilizes foam bubbles and maintains desired foam volume. Conventional foam stabilizers are organic molecules. In this work, we developed a inorganic based ZrP (Zr(HPO4)2 .H2O, Zirconium phosphate) plates functionalized as firefighting foam stabilizer, improving firefighting foam performance under harsh conditions. Several tests were conducted to illustrate performance. The mechanism for the foam stabilization is also proposed. Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3122

The Uncomfortable Marriage: Evangelism and Feminism's Fight against "Dirty Books."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Soenksen, Roger A.

During 1986, a movement against the production and sale of pornography brought together two extremely different factions--radical feminists and evangelical church groups. The two groups' reasons for attacking pornography and their tactics in attempting to halt its production and distribution differ significantly. Feminists have argued that…

Depot Maintenance: Improved Strategic Planning Needed to Ensure That Army and Marine Corps Depots Can Meet Future Maintenance Requirements

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-09-01

System, and Sidewinder, as well as mobile electric power generation equipment Red River Texarkana , Texas Bradley Fighting Vehicle, tactical wheeled...Depot, Corpus Christi, Texas; Letterkenny Army Depot, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania; Red River Army Depot, Texarkana , Texas; and Tobyhanna Army Depot

The Wildland/Urban Interface in 2025

Treesearch

Gary O. Tokle

1987-01-01

In the year 2025, wildland fire fighting practices have improved significantly over the method employed during the late1900's. Improved methods for predicting severe fire weather conditions, the establishment of the North American Fire Coordination Center, and the utilization of foam products for both wildfire and structural fire control have significantly changed...

49 CFR 176.69 - General stowage requirements for hazardous materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... equipped with a fixed fire extinguishing and fire detection system, the freight containers or barges need... by paragraph (a) of this section if fire fighting equipment capable of reaching and piercing the..., their removal from a potentially dangerous situation, and the removal of packages in case of fire. (b...

A foundation for initial attack simulation: the Fried and Fried fire containment model

Treesearch

Jeremy S. Fried; Burton D. Fried

2010-01-01

The Fried and Fried containment algorithm, which models the effect of suppression efforts on fire growth, allows simulation of any mathematically representable fire shape, provides for "head" and "tail" attack tactics as well as parallel attack (building fireline parallel to but at some offset distance from the free-burning fire perimeter, alone and...

A WSN-based tool for urban and industrial fire-fighting.

PubMed

De San Bernabe Clemente, Alberto; Martínez-de Dios, José Ramiro; Ollero Baturone, Aníbal

2012-11-06

This paper describes a WSN tool to increase safety in urban and industrial fire-fighting activities. Unlike most approaches, we assume that there is no preexisting WSN in the building, which involves interesting advantages but imposes some constraints. The system integrates the following functionalities: fire monitoring, firefighter monitoring and dynamic escape path guiding. It also includes a robust localization method that employs RSSI-range models dynamically trained to cope with the peculiarities of the environment. The training and application stages of the method are applied simultaneously, resulting in significant adaptability. Besides simulations and laboratory tests, a prototype of the proposed system has been validated in close-to-operational conditions.

Marine Tactical Command and Control System (MTACCS) Field Development System-1 (FDS-1) assessment: Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Avery, L.W.; Hunt, S.T.; Savage, S.F.

1992-04-01

The United State Marine Corps (USMC) is continuing the development and fielding of the Marine Corps Tactical Command and Control System (MTACCS), a system which exists in varying states of development, fielding, or modernization. MTACCS is currently composed of the following components: Tactical Combat Operations System (TCO) for ground command and control (C2), Intelligence Analysis System (IAS) with a Genser terminal connected to a TCO workstation for intelligence C2, Marine Integrated Personnel System (MIPS) and a TCO workstation using the Marine Combat Personnel System (MCPERS) software for personnel C2, Marine Integrated Logistics System (MILOGS) which is composed of the Landingmore » Force Asset Distribution System (LFADS), the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) II, and a TCO terminal using the Marine Combat Logistics System (MCLOG) for logistics C2, Marine Corps Fire Support System (MCFSS) for fire support C2, and Advanced Tactical Air Command Central (ATACC) and the Improved Direct Air Support Central for aviation C2.« less

The Effect of Computer-Based Simulation Training on Fire Ground Incident Commander Decision Making

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hall, Kurt A.

2010-01-01

Since the establishment of the first volunteer fire brigades in the United States, firefighters have lost their lives in fire fighting operations at emergency incidents and live-fire training activities. While there are various reasons for these firefighter deaths and injuries, the United States Fire Administration (2002) reported that many of…

Rates of initial spread of free-burning fires on the National Forests of California

Treesearch

C.A. Abell

1940-01-01

As early as 1914 Coert DuBois and his staff recognized that knowledge of the rates which fires spread was essential to sound fire control planning, strategy, and tactics, and therefore designed the fire report form so that such data might be accumulated. Although the individual fire report form has changed appreciably since that time, the supply of data has grown...

Decision Document for the Storm Water Outfalls/Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant, Pesticide Rinse Area, Old Fire Fighting Training Pit, Illicit PCB Dump Site, and the Battery Acid Pit Fort Lewis, Washington

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cantrell, Kirk J; Liikala, Terry L; Strenge, Dennis L

PNNL conducted independent site evaluations for four sites at Fort Lewis, Washington, to determine their suitability for closure on behalf of the installation. These sites were recommended for ''No Further Action'' by previous investigators and included the Storm Water Outfalls/Industrial Waste Water Treatment Plant (IWTP), the Pesticide Rinse Area, the Old Fire Fighting Training Pit, and the Illicit PCB Dump Site.

Decision Document for the Storm Water Outfalls/Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant, Pesticide Rinse Area, Old Fire Fighting Training Pit, Illicit PCB Dump Site, and the Battery Acid Pit Fort Lewis, Washington

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cantrell, Kirk J.; Liikala, Terry L.; Strenge, Dennis L.

PNNL conducted independent site evaluations for four sites at Fort Lewis, Washington, to determine their suitability for closure on behalf of the installation. These sites were recommended for "No Further Action" by previous invesitgators and included the Storm Water Outfalls/Industrial Waste Water Treatment Plant (IWTP), the Pesticide Rinse Area, the Old Fire Fighting Training Pit, and the Illicit PCB Dump Site.

Individual Combatant’s Weapons Firing Algorithm Phase 1

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-01

Z as in zebra...Drilis? 2 - 5 years ago More than 6 years ago 7. ~HOW~ z ~~:::: fire fights have you been In1 3-9 10 or more 8. Of those fights, what percentage were...34, ~ ’~-<’" ;-~/Nr,. ~ ~ "~t’ "X\\’ikJ ~ ,.’ \\1" ’: ’\\ Z ;J;l~~’i/’r.i\\ I " ,.. ..... ’-.-1 . , .. ,~ . \\\\ 1 ;C~"~~~~,~,, ~’",~"",~, ........... ~ f·

NASA helicopter helps fight fire at KSC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A NASA helicopter drops water from a special '''bucket''' onto a small fire on Kennedy Space Center grounds. The site is between Kennedy Parkway North and the Indian River. The fire is one of many throughout Central Florida, which is suffering from drought.

Synthesis of palm oil fatty acid as foaming agent for firefighting application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rivai, M.; Hambali, E.; Suryani, A.; Fitria, R.; Firmansyah, S.; Pradesi, J.

2017-05-01

Many factors including natural factor, human carelessness, new land clearance or agricultural burning/act of vandalism and ground fire are suspected as the causes of forest fire. Foam, which cools the fire down, covers the burning material/fuel, and avoids contact between burning materials with oxygen, is an effective material used to fight large-scale fires. For this purpose, surfactant which can facilitate foam formation and inhibit the spread of smoke is required. This study was aimed at producing prototype product of foaming agent from palm oil and its formulation as a fire fighting material. Before the formulation stage, the foaming agent was resulted from saponification process of oleic, lauric, and palmitic acids by using NaOH and KOH alkaline. Foam stability was used as the main indicator of foaming agent. Results showed that potassium palmitate had the highest foam stability of 82% until the 3rd day. The best potassium palmitate concentration was 7%.

STS-47 crew during fire fighting exercises at JSC's Fire Training Pit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1992-01-01

STS-47 Endeavour, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 105, crewmembers line up along water hoses to extinguish a blaze in JSC's Fire Training Pit during fire fighting exercises. Manning the hose in the foreground are Payload Specialist Mamoru Mohri, holding the hose nozzle, backup Payload Specialist Takao Doi, Mission Specialist (MS) Jerome Apt, and Commander Robert L. Gibson, at rear. Lined up on the second hose are Pilot Curtis L. Brown, Jr, holding the hose nozzle, followed by MS N. Jan Davis, MS and Payload Commander (PLC) Mark C. Lee, and backup Payload Specialist Stan Koszelak. A veteran firefighter monitors the effort from a position between the two hoses. In the background, backup Payload Specialist Chiaki Naito-Mukai, donning gloves, and MS Mae C. Jemison look on. The Fire Training Pit is located across from the Gilruth Center Bldg 207. Mohri, Doi, and Mukai all represent Japan's National Space Development Agency (NASDA).

33 CFR 127.1307 - Emergency Manual.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....1505(a)(2). (b) The employee-emergency plan and fire-prevention plan required by OSHA in 29 CFR 1910.38... procedures for fighting a fire involving the LHG or its vapors; (2) A description of the emergency shutdown..., place, and use of the fire equipment required by § 127.1501(a) and of the portable fire extinguishers...

33 CFR 127.1307 - Emergency Manual.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....1505(a)(2). (b) The employee-emergency plan and fire-prevention plan required by OSHA in 29 CFR 1910.38... procedures for fighting a fire involving the LHG or its vapors; (2) A description of the emergency shutdown..., place, and use of the fire equipment required by § 127.1501(a) and of the portable fire extinguishers...

33 CFR 127.1307 - Emergency Manual.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....1505(a)(2). (b) The employee-emergency plan and fire-prevention plan required by OSHA in 29 CFR 1910.38... procedures for fighting a fire involving the LHG or its vapors; (2) A description of the emergency shutdown..., place, and use of the fire equipment required by § 127.1501(a) and of the portable fire extinguishers...

33 CFR 127.1307 - Emergency Manual.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....1505(a)(2). (b) The employee-emergency plan and fire-prevention plan required by OSHA in 29 CFR 1910.38... procedures for fighting a fire involving the LHG or its vapors; (2) A description of the emergency shutdown..., place, and use of the fire equipment required by § 127.1501(a) and of the portable fire extinguishers...

75 FR 35437 - Notice of Request for Extension of a Currently Approved Information Collection

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-22

... from construction of a fire station with fire fighting and rescue equipment to financing a 911 emergency system. These facilities are designed to provide fire protection and emergency rescue services to... for a currently approved information collection in support of the program for Fire and Rescue Loans...

An Educational Program Dealing with Fire Safety. Curriculum and Resource Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rhode Island State Dept. of Education, Providence.

A series of activities for fire safety education in grades K-12 is presented. The document is organized into three parts: grades K-3; 4-6; and 7-12. Each activity is preceded by general and specific concepts to be stressed. Concepts for grades K-3 stress usefulness and types of fire, fire drills, the fire fighting profession, and the…

Szendro - type Integrated Vegetation Fire Management--Wildfire Management Program from Hungary

Treesearch

Ágoston Restás

2006-01-01

Szendrő Fire Department is located in the northeastern part of Hungary. The main task is to fight against wildfire and mitigate the impact of fire at the Aggtelek National Park -- which belongs to the UNESCO World Heritage list. Because of greater effectiveness, in 2004 the Fire Department started a project named Integrated Vegetation Fire Management (IVFM)....

Fusion solution for soldier wearable gunfire detection systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cakiades, George; Desai, Sachi; Deligeorges, Socrates; Buckland, Bruce E.; George, Jemin

2012-06-01

Currently existing acoustic based Gunfire Detection Systems (GDS) such as soldier wearable, vehicle mounted, and fixed site devices provide enemy detection and localization capabilities to the user. However, the solution to the problem of portability versus performance tradeoff remains elusive. The Data Fusion Module (DFM), described herein, is a sensor/platform agnostic software supplemental tool that addresses this tradeoff problem by leveraging existing soldier networks to enhance GDS performance across a Tactical Combat Unit (TCU). The DFM software enhances performance by leveraging all available acoustic GDS information across the TCU synergistically to calculate highly accurate solutions more consistently than any individual GDS in the TCU. The networked sensor architecture provides additional capabilities addressing the multiple shooter/fire-fight problems in addition to sniper detection/localization. The addition of the fusion solution to the overall Size, Weight and Power & Cost (SWaP&C) is zero to negligible. At the end of the first-year effort, the DFM integrated sensor network's performance was impressive showing improvements upwards of 50% in comparison to a single sensor solution. Further improvements are expected when the networked sensor architecture created in this effort is fully exploited.

DETERMINATION OF PERFLUOROCARBOXYLATES IN GROUNDWATER IMPACTED BY FIRE-FIGHTING ACTIVITY. (R821195)

EPA Science Inventory

Perfluorinated surfactants are used in aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)
formulations, which are used to extinguish hydrocarbon-fuel fires. Virtually
nothing is known about the occurrence of perfluorinated surfactants in the
environment, in particular, at fire-train...

Fighting Fire with Fire.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Spoor, Dana L.

1996-01-01

School districts are integrating security and life-safety systems into school buildings to protect students and property. This proactive approach includes sprinkler systems, fire alarms, and security systems that monitor door movement. Some school districts that are incorporating the latest life-safety technology are in Missouri, Ohio, California,…

33 CFR 145.05 - Classification of fire extinguishers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Classification of fire... SECURITY (CONTINUED) OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 145.05 Classification of....05(c)—Portable and Semiportable Extinguishers Classification Type Size Soda-acid and water, gallons...

78 FR 40089 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-03

.... The FS works cooperatively with State and local fire fighting agencies to support their fire... fires and acres burned on State and private land by cause, such as lightning, campfires, smoking, debris burning, arson, equipment, railroads, children and miscellaneous activities. Information will be shared...

Technology, Concepts, and Tactics and the Islamic Way of War

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-12

sultan was killed on the battlefield. Then followed a defeat at al-Radaniyya that continued the pyramids of Giza on January 23, 1517 in which the...approach to fighting remained the same. The Mamluks last charge at Giza ―set a volley of arrows flying before charging with their lances crouched‖ into

Learning from American Street Gangs: Fighting Insurgency in Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-01-01

including structures, demographics, identities, motivations, and tactics. This section uses definitions of insurgency in its application to...http://fletcher.tufts.edu/al_nakhlah/archives/spring2004/ruvalcaba.pdf> (21 November 2005), Article 7. Ruvalcaba uses insurgency categories...these conditions exist in Iraq today. Former Ba’athists 10 Ibid. 11 Gentrification is an example I

In Search of the Center of Gravity: Operational Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-07

tactics of pure terror and abomination. The VC had lost, and VC terror and destructiveness of fighting had stood in sharp contrast to communist promises of...34. See Sun Tzu, Art, pp.130-131 for further discussion on the nine varieties of grounds dispersive, frontier, key, comunicating , focal, serious

Future Role of Fire Service in Homeland Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-01

to fight terrorism (Office of the President, 2007). In his letter to Americans in which he introduced the NSHS, President Bush explained that...structures struggling to fight non-state terrorists operating without clearly defined leadership. Furthermore, according to James R. Locker III...learned from World War II and designed to fight the Cold War. Current exposure to terrorism and terrorist cells is vastly different 16 from

A WSN-Based Tool for Urban and Industrial Fire-Fighting

PubMed Central

De San Bernabe Clemente, Alberto; Dios, José Ramiro Martínez-de; Baturone, Aníbal Ollero

2012-01-01

This paper describes a WSN tool to increase safety in urban and industrial fire-fighting activities. Unlike most approaches, we assume that there is no preexisting WSN in the building, which involves interesting advantages but imposes some constraints. The system integrates the following functionalities: fire monitoring, firefighter monitoring and dynamic escape path guiding. It also includes a robust localization method that employs RSSI-range models dynamically trained to cope with the peculiarities of the environment. The training and application stages of the method are applied simultaneously, resulting in significant adaptability. Besides simulations and laboratory tests, a prototype of the proposed system has been validated in close-to-operational conditions. PMID:23202198

A portable W-band radar system for enhancement of infrared vision in fire fighting operations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klenner, Mathias; Zech, Christian; Hülsmann, Axel; Kühn, Jutta; Schlechtweg, Michael; Hahmann, Konstantin; Kleiner, Bernhard; Ulrich, Michael; Ambacher, Oliver

2016-10-01

In this paper, we present a millimeter wave radar system which will enhance the performance of infrared cameras used for fire-fighting applications. The radar module is compact and lightweight such that the system can be combined with inertial sensors and integrated in a hand-held infrared camera. This allows for precise distance measurements in harsh environmental conditions, such as tunnel or industrial fires, where optical sensors are unreliable or fail. We discuss the design of the RF front-end, the antenna and a quasi-optical lens for beam shaping as well as signal processing and demonstrate the performance of the system by in situ measurements in a smoke filled environment.

Low Level Impacts on Fire Evolution in the Mack Lake and Other Severe Wildfires

Treesearch

Joseph J. Charney; Xindi Bian; Brian E. Potter; Warren E. Heilman

2003-01-01

The 2000 fire season brought to the forefront the issue of severe wildland fires in the United States. To address the need for new research and for the development of predictive tools for managing wildland fires, Congress allocated funding under the National Fire Plan (NFP) to better equip government agencies to fight and study forest fires. As part of the NFP research...

UAS Developments Supporting Wildfire Observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ambrosia, V. G.; Dahlgren, R. P.; Watts, A.; Reynolds, K. W.; Ball, T.

2014-12-01

Wildfires are regularly occurring emergency events that threaten life, property, and natural resources in every U.S. State and many countries around the world. Despite projections that $1.8 billion will be spent by U.S. Federal agencies alone on wildfires in 2014, the decades-long trend of increasing fire size, severity, and cost is expected to continue. Furthermore, the enormous potential for UAS (and concomitant sensor systems) to serve as geospatial intelligence tools to improve the safety and effectiveness of fire management, and our ability to forecast fire and smoke movements, remains barely tapped. Although orbital sensor assets are can provide the geospatial extent of wildfires, generally those resources are limited in use due to their spatial and temporal resolution limitations. These two critical elements make orbital assets of limited utility for tactical, real-time wildfire management, or for continuous scientific analysis of the temporal dynamics related to fire energy release rates and plume concentrations that vary significantly thru a fire's progression. Large UAS platforms and sensors can and have been used to monitor wildfire events at improved temporal, spatial and radiometric scales, but more focus is being placed on the use of small UAS (sUAS) and sensors to support wildfire observation strategies. The use of sUAS is therefore more critical for TACTICAL management purposes, rather than strategic observations, where small-scale fire developments are critical to understand. This paper will highlight the historical development and use of UAS for fire observations, as well as the current shift in focus to smaller, more affordable UAS for more rapid integration into operational use on wildfire events to support tactical observation strategies, and support wildfire science measurement inprovements.

An integer programming model to optimize resource allocation for wildfire containment.

Treesearch

Geoffrey H. Donovan; Douglas B. Rideout

2003-01-01

Determining the specific mix of fire-fighting resources for a given fire is a necessary condition for identifying the minimum of the Cost Plus Net Value Change (C+NVC) function. Current wildland fire management models may not reliably do so. The problem of identifying the most efficient wildland fire organization is characterized mathematically using integer-...

Advanced Catalytic Enzyme System (ACES) - Dual Use Capabilities

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-07-01

Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaerd, Denmark) with activity against both cells and spores, and a bacteriophage enzyme (PlyG Lysin) that is specific for B. anthracis... Novozymes ), Lysozyme (commercial) Buffer: Ammonium carbonate Fire-Fighting Components: ColdFire®, Fire Choke® or an equivalent Class A foam The

National environmental observing system to mitigate the effects of nuclear-biological-chemical (NBC) attacks: strategic and tactical

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fleming, Rex J.

2003-09-01

The challenge of obtaining an adequate environmental support system to help mitigate the effects of various terrorist generated plumes is articulated and a fiscally responsible solution is presented. A substantially improved national system of upper air data observing systems serves as a powerful information source prior to a terrorist event. A mobile tactical observing system for measuring the environment and for measuring the composition and intensity of the plume is implemented immediately following an event. Only proven and tested technologies are used. Program costs, benefits for the fight against terrorism, and multiple benefits to other aspects of the economy are summarized.

33 CFR 145.05 - Classification of fire extinguishers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... SECURITY (CONTINUED) OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 145.05 Classification of... means so that all portions of the space concerned may be covered. Examples of size graduations for some...

33 CFR 145.05 - Classification of fire extinguishers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... SECURITY (CONTINUED) OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 145.05 Classification of... means so that all portions of the space concerned may be covered. Examples of size graduations for some...

33 CFR 145.05 - Classification of fire extinguishers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... SECURITY (CONTINUED) OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 145.05 Classification of... means so that all portions of the space concerned may be covered. Examples of size graduations for some...

Defense.gov Special Report: California Wildfires

Science.gov Websites

Fight California Wildfires U.S. Marines and aircraft with 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing and fire crews on Wildfires CDC Emergency Preparedness - Wildfires Current California Fire Information (CA.gov) Official Camp

33 CFR 401.94 - Keeping copies of regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... duplicated set of the Ship's Fire Control Plans shall be permanently stored in a prominently marked weather-tight enclosure outside the deckhouse for the assistance of shore-side fire-fighting personnel. [70 FR...

33 CFR 401.94 - Keeping copies of regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... duplicated set of the Ship's Fire Control Plans shall be permanently stored in a prominently marked weather-tight enclosure outside the deckhouse for the assistance of shore-side fire-fighting personnel. [70 FR...

25 CFR 163.28 - Fire management measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... wildfire protection needs and extinguish forest or range fires on Indian land. No expenses for fighting a... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Fire management measures. 163.28 Section 163.28 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAND AND WATER GENERAL FORESTRY REGULATIONS Forest...

U.S. Coast Guard cutter personnel on Sweetbriar train their fire ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

U.S. Coast Guard cutter personnel on Sweetbriar train their fire hoses on a burning pleasure boat in an Alaskan harbor. A U.S. Coast Guard rigid-hull inflatable helps with the fire-fighting effort - U.S. Coast Guard Cutter SWEETBRIER, Cordova, Valdez-Cordova Census Area, AK

Wildland fire decision support system air quality tools

Treesearch

Sim Larkin; Tim Brown; Pete Lahm; Tom Zimmerman

2010-01-01

Smoke and air quality information have an important role in wildland fire decisionmaking that is reinforced in the 2009 "Guidance for Implementation of Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy." A key intent of the guidance is to allow consideration and use of the full range of strategic and tactical options that are available in the response to every wildland...

DefenseLink Feature: Military Helps Fight California Wildfires

Science.gov Websites

planes dropping fire retardant on wildfires in southern California face hazards and challenges unique to ' * Sailors Help Victims in Need * Bush Pledges Military Will Continue to Provide Fire Aid | Video

Water Supply Systems For Aircraft Fire And Rescue Protection

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-01-01

This Advisory Circular (AC) provides guidance for the selection : of a water source and standards for the design of a distribution system to : support aircraft rescue and fire fighting (ARFF) service operations on : airports.

Smartphones in the Tactical Environment: A Framework for Financial Analysis of U.S. Marine Corps Options

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-04-30

whole compared to what it would otherwise be. It is the usual story: a smaller fighting force, but one that packs more punch per rifleman/sailor/ pilot ...Bluetooth;  COTS multitasking operating system;  a display readable in direct sunlight and no light;  GPS;  meets security requirements;  voice

Airborne forest fire research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mattingly, G. S.

1974-01-01

The research relating to airborne fire fighting systems is reviewed to provide NASA/Langley Research Center with current information on the use of aircraft in forest fire operations, and to identify research requirements for future operations. A literature survey, interview of forest fire service personnel, analysis and synthesis of data from research reports and independent conclusions, and recommendations for future NASA-LRC programs are included.

Possibility of increasing the fire-suppression efficiency of the foam in automatic extinguishing installations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kachanov, I. V.; Veremenyuk, V. V.; Karpenchuk, I. V.; Pavlyukov, S. Yu.

2013-05-01

The mechanics of movement of a liquid in the diffuser of the injector of an automatic extinguishing installation with preaeration of the fire-fighting substance was theoretically investigated. An integral solution of the equation for movement of the preaerated fire-fighting gas-liquid mixture in the indicated diffuser has been obtained. A mathematical model of two-phase liquid flow in this diffuser, which allows one to calculate the distribution of the average pressure in the diffuser along its length and to determine the loss in this pressure, has been developed. This model can be used for designing the output region of a hydraulic system with a hydrodynamic drag providing the operation of its injector in a definite regime.

Airborne contaminants during controlled residential fires.

PubMed

Fent, Kenneth W; Evans, Douglas E; Babik, Kelsey; Striley, Cynthia; Bertke, Stephen; Kerber, Steve; Smith, Denise; Horn, Gavin P

2018-05-01

In this study, we characterize the area and personal air concentrations of combustion byproducts produced during controlled residential fires with furnishings common in 21 st century single family structures. Area air measurements were collected from the structure during active fire and overhaul (post suppression) and on the fireground where personnel were operating without any respiratory protection. Personal air measurements were collected from firefighters assigned to fire attack, victim search, overhaul, outside ventilation, and command/pump operator positions. Two different fire attack tactics were conducted for the fires (6 interior and 6 transitional) and exposures were compared between the tactics. For each of the 12 fires, firefighters were paired up to conduct each job assignment, except for overhaul that was conducted by 4 firefighters. Sampled compounds included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs, e.g., benzene), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and particulate (area air sampling only). Median personal air concentrations for the attack and search firefighters were generally well above applicable short-term occupational exposure limits, with the exception of HCN measured from search firefighters. Area air concentrations of all measured compounds decreased after suppression. Personal air concentrations of total PAHs and benzene measured from some overhaul firefighters exceeded exposure limits. Median personal air concentrations of HCN (16,300 ppb) exceeded the exposure limit for outside vent firefighters, with maximum levels (72,900 ppb) higher than the immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) level. Median air concentrations on the fireground (including particle count) were above background levels and highest when collected downwind of the structure and when ground-level smoke was the heaviest. No statistically significant differences in personal air concentrations were found between the 2 attack tactics. The results underscore the importance of wearing self-contained breathing apparatus when conducting overhaul or outside ventilation activities. Firefighters should also try to establish command upwind of the structure fire, and if this cannot be done, respiratory protection should be considered.

Guide Specification For Small, Dual Agent Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting Vehicles

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1993-12-07

This advisory circular (AC) contains performance standards, specifications, and : recommendations for the design, construction, and testing of a family of small, : dual agent aircraft rescue and fire fighting (ARFF) vehicles. The National : Fire Prot...

Applicability of ISO 16697 Data to Spacecraft Fire Fighting Strategies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David B.; Beeson, Harold D.

2012-01-01

Presentation Agenda: (1) Selected variables affecting oxygen consumption during spacecraft fires, (2) General overview of ISO 16697, (3) Estimated amounts of material consumed during combustion in typical ISS enclosures, (4) Discussion on potential applications.

When the Fire's Out: Learning from Adversity.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Holden, Tom

1997-01-01

After a $7 million arson fire destroyed part of a Virginia Beach high school, about 1,200 students were temporarily relocated to a refurbished former mini-mall, and a 16-month recovery project was initiated. The new design improved library and art facilities. School officials have since learned to fight fire with simple precautions, such as…

New fire-fighting water bucket is lifted by helicopter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A NASA helicopter lifts a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket that will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the 'Bambi' bucket, the 324-gallon container will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

Aquatic Toxicity Screening of Fire Fighting Agents

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-09-21

Aqueous Film Forming Foam ( AFFF ), the reference toxicant. The aquatic toxicity...Specification MIL-F-24385F Fire Extinguishing Agent, Aqueous Film Forming Foam ( AFFF ) Liquid Concentrate, For Fresh and Sea Water (MIL SPEC AFFF ). This...extinguish liquid hydrocarbon fuel fires involving aircraft operations. Several types of foam exist including protein, fluoroprotein and aqueous film

46 CFR 153.975 - Preparation for cargo transfer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... system to have a fire protection system. (b) Any electrical bonding of the tankship to the transfer... plugged. (m) Smoking is limited to safe places. (n) Fire fighting and safety equipment is ready. (o) He is... or continue cargo transfer unless the following conditions are met: (a) No fires or open flames are...

Design Guidelines and Criteria for User/Operator Transactions with Battlefield Automated Systems. Volume III-A. Human Factors Analyses of User/ Operator Transactions with TACFIRE - The Tactical Fire Direction System

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-02-01

7. Reseaarch Product 81-26 - DESIGN GUIDELINES AND CRITERIA FOR USER/ I;. I’OPERATOR TRANSACTIONS WITH BATTLEFIELD AUTOMIATED SYSTEMS I’ /HVtAN...FACTORS XWLYSES :’F K~R/ OPERATOR TRANSACTIONS WTHT TACFIRE - THE TACTICAL FIRE DiRECTION SY2T3EM A HUMAN FACTORS TECHNICAL AREA L~h~h K L-J 1’ U~~i~ ll...Battlefield Auto- Inter : Oct 1979-Feb 1981 mated Systems Volume III-A: Human Factors 4t C/ Analyses of User/Operator Transactions with 6. PERFORMING

Development of a Minimum Performance Standard for Hand-Held Fire Extinguishers as a Replacement for Halon 1211 on Civilian Transport Category Aircraft

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Webster, Harry

2002-08-01

One or more Halon 1211 hand-held fire extinguishers are specified in Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) Part 25.851 as a requirement on transport category aircraft with 31 or more seats. Halon 1211 has been linked to the destruction of the ozone layer and production of new Halon 1211 has been halted per the Montreal Protocol in 1993. The phase out of Halon 1211, as the hand-held firefighting agent of choice, for civilian transport category aircraft has necessitated the development of a Minimum Performance Standard (MPS) to evaluate replacement agents. The purpose of the MPS is to insure that there is no reduction in safety, both in terms of effectiveness in fighting onboard fires and toxicity to the passengers and crew. The MPS specifies two new tests that replacement agents must pass in addition to requiring national certifications such as provided by Underwriters Laboratories. The first test evaluates the "flooding" characteristics of the agent against a hidden in-flight fire. This test determines the ability of a streaming agent to function as a flooding agent. The second test evaluates the performance of the agent in fighting a terrorist fire scenario and the associated toxicity hazard. This test measures the agent's ability to extinguish a triple-seat fire in an aircraft cabin under in-flight conditions and the toxicity characteristics of both the neat agent and the products of decomposition. This MPS will insure that the replacement agents will meet or exceed the performance of Halon 1211 both in fighting fires and maintaining a safe breathing environment in aircraft cabins.

Mesoscale Simulations During the Double Trouble State Park Wildfire in East-Central New Jersey on June 2, 2002

Treesearch

Joseph J. Charney; Xindi Bian; Brian E. Potter; Warren E. Heilman

2003-01-01

The 2000 fire season brought to the forefront the issue of severe wildland fires in the United States. To address the need for new research and for the development of predictive tools for the management of wildland fires, Congress allocated funding under the National Fire Plan (NFP) to better equip government agencies to fight and study forest fires. As part of the NFP...

Bridging EOS remote sensing measurements and fire emissions, smoke dispersion, and air quality DSS in the Eastern US

Treesearch

John J. Qu; Xianjun Hao; Ruixin Yang; Swarvanu Dasgupta; Sanjeeb Bhoi; Menas Kafatos

1999-01-01

Fire eniissions, smoke dispersiotl. ancl air quality are very important for fire fighting and planing of prescribed burning. BlueskyRATNS (BSR) is a comprehenisive and state-of-the-art Decision Support System (DSS) for fire managers and air quality managers to plan fiiels treatments and support state air qiiality smoke regulatory actions, especially related to...

New fire-fighting water bucket releases its water for a demonstration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A NASA helicopter releases 324 gallons of water onto a building in a simulated fire control demonstration. The high-impact- resistant flexible plastic bucket will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the 'Bambi' bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

Fighting the Fire in Our Own House: How Poor Decisions are Smoldering Within the U.S. Fire Service

DTIC Science & Technology

Additionally, a second recommendation suggests incorporating an anonymous near-miss reporting system to identify workplace incidents that fall short of an accident, but nonetheless contain pertinent educational information.

30 CFR 75.1908 - Nonpermissible diesel-powered equipment; categories.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the mine fire fighting and evacuation plan under § 75.1502. [61 FR 55527, Oct. 25, 1996; 70 FR 36347... such machine or device, which job site is occupied by a miner. (d) Diesel-powered ambulances and fire...

KSC00pp0744

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-06-02

A NASA helicopter takes off to bring water to fight a small fire on Kennedy Space Center grounds. The site is between Kennedy Parkway North and the Indian River. The fire is one of many throughout Central Florida, which is suffering from drought

KSC-00pp0744

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-06-02

A NASA helicopter takes off to bring water to fight a small fire on Kennedy Space Center grounds. The site is between Kennedy Parkway North and the Indian River. The fire is one of many throughout Central Florida, which is suffering from drought

Effects-Based Operations in the Cyber Domain

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-05-03

as the joint targeting methodology . The description that Batschelet gave the traditional targeting methodology included a process of, “Decide, Detect...technology, requires new planning and methodology to fight back. This paper evaluates current Department of Defense doctrine to look at ways to conduct...developing its cyber tactics, techniques, and procedures, which, includes various targeting methodologies , such as the use of effects-based

Fighting The Network: Manet Management In Support Of Littoral Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-01

Solomon , 2015). DL widens the scope of naval Surface Action Groups (SAG) operations, introducing the concept of Adaptive Force Package (AFP...be implemented in littoral tactical networks. CENETIX research utilizes three Wave Relay radio models for experimentation : the Man-Portable Unit...enable seamless continuity in the transfer of research knowledge to subsequent testing and CONOPS development. CENETIX field experimentation

New fire-fighting water bucket is readied for a demonstration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

Workers attach a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket to a NASA helicopter. Holding 324 gallons of water, it will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the 'Bambi' bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

New fire-fighting water bucket is filled for demonstration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

- A NASA helicopter hovers over the water while a high-impact- resistant flexible plastic bucket fills. The 324-gallon container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the 'Bambi' bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

New fire-fighting water bucket is lifted from water for a demonstration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A NASA helicopter lifts a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket filled with water. The container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center.. Known as the 'Bambi' bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

Extinguishment and Burnback Testing of Fire Fighting Agents

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-09-26

resisting burnback for hydrocarbon fuel fires. Potential Aqueous Film Forming Foam ( AFFF ) replacements are required to exhibit an...simple, reliable test to evaluate the effectiveness of new foams being introduced into the market as potential Aqueous Film Forming Foam ( AFFF ...normal concentrations. Reference: Military Specification MIL-F-24385F, Fire Extinguishing Agent, Aqueous Film - Forming Foam

Firefighting Trainer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1984-01-01

Firefighting trainees conduct fire control exercises using a prototype simulator known as the Emergency Management Computer Aided Training System (EMCAT). Developed by Marshall Space Flight Center (MFS) in response to a request from the Huntsville (AL) Fire Department, EMCAT enables a trainee to assume the role of fireground commander and make quick decisions on best use of his fire fighting personnel and equipment.

Integrated Personal Protective Equipment Standards Support Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-04-01

traditional SCBA showed that the distribution of the weight is important as well. Twelve firefighters performed simulated fire -fighting and rescue exercises...respiratory equipment standards and five National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) protective suit, clothing, and respirator standards. The...respirators. The clothing standards were for protective ensembles for urban search and rescue operations, open circuit SCBA for fire and emergency

Proceedings of the symposium on fire and watershed management

Treesearch

Neil H. Berg

1989-01-01

Wildfires have affected the landscape since the dawn of time and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Policies and practices in response to fire have varied, however, contingent upon a complex mix of values and attitudes overlaid by the technical acumen available to both "fight" the fire and reclaim the land afterwards.

KSC-00pp1080

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-08-08

A NASA helicopter flies over fire-fighting equipment and personnel in order to drop its load of water on a wildfire at KSC. Before being extinguished, the fire burned about 20 acres at a site near gate 2C on Kennedy Parkway North (route 3)

KSC00pp1080

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-08-08

A NASA helicopter flies over fire-fighting equipment and personnel in order to drop its load of water on a wildfire at KSC. Before being extinguished, the fire burned about 20 acres at a site near gate 2C on Kennedy Parkway North (route 3)

Fire/security staff member instructs STS-29 crew on fire extinguisher usage

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1988-01-01

STS-29 Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, crewmembers are trained in procedures to follow in the event of a fire. Here, the crew is briefed on the correct handling of the fire extinguisher by Robert Fife (far left) of NASA's fire / security staff. Pictured, left to right are Pilot John E. Blaha, Commander Michael L. Coats, Mission Specialist (MS) Robert C. Springer, MS James F. Buchli, and MS James P. Bagian. The in fire fighting training took place at JSC's fire training pit across from the Gilruth Center Bldg 207.

Aircraft Hangar Fire Suppression System Evaluation-Intermediate- Scale Studies

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-12-23

aqueous film forming foam ( AFFF ) extinguishing systems [1]. The overhead AFFF system typically consists of standard closed head sprinklers that...of Water Spray on Fire-Fighting Foam ," Fire Journal, 63 (6), November 1969. 5. MIL-F-24385F, "Fire Extinguishing Agent, Aqueous Film Forming Foam ...extinguishing capability of the foam and the ability of the blanket to resist burnback. When AFFF is applied over a flammable liquid spill

Determination of pumper truck intervention ratios in zones with high fire potential by using geographical information system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aricak, Burak; Kucuk, Omer; Enez, Korhan

2014-01-01

Fighting forest fires not only depends on the forest type, topography, and weather conditions, but is also closely related to the technical properties of fire-fighting equipment. Firefighting is an important part of fire management planning. However, because of the complex nature of forests, creating thematic layers to generate potential fire risk maps is difficult. The use of remote sensing data has become an efficient method for the discrete classification of potential fire risks. The study was located in the Central District of the Kastamonu Regional Forest Directorate, covering an area of 24,320 ha, 15,685 ha of which is forested. On the basis of stand age, crown closure, and tree species, the sizes and distributions of potential fire risk zones within the study area were determined using high-resolution GeoEye satellite imagery and geographical information system data. The status of pumper truck intervention in zones with high fire risk and the sufficiency of existing forest roads within an existing forest network were discussed based on combustible matter characteristics. Pumper truck intervention was 83% for high-risk zones, 79% for medium-risk zones, and 78% for low-risk zones. A pumper truck intervention area map along existing roads was also created.

Precision Strike 2008 Summer Forum

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-11

extended ranges, 360--mounted and dismounted Technical fire direction and limited tactical fire direction on all delivery systems Delivery systems that...can rapidly emplace/displace with high rates of fire Accurate on demand, meteorological data to delivery system ranges All munitions with less than 50M...CEP at all ranges Munitions that provide a variety of effects in any environment To achieve this, Field Artillery needs these “enablers” Target

Response and legislative changes after the Kiss nightclub tragedy in Santa Maria/RS/Brazil: Learning from a large-scale burn disaster.

PubMed

Gragnani, Alfredo; de Oliveira, Andrea Fernandes; Boro, Daniel; Pham, Tam N; Ferreira, Lydia Masako

2017-03-01

A major fire occurred on January 27, 2013, at 02:30 at Kiss nightclub in the city of Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, in Southern Brazil. In this retrospective report, we aimed to describe the nightclub fire event, its immediate consequences, and evaluated its impact on legislation. Our objective was to disseminate the lessons we learned from this large-scale nightclub fire disaster. We conducted a literature review in PubMed and Lilacs database from 2013 to 2015 related to the nightclub Kiss, Santa Maria, fire, burns, and similar events worldwide over the past 15 years. We searched in the general press and online media information sites, and seeking legislation about this topic at the federal level in Brazil. We reported on the legislation changes that resulted from this nightclub fire. Current federal legislation on fire prevention and the scope of public safety, including night clubs and discos, states is the duty of the state and everyone's responsibility, pursuant to Article 144 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil. Thus, the federal union, individual states and municipalities have the power to legislate on fire prevention, and especially to ensure the security of the population. A state law called "Law Kiss", was passed in 2014, establishing standards on safety, prevention and protection against fire in buildings and areas of fire risk in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. On a national level, a law of prevention and fire fighting in Brazil was also drafted after the Santa Maria disaster (Law project no. 4923, 2013). Currently, this bill is still awaiting sanction before it can take effect. As we push for enactment of the national law of prevention and fire fighting in Brazil, we will continue emphasizing fire prevention, fire protection, fire fighting, means of escape and proper management. All similar events in this and other countries remind us that similar tragedies may occur anywhere, and that the analysis of facts, previous mistakes, during and after the incident are crucial to our understanding, and will help us lessen the chance of future occurrences. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.

Male monkeys use punishment and coercion to de-escalate costly intergroup fights.

PubMed

Arseneau-Robar, T Jean M; Müller, Eliane; Taucher, Anouk L; van Schaik, Carel P; Bshary, Redouan; Willems, Erik P

2018-06-13

In numerous social species, males direct aggression towards female group members during intergroup fights, and this behaviour is commonly thought to function as mate guarding, even though males often target non-receptive females. In studying intergroup fights in a wild population of vervet monkeys, we found that male intragroup aggression was primarily directed towards individuals who had either just finished exhibiting, or were currently attempting to instigate intergroup aggression. Targeted females were less likely to instigate intergroup aggression in the future, indicating that male intragroup aggression functioned as coercion (when directed towards those who were currently trying to instigate a fight) and punishment (when directed towards those who had recently fought). These manipulative tactics effectively prevented intergroup encounters from escalating into fights and often de-escalated ongoing conflicts. Males who were likely sires were those most likely to use punishment/coercion, particularly when they were wounded, and, therefore, less able to protect vulnerable offspring should a risky intergroup fight erupt. This work, along with our previous finding that females use punishment and rewards to recruit males into participating in intergroup fights, highlights the inherent conflict of interest that exists between the sexes, as well as the role that social incentives can play in resolving this conflict. Furthermore, unlike other studies which have found punishment to be used asymmetrically between partners, these works represent a novel example of reciprocal punishment in a non-human animal. © 2018 The Author(s).

30 CFR 57.4200 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Firefighting Equipment § 57.4200 General requirements. (a) For fighting fires that could endanger...

30 CFR 56.4200 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-SURFACE METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Firefighting Equipment § 56.4200 General requirements. (a) For fighting fires that could endanger...

KSC00pp1078

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-08-08

A NASA helicopter dips its fire-fighting bucket into the river to pick up and deliver a cargo of water to a wildfire at KSC. Before being extinguished, the fire burned about 20 acres at a site near gate 2C on Kennedy Parkway North (route 3)

KSC-00pp1078

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-08-08

A NASA helicopter dips its fire-fighting bucket into the river to pick up and deliver a cargo of water to a wildfire at KSC. Before being extinguished, the fire burned about 20 acres at a site near gate 2C on Kennedy Parkway North (route 3)

NASA helicopter helps fight brush fire at KSC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A NASA helicopter flies toward the source of the smoke to drop its load of water on a wildfire at KSC. Before being extinguished, the fire burned about 20 acres at a site near gate 2C on Kennedy Parkway North (route 3).

46 CFR 12.05-3 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... applicant must: (1) Be at least 18 years of age; (2) Pass the prescribed physical and medical examination in... § 12.01-3). (2) Fire prevention and fire-fighting as set out in table A-VI/1-2 of the STCW Code. (3...

46 CFR 12.05-3 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... applicant must: (1) Be at least 18 years of age; (2) Pass the prescribed physical and medical examination in... § 12.01-3). (2) Fire prevention and fire-fighting as set out in table A-VI/1-2 of the STCW Code. (3...

48 CFR 452.236-77 - Emergency Response.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Response. As prescribed in 436.577, the following clause may be used in Forest Service construction contracts: Emergency Response (NOV 1996) (a) Contractor's Responsibility for Fire Fighting. (1) The..., Equipment, Utilities, and Improvements, shall immediately extinguish all fires on the work site other than...

48 CFR 452.236-77 - Emergency Response.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Response. As prescribed in 436.577, the following clause may be used in Forest Service construction contracts: Emergency Response (NOV 1996) (a) Contractor's Responsibility for Fire Fighting. (1) The..., Equipment, Utilities, and Improvements, shall immediately extinguish all fires on the work site other than...

48 CFR 452.236-77 - Emergency Response.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Response. As prescribed in 436.577, the following clause may be used in Forest Service construction contracts: Emergency Response (NOV 1996) (a) Contractor's Responsibility for Fire Fighting. (1) The..., Equipment, Utilities, and Improvements, shall immediately extinguish all fires on the work site other than...

48 CFR 452.236-77 - Emergency Response.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Response. As prescribed in 436.577, the following clause may be used in Forest Service construction contracts: Emergency Response (NOV 1996) (a) Contractor's Responsibility for Fire Fighting. (1) The..., Equipment, Utilities, and Improvements, shall immediately extinguish all fires on the work site other than...

48 CFR 452.236-77 - Emergency Response.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Response. As prescribed in 436.577, the following clause may be used in Forest Service construction contracts: Emergency Response (NOV 1996) (a) Contractor's Responsibility for Fire Fighting. (1) The..., Equipment, Utilities, and Improvements, shall immediately extinguish all fires on the work site other than...

Biogeochemical assessment of natural attenuation of JP-4-contaminated ground water in the presence of fluorinated surfactants.

PubMed

Levine, A D; Libelo, E L; Bugna, G; Shelley, T; Mayfield, H; Stauffer, T B

1997-12-22

The biogeochemistry of the natural attenuation of petroleum-contaminated ground water was investigated in a field study. The focus of the study was a fire training site located on Tyndall Air Force Base in Florida. The site has been used by the Air Force for approximately 11 years in fire fighting exercises. An on-site above-ground tank of JP-4 provided fuel for setting controlled fires for the exercises. Various amounts of water and aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) were applied to extinguish the fires. The sources of contamination included leaks from pipelines transporting the fuel, leaks from an oil/water separator and runoff and percolation from the fire fighting activities. Previous investigations had identified jet fuel contamination at the site, however, no active remediation efforts have been conducted to date. The goal of this study was to use biogeochemical monitoring data to delineate redox zones within the site and to identify evidence of natural attenuation of JP-4 contamination. In addition to identifying several hydrocarbon metabolites, fluorinated surfactants (AFFF) were detected down-gradient of the hydrocarbon plume.

Building systems and smoke control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kawagoe, K.; Wakamatsu, T.; Morishita, Y.; Yamana, T.

The cost effectiveness of different approaches to fire prevention - sprinklers and detectors, increased use of smoke control devices, increased flammability standards, increased public education, increase fire prevention efforts, increased public fire services, etc. - need to be studied further as a guide to determining the emphasis appropriate for each. It is clear that detectors and sprinklers are making a difference in the fight to reduce fire losses. With continued effort the detectors' and sprinklers' full potential for saving lives and property from fire can be realized.

Stennis acquires new ladder truck

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-20

The Stennis Space Center Fire Department added to its fire-fighting capabilities with acquisition of a new emergency response vehicle, Ladder-1, for use on-site. The E-One HP78 Aerial Truck is a combination aerial ladder and fire suppression unit and is designed with the latest safety technology. Featuring a 78-foot ladder and a pumping capability of 1,500 gallons per minute, the new truck provides firefighters with a tremendous rescue and fire suppression tool, Stennis Fire Chief Clark Smith said.

Fire fighting and its influence on the body.

PubMed

Rossi, René

2003-08-15

Working conditions for fire fighters can be described according to the environment temperature and the incident radiant heat flux. Measurements for this study in buildings for fire fighting training have shown that fire fighters are typically exposed to radiant heat fluxes of between 5 and 10 kWm(-2) during this kind of exercise. The heat load can nevertheless be much higher. In one case, 42 kWm(-2) was measured. The temperatures reached between 100 and 190 degrees C at 1 m above ground, going up to 278 degrees C in one case. Human trials have been performed with 17 fire fighters. After exercises (about 15 min) in a heated room, the mean core temperature of the fire fighters rose by 0.6 degrees C with a surrounding temperature of 31 degrees C and 1.0 degrees C with 38 degrees C. The sweat production varied from 0.7 to 2.1 lh(-1); 16% to 45% of sweat remained in the clothing layers. During the exercises in the training buildings, a mean of 48 degrees C has been measured between fire fighters' clothing and workwear. These conditions lead to an increase of the relative humidity in all the jackets up to 100%. When the fire fighters came out of the fire, the humidity remained at this level in the PVC coated jackets while it was in some cases strongly reduced in breathable jackets.

Fighting fire with fire: estimating the efficacy of wildfire mitigation programs using propensity scores

Treesearch

David T. Butry

2009-01-01

This paper examines the effect wildfire mitigation has on broad-scale wildfire behavior. Each year, hundreds of million of dollars are spent on fire suppression and fuels management applications, yet little is known, quantitatively, of the returns to these programs in terms of their impact on wildfire extent and intensity. This is especially true when considering that...

Fighting forest fires in Brazil

Treesearch

José Carlos Mendes de Morais

2013-01-01

Fire has been used in Brazil for many years, but the increased use of this tool, combined with natural events and the presence of large forest and agricultural areas, has led to a significant jump in the number of forest fires, most of them caused by accident. To optimize existing resources and to cope with growing demand, action levels were adopted according to the...

Aircraft Instrument, Fire Protection, Warning, Communication, Navigation and Cabin Atmosphere Control System (Course Outline), Aviation Mechanics 3 (Air Frame): 9067.04.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dade County Public Schools, Miami, FL.

This document presents an outline for a 135-hour course designed to familiarize the student with manipulative skills and theoretical knowledge concerning aircraft instrument systems like major flight and engine instruments; fire protection and fire fighting systems; warning systems and navigation systems; aircraft cabin control systems, such as…

Celebrating Ten Years. Foundation for Individual Rights in Education Annual Report, 2009

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (NJ1), 2009

2009-01-01

This paper presents the annual report of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE) for 2009. The year 2009 was momentous for FIRE, for it marked its tenth anniversary. In the last decade, FIRE has been remarkably successful at fighting to secure basic rights of free speech and conscience on college campuses. It has fought for…

New fire-fighting water bucket releases its load for a demonstration.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A NASA helicopter releases the contents of the high-impact- resistant flexible plastic bucket it holds. The 324-gallon container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the 'Bambi' bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

Wolf Fire West of Los Angeles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

This photograph taken from the International Space Station on June 7, 2002, shows the Copper Fire burning in the hills outside Los Angeles. Astronauts use a variety of lenses and look angles as their orbits pass over wildfires to document the long-distance movements of smoke from the fires as well as details of the burning areas. This image clearly illustrates the difficult, rugged terrain that firefighters must face when fighting these wildland fires.

Biocatalytic nerve agent detoxification in fire fighting foams.

PubMed

LeJeune, K E; Russell, A J

1999-03-20

Current events across the globe necessitate rapid technological advances to combat the epidemic of nerve agent chemical weapons. Biocatalysis has emerged as a viable tool in the detoxification of organophosphorus neurotoxins, such as the chemical weapons VX and sarin. Efficient detoxification of contaminated equipment, machinery, and soils are of principal concern. This study describes the incorporation of a biocatalyst (organophosphorus hydrolase, E.C. 3.1.8.1) into conventional formulations of fire fighting foam. The capacity of fire fighting foams to decrease volatilization of contained contaminants, increase surface wettability, and control the rate of enzyme delivery to large areas makes them useful vehicles for enzyme application at surfaces. The performance of enzyme containing foams has been shown to be not only reproducible but also predictable. An empirical model provides reasonable estimations for the amounts of achievable surface decontamination as a function of the important parameters of the system. Theoretical modeling illustrates that the enzyme-containing foam is capable of extracting agent from the surface and is catalytically active at the foam-surface interface and throughout the foam itself. Biocatalytic foam has proven to be an effective, "environmentally friendly" means of surface and soil decontamination.

US Army War College Key Strategic Issues List

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-07-01

Soldier vs contractor operated and maintained tactical equipment. Are the new soldier systems so " high tech " that we cannot fight wars without contractors...approaches to meet the high tech skills demanded by our transformation TOEs? (G-3 ACD) 9. War and Society: a. Has the Army adapted from Industrial-Age...61 United States Military Academy ...................................... 65 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

U.S. Army War College: Key Strategic Issues List

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-07-01

Protocol (EoIP) b. Soldier vs contractor operated and maintained tactical equipment. Are the new soldier systems so “ high tech ” that we cannot fight...approaches to meet the high tech skills demanded by our transformation TOEs? (G-3 ACD) 9. War and Society: a. Has the Army adapted from Industrial-Age to...61 United States Military Academy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Drug Crisis: Schools Fight Back with Innovative Programs. Education U.S.A. Special Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, J. William

An indepth study of the drug issue and problem in American schools is presented in this Education U.S.A. Special Report by the National School Public Relations Association. Dealing with what is and what is not being accomplished, the report probes the extent of the drug problem; reasons for its existence; the scare tactics of overkill versus the…

Fighting Columns in Small Wars: An OMFTS Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-01-01

21 Map 3. The FAPLA Offensive to the Lomba River ...encountered by the Israelis in the Bekaa Valley or over the Golan Heights.28 As a result the SAAF had to develop proficiency in tactics such as "toss bombing...1987 Combat Group Bravo engaged two battalions and five tanks from FAPLA’s 21 Brigade as they crossed to the southern bank of the Lomba River

Community advisor - firewise

Treesearch

Richard D. Reitz

2003-01-01

The old model of individual homeowners and neighborhoods depending solely on government provided fire fighting resources is gone. Recent wildland fires have demonstrated that community firefighting resources are easily outpaced when multiple structures are burning simultaneously. The cure is to move most structure protection responsibility to the homeowner and...

Rheology of Foam Near the Order-Disorder Phase Transition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Holt, R. Glynn; McDaniel, J. Gregory

1999-01-01

Foams are extremely important in a variety of industrial applications. Foams are widely used in fire-fighting applications, and are especially effective in fighting flammable liquid fires. In fact the Fire Suppression System aboard the Space Shuttle utilizes cylinders of Halon foam, which, when fired, force a rapidly expanding foam into the convoluted spaces behind instrument panels. Foams are critical in the process of enhanced oil recovery, due to their surface-active and highly viscous nature. They are also used as drilling fluids in underpressurized geologic formations. They are used as transport agents, and as trapping agents. They are also used as separation agents, where ore refinement is accomplished by froth flotation of the typically lighter and hydrophobic contaminants. The goal of the proposed investigation is the determination of the mechanical and rheological properties of foams, utilizing the microgravity environment to explore foam rheology for foams which cannot exist, or only exist for a short time, in 1g.

The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in the play fighting of rats.

PubMed

Bell, Heather C; McCaffrey, David R; Forgie, Margaret L; Kolb, Bryan; Pellis, Sergio M

2009-12-01

Although decorticated rats are able to engage in play, their play is abnormal in three ways. First, decorticates do not display the normal, age-related shifts in defensive strategies during development. Second, decorticates do not modify their defensive tactics in response to the social identity of their partners. Third, decorticates display a global shift in defensive tactics from more complex to less complex strategies. It has been shown that lesions of the motor cortex (MC) selectively produce the abnormal developmental effects on play, and that lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) selectively produce the deficits in behavioral discrimination between social partners. In the current set of experiments, we demonstrate that lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) produce the shift from more complex to less complex defensive tactics, while leaving intact the age-related and partner-related modulation of defensive strategies. Thus, we have evidence for a triple dissociation of function between the MC, the OFC, and the mPFC with respect to social play behavior.

Colleges Fight Fire With Electronics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

College & University Business, 1968

1968-01-01

Description of various electronic fire detection and alarm systems is presented. Explanation of detective systems includes--(1) fixed-temperature and rate-of-rise heat sensitive devices, (2) smoke detective devices, (3) ionization systems, and (4) infrared and ultraviolet radiation devices. Each system type is evaluated in terms of operation,…

25 CFR 163.28 - Fire management measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... wildfire protection needs and extinguish forest or range fires on Indian land. No expenses for fighting a... are currently in use by public and private wildfire protection agencies adjacent to Indian... mutual aid in wildfire protection. This section does not apply to the rendering of emergency aid, or...

25 CFR 163.28 - Fire management measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... wildfire protection needs and extinguish forest or range fires on Indian land. No expenses for fighting a... are currently in use by public and private wildfire protection agencies adjacent to Indian... mutual aid in wildfire protection. This section does not apply to the rendering of emergency aid, or...

25 CFR 163.28 - Fire management measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... wildfire protection needs and extinguish forest or range fires on Indian land. No expenses for fighting a... are currently in use by public and private wildfire protection agencies adjacent to Indian... mutual aid in wildfire protection. This section does not apply to the rendering of emergency aid, or...

25 CFR 163.28 - Fire management measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... wildfire protection needs and extinguish forest or range fires on Indian land. No expenses for fighting a... are currently in use by public and private wildfire protection agencies adjacent to Indian... mutual aid in wildfire protection. This section does not apply to the rendering of emergency aid, or...

2007 Ikhana Western States and Southern California Emergency UAS Fire Missions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cobleigh, Brent

2008-01-01

Four demonstration and four emergency fire imaging missions completed: a) Thermal infrared imagery delivered in near real-time (5 to 15 minutes) to: 1) SoCal Emergency: FEMA, NIFC, NorthCom, California EOC; 2) Demo Flights: NIFC, Individual Fire Incident Commands. Imagery used for tactical and strategic decision making. Air Traffic Control gave excellent support. Mission plans flown in reverse. Real time requests for revisits of active fires. Added new fire during mission. Moved fire loiter points as fires moved. Real-time reroute around thunderstorm activity. Pre & Post flight telecons with FAA were held to review mission and discuss operational improvements. No issues with air traffic control during the 8 fire missions flown.

Medical evaluation of fire fighters: How fit are they for duty?

PubMed

Davis, P O; Biersner, R J; Barnard, R J; Schamadan, J

1982-08-01

Aside from the obvious dangers to life and limb associated with the job, fire fighting subjects the body to environmental and physical stressors that can adversely affect various systems. In fact, the effects of these stressors on the cardiovascular system have made coronary heart disease a greater killer among fire fighters than among other occupational groups. The approach to medical evaluation of fire fighters presented here is based on an appreciation of these stressors.

46 CFR 167.45-40 - Fire-fighting equipment on nautical school ships using oil as fuel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... following type and character: (a) In each boiler room and in each of the machinery spaces of a nautical... approved fire extinguishers of the foam type of not less than 9.5 liters (21/2 gallons) each or 2 or more approved fire extinguishers of the carbon dioxide type of not less than 33 kilograms (15 pounds) each must...

46 CFR 167.45-40 - Fire-fighting equipment on nautical school ships using oil as fuel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... following type and character: (a) In each boiler room and in each of the machinery spaces of a nautical... approved fire extinguishers of the foam type of not less than 9.5 liters (21/2 gallons) each or 2 or more approved fire extinguishers of the carbon dioxide type of not less than 33 kilograms (15 pounds) each must...

An analysis of shoot and scoot tactics

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

firing multiple shots in the same location is preferable to moving immediately after firing one shot . Moving frequently reduces risk to artillery, but...preferable to moving immediately after firing one shot . Moving frequently reduces risk to artillery, but limits the artillery’s ability to inflict damage... study here. Thanks to his mistake (it might not be), I have completed a very tough matrix of 71 credits (56 grad level credits) in only one year. I

29 CFR Appendix B to Subpart L of... - National Consensus Standards

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... NFPA No. 13E, Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected by Sprinkler, Standpipe Systems. ANSI..., Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting. 1910.159 ANSI-NFPA No. 13, Sprinkler Systems. NFPA No. 13A, Sprinkler Systems, Maintenance. ANSI/NFPA No. 18, Wetting Agents. ANSI/NFPA No. 20...

29 CFR Appendix B to Subpart L of... - National Consensus Standards

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... NFPA No. 13E, Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected by Sprinkler, Standpipe Systems. ANSI..., Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting. 1910.159 ANSI-NFPA No. 13, Sprinkler Systems. NFPA No. 13A, Sprinkler Systems, Maintenance. ANSI/NFPA No. 18, Wetting Agents. ANSI/NFPA No. 20...

29 CFR Appendix B to Subpart L of... - National Consensus Standards

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... NFPA No. 13E, Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected by Sprinkler, Standpipe Systems. ANSI..., Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting. 1910.159 ANSI-NFPA No. 13, Sprinkler Systems. NFPA No. 13A, Sprinkler Systems, Maintenance. ANSI/NFPA No. 18, Wetting Agents. ANSI/NFPA No. 20...

29 CFR Appendix B to Subpart L of... - National Consensus Standards

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.... NFPA No. 13E, Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected by Sprinkler, Standpipe Systems. ANSI..., Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting. 1910.159 ANSI-NFPA No. 13, Sprinkler Systems. NFPA No. 13A, Sprinkler Systems, Maintenance. ANSI/NFPA No. 18, Wetting Agents. ANSI/NFPA No. 20...

Classical biological control of invasive species: fighting fire with fire

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Invasive species cost the US over $130 billion in losses and control costs every year. Exotic insects, weeds and pathogens are the primary invaders that frequently move across continents, exploding in numbers in areas where they have been newly introduced. There are many reasons that these pests r...

46 CFR 153.907 - Cargo information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... exposed to the cargo. (7) A list of fire fighting procedures and extinguishing agents effective with cargo fires. (8) Shipper's name. (9) Loading point. (10) Approximate quantity of cargo. (11) Tank in which the... of these two tables. (2) The name of the cargo prescribed in the letter authorizing carriage of the...

46 CFR 153.907 - Cargo information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... exposed to the cargo. (7) A list of fire fighting procedures and extinguishing agents effective with cargo fires. (8) Shipper's name. (9) Loading point. (10) Approximate quantity of cargo. (11) Tank in which the... of these two tables. (2) The name of the cargo prescribed in the letter authorizing carriage of the...

14 CFR 25.1439 - Protective breathing equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... breathing equipment must be installed for the use of appropriate crewmembers for fighting fires in... dioxide, and other harmful gases while on flight deck duty or while combating fires. (2) The equipment... considered to be of 15-minute duration at the prescribed altitude and minute volume. If a continuous flow...

46 CFR 153.907 - Cargo information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... exposed to the cargo. (7) A list of fire fighting procedures and extinguishing agents effective with cargo fires. (8) Shipper's name. (9) Loading point. (10) Approximate quantity of cargo. (11) Tank in which the... of these two tables. (2) The name of the cargo prescribed in the letter authorizing carriage of the...

14 CFR 25.1439 - Protective breathing equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... breathing equipment must be installed for the use of appropriate crewmembers for fighting fires in... dioxide, and other harmful gases while on flight deck duty or while combating fires. (2) The equipment... considered to be of 15-minute duration at the prescribed altitude and minute volume. If a continuous flow...

Quantification of volatile organic compounds in smoke from prescribed burning and comparison with occupational exposure limits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Romagnoli, E.; Barboni, T.; Santoni, P.-A.; Chiaramonti, N.

2014-05-01

Prescribed burning represents a serious threat to personnel fighting fires due to smoke inhalation. The aim of this study was to investigate exposure by foresters to smoke from prescribed burning, focusing on exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The methodology for smoke sampling was first evaluated. Potentially dangerous compounds were identified among the VOCs emitted by smoke fires at four prescribed burning plots located around Corsica. The measured mass concentrations for several toxic VOCs were generally higher than those measured in previous studies due to the experimental framework (short sampling distance between the foresters and the flame, low combustion, wet vegetation). In particular, benzene, phenol and furfural exceeded the legal short-term exposure limits published in Europe and/or the United States. Other VOCs such as toluene, ethybenzene or styrene remained below the exposure limits. In conclusion, clear and necessary recommendations were made for protection of personnel involved in fighting fires.

Canadian Light Infantry in Adaptive Dispersed Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-17

participated directly or indirectly under the leadership of Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) MOUNTAIN, which was mostly built around the 10th Mountain...unique and possesses its own characteristics. It has its own ethic which is obtained from its distinctive tactical style , special attitude toward the...it is not organization that determines their light nature but their characteristics and fighting style . He added: “The historical tendency for light

Canadian Light Infantry in Adaptive Dispersed Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-22

participated directly or indirectly under the leadership of Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) MOUNTAIN, which was mostly built around the 10th Mountain...unique and possesses its own characteristics. It has its own ethic which is obtained from its distinctive tactical style , special attitude toward the...it is not organization that determines their light nature but their characteristics and fighting style . He added: “The historical tendency for light

New Navy Fighting Machine in the South China Sea

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

documents/SD_WhitePaper_Mil6. pdf . Rubel, Robert C. "The Future of the Aircraft Carrier." Naval War College Review, Autumn 2011, http:// www.usnwc.edu...50 Figure 8. CT USV Disbursement Amongst Combatants Tactic...51 Figure 9. FALCON Laser Node Affixed to DC-3 Aircraft ...Area Denial AAC Air-to-Air Combat AAD Anti- Aircraft Defense AGC Automatic Gain Control AGS Advanced Gun System ARIES Airborne Reconnaissance

Operational Risk and the American Way of Warfare

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

tactical level. That conclusion however, fails to account for the entire context. The cumulative effect is one of operational complacency. The...largely come at the cost of any operational thinking about risk. The operational risk in the current fight is not easily discernible because it seems...traditional American answers to risk. This addiction to annihilation through firepower has come with a high cost . The culture of annihilation through

Task Analysis of Tactical Leadership Skills for Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle Leaders

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-10-01

The Bradley Leader Trainer is conceptualized as a device or set of de - vices that can be used to teach Bradley leaders to perform their full set of...experts. The task list was examined to de - termine critical training requirements, requirements for training device sup- port of this training, and...Functions/ j ITask | |Task | |Task | [Training j , To Further De - | ;Critical Train- | iTninir

The Development of Tactical Leadership Exercises for SIMCAT

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-07-01

Weapon Station (CWS) "* Engage Targets with a Caliber .50 Machinegun "* Fire the M239 or the M250 Grenade Launcher Other Tasks. The following tasks cannot...commander’s weapon station (CWS). - Engage targets with the coaxial machinegun from the commander’s weapon station (CWS). Fire the M239 or the M250 grenade

Impact of the Tactical Picture Quality on the Fire Control Radar Search-Lock-On Time

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-09-01

theory terminology). It is required to grade the benefits from the different possible actions so that an optimal solution can be chosen. For instance, in...the fire control radar search-lock-on time (U) 4. AUTEURS (Nom de famille, prénom et initiales. Indiquer les grades militaires, ex.: Bleau, Maj

Application of wildfire simulation models for risk analysis

Treesearch

Alan A. Ager; Mark A. Finney

2009-01-01

Wildfire simulation models are being widely used by fire and fuels specialists in the U.S. to support tactical and strategic decisions related to the mitigation of wildfire risk. Much of this application has resulted from the development of a minimum travel time (MTT) fire spread algorithm (M. Finney) that makes it computationally feasible to simulate thousands of...

Advanced FIREFLY Assessment Generalized Mechanization Requirements Report

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-06-01

Systems; Fire Control Computers ; Weapon Control 20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side If necessary end tdentify by blockc number) -The requirements for...airborne digital computer which can be specialized to per- form successfully in a variety of tactical aircraft with differing avionics sensors, fire...AGG ........................................... 27 13 Time of Flight Computation Using a Modified (China Lake) Numerical Integration Algorithm

Fire research publications, 1983

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jason, N. H.

1984-04-01

Approximately 130 articles are cited addressing topics in fire fighting and prevention, combustion physics, and fire related hazards. Only publications prepared by members of the Center for Fire Research (CFR), by other National Bureau of Standards (NBS) personnel for CFR, or by external laboratories under contract or grant from the CFR are cited. For documents that are available for purchase from either the Government Printing Office (GPO) or the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), the specific order number has been included in the citation.

Fighting fire in the heat of the day: An analysis of operational and environmental conditions of use for large airtankers in United States fire suppression

Treesearch

Crystal S. Stonesifer; Dave Calkin; Matthew P. Thompson; Keith D. Stockmann

2016-01-01

Large airtanker use is widespread in wildfire suppression in the United States. The current approach to nationally dispatching the fleet of federal contract airtankers relies on filling requests for airtankers to achieve suppression objectives identified by fire managers at the incident level. In general, demand is met if resources are available, and the...

ARC-2008-ACD08-0147-023

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-14

California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger during a press briefing following a visit to Ames Earth Science Division for a briefing by Steve Hipskind on NASA Ames remote sensing fire fighting efforts. Also shown left to right, Mike Freilich, Director, NASA Earth Sceinces Division, Steve Hipskind, Pete Worden, Governor Schwarzenegger, Chief Del Walters, Assistant Region Fire Chief, California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Tom Maruyama, Deputy Director, Office of Emergency Services

Acute health effects among firefighters exposed to a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fire

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Markowitz, J.S.; Gutterman, E.M.; Schwartz, S.

1989-05-01

Firefighters are frequently being called on to fight fires that are chemical in nature. In the aftermath of a chemical fire in Plainfield, New Jersey on March 20-21, 1985, the authors conducted a retrospective cohort study which surveyed 80 firefighters exposed to burning polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as well as 15 nonexposed firefighter subjects. By means of an 81-item symptom checklist, exposed firefighters reported more frequent and severe symptoms at 5-6 weeks post incident. This was true for a total symptomatology score as well as 19 individual items. Some of the items with an elevated risk were consistent with exposure tomore » hydrogen chloride, the main pyrolysis product of polyvinyl chloride. Other items with an elevated risk appeared to be related to smoke inhalation while others seemed psychosocial in nature. Analyses conducted within the exposed firefighter group showed that fighting the fire the first day, being a truckman, and residence within 1 mile (1.6 km) of the firehouse were significant risk factors for high total symptom scores. These risk factors may have been associated with level or duration of exposure to the toxic substances produced during the fire.« less

Design Guidelines and Criteria for User/Operator Transactions with Battlefield Automated Systems. Volume 2. Technical Discussion

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-02-01

Continue on tevetee «Id* If necemtery mid Identify br black number) Battlefield automated systems Human- computer interaction. Design criteria System...Report (this report) In-Depth Analyses of Individual Systems A. Tactical Fire Direction System (TACFIRE) (RP 81-26) B. Tactical Computer Terminal...select the design features and operating procedures of the human- computer Interface which best match the require- ments and capabilities of anticipated

Warfighter Information Network-Tactical Increment 3 (WIN-T Inc 3)

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-01

T vehicles employed at BCT, Fires, (Ch-1) WIN-T Inc 3 December 2013 SAR April 16, 2014 16:49:41 UNCLASSIFIED 13 AVN , BfSB, and select force...passengers and crew from small arms fire, mines, IED and other anti-vehicle/ personnel threats. AVN , BfSB, and select force pooled assets...small arms fire, mines, IED and other anti-vehicle/ personnel threats. AVN , BfSB, and select force pooled assets operating within the

A Cost Benefit Analysis of Fire Scout Vertical Takeoff and Landing Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (VTUAV) Operator Alternatives

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

mile mission radius.24 Like the MH-60R manned helicopter, the Fire Scout mission systems suite includes Infrared Imaging, Electro Optical Imaging...homecoming just as sweet." dcmilitary.com. February 21, 2008. http:// ww2 .dcmilitary.com/stories/022108/southpotomac_28121.shtml (accessed February 29... ww2 .dcmilitary.com/stories/022108/southpotomac_28121.shtml (accessed February 29, 2012). Tilghman, Andrew. "Fire Scout Program could open door for

76 FR 17327 - 100th Anniversary of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-29

... responsibility to provide a safe environment for all American workers. NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President... since the Triangle factory fire, we are still fighting to provide adequate working conditions for all... collective bargaining as a tool to give workers a seat at the tables of power. Working Americans are the...

US Research on Wildland Fires??…with a Focus on EPA’s Efforts

EPA Science Inventory

The United States spends more than $1 billion every year to fight wildfires. According to National Interagency Fire Center data, of the 10 years with the largest acreage burned, nine have occurred since 2000 (as of 2012). This period coincides with many of the warmest years on re...

The potential for pulmonary heat injury resulting from the activation of a cabin water spray system to fight aircraft cabin fires.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-05-01

A cabin water spray system (CWSS) has been suggested as a means of attenuating the severity of smoke and fire commonly associated with aircraft accidents. All aspects of passenger and cabin safety must be considered when evaluating a new safety syste...

Evaluation of Three Percent Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) Concentrates as Fire Fighting Agents.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-04-01

Three percent AFFF formulations are currently available to meet the requirements of proposed Revision C to Military Specifi- cation MIL - F - 24385 . The fire...also result in savings for shipping and storage costs. Therefore, Appendix B contains proposed Revision C to MIL - F - 24385 . It includes requirements for

Fight Fire with Fire

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stroud, Sara

2009-01-01

When Megan Meier hanged herself in 2006 after being the brunt of a MySpace prank, followed by the subsequent trial of the adult who participated in the 13-year-old girl's harassment, cyberbullying took its place in the eye of a media storm. All the ensuing attention has translated into increased concern among parents and a heightened awareness…

LG based decision aid for naval tactical action officer's (TAO) workstation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stilman, Boris; Yakhnis, Vladimir; Umanskiy, Oleg; Boyd, Ron

2005-05-01

In the increasingly NetCentric battlespace of the 21st century, Stilman Advanced Strategies Linguistic Geometry software has the potential to revolutionize the way that the Navy fights in two key areas: as a Tactical Decision Aid and for creating a relevant Common Operating Picture. Incorporating STILMAN's software into a prototype Tactical Action Officers (TAO) workstation as a Tactical Decision Aid (TDA) will allow warfighters to manage their assets more intelligently and effectively. This prototype workstation will be developed using human-centered design principles and will be an open, component-based architecture for combat control systems for future small surface combatants. It will integrate both uninhabited vehicles and onboard sensors and weapon systems across a squadron of small surface combatants. In addition, the hypergame representation of complex operations provides a paradigm for the presentation of a common operating picture to operators and personnel throughout the command hierarchy. In the hypergame technology there are game levels that span the range from the tactical to the global strategy level, with each level informing the others. This same principle will be applied to presenting the relevant common operating picture to operators. Each operator will receive a common operating picture that is appropriate for their level in the command hierarchy. The area covered by this operating picture and the level of detail contained within it will be dependent upon the specific tasks the operator is performing (supervisory vice tactical control) and the level of the operator (or command personnel) within the command hierarchy. Each level will inform the others to keep the picture concurrent and up-to-date.

OCULUS fire: a command and control system for fire management with crowd sourcing and social media interconnectivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thomopoulos, Stelios C. A.; Kyriazanos, Dimitris M.; Astyakopoulos, Alkiviadis; Dimitros, Kostantinos; Margonis, Christos; Thanos, Giorgos Konstantinos; Skroumpelou, Katerina

2016-05-01

AF3 (Advanced Forest Fire Fighting2) is a European FP7 research project that intends to improve the efficiency of current fire-fighting operations and the protection of human lives, the environment and property by developing innovative technologies to ensure the integration between existing and new systems. To reach this objective, the AF3 project focuses on innovative active and passive countermeasures, early detection and monitoring, integrated crisis management and advanced public information channels. OCULUS Fire is the innovative control and command system developed within AF3 as a monitoring, GIS and Knowledge Extraction System and Visualization Tool. OCULUS Fire includes (a) an interface for real-time updating and reconstructing of maps to enable rerouting based on estimated hazards and risks, (b) processing of GIS dynamic re-construction and mission re-routing, based on the fusion of airborne, satellite, ground and ancillary geolocation data, (c) visualization components for the C2 monitoring system, displaying and managing information arriving from a variety of sources and (d) mission and situational awareness module for OCULUS Fire ground monitoring system being part of an Integrated Crisis Management Information System for ground and ancillary sensors. OCULUS Fire will also process and visualise information from public information channels, social media and also mobile applications by helpful citizens and volunteers. Social networking, community building and crowdsourcing features will enable a higher reliability and less false alarm rates when using such data in the context of safety and security applications.

Terrorist Innovations in Weapons of Mass Effect: Preconditions, Causes, and Predictive Indicators

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-10-01

into the Martin Marietta Rock Quarry to steal explosives and blasting caps. This should have triggered an investigation from the FBI counterterrorism...Kifner, “In Long Fight With Israel, Hezbollah Tactics Evolved,” The New York Times, July 19, 2000. 48 Martin Dillon, The Dirty War: Covert...includes scientific discovery. Also see Martin Heidegger for a more obtuse expression of a similar idea, ( Martin Heidegger [William Lovitt, transl

Air Force Roles and Missions: A History

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-01-01

armies fighting on the Western Front. In July, Foch gave Pershing tactical control of a sector in the Chateau- Thierry region, with only one division...In the battle at Chateau- Thierry in July, air squadrons flying support for the American division learned a costly lesson. Air units were deci- mated... Thierry , he saw Trenchard’s views on the need to concentrate air forces to achieve aerial superiority confirmed. The losses helped Mitchell convince

Training the Neglected Core of Army Leadership- Troop-Leading Procedures

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

tactical operations center ( TOC ) to reconnoiter, using the MDMP to complete their plans, etc. TLP are considered procedures, and the Army’s previous...and establishing an effective and responsive Prevention of Sexual Haras- sment (POSH)/Equal Opportunity (EO) program. Since dedicated citizen...8. One unit posted signs all over its TOC that read, “Who else needs to know!” 03A - COE/Full-Spectrum Operations/Why We Fight 03C - Perform Cultural

Future Fleet Project. What Can We Afford

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-21

like ships based on an LCS hull with improved armor and armament. These twenty ships would be preceded by eight transitional LCS THE JOHNS HOPKINS...large aviation-ship hull for Navy sea-control/power-projection air wings and for Marine Corps vertical-raid/assault-air wings, reconfigurable...or antisubmarine warfare (ASW) within a common hull type that can self-defend in peacetime but aggregate to fight offensively in wartime • Tactical

Luftwaffe Tactical Operations at Stalingrad - 19 November 1942-02 February 1943

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-04-01

Academy he also authored an article for the sophomore military studies coursebook entitled, "Strategic Deception for Operation Overlord." Major Lower and...Stalingrad the Sixth Army lay mortally wounded. Physically and morally beaten by more than 4 months of vicious fighting, von Paulus and his staff were...recover their equilibrium after successive physical and psychological shocks. This is exactly what the wide open spaces of southern Russia provided, time

Bridging the divide between fire safety research and fighting fire safely: How do we convey research innovation to contribute more effectively to wildland firefighter safety?

Treesearch

Theodore Ted Adams; Bret W. Butler; Sara Brown; Vita Wright; Anne Black

2017-01-01

Creating a safe workplace for wildland firefighters has long been at the centre of discussion for researchers and practitioners. The goal of wildland fire safety research has been to protect operational firefighters, yet its contributions often fall short of potential because much is getting lost in the translation of peer-reviewed results to potential and intended...

Fire managers field guide: hazardous fuels management in subtropical pine flatwoods and tropical pine rocklands

Treesearch

Joseph J. O’Brien; Kathryn A. Mordecai; Leslie Wolcott

2010-01-01

This publication is a field guide to tactics and techniques for dealing with hazardous fuels in subtropical pine flatwoods and tropical pine rocklands. The guide covers prescribed fire, mechanical, chemical, and other means for reducing and managing wildland fuels in these systems. Also, a list of exotic plants that contribute to hazardous fuel problems is included...

Historical Simulation and the American Civil War.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-06-07

book, Little Wars. Wells’ game used a toy gun firing wooden bullets to inflict casualties. His tactics involved positioning of guns , proper use of cover...Confederates initiated the game -turn by concen- trating the fire of 14 guns against Kleiser’s 6 gun battery causing one casting casualty. At the...brought in flanking fire on Wynkoop’s and Tibbit’s cavalry brigades. Imboden claimed, "The effect was magical . The first discharge of the gun threw his

Maneuvering to Mass Fires: How Interwar Field Artillery Developments Enabled the Allies to Blend Maneuver and Firepower to Defeat the Axis Through Combined Arms Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-15

effectiveness with the provision of both operational and tactical level fires. Division artillery reinforced with FAB assets must focus on close support of...the infantry and armored force. In turn, FAB assets must focus on both reinforcing divisional artillery and striking throughout an enemy’s depth...by FABs ) to retain assets for operational level fires. Field artillery firepower must see a qualitative increase in addition to a quantitative

Swarm Tactics and the Doctrinal Void: Lessons from the Chechen Wars

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-01

classify as a vapor swarm, the Finnish guerrillas “Using their quick-firing Suomi submachine guns, the skiers appeared out of nowhere, poured a...our knowledge that we hope to answer, provide a departure point for further existing work, and set the foundation for analysis and validation of the...scholarly literature on the Soviet Afghan War, three works stand out as contributing to our body of knowledge on swarming. Tactics of the Crescent

Quantification of the volatile organic compounds in the smoke from prescribed burning and comparison with the occupational exposure limits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barboni, T.; Santoni, P.-A.

2013-11-01

Prescribed burning represents a serious threat to the personnel fighting fires because of smoke inhalation. This study aims to increase the knowledge about foresters exposure to the prescribed burning smoke by focusing on exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We initially assessed the methodology for smoke sampling. Then, we identified potentially dangerous molecules among the VOCs identified at 4 prescribed burning sites located around Corsica. The values measured were very high, exceeding the exposure limits, particularly for benzene, phenol, and furfural, whose concentrations were above short-term exposure limit (STEL) values. In conclusion, obvious but necessary recommendations were made for the protection of the personnel involved in fighting fires on a professional basis.

The Heavy Brigade Combat Team in COIN: An Assessment Capabilities to Clear-Hold-Build-and Sustain Success

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-11

Abrams tanks and M2A3 Bradley fighting vehicles. The cities and villages had many obstacles such as narrow congested roads with single and multiple story...M1A2 tanks and M2A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicles were ―worth their weight in gold-when they rolled, the bad guys took notice and when they fired, the

Tactical Combat Casualty Care in the Canadian Forces: lessons learned from the Afghan war

PubMed Central

Savage, Erin; Forestier, Colleen; Withers, Nicholas; Tien, Homer; Pannell, Dylan

2011-01-01

Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) is intended to treat potentially preventable causes of death on the battlefield, but acknowledges that application of these treatments may place the provider and even the mission in jeopardy if performed at the wrong time. Therefore, TCCC classifies the tactical situation with respect to health care provision into 3 phases (care under fire, tactical field care and tactical evacuation) and only permits certain interventions to be performed in specific phases based on the danger to the provider and casualty. In the 6 years that the Canadian Forces (CF) have been involved in sustained combat operations in Kandahar, Afghanistan, more than 1000 CF members have been injured and more than 150 have been killed. As a result, the CF gained substantial experience delivering TCCC to wounded soldiers on the battlefield. The purpose of this paper is to review the principles of TCCC and some of the lessons learned about battlefield trauma care during this conflict. PMID:22099324

Forest Fires in Russia and Northern China

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

Smoke plumes from forest fires scattered along the border between the Russian Far East and northern China are clearly visible in this true-color image from the Sea-viewing Wide-Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) on June 16, 2000. Fires in Siberia occur every summer, and severe outbreaks occur every ten years or so, with the most recent in 1998. The fires are ignited by lightning, and are so remote that it is impossible to fight them effectively. Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and ORBIMAGE

All-Metal Tires

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bickler, Donald B.; Sword, Lee F.; Lindemann, Randel A.

1994-01-01

Tires used where elastomeric and pneumatic tires would not function. Metal tires withstand extreme temperatures. Used on Earth for vehicles and robots that fight fires or clean up dangerous chemicals.

STS-40 MS Seddon pauses during fire fighting training at JSC's Fire Pit

NASA Image and Video Library

1990-08-22

S90-46497 (18 Aug 1990) --- Astronaut Rhea Seddon, STS-40 mission specialist, takes a break from firefighting training at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). In less than a year Dr. Seddon will be joined by four NASA astronauts and two payload specialists for the Spacelab Life Sciences (SLS-1) mission aboard Columbia.

Adjuncts Fight Back over Academic Freedom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilson, Robin

2008-01-01

Steven Bitterman was fired by his school after he offended his students for telling them that they could easily appreciate the biblical story of Adam and Eve if they considered it a myth. Several adjunct and full-time professors who work off the tenure track have been fired after saying something, as Mr. Bitterman did, that offended students or…

The role of the food industry in health: lessons from tobacco?

PubMed

Capewell, Simon; Lloyd-Williams, Ffion

2018-03-01

In this review, we highlight poor diet as the biggest risk factor for non-communicable diseases. We examine the denial tactics used by the food industry, how they reflect the tactics previously used by the tobacco industry, and how campaigners can use this knowledge to achieve future public health successes. Data sources are wide ranging, notably publications relating to public health, obesity and processed food, the effectiveness hierarchy and food industry denialism tactics. Global burden of disease analyses consistently demonstrate that poor diet produces a bigger burden of non-communicable disease than tobacco, alcohol and inactivity put together. The lessons learnt from the tobacco control experience of successfully fighting the tobacco industry can be applied to other industries including processed food and sugary drinks. Tackling obesity and poor diet is a more complex issue than tobacco. Food industries continue to promote weak or ineffective policies such as voluntary reformulation, and resist regulation and taxation. However, the UK food industry now faces increasing pressure from professionals, public and politicians to accept reformulation and taxes, or face more stringent measures. The rise in childhood and adult obesity needs to be arrested and then reversed. Unhealthy processed food and sugary drinks are a major contributing factor. There is increasing interest in the tactics being used by the food industry to resist change. Advocacy and activism will be essential to counter these denialism tactics and ensure that scientific evidence is translated into effective regulation and taxation.

Fire monitoring from space: from research to operation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pergola, Nicola; Filizzola, Carolina; Corrado, Rosita; Coviello, Irina; lacava, Teodosio; Marchese, Francesco; Mazzeo, Giuseppe; Paciello, Rossana; Tramutoli, Valerio

2013-04-01

Each summer fires rage through European forests, burning hundreds of thousands of hectares per year, as a result of the many (up to 60000) forest fires that usually occur annually in Europe. Fires can threaten public health and safety, destroy property and cause economic damages. Despite of their medium extension (the average burnt area is less than 6 ha), much smaller if compared with other regions like the USA and Canada, the number of simultaneous active fires in Europe can be very high, fomented by weather conditions that, especially in summer times and for countries of South Europe, are particularly favourable to a rapid and dramatic development of flames. Fires still are not only a social problem, but also an environmental emergency, producing a continuous impoverishment of forests and possibly indirectly triggering other natural hazards (e.g. making slopes, without the trees action, more prone to landslides). Additionally, there is a general concern about the loss of biodiversity and the contribution to land degradation that fires may cause. Earth Observation satellite systems have been largely tested for fire detection and monitoring from space. Their spectral capability, synoptic view and revisit times can offer an added value in the operational use not only in real time, during fires fighting activities, but also in near-real or delay time during the phases of risk management and mitigation. However, the practice of an actual operational use of satellite products by end-users is still not usual at European level. This work is based on the experience carried out jointly by CNR-IMAA and the National Civil Protection Department (DPC), in the framework of a five-year agreement in which the operational use of an Earth observation satellite system for fires spotting and monitoring is tested. Satellite-based products, developed not only for detecting fires but also for continuously monitoring their evolution in time domain, have been provided to Civil Protection Department for the whole summer campaign on forest fires fighting, supporting their activities in routinely managing and monitoring forest fires risk. The experimented satellite system has demonstrated to provide valuable information that can be used by civil protection staff also in support to organization and allocation of fire fighting resources on ground, especially when, during the high risk periods, there are or are expected a large number of contemporary events. Training activities, devoted to make DPC staff fully able to self operate the provided satellite-based tool, were also carried out during this collaborative experience, which represents a best practice of a useful integration of satellite added value products within the operational framework of an expert user.

A Grey Area: Congressional Oversight of the Middle Ground Between Title 10 and Title 50

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

for 1981, Title V. 43 Eric Rosenbach and Aki J. Peritz, Trials by Fire , Counterterrorism and the Law (Cambridge: Belfer Center for Science and...Potomac Books, 2005), 59. The authors use different terms to describe the same phenomena, Johnson uses police patrolling and fire fighting instead. 56...Trials by Fire , Counterterrorism and the Law (Cambridge: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, 2010), 8. 44 Kibbe, “The Rise of the

Effects of fire and three fire-fighting chemicals on main soil properties, plant nutrient content and vegetation growth and cover after 10 years.

PubMed

Fernández-Fernández, M; Gómez-Rey, M X; González-Prieto, S J

2015-05-15

The study addresses a knowledge-gap in the long-term ecological consequences of fire and fire-fighting chemicals. Ten years after a prescribed fire and the application of three fire-fighting chemicals, their effects on the soil-plant system were evaluated. Five treatments were established: unburnt soils (US) and burnt soils treated with water alone (BS), foaming agent (BS+Fo), Firesorb (BS+Fi) and ammonium polyphosphate (BS+Ap). Soils (0-2 cm depth) and foliar material of shrubs (Erica umbellata, Pterospartum tridentatum and Ulex micranthus) and trees (Pinus pinaster) were analysed for total N, δ(15)N, and soil-available and plant total macronutrients and trace elements. Soil pH, NH₄(+)-N and NO₃(-)-N; pine basal diameter and height; and shrub cover and height were also measured. Compared with US plots, burnt soils had less nitrates and more Mo. Although differences were not always significant, BS+Ap had the highest levels of soil available P, Na and Al. Plants from BS+Ap plots had higher values of δ(15)N (P. pinaster and E. umbellata), P (all species), Na (P. tridentatum and U. micranthus) and Mg (E. umbellata and P. tridentatum) than other treatments; while K in plants from BS+Ap plots was the highest among treatments for P. pinaster and the lowest for the shrubs. Pines in US plots were higher and wider than in burnt treatments, except for BS+Ap, where the tallest and widest trees were found, although half of them were either dead (the second highest mortality after BS+Fi) or had a distorted trunk. BS+Ap was the treatment with strongest effects on plants, showing E. umbellata the lowest coverage and height, P. tridentatum the highest coverage, U. micranthus one of the lowest coverages and being the only treatment where Genista triacanthos was absent. Consequently, it is concluded that both fire and ammonium polyphosphate application had significant effects on the soil-plant system after 10 years. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

United States Air Force Academy: A Bibliography 2011-2015

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-11-23

Tactical Arms Training with the Cadet Combat Shooting Team." Checkpoints 39.4 (March 2011): 18-23. Print. 703. Do, James J., et al. "Gender Bias and...34 Checkpoints 41.3 (December 2012): 30-35. Print. 753. ---. "The Line of Fire: Tactical Arms Training with the Cadet Combat Shooting Team." Checkpoints...June 2013): 18-22. Print. 831. Thomas, Bill. " Hearts and Bones: There Was a Problem with the Last Burial in the Tomb of the Unknowns: The Soldier

Airborne Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance: Mission Command and Centralized Control

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-10

short stint in Texas, Stuart reported to Fort Leavenworth, where he began his career as a cavalryman and found himself confronted with the torrent of...found themselves back at the War Department in a meeting with Secretary Floyd and President James Buchanan.50 The Secretary of War placed Lee in command...and Aldie. Those fights were tactical victories for the Union cavalry and Stuart had lost 500 men , but his cavalry had served its operational

The Battalion Commander’s Handbook, 1991

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-06-01

your battalion’s ARTEP and ATM requirements, read "How to Fight Manuals" FM’s 71-2, 25-100 and NTC 71-2, plus FM 25- series training FM 7-xx. o... risks in training. Tactics are basic, but training innovations and aggressiveness will make your battalion a winner. o Trust, check, and help...o Conduct a risk assessment of every training event you conduct. o Be unmerciful, uncompromising, unwavering and involved in safety at all times

U.S. Marine Corps Concepts & Programs 2009

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

war efforts in the CENTCOM AOR — that will demand balanced apportionment of limited re- sources . In this, the Marine Corps has identified four...Strike Fighter (JSF) Transition Plan 123 MV-22 Osprey Program 125 H-1 Upgrade (UH-1Y Huey/AH-1Z Cobra) 127 KC-130 Hercules 129 CH-53K Heavy Lift...leading joint-service development of our light, medium and heavy tactical wheeled vehicles for the joint force. The Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV

Evaluation of the Tactical Human Optimization, Rapid Rehabilitation, and Reconditioning Program (THOR3)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-10-01

0.3-0.9). Evidence from this evaluation suggests that ARSOF Soldiers may benefit from participation in THOR3 compared to other human performance...factor that was not modifiable and one of the strongest risk factors for injury. Evidence from this evaluation suggests that Soldiers may benefit from...a Motorized Vehicle 7 2 Walking or Hiking 7 2 Rough Housing or Fighting 3 1 Stepping/Climbing 1 < 1 Repairing or maintaining equipment 1

2008 Tactical Wheeled Vehicles Conference (TWV) Volume 3

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-02-05

Armor/ GPK OTHER SIGNIFICANT PROCUREMENT EFFORTS Project Manager COL Scott R. Kidd Deputy PM Acquisition: Tony Shaw Deputy PM Logistics: Cesare Gaglio r...Support Modularity/ Grow the Army Full spectrum support to the War Fight & Modularity LSACM1117 ASV Production Frag Kit 5/ GPK TPE Refurb Gunner Restraint...Harness HEMTT AoA LSAC Production Objective – Gunner Protection Kit (O- GPK ) HMMWV HTV FMTV M1151/52 20 3 CSL PMs ~ Approximately 220K Systems Fielded

Gap Crossings: Not Just a Tactical Problem

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

5 Operations. As the keystone ’How to Fight Manual,’ it marked a significant departure from previous editions of FM 100-5, one ofwhjch was the... African Brigade would conceal the arrival of other troops, behind !14th Brigade would fo llow with the 71h Division headquarters. 89 Brigade, on pack...delay the British forces. The mines caused minimal problems for the engineers and elephant units to clear. The 89 Brigade seized Pauk on 28 January

An Analysis of the Best Available Unmanned Ground Vehicle in the Current Market with Respect to the Requirements of the Turkish Ministry of National Defense

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

Special Weapons and Tactics SWORDS Special Weapons Observation Remote Reconnaissance Direct Action System TAF Turkish Armed Forces tEODor...especially concentrated in the southeastern part of Turkey where the Turkish Armed Forces ( TAF ) are fighting against terrorists determinedly and continuously...Systems (MDS) to strengthen the TAF and to modernize its current systems. Today, many countries are making large investments to strengthen their

2007 Combat Vehicles Conference - Today’s Challenges: Fighting, Sustaining, Modernizing and Transforming

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-10-24

Programs) 1 . FCS MULE .wmv format 2. FCS NLOS Crate Of Fire .wmv format 3. FCS Robotic Convoy .wmv format 4. FCS...included in these sessions will be two “back by popular demand” highlights from previous conferences: 1 ) an update on combat operations in iraq from...15 am - 11:30 am general session general sessiOn - sessiOn 1 : “today’s challenges: fighting, sustaining, modernizing and transforming

Aviation Engine Test Facilities (AETF) fire protection study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beller, R. C.; Burns, R. E.; Leonard, J. T.

1989-07-01

An analysis is presented to the effectiveness of various types of fire fighting agents in extinguishing the kinds of fires anticipated in Aviation Engine Test Facilities (AETF), otherwise known as Hush Houses. The agents considered include Aqueous Film-Forming Foam, Halon 1301, Halon 1211 and water. Previous test work has shown the rapidity with which aircraft, especially high performance aircraft, can be damaged by fire. Based on this, tentative criteria for this evaluation included a maximum time of 20 s from fire detection to extinguishment and a period of 30 min in which the agent would prevent reignition. Other issues examined included: toxicity, corrosivity, ease of personnel egress, system reliability, and cost effectiveness. The agents were evaluated for their performance in several fire scenarios, including: under frame fire, major engine fire, engine disintegration fire, high-volume pool fire with simultaneous spill fire, internal electrical fire, and runaway engine fire.

Chapter 17: Forecasting wildfire suppression expenditures for the United States Forest Service

Treesearch

Karen L. Abt; Jeffrey P. Prestemon; Krista Gebert

2008-01-01

The wildland fire management organization of the United States Forest Service (USFS) operates under policy and budget legacies that began nearly 100 years ago and a forest fuel situation that is all too current. The confluence of these three factors contributes to increased burning and fire fighting costs for the agency, and increased concern from both the U.S....

Aquatic Toxicity Screening of Fire Fighting Agents; 2003 Report

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-06-02

Aqueous Film Forming Foam ( AFFF ), the reference toxicant. The aquatic toxicity screening consisted of an acute, static, range-finding...five concentrations of 3M Light Water Brand Aqueous Film Forming Foam ( AFFF ), the reference toxicant. The aquatic toxicity screening consisted of an...experimental foam concentrates against current Military Specification MIL-F-24385F Fire Extinguishing Agent, Aqueous Film Forming Foam

Fire Extinguishing Agents, Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) Liquid Concentration Partial Percentage

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-08-31

AFFF concentrations. aqueous film forming foam , AFFF , firefighting ...Extinguishing Agents, Aqueous Film Forming Foam ( AFFF ) Liquid Concentration Partial Percentage F08637-88-C-0067 06022104F 2104 30 21043034 Applied Research...objective of this test series was to qualify 3/4 and 1 percent Aqueous Film Forming Foam ( AFFF ) concentrate for use in Air Force fire fighting

[Insurance system. Prevention from viewpoint of the insurer].

PubMed

Brechtbühl, P

1978-12-01

The purpose of an insurance must not be restricted to the payment of claims to those insured persons who suffered a loss, for loss prevention is much preferable to claim settlement. A whole range of different institutions and measures has been established by the Swiss insurers, in which many insurance branches participate. The loss preventing activities can be listed as follows:--Activities of the fire insurers to prevent and fight fires. This is the prevailing duty of the Consulting Agency for Fire Prevention (BfB) as well as the Fire Prevention Service for Industry and Trade (BVD).--Activities of the accident insurers to prevent accidents. The fight against accidents, mostly traffic accidents, in sports and at home is the foremost task of the Swiss Council for the Prevention of Accidents (BfU), an institution created by the Conference of Accident Insurance Managers (UDK) and the Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund (SUVA).--The Health Service in life insurance, after all the periodical medical examinations and consultations granted by many insurers to their insured persons, as well as the pamphlets aiming at health education published by several Companies and finally institutions and measures to promote fitness, e.g. VITA-Parcours.

Fires in Operating or Abandoned Coal Mines or Heaps of Reactive Materials and the Governing Transport and Reaction Processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wuttke, M. W.; Kessels, W.; Wessling, S.; Han, J.

2007-05-01

Spontaneous combustion is a world wide problem for technical operations in mining, waste disposal and power plant facilities. The principle driving the combustion is every where the same independent of the different reactive materials: Fresh air with the common oxygen content is getting in contact with the reactive material by human operations. The following reaction process produces heat at a usually low but constant rate. The reactive material in operating or abandoned coal mines, heaps of coal, waste or reactive minerals is most times strongly broken or fractured, such that the atmospheric oxygen can deeply penetrate into the porous or fractured media. Because the strongly broken or fractured medium with air filled pores and fractures is often combined with a low thermal conductivity of the bulk material the produced heat accumulates and the temperature increases with time. If the reactivity strongly increases with temperature, the temperature rise accelerates up to the "combustion temperature". Once the temperature is high enough the combustion process is determined by the oxygen transport to the combustion center rather than the chemical reactivity. Spontaneous combustion is thus a self- amplifying process where an initial small variation in the parameters and the starting conditions can create exploding combustion hot spots in an apparently homogenous material. The phenomenon will be discussed by various examples in the context of the German - Sino coal fire project. A temperature monitoring in hot fracture systems documents the strong influence of the weather conditions on the combustion process. Numerical calculations show the sensitivity of the combustion to the model geometries, the boundary conditions and mainly the permeability. The most used fire fighting operations like covering and water injection are discussed. A new method of using saltwater for fire fighting is presented and discussed. References: Kessels, W., Wessling, S., Li, X., and Wuttke, M. W. Numerical element distinction for reactive transport modeling regarding reaction rate. In Proceedings of MODFLOW and MORE 2006: Managing Groundwater Systems, May 21 - 24, 2006, Golden, CO USA (2006). Kessels, W., Wuttke, M. W., Wessling, S., and Li, X. Coal fires between self ignition and fire fighting: Numerical modeling and basic geophysical measurements. In ERSEC Ecological Book Series - 4 on Coal Fire Research (2007). Wessling, S., Litschke, T., Wiegand, J., Schlömer, S., and Kessels, W. Simulating dynamic subsurface coal fires and its applications. In ERSEC Ecological Book Series - 4 on Coal Fire Reserach (2007). Wessling, S., Kessels, W., Schmidt, M., and Krause, U. Investigating dynamic underground coal fires by means of numerical simulation. Geophys. J. Int. (submitted).

The Development of a Single Tank Tactical Exercise for Training M1 Tank Commanders

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-01

Evaluate the Conduct of Training NL NL NS Fire an M250 Grenade Launcher S S NS Identify Adjoining Map Sheets S S NS Identify Terrain Features on a Map S S...the Commander’s Weapon Station Establish, Enter, and Leave a Radio Net Estimate Range Evaluate the Conduct of Training Fire an M250 Grenade Launcher...from the Commander’s Weapon S Station (CWS) Fire an M250 Smoke Grenade Launcher Set Headspace and Timing on a Caliber .50 M2 HB Machinegun Zero a

Differential-Game Examination of Optimal Time-Sequential Fire-Support Strategies

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-09-01

77 004033 NPS-55Tw76091 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL 4Monterey, California i ’ DIFFERENTIAL- GAME EXAMINATION OF OPTIMAL TIME-SEQUENTIAL FIRE...CATALOG NUMBER NPS-55Tw76091 4. TITLE (and Subtitle) S. TYPE OF REPDRT & PERIOD COVERED Differential- Game Examination of Optimal Tir Technical Report...NOTES 19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side If necessary and identify by block number) Differential Games Lanchester Theory of Combat Military Tactics

A New Application to Facilitate Post-Fire Recovery and Rehabilitation in Savanna Ecosystems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Carroll, Mark L.; Schnase, John L.; Weber, Keith T.; Brown, Molly E.; Gill, Roger L.; Haskett, George W.; Gardner, Tess A.

2013-01-01

The U.S. government spends an estimated $3billion per year to fight forest fires in the United States. Post-fire rehabilitation activities represent a small but essential portion of that total. The Rehabilitation Capability Convergence for Ecosystem Recovery (RECOVER) system is currently under development for Savanna ecosystems in the western U.S. The prototype of this system has been built and will have realworld testing during the summer 2013 fire season. When fully deployed, the RECOVER system will provide the emergency rehabilitation teams with critical and timely information for management decisions regarding stabilization and rehabilitation strategies.

Smokey comes of age: Unmanned aerial systems for fire management

USGS Publications Warehouse

Twidwell, Dirac; Allen, Craig R.; Detweiler, Carrick; Higgins, James; Laney, Christian; Elbaum, Sebastian

2016-01-01

During the past century, fire management has focused on techniques both to protect human communities from catastrophic wildfire and to maintain fire-dependent ecological systems. However, despite a large and increasing allocation of resources and personnel to achieve these goals, fire management objectives at regional to global scales are not being met. Current fire management techniques are clearly inadequate for the challenges faced by fire managers, and technological innovations are needed. Advances in unmanned aerial systems (UAS) technology provide opportunities for innovation in fire management and science. In many countries, fire management organizations are beginning to explore the potential of UAS for monitoring fires. We have taken the next step and developed a prototype that can precisely ignite fires as part of wildfire suppression tactics or prescribed fires (fire intentionally ignited within predetermined conditions to reduce hazardous fuels, improve habitat, or mitigate for large wildfires). We discuss the potential for these technologies to benefit fire management activities, while acknowledging the sizeable sociopolitical barriers that prevent their immediate broad application.

Effects of fire on fish populations: Landscape perspectives on persistance of native fishes and nonnative fish invasions

USGS Publications Warehouse

Dunham, J.B.; Young, M.; Gresswell, Robert E.; Rieman, B.

2003-01-01

Our limited understanding of the short and long-term effects of fire on fish contributes to considerable uncertainty in assessments of the risks and benefits of fire management alternatives. A primary concern among the many potential effects of fire is the effects of fire and fire management on persistence of native fish populations. Limited evidence suggests vulnerability of fish to fire is contingent upon the quality of affected habitats, the amount and distribution of habitat (habitat fragmentation), and habitat specificity of the species in question. Species with narrow habitat requirements in highly degraded and fragmented systems are likely to be most vulnerable to fire and fire-related disturbance. In addition to effects of fire on native fish, there are growing concerns about the effects of fire on nonnative fish invasions. The role of fire in facilitating invasions by nonnative fishes is unknown, but experience with other species suggests some forms of disturbance associated with fire may facilitate invasion. Management efforts to promote persistence of fishes in fire-prone landscapes can take the form of four basic alternatives: (1) pre-fire management; (2) post-fire management; (3) managing fire itself (e.g. fire fighting); and (4) monitoring and adaptive management. Among these alternatives, pre-fire management is likely to be most effective. Effective pre-fire management activities will address factors that may render fish populations more vulnerable to the effects of fire (e.g. habitat degradation, fragmentation, and nonnative species). Post-fire management is also potentially important, but suffers from being a reactive approach that may not address threats in time to avert them. Managing fire itself can be important in some contexts, but negative consequences for fish populations are possible (e.g. toxicity of fire fighting chemicals to fish). Monitoring and adaptive management can provide important new information for evaluating alternatives, but proper implementation is often hampered by inadequate study designs and inconsistent financial and institutional support. The challenge for providing better management guidelines will be to add solid empirical data and models to assess the relevance of emerging concepts and theories, and provide a sense of where and when fires pose significant risks and/or benefits to fishes.

Cutting Off the Head of the Snake: Foreign Imposed Regime Change

DTIC Science & Technology

2018-06-15

looked overwhelmingly female and/or elderly.”8 The population and common soldier became prey to a constant stream of bombing on a scale never previously...into enemy hands, and murdered their civilian compatriots in places such as Saipan and Okinawa. They watched helplessly as fire bombs destroyed...fatalities from bombing resulting in a loss of the will to fight, but did not suffer large scale losses.6 Rather, they decided to stop fighting in a

In the Middle of the Fight: An Assessment of Medium-Armored Forces in Past Military Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

U.S. World War II Tanks and Artillery, Iola, Wisc.: Krause Publications, 1994, pp. 15–33, 46–56; Roman Johann Jarymowycz, Tank Tactics: From...Colonel Michael Krause , believed “the army’s response in East Timor—weighted in favour of rapid deployability over firepower, pro- tection and close...Colonel Krause , however, indicated that he would have preferred to have had the Leopards in East Timor: [I]f it [the largely unopposed lodgements and

The People in the PLA: Recruitment, Training, and Education in China’s Military

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-01

action training (feizhanzheng xingdong xunlian, 非 战 争 行动训练, includes nontraditional security missions, such as anti- terrorism, disaster relief...texts: Soviet Red Army Combat Regulations, (Sulian hongjun zhandou tiaoling; 苏联红军 战 斗条令) and Soviet Army Field Operations Regulations (Sujun yezhan...tiaoling; 苏军 野 战 条令), as well as classes on small unit tactics and fighting in different types of terrain.9 In 1937 the Red Army School was renamed the

High levels of potassium inside tumors suppress immune activity | Center for Cancer Research

Cancer.gov

Nicholas P. Restifo, a senior investigator in CCR’s Surgery Branch and his team have discovered that an abundance of potassium inside tumors dampens immune responses, helping the tumors evade the body’s defenses. In animal experiments, genetically equipping immune cells rid themselves of potassium made them more effective at fighting cancer. The finding, published September 14, 2016, in the journal Nature, suggests a tactic for improving the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies.  Learn more...

Doomed to Repeat It How the United States Air Force Can Apply History via Counterinsurgency Lessons Learned to Meet Anti-Access/Area Denial Challenges

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-08-01

technology used in the COIN fight are not readily transferable to conflicts against enemies using A2/AD tactics, such as heavy electromagnetic attack...particularly when matched against a technology advanced enemy. Technologies unsuitable for an opposed electromagnetic spectrum are unsurvivable...increased numbers of weapons systems such as the MQ-1, MQ-9, and MC-12. Additionally, open-ended deployments of ISR assets such as the RC-135 RIVET

DSIS Consolidated ARMX 83 Briefing Notes.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-07-08

PRAhISIONGERATEERK GUNNERY SIMULLATOR ,07$3")j j711 U.K. OFFICE FOR ARMOUR FIGHTING MOIUNTBATTEN HOUSE VEICLES TACTICAL AND VICTORIA STREET GUNNERY TRAINER...FOR WINDSOR BERKS AfI-TNLK CUIDED SL4 HE WEAPONS TOW SI.UI.ATOR ANTI ARMOUR HELICOPTER SYSTEM ASTIRA PYROTECHNICS SAMPLES OF . REED LIM PYROTECHNIC...he engir’e mounts ir efo -irg -’,c t-ers i ’* : evimale t-e %.1113 Armoured Personeel Car-iar 15 .Vet e ’ -- z - ere ’rav nave to te a reallocation of

Soviet short-range nuclear forces: flexible response or flexible aggression. Student essay

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, T.R.

1987-03-23

This essay takes a critical look at Soviet short-range nuclear forces in an effort to identify Soviet capabilities to fight a limited nuclear war with NATO. From an analysis of Soviet military art, weapon-system capabilities and tactics, the author concludes that the Soviets have developed a viable limited-nuclear-attack option. Unless NATO reacts to this option, the limited nuclear attack may become favored Soviet option and result in the rapid defeat of NATO.

Discrete-Event Simulation with Agents for Modeling of Dynamic Asymmetric Threats in Maritime Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-12-01

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a rebel group that has been fighting for an independent Tamil homeland in the north of Sri Lanka since 1976. The...date, and has destroyed numerous boats, even a warship in the Sri Lankan navy (SLN) [13]. The Abu Sayyaf group (ASG) is an example of the several...and other environments. Terence Tan is studying the application of conceptual-blending theory to agents, for naval tactical-plan generation in

War-Gaming Network-Centric Warfare

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-01-01

games as well. 6 2 N A V A L W A R C O L L E G E R E V I E W War games are also classified...traditional gaming . All war games , whether they involve fighting sail R U B E L 6 3 Until a tactical network of units, each of them exercising a great degree... gaming and simulation. R U B E L 6 5 The principal requirements for achieving network-centric warfare are a network and shared awareness. By a

National Security Issues 1982 Symposium. Worldwide Deployment of Tactical Forces and the C3I Connection, 4-5 October 1982.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-10-01

CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(e) F19628-82-C-0001 9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT PROJECT, TASK The MITRE Corporation AREA...THiS PAGE(Whum Dam Emma• 19. (Concluded) EUROPEAN VIEW OF COALITION DEFENSE MANAGING C 3 1 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION PACIFIC COMMAND...have a very organization of ESD very signifi- practical warmaking capability. If cantly, going from a iroduct- we must fight, we must be able to

Fire behavior and risk analysis in spacecraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Friedman, Robert; Sacksteder, Kurt R.

1988-01-01

Practical risk management for present and future spacecraft, including space stations, involves the optimization of residual risks balanced by the spacecraft operational, technological, and economic limitations. Spacecraft fire safety is approached through three strategies, in order of risk: (1) control of fire-causing elements, through exclusion of flammable materials for example; (2) response to incipient fires through detection and alarm; and (3) recovery of normal conditions through extinguishment and cleanup. Present understanding of combustion in low gravity is that, compared to normal gravity behavior, fire hazards may be reduced by the absence of buoyant gas flows yet at the same time increased by ventilation flows and hot particle expulsion. This paper discusses the application of low-gravity combustion knowledge and appropriate aircraft analogies to fire detection, fire fighting, and fire-safety decisions for eventual fire-risk management and optimization in spacecraft.

An approach to the real time risk evaluation system of boreal forest fire

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakau, K.; Fukuda, M.; Kimura, K.; Hayasaka, H.; Tani, H.; Kushida, K.

2005-12-01

Huge boreal forest fire may cause massive impacts not only on global warming gas emission but also local communities. Thus, it is important to control forest fire. We collected data about boreal forest fire as satellite imagery and fire observation simultaneously in Alaska and east Siberia in summer fire seasons for these three years. Fire observation data was collected from aircraft flying between Japan and Europe. Fire detection results were compared with observed data to evaluate the accuracy and earliness of automatic detection. NOAA and MODIS satellite images covering Alaska and East Siberia are collected. We are also developing fire expansion simulation model to forecast the possible fire expansion area. On the basis of fire expansion forecast, risk analysis of possible fire expansion for decision aid of fire-fighting activities will be analyzed. To identify the risk of boreal forest fire and public concern about forest fire, we collected local news paper in Fairbanks, AK and discuss the statistics of articles related to forest fire on the newspaper.

Civil and Environmental Engineering Development Office Fiscal Year 1979 Technical Objectives Document.

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-11-15

for the theater airbase, pavement studies, environmental pollution abatement and control, air mobility concepts, energy conservation, fire fighting equipment, air base support, and warm fog dispersal. (Author)

Forest Service Turns to NREL for Help Fighting Fires More Sustainably |

Science.gov Websites

reduce energy and water use as well as waste generation at fire camps and supporting operations , burn less fuel, generate less waste, and recycle more. While NREL is often called upon to identify how fundamentally it would be nice to see some savings realized on the energy, water, or waste side, and to add some

Unmanned Ground Vehicles for Integrated Force Protection

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-04-01

employed. 2 Force Protection 18 MAR 02 Security Posts Squad Laptop Fire Tm Ldr Wearable Computers OP/LP Def Fight Psn SRT Sensors USA, USMC, Allied...visual systems. Attaching sensors and response devices on a monorail proved to be much more technically challenging than expected. Film producers and...facilitate experimentation with weapon aiming and firing techniques from the MRHA. grated Marsupial Delivery System was developed to transport smaller

29 CFR 570.54 - Forest fire fighting and forest fire prevention occupations, timber tract occupations, forestry...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....34(m) and 570.54(c): (i) Straightening, marking, or tallying lumber on the dry chain or the dry drop sorter. (ii) Pulling lumber from the dry chain, except minors under 16 years of age may not pull lumber from the dry chain as such youth are prohibited from operating or tending power-driven machinery by...

29 CFR 570.54 - Forest fire fighting and forest fire prevention occupations, timber tract occupations, forestry...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....34(m) and 570.54(c): (i) Straightening, marking, or tallying lumber on the dry chain or the dry drop sorter. (ii) Pulling lumber from the dry chain, except minors under 16 years of age may not pull lumber from the dry chain as such youth are prohibited from operating or tending power-driven machinery by...

29 CFR 570.54 - Forest fire fighting and forest fire prevention occupations, timber tract occupations, forestry...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....34(m) and 570.54(c): (i) Straightening, marking, or tallying lumber on the dry chain or the dry drop sorter. (ii) Pulling lumber from the dry chain, except minors under 16 years of age may not pull lumber from the dry chain as such youth are prohibited from operating or tending power-driven machinery by...

29 CFR 570.54 - Forest fire fighting and forest fire prevention occupations, timber tract occupations, forestry...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....34(m) and 570.54(c): (i) Straightening, marking, or tallying lumber on the dry chain or the dry drop sorter. (ii) Pulling lumber from the dry chain, except minors under 16 years of age may not pull lumber from the dry chain as such youth are prohibited from operating or tending power-driven machinery by...

Combat aircraft operations: Training requirements for the German Air Force tactical flying units and the noise problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jertz, W.

1992-04-01

The deterrence potential of an Air Force, and by that the capability to fulfill their mission in times of war, relies on threat oriented training in peacetime. Low level flying is a major tactical means to help aircrews reduce the anticipated threat imposed to them by enemy air defence systems to an acceptable degree. The demand for this capability applies also to air defence tasks against attacking fighter bombers. Military low level flying requires a high degree of proficiency, which can only be reached and maintained by constant training. A high performance level is then the key to air power. The possibilities for this kind of necessary training are restricted by superior demands concerning, amongst others, flying safety and environmental reasons. Too intensive restrictions might reduce the fighting capability of the wings to such an extent, that mission fulfillment could be seriously endangered.

Heat shields for aircraft - A new concept to save lives in crash fires.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Neel, C. B.; Parker, J. A.; Fish, R. H.; Henshaw, J.; Newland, J. H.; Tempesta, F. L.

1971-01-01

A passenger compartment surrounded by a fire-retardant shell, to protect the occupants long enough for the fire to burn out or for fire-fighting equipment to reach the aircraft and extinguish it, is proposed as a new concept for saving lives in crash fires. This concept is made possible by the recent development of two new fire-retardant materials: a very lightweight foam plastic, called polyisocyanurate foam, and an intumescent paint. Exposed to heat, the intumescent paint expands to many times its original thickness and insulates the surface underneath it. Demonstration tests are illustrated, described and discussed. However, some problems, such as preventing fuselage rupture and protecting windows, must be solved before such a system can be used.

Numerical Modelling by FLAC on Coal Fires in North China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gusat, D.; Drebenstedt, C.

2009-04-01

Coal fires occur in many countries all over the world (e.g. Australia, China, India, Indonesia, USA and Russia) in underground and on surface. In China the most coal fires occur especially in the North. Economical and environmental damages are the negative effects of the coal fires: coal fires induce open fractures and fissures within the seam and neighbouring rocks. So that these are the predominant pathways for oxygen flow and exhaust gases from a coal fire. All over northern China there are a large number of coal fires, which cause and estimated yearly coal loss of between 100 and 200 million tons ([1], [2], [3]). Spontaneous combustion is a very complicated process and is influenced by number of factors. The process is an exothermic reaction in which the heat generated is dissipated by conduction to the surrounding environment, by radiation, by convection to the ventilation flow, and in some cases by evaporation of moisture from the coal [4]. The coal fires are very serious in China, and the dangerous extent of spontaneous combustion is bad which occupies about 72.9% in mining coal seams. During coal mining in China, the coal fires of spontaneous combustion are quite severity. The dangerous of coal spontaneous combustion has been in 56% of state major coalmines [5]. The 2D and 3D-simulation models describing coal fire damages are strong tools to predict fractures and fissures, to estimate the risk of coal fire propagation into neighbouring seams, to test and evaluate coal fire fighting and prevention methods. The numerical simulations of the rock mechanical model were made with the software for geomechanical and geotechnical calculations, the programs FLAC and FLAC3D [6]. To fight again the coal fires, exist several fire fighting techniques. Water, slurries or liquefied nitrogen can be injected to cool down the coal or cut of air supply with the backfill and thereby extinct the fire. Air supply also can be cut of by covering the coal by soil or sealing of the coal mine with the backfill. A smaller fires can also be handled by taking out burning coal by bulldozing techniques described above are applicable to small fires, but they do not work well in extinction of large coal fires. References [1] http://www.coalfire.caf.dlr.de [2] Schalke, H.J.W.G.; Rosema, A.; Van Genderen, J.L. (1993): Environmental monitoring of coal fires in North China. Project Identification Mission Report. Report Remote Sensing Programme Board, Derft, the Netherlands. [3] Zhang, X.; Kroonenberg, S. B.; De Boer, C. B. (2004): Dating of coal fires in Xinjiang, north-west China. Terra Nova. Band 16, No 2, S. 68-74. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.2004.00532.x [4] Deng Jun, Hou Shuang, Li Huirong, e.t.c (2006): Oxidation Mechanism at Initial Stage of a Simulated Coal Molecule with -CH2O-[J]. Journal of Changchun University of Science and Technology, 29(2), P. 84-87. [5] Deng, Jun (2008): Presentation. Chinese Researches and Practical Experiences on Controlling Underground Coal Fires. The 2nd Australia-China Symposium on Science, Technology and Education. 15-18 October 2008, Courtyard Marriott, Surfers Paradise Beach, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. [6] Itasca (2003): FLAC, Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua. Itasca Consultants Group, Inc., Minneapolis.

Air Force Civil Engineering Center Fiscal Year 1978 Air Force Technical Objectives Document.

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-12-15

for the theater airbase, pavement studies, environmental pollution abatement and control, air mobility concepts, energy conservation, fire fighting equipment, air base support, and warm fog dispersal. (Author)

A 21st Century Navy Vision: Motivating Sailors to Achieve Maximum Warfighting Readiness

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-06-01

answers, continues to focus on external matters. Observers suggest that perhaps it is time for the Navy to take a hard look inward, and develop an...a reality emerges that it is hard to think strategically when fighting daily people wars in the trenches. 40000 45000 50000 55000 60000 Beginning of...be unfairly under fire or to tell the unpopular truth about declining readiness, well, better to live and fight another day, they rationalize. Time

Power Projection: The Current and Future Relevance of the M1A1Tank to Marine Corps Capabilities

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-01-01

Kenneth W. Estes, Marines under Armor : The Marine Corps and the Armored Fighting Vehicle, 1916-2000 (Annapolis, MD: Naval institute Press, 2000), 183...is the M2 heavy barrel machine gun that has been in the U.S. inventory for decades. It can be fired from under armor and has a range of 1800 meters...Accessed 9 January 2002. Estes, Kenneth W. Marines under Armor : The Marine Corps and the Armored Fighting Vehicle, 1916-2000. Annapolis, MD

Forest fire spatial pattern analysis in Galicia (NW Spain).

PubMed

Fuentes-Santos, I; Marey-Pérez, M F; González-Manteiga, W

2013-10-15

Knowledge of fire behaviour is of key importance in forest management. In the present study, we analysed the spatial structure of forest fire with spatial point pattern analysis and inference techniques recently developed in the Spatstat package of R. Wildfires have been the primary threat to Galician forests in recent years. The district of Fonsagrada-Ancares is one of the most seriously affected by fire in the region and, therefore, the central focus of the study. Our main goal was to determine the spatial distribution of ignition points to model and predict fire occurrence. These data are of great value in establishing enhanced fire prevention and fire fighting plans. We found that the spatial distribution of wildfires is not random and that fire occurrence may depend on ownership conflicts. We also found positive interaction between small and large fires and spatial independence between wildfires in consecutive years. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Elimination of spades in wheeled military vehicles using MR-fluid dampers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hosseinloo, Ashkan H.; Vahdati, Nader; Yap, Fook Fah

2011-03-01

Tracked military vehicles were the choice of fighting vehicles due to their heavy fire power, better armor package distribution, better traction, and ability to fire on the move without spades. Many armies are converting to all wheeled vehicles, but one of the drawbacks is the inability to fire on the move without spades. A 2D heave pitch vehicle model for HMMWV has been developed. Simulation results indicate that by the use of MR-fluid dampers with the skyhook controls, it is possible to remove the spades, control chassis vibration, and prevent vehicle lift off during mortar firing, without bursting the tires.

Guide Specification For Water/Foam Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting Vehicles

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2002-02-18

This advisory circular (AC) contains performance standards, specifications, and : recommendations for the design, construction, and testing of a family of : aircraft rescue and fire fighting (ARFF) vehicles. The guide specifications : covers two clas...

"F-The French Connection."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sleigh, John; Plevey, Ray

1986-01-01

Provides background information for teachers on the chemistry of flourine. Points out that it links aerosols with refrigerants, anaesthetics with fire-fighting agents, batteries with blood substitutes, and atomic energy with the steel, petroleum, and aluminum industries. (JN)

A software framework for assessing the resilience of drinking ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Journal article This paper introduces a new software tool called the Water Network Tool for Resilience (WNTR) that water utilities can use to assess their resilience to disasters. A case study of an earthquake is included that results in damage to pipes and tanks, fires, and power outages. The utility uses several response strategies including fixing damaged pipes and tanks, restoring power, fighting fires, and implementing conservation.

Fire Fighting Task Force (FIRE)

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-04-01

and fdenify by block number) ~’This study is part of ~a contining effort to develop soldier data and performance algorithms (pergorithus) needed to...similar to combat, results will be useful in developing algorithms and data for use in US Army Concepts Analysis Agency (CAA) combat models. THE...dimensions. The US Army Concepts Analysis Agency (CAA) is committed to adding the soldier variables and algorithms that are necessary to fully represent

Firefighting module development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burns, R. A.

1981-01-01

The firefighting module is a lightweight, compact, self contained, helicopter-transportable unit for fighting harbor and other specialty fires as well as for use in emergency water pumping applications. Units were fabricated and tested. A production type unit is undergoing an inservice evaluation and demonstration program at the port of St Louis. The primary purpose is to promote enhanced harbor fire protection at inland and coastal ports. The module and its development are described.

Science You Can Use Bulletin: Fire on the mountain: What motivates homeowners to reduce their wildfire risk?

Treesearch

Sue Miller; Patty Champ; Hannah Brenkert-Smith

2013-01-01

New home building in the wildland-urban interface (WUI) continues unabated, despite the high financial and human costs of fighting fires in these areas. The goal of this research is to understand, through surveys and expert assessments, the attitudes and perceptions of WUI homeowners as they relate to taking action to reduce wildfire risk on their property. It also...

A Feasibility Study on the Establishment of a Fire Fighting Academy for the State of New Mexico.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sanchez, Alex A.

The report on the desirability and feasibility of establishing the New Mexico State Fire Academy and firemen training program is presented in three parts: (1) the result of a survey of firemen training, (2) a proposal for a total system of firemen training, and (3) an analysis of the cost of implementing this program of training and education. The…

Live fire testing requirements - Assessing the impact

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

O'Bryon, J.F.

1992-08-01

Full-up live-fire testing (LFT) of aircraft configured for combat is evaluated in terms of the practical implications of the technique. LFT legislation requires the testing of tactical fighters, helicopters, and other aircraft when they are loaded with the flammables and explosives associated with combat. LFT permits the study of damage mechanisms and battle-damage repair techniques during the design phase, and probability-of-kill estimates and novel systems designs can be developed based on LFT data.

[The "Mining Rescue System and Mine Fires" Working Group. Tasks, results, future activities].

PubMed

Coenders, A

1983-01-01

The president of the working party presents details of its principal tasks in the past and in the present time. These can be summed up in a study of the problems mentioned below and the subsequent elaboration of recommendations for the benefit of the governments, guidelines, information reports and research proposals. The principal problems that were or are still under study are: --prevention of fires: shaft equipment, hydraulic fluids, belt conveyors, . . .; --detection of mine fires and spontaneous combustion; --fighting of mine fires: shaft fires, construction of stoppings, openings and recovering of fire zones, . . .; --coordination and rescue equipment: escape and rescue breathing apparatus, flameproof clothing, rescue of trapped miners; --stabilization of ventilation in the event of fire, . . . The speaker stresses the importance of the information exchange and the atmosphere of fellowship and solidarity that prevails in the working party.

RISICO: A decision support system (DSS) for dynamic wildfire risk evaluation in Italy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

D'Andrea, Mirko; Fiorucci, Paolo; Gaetani, Francesco; Negro, Dario

2010-05-01

The system RISICO provides Italian Civil Protection Department (DPC) with daily wildland fire risk forecast maps relevant to the whole national territory since 2003. RISICO support the activities relating to Italian national forest fires warning system and National fires fighting air fleet. The RISICO system has a complex software architecture based on a framework able to manage geospatial data as well as time dependent information (e.g, Numerical Weather Prediction, real time meteorological observations, and satellite data). Within the system semi-physical models, able to simulate in space and time the variability of the fuel moisture content, are implemented. This parameter represents the main variable related with the ignition of a fire. Based on this information and introducing information on topography and wind field the model provides the rate of spread and the linear intensity of a potential fire generated by accidental or deliberate ignition. The model takes into account the vegetation patterns, in terms of fuel load and flammability. It needs territorial and meteorological data. Territorial data used by the system are vegetation cover and topography. Meteorological data are mainly represented by Numerical Weather Prediction (Limited Area model). Meteorological data provided in real time by a meteorological network are also used by the model as well as satellite data (e.g., vegetation index, snow cover). The output information are provided on a web-gis based system according with the OGC-INSPIRE standard. In 2007 the system has been improved introducing some changes both in the model structure and its functionality. Spatial resolution is increased up to 100m in the implementation at regional level. The fine fuel moisture model has been changed, introducing the FFMC of the CFFDRS with some slightly differences. In addition, a different nominal rate of spread (no-wind on flat terrain) has been introduced for each different class of vegetation. The operational chain of the RISICO system is considerably changed. In the first release the system run daily making use of observations only to define the initial state of the dead fine fuel moisture content. The new version of the system is able to run each 3-h making use of observations at each time step. In order to validate the RISICO system, the information obtained from the analysis of really occurred fires has been compared with the information generated by RISICO system. In particular, a data set of more than 11000 wildland fires occurred in Italy between 01/01/2007 and 31/12/2008 has been considered in the validation procedure. The performance indexes selected in order to measure the system effectiveness are relevant to the capability of identifying the correct danger classes with reference to the extension and duration of the fire. In this connection, a comparison between the performance obtained by the new release of the RISICO system and the previous one has been carried out highlighting separately the improvement given by the higher resolution, the model structure and the operational chain. The system RISICO is able to integrate the main Fire Hazard Indexes present in the literature providing a suitable tool for testing the different indexes on the same platform in different environmental and climatic conditions. Risico represents an operational approach to forest fires management both during the prevention and fire fighting phases. The prevention phase represents the main goal for the DPC. Prevention starts with a daily bulletin issue. The bulletin is based on RISICO data, forecast, meteorological data and other observed data such as active fires. The bulletin is dispatched to all operative bodies employed both in fire fighting and civil protection activities. During the fire fighting activities Risico support decision maker to define the best strategies. The objective of the paper is to promote the use of Fire Hazard Forecast as operational tool in fire risk prevention and management and to provide know-how for standardisation of the fire hazard "mapping" or "alert" systems in Europe. This work was funded by the Italian Civil Protection.

Responding to Terrorist Incidents in Your Community: Flammable-Liquid Fire Fighting Techniques for Municipal and Rural Firefighters

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Denise Baclawski

2010-03-08

The University of Nevada, Reno Fire Science Academy (FSA) applied for grant funding to develop and deliver programs for municipal, rural, and volunteer firefighters. The FSA specializes in preparing responders for a variety of emergency events, including flammable liquid fires resulting from accidents, intentional acts, or natural disasters. Live fire training on full scale burnable props is the hallmark of FSA training, allowing responders to practice critical skills in a realistic, yet safe environment. Unfortunately, flammable liquid live fire training is often not accessible to municipal, rural, or volunteer firefighters due to limited department training budgets, even though most departmentmore » personnel will be exposed to flammable liquid fire incidents during the course of their careers. In response to this training need, the FSA developed a course during the first year of the grant (Year One), Responding to Terrorist Incidents in Your Community: Flammable-Liquid Fire Fighting Techniques for Municipal and Rural Firefighters. During the three years of the grant, a total of 2,029 emergency responders received this training. In Year Three, two new courses, a train-the-trainer for Responding to Terrorist Incidents in Your Community and Management of Large-Scale Disasters for Public Officials were developed and pilot tested during the Real-World Disaster Management Conference held at the FSA in June of 2007. Two research projects were conducted during Years Two and Three. The first, conducted over a two year period, evaluated student surveys regarding the value of the flammable liquids training received. The second was a needs assessment conducted for rural Nevada. Both projects provided important feedback and a basis for curricula development and improvements.« less

Tilt anisoplanatism in extended turbulence propagation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Magee, Eric P.; Whiteley, Matthew R.; Das, Shashikala T.; Welsh, Byron M.

2003-04-01

The use of high-energy laser (HEL) weapon systems in tactical air-to-ground target engagements offers great promise for revolutionizing the USAF's war-fighting capabilities. Laser directed-energy systems will enable ultra-precision strike with minimal collateral damage and significant stand-off range for the aerial platform. The tactical directed energy application differs in many crucial ways from the conventional approach used in missile defense. Tactical missions occur at much lower altitudes and involve look-down to low-contrast ground targets instead of a high-contrast boosting missile. At these lower altitudes, the strength of atmospheric turbulence is greatly enhanced. Although the target slant ranges are much shorter, tactical missions may still involve moderate values of the Rytov number (0.1-0.5), and small isoplanatic angles compared to the diffraction angle. With increased density of air in the propagation path, and the potential for slow-moving or stationary ground targets, HEL-induced thermal blooming will certainly be a concern. In order to minimize the errors induced by tracking through thermal blooming, offset aimpoint tracking can be used. However, this will result in significant tilt anisoplanatism, thus degrading beam stabilization on target. In this paper we investigate the effects of extended turbulence on tracking (or tilt) anisoplanatism using theory and wave optics simulations. The simulations show good agreement with geometric optics predictions at angles larger than about 5 micro-radians (asymptotic regime) while at smaller angles the agreement is poor. We present a theoretical basis for this observation.

Explosive cord

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1972-01-01

Device, jetcord, is metal-clad linear explosive of sufficient flexibility to allow forming into intricate shapes. Total effect is termed ''cutting'' with jetcord consistently ''cutting'' a target of greater thickness than can be penetrated. Applications include sheet metal working, pipe cutting and fire-fighting.

46 CFR Appendix B to Subpart C of... - Substance Technical Guidelines, Benzene

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...) Extinguishing media: Carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or foam. (5) Special fire fighting procedures: Do not use a... ignited by open flames or sparks at locations remote from the site at which benzene is handled. (7...

46 CFR Appendix B to Subpart C to... - Substance Technical Guidelines, Benzene

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...) Extinguishing media: Carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or foam. (5) Special fire fighting procedures: Do not use a... ignited by open flames or sparks at locations remote from the site at which benzene is handled. (7...

46 CFR Appendix B to Subpart C of... - Substance Technical Guidelines, Benzene

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...) Extinguishing media: Carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or foam. (5) Special fire fighting procedures: Do not use a... ignited by open flames or sparks at locations remote from the site at which benzene is handled. (7...

Credit BG. Interior of Deluge Water Booster Station displaying highcapacity ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit BG. Interior of Deluge Water Booster Station displaying high-capacity electrically driven water pumps for fire fighting service - Edwards Air Force Base, North Base, Deluge Water Booster Station, Northeast of A Street, Boron, Kern County, CA

Measuring Wildfires From Aircraft And Satellites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brass, J. A.; Arvesen, J. C.; Ambrosia, V. G.; Riggan, P. J.; Meyers, J. S.

1991-01-01

Aircraft and satellite systems yield wide-area views, providing total coverage of affected areas. System developed for use aboard aircraft includes digital scanner that records data in 12 channels. Transmits data to ground station for immediate use in fighting fires. Enables researchers to estimate gaseous and particulate emissions from fires. Provides information on temperatures of flame fronts and soils, intensities and rate of spread of fires, characteristics of fuels and smoke plumes, energy-release rates, and concentrations and movements of trace gases. Data relates to heating and cooling of soils, loss of nutrients, and effects on atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic systems.

New perspectives in fire management in South American savannas: The importance of intercultural governance.

PubMed

Mistry, Jayalaxshmi; Schmidt, Isabel Belloni; Eloy, Ludivine; Bilbao, Bibiana

2018-05-11

Wildfires continue to cause damage to property, livelihoods and environments around the world. Acknowledging that dealing with wildfires has to go beyond fire-fighting, governments in countries with fire-prone ecosystems have begun to recognize the multiple perspectives of landscape burning and the need to engage with local communities and their practices. In this perspective, we outline the experiences of Brazil and Venezuela, two countries where fire management has been highly contested, but where there have been recent advances in fire management approaches. Success of these new initiatives have been measured by the reduction in wildfire extent through prescribed burning, and the opening of a dialogue on fire management between government agencies and local communities. Yet, it is clear that further developments in community participation need to take place in order to avoid the appropriation of local knowledge systems by institutions, and to better reflect more equitable fire governance.

Modelling the dynamics of traits involved in fighting-predators-prey system.

PubMed

Kooi, B W

2015-12-01

We study the dynamics of a predator-prey system where predators fight for captured prey besides searching for and handling (and digestion) of the prey. Fighting for prey is modelled by a continuous time hawk-dove game dynamics where the gain depends on the amount of disputed prey while the costs for fighting is constant per fighting event. The strategy of the predator-population is quantified by a trait being the proportion of the number of predator-individuals playing hawk tactics. The dynamics of the trait is described by two models of adaptation: the replicator dynamics (RD) and the adaptive dynamics (AD). In the RD-approach a variant individual with an adapted trait value changes the population's strategy, and consequently its trait value, only when its payoff is larger than the population average. In the AD-approach successful replacement of the resident population after invasion of a rare variant population with an adapted trait value is a step in a sequence changing the population's strategy, and hence its trait value. The main aim is to compare the consequences of the two adaptation models. In an equilibrium predator-prey system this will lead to convergence to a neutral singular strategy, while in the oscillatory system to a continuous singular strategy where in this endpoint the resident population is not invasible by any variant population. In equilibrium (low prey carrying capacity) RD and AD-approach give the same results, however not always in a periodically oscillating system (high prey carrying-capacity) where the trait is density-dependent. For low costs the predator population is monomorphic (only hawks) while for high costs dimorphic (hawks and doves). These results illustrate that intra-specific trait dynamics matters in predator-prey dynamics.

Optimization of the resources management in fighting wildfires.

PubMed

Martin-Fernández, Susana; Martínez-Falero, Eugenio; Pérez-González, J Manuel

2002-09-01

Wildfires lead to important economic, social, and environmental losses, especially in areas of Mediterranean climate where they are of a high intensity and frequency. Over the past 30 years there has been a dramatic surge in the development and use of fire spread models. However, given the chaotic nature of environmental systems, it is very difficult to develop real-time fire-extinguishing models. This article proposes a method of optimizing the performance of wildfire fighting resources such that losses are kept to a minimum. The optimization procedure includes discrete simulation algorithms and Bayesian optimization methods for discrete and continuous problems (simulated annealing and Bayesian global optimization). Fast calculus algorithms are applied to provide optimization outcomes in short periods of time such that the predictions of the model and the real behavior of the fire, combat resources, and meteorological conditions are similar. In addition, adaptive algorithms take into account the chaotic behavior of wildfire so that the system can be updated with data corresponding to the real situation to obtain a new optimum solution. The application of this method to the Northwest Forest of Madrid (Spain) is also described. This application allowed us to check that it is a helpful tool in the decision-making process.

Optimization of the Resources Management in Fighting Wildfires

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martin-Fernández, Susana; Martínez-Falero, Eugenio; Pérez-González, J. Manuel

2002-09-01

Wildfires lead to important economic, social, and environmental losses, especially in areas of Mediterranean climate where they are of a high intensity and frequency. Over the past 30 years there has been a dramatic surge in the development and use of fire spread models. However, given the chaotic nature of environmental systems, it is very difficult to develop real-time fire-extinguishing models. This article proposes a method of optimizing the performance of wildfire fighting resources such that losses are kept to a minimum. The optimization procedure includes discrete simulation algorithms and Bayesian optimization methods for discrete and continuous problems (simulated annealing and Bayesian global optimization). Fast calculus algorithms are applied to provide optimization outcomes in short periods of time such that the predictions of the model and the real behavior of the fire, combat resources, and meteorological conditions are similar. In addition, adaptive algorithms take into account the chaotic behavior of wildfire so that the system can be updated with data corresponding to the real situation to obtain a new optimum solution. The application of this method to the Northwest Forest of Madrid (Spain) is also described. This application allowed us to check that it is a helpful tool in the decision-making process.

130. Photocopied July 1978. 'CAR NO. 8 PARKED AT QUINCY ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

130. Photocopied July 1978. 'CAR NO. 8 PARKED AT QUINCY NO. 2 SHAFT.' CAR NO. 8 CARRIED BUREAU OF MINES EMERGENCY TEAM TO QUINCY TO HELP FIGHT AN UNDERGROUND FIRE. JULY 1927. - Quincy Mining Company, Hancock, Houghton County, MI

49 CFR 175.9 - Special aircraft operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS CARRIAGE BY AIRCRAFT General...) Exceptions. This subchapter does not apply to the following materials used for special aircraft operations... aircraft. (4) Hazardous materials are carried and used during dedicated air ambulance, fire fighting, or...

49 CFR 175.9 - Special aircraft operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS CARRIAGE BY AIRCRAFT General...) Exceptions. This subchapter does not apply to the following materials used for special aircraft operations... aircraft. (4) Hazardous materials are carried and used during dedicated air ambulance, fire fighting, or...

49 CFR 175.9 - Special aircraft operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS CARRIAGE BY AIRCRAFT General...) Exceptions. This subchapter does not apply to the following materials used for special aircraft operations... aircraft. (4) Hazardous materials are carried and used during dedicated air ambulance, fire fighting, or...

Tropic Test of Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-05-23

CM-R AMSTE-SG-H AMSTE-PT-MT AMSTE-RM Aberden Proving Ground , MD 21005-5055 Commander U.S. Army Armament Research and Development Command ATTN: AMSMC...Requirements Appendix E -Vision Devices Appendix F - Grounding Circuit Resistance Appendix G - Human Factors Appendix H - Distribution List -" -"" 3...miles of operation o Time-on-Target Baseline Tests o Selected electrical and grounding circuit resistances o Armament Firing (25mm, 7.62mm and TOW) o Fire

Fighting Fire with Fire: Modeling the Datacenter-Scale Effects of Targeted Superlattice Thermal Management

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

we propose that hot-spot mitigation using thermoelectric coolers can be used as a power management mechanism to allow global coolers to be provi...sioned for a better worst case temperature leading to substan- tial savings in cooling power. In order to quantify the potential power savings from us- ing...energy density inside a processor to maximally tolerable levels, modern microprocessors make ex- tensive use of hardware structures such as the load

Firefighter noise exposure during training activities and general equipment use.

PubMed

Root, Kyle S; Schwennker, Catherine; Autenrieth, Daniel; Sandfort, Delvin R; Lipsey, Tiffany; Brazile, William J

2013-01-01

Multiple noise measurements were taken on 6 types of fire station equipment and 15 types of emergency response vehicle-related equipment used by firefighters during routine and emergency operations at 10 fire stations. Five of the six types of fire station equipment, when measured at a distance of one meter and ear level, emitted noise equal to or greater than 85 dBA, including lawn maintenance equipment, snow blowers, compressors, and emergency alarms. Thirteen of 15 types of equipment located on the fire engines emitted noise levels equal to or greater than 85 dBA, including fans, saws, alarms, and extrication equipment. In addition, noise measurements were taken during fire engine operations, including the idling vehicle, vehicle sirens, and water pumps. Results indicated that idling fire-engine noise levels were below 85 dBA; however, during water pump and siren use, noise levels exceeded 85 dBA, in some instances, at different locations around the trucks where firefighters would be stationed during emergency operations. To determine if the duration and use of fire fighting equipment was sufficient to result in overexposures to noise during routine training activities, 93 firefighter personal noise dosimetry samples were taken during 10 firefighter training activities. Two training activities per sampling day were monitored during each sampling event, for a mean exposure time of 70 min per day. The noise dosimetry samples were grouped based on job description to compare noise exposures between the different categories of job tasks commonly associated with fire fighting. The three job categories were interior, exterior, and engineering. Mean personal dosimetry results indicated that the average noise exposure was 78 dBA during the training activities that lasted 70 min on average. There was no significant difference in noise exposure between each of the three job categories. Although firefighters routinely use equipment and emergency response vehicles that can produce hazardous levels of noise, this study showed that the average noise levels experienced by firefighters was below generally accepted guidelines.

Human behaviours associated with dominance in elite amateur boxing bouts: A comparison of winners and losers under the Ten Point Must System

PubMed Central

Humberstone, Clare E.; Iredale, K. Fiona; Martin, David T.; Blazevich, Anthony J.

2017-01-01

Humans commonly ascertain physical dominance through non-lethal fighting by participating in combat sports. However, the behaviours that achieve fight dominance are not fully understood. Amateur boxing competition, which is judged using the subjective “Ten Point Must-System”, provides insight into fight dominance behaviours. Notational analysis was performed on 26 elite male competitors in a national boxing championship. Behavioural (guard-drop time; movement style [stepping/bouncing time]; clinch-time; interaction-time) and technical (total punches; punches landed [%Hit]; air punches [%Air]; defence) measures were recorded. Participants reported effort required (0–100%) and perceived effect of fatigue on their own performance (5-point Likert scale) following bouts. Differences between winners and losers, and changes across the duration of the bout were examined. Winners punched more accurately than losers (greater %Hit [33% vs. 23%] and lower %Air [17% vs. 27%]) but total punches, defence and interaction-time were similar. From rounds 1–2, clinch-time and guard drops increased whilst bouncing decreased. Perceived effect of fatigue increased throughout the bout while perceived effort increased only from rounds 2–3. %Hit and movement index together in regression analysis correctly classified 85% of bout outcomes, indicating that judges (subjectively) chose winning (dominant) boxers according to punch accuracy and style, rather than assertiveness (more punches thrown). Boxers appear to use tactical strategies throughout the bout to pace their effort and minimise fatigue (increased guard drops, reduced bouncing), but these did not influence perceived dominance or bout outcome. These results show that judges use several performance indicators not including the total number of successful punches thrown to assess fight dominance and superiority between fighters. These results provide valuable information as to how experienced fight observers subjectively rate superiority and dominance during one-on-one human fighting. PMID:29287064

Human behaviours associated with dominance in elite amateur boxing bouts: A comparison of winners and losers under the Ten Point Must System.

PubMed

Dunn, Emily C; Humberstone, Clare E; Iredale, K Fiona; Martin, David T; Blazevich, Anthony J

2017-01-01

Humans commonly ascertain physical dominance through non-lethal fighting by participating in combat sports. However, the behaviours that achieve fight dominance are not fully understood. Amateur boxing competition, which is judged using the subjective "Ten Point Must-System", provides insight into fight dominance behaviours. Notational analysis was performed on 26 elite male competitors in a national boxing championship. Behavioural (guard-drop time; movement style [stepping/bouncing time]; clinch-time; interaction-time) and technical (total punches; punches landed [%Hit]; air punches [%Air]; defence) measures were recorded. Participants reported effort required (0-100%) and perceived effect of fatigue on their own performance (5-point Likert scale) following bouts. Differences between winners and losers, and changes across the duration of the bout were examined. Winners punched more accurately than losers (greater %Hit [33% vs. 23%] and lower %Air [17% vs. 27%]) but total punches, defence and interaction-time were similar. From rounds 1-2, clinch-time and guard drops increased whilst bouncing decreased. Perceived effect of fatigue increased throughout the bout while perceived effort increased only from rounds 2-3. %Hit and movement index together in regression analysis correctly classified 85% of bout outcomes, indicating that judges (subjectively) chose winning (dominant) boxers according to punch accuracy and style, rather than assertiveness (more punches thrown). Boxers appear to use tactical strategies throughout the bout to pace their effort and minimise fatigue (increased guard drops, reduced bouncing), but these did not influence perceived dominance or bout outcome. These results show that judges use several performance indicators not including the total number of successful punches thrown to assess fight dominance and superiority between fighters. These results provide valuable information as to how experienced fight observers subjectively rate superiority and dominance during one-on-one human fighting.

Tactical lighting in special operations medicine: survey of current preferences.

PubMed

Calvano, Christopher J; Enzenauer, Robert W; Eisnor, Derek L; Laporta, Anthony J

2013-01-01

Success in Special Operations Forces medicine (SOFMED) is dependent on maximizing visual capability without compromising the provider or casualty position when under fire. There is no single ideal light source suitable for varied SOFMED environments. We present the results of an online survey of Special Operations Medical Operators in an attempt to determine strengths and weaknesses of current systems. There was no consensus ideal hue for tactical illumination. Most Operators own three or more lights, and most lights were not night vision compatible. Most importantly, nearly 25% of respondents reported that lighting issues contributed to a poor casualty outcome; conversely, a majority (50 of 74) stated their system helped prevent a poor outcome. Based on the results of this initial survey, we can affirm that the design and choice of lighting is critical to SOFMED success. We are conducting ongoing studies to further define ideal systems for tactical applications including field, aviation, and marine settings. 2013.

Toxicokinetics of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)

EPA Science Inventory

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are widely used as stain resistant coatings for cloth, paper, and leather, and as surfactants, fire-fighting foams, and photographic developers. Individual PFAAs have been shown to accumulate in fish and wildlife; however, the extent of this accumulat...

76 FR 11449 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-02

... Reading Room is open from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The...-icers and fire-fighting foams. Safer surfactants are those that break down quickly to non-polluting...

75 FR 71123 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request; Safer Detergent...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-22

...-HQ-OPPT-2010-0874. The DCO is open from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal..., cleaners, airplane deicers, and fire-fighting foams. Safer surfactants are those that break down quickly to...

SCALE-MODEL STUDIES OF MIXING IN DRINKING WATER STORAGE TANKS

EPA Science Inventory

Storage tanks and reservoirs are commonly used in drinking water distribution systems to equalize pumping requirements and operating pressures, and to provide emergency water for fire-fighting and pumping outages. Poor mixing in these structures can create pockets of older water...

76 FR 30229 - Shipping Coordinating Committee; Notice of Committee Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-24

.... --Strategy and planning. --Organizational reforms. --Resource management. --Technical Co-operation Fund--biennial allocation to support the ITCP Programme for 2012-2013. --Results-based budget. --Voluntary IMO... FSS Code for communication equipment for fire-fighting teams. --Development of guidelines for use of...

29 CFR 4.130 - Types of covered service contracts illustrated.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... services. (8) Chemical testing and analysis. (9) Clothing alteration and repair. (10) Computer services... construction). (17) Film processing. (18) Fire fighting and protection. (19) Fueling services. (20) Furniture...) Guard and watchman security service. (24) Inventory services. (25) Keypunching and keyverifying...

29 CFR 4.130 - Types of covered service contracts illustrated.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... services. (8) Chemical testing and analysis. (9) Clothing alteration and repair. (10) Computer services... construction). (17) Film processing. (18) Fire fighting and protection. (19) Fueling services. (20) Furniture...) Guard and watchman security service. (24) Inventory services. (25) Keypunching and keyverifying...

29 CFR 4.130 - Types of covered service contracts illustrated.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... services. (8) Chemical testing and analysis. (9) Clothing alteration and repair. (10) Computer services... construction). (17) Film processing. (18) Fire fighting and protection. (19) Fueling services. (20) Furniture...) Guard and watchman security service. (24) Inventory services. (25) Keypunching and keyverifying...

The Adoption of Technological Innovations by Municipal Governments.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Feller, Irwin; Menzel, Donald C.

1978-01-01

Data on the adoption of 43 technological innovations in four service delivery areas were obtained from nationally representative samples of municipal governments. The service delivery areas included fire fighting, solid waste collection and disposal, traffic control, and air pollution control. (Author/RLV)

Depopulation of rural landscapes exacerbates fire activity in the western Amazon.

PubMed

Uriarte, María; Pinedo-Vasquez, Miquel; DeFries, Ruth S; Fernandes, Katia; Gutierrez-Velez, Victor; Baethgen, Walter E; Padoch, Christine

2012-12-26

Destructive fires in Amazonia have occurred in the past decade, leading to forest degradation, carbon emissions, impaired air quality, and property damage. Here, we couple climate, geospatial, and province-level census data, with farmer surveys to examine the climatic, demographic, and land use factors associated with fire frequency in the Peruvian Amazon from 2000 to 2010. Although our results corroborate previous findings elsewhere that drought and proximity to roads increase fire frequency, the province-scale analysis further identifies decreases in rural populations as an additional factor. Farmer survey data suggest that increased burn scar frequency and size reflect increased flammability of emptying rural landscapes and reduced capacity to control fire. With rural populations projected to decline, more frequent drought, and expansion of road infrastructure, fire risk is likely to increase in western Amazonia. Damage from fire can be reduced through warning systems that target high-risk locations, coordinated fire fighting efforts, and initiatives that provide options for people to remain in rural landscapes.

Depopulation of rural landscapes exacerbates fire activity in the western Amazon

PubMed Central

Uriarte, María; Pinedo-Vasquez, Miquel; DeFries, Ruth S.; Fernandes, Katia; Gutierrez-Velez, Victor; Baethgen, Walter E.; Padoch, Christine

2012-01-01

Destructive fires in Amazonia have occurred in the past decade, leading to forest degradation, carbon emissions, impaired air quality, and property damage. Here, we couple climate, geospatial, and province-level census data, with farmer surveys to examine the climatic, demographic, and land use factors associated with fire frequency in the Peruvian Amazon from 2000 to 2010. Although our results corroborate previous findings elsewhere that drought and proximity to roads increase fire frequency, the province-scale analysis further identifies decreases in rural populations as an additional factor. Farmer survey data suggest that increased burn scar frequency and size reflect increased flammability of emptying rural landscapes and reduced capacity to control fire. With rural populations projected to decline, more frequent drought, and expansion of road infrastructure, fire risk is likely to increase in western Amazonia. Damage from fire can be reduced through warning systems that target high-risk locations, coordinated fire fighting efforts, and initiatives that provide options for people to remain in rural landscapes. PMID:23236144

SITHON: An Airborne Fire Detection System Compliant with Operational Tactical Requirements

PubMed Central

Kontoes, Charalabos; Keramitsoglou, Iphigenia; Sifakis, Nicolaos; Konstantinidis, Pavlos

2009-01-01

In response to the urging need of fire managers for timely information on fire location and extent, the SITHON system was developed. SITHON is a fully digital thermal imaging system, integrating INS/GPS and a digital camera, designed to provide timely positioned and projected thermal images and video data streams rapidly integrated in the GIS operated by Crisis Control Centres. This article presents in detail the hardware and software components of SITHON, and demonstrates the first encouraging results of test flights over the Sithonia Peninsula in Northern Greece. It is envisaged that the SITHON system will be soon operated onboard various airborne platforms including fire brigade airplanes and helicopters as well as on UAV platforms owned and operated by the Greek Air Forces. PMID:22399963

Warfighter Information Network-Tactical Increment 3 (WIN-T Inc 3)

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

than 1 seconds. Force Protection Armor required to protect personnel operating WIN-T vehicles employed at BCT, Fires, AVN , BfSB, and select force...21, 2016 18:26:36 UNCLASSIFIED 12 Acronyms and Abbreviations AOR - Area of Responsibility ATH - At-the-Halt ATO - Approval to Operate AVN

An emergency-adaptive routing scheme for wireless sensor networks for building fire hazard monitoring.

PubMed

Zeng, Yuanyuan; Sreenan, Cormac J; Sitanayah, Lanny; Xiong, Naixue; Park, Jong Hyuk; Zheng, Guilin

2011-01-01

Fire hazard monitoring and evacuation for building environments is a novel application area for the deployment of wireless sensor networks. In this context, adaptive routing is essential in order to ensure safe and timely data delivery in building evacuation and fire fighting resource applications. Existing routing mechanisms for wireless sensor networks are not well suited for building fires, especially as they do not consider critical and dynamic network scenarios. In this paper, an emergency-adaptive, real-time and robust routing protocol is presented for emergency situations such as building fire hazard applications. The protocol adapts to handle dynamic emergency scenarios and works well with the routing hole problem. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that our protocol provides a real-time routing mechanism that is well suited for dynamic emergency scenarios in building fires when compared with other related work.

An Emergency-Adaptive Routing Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks for Building Fire Hazard Monitoring

PubMed Central

Zeng, Yuanyuan; Sreenan, Cormac J.; Sitanayah, Lanny; Xiong, Naixue; Park, Jong Hyuk; Zheng, Guilin

2011-01-01

Fire hazard monitoring and evacuation for building environments is a novel application area for the deployment of wireless sensor networks. In this context, adaptive routing is essential in order to ensure safe and timely data delivery in building evacuation and fire fighting resource applications. Existing routing mechanisms for wireless sensor networks are not well suited for building fires, especially as they do not consider critical and dynamic network scenarios. In this paper, an emergency-adaptive, real-time and robust routing protocol is presented for emergency situations such as building fire hazard applications. The protocol adapts to handle dynamic emergency scenarios and works well with the routing hole problem. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that our protocol provides a real-time routing mechanism that is well suited for dynamic emergency scenarios in building fires when compared with other related work. PMID:22163774

United Nations Human and Financial Resources for Peacekeeping in Africa

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-06-01

date of proclamation of the cease-fire and will finish when the results of the referendum are declared. As soon as the cease-fire is declared, MINURSO...regional organization, as envisaged in Chapter VII of the Charter." [Ref. 14] On 25 July 1993, a meeting was held in Cotonou (Benin) to establish a new...Abass Bundu (Executive Secretary of ECOWAS), and the leaders of the fighting factions. The Cotonou Agreement was formulated with a clear framework drawn

Development of infrared goggles and prototype

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsuchimoto, Kouzou; Komatsubara, Shigeyuki; Fujikawa, Masaru; Otsuka, Toshiaki; Kan, Moriyasu; Matsumura, Norihide

2006-05-01

We aimed at developing a hands free type practical wearable thermography which will not hinder walking or working of the person wearing the equipment. We installed a small format camera core module, which was recently developed, into the fire fighter's helmet and incorporated image transmission function over radio to the equipment. We combined this thermography with a see-through type head mount display, and called it "Infrared Goggles". A prototype was developed for verification test of lifesaving support system in fire fighting activities.

iss031e146341

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-06-27

ISS031-E-146344 (27 June 2012) --- An Expedition 31 crew member aboard the International Space Station, flying approximately 240 miles above Earth, recorded a series of images of the current wild fires in the southwestern United States. For this particular image, taken from the station?s Cupola, he used a 16mm lens, which gives this view a ?fisheye? affect. The fires give rise to thick smoke plumes on the southernmost extremity of the Wyoming Range, which occupies the center of the image. Slopes of the central Salt River Range appear at left. Three helicopters and more than 100 personnel are fighting the fire, which is being managed by the Bridger?Teton National Forest.

Performance of a Protected Wireless Sensor Network in a Fire. Analysis of Fire Spread and Data Transmission

PubMed Central

Antoine-Santoni, Thierry; Santucci, Jean-François; de Gentili, Emmanuelle; Silvani, Xavier; Morandini, Frederic

2009-01-01

The paper deals with a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) as a reliable solution for capturing the kinematics of a fire front spreading over a fuel bed. To provide reliable information in fire studies and support fire fighting strategies, a Wireless Sensor Network must be able to perform three sequential actions: 1) sensing thermal data in the open as the gas temperature; 2) detecting a fire i.e., the spatial position of a flame; 3) tracking the fire spread during its spatial and temporal evolution. One of the great challenges in performing fire front tracking with a WSN is to avoid the destruction of motes by the fire. This paper therefore shows the performance of Wireless Sensor Network when the motes are protected with a thermal insulation dedicated to track a fire spreading across vegetative fuels on a field scale. The resulting experimental WSN is then used in series of wildfire experiments performed in the open in vegetation areas ranging in size from 50 to 1,000 m2. PMID:22454563

Performance of a protected wireless sensor network in a fire. Analysis of fire spread and data transmission.

PubMed

Antoine-Santoni, Thierry; Santucci, Jean-François; de Gentili, Emmanuelle; Silvani, Xavier; Morandini, Frederic

2009-01-01

The paper deals with a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) as a reliable solution for capturing the kinematics of a fire front spreading over a fuel bed. To provide reliable information in fire studies and support fire fighting strategies, a Wireless Sensor Network must be able to perform three sequential actions: 1) sensing thermal data in the open as the gas temperature; 2) detecting a fire i.e., the spatial position of a flame; 3) tracking the fire spread during its spatial and temporal evolution. One of the great challenges in performing fire front tracking with a WSN is to avoid the destruction of motes by the fire. This paper therefore shows the performance of Wireless Sensor Network when the motes are protected with a thermal insulation dedicated to track a fire spreading across vegetative fuels on a field scale. The resulting experimental WSN is then used in series of wildfire experiments performed in the open in vegetation areas ranging in size from 50 to 1,000 m(2).

The Oddity of Waging War on a Tactic: Reframing the Global War on Terror as a Global Counterinsurgency

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-05-01

never has the phrase “ follow the money ” been more appropriate in warfare. Explosives cost money, as do the vests they are put in to ensure that the...first century, the US must “ follow the money .” One of the ways to combat the effects of the money floating around in vulnerable populations is to offer... follow the money , but to fight money with money. While the kinetic part of the GWOT is what makes the news and generates much discussion in the US today

29 CFR 1917.118 - Fixed ladders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... tubular scaffold framing; and (4) Ladders used only for fire-fighting or emergency purposes. (b... a ladder, including individual rung ladders, permanently attached to a structure, building or piece... walls of the well. (c) Defects. (1) Ladders with broken, split or missing rungs, steps or rails, broken...

29 CFR 1917.118 - Fixed ladders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... tubular scaffold framing; and (4) Ladders used only for fire-fighting or emergency purposes. (b... a ladder, including individual rung ladders, permanently attached to a structure, building or piece... walls of the well. (c) Defects. (1) Ladders with broken, split or missing rungs, steps or rails, broken...

29 CFR 1917.118 - Fixed ladders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... tubular scaffold framing; and (4) Ladders used only for fire-fighting or emergency purposes. (b... a ladder, including individual rung ladders, permanently attached to a structure, building or piece... walls of the well. (c) Defects. (1) Ladders with broken, split or missing rungs, steps or rails, broken...

A Forest Fire Sensor Web Concept with UAVSAR

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lou, Y.; Chien, S.; Clark, D.; Doubleday, J.; Muellerschoen, R.; Zheng, Y.

2008-12-01

We developed a forest fire sensor web concept with a UAVSAR-based smart sensor and onboard automated response capability that will allow us to monitor fire progression based on coarse initial information provided by an external source. This autonomous disturbance detection and monitoring system combines the unique capabilities of imaging radar with high throughput onboard processing technology and onboard automated response capability based on specific science algorithms. In this forest fire sensor web scenario, a fire is initially located by MODIS/RapidFire or a ground-based fire observer. This information is transmitted to the UAVSAR onboard automated response system (CASPER). CASPER generates a flight plan to cover the alerted fire area and executes the flight plan. The onboard processor generates the fuel load map from raw radar data, used with wind and elevation information, predicts the likely fire progression. CASPER then autonomously alters the flight plan to track the fire progression, providing this information to the fire fighting team on the ground. We can also relay the precise fire location to other remote sensing assets with autonomous response capability such as Earth Observation-1 (EO-1)'s hyper-spectral imager to acquire the fire data.

Analysis of Idaho fire service education

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roberts, Walter O.

1999-01-01

Becoming a career fire fighter in the state of Idaho requires specialized knowledge and training. Fire science education at Idaho colleges and universities is available only to people who are affiliated with a fire department. Law enforcement curriculum, on the other hand, is available to any interested persons. A student in law enforcement can attend the Police Officers Standards and Training (POST) academy or participate in classes in one of Idaho's institutions for higher education. There are no fire academies in Idaho. Applicants wanting to become professional fire fighters in Idaho are required to compete with applicants from other states; many of whom have had prior fire education and training. Resident Idaho fire fighter applicants are at a disadvantage when applying for Idaho fire fighting positions. Because of this apparent need, I surveyed the Idaho fire chiefs, using a research instrument I developed in a graduate field research class. I wrote the research instrument to determine the educational needs of the Idaho fire service. The College of Southern Idaho (CSI) and the Idaho Fire Chiefs Association (IFCA) were the recipients of this survey. This report, Analysis of Idaho Fire Service Education, describes that research process from beginning to end.

Contribution of Earth Observation and meteorological datasets for the design and development of a national fire risk assessment system (NFOFRAS)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Katagis, Thomas; Bliziotis, Dimitris; Liantinioti, Chrysa; Gitas, Ioannis Z.; Charalampopoulou, Betty

2016-08-01

During the past decades, forest fires have increased both in frequency and severity thus, increasing the life threats for people and environment and leading countries to spend vast amounts of resources in fighting forest fires. Besides anthropogenic activities, climatic and environmental changes are considered as driving factors affecting fire occurrence and vegetation succession. Especially in the Mediterranean region, the development and existence of effective tools and services is crucial for assisting pre-fire planning and preparedness. The collaborative project NFOFRAS aims at introducing an innovative and effective system for rating forest fire risk, and is based on existing technology and standards that have been developed by countries with a long and a very successful involvement in this field. During the first phase of the project a detailed documentation of the proposed methodology was composed. In addition, Earth Observation (EO) and meteorological datasets were utilized for producing accurate pre-fire measurements over a selected study area in Greece.

Fires in Idaho and Montana

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

2000 continues to be the worst fire season in the United States in decades. By August 8, 2000, fires in Montana and Idaho had burned more than 250,000 acres. Resources were stretched so thin that Army and Marine soldiers were recruited to help fight the fires. President Clinton visited Payette National Forest to lend moral support to the firefighters. Dense smoke from Idaho and western Montana is visible stretching all the way to North and South Dakota in this image from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). The image was taken on August 7, 2000. Although the primary mission of SeaWiFS is to measure the biology of the ocean, it also provides stunning color imagery of the Earth's surface. For more information about fires in the U.S., visit the National Interagency Fire Center. To learn more about using satellites to monitor fires, visit Global Fire Monitoring and New Technology for Monitoring Fires from Space in the Earth Observatory. Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and ORBIMAGE

29 CFR 570.54 - Logging occupations and occupations in the operation of any sawmill, lath mill, shingle mill, or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... convenience of the user, the revised text is set forth as follows: § 570.54 Forest fire fighting and forest... performed, or mining operations. Portable sawmill shall mean a sawmilling operation where no office or...

U.S. Naval Sea Cadet Corps 2009 Annual Report

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

Ceremonial Honor Guard CA, NJ, NY, WA (7 classes) Culinary Arts MI, TN, NY (7 classes) Field Training GA, SC, MN (6 classes) Fire Fighting MI, MA (2...the pre- viously established naval engineering, seamanship, culinary arts and operations specialist classes, additional classes in Naval gunners

46 CFR 126.110 - Inspection after accident.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Inspection after accident. 126.110 Section 126.110 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS INSPECTION AND... lifesaving, fire-fighting, or other equipment; or (2) Whenever any important repairs or renewals are made. (b...

The Obsolescence of DMS in an Information Centric World

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-13

system. DMS does this today already for submarines. It would only require a change in the programming of the existing Tactical Messaging Gateway ( TMG ...and NATO. The TMG , MFI and National Gateways convert the message into a format that can be read by the intended recipient. DMS is a fire and

A comment on “Management for mountain pine beetle outbreak suppression: Does relevant science support current policy?"

Treesearch

Christopher J. Fettig; Kenneth E. Gibson; A. Steven Munson; Jose F. Negrón

2014-01-01

There are two general approaches for reducing the negative impacts of mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, on forests. Direct control involves short-term tactics designed to address current infestations by manipulating mountain pine beetle populations, and includes the use of fire, insecticides, semiochemicals, sanitation harvests...

Greasy tactics in the plant-pathogen molecular arms race.

PubMed

Boyle, Patrick C; Martin, Gregory B

2015-03-01

The modification of proteins by the attachment of fatty acids is a targeting tactic involved in mechanisms of both plant immunity and bacterial pathogenesis. The plant plasma membrane (PM) is a key battleground in the war against disease-causing microbes. This membrane is armed with an array of sensor proteins that function as a surveillance system to detect invading pathogens. Several of these sensor proteins are directed to the plasma membrane through the covalent addition of fatty acids, a process termed fatty acylation. Phytopathogens secrete effector proteins into the plant cell to subvert these surveillance mechanisms, rendering the host susceptible to infection. The targeting of effectors to specific locales within plant cells, particularly the internal face of the host PM, is critical for their virulence function. Several bacterial effectors hijack the host fatty acylation machinery to be modified and directed to this contested locale. To find and fight these fatty acylated effectors the plant leverages lipid-modified intracellular sensors. This review provides examples featuring how fatty acylation is a battle tactic used by both combatants in the molecular arms race between plants and pathogens. Also highlighted is the exploitation of a specific form of host-mediated fatty acid modification, which appears to be exclusively employed by phytopathogenic effector proteins. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Wildfires in Eastern U.S.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

Drought conditions have plagued the Appalachian Mountains in October and November, and low relative humidity combined with dry leaves on the ground has created extreme fire danger in many eastern states. This true-color MODIS image made from data collected on November 13, 2001, shows smoke from numerous fires (indicated in red), predominantly in southern West Virginia (image center), Kentucky (to the southwest), and Tennessee (south). The fires, at least some of which are likely the result of arson, have burned thousands of acres throughout the region. Unfortunately for those people fighting the fires, the fire danger is likely to remain high, with no significant rain expected in the near term. South of Lake Erie, the southernmost of the Great Lakes, numerous aircraft contrails crisscross Ohio. Water vapor emitted with engine exhaust condenses in the cold, dry air at high altitudes, leaving behind a trail of condensation--a contrail. Image courtesy Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC

Pulaski Award Ceremony

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-11-01

From left, Jon Wallace, deputy fire coordinator, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region, Atlanta, Georgia; Chris Wilcox, U.S. Fish and Wildlife chief, Fire Management, National Interagency Fire Center, Boise, Idaho; and Mark Schollmeyer, chief, Brevard County Fire Rescue, pose for a portrait following a ceremony Nov. 1 on the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge in Florida. During the joint ceremony, the Spaceport Integration Team and its partners were presented with the prestigious 2017 Pulaski Award and a new memorial marker was dedicated. The multi-agency team includes representatives from NASA's Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station's 45th Space Wing, the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, as well as the Florida Forest Service and Brevard County Fire Rescue. The memorial marker honors two fallen firefighters, Scott Maness and Beau Sauselein, who died fighting a wildfire on space center property in 1981. Held outdoors, the ceremony was attended by 140 guests.

Application of a CO2 dial system for infrared detection of forest fire and reduction of false alarm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bellecci, C.; Francucci, M.; Gaudio, P.; Gelfusa, M.; Martellucci, S.; Richetta, M.; Lo Feudo, T.

2007-04-01

Forest fires can be the cause of serious environmental and economic damages. For this reason considerable effort has been directed toward forest protection and fire fighting. The means traditionally used for early fire detection mainly consist in human observers dispersed over forest regions. A significant improvement in early warning capabilities could be obtained by using automatic detection apparatus. In order to early detect small forest fires and minimize false alarms, the use of a lidar system and dial technique will be considered. A first evaluation of the lowest detectable concentration will be estimated by numerical simulation. The theoretical model will also be used to get the capability of the dial system to control wooded areas. Fixing the burning rate for several fuels, the maximum range of detection will be evaluated. Finally results of simulations will be reported.

A GIS-based approach for comparative analysis of potential fire risk assessment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Ying; Hu, Lieqiu; Liu, Huiping

2007-06-01

Urban fires are one of the most important sources of property loss and human casualty and therefore it is necessary to assess the potential fire risk with consideration of urban community safety. Two evaluation models are proposed, both of which are integrated with GIS. One is the single factor model concerning the accessibility of fire passage and the other is grey clustering approach based on the multifactor system. In the latter model, fourteen factors are introduced and divided into four categories involving security management, evacuation facility, construction resistance and fire fighting capability. A case study on campus of Beijing Normal University is presented to express the potential risk assessment models in details. A comparative analysis of the two models is carried out to validate the accuracy. The results are approximately consistent with each other. Moreover, modeling with GIS promotes the efficiency the potential risk assessment.

EXPLORING THE BIOTRANSFORMATION POTENTIAL OF FLUOROTELOMER ALCOHOL-BASED POLYMER FORMULATIONS DURING AEROBIC BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT

EPA Science Inventory

Fluorotelomer alcohols have been widely used over the past 50 years in surface protection products for paper, packaging, textile, and carpet goods; in industrial surfactant mixtures; in aqueous fire-fighting foams, and as processing aids during the production of fluoropolymer pla...

46 CFR 78.37-3 - Logbooks and records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... completed, the master or person in charge shall file the logbook with the Officer in Charge, Marine... purposes of making entries therein as required by law or regulations in this subchapter. Such logs or... records of tests and inspections of fire fighting equipment must be maintained with the vessel's logs for...

46 CFR 78.37-3 - Logbooks and records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... completed, the master or person in charge shall file the logbook with the Officer in Charge, Marine... purposes of making entries therein as required by law or regulations in this subchapter. Such logs or... records of tests and inspections of fire fighting equipment must be maintained with the vessel's logs for...

A Day as a Scientist: Take Your Child to Work Day | Poster

Cancer.gov

Do you ever dream you could fight a fire, conduct fascinating experiments, and eat ice cream all in one day? A record number of kids—285 in all—got to do just that during the NCI at Frederick’s annual Take Your Child to Work Day.

75 FR 82219 - Airworthiness Directives; Air Tractor, Inc. Models AT-802 and AT-802A Airplanes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-30

... Service Information We reviewed the following service information from Snow Engineering Co.: Service... through -0269, that are: (1) certificated in any category; (2) engaged in agricultural dispersal operations, including those airplanes that have been converted from fire fighting to agricultural dispersal...

33 CFR 150.815 - How must casualties be reported?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the following: (1) Loss of life; (2) An injury that requires professional medical treatment beyond... lifesaving or fire-fighting equipment; or (4) Property damage in excess of $100,000, including damage... Management, Regulation and Enforcement. [USCG-1998-3884, 71 FR 57651, Sept. 29, 2006, as amended by USCG-2011...

75 FR 29507 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-26

... Service Title: Annual Wildfire Report. OMB Control Number: 0596-0025. Summary of Collection: The... information about wildfire suppression efforts by State and local fire fighting agencies in order to support... efforts. FS will collect information using form FS 3100-8, Annual Wildfire Summary Report. Need and Use of...

Outdoor Recreation Activities at Cispus.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cispus Environmental Center, Randle, WA.

Most of the activities in this booklet have been developed around skills related to the outdoors and, in particular, to the logging industry and forest fire fighting. The activities attempt to develop muscles, coordination skills, and teamwork. They also give the students (junior high school or high school) and staff the opportunity to do…

46 CFR Appendix B to Subpart C of... - Substance Technical Guidelines, Benzene

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Subpart C of Part 197—Substance Technical Guidelines, Benzene I. Physical and Chemical Data (a) Substance...) Extinguishing media: Carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or foam. (5) Special fire fighting procedures: Do not use a... engineering). (b) Reactivity. (1) Conditions contributing to instability: Heat. (2) Incompatibility: Heat and...

JPRS Report, Soviet Union: International Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-07-05

Algerian Cinema is Fighting (T.S. Tsarapkina. The Cinema of Algeria. Iskusstvo Publish- ing House, 1986) 9 63 Glukhov S. The Countries of the Persian...DISCUSSION Colonialism under Fire 44 CULTURE, LITERATURE, ART L. Cherkasskiy. China. "Hazy" Poetry 46 N. Chukina. Made by the Hands of Malaysians 48

Systems, Not Superheroes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zelman, Susan Tave; Cross, Christopher T.

2008-01-01

Crises create heroes. But just as superheroes are always fighting crime, educators spend too much time putting out fires, and frequently do not get to the root of the problem that might have prevented the situation in the first place. The authors advocate for educational organization around four goals: (1) clear expectations for students; (2) the…

Robot Contest as a Laboratory for Experiential Engineering Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Verner, Igor M.; Ahlgren, David J.

2004-01-01

By designing, building, and operating autonomous robots students learn key engineering subjects and develop systems-thinking, problem-solving, and teamwork skills. Such events as the Trinity College Fire-Fighting Home Robot Contest (TCFFHRC) offer rich opportunities for students to apply their skills by requiring design, and implementation of…

KSC-04pd1656

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-08-05

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - At the ribbon cutting for the Enhanced Firing Range on Schwartz Rd. at Kennedy Space Center, Center Director Jim Kennedy practices firing on the new range. NASA’s Federal Law Enforcement Training Academy’s firing range has been upgraded to include a “rifle-grade” shoot house, a portable, tactical “shoot-back” trailer for cover and concealment drills, automated running targets and a new classroom facility. They are added to the existing three firearms ranges, “pistol-grade” shoot house, obstacle course and rappel tower. NASA’s Security Management and Safeguards Office funded the enhancements in order to improve ability to train the KSC security force and to support local, state and federal law enforcement agencies in Homeland Security.

Risks and issues in fire safety on the Space Station

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Friedman, Robert

1993-01-01

A fire in the inhabited portion of a spacecraft is a greatly feared hazard, but fire protection in space operations is complicated by two factors. First, the spacecraft cabin is an enclosed volume, which limits the resources for fire fighting and the options for crew escape. Second, an orbiting spacecraft experiences a balance of forces, creating a near-zero-gravity (microgravity) environment that profoundly affects the characteristics of fire initiation, spread, and suppression. The current Shuttle Orbiter is protected by a fire-detection and suppression system whose requirements are derived of necessity from accepted terrestrial and aircraft standards. While experience has shown that Shuttle fire safety is adequate, designers recognize that improved systems to respond specifically to microgravity fire characteristics are highly desirable. Innovative technology is particularly advisable for the Space Station, a forthcoming space community with a complex configuration and long-duration orbital missions, in which the effectiveness of current fire-protection systems is unpredictable. The development of risk assessments to evaluate the probabilities and consequences of fire incidents in spacecraft are briefly reviewed. It further discusses the important unresolved issues and needs for improved fire safety in the Space Station, including those of material selection, spacecraft atmospheres, fire detection, fire suppression, and post-fire restoration.

Persuasion techniques can motivate patients to change eating behaviours, symposium told.

PubMed Central

Lechky, O

1995-01-01

Although surveys show that Canadians are concerned about good nutrition, they also reveal that taste and price outrank health concerns when consumers fill their shopping carts. Such attitudes are among the biggest barriers for health care practitioners who are trying to persuade patients to adopt a balanced diet that is low in fat and sugar and high in fibre. A marketing-communications expert says physicians and dietitians can fight fire with fire by adopting persuasion strategies that have been used successfully by advertisers to sell food products. PMID:7859207

Testing of Fire Fighting Foam.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-11-01

for Fresh and Sea Water ( MIL - F - 24385 ); -(C) Underwriters Laboratories Inc. S andard for Air Foam Equipment and Liquid Con- centrates (UL162);4D...C. Test Facilities 6 D. Test Procedures 7 III. Results of Tests A. FRN-1007 33 B. MIL - F - 24385 34 C. UL 162 34 D. O- F -555C 35 E. Foam Quality 35 IV...1 gpm) H N-heptane in. inch (25.4 mm = 1 in.) ipm liters per minute M Motor Octane Rating MIL MIL - F - 24385 Test Method NFPA National Fire Protection

The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on the toxicity of fire-fighting chemicals

USGS Publications Warehouse

Calfee, R.D.; Little, E.E.

2003-01-01

The interactive effects of ultraviolet (UV) and fire-retardant chemicals were evaluated by exposing rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) juveniles and tadpoles of southern leopard frogs (Rana sphenocephala) to six fire-retardant formulations with and without sodium ferrocyanide (yellow prussiate of soda [YPS]) and to YPS alone under three simulated UV light treatments. Yellow prussiate of soda is used as a corrosion inhibitor in some of the fire-retardant chemical formulations. The underwater UV intensities measured were about 2 to 10% of surface irradiance measured in various aquatic habitats and were within tolerance limits for the species tested. Mortality of trout and tadpoles exposed to Fire-Trol?? GTS-R, Fire-Trol 300-F, Fire-Trol LCA-R, and Fire-Trol LCA-F was significantly increased in the presence of UV radiation when YPS was present in the formulation. The boreal toad (Bufo boreas), listed as endangered by the state of Colorado (USA), and southern leopard frog were similar in their sensitivity to these chemicals. Photoenhancement of fire-retardant chemicals can occur in a range of aquatic habitats and may be of concern even when optical clarity of water is low; however, other habitat characteristics can also reduce fire retardant toxicity.

Analysis of the prescribed burning practice in the pine forest of northwestern Portugal.

PubMed

Fernandes, P; Botelho, H

2004-01-01

The ignition of low-intensity fires in the dormant season in the pine stands of north-western Portugal seeks to reduce the existing fuel hazard without compromising site quality. The purpose of this study is to characterise this practice and assess its effectiveness, based on information resulting from the normal monitoring process at the management level, and using operational guidelines, fire behaviour models and a newly developed method to classify prescribed fire severity. Although the region's humid climate strongly constrains the activity of prescribed fire, 87% of the fires analysed were undertaken under acceptable meteorological and fuel moisture conditions. In fact, most operations achieved satisfactory results. On average, prescribed fire reduces by 96% the potential intensity of a wildfire occurring under extreme weather conditions, but 36% of the treated sites would still require heavy fire fighting resources to suppress such fire, and 17% would still carry it in the tree canopy. Only 10% of the prescribed burns have an excessive impact on trees or the forest floor, while 89% (normal fire weather) or 59% (extreme fire weather) comply with both ecological integrity maintenance and wildfire protection needs. Improved planning and monitoring procedures are recommended in order to overcome the current deficiencies.

Wood crib fire free burning test in ISO room

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qiang, Xu; Griffin, Greg; Bradbury, Glenn; Dowling, Vince

2006-04-01

In the research of application potential of water mist fire suppression system for fire fighting in train luggage carriage, a series of experiments were conducted in ISO room on wood crib fire with and without water mist actuation. The results of free burn test without water mist suppression are used as reference in evaluating the efficiency of water mist suppression system. As part of the free burn test, several tests have been done under the hood of ISO room to calibrate the size of the crib fire and these tests can also be used in analyzing the wall effect in room fire hazard. In these free burning experiments, wood cribs of four sizes under the hood were tested. The temperature of crib fire, heat flux around the fire, gas concentration in hood of ISO room were measured in the experiments and two sets of thermal imaging system were used to get the temperature distribution and the typical shape of the free burning flames. From the experiments, the radiation intensity in specific positions around the fire, the effective heat of combustion, mass loss, oxygen consumption rate for different sizes of fire, typical structure of the flame and self extinguishment time was obtained for each crib size.

Integrated Target Acquisition and Fire Control Systems: Avionics Panel Symposium Held in Ottawa, Canada on 7-10 October 1991 (Systemes Integres d’Acquisition d’Objectifs et de Conduite de Tir)

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-02-01

Designation with the CL-227 Sea Sentinel 31 byH SotadS.Joes SESSION V - LONGER TERM SYSTEMS Avionic System Improvement Proposal for the TORNADO...18’s fire control capability to deliver some types of smart munitions. Yet we also noted that while we lacked the target designators and control...source of lines came qystems designed to deny the information about the tactical enemy the use of height. Sophisticated situation they are facing. Enemy

2018 NDIA Precision Strike Annual Review (PSAR-18)

DTIC Science & Technology

2018-03-20

Director for Space and Prompt Strike, OUSD for Acquisition and Sustainment (OUSD(A&S)) 1100 DARPA OPERATIONAL FIRES: Major Amber Walker, USA, Ph.D...Program Manager , Tactical Technology Office, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) 1120 TURNING EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES AND WEAPONS INTO...SURPRISING NEW CAPABILITIES—FAST: Vincent Sabio—Program Manager , Advanced Technology Programs, Strategic Capabilities Office (SCO), OUSD for

Study of Training Device Needs for Meeting Basic Officer Tactics Training Requirements. Volume I of II. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hammell, Thomas J.; And Others

A study was conducted to determine the appropriate training objectives for fire control personnel aboard nuclear submarines, to identify specific requirements for training materials to accomplish these objectives, and to provide functional descriptions of recommended training devices. A task analysis was conducted to determine the skill and…

NON-LETHAL WEAPONS: THE KEY TO A MORE AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY TO COMBAT TERRORISM

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-03

were fired. One out of every 16,500 bullets caused a death. One out of every 1900 resulted in a permanent disability and one out of every 800 produced...lessons learned from these and other incidents from the past, our forces can adapt their tactics and refine their weapons capabilities, further

Joint Interdiction

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-09

law enforcement detachment (USCG) LEO law enforcement operations LOC line of communications MACCS Marine air command and control system MAS...enemy command and control [C2], intelligence, fires, reinforcing units, lines of communications [ LOCs ], logistics, and other operational- and tactical...enemy naval, engineering, and personnel resources to the tasks of repairing and recovering damaged equipment, facilities, and LOCs . It can draw the

Allocation model for firefighting resources ... a progress report

Treesearch

Frederick W. Bratten

1970-01-01

A study is underway at the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station to develop computer techniques for planning suppression efforts in large wildfires. A mathematical model for allocation of firefighting resources in a going fire has been developed. Explicit definitions are given for strategic and tactical planning functions. How the model might be used is...

From strange bedfellows to natural allies: the shifting allegiance of fire service organisations in the push for federal fire-safe cigarette legislation

PubMed Central

Barbeau, E; Kelder, G; Ahmed, S; Mantuefel, V; Balbach, E

2005-01-01

Background: Cigarettes are the leading cause of fatal fires in the USA and are associated with one in four fire deaths. Although the technology needed to make fire-safe cigarettes has been available for many years, progress has been slow on legislative and regulatory fronts to require the tobacco industry to manufacture fire-safe cigarettes. Method and results: We conducted a case study, drawing on data from tobacco industry documents, archives, and key informant interviews to investigate tobacco industry strategies for thwarting fire-safe cigarette legislation in the US Congress. We apply a theoretical framework that posits that policymaking is the product of three sets of forces: interests, institutions, and ideas, to examine tobacco industry behaviour, with a special focus on their and others' attempts to court fire service organisations, including firefighters' unions as allies. We discuss the implications of our findings for future policy efforts related to fire-safe cigarettes and other tobacco control issues. Conclusions: Tobacco control advocates ought to: continue efforts to align key interest groups, including the firefighters unions; contest tobacco industry "diversionary" science tactics; and pursue a state based legislative strategy for fire-safe cigarettes, building towards national legislation. PMID:16183985

Improving US theater nuclear doctrine. a critical analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sollinger, J.M.

This monograph argues that the doctrine, equipment, and training of US forces do not meet the demands of fighting a theater nuclear war. Current doctrine rests upon questionable assumptions, lacks the flexibility required to fight a tactical nuclear battle, and limits itself by concentrating on defense. Recommended improvements include increased flexibility and decentralized execution, emphasizing maneuver and dispersion. Service doctrinal writings should focus on enemy forces rather than terrain. Because the nuclear battlefield promises chaos and confusion, US forces need redundant command and control. The equipment of US forces also needs improving, The services must field equipment capable of withstandingmore » the effects of nuclear weapons. In most cases this requirement means making existing procedures work and the hardening of equipment. Some new items of equipment, such as monitoring devices, are needed. Training requires improvement at both the individual and unit levels. Individual enlisted training tends to concentrate specialized knowledge at too high a level. With substantial casualties expected in a nuclear battle, US forces cannot afford to confine specialized knowledge to a few individuals.« less

Codified Knowledge and Embodied Learning: The Problem of Safety Training

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Somerville, Margaret; Lloyd, Anne

2006-01-01

The research that informs this article was focused around the relationship between how workers are trained to work safely and how workers learn to work safely in the workplace. The findings of empirical studies into learning and practising safety in aged care, fire fighting, building construction, and mining industries are summarized. A common…

46 CFR 35.07-5 - Logbooks and records-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., the master or person in charge shall file the logbook with the Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection... purposes of making entries therein as required by law or regulations in this subchapter. Such logs or... records of tests and inspections of fire fighting equipment must be maintained with the vessel's logs for...

46 CFR 35.07-5 - Logbooks and records-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., the master or person in charge shall file the logbook with the Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection... purposes of making entries therein as required by law or regulations in this subchapter. Such logs or... records of tests and inspections of fire fighting equipment must be maintained with the vessel's logs for...

Credit PSR. This interior view of the building equipment room ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit PSR. This interior view of the building equipment room displays heat exchangers and fan units with insulated piping for hot and cold water at left. Environmental controls and fire fighting system controls appear at right - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Propellant Curing Building, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

2 More Universities Settle with Cuomo in Lender Controversy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Field, Kelly; Keller, Josh

2007-01-01

The ever-expanding investigation into conflicts of interest between colleges and lenders continued to claim victims last week as two more universities settled with New York State's attorney general, and another fired its financial-aid director. Drexel University, the only institution that had said it would fight allegations over its student-loan…

Aeronautics and Space Highlights [1979 Highlights

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1979-01-01

The videotape includes footage of the following: Voyagers to Jupiter, Pioneer to Saturn, High Energy Astronomy Observatory, space telescope, space shuttle, astronauts Young and Crippen, 10th anniversary of Apollo 11, Skylab reentry, Landsat, satellite freeze warning, Fire Fighting Module, SAGE, wind generators, Solar Energy Project, electric car research, XV-15, HiMAT, and crash worthiness tests.

20. HANGAR BAY #2 FORWARD LOOKING AFT ON CENTERLINE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

20. HANGAR BAY #2 - FORWARD LOOKING AFT ON CENTERLINE - STARBOARD SIDE SHOWING CONFLAGRATION STATION, UPTAKE SPACE AND DEHUMIDIFICATION MACHINES - PORT SIDE SHOWING VARIOUS DECK WINCHES, ROLLER DOORS, HANGAR DECK PLANE CONTROL STATION AND AQUEOUS FIRE FIGHTING FOAM HOSE REELS. - U.S.S. HORNET, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

77 FR 68784 - Standard Test Procedures Approval Process for Respirators To Be Used in Wildland Fire-Fighting...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-16

... regulations allow. Because manufacturers have not yet developed respiratory protection for this occupational...-approved filtering facepiece respirators which are not designed for this use, or no respiratory protection... respiratory protective devices designed for the inhalation hazards of this occupational setting. On July 10...

Energy Design Analysis and Evaluation of a Proposed Air Rescue and Fire Fighting Administration Building for Teterboro Airport

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Griffith, B.; Pless, S.; Talbert, B.

2003-07-01

A new/proposed building for the Teterboro Airport was selected as a case study for High Performance Building Initiative research efforts. This report documents research-level energy analysis conducted on the Teterboro Airport building during predesign and design phases of the project.

Review and Analysis of Curricula For Occupations in Public Services. Information Series No. 29.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lewis, Wiley B.

To identify major findings, promising developments, strategies, and methodological strengths and weaknesses which exist in curricula designed for training paraprofessional public service workers in the fields of education, social work, law enforcement, and fire fighting, a review and analysis was made of Educational Resources Information Center…

Fighting Fires in Early Intervention Supervision: Trading the Axe for Mr. Rogers's Slippers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alexander, Laura; Gallen, Robert T.; Salazar, Ruby; Shahmoon-Shanok, Rebecca

2012-01-01

When Pennsylvania's Early Intervention system implemented an early intervention-reflective supervision project, modest expectations for change were anticipated, given the limited amount of time and funding for the project. In this article, one participant tells the story of her professional development, which enabled her to augment her skills as…

History of venous leg ulcers.

PubMed

Gianfaldoni, S; Wollina, U; Lotti, J; Gianfaldoni, R; Lotti, T; Fioranelli, M; Roccia, M G

To retrieve the history of venous ulcers and of skin lesions in general, we must go back to the appearance of human beings on earth. It is interesting to note that cutaneous injuries evolved parallel to human society. An essential first step in the pathogenesis of ulcers was represented by the transition of the quadruped man to Homo Erectus. This condition was characterized by a greater gravitational pressure on the lower limbs, with consequences on the peripheral venous system. Furthermore, human evolution was characterized by an increased risk of traumatic injuries, secondary to his natural need to create fire and hunt (e.g. stones, iron, fire, animal fighting). Humans then began to fight one another until they came to real wars, with increased frequency of wounds and infectious complications. The situation degraded with the introduction of horse riding, introduced by the Scites, who first tamed animals in the 7th century BC. This condition exhibited iliac veins at compression phenomena, favouring the venous stasis. With time, man continued to evolve until the modern age, which is characterized by increased risk factors for venous wounds such as poor physical activity and dietary errors (1, 2).

iss031e146343

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-06-27

ISS031-E-146343 (27 June 2012) --- An Expedition 31 crew member aboard the International Space Station, flying approximately 240 miles above Earth, recorded a series of images of the current wild fires in the west and southwestern United States. For this particular image, taken from the station?s Cupola, he used a 16mm lens, which gives this view a ?fisheye? affect. The fires give rise to thick smoke plumes on the southernmost extremity of the Wyoming Range, which occupies the bottom left portion of the image. Three helicopters and more than 100 personnel are fighting the fire, which is being managed by the Bridger?Teton National Forest. Part of a docked Russian Soyuz spacecraft and the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) are at lower right.

Design and analysis of roll cage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Angadi, Gurusangappa; Chetan, S.

2018-04-01

Wildlife fire fighting vehicles are used to extinguish fires in forests, in this process vehicles face falling objects like rocks, tree branches and other objects. Also due to uneven conditions of the terrain like cliff edges, uneven surfaces etc. makes the vehicle to roll over and these can cause injuries to both the driver and the operator. Roll over of a vehicle is a common incident which makes fatal injuries to the operator and also stands next to the crash accidents. In order to reduce the injury level and continuous roll over of the vehicle it is necessary to equip suitable roll cage according to standards of vehicle. In this present work roll cage for pump operator in wildfire fighting vehicle is designed and analysis is carried out in computer simulated environment when seating position of operator seated outside of the cabin. According to NFPA 1906 standards wildlife fire apparatus, Design and Test procedures that are carried out in Hyperworks maintaining SAE J1194.1983 standards. G load case, roof crush analysis and pendulum impact analysis tests are carried out on roll cage to ensure the saftey of design. These load cases are considerd to satisfy the situation faced in forest terrain. In these test procedures roll cage is analysed for stresses and deformation in various load cases. After recording results these are compared with standards mentioned in SAE J1194.1983.

Urban fire risk control: House design, upgrading and replanning

PubMed Central

Mbuya, Elinorata Celestine

2018-01-01

Urbanisation leads to house densification, a phenomenon experienced in both planned and unplanned settlements in cities in developing countries. Such densification limits fire brigade access into settlements, thereby aggravating fire disaster risks. In this article, we assess the fire exposure and risks in residences in informal areas of Mchikichini ward, in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. We rely on interviews of residents and government officials to obtain background on the occurrence and causes of fire accidents, policy provisions and regulations, and experiences with fire outbreaks and coping strategies, as well as on observations and measurements of house transformations, spatial quality and indoor real life. Our findings suggest that fire risks arise from both inappropriate structural characteristics and unsound behavioural practices. This includes unsafe electric practices by residents, poor capacity of residents to fight fires once started, limited access to structures by firefighting equipment because of flouting of planning regulations and inadequate awareness of local government leaders of the magnitude of fire risks. Potential changes to reduce fire risks in the settlement include the installation of firefighting systems, restriction of cooking to designated spaces, use of safer cooking energy sources and lighting means, improvements of vehicle access routes to neighbourhoods, capacity building at the grass root level and the establishment of community-based fire risk management.

Fire fighter fatalities 1998–2001: overview with an emphasis on structure related traumatic fatalities

PubMed Central

Hodous, T; Pizatella, T; Braddee, R; Castillo, D

2004-01-01

Objective: To review the causes of all fire fighter line-of-duty-deaths from 1998 through 2001, and present recommendations for preventing fatalities within the specific subgroup of structure related events. Methods: Fire fighter fatality data from the United States Fire Administration were reviewed and classified into three main categories of injury. Investigations conducted through the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program provided the basis for the recommendations presented in this paper. Results: During the time period from 1998–2001, there were 410 line-of-duty deaths among fire fighters in the United States, excluding the 343 fire fighters who died at the World Trade Center on 11 September 2001. The 410 fatalities included 191 medical (non-traumatic) deaths (47%), 75 motor vehicle related fatalities (18%), and 144 other traumatic fatalities (35%). The latter group included 68 fatalities that were associated with structures which commonly involved structural collapse, rapid fire progression, and trapped fire fighters. Conclusions: Structural fires pose particular hazards to fire fighters. Additional efforts must be directed to more effectively use what we have learned through the NIOSH investigations and recommendations from published experts in the safety community, consensus standards, and national fire safety organizations to reduce fire fighter fatalities during structural fire fighting. PMID:15314049

Multiple views of the October 2003 Cedar Fires captured by the High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morikawa, E.; Nayak, A.; Vernon, F.; Braun, H.; Matthews, J.

2004-12-01

Late October 2003 brought devastating fires to the entire Southern California region. The NSF-funded High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network (HPWREN - http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/) cameras captured the development and progress of the Cedar fire in San Diego County. Cameras on Mt. Laguna, Mt. Woodson, Ramona Airport, and North Peak, recording one frame every 12 seconds, allowed for a time-lapse composite showing the fire's formation and progress from its beginnings on October 26th, to October 30th. The time-lapse camera footage depicts gushing smoke formations during the day, and bright orange walls of fire at night. The final video includes time synchronized views from multiple cameras, and an animated map highlighting the progress of the fire over time, and a directional indicator for each of the displaying cameras. The video is narrated by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Fire Captain Ron Serabia (retd.) who was working then as a Air Tactical Group Supervisor with the aerial assault on the Cedar Fire Sunday October 26, 2004. The movie will be made available for download from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Visualization Center Visual Objects library (supported by the OptIPuter project) at http://www.siovizcenter.ucsd.edu.

Tactical Enthusiasm and Operational Blindness: Civilian Casualties during the Allied Air Campaign in Italy in 1940-1945

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-21

b]y common consent, the capture of the island was essentially due to the bombing. Naval fire had had a very little effect, and the soldiers had... little . Vera Zamagni, professor of economics at the University of Bologna, points out that even when it became clear that the war would be a...

Cold desert fire and invasive species management: Resources, strategies, tactics, and response

Treesearch

Jeanne C. Chambers; Elizabeth Leger; Erin Goergen

2009-01-01

The cold desert of North America, sometimes referred to as the Intermountain area, is comprised of a western Great Basin section and an eastern Colorado Plateau section. In general, the cold desert receives more than half of its annual precipitation as snow, and because of its more northern latitude or higher elevations, has relatively low average annual temperatures....

Fire Support Team Experiment.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-12-01

December 1984 APPROVED FOR PUBUC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. U_ US ARMY *’ HUMAN ENGINEERING LABORATORY US ARMY BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORY ABERDEEN...INTRODUCTION A. Background In March 1982, the HELBAT ( Human Engineering Laboratory Battalion Artillery Test) Executive Committee agreed that the Ballistic...tactical equipment and its -. human operators. FOSCE mimicked the actions of the platoon forward observers that work for the FIST HQ while the FDS

Applications of Near Real-Time Image and Fire Products from MODIS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmaltz, J. E.; Ilavajhala, S.; Teague, M.; Ye, G.; Masuoka, E.; Davies, D.; Murphy, K. J.; Michael, K.

2010-12-01

NASA’s MODIS Rapid Response Project (http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/) has been providing MODIS fire detections and imagery in near real-time since 2001. The Rapid Response system is part of the Land and Atmospheres Near-real time Capability for EOS (LANCE-MODIS) system. Current capabilities include providing MODIS imagery in true color and false color band combinations, a vegetation index, and temperature - in both uncorrected swath format and geographically corrected subset regions. The geographically-corrected subsets images cover the world's land areas and adjoining waters, as well as the entire Arctic and Antarctic. These data are available within a few hours of data acquisition. The images are accessed by large number of user communities to obtain a rapid, 250 meter-resolution overview of ground conditions for fire management, crop and famine monitoring and forecasting, disaster response (fires, oil spills, floods, storms), dust and aerosol monitoring, aviation (tracking volcanic ash), monitoring sea ice conditions, environmental monitoring, and more. In addition, the scientific community uses imagery to locate phenomena of interest prior to ordering and processing data and to support the day-to-day planning of field campaigns. The MODIS Rapid Response project has also been providing a near real-time data feed on fire locations and MODIS imagery subsets to the Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) project (http://maps.geog.umd.edu/firms). FIRMS provides timely availability of fire location information, which is essential in preventing and fighting large forest/wild fires. Products are available through a WebGIS for visualizing MODIS hotspots and MCD45 Burned Area images, an email alerting tool to deliver fire data on daily/weekly/near real-time basis, active data downloads in formats such as shape, KML, CSV, WMS, etc., along with MODIS imagery subsets. FIRMS’ user base covers more than 100 countries and territories. A recent user survey showed that a majority of people use FIRMS for the purposes of conservation, fire-fighting, natural hazard monitoring, land cover change monitoring, and climate change. FIRMS has also developed a cellphone-based text (SMS) alerting of MODIS and MSG-detected fires in near real-time in South Africa, in partnership with the South African power company ESKOM and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa. FIRMS was transitioned to the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (UN-FAO) in Rome, Italy in Spring 2010 and is scheduled to become a part of the LANCE-MODIS data system (http://lance.nasa.gov/) in Spring 2011.

Development of a Physical Employment Testing Battery for Infantry Soldiers: 11B Infantryman and 11C Infantryman-Indirect Fire

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

43 1.9 Images of Move Under Direct Fire (Task 10) 44 1.10 Engage Targets with a .50 Caliber M2 Machine Gun (Task 12) 45 1.11 Image of Lay a...Caliber M2 Machine Gun While wearing a fighting load (approximately 83 lb) and working as a member of a two-person team, Soldiers lifted and carried the... M2 HB Machine Gun with tripod (153 lb) a distance of 10 m. Army Standard: Successful completion of the task 13. Emplace Base Plate (11C

Development of a Physical Employment Testing Battery for Infantry Soldiers: 11B Infantryman and 11C Infantryman - Indirect Fire

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

25mm barrel install (Task 5) and engage targets with an M2 machine gun (Task 12). During these tasks, the performance of one individual will affect...TOW Missile Launcher on BFV (Task 8) 43 1.9 Images of Move Under Direct Fire (Task 10) 44 1.10 Engage Targets with a .50 Caliber M2 Machine Gun ...Engage Targets with a .50 Caliber M2 Machine Gun While wearing a fighting load (approximately 83 lb) and working as a member of a two-person team

Fighting fire with fire: attacking the complexity of human tumors with armed therapeutic viruses.

PubMed

Hermiston, Terry

2002-08-01

Cancer gene therapies have centered on the use of a single gene, directed against a particular property or single aspect of tumor biology, to treat neoplastic disease. These therapies have met with limited clinical success. This is, perhaps, not surprising given the complex and heterogeneous nature of solid tumors. Treatments targeted at confronting multiple dimensions of human tumors are needed. Armed therapeutic viruses (oncolytic viruses carrying therapeutic genes) represent a system where the concerted action of multiple therapeutics can be joined into a single agent, and represent a promising avenue for developing future cancer therapies.