36 CFR 261.5 - Fire.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... that is not a prescribed fire that damages the National Forest System. (f) Building, attending... prevent its escape. (g) Negligently failing to maintain control of a prescribed fire on Non-National... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fire. 261.5 Section 261.5...

30 CFR 56.4531 - Flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-SURFACE METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Installation/construction/maintenance § 56.4531 Flammable or...) In addition, the buildings or rooms shall be— (1) Constructed to meet a fire resistance rating of at...

Building systems and smoke control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kawagoe, K.; Wakamatsu, T.; Morishita, Y.; Yamana, T.

The cost effectiveness of different approaches to fire prevention - sprinklers and detectors, increased use of smoke control devices, increased flammability standards, increased public education, increase fire prevention efforts, increased public fire services, etc. - need to be studied further as a guide to determining the emphasis appropriate for each. It is clear that detectors and sprinklers are making a difference in the fight to reduce fire losses. With continued effort the detectors' and sprinklers' full potential for saving lives and property from fire can be realized.

The World Trade Center bombing: injury prevention strategies for high-rise building fires.

PubMed

Quenemoen, L E; Davis, Y M; Malilay, J; Sinks, T; Noji, E K; Klitzman, S

1996-06-01

The WTC disaster provided an opportunity to look for ways to prevent morbidity among occupants of high-rise buildings during fires. This paper first describes the overall morbidity resulting from the explosion and fire, and second, presents the results of a case-control study carried out to identify risk factors for smoke-related morbidity. The main ones include: increased age, presence of a pre-existing cardio-pulmonary condition, entrapment in a lift and prolonged evacuation time. Study results point to the importance of the following safety systems during high-rise building fires: smoke-control systems with separate emergency power sources; lift-cars, lift-car position-monitoring systems, and lift-car communication systems with separate emergency power sources; two-way emergency communication systems on all floors and in stairwells; stairwells with emergency lighting and designed for the rapid egress of crowds; evacuation systems/equipment to assist in the evacuation of vulnerable people (elderly, infirm). Also important are evacuation plans that include regularly scheduled safety training and evacuation drills.

IET control building (TAN620). interior room. sign says, "emergency equipment ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

IET control building (TAN-620). interior room. sign says, "emergency equipment for metal fires." INEEL negative no. HD-21-1-2 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Area North, Scoville, Butte County, ID

5. INSTRUMENT ROOM INTERIOR, SHOWING BACKS OF CONSOLE LOCKERS. Looking ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. INSTRUMENT ROOM INTERIOR, SHOWING BACKS OF CONSOLE LOCKERS. Looking northeast to firing control room passageway. - Edwards Air Force Base, Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, Firing Control Building, Test Area 1-100, northeast end of Test Area 1-100 Road, Boron, Kern County, CA

3. NORTHEAST REAR, SHOWING CONCRETE ENCASEMENT FOR STAIRWAY LEADING FROM ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. NORTHEAST REAR, SHOWING CONCRETE ENCASEMENT FOR STAIRWAY LEADING FROM INSTRUMENT ROOM TO UNDERGROUND FIRING CONTROL ROOM. - Edwards Air Force Base, Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, Firing Control Building, Test Area 1-100, northeast end of Test Area 1-100 Road, Boron, Kern County, CA

Credit PSR. This interior view of the building equipment room ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit PSR. This interior view of the building equipment room displays heat exchangers and fan units with insulated piping for hot and cold water at left. Environmental controls and fire fighting system controls appear at right - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Propellant Curing Building, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

30 CFR 57.4531 - Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Installation/construction/maintenance § 57.4531 Surface... fire resistance rating of at least one hour; or (2) Equipped with an automatic fire supression system...

New fire-fighting water bucket is lifted by helicopter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A NASA helicopter lifts a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket that will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the 'Bambi' bucket, the 324-gallon container will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

2. SOUTHEAST SIDE AND NORTHEAST REAR. SHOP BUILDING IN DISTANCE. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. SOUTHEAST SIDE AND NORTHEAST REAR. SHOP BUILDING IN DISTANCE. NOTE CONCRETE PROTECTION SLAB FOR UNDERGROUND CONTROL ROOM AND ESCAPE HATCH ON GROUND AT RIGHT MIDDLE DISTANCE. - Edwards Air Force Base, Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, Firing Control Building, Test Area 1-100, northeast end of Test Area 1-100 Road, Boron, Kern County, CA

Analysis of Architectural Building Design Influences on Fire Spread in Densely Urban Settlement using Cellular Automata

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tambunan, L.; Salamah, H.; Asriana, N.

2017-03-01

This study aims to determine the influence of architectural design on the risk of fire spread in densely urban settlement area. Cellular Automata (CA) is used to analyse the fire spread pattern, speed, and the extent of damage. Four cells represent buildings, streets, and fields characteristic in the simulated area, as well as their flammability level and fire spread capabilities. Two fire scenarios are used to model the spread of fire: (1) fire origin in a building with concrete and wood material majority, and (2) fire origin in building with wood material majority. Building shape, building distance, road width, and total area of wall openings are considered constant, while wind is ignored. The result shows that fire spread faster in the building area with wood majority than with concrete majority. Significant amount of combustible building material, absence of distance between buildings, narrow streets and limited fields are factors which influence fire spread speed and pattern as well as extent of damage when fire occurs in the densely urban settlement area.

Modelling Technology for Building Fire Scene with Virtual Geographic Environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Y.; Zhao, L.; Wei, M.; Zhang, H.; Liu, W.

2017-09-01

Building fire is a risky activity that can lead to disaster and massive destruction. The management and disposal of building fire has always attracted much interest from researchers. Integrated Virtual Geographic Environment (VGE) is a good choice for building fire safety management and emergency decisions, in which a more real and rich fire process can be computed and obtained dynamically, and the results of fire simulations and analyses can be much more accurate as well. To modelling building fire scene with VGE, the application requirements and modelling objective of building fire scene were analysed in this paper. Then, the four core elements of modelling building fire scene (the building space environment, the fire event, the indoor Fire Extinguishing System (FES) and the indoor crowd) were implemented, and the relationship between the elements was discussed also. Finally, with the theory and framework of VGE, the technology of building fire scene system with VGE was designed within the data environment, the model environment, the expression environment, and the collaborative environment as well. The functions and key techniques in each environment are also analysed, which may provide a reference for further development and other research on VGE.

New fire-fighting water bucket is readied for a demonstration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

Workers attach a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket to a NASA helicopter. Holding 324 gallons of water, it will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the 'Bambi' bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

New fire-fighting water bucket is filled for demonstration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

- A NASA helicopter hovers over the water while a high-impact- resistant flexible plastic bucket fills. The 324-gallon container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the 'Bambi' bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

New fire-fighting water bucket is lifted from water for a demonstration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A NASA helicopter lifts a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket filled with water. The container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center.. Known as the 'Bambi' bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

IET control building (TAN620). equipment removed. Lube oil and waste ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

IET control building (TAN-620). equipment removed. Lube oil and waste piping at upper right. Fire door on right. Rebar exposed in concrete of ceiling. INEEL negative no. HD-21-5-3 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Area North, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Passive fire building protection system evaluation (case study: millennium ict centre)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahman, Vinky; Stephanie

2018-03-01

Passive fire protection system is a system that refers to the building design, both regarding of architecture and structure. This system usually consists of structural protection that protects the structure of the building and prevents the spread of fire and facilitate the evacuation process in case of fire. Millennium ICT Center is the largest electronic shopping center in Medan, Indonesia. As a public building that accommodates the crowd, this building needs a fire protection system by the standards. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate passive fire protection system of Millennium ICT Center building. The study was conducted to describe the facts of the building as well as direct observation to the research location. The collected data is then processed using the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method in its weighting process to obtain the reliability value of passive fire protection fire system. The results showed that there are some components of passive fire protection system in the building, but some are still unqualified. The first section in your paper

Sandia National Laboratories, Tonopah Test Range Fire Control Bunker (Building 09-51): Photographs and Written Historical and Descriptive Data

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ullrich, Rebecca A.

The Fire Control Bunker (Building 09-51) is a contributing element to the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Tonopah Test Range (TTR) Historic District. The SNL TTR Historic District played a significant role in U.S. Cold War history in the areas of stockpile surveillance and non-nuclear field testing of nuclear weapons design. The district covers approximately 179,200 acres and illustrates Cold War development testing of nuclear weapons components and systems. This report includes historical information, architectural information, sources of information, project information, maps, blueprints, and photographs.

7. "CONTROL BUILDING; FLOOR PLAN, ELEVATIONS AND DETAILS." Specifications No. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. "CONTROL BUILDING; FLOOR PLAN, ELEVATIONS AND DETAILS." Specifications No. OC1-59-53; Drawing No. 5841-A-1; D.O. SERIES AW1525/2 Rev. B. Stamped: RECORD DRAWING AS CONSTRUCTED. Below stamp: Contract No. 5619, Rev. B. Date: 7-8-59. - Edwards Air Force Base, Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, Firing Control Building, Test Area 1-100, northeast end of Test Area 1-100 Road, Boron, Kern County, CA

New fire-fighting water bucket releases its load for a demonstration.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A NASA helicopter releases the contents of the high-impact- resistant flexible plastic bucket it holds. The 324-gallon container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the 'Bambi' bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

KSC-2013-3235

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-08-09

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – As seen on Google Maps, Firing Room 4 inside the Launch Control Center at NASA's Kennedy Space Center was one of the four control rooms used by NASA and contractor launch teams to oversee a space shuttle countdown. This firing room was the most advanced of the control rooms used for shuttle missions and was the primary firing room for the shuttle's final series of launches before retirement. It is furnished in a more contemporary style with wood cabinets and other features, although it retains many of the computer systems the shuttle counted on to operate safely. Specialized operators worked at consoles tailored to keep track of the status of shuttle systems while the spacecraft was processed in the Orbiter Processing Facility, being stacked inside the Vehicle Assembly Building and standing at the launch pad before liftoff. The firing rooms, including 3, were also used during NASA's Apollo Program. Google precisely mapped the space center and some of its historical facilities for the company's map page. The work allows Internet users to see inside buildings at Kennedy as they were used during the space shuttle era. Photo credit: Google/Wendy Wang

Integrated Performance Criteria for Housing and Building Hazard Mitigation.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-07-01

PAGES . Washington, D.C. 20472 15 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME A ADORESS(If dil fnt from Controlling Ofice) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report...not harm their neighbors In doing so. I As another example, In the case of fire, It would seem that initial attention was given to controlling flame...Francisco Earthquake. From there, efforts moved toward avoiding and controlling fires at the level of Individual structures, and more recently, of spaces

Fire in High Buildings. Fire Study No. 21.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Galbreath, M.

Research into and measures of fire protection with regard to high building design are discussed with suggestions for proper building equipment, materials, and planning. The study outlines how smoke and toxic gases spread in high buildings through stairs, service shafts, air handling and heating equipment. The problems of basement fires, means of…

Program for developing and implementing a new approach to designing for fire safety in buildings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

The traditional method of providing for fire safety in buildings through reliance on codes and standards that prescribe specific measures to be taken in the design and construction of buildings to minimize the potential for a fire occurring and to protect property and life should a fire occur was evaluated. A new approach to designing for fire safety in buildings is outlined.

A study on fire spreading model for the safety distance between the neighborhood occupancies and historical buildings in Taiwan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, C. H.; Chien, S. W.; Ho, M. C.

2015-08-01

Cultural heritages and historical buildings are vulnerable against severe threats from fire. Since the 1970s, ten fire-spread events involving historic buildings have occurred in Taiwan, affecting a total of 132 nearby buildings. Developed under the influence of traditional Taiwanese culture, historic buildings in Taiwan are often built using non-fire resistant brick-wood structure and located in proximity to residential occupancies. Fire outbreak in these types of neighborhood will lead to severe damage of antiquities, leaving only unrecoverable historical imagery. This study is aimed to investigate the minimal safety distance required between a historical building and its surroundings in order to reduce the risk of external fire. This study is based on literature analysis and the fire spread model using a Fire Dynamics Simulator. The selected target is Jingmei Temple in Taipei City. This study explored local geography to identify patterns behind historical buildings distribution. In the past, risk reduction engineering for cultural heritages and historical buildings focused mainly on fire equipment and the available personnel with emergency response ability, and little attention was given to external fire risks and the affected damage. Through discussions on the required safety distance, this research provides guidelines for the following items: management of neighborhoods with historical buildings and consultation between the protection of cultural heritages and disaster prevention, reducing the frequency and extent of fire damages, and preserving cultural resource.

Chemical research projects office functions accomplishments programs. [applied research in the fields of polymer chemistry and polymeric composites with emphasis on fire safety

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heimbuch, A. H.; Parker, J. A.

1975-01-01

Basic and applied research in the fields of polymer chemistry, polymeric composites, chemical engineering, and biophysical chemistry is summarized. Emphasis is placed on fire safety and human survivability as they relate to commercial and military aircraft, high-rise buildings, mines and rapid transit transportation. Materials systems and other fire control systems developed for aerospace applications and applied to national domestic needs are described along with bench-scale and full-scale tests conducted to demonstrate the improvements in performance obtained through the utilization of these materials and fire control measures.

Data for Room Fire Model Comparisons

PubMed Central

Peacock, Richard D.; Davis, Sanford; Babrauskas, Vytenis

1991-01-01

With the development of models to predict fire growth and spread in buildings, there has been a concomitant evolution in the measurement and analysis of experimental data in real-scale fires. This report presents the types of analyses that can be used to examine large-scale room fire test data to prepare the data for comparison with zone-based fire models. Five sets of experimental data which can be used to test the limits of a typical two-zone fire model are detailed. A standard set of nomenclature describing the geometry of the building and the quantities measured in each experiment is presented. Availability of ancillary data (such as smaller-scale test results) is included. These descriptions, along with the data (available in computer-readable form) should allow comparisons between the experiment and model predictions. The base of experimental data ranges in complexity from one room tests with individual furniture items to a series of tests conducted in a multiple story hotel equipped with a zoned smoke control system. PMID:28184121

Data for Room Fire Model Comparisons.

PubMed

Peacock, Richard D; Davis, Sanford; Babrauskas, Vytenis

1991-01-01

With the development of models to predict fire growth and spread in buildings, there has been a concomitant evolution in the measurement and analysis of experimental data in real-scale fires. This report presents the types of analyses that can be used to examine large-scale room fire test data to prepare the data for comparison with zone-based fire models. Five sets of experimental data which can be used to test the limits of a typical two-zone fire model are detailed. A standard set of nomenclature describing the geometry of the building and the quantities measured in each experiment is presented. Availability of ancillary data (such as smaller-scale test results) is included. These descriptions, along with the data (available in computer-readable form) should allow comparisons between the experiment and model predictions. The base of experimental data ranges in complexity from one room tests with individual furniture items to a series of tests conducted in a multiple story hotel equipped with a zoned smoke control system.

View of Signal Corps Radar (S.C.R.) 296 Station 5 Transmitter ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Signal Corps Radar (S.C.R.) 296 Station 5 Transmitter Building foundation, showing Fire Control Stations (Buildings 621 and 622) and concrete stairway (top left) camera facing southwest - Fort Barry, Signal Corps Radar 296, Station 5, Transmitter Building Foundation, Point Bonita, Marin Headlands, Sausalito, Marin County, CA

Summaries of BFRL fire research in-house projects and grants, 1993

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jason, Nora H.

1993-09-01

The report describes the fire research projects performed in the Building and Fire Research Laboratory (BFRL) and under its extramural grants program during fiscal year 1993. The BFRL Fire Research Program has directed its efforts under three program thrusts. The in-house priority projects, grants, and externally-funded efforts thus form an integrated, focussed ensemble. The publication is organized along those lines: fire risk and hazard prediction - carbon monoxide prediction, turbulent combustion, soot, engineering analysis, fire hazard assessment, and large fires; fire safety of products and materials - materials combustion, furniture flammability, and wall and ceiling fires; and advanced technologies for fire sensing and control - fire detection and fire suppression. For the convenience of the reader, an alphabetical listing of all grants is contained in Part 2.0.

49 CFR 193.2905 - Protective enclosures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... stations; (7) Control systems; (8) Fire control equipment; (9) Security communications systems; and (10... not be located near features outside of the facility, such as trees, poles, or buildings, which could...

41 CFR 102-80.85 - Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? 102-80.85 Section 102... Fire Prevention State and Local Codes § 102-80.85 Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? Federally owned buildings are generally exempt...

41 CFR 102-80.85 - Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? 102-80.85 Section 102... Fire Prevention State and Local Codes § 102-80.85 Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? Federally owned buildings are generally exempt...

41 CFR 102-80.85 - Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? 102-80.85 Section 102... Fire Prevention State and Local Codes § 102-80.85 Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? Federally owned buildings are generally exempt...

41 CFR 102-80.85 - Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? 102-80.85 Section 102... Fire Prevention State and Local Codes § 102-80.85 Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? Federally owned buildings are generally exempt...

41 CFR 102-80.85 - Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? 102-80.85 Section 102... Fire Prevention State and Local Codes § 102-80.85 Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? Federally owned buildings are generally exempt...

Impact of the buildings areas on the fire incidence.

PubMed

Srekl, Jože; Golob, Janvit

2010-03-01

A survey of statistical studies shows that probability of fires is expressed by the equation P(A) = KAα, where A = total floor area of the building and K and  are constants for an individual group, or risk category. This equation, which is based on the statistical data on fires in Great Britain, does not include the impact factors such as the number of employees and the activities carried out in these buildings. In order to find out possible correlations between the activities carried out in buildings, the characteristics of buildings and number of fires, we used a random sample which included 134 buildings as industrial objects, hotels, restaurants, warehouses and shopping malls. Our study shows that the floor area of buildings has low impact on the incidence of fires. After analysing the sample of buildings by using multivariate analysis we proved a correlation between the number of fires, floor area of objects, work operation period (per day) and the number of employees in objects.

KSC00pp0515

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter lifts a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket filled with water. The container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center.. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

KSC00pp0513

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter lifts a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket that will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, the 324-gallon container will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area

KSC-00pp0513

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter lifts a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket that will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, the 324-gallon container will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area

KSC-00pp0515

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter lifts a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket filled with water. The container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center.. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

Operational Management of Area Environment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sprague, George W.

Three phases leading to the automation of the mechanical building systems on the Harvard campus are described. The systems allow a single operator to monitor and control all the mechanical systems, plus fire, flood, and security alarms, for all buildings in a large area of the campus. (JT)

VIEW OF THE DISPATCH OFFICE IN BUILDING 331. ALL SITEWIDE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW OF THE DISPATCH OFFICE IN BUILDING 331. ALL SITE-WIDE FIRE ALARM SIGNALS, INCLUDING ALL FIRE PHONES, FIRE PULL BOXES, HEAT AND SMOKE DETECTORS, AND SUPPRESSION SYSTEM FLOW ALARMS, ARE TRANSMITTED TO THE BUILDING 331 DISPATCHER'S OFFICE. (3/77) - Rocky Flats Plant, Vehicle Maintenance Garage & Fire Station, Golden, Jefferson County, CO

30 CFR 57.4530 - Exits for surface buildings and structures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....4530 Section 57.4530 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Installation/construction/maintenance § 57.4530 Exits for surface buildings...

8. BUILDING 313, INTERIOR, EAST WALL OF EASTERN STOREROOM, LOOKING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. BUILDING 313, INTERIOR, EAST WALL OF EASTERN STOREROOM, LOOKING NORTHEAST, WITH TIME CLOCK AND FIRE SPRINKLER CONTROLS ON WALL, AND ENTRY TO OFFICE AREA AT LEFT. - Oakland Naval Supply Center, General Storehouses, Between Third & Fourth Streets, North of A Street, Oakland, Alameda County, CA

An emergency-adaptive routing scheme for wireless sensor networks for building fire hazard monitoring.

PubMed

Zeng, Yuanyuan; Sreenan, Cormac J; Sitanayah, Lanny; Xiong, Naixue; Park, Jong Hyuk; Zheng, Guilin

2011-01-01

Fire hazard monitoring and evacuation for building environments is a novel application area for the deployment of wireless sensor networks. In this context, adaptive routing is essential in order to ensure safe and timely data delivery in building evacuation and fire fighting resource applications. Existing routing mechanisms for wireless sensor networks are not well suited for building fires, especially as they do not consider critical and dynamic network scenarios. In this paper, an emergency-adaptive, real-time and robust routing protocol is presented for emergency situations such as building fire hazard applications. The protocol adapts to handle dynamic emergency scenarios and works well with the routing hole problem. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that our protocol provides a real-time routing mechanism that is well suited for dynamic emergency scenarios in building fires when compared with other related work.

An Emergency-Adaptive Routing Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks for Building Fire Hazard Monitoring

PubMed Central

Zeng, Yuanyuan; Sreenan, Cormac J.; Sitanayah, Lanny; Xiong, Naixue; Park, Jong Hyuk; Zheng, Guilin

2011-01-01

Fire hazard monitoring and evacuation for building environments is a novel application area for the deployment of wireless sensor networks. In this context, adaptive routing is essential in order to ensure safe and timely data delivery in building evacuation and fire fighting resource applications. Existing routing mechanisms for wireless sensor networks are not well suited for building fires, especially as they do not consider critical and dynamic network scenarios. In this paper, an emergency-adaptive, real-time and robust routing protocol is presented for emergency situations such as building fire hazard applications. The protocol adapts to handle dynamic emergency scenarios and works well with the routing hole problem. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that our protocol provides a real-time routing mechanism that is well suited for dynamic emergency scenarios in building fires when compared with other related work. PMID:22163774

Managing computer-controlled operations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Plowden, J. B.

1985-01-01

A detailed discussion of Launch Processing System Ground Software Production is presented to establish the interrelationships of firing room resource utilization, configuration control, system build operations, and Shuttle data bank management. The production of a test configuration identifier is traced from requirement generation to program development. The challenge of the operational era is to implement fully automated utilities to interface with a resident system build requirements document to eliminate all manual intervention in the system build operations. Automatic update/processing of Shuttle data tapes will enhance operations during multi-flow processing.

KSC00pp0514

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter hovers over the water while a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket fills. The 324-gallon container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area

KSC00pp0517

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter releases the contents of the high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket it holds. The 324-gallon container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

KSC-00pp0517

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter releases the contents of the high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket it holds. The 324-gallon container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

KSC-00pp0512

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Workers attach a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket to a NASA helicopter. Holding 324 gallons of water, it will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

KSC-00pp0514

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter hovers over the water while a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket fills. The 324-gallon container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area

KSC00pp0512

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Workers attach a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket to a NASA helicopter. Holding 324 gallons of water, it will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

Fire Protection for Buildings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Edmunds, Jane

1972-01-01

Reviews attack on fire safety in high rise buildings made by a group of experts representing the iron and steel industry at a recent conference. According to one expert, fire problems are people oriented, which calls for emphasis on fire prevention rather than reliance on fire suppression and for fire pretection to be built into a structure.…

Fire Problems in High-Rise Buildings. California Fire Service Training Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

California State Dept. of Education, Sacramento. Bureau of Industrial Education.

Resulting from a conference concerned with high-rise fire problems, this manual has been prepared as a fire department training manual and as a reference for students enrolled in fire service training courses. Information is provided for topics dealing with: (1) Typical Fire Problems in High-Rise Buildings, (2) Heat, (3) Smoke and Fire Gases, (4)…

73. BUILDING NO. 3316, PICATINNY ARSENAL FIRE STATION, LOOKING NORTH ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

73. BUILDING NO. 3316, PICATINNY ARSENAL FIRE STATION, LOOKING NORTH AT NORTHWEST AND SOUTHWEST SIDES OF 1903 FIRE STATION. BUILDING NO. 3315, AUTO SHOP, IS VISIBLE IN BACKGROUND. - Picatinny Arsenal, State Route 15 near I-80, Dover, Morris County, NJ

KSC-2013-3234

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-08-09

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – As seen on Google Maps, Firing Room 3 inside the Launch Control Center at NASA's Kennedy Space Center was one of the four control rooms used by NASA and contractor launch teams to oversee a space shuttle countdown. This firing room is furnished in the classic style with the same metal computer cabinets and some of the same monitors in place when the first shuttle mission launched April 12, 1981. Specialized operators worked at consoles tailored to keep track of the status of shuttle systems while the spacecraft was processed in the Orbiter Processing Facility, being stacked inside the Vehicle Assembly Building and standing at the launch pad before liftoff. The firing rooms, including 3, were also used during NASA's Apollo Program. Google precisely mapped the space center and some of its historical facilities for the company's map page. The work allows Internet users to see inside buildings at Kennedy as they were used during the space shuttle era. Photo credit: Google/Wendy Wang

DoD Is Not Properly Monitoring the Initiation of Maintenance for Facilities at Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan (REDACTED)

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-30

fire sprinkler system during the initial construction of the RSOI facilities. The construction contract to build the RSOI...International Building Code. Compliant manual and automatic fire alarm and notification systems , portable fire extinguishers, fire sprinkler systems ...automatic fire sprinkler system that was not operational, a fire department connection that was obstructed, and a fire detection system

Modeling of fire smoke movement in multizone garments building using two open source platforms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khandoker, Md. Arifur Rahman; Galib, Musanna; Islam, Adnan; Rahman, Md. Ashiqur

2017-06-01

Casualty of garment factory workers from factory fire in Bangladesh is a recurring tragedy. Smoke, which is more fatal than fire itself, often propagates through different pathways from lower to upper floors during building fire. Among the toxic gases produced from a building fire, carbon monoxide (CO) can be deadly, even in small amounts. This paper models the propagation and transportation of fire induced smoke (CO) that resulted from the burning of synthetic polyester fibers using two open source platforms, CONTAM and Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Smoke migration in a generic multistoried garment factory building in Bangladesh is modeled using CONTAM where each floor is compartmentalized by different zones. The elevator and stairway shafts are modeled by phantom zones to simulate contaminant (CO) transport from one floor to upper floors. FDS analysis involves burning of two different stacks of polyester jacket of six feet height and with a maximum heat release rate per unit area of 1500kw/m2 over a storage area 50m2 and 150m2, respectively. The resulting CO generation and removal rates from FDS are used in CONTAM to predict fire-borne CO propagation in different zones of the garment building. Findings of the study exhibit that the contaminant flow rate is a strong function of the position of building geometry, location of initiation of fire, amount of burnt material, presence of AHU and contaminant generation and removal rate of CO from the source location etc. The transport of fire-smoke in the building Hallways, stairways and lifts are also investigated in detail to examine the safe egress of the occupants in case of fire.

Reserch on Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Color Steel Building Based on Multi-Source High-Resolution Satellite Imagery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, S. W.; Ma, J. J.; Wang, J. M.

2018-04-01

As representative vulnerable regions of the city, dense distribution areas of temporary color steel building are a major target for control of fire risks, illegal buildings, environmental supervision, urbanization quality and enhancement for city's image. In the domestic and foreign literature, the related research mainly focuses on fire risks and violation monitoring. However, due to temporary color steel building's special characteristics, the corresponding research about temporal and spatial distribution, and influence on urban spatial form etc. has not been reported. Therefore, firstly, the paper research aim plans to extract information of large-scale color steel building from high-resolution images. Secondly, the color steel plate buildings were classified, and the spatial and temporal distribution and aggregation characteristics of small (temporary buildings) and large (factory building, warehouse, etc.) buildings were studied respectively. Thirdly, the coupling relationship between the spatial distribution of color steel plate and the spatial pattern of urban space was analysed. The results show that there is a good coupling relationship between the color steel plate building and the urban spatial form. Different types of color steel plate building represent the pattern of regional differentiation of urban space and the phased pattern of urban development.

7. ELEVATIONS OF FIRE EQUIPMENT BUILDING, SHEET 1 OF 2, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. ELEVATIONS OF FIRE EQUIPMENT BUILDING, SHEET 1 OF 2, 8' X 10' NEGATIVE AND PRINT MADE FROM COPIES OF ORIGINAL PLANS, MAY 6, 1936, WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FOREST SUPERVISOR'S OFFICE, BAKER CITY, OREGON. - Wallowa Ranger Station, Fire Equipment Building, 602 First Street, Wallowa, Wallowa County, OR

8. FLOOR PLANS OF FIRE EQUIPMENT BUILDING, SHEET 2 OF ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. FLOOR PLANS OF FIRE EQUIPMENT BUILDING, SHEET 2 OF 2, 8' X 10' NEGATIVE AND PRINT MADE FROM COPIES OF ORIGINAL PLANS, MAY 6, 1936, WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FOREST SUPERVISOR'S OFFICE, BAKER CITY, OREGON. - Wallowa Ranger Station, Fire Equipment Building, 602 First Street, Wallowa, Wallowa County, OR

How to reduce your fire insurance rates

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dubain, M.

1971-01-01

Construction procedures and utilization of materials to reduce the cost of insuring large buildings against losses from fire are discussed. Examples of good and bad techniques in building construction and fire safety management are provided. The inadequacies of building codes and the hazards resulting from improper construction are examined.

KSC-2009-5001

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-09-04

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – This aerial view shows NASA Kennedy Space Center's Launch Control Center at left and Vehicle Assembly Building at right. The Launch Control Center recently had installed new hurricane-rated window systems in the four Firing Rooms. Photo credit: NASA/Troy Cryder

The relative impacts of vegetation, topography and spatial arrangement on building loss to wildfires in case studies of California and Colorado

Treesearch

Patricia M. Alexandre; Susan I. Stewart; Miranda H. Mockrin; Nicholas S. Keuler; Alexandra D. Syphard; Avi Bar-Massada; Murray K. Clayton; Volker C. Radeloff

2015-01-01

Wildfires destroy thousands of buildings every year in the wildland urban interface. However, fire typically only destroys a fraction of the buildings within a given fire perimeter, suggesting more could be done to mitigate risk if we understood how to configure residential landscapes so that both people and buildings could survive fire.

Experimental Studies on the Flammability and Fire Hazards of Photovoltaic Modules

PubMed Central

Yang, Hong-Yun; Zhou, Xiao-Dong; Yang, Li-Zhong; Zhang, Tao-Lin

2015-01-01

Many of the photovoltaic (PV) systems on buildings are of sufficiently high voltages, with potential to cause or promote fires. However, research about photovoltaic fires is insufficient. This paper focuses on the flammability and fire hazards of photovoltaic modules. Bench-scale experiments based on polycrystalline silicon PV modules have been conducted using a cone calorimeter. Several parameters including ignition time (tig), mass loss, heat release rate (HRR), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, were investigated. The fire behaviours, fire hazards and toxicity of gases released by PV modules are assessed based on experimental results. The results show that PV modules under tests are inflammable with the critical heat flux of 26 kW/m2. This work will lead to better understanding on photovoltaic fires and how to help authorities determine the appropriate fire safety provisions for controlling photovoltaic fires. PMID:28793434

Experimental Studies on the Flammability and Fire Hazards of Photovoltaic Modules.

PubMed

Yang, Hong-Yun; Zhou, Xiao-Dong; Yang, Li-Zhong; Zhang, Tao-Lin

2015-07-09

Many of the photovoltaic (PV) systems on buildings are of sufficiently high voltages, with potential to cause or promote fires. However, research about photovoltaic fires is insufficient. This paper focuses on the flammability and fire hazards of photovoltaic modules. Bench-scale experiments based on polycrystalline silicon PV modules have been conducted using a cone calorimeter. Several parameters including ignition time ( t ig ), mass loss, heat release rate (HRR), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration, were investigated. The fire behaviours, fire hazards and toxicity of gases released by PV modules are assessed based on experimental results. The results show that PV modules under tests are inflammable with the critical heat flux of 26 kW/m². This work will lead to better understanding on photovoltaic fires and how to help authorities determine the appropriate fire safety provisions for controlling photovoltaic fires.

Fight Fire with These Safety Strategies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jackson, Lisa M.

1998-01-01

Provides expert guidelines on ways to keep schools and children safe from building fires, such as maintenance of exits for easy egress in emergencies, maintaining fire-protection systems, and utilizing evacuation planning and drilling. Highlights fire-safety ideas as part of school-building and renovation projects. (GR)

Frequency of urban building fires as related to daily weather conditions

Treesearch

Arthur R. Pirsko; Wallace L. Fons

1956-01-01

Daily weather elements of precipitation, wind, mean temperature, relative humidity, and dew-point temperature for selected urban areas (approximately 850,000 population) in the United States are statistically analyzed to determine their correlation with daily number of building fires. The frequency of urban building fires is found to be significantly correlated with...

FIRE INSURANCE AND WOOD SCHOOL BUILDINGS.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

PURCELL, FRANK X.

A COMPARISON OF FIRE INSURANCE COSTS OF WOOD, MASONRY, STEEL AND CONCRETE STRUCTURES SHOWS FIRE INSURANCE PREMIMUMS ON WOOD STRUCTURES TEND TO BE HIGHER THAN PREMIUMS ON MASONRY, STEEL AND CONCRETE BUILDINGS, HOWEVER, THE INITIAL COST OF THE WOOD BUILDINGS IS LOWER. DATA SHOW THAT THE SAVINGS ACHIEVED IN THE INITIAL COST OF WOOD STRUCTURES OFFSET…

3. Credit BG. The interior of the control room appears ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. Credit BG. The interior of the control room appears in this view, looking north (0°). The control console in the room center permitted remote control of various propellant grinders and mixers in surrounding buildings. Television monitors (absent from their mounts in this view) permitted direct viewing of operating machinery. From foreground to background: Panel (1) contains OGAR warning light switches for Curing Buildings E-39, E-40, E-41 and E-86; (O=off, G=green safe, A=amber caution, R=red danger) Panel (2) E-85 Oxidizer Dryer Building console: OGAR switch Panel (3) E-84 Oxidizer Grinder Building console: controls for vibrator, feed, and hammer; Panel (4) E-36 Oxidizer Grinder Building console: controls for vibrator, feed, hammer, attritor, and SWECO ("SWECO" undefined) Panels (5) & (6) blank Panel (7) E-38 Mixer & Casting Building console: vacuum pump, blender, heating and cooling controls Panel (8) E-37 Mixer & Casting Building console: motor controls for 1 pint, 1 gallon, 5 gallon and 30 gallon mixers; vacuum pump, deluge (fire suppression), pot up/down, vibrator, feed, and SWECO. - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Weigh & Control Building, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Monitoring system of multiple fire fighting based on computer vision

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Jinlong; Wang, Li; Gao, Xiaorong; Wang, Zeyong; Zhao, Quanke

2010-10-01

With the high demand of fire control in spacious buildings, computer vision is playing a more and more important role. This paper presents a new monitoring system of multiple fire fighting based on computer vision and color detection. This system can adjust to the fire position and then extinguish the fire by itself. In this paper, the system structure, working principle, fire orientation, hydrant's angle adjusting and system calibration are described in detail; also the design of relevant hardware and software is introduced. At the same time, the principle and process of color detection and image processing are given as well. The system runs well in the test, and it has high reliability, low cost, and easy nodeexpanding, which has a bright prospect of application and popularization.

VIEW OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE VEHICLES PARKED OUTSIDE BUILDING 331, THE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE VEHICLES PARKED OUTSIDE BUILDING 331, THE VEHICLE MAINTENANCE GARAGE AND FIRE STATION. THE BUILDING, ORIGINALLY CONSTRUCTED IN 1953, WAS DESIGNED AND UTILIZED AS A WAREHOUSE. ADDITIONS TO THE STRUCTURE, INCLUDING THE FIRE DEPARTMENT STRUCTURE, WERE COMPLETED IN 1967. (4/7/87) - Rocky Flats Plant, Vehicle Maintenance Garage & Fire Station, Golden, Jefferson County, CO

Simulating Building Fires for Movies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rodriguez, Ricardo C.; Johnson, Randall P.

1987-01-01

Fire scenes for cinematography staged at relatively low cost in method that combines several existing techniques. Nearly realistic scenes, suitable for firefighter training, produced with little specialized equipment. Sequences of scenes set up quickly and easily, without compromising safety because model not burned. Images of fire, steam, and smoke superimposed on image of building to simulate burning of building.

Flammability Configuration Analysis for Spacecraft Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pedley, Michael D.

2014-01-01

Fire is one of the many potentially catastrophic hazards associated with the operation of crewed spacecraft. A major lesson learned by NASA from the Apollo 204 fire in 1966 was that ignition sources in an electrically powered vehicle should and can be minimized, but can never be eliminated completely. For this reason, spacecraft fire control is based on minimizing potential ignition sources and eliminating materials that can propagate fire. Fire extinguishers are always provided on crewed spacecraft, but are not considered as part of the fire control process. "Eliminating materials that can propagate fire" does not mean eliminating all flammable materials - the cost of designing and building spacecraft using only nonflammable materials is extraordinary and unnecessary. It means controlling the quantity and configuration of such materials to eliminate potential fire propagation paths and thus ensure that any fire would be small, localized, and isolated, and would self-extinguish without harm to the crew. Over the years, NASA has developed many solutions for controlling the configuration of flammable materials (and potentially flammable materials in commercial "off-the-shelf" hardware) so that they can be used safely in air and oxygen-enriched environments in crewed spacecraft. This document describes and explains these design solutions so payload customers and other organizations can use them in designing safe and cost-effective flight hardware. Proper application of these guidelines will produce acceptable flammability configurations for hardware located in any compartment of the International Space Station or other program crewed vehicles and habitats. However, use of these guidelines does not exempt hardware organizations of the responsibility for safety of the hardware under their control.

Fire modeling in a nonventilated corridor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lulea, Marius Dorin; Iordache, Vlad; Năstase, Ilinca

2018-02-01

The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of fire in a nonventilated corridor. A real-scale model of a corridor has been modeled in Fire Dynamics Simulator(F.D.S.) in order to determine the evolution of indoor temperatures, the visibility and the oxygen quantities during a fire. The start time of a sprinkler has also been determined. The use of sprinklers in buildings has become a necessity and a requirement imposed by technical norms. The provision of this type of installation has become a common feature in buildings with a high fire risk, with two main effects: fire extinction and protection of structural and partition elements from high temperatures[15]. The ultimate goal is to ensure optimal conditions for saving the building users, intervention teams and maintaining the stability of the building. Low temperatures and good visibility on the escape routes during a fire are the basic conditions to ensure the optimal evacuation of users.

Fire containment in wood construction doesn’t just happen

Treesearch

Robert H. White; Kuma Sumathipala

2007-01-01

Regardless of the type of construction, structures capable of containing a fully developed fire do not just happen. Fire walls or area separation walls play an important role in the building codes in that they allow each portion of a building separated by such walls to be treated as a separate building. Attention to construction details is critical to maximizing the...

Community owned solutions for fire management in tropical ecosystems: case studies from Indigenous communities of South America

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

Fire plays an increasingly significant role in tropical forest and savanna ecosystems, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and impacting on biodiversity. Emerging research shows the potential role of Indigenous land-use practices for controlling deforestation and reducing CO2 emissions. Analysis of satellite imagery suggests that Indigenous lands have the lowest incidence of wildfires, significantly contributing to maintaining carbon stocks and enhancing biodiversity. Yet acknowledgement of Indigenous peoples' role in fire management and control is limited, and in many cases dismissed, especially in policy-making circles. In this paper, we review existing data on Indigenous fire management and impact, focusing on examples from tropical forest and savanna ecosystems in Venezuela, Brazil and Guyana. We highlight how the complexities of community owned solutions for fire management are being lost as well as undermined by continued efforts on fire suppression and firefighting, and emerging approaches to incorporate Indigenous fire management into market- and incentive-based mechanisms for climate change mitigation. Our aim is to build a case for supporting Indigenous fire practices within all scales of decision-making by strengthening Indigenous knowledge systems to ensure more effective and sustainable fire management. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’. PMID:27216507

Community owned solutions for fire management in tropical ecosystems: case studies from Indigenous communities of South America.

PubMed

Mistry, Jayalaxshmi; Bilbao, Bibiana A; Berardi, Andrea

2016-06-05

Fire plays an increasingly significant role in tropical forest and savanna ecosystems, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and impacting on biodiversity. Emerging research shows the potential role of Indigenous land-use practices for controlling deforestation and reducing CO2 emissions. Analysis of satellite imagery suggests that Indigenous lands have the lowest incidence of wildfires, significantly contributing to maintaining carbon stocks and enhancing biodiversity. Yet acknowledgement of Indigenous peoples' role in fire management and control is limited, and in many cases dismissed, especially in policy-making circles. In this paper, we review existing data on Indigenous fire management and impact, focusing on examples from tropical forest and savanna ecosystems in Venezuela, Brazil and Guyana. We highlight how the complexities of community owned solutions for fire management are being lost as well as undermined by continued efforts on fire suppression and firefighting, and emerging approaches to incorporate Indigenous fire management into market- and incentive-based mechanisms for climate change mitigation. Our aim is to build a case for supporting Indigenous fire practices within all scales of decision-making by strengthening Indigenous knowledge systems to ensure more effective and sustainable fire management.This article is part of the themed issue 'The interaction of fire and mankind'. © 2016 The Author(s).

From strange bedfellows to natural allies: the shifting allegiance of fire service organisations in the push for federal fire-safe cigarette legislation

PubMed Central

Barbeau, E; Kelder, G; Ahmed, S; Mantuefel, V; Balbach, E

2005-01-01

Background: Cigarettes are the leading cause of fatal fires in the USA and are associated with one in four fire deaths. Although the technology needed to make fire-safe cigarettes has been available for many years, progress has been slow on legislative and regulatory fronts to require the tobacco industry to manufacture fire-safe cigarettes. Method and results: We conducted a case study, drawing on data from tobacco industry documents, archives, and key informant interviews to investigate tobacco industry strategies for thwarting fire-safe cigarette legislation in the US Congress. We apply a theoretical framework that posits that policymaking is the product of three sets of forces: interests, institutions, and ideas, to examine tobacco industry behaviour, with a special focus on their and others' attempts to court fire service organisations, including firefighters' unions as allies. We discuss the implications of our findings for future policy efforts related to fire-safe cigarettes and other tobacco control issues. Conclusions: Tobacco control advocates ought to: continue efforts to align key interest groups, including the firefighters unions; contest tobacco industry "diversionary" science tactics; and pursue a state based legislative strategy for fire-safe cigarettes, building towards national legislation. PMID:16183985

Synchronous fire activity in the tropical high Andes: an indication of regional climate forcing.

PubMed

Román-Cuesta, R M; Carmona-Moreno, C; Lizcano, G; New, M; Silman, M; Knoke, T; Malhi, Y; Oliveras, I; Asbjornsen, H; Vuille, M

2014-06-01

Global climate models suggest enhanced warming of the tropical mid and upper troposphere, with larger temperature rise rates at higher elevations. Changes in fire activity are amongst the most significant ecological consequences of rising temperatures and changing hydrological properties in mountainous ecosystems, and there is a global evidence of increased fire activity with elevation. Whilst fire research has become popular in the tropical lowlands, much less is known of the tropical high Andean region (>2000 masl, from Colombia to Bolivia). This study examines fire trends in the high Andes for three ecosystems, the Puna, the Paramo and the Yungas, for the period 1982-2006. We pose three questions: (i) is there an increased fire response with elevation? (ii) does the El Niño- Southern Oscillation control fire activity in this region? (iii) are the observed fire trends human driven (e.g., human practices and their effects on fuel build-up) or climate driven? We did not find evidence of increased fire activity with elevation but, instead, a quasicyclic and synchronous fire response in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, suggesting the influence of high-frequency climate forcing on fire responses on a subcontinental scale, in the high Andes. ENSO variability did not show a significant relation to fire activity for these three countries, partly because ENSO variability did not significantly relate to precipitation extremes, although it strongly did to temperature extremes. Whilst ENSO did not individually lead the observed regional fire trends, our results suggest a climate influence on fire activity, mainly through a sawtooth pattern of precipitation (increased rainfall before fire-peak seasons (t-1) followed by drought spells and unusual low temperatures (t0), which is particularly common where fire is carried by low fuel loads (e.g., grasslands and fine fuel). This climatic sawtooth appeared as the main driver of fire trends, above local human influences and fuel build-up cyclicity. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Fire Extinguisher Robot Using Ultrasonic Camera and Wi-Fi Network Controlled with Android Smartphone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Siregar, B.; Purba, H. A.; Efendi, S.; Fahmi, F.

2017-03-01

Fire disasters can occur anytime and result in high losses. It is often that fire fighters cannot access the source of fire due to the damage of building and very high temperature, or even due to the presence of explosive materials. With such constraints and high risk in the handling of the fire, a technological breakthrough that can help fighting the fire is necessary. Our paper proposed the use of robots to extinguish the fire that can be controlled from a specified distance in order to reduce the risk. A fire extinguisher robot was assembled with the intention to extinguish the fire by using a water pump as actuators. The robot movement was controlled using Android smartphones via Wi-fi networks utilizing Wi-fi module contained in the robot. User commands were sent to the microcontroller on the robot and then translated into robotic movement. We used ATMega8 as main microcontroller in the robot. The robot was equipped with cameras and ultrasonic sensors. The camera played role in giving feedback to user and in finding the source of fire. Ultrasonic sensors were used to avoid collisions during movement. Feedback provided by camera on the robot displayed on a screen of smartphone. In lab, testing environment the robot can move following the user command such as turn right, turn left, forward and backward. The ultrasonic sensors worked well that the robot can be stopped at a distance of less than 15 cm. In the fire test, the robot can perform the task properly to extinguish the fire.

32 CFR 644.554 - Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God. 644.554 Section 644.554 National Defense Department of... Procedure § 644.554 Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God...

32 CFR 644.554 - Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God. 644.554 Section 644.554 National Defense Department of... Procedure § 644.554 Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God...

HOW TO PROVIDE AUTOMATIC FIRE PROTECTION FOR YOUR BUILDING.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Honeywell, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn.

THE ADVANTAGES OF PROMPT FIRE DETECTION IS DISCUSSED WITH RESPECT TO THE NATURE AND COST OF FIRES. EQUIPMENT IS DESCRIBED, AND DIAGRAMS OF INSTALLATIONS OF DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEMS ARE GIVEN FOR SCHOOLS, HOSPITALS, COMMERICAL BUILDINGS, INDUSTRIAL PLANTS, AND CAMPUSES. (JT)

Climatic and ecological controls on variability of fire activity in the tropics and subtropics derived from satellite data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van der Werf, G. R.; Randerson, J. T.; Giglio, L.; Gobron, N.; Dolman, H. J.

2006-12-01

El Nino-Southern Oscillation-linked variations in biomass burning emissions substantially contribute to interannual variability in the growth rate of many trace gases, yet ecological and climatic controls on fire activity are not well known. We used satellite-derived datasets of biomass burning, precipitation rates, and net primary production (NPP) in the tropics and subtropics during 1998 through 2005 to investigate the factors that regulate interannual variability in fire emissions. In many xeric regions that have low levels of NPP, we found a positive relationship between precipitation, NPP, and fire activity, implying that fire in these regions is limited to years when precipitation allows for the build-up of sufficient biomass or fuel loads to allow fire spread. This was most evident in regions where mean annual precipitation was below approximately 600 mm / year, including xeric regions of Africa and Northern Australia. In contrast, in areas of the tropics undergoing active deforestation, including, Indonesia, Central America, and parts of South America we found a significant negative correlation between precipitation and fire activity during the dry season. This implies that human use of fire in these regions in the deforestation process is at least partly limited by periods when high moisture levels limit ignition and fire activity.

Fire Hazards of Windowless Buildings.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Juillerat, Ernest E.

1964-01-01

In response to the fast growing prominence of windowless buildings due to potential or possible aesthetic, psychological, and economic advantages, this article was written to discuss--(1) effects of windowless construction on the life safety of building occupants, (2) the possible extents of fire damage to the building and its contents, and (3)…

Concepts in Building Firesafety.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Egan, M. David

The goal of this book is to present in a graphical format the principles of design for building firesafety. The book's more than 270 illustrations represent the core of its coverage of factors affecting fire ignition and spread in buildings, building site planning for fire suppression and occupant rescue operations, protection by building…

WASTE HANDLING BUILDING VENTILATION SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DOCUMENT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

P.A. Kumar

2000-06-21

The Waste Handling Building Ventilation System provides heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) for the contaminated, potentially contaminated, and uncontaminated areas of the Monitored Geologic Repository's (MGR) Waste Handling Building (WHB). In the uncontaminated areas, the non-confinement area ventilation system maintains the proper environmental conditions for equipment operation and personnel comfort. In the contaminated and potentially contaminated areas, in addition to maintaining the proper environmental conditions for equipment operation and personnel comfort, the contamination confinement area ventilation system directs potentially contaminated air away from personnel in the WHB and confines the contamination within high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration units. Themore » contamination confinement areas ventilation system creates airflow paths and pressure zones to minimize the potential for spreading contamination within the building. The contamination confinement ventilation system also protects the environment and the public by limiting airborne releases of radioactive or other hazardous contaminants from the WHB. The Waste Handling Building Ventilation System is designed to perform its safety functions under accident conditions and other Design Basis Events (DBEs) (such as earthquakes, tornadoes, fires, and loss of the primary electric power). Additional system design features (such as compartmentalization with independent subsystems) limit the potential for cross-contamination within the WHB. The system provides status of important system parameters and equipment operation, and provides audible and/or visual indication of off-normal conditions and equipment failures. The Waste Handling Building Ventilation System confines the radioactive and hazardous material within the building such that the release rates comply with regulatory limits. The system design, operations, and maintenance activities incorporate ALARA (as low as is reasonably achievable) principles to maintain personnel radiation doses to all occupational workers below regulatory limits and as low as is reasonably achievable. The Waste Handling Building Ventilation System interfaces with the Waste Handling Building System by being located within the WHB and by maintaining specific pressures, temperatures, and humidity within the building. The system also depends on the WHB for water supply. The system interfaces with the Site Radiological Monitoring System for continuous monitoring of the exhaust air; the Waste Handling Building Fire Protection System for detection of fire and smoke; the Waste Handling Building Electrical System for normal, emergency, and standby power; and the Monitored Geologic Repository Operations Monitoring and Control System for monitoring and control of the system.« less

Second of three panoramic views of North Base as seen ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Second of three panoramic views of North Base as seen from top of Building 4500, Control Tower. View looks west (268°) at North Base complex. In foreground is taxiway, with Building 4456 (Fire House No. 4) at right. Building 4452 (Utility Vault) appears in extreme left foreground, with Building 4412 (Liquid Oxygen Repair Facility) and Building 4410 (Liquid Oxygen Storage) in extreme left background. In view over Building 4456 is the "loop" bound by Third, Fourth, A, and B Streets. Concrete slabs are all that remain of military housing constructed in the 1940s. - Edwards Air Force Base, North Base, North Base Road, Boron, Kern County, CA

FLIGHT LINE, LOOKING TOWARD FLIGHT LINE FIRE STATION (BUILDING 2748)CENTER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

FLIGHT LINE, LOOKING TOWARD FLIGHT LINE FIRE STATION (BUILDING 2748)CENTER AND AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE DOCKS (BUILDINGS 2741 AND 2766)LEFT. VIEW TO NORTH - Plattsburgh Air Force Base, U.S. Route 9, Plattsburgh, Clinton County, NY

Impact of Fire Ventilation on General Ventilation in the Building

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zender-Świercz, Ewa; Telejko, Marek

2017-10-01

The fire of building is a threat to its users. The biggest threat is generation, during lifetime of fire, hot gases and smoke. The purpose of quick and efficient evacuation from the area covered by the fire, at first step the escape routes have to be secured from smokiness. The smoke ventilation systems are used for this purpose. The proper design and execution of smoke ventilation is important not only because of the safety, but also of the maintenance of comfort in the building at a time when there is no fire. The manuscript presents the effect of incorrectly realized smoke ventilation in the stairwell of the medium building. The analysis shows that the flaps of smoke ventilation located in the stairwell may have a significant impact on the proper functioning of mechanical ventilation in the period when there is no fire. The improperly installed or incorrect insulated components cause perturbation of air flow and they change pressure distribution in the building. The conclusion of the analysis is the need to include the entire technical equipment of the building during the design and realization of its individual elements. The impact of various installations at each other is very important, and the omission of any of them can cause disturbances in the proper work of another.

Passive fire protection in high density village (case study, Bustaman Semarang)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sukawi, Sukawi; Wahyu Firmandhani, Satriya; Hardiman, Gagoek

2017-12-01

Fire hazard is the disaster that always has an unpredictable process of coming. When it comes, its level scope and the magnitude of the effects cannot be predicted. Dense settlements especially in big cities, among others Bustaman Kampong Semarang never escape from physical problems such as flooding and wildfire. If both are compared in dense settlements scope, so that, wild fire is the most potentially catastrophic. It is necessary to do a research on passive fire protection in a village of high density city such as Bustaman. Qualitative research was conducted using descriptive method to conduct observations and interviews in the Bustaman. Bustaman as a high density village, with narrow roads and dense rows of houses. The terraced buildings are also encountered, and found many buildings use combustible material. That environmental conditions can facilitate the propagation of flames in case of fire. To improve the established Bustaman's environment, in terms of the application of passive fire protection systems, it is recommended to utilize the road as the dividing buildings. Need to build the separation wall fireproof in every each series in several units of too long buildings and attempted open space procurement that separates rows of buildings that are too long, and also the replacement of combustible material with a material that is more incombustible.

1. NORTHWEST SIDE AND SOUTHWEST FRONT. Looking east. Edwards ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. NORTHWEST SIDE AND SOUTHWEST FRONT. Looking east. - Edwards Air Force Base, Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, Firing Control Building, Test Area 1-100, northeast end of Test Area 1-100 Road, Boron, Kern County, CA

KSC-08pd1093

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-05-01

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- In Firing Room No. 1 in the Launch Control Center at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, a worker maneuvers a panel to build another cabinet to hold equipment that will support the future Ares rocket launches as part of the Constellation Program. Future astronauts will ride to orbit on Ares I, which uses a single five-segment solid rocket booster, a derivative of the space shuttle's solid rocket booster, for the first stage. Ares will be launched from Pad 39B, which is being reconfigured from supporting space shuttle launches. The Launch Control Center firing rooms face the launch pads. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

4. INSTRUMENT ROOM,INTERIOR, MAIN SPACE. Looking northeast. Edwards Air ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. INSTRUMENT ROOM,INTERIOR, MAIN SPACE. Looking northeast. - Edwards Air Force Base, Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, Firing Control Building, Test Area 1-100, northeast end of Test Area 1-100 Road, Boron, Kern County, CA

The Next Generation of leaching Tests

EPA Science Inventory

Coal ash and other industrial by-products are used in building, construction, engineering and even agricultural applications. Changes in multi-pollutant control technology at coal-fired power plants and other combustion sources are shifting mercury (Hg) and other constituents of...

Analysis of the Earthquake Impact towards water-based fire extinguishing system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, J.; Hur, M.; Lee, K.

2015-09-01

Recently, extinguishing system installed in the building when the earthquake occurred at a separate performance requirements. Before the building collapsed during the earthquake, as a function to maintain a fire extinguishing. In particular, the automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing equipment, such as after a massive earthquake without damage to piping also must maintain confidentiality. In this study, an experiment installed in the building during the earthquake, the water-based fire extinguishing saw grasp the impact of the pipe. Experimental structures for water-based fire extinguishing seismic construction step by step, and then applied to the seismic experiment, the building appears in the extinguishing of the earthquake response of the pipe was measured. Construction of acceleration caused by vibration being added to the size and the size of the displacement is measured and compared with the data response of the pipe from the table, thereby extinguishing water piping need to enhance the seismic analysis. Define the seismic design category (SDC) for the four groups in the building structure with seismic criteria (KBC2009) designed according to the importance of the group and earthquake seismic intensity. The event of a real earthquake seismic analysis of Category A and Category B for the seismic design of buildings, the current fire-fighting facilities could have also determined that the seismic performance. In the case of seismic design categories C and D are installed in buildings to preserve the function of extinguishing the required level of seismic retrofit design is determined.

Fire As A Weapon: High Rise Structures

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-01

Trade Center, Happyland fire, Taj Mahal Fire, fire bombing , inferno terror, terrorist arsonists, counter-terrorism, arson attacks 15. NUMBER OF PAGES...kill civilians throughout the building without the attackers setting bombs throughout. However, the literature does not reflect the emerging threat...requiring the expertise to build bombs or anything of that nature; in other words, everyone can burn a house down, but it takes time and skill to blow it up

Solution of Fire Protection in Historic Buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iringová, Agnes; Idunk, Róbert

2016-12-01

The paper introduces optimization of the functional use of renovated spaces in historic buildings in terms of fire risk. It brings assessment of fire protection in the folk house Habánsky Dvor, situated in the village of Veľké Leváre, whose function was changed into the museum. It goes into static analysis of existing load-bearing structures and assessment of their fire resistance according to Eurocodes.

27. CONTEXT VIEW LOOKING EAST SHOWING BUILDING 227 (FIRE STATION) ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

27. CONTEXT VIEW LOOKING EAST SHOWING BUILDING 227 (FIRE STATION) AT RIGHT AND BUILDING 229 (ELECTRIC POWER STATION) AT LEFT IN ASSEMBLY AREA. - Loring Air Force Base, Weapons Storage Area, Northeastern corner of base at northern end of Maine Road, Limestone, Aroostook County, ME

Periglacial fires and trees in a continental setting of Central Canada, Upper Pleistocene.

PubMed

Bélanger, N; Carcaillet, C; Padbury, G A; Harvey-Schafer, A N; Van Rees, K J C

2014-03-01

Fire is a key factor controlling global vegetation patterns and carbon cycling. It mostly occurs under warm periods during which fuel builds up with sufficient moisture, whereas such conditions stimulate fire ignition and spread. Biomass burning increased globally with warming periods since the last glacial era. Data confirming periglacial fires during glacial periods are very sparse because such climates are likely too cold to favour fires. Here, tree occurrence and fires during the Upper Pleistocene glacial periods in Central Canada are inferred from botanical identification and calibrated radiocarbon dates of charcoal fragments. Charcoal fragments were archived in sandy dunes of central Saskatchewan and were dated >50000-26600 cal BP. Fragments were mostly gymnosperms. Parallels between radiocarbon dates and GISP2-δ¹⁸O records deciphered relationships between fire and climate. Fires occurred either hundreds to thousands of years after Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) interstadial warming events (i.e., the time needed to build enough fuel for fire ignition and spread) or at the onset of the DO event. The chronological uncertainties result from the dated material not precisely matching the fires and from the low residual ¹⁴C associated with old sample material. Dominance of high-pressure systems and low effective moisture during post-DO coolings likely triggered flammable periglacial ecosystems, while lower moisture and the relative abundance of fuel overshadowed lower temperatures for fire spread. Laurentide ice sheet (LIS) limits during DO events are difficult to assess in Central Canada due to sparse radiocarbon dates. Our radiocarbon data set constrains the extent of LIS. Central Saskatchewan was not covered by LIS throughout the Upper Pleistocene and was not a continental desert. Instead, our results suggest long-lasting periods where fluctuations of the northern tree limits and fires after interstadials occurred persistently. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Influence of carbon additives on operational properties of the intumescent coatings for the fire protection of building constructions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zybina, Olga; Gravit, Marina; Stein, Yelena

2017-10-01

In work ability of the intercalated graphite entered into the fireproof intumescent compositions to act as catalytically active additive raising operational characteristics of the classical distending coverings intended for fire protection of building constructions. It is established that thermal expanded graphite, as well as nano-additives, increase frequency rate, durability, elasticity, density and uniformity of a coke layer of a fireproof covering for increase of fire resistance of a building construction.

2. Historic American Buildings Survey District of Columbia Fire Department ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. Historic American Buildings Survey District of Columbia Fire Department Photo FRONT ELEVATION, 1961 - Engine Company Number Seventeen, Firehouse, 1227 Monroe Street Northeast, Washington, District of Columbia, DC

Door Locking Options in Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, 2009

2009-01-01

Doors serve a variety of needs and purposes in schools: (1) Exterior doors provide building security and protection from the elements; and (2) Interior doors control the movement of people among school spaces, help control noise and air flow, and act as flame and smoke barriers during a fire. In a lockdown, they serve as safety barriers. From a…

Ignition and flame travel on realistic building and landscape objects in changing environments

Treesearch

Mark A. Dietenberger

2007-01-01

Effective mitigation of external fires on structures can be achieved flexibly, economically, and aesthetically by (1) preventing large-area ignition on structures from close proximity of burning vegetations and (2) stopping flame travel from firebrands landing on combustible building objects. In using bench-scale and mid-scale fire tests to obtain fire growth...

1. Historic American Buildings Survey District of Columbia Fire Department ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Historic American Buildings Survey District of Columbia Fire Department Photo FRONT ELEVATION, PRIOR TO 1960 - Engine Company Number Seventeen, Firehouse, 1227 Monroe Street Northeast, Washington, District of Columbia, DC

Behavior of sandwich panels in a fire

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chelekova, Eugenia

2018-03-01

For the last decades there emerged a vast number of buildings and structures erected with the use of sandwich panels. The field of application for this construction material is manifold, especially in the construction of fire and explosion hazardous buildings. In advanced evacu-ation time calculation methods the coefficient of heat losses is defined with dire regard to fire load features, but without account to thermal and physical characteristics of building envelopes, or, to be exact, it is defined for brick and concrete walls with gross heat capacity. That is why the application of the heat loss coefficient expression obtained for buildings of sandwich panels is impossible because of different heat capacity of these panels from the heat capacities of brick and concrete building envelopes. The article conducts an analysis and calculation of the heal loss coefficient for buildings and structures of three layer sandwich panels as building envelopes.

Factors related to building loss due to wildfires in the conterminous United States.

PubMed

Alexandre, Patricia M; Stewart, Susan I; Keuler, Nicholas S; Clayton, Murray K; Mockrin, Miranda H; Bar-Massada, Avi; Syphard, Alexandra D; Radeloff, Volker C

2016-10-01

Wildfire is globally an important ecological disturbance affecting biochemical cycles and vegetation composition, but also puts people and their homes at risk. Suppressing wildfires has detrimental ecological effects and can promote larger and more intense wildfires when fuels accumulate, which increases the threat to buildings in the wildland-urban interface (WUI). Yet, when wildfires occur, typically only a small proportion of the buildings within the fire perimeter are lost, and the question is what determines which buildings burn. Our goal was to examine which factors are related to building loss when a wildfire occurs throughout the United States. We were particularly interested in the relative roles of vegetation, topography, and the spatial arrangement of buildings, and how their respective roles vary among ecoregions. We analyzed all fires that occurred within the conterminous United States from 2000 to 2010 and digitized which buildings were lost and which survived according to Google Earth historical imagery. We modeled the occurrence as well as the percentage of buildings lost within clusters using logistic and linear regression. Overall, variables related to topography and the spatial arrangement of buildings were more frequently present in the best 20 regression models than vegetation-related variables. In other words, specific locations in the landscape have a higher fire risk, and certain development patterns can exacerbate that risk. Fire policies and prevention efforts focused on vegetation management are important, but insufficient to solve current wildfire problems. Furthermore, the factors associated with building loss varied considerably among ecoregions suggesting that fire policy applied uniformly across the United States will not work equally well in all regions and that efforts to adapt communities to wildfires must be regionally tailored. © 2016 by the Ecological Society of America.

A case study on the structural assessment of fire damaged building

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Osman, M. H.; Sarbini, N. N.; Ibrahim, I. S.; Ma, C. K.; Ismail, M.; Mohd, M. F.

2017-11-01

This paper presents a case study on the structural assessment of building damaged by fire and discussed on the site investigations and test results prior to determine the existing condition of the building. The building was on fire for about one hour before it was extinguished. In order to ascertain the integrity of the building, a visual inspection was conducted for all elements (truss, beam, column and wall), followed by non-destructive, load and material tests. The load test was conducted to determine the ability of truss to resist service load, while the material test to determine the residual strength of the material. At the end of the investigation, a structural analysis was carried out to determine the new factor of safety by considering the residual strength. The highlighted was on the truss element due to steel behaviour that is hardly been predicted. Meanwhile, reinforced concrete elements (beam, column and wall) were found externally affected and caused its strength to be considered as sufficient for further used of building. The new factor of safety is equal to 2, considered as the minimum calculated value for the truss member. Therefore, this fire damaged building was found safe and can be used for further application.

26. SOUTH CORNER OF BUILDING 227 (FIRE STATION) IN ASSEMBLY ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

26. SOUTH CORNER OF BUILDING 227 (FIRE STATION) IN ASSEMBLY AREA. - Loring Air Force Base, Weapons Storage Area, Northeastern corner of base at northern end of Maine Road, Limestone, Aroostook County, ME

25. SOUTHEAST FRONT ELEVATION OF BUILDING 227 (FIRE STATION) IN ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

25. SOUTHEAST FRONT ELEVATION OF BUILDING 227 (FIRE STATION) IN ASSEMBLY AREA. - Loring Air Force Base, Weapons Storage Area, Northeastern corner of base at northern end of Maine Road, Limestone, Aroostook County, ME

32 CFR 644.554 - Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... and improvements by fire or acts of God. 644.554 Section 644.554 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (CONTINUED) REAL PROPERTY REAL ESTATE HANDBOOK Disposal Sale Procedure § 644.554 Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God...

32 CFR 644.554 - Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... and improvements by fire or acts of God. 644.554 Section 644.554 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (CONTINUED) REAL PROPERTY REAL ESTATE HANDBOOK Disposal Sale Procedure § 644.554 Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God...

32 CFR 644.554 - Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... and improvements by fire or acts of God. 644.554 Section 644.554 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (CONTINUED) REAL PROPERTY REAL ESTATE HANDBOOK Disposal Sale Procedure § 644.554 Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God...

people | News

Science.gov Websites

of Communication Fermilab news Search Useful links Symmetry magazine Interactions Interact people , people, building, Wilson Hall, farm, planter A John Deere planter is ready for work. Josh Frieman takes , prairie, fire, burn, ecology, people Ryan Campbell (left) and Martin Valenzuela tend to a controlled burn

Toxicological aspects of fire.

PubMed

Stefanidou, M; Athanaselis, S

2004-08-01

Most fatalities from fires are not due to burns, but are a result of inhalation of toxic gases produced during combustion. Fire produces a complex toxic environment, involving flame, heat, oxygen depletion, smoke and toxic gases. As a wide variety of synthetic materials is used in buildings (insulation, furniture, carpeting, electric wiring covering, decorative items), the potential for poisoning from inhalation of products of combustion is continuously increasing. In the present review, the problems that are present in a fire event, the toxicology of the toxic substances and the specific chemical hazards to firefighters are described. Regulatory toxicology aspects are presented concerning the use of non-flammable building and furnishing materials to prevent fires and decrease of poisonings and deaths resulting from fires.

Means of escape provisions and evacuation simulation of public building in Malaysia and Singapore

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Samad, Muna Hanim Abdul; Taib, Nooriati; Ying, Choo Siew

2017-10-01

The Uniform Building By-law 1984 of Malaysia is the legal document governing fire safety requirements in buildings. Its prescriptive nature has made the requirements out dated from the viewpoint of current performance based approach in most developed countries. The means of escape provisions is a critical requirement to safeguard occupants' safety in fire especially in public buildings. As stipulated in the UBBL 1984, the means of escape provisions includes sufficient escape routes, travel distance, protection of escape routes, etc. designated as means to allow occupants to escape within a safe period of time. This research aims at investigating the effectiveness of those provisions in public buildings during evacuation process involving massive crowd during emergencies. This research includes a scenario-based study on evacuation processes using two software i.e. PyroSim, a crowd modelling software to conduct smoke study and Pathfinder to stimulate evacuation model of building in Malaysia and Singapore as comparative study. The results show that the buildings used as case study were designed according to Malaysian UBBL 1984 and Singapore Firecode, 2013 respectively provide relative safe means of escape. The simulations of fire and smoke and coupled with simulation of evacuation have demonstrated that although there are adequate exits designated according to fire requirements, the impact of the geometry of atriums on the behavior of fire and smoke have significant effect on escape time especially for unfamiliar user of the premises.

Fire safety knowledge and practices among residents of an assisted living facility.

PubMed

Jaslow, David; Ufberg, Jacob; Yoon, Russell; McQueen, Clay; Zecher, Derek; Jakubowski, Greg

2005-01-01

Assisted living facilities (ALFs) pose unique fire risks to the elderly that may be linked to specific fire safety (FS) practices. To evaluate self-reported FS practices among ALF residents. All residents of a small ALF were surveyed regarding actual and hypothetical FS behaviors, self-perceived fire risk, and FS preparedness. Fifty-eight ALF residents completed the survey. Thirty-three (58%) individuals reported one or more disabilities. Seven (12%) residents ignored the fire alarm and 21 (35%) could not hear it clearly. Sixteen (28%) residents would attempt to locate the source of a fire rather than escape from the building. Only 24 (42%) residents were familiar with the building fire plan. Twenty-three (40%) people surveyed believed that they were not at risk of fire in the study facility. Residents of an ALF may be at increased fire injury risk due to their FS practices and disabilities.

Consequences of Fire: The Killing Fumes

MedlinePlus

... Electric Vehicles Fire Fighter Safety and Response for Solar Power Systems Fire Fighting Tactics Under Wind Driven ... Protection Devices Development of Fire Mitigations Solutions for PV Systems Installed on Building Roofs - Phase 1 Electric/ ...

Reports of coal’s terminal decline may be exaggerated

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Edenhofer, Ottmar; Steckel, Jan Christoph; Jakob, Michael; Bertram, Christoph

2018-02-01

We estimate the cumulative future emissions expected to be released by coal power plants that are currently under construction, announced, or planned. Even though coal consumption has recently declined and plans to build new coal-fired capacities have been shelved, constructing all these planned coal-fired power plants would endanger national and international climate targets. Plans to build new coal-fired power capacity would likely undermine the credibility of some countries’ (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions submitted to the UNFCCC. If all the coal-fired power plants that are currently planned were built, the carbon budget for reaching the 2 °C temperature target would nearly be depleted. Propositions about ‘coal’s terminal decline’ may thereby be premature. The phase-out of coal requires dedicated and well-designed policies. We discuss the political economy of policy options that could avoid a continued build-up of coal-fired power plants.

Where's the Fire?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Needham, Dorothy

1977-01-01

National Fire Protection Week is a perfect time for launching a fire safety learning center. The activities described here are intended to help children recognize fire hazards in their homes, play areas and public buildings; learn how to act intelligently in fire emergencies; be able to share their knowledge of fire safety with others and…

Urban fire risk control: House design, upgrading and replanning

PubMed Central

Mbuya, Elinorata Celestine

2018-01-01

Urbanisation leads to house densification, a phenomenon experienced in both planned and unplanned settlements in cities in developing countries. Such densification limits fire brigade access into settlements, thereby aggravating fire disaster risks. In this article, we assess the fire exposure and risks in residences in informal areas of Mchikichini ward, in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. We rely on interviews of residents and government officials to obtain background on the occurrence and causes of fire accidents, policy provisions and regulations, and experiences with fire outbreaks and coping strategies, as well as on observations and measurements of house transformations, spatial quality and indoor real life. Our findings suggest that fire risks arise from both inappropriate structural characteristics and unsound behavioural practices. This includes unsafe electric practices by residents, poor capacity of residents to fight fires once started, limited access to structures by firefighting equipment because of flouting of planning regulations and inadequate awareness of local government leaders of the magnitude of fire risks. Potential changes to reduce fire risks in the settlement include the installation of firefighting systems, restriction of cooking to designated spaces, use of safer cooking energy sources and lighting means, improvements of vehicle access routes to neighbourhoods, capacity building at the grass root level and the establishment of community-based fire risk management.

1. Credit BG. The southwest and southeast sides of Weigh ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Credit BG. The southwest and southeast sides of Weigh & Control appear as the camera looks due north (0°). Barricades on the northwest and northeast sides protect this structure from effects of any explosions at the Mixer Building (4233/E34), Oxidizer Grinder Building (4235/E-36) or other nearby propellant processing structures. The proliferation of doors is because many of the rooms have no interior interconnection--a safeguard to contain and prevent the internal spread of fires or explosions. Signs are posted on the doors describing maximum allowable propellant weights and number of personnel in rooms. A safety shower is featured on the southern exterior corner of the building. Apparatus on the roof consists of air conditioning ducts and fume vents. - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Weigh & Control Building, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Fire endurance research at the Forest Products Laboratory

Treesearch

R. H. White

1990-01-01

Fire endurance research activities and facilities at the FPL concern the ability of a wood member or assembly to withstand the effects of fire while acting as a fire barrier and supporting a load. Fire endurance is generally concerned with the post-flashover portion of the fire. The importance of fire endurance in fire safety is reflected in building code requirements...

Safety Performance of Exterior Wall Insulation Material Based on Large Security Concept

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zuo, Q. L.; Wang, Y. J.; Li, J. S.

2018-05-01

In order to evaluate the fire spread characteristics of building insulation materials under corner fire, an experiment is carried out with small-scale fire spread test system. The change rule of the parameters such as the average height of the flame, the average temperature of the flame and the shape of the flame are analyzed. The variations of the fire spread characteristic parameters of the building insulation materials are investigated. The results show that the average temperature of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) board, with different thickness, decrease - rise - decrease - increase. During the combustion process, the fire of 4cm thick plate spreads faster.

How EPA's Asbestos Regulations Apply to Residential Buildings Used for Fire Training

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Memos and guidance from the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards that clarify how the Asbestos National Emissions Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants applies to residential buildings used for fire training, also known as acquired structures.

Fire Safety Technician

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moore, Pam

2007-01-01

Fire protection is one of the most important considerations in the construction and operation of industrial plants and commercial buildings. Fire insurance rates are determined by fire probability factors, such as the type of construction, ease of transporting personnel, and the quality and quantity of fire protection equipment available. Because…

The Schoolhouse Is Raining

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yee, Roger

1974-01-01

Built into 26 new Chicago school designs are two features: physical plants offering educators latitude to remove nearly all internal partitions for open plan teaching or to return to a traditional "eggorate" format if need be; and a new fire control technology placing a building on electronic alert for immediate reaction to dangerous symptoms with…

Brevard Top Scholars

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-05-05

About 40 Brevard County high school seniors attended Brevard Top Scholars Day at Kennedy Space Center on May 5. Kennedy's Office of Education coordinated the event that featured a special behind-the-scenes tour of Kennedy, including prototype shops, cryogenic labs and facilities such as the Vehicle Assembly Building and the Launch Control Center firing rooms.

Brevard Top Scholars

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-05-05

About 40 Brevard County high school seniors take in the enormity of the Vehicle Assembly Building during Brevard Top Scholars Day on May 5. Kennedy's Office of Education coordinated the event that featured a special behind-the-scenes tour of Kennedy, including prototype shops, cryogenic labs and the Launch Control Center firing rooms.

Application of petrographic examination techniques to the assessment of fire-damaged concrete and masonry structures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ingham, Jeremy P., E-mail: inghamjp@halcrow.com

The number of building fires has doubled over the last 50 years. There has never been a greater need for structures to be assessed for fire damage to ensure safety and enable appropriate repairs to be planned. Fortunately, even after a severe fire, concrete and masonry structures are generally capable of being repaired rather than demolished. By allowing direct examination of microcracking and mineralogical changes, petrographic examination has become widely used to determine the depth of fire damage for reinforced concrete elements. Petrographic examination can also be applied to fire-damaged masonry structures built of materials such as stone, brick andmore » mortar. Petrography can ensure accurate detection of damaged geomaterials, which provides cost savings during building repair and increased safety reassurance. This paper comprises a review of the role of petrography in fire damage assessments, drawing on a range of actual fire damage investigations.« less

A Response Surface Methodology for Mitigating Hot Gasses in Enclosed Car Park

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Faiz Tharima, Ahmad; Zamri Yusoff, Mohd; Mujibur Rahman, Md

2017-12-01

A hot gas rise towards ceiling due to fire buoyancy will cause severe damage to the building structure. The temperature rises need to be controlled as among the elements of compliance in performance-based design. The channel flow between beams has used in this study to mitigate hot gases out of the enclosure by mean of response surface methodology. Fire Dynamic Simulator was employed as a simulation tool while the result was statistically examined using analysis of variance via Minitab application. It was found that the result was linear with predicted R2 (93.25%) and within the permissible R2 (98.13%). The ceiling height has been identified not affect in controlling hot gases while four control parameters which are beam spacing, transversal beam, extraction rate and longitudinal beam with p-values of 0.00, 0.000, 0.023 and 0.000 respectively, have been found to have the significant effect on the smoke temperature control. This study contributes a good input to the fire safety community in providing the initial design of enclosed car park with better condition.

Fire related hazards of cables: The Canadian position development of fire resistant inside wiring cable

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hartley, M. D.; Jaques, R. E.

1986-11-01

The Canadian Electrical Code and the National Building Code in Canada recognize only two designations in regards to fire resistance of cables; cables for use in combustible (residential) buildings and cables for use in non-combustible buildings. The Test standard for cables for non-combustible buildings resembles IEEE-383. However, it is more severe; particularly for small nonarmoured cables such as Inside Wiring Cable. This forthcoming requirement has necessitated material and product development. Although an Inside Wiring cable modification of both insulation and jacket was undertaken, the large volume fraction of combustible material in the jacket vis a vis the insulation made it the area of greatest impact. The paper outlines the development and its effect on cable performance.

OCULUS fire: a command and control system for fire management with crowd sourcing and social media interconnectivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thomopoulos, Stelios C. A.; Kyriazanos, Dimitris M.; Astyakopoulos, Alkiviadis; Dimitros, Kostantinos; Margonis, Christos; Thanos, Giorgos Konstantinos; Skroumpelou, Katerina

2016-05-01

AF3 (Advanced Forest Fire Fighting2) is a European FP7 research project that intends to improve the efficiency of current fire-fighting operations and the protection of human lives, the environment and property by developing innovative technologies to ensure the integration between existing and new systems. To reach this objective, the AF3 project focuses on innovative active and passive countermeasures, early detection and monitoring, integrated crisis management and advanced public information channels. OCULUS Fire is the innovative control and command system developed within AF3 as a monitoring, GIS and Knowledge Extraction System and Visualization Tool. OCULUS Fire includes (a) an interface for real-time updating and reconstructing of maps to enable rerouting based on estimated hazards and risks, (b) processing of GIS dynamic re-construction and mission re-routing, based on the fusion of airborne, satellite, ground and ancillary geolocation data, (c) visualization components for the C2 monitoring system, displaying and managing information arriving from a variety of sources and (d) mission and situational awareness module for OCULUS Fire ground monitoring system being part of an Integrated Crisis Management Information System for ground and ancillary sensors. OCULUS Fire will also process and visualise information from public information channels, social media and also mobile applications by helpful citizens and volunteers. Social networking, community building and crowdsourcing features will enable a higher reliability and less false alarm rates when using such data in the context of safety and security applications.

29 CFR 1926.155 - Definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... part, fire resistance shall be determined by the Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building... knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in fire fighting operations. (f) Fire resistance means so resistant to fire that, for specified...

29 CFR 1926.155 - Definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... part, fire resistance shall be determined by the Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building... knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in fire fighting operations. (f) Fire resistance means so resistant to fire that, for specified...

29 CFR 1926.155 - Definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... part, fire resistance shall be determined by the Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building... knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in fire fighting operations. (f) Fire resistance means so resistant to fire that, for specified...

29 CFR 1926.155 - Definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... part, fire resistance shall be determined by the Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building... knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in fire fighting operations. (f) Fire resistance means so resistant to fire that, for specified...

29 CFR 1926.155 - Definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... part, fire resistance shall be determined by the Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building... knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in fire fighting operations. (f) Fire resistance means so resistant to fire that, for specified...

KSC-2013-1073

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-01-11

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a new 12-inch water main is being installed as part of a water/wastewater revitalizing plan. The main will provide water to the area around the shuttle landing facility's Landing Aids Control Building and fire station. NASA’s space shuttle runway is a unique national asset designed to enable the recovery of the agency’s fleet of space shuttle orbiters. The shuttle landing facility is a single, 15,000-foot long concrete runway oriented to the southeast and northwest. Air traffic control is provided from a control tower built to FAA standards. Fire and emergency response services are also available from an onsite facility. For more information, visit http://kscpartnerships.ksc.nasa.gov/slf.htm Photo credit: NASA/Tim Jacobs

KSC-2013-1074

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-01-11

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a new 12-inch water main is being installed as part of a water/wastewater revitalizing plan. The main will provide water to the area around the shuttle landing facility's Landing Aids Control Building and fire station. NASA’s space shuttle runway is a unique national asset designed to enable the recovery of the agency’s fleet of space shuttle orbiters. The shuttle landing facility is a single, 15,000-foot long concrete runway oriented to the southeast and northwest. Air traffic control is provided from a control tower built to FAA standards. Fire and emergency response services are also available from an onsite facility. For more information, visit http://kscpartnerships.ksc.nasa.gov/slf.htm Photo credit: NASA/Tim Jacobs

KSC-2013-1077

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-01-11

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a new 12-inch water main is being installed as part of a water/wastewater revitalizing plan. The main will provide water to the area around the shuttle landing facility's Landing Aids Control Building and fire station. NASA’s space shuttle runway is a unique national asset designed to enable the recovery of the agency’s fleet of space shuttle orbiters. The shuttle landing facility is a single, 15,000-foot long concrete runway oriented to the southeast and northwest. Air traffic control is provided from a control tower built to FAA standards. Fire and emergency response services are also available from an onsite facility. For more information, visit http://kscpartnerships.ksc.nasa.gov/slf.htm Photo credit: NASA/Tim Jacobs

KSC-2013-1078

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-01-11

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a new 12-inch water main is being installed as part of a water/wastewater revitalizing plan. The main will provide water to the area around the shuttle landing facility's Landing Aids Control Building and fire station. NASA’s space shuttle runway is a unique national asset designed to enable the recovery of the agency’s fleet of space shuttle orbiters. The shuttle landing facility is a single, 15,000-foot long concrete runway oriented to the southeast and northwest. Air traffic control is provided from a control tower built to FAA standards. Fire and emergency response services are also available from an onsite facility. For more information, visit http://kscpartnerships.ksc.nasa.gov/slf.htm Photo credit: NASA/Tim Jacobs

KSC-2013-1075

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-01-11

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a new 12-inch water main is being installed as part of a water/wastewater revitalizing plan. The main will provide water to the area around the shuttle landing facility's Landing Aids Control Building and fire station. NASA’s space shuttle runway is a unique national asset designed to enable the recovery of the agency’s fleet of space shuttle orbiters. The shuttle landing facility is a single, 15,000-foot long concrete runway oriented to the southeast and northwest. Air traffic control is provided from a control tower built to FAA standards. Fire and emergency response services are also available from an onsite facility. For more information, visit http://kscpartnerships.ksc.nasa.gov/slf.htm Photo credit: NASA/Tim Jacobs

KSC-2013-1076

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-01-11

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – At NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a new 12-inch water main is being installed as part of a water/wastewater revitalizing plan. The main will provide water to the area around the shuttle landing facility's Landing Aids Control Building and fire station. NASA’s space shuttle runway is a unique national asset designed to enable the recovery of the agency’s fleet of space shuttle orbiters. The shuttle landing facility is a single, 15,000-foot long concrete runway oriented to the southeast and northwest. Air traffic control is provided from a control tower built to FAA standards. Fire and emergency response services are also available from an onsite facility. For more information, visit http://kscpartnerships.ksc.nasa.gov/slf.htm Photo credit: NASA/Tim Jacobs

14. Photocopy of1931 drawing titled: BUILDING 78, FIRE PROOF VAULTS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. Photocopy of1931 drawing titled: BUILDING 78, FIRE PROOF VAULTS FOR GENERAL FILES; PLAN, ELEVATION, SECTIONS. HABS photograph is an 8x10' contact print made from a high contrast copy negative of the original drawing in the collection of Department of Public Works, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, WA. - Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Administration Building, Farragut Avenue, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

Pre Incident Planning For The Los Alamos National Laboratory

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-01

laboratory was asked to design and build the world’s first atomic bomb . The Los Alamos Fire Department (LAFD) provides emergency response services to...Project: the newly established laboratory was asked to design and build the world’s first atomic bomb . The Los Alamos Fire Department (LAFD) provides...lower priority despite its importance to the responders’ scene safety.20 In a Carolina Fire Rescue EMS Journal article, retired New York City

Columbia Switches to Automatic Fire Detection

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gardner, John C.

1978-01-01

Columbia University has started a project that, in the first two phases, will provide an internal fire alarm system to residence halls and academic buildings. The third phase will be major structural changes to bring older academic buildings up to meet new life safety codes. (Author/MLF)

Building Codes and Regulations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fisher, John L.

The hazard of fire is of great concern to libraries due to combustible books and new plastics used in construction and interiors. Building codes and standards can offer architects and planners guidelines to follow but these standards should be closely monitored, updated, and researched for fire prevention. (DS)

Fire Inspection Guide for Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Virginia State Corp. Commission, Richmond.

A functional explanation of the "School Fire Prevention Inspection Form" is provided for use by local school and fire department personnel in the Virginia School Fire Prevention Inspection Program. Many helpful suggestions are made for safeguarding occupants of public school buildings from fire hazards. Items discussed are--(1) exit doors, (2)…

36 CFR 261.52 - Fire.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Fire. 261.52 Section 261.52... in Areas Designated by Order § 261.52 Fire. When provided by an order, the following are prohibited: (a) Building, maintaining, attending or using a fire, campfire, or stove fire. (b) Using an explosive...

36 CFR 261.52 - Fire.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Fire. 261.52 Section 261.52... in Areas Designated by Order § 261.52 Fire. When provided by an order, the following are prohibited: (a) Building, maintaining, attending or using a fire, campfire, or stove fire. (b) Using an explosive...

36 CFR 261.52 - Fire.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Fire. 261.52 Section 261.52... in Areas Designated by Order § 261.52 Fire. When provided by an order, the following are prohibited: (a) Building, maintaining, attending or using a fire, campfire, or stove fire. (b) Using an explosive...

36 CFR 261.52 - Fire.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fire. 261.52 Section 261.52... in Areas Designated by Order § 261.52 Fire. When provided by an order, the following are prohibited: (a) Building, maintaining, attending or using a fire, campfire, or stove fire. (b) Using an explosive...

Fire Safety. Managing School Facilities, Guide 6.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Department for Education and Employment, London (England). Architects and Building Branch.

This booklet discusses how United Kingdom schools can manage fire safety and minimize the risk of fire. The guide examines what legislation school buildings must comply with and covers the major risks. It also describes training and evacuation procedures and provides guidance on fire precautions, alarm systems, fire fighting equipment, and escape…

Simulation of Propagation of Compartment Fire on Building Facades

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simion, A.; Dragne, H.; Stoica, D.; Anghel, I.

2018-06-01

The façade fire simulation of buildings is carried out with Pyrosim numerical fire modeling program, following the implementation of a fire scenario in this simulation program. The scenario that was implemented in the Pyrosim program by researchers from the INCERC Fire Safety Research and Testing Laboratory complied with the requirements of BS 8414. The results obtained following the run of the computational program led to the visual validation of effluents at different time points from the beginning of the thermal load burning, as well as the validation in terms of recorded temperatures. It is considered that the results obtained are reasonable, the test being fully validated from the point of view of the implementation of the fire scenario, of the correct development of the effluents and of the temperature values [1].

Catalysts for cleaner combustion of coal, wood and briquettes sulfur dioxide reduction options for low emission sources

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, P.V.

1995-12-31

Coal fired, low emission sources are a major factor in the air quality problems facing eastern European cities. These sources include: stoker-fired boilers which feed district heating systems and also meet local industrial steam demand, hand-fired boilers which provide heat for one building or a small group of buildings, and masonary tile stoves which heat individual rooms. Global Environmental Systems is marketing through Global Environmental Systems of Polane, Inc. catalysts to improve the combustion of coal, wood or fuel oils in these combustion systems. PCCL-II Combustion Catalysts promotes more complete combustion, reduces or eliminates slag formations, soot, corrosion and somemore » air pollution emissions and is especially effective on high sulfur-high vanadium residual oils. Glo-Klen is a semi-dry powder continuous acting catalyst that is injected directly into the furnace of boilers by operating personnel. It is a multi-purpose catalyst that is a furnace combustion catalyst that saves fuel by increasing combustion efficiency, a cleaner of heat transfer surfaces that saves additional fuel by increasing the absorption of heat, a corrosion-inhibiting catalyst that reduces costly corrosion damage and an air pollution reducing catalyst that reduces air pollution type stack emissions. The reduction of sulfur dioxides from coal or oil-fired boilers of the hand fired stoker design and larger, can be controlled by the induction of the Glo-Klen combustion catalyst and either hydrated lime or pulverized limestone.« less

Investigation of occupational radiation exposures to NORM at an Irish peat-fired power station and potential use of peat fly ash by the construction industry.

PubMed

Organo, C; Lee, E M; Menezes, G; Finch, E C

2005-12-01

Annually, approximately 15% of Ireland's electricity requirement is provided through the combustion of 3 x 10(6) tonnes of peat. While the literature on coal-fired power generation is quite abundant, studies on the peat-fired power generation industry from a radiological point of view are scarce. A study of the largest Irish peat-fired power plant was initiated to review the potential occupational radiation exposures arising from the occurrence of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) at different stages of the industrial process and to investigate any radiological health consequences that may arise should peat fly ash be used as a component of building materials. Ambient gamma dose rate measurements, radon measurements, quantification of the occupational exposure from inhalation of airborne particles (personal air sampling) and gamma spectrometry analysis of peat, peat ash and effluent samples from the ash ponds were undertaken. The results indicate that the radiation dose received by any worker involved in the processing of the peat and the handling of the ash resulting from peat combustion does not exceed 150 microSv per annum. Regulatory control of the peat-fired power generation is therefore unnecessary according to the Irish legislation with regards to NORM. The potential use of peat fly ash as a by-product in the building industry was also found to have a negligible radiological impact for construction workers and for members of the public.

11. BUILDING 332, INTERIOR, WESTERN STOREROOM, FROM FIRE DOOR IN ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. BUILDING 332, INTERIOR, WESTERN STOREROOM, FROM FIRE DOOR IN EAST WALL, LOOKING WEST, WITH ENCLOSED OFFICE AREA (PHOTOS AA-7 &-8) BEYOND WALL ON RIGHT. - Oakland Naval Supply Center, Dry Provisions Storehouses, Between Third & Fourth Streets, Between G & L Street, Oakland, Alameda County, CA

Interactive effects of fire and large herbivores on web-building spiders.

PubMed

Foster, C N; Barton, P S; Wood, J T; Lindenmayer, D B

2015-09-01

Altered disturbance regimes are a major driver of biodiversity loss worldwide. Maintaining or re-creating natural disturbance regimes is therefore the focus of many conservation programmes. A key challenge, however, is to understand how co-occurring disturbances interact to affect biodiversity. We experimentally tested for the interactive effects of prescribed fire and large macropod herbivores on the web-building spider assemblage of a eucalypt forest understorey and investigated the role of vegetation in mediating these effects using path analysis. Fire had strong negative effects on the density of web-building spiders, which were partly mediated by effects on vegetation structure, while negative effects of large herbivores on web density were not related to changes in vegetation. Fire amplified the effects of large herbivores on spiders, both via vegetation-mediated pathways and by increasing herbivore activity. The importance of vegetation-mediated pathways and fire-herbivore interactions differed for web density and richness and also differed between web types. Our results demonstrate that for some groups of web-building spiders, the effects of co-occurring disturbance drivers may be mostly additive, whereas for other groups, interactions between drivers can amplify disturbance effects. In our study system, the use of prescribed fire in the presence of high densities of herbivores could lead to reduced densities and altered composition of web-building spiders, with potential cascading effects through the arthropod food web. Our study highlights the importance of considering both the independent and interactive effects of disturbances, as well as the mechanisms driving their effects, in the management of disturbance regimes.

Quantitative assessment of building fire risk to life safety.

PubMed

Guanquan, Chu; Jinhua, Sun

2008-06-01

This article presents a quantitative risk assessment framework for evaluating fire risk to life safety. Fire risk is divided into two parts: probability and corresponding consequence of every fire scenario. The time-dependent event tree technique is used to analyze probable fire scenarios based on the effect of fire protection systems on fire spread and smoke movement. To obtain the variation of occurrence probability with time, Markov chain is combined with a time-dependent event tree for stochastic analysis on the occurrence probability of fire scenarios. To obtain consequences of every fire scenario, some uncertainties are considered in the risk analysis process. When calculating the onset time to untenable conditions, a range of fires are designed based on different fire growth rates, after which uncertainty of onset time to untenable conditions can be characterized by probability distribution. When calculating occupant evacuation time, occupant premovement time is considered as a probability distribution. Consequences of a fire scenario can be evaluated according to probability distribution of evacuation time and onset time of untenable conditions. Then, fire risk to life safety can be evaluated based on occurrence probability and consequences of every fire scenario. To express the risk assessment method in detail, a commercial building is presented as a case study. A discussion compares the assessment result of the case study with fire statistics.

SOUTH FIRE HOUSE, ELEVATIONS AND DETAILS, BUILDING NO. 726. Navy ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

SOUTH FIRE HOUSE, ELEVATIONS AND DETAILS, BUILDING NO. 726. Navy Yard, Mare Island, CA. Y & D (Yards and Docks) drawing no. 282851, approved October 23, 194_ (year not given); file no. 726-CR-2; stamped "Record drawing to accompany technical report on contract no. 4550, project no. 16." Various scales. 71 cm x 86 cm. Ink on vellum. - Mare Island Naval Shipyard, South Fire Station, Railroad Avenue near Eighteenth Street, Vallejo, Solano County, CA

36 CFR 261.52 - Fire.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... (c) Smoking. (d) Smoking, except within an enclosed vehicle or building, a developed recreation site... concerning burning, fires or which is for the purpose of preventing, or restricting the spread of fires. [42...

Fire safety

Treesearch

Robert H. White; Mark A. Dietenberger

1999-01-01

Fire safety is an important concern in all types of construction. The high level of national concern for fire safety is reflected in limitations and design requirements in building codes. These code requirements are discussed in the context of fire safety design and evaluation in the initial section of this chapter. Since basic data on fire behavior of wood products...

Lab Fire Extinguishers: Here Today, Gone Tomorrow?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roy, Ken

2010-01-01

When renovations or new construction occur, fire extinguishers sometimes get lost in the mix. Unfortunately, whether to save money or because the fire code is misinterpreted, some schools do not install fire extinguishers in laboratories and other areas of the building. Let's set the record straight! If flammables are present, the fire code…

2. OBLIQUE VIEW OF WEST FRONT. The frames on an ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. OBLIQUE VIEW OF WEST FRONT. The frames on an angle originally held mirrors for viewing the tests from inside the building. Vertical frame originally held bullet glass. - Edwards Air Force Base, South Base Sled Track, Firing Control Blockhouse, South of Sled Track at east end, Lancaster, Los Angeles County, CA

29 CFR 1910.110 - Storage and handling of liquefied petroleum gases.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... dehydrators or dryers. (13) Ventilation, adequate—when specified for the prevention of fire during normal..., buildings, or separate fire divisions of buildings used exclusively for housing internal combustion engines..., diaphragms, etc., shall be of such quality as to be resistant to the action of liquefied petroleum gas under...

29 CFR 1910.110 - Storage and handling of liquefied petroleum gases.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... dehydrators or dryers. (13) Ventilation, adequate—when specified for the prevention of fire during normal..., buildings, or separate fire divisions of buildings used exclusively for housing internal combustion engines..., diaphragms, etc., shall be of such quality as to be resistant to the action of liquefied petroleum gas under...

29 CFR 1910.110 - Storage and handling of liquefied petroleum gases.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... dehydrators or dryers. (13) Ventilation, adequate—when specified for the prevention of fire during normal..., buildings, or separate fire divisions of buildings used exclusively for housing internal combustion engines..., diaphragms, etc., shall be of such quality as to be resistant to the action of liquefied petroleum gas under...

Fire! What One College Did when Fire Struck--Twice.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Renner, Tom

1980-01-01

A large fire in a main administration building at Hope College (Michigan) destroyed many records, though not all. The crisis plan used to disseminate information about the fire and its results is described and both the problems and positive results are reviewed. (MSE)

FireStem2D — A two-dimensional heat transfer model for simulating tree stem injury in fires

Treesearch

Efthalia K. Chatziefstratiou; Gil Bohrer; Anthony S. Bova; Ravishankar Subramanian; Renato P.M. Frasson; Amy Scherzer; Bret W. Butler; Matthew B. Dickinson

2013-01-01

FireStem2D, a software tool for predicting tree stem heating and injury in forest fires, is a physically-based, two-dimensional model of stem thermodynamics that results from heating at the bark surface. It builds on an earlier one-dimensional model (FireStem) and provides improved capabilities for predicting fire-induced mortality and injury before a fire occurs by...

SOUTH FIRE HOUSE, PLANS AND DETAILS, BUILDING NO. 726 (Also ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

SOUTH FIRE HOUSE, PLANS AND DETAILS, BUILDING NO. 726 (Also includes a plot plan). Navy Yard, Mare Island, CA. Y & D (Yards and Docks) drawing no. 282850, approved October 23, 194_ (year not given); file no. 726-CR-1; stamped "Record drawing to accompany technical report on contract no. 4550, project no. 16." Various scales. 71 cm x 86 cm. Ink on vellum. - Mare Island Naval Shipyard, South Fire Station, Railroad Avenue near Eighteenth Street, Vallejo, Solano County, CA

SOUTH FIRE HOUSE, FIRST FLOOR FRAMING AND DETAILS, BUILDING NO. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

SOUTH FIRE HOUSE, FIRST FLOOR FRAMING AND DETAILS, BUILDING NO. 726 (Also includes a foundation plan). Navy Yard, Mare Island, CA. Y & D (Yards & Docks) drawing no. 282852, approved October 22, 194_ (year not given); file no. 726-S-1; stamped "Record drawing to accompany technical report on contract no. 4550, project no. 16." Various scales. 71 cm x 86 cm. Ink on vellum. - Mare Island Naval Shipyard, South Fire Station, Railroad Avenue near Eighteenth Street, Vallejo, Solano County, CA

The breakdown of an emergency system following a gas explosion in Osaka and the subsequent resolution of problems.

PubMed

Ishida, T; Ohta, M; Sugimoto, T

1985-01-01

Osaka, a modern urban metropolis in Japan, experienced a tragic gas explosion in 1970 when the dispatch room of the City Fire Department was in the process of being moved to a new building. Many unforseen problems arose during this disaster: eg, there was an overall lack of leadership, confusion of communication, a need for triage, and lack of control of mass media. The Osaka Medical Association organized a committee to resolve these problems. Their conclusions and recommendations were that a control headquarters be established at the scene of disaster, the number of ambulances and EMTs be increased, disaster tags be utilized, a special radio frequency be created, and a computer-aided command and control system for fire fighting and ambulance services be introduced. These recommendations have all been followed.

Fire safety of wood construction

Treesearch

Robert H. White; Mark A. Dietenberger

2010-01-01

Fire safety is an important concern in all types of construction. The high level of national concern for fire safety is reflected in limitations and design requirements in building codes. These code requirements and related fire performance data are discussed in the context of fire safety design and evaluation in the initial section of this chapter. Because basic data...

Chapter 6: Fire damage of wood structures

Treesearch

B. Kukay; R.H. White; F. Woeste

2012-01-01

Depending on the severity, fire damage can compromise the structural integrity of wood structures such as buildings or residences. Fire damage of wood structures can incorporate several models that address (1) the type, cause, and spread of the fire, (2) the thermal gradients and fire-resistance ratings, and (3) the residual load capacity (Figure 6.1). If there is a...

Campus Fire Safety Today.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thompson, Mike

2001-01-01

Reviews information on recent college and university dormitory fire fatalities, and highlights five examples of building features reported to be major contributing factors in residence-hall fires. Explains how public awareness and expectations are affecting school dormitory safety. (GR)

Cornerstones: Building Rural America through Service Learning.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pace, Jerry

Students in a poor, rural county in South Carolina worked with their community to build a new volunteer fire station, enabling many residents to get fire insurance. The project enabled students to see the relevance of education and to be seen as solutions to problems rather than as problems, generated enthusiasm among students toward the community…

Design of structures against fire. Civil engineering/buildings, architecture

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Anchor, R.D.; Malhotra, H.L.; Purkiss, J.A.

1986-01-01

The book covers structural design criteria, along with background theory on fire protection methods for structures from a variety of materials, including timber, steel, and concrete. Research on the behavior of structural materials in the presence of fire is highlighted, and the need for fire-resistant materials is addressed.

Fire performance issues

Treesearch

S. M. Cramer; R. H. White

1997-01-01

The worldwide movement toward performance-based building codes is prompting the need for new computational methods to predict fire endurance of wood assemblies. Progress in the past twenty years in understanding fire endurance of individual solid wood components has been achieved in many different countries. The greatest opportunity for major advance in fire research...

Learning Fire Investigation the Clean Way: The Virtual Experience

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davies, Amanda; Dalgarno, Barney

2009-01-01

The effective teaching of fire investigation skills presents logistical challenges because of the difficulty of providing students with access to suitable fire damaged buildings so that they can undertake authentic investigation tasks. At Charles Sturt University (CSU), in the subject JST415, "Fire Investigation Cause and Origin…

Fire Prevention Inspection Procedures.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pribyl, Paul F.

Lesson plans are provided for a fire prevention inspection course of the Wisconsin Fire Service Training program. Objectives for the course are to enable students to describe and conduct fire prevention inspections, to identify and correct hazards common to most occupancies, to understand the types of building construction and occupancy, and to…

4. PRESERVED FACADE OF PENNSYLVANIA FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY BEING REINSTALLED ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. PRESERVED FACADE OF PENNSYLVANIA FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY BEING RE-INSTALLED IN ITS ORIGINAL SITE AMID THE NEW 21-STORY OFFICE BUILDING - Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Company, 508-510 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

3. PRESERVED FACADE OF PENNSYLVANIA FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY BEING REINSTALLED ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. PRESERVED FACADE OF PENNSYLVANIA FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY BEING RE-INSTALLED IN ITS ORIGINAL SITE AMID THE NEW 21-STORY OFFICE BUILDING - Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Company, 508-510 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

1. GENERAL VIEW AND FRONT (NORTH) ELEVATION OF PENNSYLVANIA FIRE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. GENERAL VIEW AND FRONT (NORTH) ELEVATION OF PENNSYLVANIA FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, BEFORE DISMANTLING OF THE FACADE AND DEMOLITION OF THE BUILDING - Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Company, 508-510 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

Observing The Dynamics Of Wildland Grass Fires: FireFlux -A Field Validation Experiment

Treesearch

Craig B. Clements; Shiyuan Zhong; Scott Goodrick; Ju Li; Xindi Bian; Warren E. Heilman; Joseph J. Charney; Ryan Perna; Meongdo Jang; Daegyun Lee; Monica Patel; Susan Street; Glenn Aumann

2007-01-01

Grass fires, although not as intense as forest fires, present a major threat to life and property during periods of drought in the Great Plains of the United States. Recently, major wildland grass fires in Texas burned nearly 1.6 million acres and destroyed over 730 homes and 1320 other buildings. The fires resulted in the death of 19 people, an estimated loss of 10,...

Effectiveness of fire-retardant treatments for shingles after 10 years of outdoor weathering

Treesearch

S. L. LeVan; C. A. Holmes

Some building codes require wood shingles to be fire-retardant treated. Because exterior fire-retardant treatments are subjected to weathering, treatment durability and leach resistance are critical for insuring adequate fire protection. We examined the effectiveness of various fire-retardant treatments on wood after 0, 2, 5, and 10 years of outdoor exposure. We used a...

Building capacity for awareness and risk factor identification in the community: the blood pressure assessment program of the Calgary Fire Department.

PubMed

Campbell, N R; Jeffrey, P; Kiss, K; Jones, C; Anton, A R

2001-12-01

In 1995, the Calgary Fire Department developed a program to assess blood pressure in community fire stations, selected businesses and public venues. The program has gradually expanded. Currently, all 30 fire stations across Calgary, Alberta assess blood pressures for the public seven days per week throughout the year. Since 1995, there have been 10,883 measurements in 3477 people. Most people (2106) assessed had hypertensive readings, and 72 had readings greater than 220 mmHg systolic or greater than 120 mmHg diastolic, and were referred for immediate medical assessment. The program has been recently integrated into a more global vision for the prevention and control of cardiovascular disease in Calgary. Future plans include offering lipid assessments, assisting other communities to adopt the program and using the program to provide physical measures (of blood pressure, glucose, total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, height and weight) to an ongoing questionnaire that surveys the health of Calgarians. The history of the program, its training methods, quality control, preliminary results and future plans are presented in detail to provide an example of a community-based program that could aid in the detection, monitoring and awareness of hypertension.

2. VIEW OF THE GLOVE BOX WHERE, ON SEPTEMBER 11, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. VIEW OF THE GLOVE BOX WHERE, ON SEPTEMBER 11, 1957, A FIRE STARTED. THE FIRE SPREAD TO THE REST OF THE BUILDING, RESULTING IN THE TRANSFER OF PLUTONIUM FOUNDRY, FABRICATION, AND ASSEMBLY OPERATIONS TO BUILDING 776/777. (9/16/57) - Rocky Flats Plant, Plutonium Recovery & Fabrication Facility, North-central section of plant, Golden, Jefferson County, CO

Ignition and flame-growth modeling on realistic building and landscape objects in changing environments

Treesearch

Mark A. Dietenberger

2010-01-01

Effective mitigation of external fires on structures can be achieved flexibly, economically, and aesthetically by (1) preventing large-area ignition on structures by avoiding close proximity of burning vegetation; and (2) stopping flame travel from firebrands landing on combustible building objects. Using bench-scale and mid-scale fire tests to obtain flammability...

Bangladesh: currently the worst, but possibly the future's best.

PubMed

Brown, Garrett

2015-02-01

Garment workers in Bangladesh producing clothing for international brands have experienced repeated factory fires and building collapses in the last 10 years, resulting in more than 1,600 deaths and hundreds of disabling injuries. After the Tazreen Fashion fire in December 2012 and the Rana Plaza building collapse in April 2013, more than 190 international clothing brands and retailers signed an "Accord on Fire and Building Safety" with two international union federations. Full implementation of the provisions of the Accord would change "business as usual" in Bangladesh's garment industry and set a positive example for other countries and other industries with global supply chains. The components, challenges, and controversies of the Accord are detailed in the article. © 2015 SAGE Publications.

36 CFR § 910.37 - Fire and life safety.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... for fire and life safety and that all buildings be equipped with an approved sprinkler system. ... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true Fire and life safety. § 910... PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE DEVELOPMENT AREA Standards Uniformly Applicable to the Development Area § 910.37 Fire and...

Manual for Public School Facilities: Fire Prevention and Fire Inspection.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York State Education Dept., Albany. Bureau of Educational Management Services.

This manual is designed for use by New York public school administrators and facility inspectors, providing instruction for completing the state's Fire Safety Report. It provides background information and details about the State Fire Prevention and Building Code and regulations, and explains the inspection and enforcement processes. One-third of…

Fighting fire with fire: physicians blazing new paths to autonomy.

PubMed

Vavala, D

1995-04-01

Thousands of physicians around the country have stopped complaining about being burned by the system and have started reengineering their destinies. They're building super IPAs, forming and operating HMOs, and joining unions to represent their rights in a growing grassroots physician effort to regain control. These physicians have thumbed their noses at managed care companies they say have drastically cut reimbursements, arbitrarily dropped them from panels, dictated utilization, and cost them patients. They're tired of working harder and earning less and frustrated by sacrificing quality in the name of cost reduction. And they have learned that there are ways to prevail.

Understanding the effects of fire management practices on forest health: implications for weeds and vegetation structure

Treesearch

Anne E. Black; Peter Landres

2012-01-01

Current fire policy to restore ecosystem function and resiliency and reduce buildup of hazardous fuels implies a larger future role for fire (both natural and human ignitions) (USDA Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior 2000). Yet some fire management (such as building fire line, spike camps, or helispots) potentially causes both short- and longterm...

The role of prescribed burn associations in the application of prescribed fires in rangeland ecosystems.

PubMed

Toledo, David; Kreuter, Urs P; Sorice, Michael G; Taylor, Charles A

2014-01-01

Risk and liability concerns regarding fire affect people's attitudes toward fire and have led to human-induced alterations of fire regimes. This has, in turn, contributed to brush encroachment and degradation of many grasslands and savannas. Efforts to successfully restore such degraded ecosystems at the landscape scale in regions of the United States with high proportions of private lands require the reintroduction of fire. Prescribed Burn Associations (PBA) provide training, equipment, and labor to apply fire safely, facilitating the application of this rangeland management tool and thereby reducing the associated risk. PBAs help build networks and social capital among landowners who are interested in using fire. They can also change attitudes toward fire and enhance the social acceptability of using prescribed fire as a management practice. PBAs are an effective mechanism for promoting the widespread use of prescribed fire to restore and maintain the biophysical integrity of grasslands and savannas at the landscape scale. We report findings of a project aimed at determining the human dimensions of using prescribed fire to control woody plant encroachment in three different eco-regions of Texas. Specifically, we examine membership in PBAs as it relates to land manager decisions regarding the use of prescribed fire. Perceived risk has previously been identified as a key factor inhibiting the use of prescribed fire by landowners. Our results show that perceived constraints, due to lack of skill, knowledge, and access to equipment and membership in a PBAs are more important factors than risk perceptions in affecting landowner decisions about the use of fire. This emphasizes the potential for PBAs to reduce risk perceptions regarding the application of prescribed fire and, therefore, their importance for restoring brush-encroached grasslands and savannas. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Residence Hall Fires.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wright, Dorothy

1999-01-01

Discusses how one college's experience with a tragic fire in one of its residence halls prompted a reevaluation of its fire-prevention-and-response strategies. Staff training, sprinkler installation, new alarm systems, and exit hardware to help make building exiting more efficient are discussed. (GR)

Novel approach for extinguishing large-scale coal fires using gas-liquid foams in open pit mines.

PubMed

Lu, Xinxiao; Wang, Deming; Qin, Botao; Tian, Fuchao; Shi, Guangyi; Dong, Shuaijun

2015-12-01

Coal fires are a serious threat to the workers' security and safe production in open pit mines. The coal fire source is hidden and innumerable, and the large-area cavity is prevalent in the coal seam after the coal burned, causing the conventional extinguishment technology difficult to work. Foams are considered as an efficient means of fire extinguishment in these large-scale workplaces. A noble foam preparation method is introduced, and an original design of cavitation jet device is proposed to add foaming agent stably. The jet cavitation occurs when the water flow rate and pressure ratio reach specified values. Through self-building foaming system, the high performance foams are produced and then infused into the blast drilling holes at a large flow. Without complicated operation, this system is found to be very suitable for extinguishing large-scale coal fires. Field application shows that foam generation adopting the proposed key technology makes a good fire extinguishment effect. The temperature reduction using foams is 6-7 times higher than water, and CO concentration is reduced from 9.43 to 0.092‰ in the drilling hole. The coal fires are controlled successfully in open pit mines, ensuring the normal production as well as the security of personnel and equipment.

Photocopy of drawing (this photograph is an 8" x 10" ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photocopy of drawing (this photograph is an 8" x 10" copy of an 8" x 10" negative; 1983 original architectural drawing located at Building No. 458, NAS Pensacola, Florida) CORRECT FIRE/SAFETY DEFICIENCIES, BUILDING NO. 1, FIRE PROTECTION CEILING PLANS, SHEET 2 OF 3 - U.S. Naval Air Station, Ship Carpenter's Workshop, 368 South Avenue, Pensacola, Escambia County, FL

A foundation for initial attack simulation: the Fried and Fried fire containment model

Treesearch

Jeremy S. Fried; Burton D. Fried

2010-01-01

The Fried and Fried containment algorithm, which models the effect of suppression efforts on fire growth, allows simulation of any mathematically representable fire shape, provides for "head" and "tail" attack tactics as well as parallel attack (building fireline parallel to but at some offset distance from the free-burning fire perimeter, alone and...

Climate change, forests, fire, water, and fish: Building resilient landscapes, streams, and managers

Treesearch

Charles Luce; Penny Morgan; Kathleen Dwire; Daniel Isaak; Zachary Holden; Bruce Rieman

2012-01-01

Fire will play an important role in shaping forest and stream ecosystems as the climate changes. Historic observations show increased dryness accompanying more widespread fire and forest die-off. These events punctuate gradual changes to ecosystems and sometimes generate stepwise changes in ecosystems. Climate vulnerability assessments need to account for fire in their...

Proceedings. Association of Physical Plant Administrators of Universities and College Annual Meeting. (60th, Honolulu, Hawaii, April 7-12, 1973.)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Association of Physical Plant Administrators of Universities and Colleges, Washington, DC.

This presentation is comprised of 12 session papers and the text of a large institution experience exchange session dealing with various aspects of campus physical plant maintenance. Among the subjects covered are unionism; fire safety; air conditioning water treatment; cost and performance control; housekeeping consultants; Building design for…

Precision Strike Annual Programs Review

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-11

Deceleration and Stabilization Subsystem Squib Fire Unit Thermal Battery Electronic Safe and Arm Device Air Data Sensor Main ChargeControl Actuator Power ...platforms, and ground teams. • Powered , maneuverable, small, lightweight, accurate and lethal, with reduced risk of collateral damage. Raytheon Missile...requirements evolve, so will capability • Builds on powerful infrastructure • “Color of Money” timing is very different Traditional Approach Traditional IOC

Trends in Public Library Buildings.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Holt, Raymond M.

1987-01-01

Review of trends in public library buildings covers cycles in building activity; financial support; site selection; expansion, remodeling, or conversion of existing buildings; size of buildings; and such architectural concerns as flexible space, lighting, power, accommodation of computer systems, heat and ventilation, fire protection, security,…

High resolution mapping of development in the wildland-urban interface using object based image extraction.

PubMed

Caggiano, Michael D; Tinkham, Wade T; Hoffman, Chad; Cheng, Antony S; Hawbaker, Todd J

2016-10-01

The wildland-urban interface (WUI), the area where human development encroaches on undeveloped land, is expanding throughout the western United States resulting in increased wildfire risk to homes and communities. Although census based mapping efforts have provided insights into the pattern of development and expansion of the WUI at regional and national scales, these approaches do not provide sufficient detail for fine-scale fire and emergency management planning, which requires maps of individual building locations. Although fine-scale maps of the WUI have been developed, they are often limited in their spatial extent, have unknown accuracies and biases, and are costly to update over time. In this paper we assess a semi-automated Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) approach that utilizes 4-band multispectral National Aerial Image Program (NAIP) imagery for the detection of individual buildings within the WUI. We evaluate this approach by comparing the accuracy and overall quality of extracted buildings to a building footprint control dataset. In addition, we assessed the effects of buffer distance, topographic conditions, and building characteristics on the accuracy and quality of building extraction. The overall accuracy and quality of our approach was positively related to buffer distance, with accuracies ranging from 50 to 95% for buffer distances from 0 to 100 m. Our results also indicate that building detection was sensitive to building size, with smaller outbuildings (footprints less than 75 m 2 ) having detection rates below 80% and larger residential buildings having detection rates above 90%. These findings demonstrate that this approach can successfully identify buildings in the WUI in diverse landscapes while achieving high accuracies at buffer distances appropriate for most fire management applications while overcoming cost and time constraints associated with traditional approaches. This study is unique in that it evaluates the ability of an OBIA approach to extract highly detailed data on building locations in a WUI setting.

High resolution mapping of development in the wildland-urban interface using object based image extraction

USGS Publications Warehouse

Caggiano, Michael D.; Tinkham, Wade T.; Hoffman, Chad; Cheng, Antony S.; Hawbaker, Todd J.

2016-01-01

The wildland-urban interface (WUI), the area where human development encroaches on undeveloped land, is expanding throughout the western United States resulting in increased wildfire risk to homes and communities. Although census based mapping efforts have provided insights into the pattern of development and expansion of the WUI at regional and national scales, these approaches do not provide sufficient detail for fine-scale fire and emergency management planning, which requires maps of individual building locations. Although fine-scale maps of the WUI have been developed, they are often limited in their spatial extent, have unknown accuracies and biases, and are costly to update over time. In this paper we assess a semi-automated Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) approach that utilizes 4-band multispectral National Aerial Image Program (NAIP) imagery for the detection of individual buildings within the WUI. We evaluate this approach by comparing the accuracy and overall quality of extracted buildings to a building footprint control dataset. In addition, we assessed the effects of buffer distance, topographic conditions, and building characteristics on the accuracy and quality of building extraction. The overall accuracy and quality of our approach was positively related to buffer distance, with accuracies ranging from 50 to 95% for buffer distances from 0 to 100 m. Our results also indicate that building detection was sensitive to building size, with smaller outbuildings (footprints less than 75 m2) having detection rates below 80% and larger residential buildings having detection rates above 90%. These findings demonstrate that this approach can successfully identify buildings in the WUI in diverse landscapes while achieving high accuracies at buffer distances appropriate for most fire management applications while overcoming cost and time constraints associated with traditional approaches. This study is unique in that it evaluates the ability of an OBIA approach to extract highly detailed data on building locations in a WUI setting.

Fighting Fire with Fire.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Spoor, Dana L.

1996-01-01

School districts are integrating security and life-safety systems into school buildings to protect students and property. This proactive approach includes sprinkler systems, fire alarms, and security systems that monitor door movement. Some school districts that are incorporating the latest life-safety technology are in Missouri, Ohio, California,…

Thermodynamic analysis of a new conception of supplementary firing in a combined cycle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kotowicz, Janusz; Bartela, Łukasz; Balicki, Adrian

2010-10-01

The paper analyzes a new concept of integration of combined cycle with the installation of supplementary firing. The whole system was enclosed by thermodynamic analysis, which consists of a gas-steam unit with triple-pressure heat recovery steam generator. The system uses a determined model of the gas turbine and the assumptions relating to the construction features of steam-water part were made. The proposed conception involves building of supplementary firing installation only on part of the exhaust stream leaving the gas turbine. In the proposed solution superheater was divided into two sections, one of which was located on the exhaust gases leaving the installation of supplementary firing. The paper presents the results of the analyses of which the main aim was to demonstrate the superiority of the new thermodynamic concept of the supplementary firing over the classical one. For this purpose a model of a system was built, in which it was possible to carry out simulations of the gradual transition from a classically understood supplementary firing to the supplementary firing completely modified. For building of a model the GateCycle™ software was used.

Child Care Services and the NYS Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code: A Building Code Examination of Child Day Care Services Which Are Regulated by the NYS Department of Social Services with Particular Attention to Day Care Centers and the Role of the Local Authority Having Jurisdiction.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York State Div. of Code Enforcement and Administration, Albany.

This course manual details the Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code of New York State and how it affects child care services, particularly day care centers. The sections of the manual, each detailing a part of the code, are: (1) Introduction, Scope, Registration, and Definitions and Facilities Regulated by the New York Department of Social…

Assessing wildfire exposure in the Wildland-Urban Interface area of the mountains of central Argentina.

PubMed

Argañaraz, J P; Radeloff, V C; Bar-Massada, A; Gavier-Pizarro, G I; Scavuzzo, C M; Bellis, L M

2017-07-01

Wildfires are a major threat to people and property in Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) communities worldwide, but while the patterns of the WUI in North America, Europe and Oceania have been studied before, this is not the case in Latin America. Our goals were to a) map WUI areas in central Argentina, and b) assess wildfire exposure for WUI communities in relation to historic fires, with special emphasis on large fires and estimated burn probability based on an empirical model. We mapped the WUI in the mountains of central Argentina (810,000 ha), after digitizing the location of 276,700 buildings and deriving vegetation maps from satellite imagery. The areas where houses and wildland vegetation intermingle were classified as Intermix WUI (housing density > 6.17 hu/km 2 and wildland vegetation cover > 50%), and the areas where wildland vegetation abuts settlements were classified as Interface WUI (housing density > 6.17 hu/km 2 , wildland vegetation cover < 50%, but within 600 m of a vegetated patch larger than 5 km 2 ). We generated burn probability maps based on historical fire data from 1999 to 2011; as well as from an empirical model of fire frequency. WUI areas occupied 15% of our study area and contained 144,000 buildings (52%). Most WUI area was Intermix WUI, but most WUI buildings were in the Interface WUI. Our findings suggest that central Argentina has a WUI fire problem. WUI areas included most of the buildings exposed to wildfires and most of the buildings located in areas of higher burn probability. Our findings can help focus fire management activities in areas of higher risk, and ultimately provide support for landscape management and planning aimed at reducing wildfire risk in WUI communities. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Building Fire Behavior Analyst (FBAN) capability and capacity: Lessons learned From Victoria, Australia's Bushfire Behavior Predictive Services Strategy

Treesearch

K. E. Gibos; A. Slijepcevic; T. Wells; L. Fogarty

2015-01-01

Wildland fire managers must frequently make meaning from chaos in order to protect communities and infrastructure from the negative impacts of fire. Fire management personnel are increasingly turning to science to support their experience-based decision-making processes and to provide clear, confident leadership for communities frequently exposed to risk from wildfire...

First-order fire effects models for land Management: Overview and issues

Treesearch

Elizabeth D. Reinhardt; Matthew B. Dickinson

2010-01-01

We give an overview of the science application process at work in supporting fire management. First-order fire effects models, such as those discussed in accompanying papers, are the building blocks of software systems designed for application to landscapes over time scales from days to centuries. Fire effects may be modeled using empirical, rule based, or process...

Understanding the effects of fire management practices on forest health: Implications for weeds and vegetation structure (Project INT-F-04-01) [Chapter 14

Treesearch

Anne E. Black; Peter Landres

2011-01-01

Current fire policy to restore ecosystem function and resiliency and reduce buildup of hazardous fuels implies a larger future role for fire (both natural and human ignitions) (USDA and USDOI 2000). Yet some fire management (such as building fire line, spike camps, or heli-spots) potentially causes both short- and long-term impacts to forest health. In the short run,...

41 CFR 102-80.110 - What must an equivalent level of safety analysis indicate?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., and reliability of all building systems impacting fire growth, occupant knowledge of the fire, and... Management Federal Property Management Regulations System (Continued) FEDERAL MANAGEMENT REGULATION REAL PROPERTY 80-SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Accident and Fire Prevention Equivalent Level of Safety...

41 CFR 102-80.110 - What must an equivalent level of safety analysis indicate?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., and reliability of all building systems impacting fire growth, occupant knowledge of the fire, and... Management Federal Property Management Regulations System (Continued) FEDERAL MANAGEMENT REGULATION REAL PROPERTY 80-SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Accident and Fire Prevention Equivalent Level of Safety...

41 CFR 102-80.110 - What must an equivalent level of safety analysis indicate?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., and reliability of all building systems impacting fire growth, occupant knowledge of the fire, and... Management Federal Property Management Regulations System (Continued) FEDERAL MANAGEMENT REGULATION REAL PROPERTY 80-SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Accident and Fire Prevention Equivalent Level of Safety...

41 CFR 102-80.110 - What must an equivalent level of safety analysis indicate?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., and reliability of all building systems impacting fire growth, occupant knowledge of the fire, and... Management Federal Property Management Regulations System (Continued) FEDERAL MANAGEMENT REGULATION REAL PROPERTY 80-SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Accident and Fire Prevention Equivalent Level of Safety...

EARTH, WIND AND FIRE: BUILDING METEOROLOGICALLY-SENSITIVE BIOGENIC AND WILDLAND FIRE EMISSION ESTIMATES FOR AIR QUALITY MODELS

EPA Science Inventory

Emission estimates are important for ensuring the accuracy of atmospheric chemical transport models. Estimates of biogenic and wildland fire emissions, because of their sensitivity to meteorological conditions, need to be carefully constructed and closely linked with a meteorolo...

Final Environmental Assessment- Air Traffic Control Tower and Fire Station Pope AFB, NC

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-06-01

collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE JUN 2004 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00...of undeveloped land are located east of the base. Pope AFB covers approximately 2,140 acres, of which 151 acres are owned by the Air Force. The...protection against decreased visibility and damage to animals, crops , vegetation, and buildings. 4 PM2.s = Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in

Port Graham Community Building Biomass Heating Design Project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Norman, Patrick; Sink, Charles

Native Village of Port Graham completed preconstruction activities to prepare for construction and operations of a cord wood biomass heating system to five or more community buildings in Port Graham, Alaska. Project Description Native Village of Port Graham (NVPG) completed preconstruction activities that pave the way towards reduced local energy costs through the construction and operations of a cord wood biomass heating system. NVPG plans include installation of a GARN WHS 3200 Boiler that uses cord wood as fuel source. Implementation of the 700,000 Btu per hour output biomass community building heat utility would heat 5-community buildings in Port Graham,more » Alaska. Heating system is estimated to displace 85% of the heating fuel oil or 5365 gallons of fuel on an annual basis with an estimated peak output of 600,000 Btu per hour. Estimated savings is $15,112.00 per year. The construction cost estimate made to install the new biomass boiler system is estimated $251,693.47 with an additional Boiler Building expansion cost estimated at $97,828.40. Total installed cost is estimated $349,521.87. The WHS 3200 Boiler would be placed inside a new structure at the old community Water Plant Building site that is controlled by NVPG. Design of the new biomass heat plant and hot water loop system was completed by Richmond Engineering, NVPG contractor for the project. A hot water heat loop system running off the boiler is designed to be placed underground on lands controlled by NVPG and stubbed to feed hot water to existing base board heating system in the following community buildings: 1. Anesia Anahonak Moonin Health and Dental Clinic 2. Native Village of Port Graham offices 3. Port Graham Public Safety Building/Fire Department 4. Port Graham Corporation Office Building which also houses the Port Graham Museum and Head Start Center 5. North Pacific Rim Housing Authority Workshop/Old Fire Hall Existing community buildings fuel oil heating systems are to be retro-fitted to accommodate hot water from the proposed wood-burning GARN Boiler, once installed, and rely on the existing fuel oil-fired hot water heating equipment for backup. The boiler would use an estimated 125 bone dry tons, equivalent to 100 cords, woody biomass feedstock obtained from local lands per year. Project would use local labor as described in the Port Graham Biomass Project, report completed by Chena Power, Inc. and Winters and Associates as part of the in-kind support to the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) project for work on a project for State of Alaska’s Alaska Energy Authority (AEA). NVPG will likely initiate operations of the biomass boiler system even though several operational variations were studied. Obtaining the fuel source could be done by contractors, PGVC employees, or NVPG employees. Feeding the system would likely be done by NVPG employees. A majority of the buildings heated would be owned by NVPG. The PGVC office would be heated as well as the Old Fire Hall used as a workshop and storage area for North Pacific Rim Housing Authority. One methodology studied to charge for cost of utilizing the community building biomass system would use a percentage of use of hot water generated by the biomass hot water system based on past heating oil usage in relation to all buildings heated by biomass hot water. The method is better described in the Port Graham Biomass Project report. Fuel source agreements have been drafted to enter into agreements with area landowners. One Native allotment owner has asked Chugachmiut Forestry to begin a timber sale process to sell timber off her lands, specifically wind thrown timber that was determined to be of sufficient quantity to supply to the proposed biomass heating system for approximately 5-years. On NVPG’s behalf, Chugachmiut has presented to PGVC three different documents, attached, that could lead to a sale of woody biomass fuel for the project for up to 25-years, the expected life of the project. PGVC has signed a letter of intent to negotiate a sale of woody biomass material April 30, 2015. Chugachmiut Forestry has conducted two different field forest measurements of Native allotment lands and PGVC forest and timber lands. Lands deemed road accessible for biomass harvest were analyzed for this project. Forestry then conducted three different analyses and developed two reports to determine forest biomass on a tons per acre basis in addition to timber volume measurements taken for forest management purposes. Permits required were limited. For the biomass building, the Kenai Peninsula Borough did not require a permit. State of Alaska, Department of Public Safety, Division of Fire and Life Safety requires a plan review for fire and life safety requirements called an application for Fire and Life Safety Plan Review that would require a registered design professional to sign the document. State of Alaska State Forest Practices Act is required to be followed for any timber sale or harvest. This Act also requires consultation with Alaska Department of Fish and Game when operations are in close proximity or cross anadromous waters. Native allotment lands require following U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs timber sale contracting process and approval.« less

WASTE HANDLING BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DOCUMENT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

S.C. Khamamkar

2000-06-23

The Waste Handling Building Electrical System performs the function of receiving, distributing, transforming, monitoring, and controlling AC and DC power to all waste handling building electrical loads. The system distributes normal electrical power to support all loads that are within the Waste Handling Building (WHB). The system also generates and distributes emergency power to support designated emergency loads within the WHB within specified time limits. The system provides the capability to transfer between normal and emergency power. The system provides emergency power via independent and physically separated distribution feeds from the normal supply. The designated emergency electrical equipment will bemore » designed to operate during and after design basis events (DBEs). The system also provides lighting, grounding, and lightning protection for the Waste Handling Building. The system is located in the Waste Handling Building System. The system consists of a diesel generator, power distribution cables, transformers, switch gear, motor controllers, power panel boards, lighting panel boards, lighting equipment, lightning protection equipment, control cabling, and grounding system. Emergency power is generated with a diesel generator located in a QL-2 structure and connected to the QL-2 bus. The Waste Handling Building Electrical System distributes and controls primary power to acceptable industry standards, and with a dependability compatible with waste handling building reliability objectives for non-safety electrical loads. It also generates and distributes emergency power to the designated emergency loads. The Waste Handling Building Electrical System receives power from the Site Electrical Power System. The primary material handling power interfaces include the Carrier/Cask Handling System, Canister Transfer System, Assembly Transfer System, Waste Package Remediation System, and Disposal Container Handling Systems. The system interfaces with the MGR Operations Monitoring and Control System for supervisory monitoring and control signals. The system interfaces with all facility support loads such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, office, fire protection, monitoring and control, safeguards and security, and communications subsystems.« less

2. Historic American Buildings Survey, Theodore F. Dillon, Photographer, July, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. Historic American Buildings Survey, Theodore F. Dillon, Photographer, July, 1959 EXTERIOR, VIEW FROM SOUTHWEST. - Mutual Fire Insurance Company Building, Germantown Avenue & School House Lane, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

How wildfire risk is related to urban planning and Fire Weather Index in SE France (1990-2013).

PubMed

Fox, D M; Carrega, P; Ren, Y; Caillouet, P; Bouillon, C; Robert, S

2018-04-15

Wildfires burn >450,000ha of forest every year in Euro-Mediterranean countries. Many fires originate in the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) where housing density and weather conditions affect fire occurrence. Housing density is determined by long term land use policies while weather conditions evolve quickly. The first objective was to quantify the impacts of land use policy on WUI characteristics and fire risk in SE France during 1990-2012. The second objective was to quantify how Fire Weather Index (FWI) is related to fire occurrence. WUI was mapped from 1990, 1999, and 2012 building layers and crossed with a NDVI derived vegetation layer. In all, 12 WUI categories were derived: 4 building density classes and 3 vegetation layers. The I87 FWI was based on daily temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and soil water content. Despite a 30% increase in the number of new buildings, WUI area increased by only 5% as new housing filled in open space in existing WUI area. This trend can be linked to national level urban planning legislation and forest fire protection laws. Major driver variables determining housing location were aspect, slope, and distance to city centers. Fire frequency and burned area were nonlinearly related to FWI: 73% of the 99 fires occurred during weeks with FWI values ≥90 even though these accounted for only 44% of all weeks. Burned area was even more sensitive to FWI since 97% of total burned area occurred during weeks with mean FWI values ≥90. All days with burned areas >100ha had FWI values >150. The study demonstrated that WUI legislation can be an efficient tool to limit WUI fire risk. FWI results suggest the predicted increase in extreme summer heat events with global warming could increase burned area as firefighting resources are stretched beyond capacity. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

SAC ALERT AREA AND FLIGHT LINE BUILDINGS, LOOKING TOWARD RESERVE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

SAC ALERT AREA AND FLIGHT LINE BUILDINGS, LOOKING TOWARD RESERVE FIRE TEAM FACILITY (BUILDING 3001) (CENTER). VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. - Plattsburgh Air Force Base, U.S. Route 9, Plattsburgh, Clinton County, NY

Wood products : thermal degradation and fire

Treesearch

R.H. White; M.A. Dietenberger

2001-01-01

Wood is a thermally degradable and combustible material. Applications range from a biomass providing useful energy to a building material with unique properties. Wood products can contribute to unwanted fires and be destroyed as well. Minor amounts of thermal degradation adversely affect structural properties. Therefore, knowledge of the thermal degradation and fire...

36 CFR 910.37 - Fire and life safety.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... that all buildings be equipped with an approved sprinkler system. ... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Fire and life safety. 910.37... DEVELOPMENT AREA Standards Uniformly Applicable to the Development Area § 910.37 Fire and life safety. As a...

36 CFR 910.37 - Fire and life safety.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... that all buildings be equipped with an approved sprinkler system. ... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Fire and life safety. 910.37... DEVELOPMENT AREA Standards Uniformly Applicable to the Development Area § 910.37 Fire and life safety. As a...

Outdoorsman: Outdoor Cooking.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alberta Dept. of Agriculture, Edmonton.

This Outdoor Cookery manual provides information and instruction on the basic outdoor skills of building suitable cooking fires, handling fires safely, and storing food. The necessity of having the right kind of fire is stressed (high flames for boiling, low for stewing, and coals for frying and broiling). Tips on gauging temperature, what types…

Enhancing Fire Control Decision Making with the Patriot Cognitive Skills Trainer: Development and Validation

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-11-01

existing instruction. In addition, the methodology used to identify decision-triggers may be applied to other Army domains to develop instruction...ADDIE is an instructional design framework used as a descriptive guideline for building effective training and performance support tools. 3 In...and evaluate information, and create a solution—were Level Descriptive Terms Additional Examples Create Generating – hypothesizing Planning

Brevard Top Scholars

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-05-05

Kennedy Space Center Associate Director Kelvin Manning addresses about 40 Brevard County high school seniors regarding NASA's and Kennedy’s roles and missions during Brevard Top Scholars Day at Kennedy Space Center on May 5. Kennedy's Office of Education coordinated the event that featured a special behind-the-scenes tour of Kennedy, including prototype shops, cryogenic labs and facilities such as the Vehicle Assembly Building and the Launch Control Center firing rooms.

29 CFR 1926.154 - Temporary heating devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., unless otherwise permitted by the manufacturer's markings. (d) Solid fuel salamanders. Solid fuel salamanders are prohibited in buildings and on scaffolds. (e) Oil-fired heaters. (1) Flammable liquid-fired...

29 CFR 1926.154 - Temporary heating devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., unless otherwise permitted by the manufacturer's markings. (d) Solid fuel salamanders. Solid fuel salamanders are prohibited in buildings and on scaffolds. (e) Oil-fired heaters. (1) Flammable liquid-fired...

Airmanship on the Ground: How the Aviation Industry Can Fundamentally Change the Way First Responders Manage Complex Emergencies

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-01

a pre- shift briefmg. By building relationships with a police or fire counterpa1i during briefings and showing discipline on an emergency scene, the...reflect the benefit of instituting a pre-shift briefing. By building relationships with a police or fire counterpart during briefings and showing...ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I must acknowledge my loving and profoundly supportive wife

Examining the relationship between fire history and sudden oak death patterns: a case study in Sonoma County

Treesearch

Max A. Moritz; Dennis C. Odion

2006-01-01

Fire is often integral to forest ecology and can affect forest disease dynamics. Sudden oak death has spread across a large, fire-prone portion of California, killing large numbers of oaks and tanoaks and infecting most associated woody plants. Building on our earlier study of fire-disease dynamics, we examined spatial patterns of confirmed infections in relation to...

Fire development and wall endurance in sandwich and wood-frame structures

Treesearch

Carlton A. Holmes; Herbert W. Eickner; John J. Brenden; Curtis C. Peters; Robert H. White

1980-01-01

Large-scale fire tests were conducted on seven 16- by 24-foot structures. Four of these structures were of sandwich construction with cores of plastic or paper honeycomb and three were of wood-frame construction. The wasss were loaded to a computer design loading, and the fire endurance determined under a fire exposure from a typical building contents loading of 4-1/2...

Building a state prescribed fire program: experiences and lessons learned in Ohio

Treesearch

Michael Bowden

2009-01-01

Science continues to show the need for the use of prescribed fire in oak-dominated forests of the eastern United States. Fire is necessary to reduce competition by thin-barked species, allowing for the development of oak advance regeneration. Many agencies are beginning to apply this science by using prescribed fire to manage their oak forests. This paper examines the...

Remote Sensing of Chaparral Fire Potential: Case Study in Topanga Canyon, California.

DTIC Science & Technology

Remote sensing techniques, especially the use of color infrared aerial photography, provide a useful tool for fire hazard analysis, including interpetive information about fuel volumes, physiognomic plant groupings, the relationships of buildings to both natural and planted vegetation, and fire vulnerability of roofing materials. In addition, the behavior of the September, 1970 Wright Fire in the Topanga study area suggested the validity of the fire potential analysis which had been made prior to that conflagration.

The development of fire evaluation system for detention and correctional occupancies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nelson, H. E.; Shibe, A. J.

1984-12-01

A fire safety evaluation system for detention and correctional occupancies was developed. It can be used for determining if a facility has fire safety equivalent to that obtained by meeting the requirement of a given code. The system was calibrated for use with proposed chapters for detention and correctional occupancies of the Life Safety Code (1985). There are separate sets of requirements for each of four use conditions: one for zoned egress, one for zoned impeded egress, one for impeded egress, and one for contained. Within each set, there are two levels of evaluation: one for partially sprinklered and nonsprinklered buildings, and one for totally sprinklered buildings.

6. Historic American Buildings Survey, Theodore F. Dillon, Photographer, July, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. Historic American Buildings Survey, Theodore F. Dillon, Photographer, July, 1959 INTERIOR, FIRST FLOOR, MIDDLE ROOM, BLUE TILE FIREPLACE. - Mutual Fire Insurance Company Building, Germantown Avenue & School House Lane, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

4. Historic American Buildings Survey, Theodore F. Dillon, Photographer, July, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. Historic American Buildings Survey, Theodore F. Dillon, Photographer, July, 1959 DETAIL OF CAST TERRA COTTA PANELS AND CORNICE. - Mutual Fire Insurance Company Building, Germantown Avenue & School House Lane, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

Aircraft fire safety research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Botteri, Benito P.

1987-01-01

During the past 15 years, very significant progress has been made toward enhancing aircraft fire safety in both normal and hostile (combat) operational environments. Most of the major aspects of the aircraft fire safety problem are touched upon here. The technology of aircraft fire protection, although not directly applicable in all cases to spacecraft fire scenarios, nevertheless does provide a solid foundation to build upon. This is particularly true of the extensive research and testing pertaining to aircraft interior fire safety and to onboard inert gas generation systems, both of which are still active areas of investigation.

Spatial optimization of operationally relevant large fire confine and point protection strategies: Model development and test cases

Treesearch

Yu Wei; Matthew P. Thompson; Jessica R. Haas; Gregory K. Dillon; Christopher D. O’Connor

2018-01-01

This study introduces a large fire containment strategy that builds upon recent advances in spatial fire planning, notably the concept of potential wildland fire operation delineations (PODs). Multiple PODs can be clustered together to form a “box” that is referred as the “response POD” (or rPOD). Fire lines would be built along the boundary of an rPOD to contain a...

Creek and Rye Fires, Southern California

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-12-18

While the Thomas fire in Ventura County, CA is the largest and most destructive, several other smaller fires burned in the Los Angeles area. The Creek fire destroyed 123 buildings and consumed over 15,000 acres. The smaller Rye fire burned 6,000 acres and destroyed 9 structures. The image was acquired December 17, 2017, covers an area of 9.7 by 13.5 kilometers, and is located at 34.4 degrees north, 118.5 degrees west. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22149

Terahop and Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryStructural Fire RF Testing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Haugen, P; Pratt, G

The Georgia Public Safety Training Center's Live Fire Training Facility in Forsyth, GA is a three story structure constructed of rebar-reinforced concrete wall and floors. All the door and window coverings on the building are constructed of thick, plate metal to withstand the high temperatures generated inside the building during training exercises. All of the building's walls and floors are 1-foot thick, and regular concrete columns run up along the inside of the wall increasing the thickness to 20-inches in those locations. A center concrete staircase divides the structure in half. For typical exercises, fires are started in the backmore » right corner of the building on the first floor and in the front right corner on the second floor as shown in Figure 2. Due to the high heat generated during these exercises, measured at 300 F on the floor and 700 F near the ceilings, there were limited locations at which equipment could be placed that did not incorporate heat shielding, such as the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's UWB system. However, upon inspection of the building, two preferable locations were identified in which equipment could be placed that would be protected from the temperature extremes generated by the fires. These locations are identified in Figure 2 as the tested TX locations. These were preferred locations because, while they protected the hardware from temperature extremes, they also force the RF transmission path through the building to cross very near the fire locations and anticipated plasma generation regions. Both of the locations listed in Figure 2 were tested by the UWB equipment and found to be suitable deployment locations to establish a solid RF link for data collection. The transmission location on the first floor was ultimately chosen for use during the actual exercises because it was accessible to the data collection team during the exercises. This allowed them to remove the hardware once the testing was complete without having to wait for the entire day of exercises to complete. Unfortunately, RF transmission directly through the central location of the fire on the first floor was not possible, so the transmission path had to be shifted approximately 6-feet off the side of the fire's center. The corner where the fire was located on the first floor was re-enforced with a mixture of concrete and metal fibers for heat resistance. This material was highly reflective, permitting very little RF energy to pass through it. This phenomenon was also observed and verified by Terahop's testing, discussed in the next section. An image of these re-enforced walls and a close up of the actual wall material containing the metal fibers can bee seen in Figure 3.« less

GENERAL PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF THE EAST SIDE OF THE COMPLEX, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

GENERAL PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF THE EAST SIDE OF THE COMPLEX, VIEW LOOKING SOUTH WITH THE FIRE CACHE BUILDING, COMMUNICATIONS BUILDING, GRAPHICS BUILDING, FOREST PRACTICES BUILDING, AND THE K.O.G. (KEEP OREGON GREEN) BUILDING VISIBLE FROM LEFT TO RIGHT. - Oregon State Forester's Office Complex, 2600 State Street, Salem, Marion, OR

Fire fighting and its influence on the body.

PubMed

Rossi, René

2003-08-15

Working conditions for fire fighters can be described according to the environment temperature and the incident radiant heat flux. Measurements for this study in buildings for fire fighting training have shown that fire fighters are typically exposed to radiant heat fluxes of between 5 and 10 kWm(-2) during this kind of exercise. The heat load can nevertheless be much higher. In one case, 42 kWm(-2) was measured. The temperatures reached between 100 and 190 degrees C at 1 m above ground, going up to 278 degrees C in one case. Human trials have been performed with 17 fire fighters. After exercises (about 15 min) in a heated room, the mean core temperature of the fire fighters rose by 0.6 degrees C with a surrounding temperature of 31 degrees C and 1.0 degrees C with 38 degrees C. The sweat production varied from 0.7 to 2.1 lh(-1); 16% to 45% of sweat remained in the clothing layers. During the exercises in the training buildings, a mean of 48 degrees C has been measured between fire fighters' clothing and workwear. These conditions lead to an increase of the relative humidity in all the jackets up to 100%. When the fire fighters came out of the fire, the humidity remained at this level in the PVC coated jackets while it was in some cases strongly reduced in breathable jackets.

Assistant for Specifying Quality Software (ASQS) Mission Area Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-12-01

somewhat arbitrary, it was a reasonable and fast approach for partitioning the mission and software domains. The MAD builds on work done by Boeing Aerospace...Reliability ++ Reliability +++ Response 2: NO Discussion: A NO response implies intermittent burns -- most likely to perform attitude control functions...Propulsion Reliability +++ Reliability ++ 4-15 4.8.3 Query BT.3 Query: For intermittent thruster firing requirements, will the average burn time be less than

Component qualification and initial build of the AGT 100 advanced automotive gas turbine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, R. A.

1983-01-01

In advance of initial dynamometer testing of the AGT 100 engine, all prime components and subsystems were bench/rig tested. Included were compressor, combustor, turbines, regenerator, ceramic components, and electronic control system. Results are briefly reviewed. Initial engine buildup was completed and rolled-out for test cell installation in July 1982. Shakedown testing included motoring and sequential firing of the combustor's three fuel nozzles.

5. Historic American Buildings Survey, Theodore F. Dillon, Photographer, July, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. Historic American Buildings Survey, Theodore F. Dillon, Photographer, July, 1959 INTERIOR, FIRST FLOOR, FRONT DETAIL OF TERRA COTTA, BRICK AND TILE FIREPLACE. - Mutual Fire Insurance Company Building, Germantown Avenue & School House Lane, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

24 CFR 200.925c - Model codes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... below. (1) Model Building Codes—(i) The BOCA National Building Code, 1993 Edition, The BOCA National..., Administration, for the Building, Plumbing and Mechanical Codes and the references to fire retardant treated wood... number 2 (Chapter 7) of the Building Code, but including the Appendices of the Code. Available from...

24 CFR 200.925c - Model codes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... below. (1) Model Building Codes—(i) The BOCA National Building Code, 1993 Edition, The BOCA National..., Administration, for the Building, Plumbing and Mechanical Codes and the references to fire retardant treated wood... number 2 (Chapter 7) of the Building Code, but including the Appendices of the Code. Available from...

24 CFR 200.925c - Model codes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... below. (1) Model Building Codes—(i) The BOCA National Building Code, 1993 Edition, The BOCA National..., Administration, for the Building, Plumbing and Mechanical Codes and the references to fire retardant treated wood... number 2 (Chapter 7) of the Building Code, but including the Appendices of the Code. Available from...

Radio frequency security system, method for a building facility or the like, and apparatus and methods for remotely monitoring the status of fire extinguishers

DOEpatents

Runyon, Larry [Richland, WA; Gunter, Wayne M [Richland, WA; Gilbert, Ronald W [Gilroy, CA

2006-07-25

A system for remotely monitoring the status of one or more fire extinguishers includes means for sensing at least one parameter of each of the fire extinguishers; means for selectively transmitting the sensed parameters along with information identifying the fire extinguishers from which the parameters were sensed; and means for receiving the sensed parameters and identifying information for the fire extinguisher or extinguishers at a common location. Other systems and methods for remotely monitoring the status of multiple fire extinguishers are also provided.

Climate change presents increased potential for very large fires in the contiguous United States

Treesearch

R. Barbero; J. T. Abatzoglou; Sim Larkin; C. A. Kolden; B. Stocks

2015-01-01

Very large fires (VLFs) have important implications for communities, ecosystems, air quality and fire suppression expenditures. VLFs over the contiguous US have been strongly linked with meteorological and climatological variability. Building on prior modelling of VLFs (>5000 ha), an ensemble of 17 global climate models were statistically downscaled over the US...

Reaction-to-fire testing and modeling for wood products

Treesearch

Mark A. Dietenberger; Robert H. White

2001-01-01

In this review we primarily discuss our use of the oxygen consumption calorimeter (ASTM E1354 for cone calorimeter and ISO9705 for room/corner tests) and fire growth modeling to evaluate treated wood products. With recent development towards performance-based building codes, new methodology requires engineering calculations of various fire growth scenarios. The initial...

Mechanical properties of gypsum board at elevated temperatures

Treesearch

S.M. Cramer; O.M. Friday; R.H. White; G. Sriprutkiat

2003-01-01

Gypsum board is a common fire barrier used in house and general building construction. Recently, evaluation of the collapses of the World Trade Center Towers highlighted the potential role and failure of gypsum board in containing the fires and resisting damage. The use of gypsum board as primary fire protection of light-flame wood or steel construction is ubiquitous....

38 CFR 17.81 - Contracts for residential treatment services for veterans with alcohol or drug dependence or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) Meet fire safety requirements as follows: (i) The building must meet the requirements in the applicable...) Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed, inspected, and maintained in accordance with NFPA 10... 101. (vi) An annual fire and safety inspection shall be conducted at the halfway house or residential...

38 CFR 17.81 - Contracts for residential treatment services for veterans with alcohol or drug dependence or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) Meet fire safety requirements as follows: (i) The building must meet the requirements in the applicable...) Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed, inspected, and maintained in accordance with NFPA 10... 101. (vi) An annual fire and safety inspection shall be conducted at the halfway house or residential...

Afghan Ministry of Defense Headquarters: $154.7 Million Building Appears Well Built, but Has Several Construction Issues that Should Be Assessed

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-01

complete breaks in the floors, walls, and ceilings that divide the building into discrete sections. The objectives of this inspection were to... ceiling panels, as well as fire suppression pumps, fire alarms, and communications lines. We found other deficiencies not identified by AFCEC that...structural components suspended from the ceiling or floor above, such as heating/cooling equipment, duct work, dropped ceilings , electrical fixtures

Fire tests to evaluate the potential fire threat and its effects on HEPA filter integrity in cell ventilation at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Building 7920

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hasegawa, H.K.; Staggs, K.J.; Doughty, S.M.

1992-12-01

As a result of a DOE (Tiger Team) Technical Safety Appraisal (November 1990) of the Radiochemical Engineering Development Center (REDC), ORNL Building 7920, a number of fire protection concerns were identified. The primary concern was the perceived loss of ventilation system containment due to the thermal destruction and/or breaching of the prefilters and/or high-efficiency particulate air filters (HEPA `s) and the resultant radioactive release to the external environment. The following report describes the results of an extensive fire test program performed by the Fire Research Discipline (FRD) of the Special Projects Division of Lawrence Livermore National Lab (LLNL) and fundedmore » by ORNL to address these concerns. Full scale mock-ups of a REDC hot cell tank pit, adjacent cubicle pit, and associated ventilation system were constructed at LLNL and 13 fire experiments were conducted to specifically answer the questions raised by the Tiger Team. Our primary test plan was to characterize the burning of a catastrophic solvent spill (kerosene) of 40 liters and its effect on the containment ventilation system prefilters and HEPA filters. In conjunction with ORNL and Lockwood Greene we developed a test matrix that assessed the fire performance of the prefilters and HEPA filters; evaluated the fire response of the fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) epoxy ventilation duct work; the response and effectiveness of the fire protection system, the effect of fire in a cubicle on the vessel off-gas (VOG) elbow, and other fire safety questions.« less

The relative role of Amazonian and non-Amazonian fires in building up the aerosol optical depth in South America: A five year study (2005-2009)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Castro Videla, Fernando; Barnaba, Francesca; Angelini, Federico; Cremades, Pablo; Gobbi, Gian Paolo

2013-03-01

In South America (SA) biomass burning is the major source of atmospheric aerosols. Fires are mostly registered in the dry season (July-November) and are mainly concentrated in the Amazonia and Cerrado regions. Nonetheless, the growing systematic employment of fires for land clearing and pasture maintenance across the SA continent is introducing other, potentially significant, sources of BB aerosols. This study investigates the relative contributions of different SA biomass burning regions in building up the continental aerosol load. To this purpose, the SA continent is divided into four biomass burning source regions and their impact on the aerosol optical depth (AOD) is evaluated in eight different SA target domains. The dataset used includes multi-year (2005-2009) satellite observations of both aerosol and fires and model-based atmospheric trajectories. The methodology followed couples fire counts and atmospheric transport through the definition of a specific quantity, referred to as ‘fire weighted residence time’ (FWRT), which is used to assess the contribution of the four identified fire source regions to the continental aerosol load. Results show that local fires play an important role in building up the regional aerosols load all over SA. Nevertheless, in some regions, contribution of BB aerosols transported from outside their boundaries is comparable to the local one. The major ‘smoke exporter’ regions are found to be the eastern Brazil and the Amazonia-Cerrado regions. In the dry season, due to the typical continental circulation pattern, the first is estimated to contribute to half of the AOD in Northern Amazonia, Southern Amazonia and Cerrado regions, while over 30% of the AOD in Paraguay and North Argentina derives from the Amazonia-Cerrado fires. Due to the presence of the inter-tropical convergence zone, which decouples wind circulation of the two hemispheres, regions north of the Equator (Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname) are found to receive almost no contribution to the local AOD from fires occurring in the nearby active regions of Amazonia and Caatinga. Similarly, Venezuela fires are shown not to impact the Northern Amazonia AOD. Finally, in excluding the continental fire driver of some AOD enhancements observed in the wet season, this study indirectly points to an important role of aerosol transoceanic transport from Africa.

24. INTERIOR, DETAIL, FIRE FRAME, REVERSE SIDE (INSCRIPTION: 'J. E. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

24. INTERIOR, DETAIL, FIRE FRAME, REVERSE SIDE (INSCRIPTION: 'J. E. JACKSON/NEW YORK/PATENT/1853/NO. 98') - U.S. Soldiers Home, Scott Building, Rock Creek Church Road & Upshur Street Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia, DC

Experimental validation of finite element model analysis of a steel frame in simulated post-earthquake fire environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Ying; Bevans, W. J.; Xiao, Hai; Zhou, Zhi; Chen, Genda

2012-04-01

During or after an earthquake event, building system often experiences large strains due to shaking effects as observed during recent earthquakes, causing permanent inelastic deformation. In addition to the inelastic deformation induced by the earthquake effect, the post-earthquake fires associated with short fuse of electrical systems and leakage of gas devices can further strain the already damaged structures during the earthquakes, potentially leading to a progressive collapse of buildings. Under these harsh environments, measurements on the involved building by various sensors could only provide limited structural health information. Finite element model analysis, on the other hand, if validated by predesigned experiments, can provide detail structural behavior information of the entire structures. In this paper, a temperature dependent nonlinear 3-D finite element model (FEM) of a one-story steel frame is set up by ABAQUS based on the cited material property of steel from EN 1993-1.2 and AISC manuals. The FEM is validated by testing the modeled steel frame in simulated post-earthquake environments. Comparisons between the FEM analysis and the experimental results show that the FEM predicts the structural behavior of the steel frame in post-earthquake fire conditions reasonably. With experimental validations, the FEM analysis of critical structures could be continuously predicted for structures in these harsh environments for a better assistant to fire fighters in their rescue efforts and save fire victims.

Nano-fibrillated cellulose-hydroxyapatite based composite foams with excellent fire resistance.

PubMed

Guo, Wenwen; Wang, Xin; Zhang, Ping; Liu, Jiajia; Song, Lei; Hu, Yuan

2018-09-01

Thermally insulating materials made from renewable resources are desirable for energy efficient buildings. Traditional petroleum-derived insulating materials such as rigid polyurethane foam and expanded polystyrene display poor flame retardancy and inorganic insulating materials such as silica aerogel are fragile. Herein, we reported a facile approach to prepare cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-hydroxyapatite (HAP) composite foam by a simple freeze-drying process. The resultant HAP-CNF composite foams showed a thermal conductivity in the range of 38.5-39.1 mW/(m K) and very low peak heat release rate (20.4 kW/m 2 ) and total heat release (1.21 MJ/m 2 ). Vertical burning tests also manifested excellent fire resistance and self-extinguishing behaviours. Considering the excellent fire resistance of this composite foam, it is of significance to fire safety solution for buildings insulating materials. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Design of AN Intelligent Individual Evacuation Model for High Rise Building Fires Based on Neural Network Within the Scope of 3d GIS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Atila, U.; Karas, I. R.; Turan, M. K.; Rahman, A. A.

2013-09-01

One of the most dangerous disaster threatening the high rise and complex buildings of today's world including thousands of occupants inside is fire with no doubt. When we consider high population and the complexity of such buildings it is clear to see that performing a rapid and safe evacuation seems hard and human being does not have good memories in case of such disasters like world trade center 9/11. Therefore, it is very important to design knowledge based realtime interactive evacuation methods instead of classical strategies which lack of flexibility. This paper presents a 3D-GIS implementation which simulates the behaviour of an intelligent indoor pedestrian navigation model proposed for a self -evacuation of a person in case of fire. The model is based on Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) which is one of the most preferred artificial neural network architecture in classification and prediction problems. A sample fire scenario following through predefined instructions has been performed on 3D model of the Corporation Complex in Putrajaya (Malaysia) and the intelligent evacuation process has been realized within a proposed 3D-GIS based simulation.

Highly Flexible Superhydrophobic and Fire-Resistant Layered Inorganic Paper.

PubMed

Chen, Fei-Fei; Zhu, Ying-Jie; Xiong, Zhi-Chao; Sun, Tuan-Wei; Shen, Yue-Qin

2016-12-21

Traditional paper made from plant cellulose fibers is easily destroyed by either liquid or fire. In addition, the paper making industry consumes a large amount of natural trees and thus causes serious environmental problems including excessive deforestation and pollution. In consideration of the intrinsic flammability of organics and minimizing the effects on the environment and creatures, biocompatible ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires are an ideal building material for inorganic fire-resistant paper. Herein, a new kind of free-standing, highly flexible, superhydrophobic, and fire-resistant layered inorganic paper has been successfully prepared using ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires as building blocks after the surface modification with sodium oleate. During the vacuum filtration, ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires assemble into self-roughened setalike microfibers, avoiding the tedious fabrication process to construct the hierarchical structure; the self-roughened microfibers further form the inorganic paper with a nacrelike layered structure. We have demonstrated that the layered structure can significantly improve the resistance to mechanical destruction of the as-prepared superhydrophobic paper. The as-prepared superhydrophobic and fire-resistant inorganic paper shows excellent nonflammability, liquid repellency to various commercial drinks, high thermal stability, and self-cleaning property. Moreover, we have explored the potential applications of the superhydrophobic and fire-resistant inorganic paper as a highly effective adsorbent for oil/water separation, fire-shielding protector, and writing paper.

29. Aerial photograph (1973) looking south across Gould Island. Firing ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

29. Aerial photograph (1973) looking south across Gould Island. Firing pier (still possessing third and fourth levels) in foreground. Pitched roof extending from south end of firing pier marks location of frame approach between pier and shop building (center rear) and power plant (to right of shop). Photo courtesy of Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Newport, Rhode Island. - Naval Torpedo Station, Firing Pier, North end of Gould Island in Narragansett Bay, Newport, Newport County, RI

North American approach to smoke management.

PubMed

Klote, J H

1999-03-01

The term smoke is used to mean the airborne products of combustion and air that is mixed with those products. A smoke control system is used to mean a system intended to manage smoke by pressurisation, and smoke management system is a broader term that includes systems that use any combination of compartmentation, dilution, air flow, pressurization or buoyancy. Smoke control systems include zoned smoke control, pressurized stairwells, and elevator smoke control. Over the past few decades there have been a number of full scale fire tests that demonstrate that pressure differences can prevent smoke migration from the low pressure side to the high pressure side of a barrier. While there are equations that can be used for smoke control design, network computer models can account for the effects of complex building leakage paths. For simplicity the term atrium was used in this paper in a generic sense to mean almost any large space (such as arcades, sports arenas, and exhibition halls). In North America most atria rely on sprinkler protection for spaces connected to the atrium and fan powered exhaust at or near the top of the atrium. Because the ability of sprinklers to suppress fires in spaces with ceilings higher than about 11m is limited, smoke exhaust is especially important for fires that start in the atrium. Equations and computer zone models can be used for the design of atrium exhaust systems. When these approaches are inappropriate, CFD modelling or physical modelling can be used.

3. Historic American Buildings Survey, Theodore F. Dillon, Photographer, July, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. Historic American Buildings Survey, Theodore F. Dillon, Photographer, July, 1959 EXTERIOR, SOUTH ELEVATION, DETAIL OF CAST TERRA COTTA GABLE END AND TERRA COTTA AND BRICK CHIMNEY. - Mutual Fire Insurance Company Building, Germantown Avenue & School House Lane, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

2. Historic American Buildings Survey Copied by E. W. Russell, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. Historic American Buildings Survey Copied by E. W. Russell, Photographer, August 31, 1936 75TH ANNIVERSARY YEARBOOK (NOT COPYRIGHT) - RUINS OF OLD COLLEGE AFTER FIRE OF 1869 - Spring Hill College, Original Building, Old Shell Road, Spring Hill, Mobile County, AL

10. BUILDING 332, LARGE STOREROOM IN WESTERN PORTION OF BUILDING, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

10. BUILDING 332, LARGE STOREROOM IN WESTERN PORTION OF BUILDING, FROM APPROXIMATELY 60 FEET EAST OF WEST WALL AND GARAGE DOOR IN PHOTOGRAPH AA-9, LOOKING EAST, WITH ADJOINING STOREROOMS VISIBLE THROUGH FIRE DOORS. - Oakland Naval Supply Center, Dry Provisions Storehouses, Between Third & Fourth Streets, Between G & L Street, Oakland, Alameda County, CA

Canadian Building Digests 1-100 (With Index).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa (Ontario). Div. of Building Research.

One hundred different topics related to the technical aspects of building design and construction are discussed. The major areas of discussion are--(1) the effects of climate on building materials, (2) site and soil analysis, (3) acoustical and thermal design considerations, (4) fire and building design, (5) structural analysis and design, and (6)…

Energy Design Analysis and Evaluation of a Proposed Air Rescue and Fire Fighting Administration Building for Teterboro Airport

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Griffith, B.; Pless, S.; Talbert, B.

2003-07-01

A new/proposed building for the Teterboro Airport was selected as a case study for High Performance Building Initiative research efforts. This report documents research-level energy analysis conducted on the Teterboro Airport building during predesign and design phases of the project.

Basis for Interim Operation for Fuel Supply Shutdown Facility

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

BENECKE, M.W.

2003-02-03

This document establishes the Basis for Interim Operation (BIO) for the Fuel Supply Shutdown Facility (FSS) as managed by the 300 Area Deactivation Project (300 ADP) organization in accordance with the requirements of the Project Hanford Management Contract procedure (PHMC) HNF-PRO-700, ''Safety Analysis and Technical Safety Requirements''. A hazard classification (Benecke 2003a) has been prepared for the facility in accordance with DOE-STD-1027-92 resulting in the assignment of Hazard Category 3 for FSS Facility buildings that store N Reactor fuel materials (303-B, 3712, and 3716). All others are designated Industrial buildings. It is concluded that the risks associated with the currentmore » and planned operational mode of the FSS Facility (uranium storage, uranium repackaging and shipment, cleanup, and transition activities, etc.) are acceptable. The potential radiological dose and toxicological consequences for a range of credible uranium storage building have been analyzed using Hanford accepted methods. Risk Class designations are summarized for representative events in Table 1.6-1. Mitigation was not considered for any event except the random fire event that exceeds predicted consequences based on existing source and combustible loading because of an inadvertent increase in combustible loading. For that event, a housekeeping program to manage transient combustibles is credited to reduce the probability. An additional administrative control is established to protect assumptions regarding source term by limiting inventories of fuel and combustible materials. Another is established to maintain the criticality safety program. Additional defense-in-depth controls are established to perform fire protection system testing, inspection, and maintenance to ensure predicted availability of those systems, and to maintain the radiological control program. It is also concluded that because an accidental nuclear criticality is not credible based on the low uranium enrichment, the form of the uranium, and the required controls, a Criticality Alarm System (CAS) is not required as allowed by DOE Order 420.1 (DOE 2000).« less

Full-Scale Transport Controlled Impact Demonstration Program Photographic/Video Coverage.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-04-01

Early morning haze - wind, dust - the many different fores of environmental air pollution will be taken into consideration. Depending on morning...NASA 21 PHOTO/TV VEHICLE NASA 25 GMO GROUND CREW ONBOARD CAMERAS * FIRE FIGHTING PHOTO NASA 25 PHOTO/TV OPERATIONS DIRECTOR L-2 *Jv. *,’.e...Airline Pilots Association Int. Lockheed 1625 Massachusetts Avenue, NW. Department 7475/Building 229A Washington, DC 20036 P.O. Box 551, Plant 2 Burbank

When Disaster Strikes: The Hackley School Fire

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pearle, Laura

2012-01-01

The author's first action after finding out that her school's library was on fire was to call the Buildings and Grounds people: somebody had to know what was going on. She was assured that several fire companies were on the scene, and that there was no reason for her to come down there. Those first few hours were her introduction to the world of…

Modeling relationships among 217 fires using remote sensing of burn severity in southern pine forests

Treesearch

Sparkle L. Malone; Leda N. Kobziar; Christina L. Staudhammer; Amr Abd-Elrahman

2011-01-01

Pine flatwoods forests in the southeastern US have experienced severe wildfires over the past few decades, often attributed to fuel load build-up. These forest communities are fire dependent and require regular burning for ecosystem maintenance and health. Although prescribed fire has been used to reduce wildfire risk and maintain ecosystem integrity, managers are...

38 CFR 17.82 - Contracts for outpatient services for veterans with alcohol or drug dependence or abuse...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... following minimum fire safety requirements must be met: (i) The building must meet the requirements in the... emergency. (iv) As a minimum, fire exit drills must be held at least quarterly, and a written plan for evacuation in the event of fire shall be developed and reviewed annually. The plan shall outline the duties...

38 CFR 17.82 - Contracts for outpatient services for veterans with alcohol or drug dependence or abuse...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... following minimum fire safety requirements must be met: (i) The building must meet the requirements in the... emergency. (iv) As a minimum, fire exit drills must be held at least quarterly, and a written plan for evacuation in the event of fire shall be developed and reviewed annually. The plan shall outline the duties...

38 CFR 17.82 - Contracts for outpatient services for veterans with alcohol or drug dependence or abuse...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... following minimum fire safety requirements must be met: (i) The building must meet the requirements in the... emergency. (iv) As a minimum, fire exit drills must be held at least quarterly, and a written plan for evacuation in the event of fire shall be developed and reviewed annually. The plan shall outline the duties...

38 CFR 17.82 - Contracts for outpatient services for veterans with alcohol or drug dependence or abuse...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... following minimum fire safety requirements must be met: (i) The building must meet the requirements in the... emergency. (iv) As a minimum, fire exit drills must be held at least quarterly, and a written plan for evacuation in the event of fire shall be developed and reviewed annually. The plan shall outline the duties...

Management adaptation to fires in the wildland-urban risk areas in Spain

Treesearch

Gema Herrero-Corral

2013-01-01

Forest fires not only cause damage to ecosystems but also result in major socio-economic losses and in the worst cases loss of human life. Specifically, the incidence of fires in the overlapping areas between building structures and forest vegetation (wildland-urban interface, WUI) generates highly-complex emergencies due to the presence of people and goods....

Physiological responses to fire fighting activities.

PubMed

Romet, T T; Frim, J

1987-01-01

Eight professional fire fighters participated in six fire fighting scenarios at a training facility. Data on heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (Tre), and skin temperatures at the chest and thigh were collected using a portable data acquisition system. Average HR ranged from 122 to 151 beats.min-1 during the six scenarios. Detailed analyses indicated that HR and Tre increases are related to both the physical and environmental stresses of the various activities carried out. The most demanding activity, that of building search and victim rescue, resulted in an average HR of 153 beats.min-1 and Tre rise of 1.3 degree C, while the least demanding activity, that of the crew captain who directs the fire fighting, resulted in an average HR of only 122 beats.min-1 and a Tre rise of only 0.3 degree C. This study shows that fire fighting is strenuous work for those directly entering a building and performing related duties, but that the physical demands of other activities are considerably less. The results further suggest that heat strain injuries in fire fighters could perhaps be reduced by rotating duties frequently with other crew members performing less stressful work.

Howard University Hospital fire, Washington, D.C.--successful construction and reactions prevent fatalities.

PubMed

Best, R

1981-01-01

If the arsonist who set fire to the fourth floor of this hospital intended to destroy the whole hospital, his plans were foiled by the hospital's lifesafety systems and the quick action of the hospital staff. Corridor smoke detectors activated the building fire alarm system, notified the hospital fire brigade and staff, notified the fire department, and closed the corridor smokestop doors. Members of the staff immediately closed the doors to all patient rooms in the area of the fire that were exposed to smoke and heat, and then began evacuating patients from the area. There were no fatalities in this fire. Although this fire is four years old, we think it is worth studying for its contrasts with Mississauga.

5. DETAIL VIEW OF OLD, PUNCHTYPE MASTER FIRE ALARM SYSTEM, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. DETAIL VIEW OF OLD, PUNCH-TYPE MASTER FIRE ALARM SYSTEM, LOCATED ON S WALL OF ENGINE STORAGE ROOM; LOOKING S. (Ceronie and Ryan) - Watervliet Arsenal, Building No. 22, Westervelt Avenue & Buffington Street, Watervliet, Albany County, NY

Utilization of available skills and materials in fire prevention

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Martin, H. W.

1971-01-01

Procedures for installing fire protection systems in large buildings are discussed. Factors considered in the safety management are: (1) distribution of water supply, (2) design and location of exits, (3) emergency power system, and (4) maintenance procedures.

17. VIEW OF EQUIPMENT BURNED IN A TITANIUM FIRE. (11/13/89) ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

17. VIEW OF EQUIPMENT BURNED IN A TITANIUM FIRE. (11/13/89) - Rocky Flats Plant, Non-Nuclear Production Facility, South of Cottonwood Avenue, west of Seventh Avenue & east of Building 460, Golden, Jefferson County, CO

Roots of increased health care inequality in New York.

PubMed

Wallace, D

1990-01-01

During the 1970s, New York city experienced an epidemic of housing destruction by contagious fire and building abandonment. This epidemic was triggered by reductions in municipal services, especially fire control, in the poor areas of high population density and aging housing. The rapid loss of low rent housing led to a wave of forced internal migration of the poor within the city and overcrowding of areas adjacent to the burned out ones. The spread of overcrowding spread the high fire incidence. The massive upheaval resulted in destruction of social networks and in degraded living conditions. Public health, as measured by many indices such as disease incidence, substance abuse incidence, infant mortality, and incidence of homicide, deteriorated. This deterioration caused increased demand for hospital health care, especially emergency service. The data on average stay length in the poorest areas in comparison with wealthier areas hints that the overloading of the voluntary hospitals in the poorest areas has caused care rationing and greater inequality in access to care.

Risk factors associated with unintentional house fire incidents, injuries and deaths in high-income countries: a systematic review.

PubMed

Turner, Samantha L; Johnson, Rhodri D; Weightman, Alison L; Rodgers, Sarah E; Arthur, Geri; Bailey, Rowena; Lyons, Ronan A

2017-04-01

To identify the distinguishing risk factors associated with unintentional house fire incidents, injuries and deaths. Systematic review. A range of bibliographical databases and grey literature were searched from their earliest records to January 2016. To ensure the magnitude of risk could be quantified, only those study types which contained a control group, and undertook appropriate statistical analyses were included. A best evidence synthesis was conducted instead of a meta-analysis due to study heterogeneity. Eleven studies investigating a variety of risk factors and outcomes were identified. Studies ranged from medium to low quality with no high quality studies identified. Characteristics commonly associated with increased risk of house fire incidents, injuries and fatalities included: higher numbers of residents, male, children under the age of 5 years, non-working households, smoking, low income, non-privately owned properties, apartments and buildings in poor condition. Several risk factors were only associated with one outcome (eg, living alone was only associated with increased risk of injurious fires), and households with older residents were at increased risk of injurious fires, but significantly less likely to experience a house fire in the first place. This best evidence synthesis indicates that several resident and property characteristics are associated with risk of experiencing house fire incidents, injuries or death. These findings should be considered by the Fire and Rescue Services and others with a role in fire prevention. Future research should adopt robust, standardised study designs to permit meta-analyses and enable stronger conclusions to be drawn. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

2. GENERAL VIEW, CENTER BUILDING, WITH SIGN SAYING '1855 JEFFERSON ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. GENERAL VIEW, CENTER BUILDING, WITH SIGN SAYING '1855 JEFFERSON 1907 INSURANCE BUILDING' Photocopy of April 28, 1915 photograph on file at City Archives of Philadelphia, located at Philadelphia City Hall - Jefferson Fire Insurance Company, 425 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

1. Historic American Buildings Survey, Original photograph in the Historical ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Historic American Buildings Survey, Original photograph in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Manuscript Department, Campbell Collection, 1300 Locust Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania COPY OF AN EARLY VIEW FROM SOUTHWEST. - Mutual Fire Insurance Company Building, Germantown Avenue & School House Lane, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

28. CONTEXT VIEW OF BUILDING 229 (ELECTRIC POWER STATION) IN ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

28. CONTEXT VIEW OF BUILDING 229 (ELECTRIC POWER STATION) IN ASSEMBLY AREA WITH BUILDING 227 (FIRE STATION) IMMEDIATELY TO THE LEFT. - Loring Air Force Base, Weapons Storage Area, Northeastern corner of base at northern end of Maine Road, Limestone, Aroostook County, ME

76 FR 39843 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-07

...: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Title: Usage of Elevators for Occupant Evacuation...- story buildings in the United States during fire emergencies. This research aims to summarize emergency... emergency procedures for multi-story buildings) from existing buildings in the United States, including...

BIM based virtual environment for fire emergency evacuation.

PubMed

Wang, Bin; Li, Haijiang; Rezgui, Yacine; Bradley, Alex; Ong, Hoang N

2014-01-01

Recent building emergency management research has highlighted the need for the effective utilization of dynamically changing building information. BIM (building information modelling) can play a significant role in this process due to its comprehensive and standardized data format and integrated process. This paper introduces a BIM based virtual environment supported by virtual reality (VR) and a serious game engine to address several key issues for building emergency management, for example, timely two-way information updating and better emergency awareness training. The focus of this paper lies on how to utilize BIM as a comprehensive building information provider to work with virtual reality technologies to build an adaptable immersive serious game environment to provide real-time fire evacuation guidance. The innovation lies on the seamless integration between BIM and a serious game based virtual reality (VR) environment aiming at practical problem solving by leveraging state-of-the-art computing technologies. The system has been tested for its robustness and functionality against the development requirements, and the results showed promising potential to support more effective emergency management.

1. John C. Garner, Jr., Photographer 1967 PRINCIPAL (NORTH) SIDE, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. John C. Garner, Jr., Photographer 1967 PRINCIPAL (NORTH) SIDE, FROM NORTHWEST. THE RIGHT END OF THE BLOCK IS THE E.S. WOOD BUILDING; THE BUILDING WITH A FIRE ESCAPE IS THE ROSENFIELD BUILDING; THE T.W. HOUSE BUILDING IS TO THE LEFT OF THE PRECEDING BUILDING; JOHN BERLOCHER BUILDING IS AT THE LEFT END OF THE BLOCK. - Strand Historic District, Wood-Rosenfield-House-Berlocher Buildings, 2213-2223 Strand, Galveston, Galveston County, TX

12. Historic American Buildings Survey, George J. Vaillancourt, Photographer, 1940 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. Historic American Buildings Survey, George J. Vaillancourt, Photographer, 1940 FIRE-ROOM CHAMBER FIREPLACE AND OVEN (SECOND STORY). - Thomas Fenner House, 1538 Plainfield Street, Thornton, Providence County, RI

Behaviour of fibre reinforced polymer confined reinforced concrete columns under fire condition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chowdhury, Ershad Ullah

In recent years, fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) materials have demonstrated enormous potential as materials for repairing and retrofitting concrete bridges that have deteriorated from factors such as electro-chemical corrosion and increased load requirements. However, concerns associated with fire remain an obstacle to applications of FRP materials in buildings and parking garages due to FRP's sensitivity to high temperatures as compared with other structural materials and to limited knowledge on their thermal and mechanical behaviour in fire. This thesis presents results from an ongoing study on the fire performance of FRP materials, fire insulation materials and systems, and FRP wrapped reinforced concrete columns. The overall goal of the study is to understand the fire behaviour of FRP materials and FRP strengthened concrete columns and ultimately, provide rational fire safety design recommendations and guidelines for FRP strengthened concrete columns. A combined experimental and numerical investigation was conducted to achieve the goals of this research study. The experimental work consisted of both small-scale FRP material testing at elevated temperatures and full-scale fire tests on FRP strengthened columns. A numerical model was developed to simulate the behaviour of unwrapped reinforced concrete and FRP strengthened reinforced concrete square or rectangular columns in fire. After validating the numerical model against test data available in literature, it was determined that the numerical model can be used to analyze the behaviour of concrete axial compressive members in fire. Results from this study also demonstrated that although FRP materials experience considerable loss of their mechanical and bond properties at temperatures somewhat below the glass transition temperature of the resin matrix, externally-bonded FRP can be used in strengthening concrete structural members in buildings, if appropriate supplemental fire protection system is provided over the FRP strengthening system.

Fire, Fuel Composition and Resilience Threshold in Subalpine Ecosystem

PubMed Central

Blarquez, Olivier; Carcaillet, Christopher

2010-01-01

Background Forecasting the effects of global changes on high altitude ecosystems requires an understanding of the long-term relationships between biota and forcing factors to identify resilience thresholds. Fire is a crucial forcing factor: both fuel build-up from land-abandonment in European mountains, and more droughts linked to global warming are likely to increase fire risks. Methods To assess the vegetation response to fire on a millennium time-scale, we analyzed evidence of stand-to-local vegetation dynamics derived from sedimentary plant macroremains from two subalpine lakes. Paleobotanical reconstructions at high temporal resolution, together with a fire frequency reconstruction inferred from sedimentary charcoal, were analyzed by Superposed Epoch Analysis to model plant behavior before, during and after fire events. Principal Findings We show that fuel build-up from arolla pine (Pinus cembra) always precedes fires, which is immediately followed by a rapid increase of birch (Betula sp.), then by ericaceous species after 25–75 years, and by herbs after 50–100 years. European larch (Larix decidua), which is the natural co-dominant species of subalpine forests with Pinus cembra, is not sensitive to fire, while the abundance of Pinus cembra is altered within a 150-year period after fires. A long-term trend in vegetation dynamics is apparent, wherein species that abound later in succession are the functional drivers, loading the environment with fuel for fires. This system can only be functional if fires are mainly driven by external factors (e.g. climate), with the mean interval between fires being longer than the minimum time required to reach the late successional stage, here 150 years. Conclusion Current global warming conditions which increase drought occurrences, combined with the abandonment of land in European mountain areas, creates ideal ecological conditions for the ignition and the spread of fire. A fire return interval of less than 150 years would threaten the dominant species and might override the resilience of subalpine forests. PMID:20814580

Health hazard evaluation report HETA 98-0152-2729, Wolfeboro Public Safety Building, Wolfeboro, New Hampshire

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sylvain, D.; Echt, A.

On March 17, 1998, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a Health Hazard Evaluation request (HHE) from the New Hampshire Department of Labor to conduct an evaluation of diesel exhaust exposure at the Wolfeboro Public Safety Building, in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire. The request indicated that Fire and Police personnel were exposed to diesel exhaust from fire apparatus. Asthmatic bronchitis was listed as a health problem resulting from this exposure. On June 23, 1998, NIOSH investigators, accompanied by an industrial hygienist from the New Hampshire Bureau of Health Risk Assessment, conducted an industrial hygiene evaluation at themore » Wolfeboro Public Safety Building.« less

SOUTH (SIDE) AND WEST (REAR) ELEVATIONS OF BUILDING. VIEW TO ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

SOUTH (SIDE) AND WEST (REAR) ELEVATIONS OF BUILDING. VIEW TO NORTH. - Plattsburgh Air Force Base, Fire Station, Off Alabama Avenue, between Arkansas Street & Idaho Avenue, Plattsburgh, Clinton County, NY

EAST (FRONT) AND SOUTH (SIDE) ELEVATIONS OF BUILDING. VIEW TO ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

EAST (FRONT) AND SOUTH (SIDE) ELEVATIONS OF BUILDING. VIEW TO WEST. - Plattsburgh Air Force Base, Fire Station, Off Alabama Avenue, between Arkansas Street & Idaho Avenue, Plattsburgh, Clinton County, NY

EAST (FRONT) AND NORTH (SIDE) ELEVATIONS OF BUILDING. VIEW TO ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

EAST (FRONT) AND NORTH (SIDE) ELEVATIONS OF BUILDING. VIEW TO SOUTH. - Plattsburgh Air Force Base, Fire Station, Off Alabama Avenue, between Arkansas Street & Idaho Avenue, Plattsburgh, Clinton County, NY

NORTH (SIDE) AND WEST (REAR) ELEVATIONS OF BUILDING. VIEW TO ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

NORTH (SIDE) AND WEST (REAR) ELEVATIONS OF BUILDING. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. - Plattsburgh Air Force Base, Fire Station, Off Alabama Avenue, between Arkansas Street & Idaho Avenue, Plattsburgh, Clinton County, NY

Building and maintaining an effective working relationship with local police and fire authorities.

PubMed

Parks, J F

1985-01-01

The need to work together with local police and fire personnel is essential to the success of any healthcare security or safety operation. Sometimes, however, lack of understanding by each side in the role of the other, creates needlessly strained relations. In this article, the author details the techniques he used to win good rapport with the local police and fire departments.

Flammability tests for regulation of building and construction materials

Treesearch

K. Sumathipala

2006-01-01

The regulation of building materials and products for flammability is critical to ensure the safety of occupants in buildings and other structures. The involvement of exposed building materials and products in fires resulting in the loss of human life often spurs an increase in regulation and new test methods to address the problem. Flammability tests range from those...

1. Credit PSR. View looks north northeast (18°) down typical ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Credit PSR. View looks north northeast (18°) down typical dust ditch paralleling First Street. Building 4401 (Hangar No. 1) appears at the extreme right of the view. Building 4456 (Fire House No. 4), Building 4444 (Communications Building), and Building 4505 appear in the background. - Edwards Air Force Base, North Base, Dust Ditch System, Traversing North Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Counting the cost of false alarms.

PubMed

2013-05-01

While fire and rescue service personnel, the Government, those responsible for fire safety in the healthcare sector, the Health and Safety Executive, fire and rescue services, and indeed fire alarm and detection equipment manufacturers, must be pleased that the number of false fire alarms continues to fall, fire services still attended just under 585,000 fires or false alarm incidents across Great Britain in 2011/12. Of this total, 272,000 were actual fires, of which around 24,000 were in premises classified by the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) as 'other buildings', i.e. not 'dwellings', a category that includes healthcare facilities (representing a 4% fall on 2010-2011). HEJ looks behind the statistics, and at the possibility that some fire services could, in future, charge healthcare providers that persistently report incidents that turn out to be false alarms.

View of building 11050 looking southeast. Naval Ordnance Test ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of building 11050 looking southeast. - Naval Ordnance Test Station Inyokern, China Lake Pilot Plant, Fire Station & Marine Barracks, D Street, at corner of 4th Street, China Lake, Kern County, CA

8. Historic American Buildings Survey Ray Malinowski, Photographer JulyAugust 1968 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. Historic American Buildings Survey Ray Malinowski, Photographer July-August 1968 FIRING PLATFORM STAIRWAY VAULT AND POSTERN - Bateria de San Antonio, San Carlos & Hovey Roads, Pensacola, Escambia County, FL

1. Historic American Buildings Survey Wells Fargo Bank Historical Museum ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Historic American Buildings Survey Wells Fargo Bank Historical Museum San Francisco, California GENERAL VIEW OF BURNED DISTRICT - San Francisco, Historic View, 1851 Fire, San Francisco, San Francisco County, CA

Forwardly-placed firearm fire control assembly

DOEpatents

Frickey, Steven J.

2001-12-22

A firearm fire control assembly for disposition in a forwardly placed support-hand operative relationship within a firearm having a combination of a firing pin and a firearm hammer adapted to engage and fire a cartridge, a sear assembly to alternately engage and disengage the combination of the firearm hammer and firing pin, and a trigger assembly including a movable trigger mechanism that is operable to engage the sear assembly to cause the firearm hammer firing pin combination to fire the firearm, a fire control assembly including a fire control depression member and a fire control rod operably connected to the depression member, and being positioned in a forward disposition disposed within a forestock of the firearm, and the depression member adapted to be operably engaged and depressed by the user's conventional forwardly placed support hand to maneuver the fire control rod to provide firing control of the firing of the firearm.

B-1 and B-3 Test Stands at NASA’s Plum Brook Station

NASA Image and Video Library

1966-09-21

Operation of the High Energy Rocket Engine Research Facility (B-1), left, and Nuclear Rocket Dynamics and Control Facility (B-3) at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio. The test stands were constructed in the early 1960s to test full-scale liquid hydrogen fuel systems in simulated altitude conditions. Over the next decade each stand was used for two major series of liquid hydrogen rocket tests: the Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA) and the Centaur second-stage rocket program. The different components of these rocket engines could be studied under flight conditions and adjusted without having to fire the engine. Once the preliminary studies were complete, the entire engine could be fired in larger facilities. The test stands were vertical towers with cryogenic fuel and steam ejector systems. B-1 was 135 feet tall, and B-3 was 210 feet tall. Each test stand had several levels, a test section, and ground floor shop areas. The test stands relied on an array of support buildings to conduct their tests, including a control building, steam exhaust system, and fuel storage and pumping facilities. A large steam-powered altitude exhaust system reduced the pressure at the exhaust nozzle exit of each test stand. This allowed B-1 and B-3 to test turbopump performance in conditions that matched the altitudes of space.

Fire Control Agent Effectiveness for Hazardous Chemical Fires: Carbon Disulfide.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

Fires..................................... 46 12. AFFF Fire Control Data for Carbon Disulfide Fires............................. 47 13. Extinguishment...Disulfide and Hexane Fires ....... 67 22. Comparison of AFFF Fire Control Times for Carbon Disulfide and Hexane Fires ................... 68 23. Comparison of...Data .............. 27 2. Summary of Fluoroprotein Foam Fire Test Data ....... 28 3. Summary of AFFF Fire Test Data ..................... 29 4. Summary

Contribution of forensic autopsy to scene reconstruction in mass fire casualties: a case of alleged arson on a floor consisting of small compartments in a building.

PubMed

Michiue, Tomomi; Ishikawa, Takaki; Oritani, Shigeki; Maeda, Hitoshi

2015-01-01

A fire is an important cause of mass disasters, involving various forensic issues. Before dawn on an early morning, 16 male visitors in their twenties to sixties were killed in a possibly incendiary fire at a 'private video parlor' consisting of small compartments in a building. The main causes of death as determined by forensic autopsy were acute carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication for all of the 15 found-dead victims, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy following acute CO intoxication for a victim who died in hospital. Burns were mild (<20% of body surface) in most victims, except for three victims found between the entrance and the estimated fire-outbreak site; thus, identification was completed without difficulty, supported by DNA analysis. Blood carboxyhemoglobin saturation (COHb) was higher for victims found dead in the inner area. Blood cyanide levels were sublethal, moderately correlated to COHb, but were higher in victims found around the estimated fire-outbreak site. There was no evidence of thinner, alcohol or drug abuse, or an attack of disease as a possible cause of an accidental fire outbreak. These observations contribute to evidence-based reconstruction of the fire disaster, and suggest how deaths could have been prevented by appropriate disaster measures. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chapter 8: Fire Performance of Cross-Laminated Timber Assemblies (2012 US Edition)

Treesearch

Christian Dagenais; Robert H. White; Kuma Sumathipala

2012-01-01

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a promising wood-based structural component and has potential to provide cost-effective building solutions for residential, commercial and institutional buildings as well as large industrial facilities. Market acceptance of CLT requires that it meets the applicable building code requirements.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection Report of Areas Of concern (AOC) A thru F at WK Kellogg, Battle Creek, MI. A Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection was performed on 6 AOC`s at WK Kellogg to confirm or deny the presence of contamination a the AOC`s. The AOC`s involved in this investigation include. AOC A, Waste Accumulation Area; AOC B, Motor Pool Drainage Ditch; AOC C, Fire Training Area South; AOC D, Fire Training Area West; AOC E, Old Hanger (Building 6900); AOC F, New Hanger (Building 6901). The recommendation is for AOC`s A and B continue to the RI/FS stage.

Electronic firing systems and methods for firing a device

DOEpatents

Frickey, Steven J [Boise, ID; Svoboda, John M [Idaho Falls, ID

2012-04-24

An electronic firing system comprising a control system, a charging system, an electrical energy storage device, a shock tube firing circuit, a shock tube connector, a blasting cap firing circuit, and a blasting cap connector. The control system controls the charging system, which charges the electrical energy storage device. The control system also controls the shock tube firing circuit and the blasting cap firing circuit. When desired, the control system signals the shock tube firing circuit or blasting cap firing circuit to electrically connect the electrical energy storage device to the shock tube connector or the blasting cap connector respectively.

Fire and explosion hazards to flora and fauna from explosives.

PubMed

Merrifield, R

2000-06-30

Deliberate or accidental initiation of explosives can produce a range of potentially damaging fire and explosion effects. Quantification of the consequences of such effects upon the surroundings, particularly on people and structures, has always been of paramount importance. Information on the effects on flora and fauna, however, is limited, with probably the weakest area lying with fragmentation of buildings and their effects on different small mammals. Information has been used here to gain an appreciation of the likely magnitude of the potential fire and explosion effects on flora and fauna. This is based on a number of broad assumptions and a variety of data sources including World War II bomb damage, experiments performed with animals 30-40 years ago, and more recent field trials on building break-up under explosive loading.

Electronic Escape Trails for Firefighters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jorgensen, Charles; Schipper, John; Betts, Bradley

2008-01-01

A proposed wireless-communication and data-processing system would exploit recent advances in radio-frequency identification devices (RFIDs) and software to establish information lifelines between firefighters in a burning building and a fire chief at a control station near but outside the building. The system would enable identification of trails that firefighters and others could follow to escape from the building, including identification of new trails should previously established trails become blocked. The system would include a transceiver unit and a computer at the control station, portable transceiver units carried by the firefighters in the building, and RFID tags that the firefighters would place at multiple locations as they move into and through the building (see figure). Each RFID tag, having a size of the order of a few centimeters, would include at least standard RFID circuitry and possibly sensors for measuring such other relevant environmental parameters as temperature, levels of light and sound, concentration of oxygen, concentrations of hazardous chemicals in smoke, and/or levels of nuclear radiation. The RFID tags would be activated and interrogated by the firefighters and control-station transceivers. Preferably, RFID tags would be configured to communicate with each other and with the firefighters units and the control station in an ordered sequence, with built-in redundancy. In a typical scenario, as firefighters moved through a building, they would scatter many RFID tags into smoke-obscured areas by use of a compressed-air gun. Alternatively or in addition, they would mark escape trails by dropping RFID tags at such points of interest as mantraps, hot spots, and trail waypoints. The RFID tags could be of different types, operating at different frequencies to identify their functions, and possibly responding by emitting audible beeps when activated by signals transmitted by transceiver units carried by nearby firefighters.

3. Historic American Buildings Survey S.F. Chronicle Library Circa 1906 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. Historic American Buildings Survey S.F. Chronicle Library Circa 1906 RUINS, AFTER EARTHQUAKE AND FIRE (Looking North) - St. Francis Church, Historic View, 610 Vallejo Street, San Francisco, San Francisco County, CA

To Build a Brain

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Julie Ann

1977-01-01

Describes use of electronic model to simulate electrical patterns resulting from nerve cell interactions in the brain. Resembles nerve cell activity realistically in that the model produces signals above a set threshold, its firing activity varies, a refractory period is required before second firing, and it displays plasticity. (CS)

Photographic copy of photograph, view looking northeast of JPL Edwards ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photographic copy of photograph, view looking northeast of JPL Edwards Test Station as it looked in 1945. To the immediate right of the Test Stand 'A' tower stands a concrete monitor building or blockhouse (now Building 4203/E-4) for observation and control of tests. Other frame buildings housed workshop and administrative functions. Long structure behind automobiles was designated 4207/E-8 and was used for instrument repair and storage, a cafeteria, machine and welding shops. To the immediate south of 4207/E-8 were 4200/E-1 (used as an office and photographic laboratory) and 4205/E-6 (guardhouse, with fire extinguisher mounted on it). To the northeast of 4205/E-6 was 4204/E-5 (a propellant storage dock, with shed roof). Buildings 4200/E-1, 4205/E-6 and 4207/E-8 were demolished in 1983. Note the absence of trees. (JPL negative no. 383-1297, July 1946) - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Instrumentation Cables Test Plan

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Muna, Alice Baca; LaFleur, Chris Bensdotter

A fire at a nuclear power plant (NPP) has the potential to damage structures, systems, and components important to safety, if not promptly detected and suppressed. At Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant on March 22, 1975, a fire in the reactor building damaged electrical power and control systems. Damage to instrumentation cables impeded the function of both normal and standby reactor coolant systems, and degraded the operators’ plant monitoring capability. This event resulted in additional NRC involvement with utilities to ensure that NPPs are properly protected from fire as intended by the NRC principle design criteria (i.e., general design criteriamore » 3, Fire Protection). Current guidance and methods for both deterministic and performance based approaches typically make conservative (bounding) assumptions regarding the fire-induced failure modes of instrumentation cables and those failure modes effects on component and system response. Numerous fire testing programs have been conducted in the past to evaluate the failure modes and effects of electrical cables exposed to severe thermal conditions. However, that testing has primarily focused on control circuits with only a limited number of tests performed on instrumentation circuits. In 2001, the Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) conducted a series of cable fire tests designed to address specific aspects of the cable failure and circuit fault issues of concern1. The NRC was invited to observe and participate in that program. The NRC sponsored Sandia National Laboratories to support this participation, whom among other things, added a 4-20 mA instrumentation circuit and instrumentation cabling to six of the tests. Although limited, one insight drawn from those instrumentation circuits tests was that the failure characteristics appeared to depend on the cable insulation material. The results showed that for thermoset insulated cables, the instrument reading tended to drift and fluctuate, while the thermoplastic insulated cables, the instrument reading fell off-scale rapidly. From an operational point of view, the latter failure characteristics would likely be identified as a failure from the effects of fire, while the former may result in inaccurate readings.« less

The right way to be fired.

PubMed

Stybel, L J; Peabody, M

2001-01-01

Nearly all of us will lose our jobs sometime, but is there a right way to be terminated? What differentiates fired employees who make the best of their situations from those who do not? One answer is mind-set. Many workers unconsciously hold a "tenure mind-set," believing in the promise of employment security. By contrast, other workers hold an "assignment mentality," seeing each job as one in a series of impermanent, career-building stepping-stones. Most corporate board members and CEOs have this latter mind-set and consider their executives to be filling terminal assignments; people who possess this mentality usually rebound swiftly when fired. But when employees who hold a tenure mind-set are suddenly fired or laid off, the authors say, they can fall into three common traps. Executives who have overidentified with their jobs and feel indispensable to their organizations get caught in the "lost identity" trap; they react to termination with anger and bitterness. In the "lost family" trap, employees possess tight-knit, emotional bonds with coworkers. When terminated, they feel betrayed and rejected. And finally, some introverted executives fall into the "lost ego" trap; they quietly retreat without negotiating fair termination packages and may settle for less satisfying work the next time around. To prepare for the eventuality of termination, the authors suggest that executives adopt the assignment mind-set at all times. They should keep their social networks alive, include a termination clause in employment contracts, and consider hiring an agent. If warning signs warrant, they might even volunteer to be terminated. By assuming control over the way they are fired, people can gain control over their careers.

Compressive strength evolution of thermally-stressed Saint Maximin limestone.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Farquharson, J.; Griffiths, L.; Baud, P.; Wadsworth, F. B.; Heap, M. J.

2017-12-01

The Saint Maximin quarry (Oise, France) opened in the early 1600s, and its limestone has been used extensively as masonry stone, particularly during the classical era of Parisian architecture from the 17th century onwards. Its widespread use has been due to a combination of its regional availability, its high workability, and its aesthetic appeal. Notable buildings completed using this material include sections of the Place de la Concorde and the Louvre in Paris. More recently, however, it has seen increasing use in the construction of large private residences throughout the United States as well as extensions to private institutions such as Stanford University. For any large building, fire hazard can be a substantial concern, especially in tectonically active areas where catastrophic fires may arise following large-magnitude earthquakes. Typically, house fires burn at temperatures of around 600 °C ( 1000 F). Given the ubiquity of this geomaterial as a building stone, it is important to ascertain the influence of heating on the strength of Saint Maximin limestone (SML), and in turn the structural stability of the buildings it is used in. We performed a series of compressive tests and permeability measurements on samples of SML to determine its strength evolution in response to heating to incrementally higher temperatures. We observe that the uniaxial compressive strength of SML decreases from >12 MPa at room temperature to <7 MPa at 600 °C. The rate of strength reduction increases at elevated temperature (>400 °C). We anticipate that this substantial weakening is in part a result of thermal microcracking, whereby changes in temperature induce thermal stresses due to a mismatch in thermal expansion between the constituent grains. This mechanism is compounded by the volumetric increase of quartz through its alpha - beta transition at 573 °C, and by the thermal decomposition of calcite. To track the formation of thermal microcracks, we monitor acoustic emissions, a common proxy for microcracking, during the heating of an SML sample. The implications of these results are that in the event of a fire, the structural integrity of buildings constructed using Saint Maximin limestone could be greatly compromised. Its ubiquity as a masonry stone demands consideration during fire hazard mitigation.

Wildfires and Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, 2009

2009-01-01

This publication discusses conditions that feed wildfires, how a building catches fire, determining the school's risk, creating a survivable space for the school, the importance of maintenance, the fire-resistant school, meeting code requirements, and related flood and mudslide risks. Much of this publication has been adapted for schools from the…

Physiological responses to simulated firefighter exercise protocols in varying environments.

PubMed

Horn, Gavin P; Kesler, Richard M; Motl, Robert W; Hsiao-Wecksler, Elizabeth T; Klaren, Rachel E; Ensari, Ipek; Petrucci, Matthew N; Fernhall, Bo; Rosengren, Karl S

2015-01-01

For decades, research to quantify the effects of firefighting activities and personal protective equipment on physiology and biomechanics has been conducted in a variety of testing environments. It is unknown if these different environments provide similar information and comparable responses. A novel Firefighting Activities Station, which simulates four common fireground tasks, is presented for use with an environmental chamber in a controlled laboratory setting. Nineteen firefighters completed three different exercise protocols following common research practices. Simulated firefighting activities conducted in an environmental chamber or live-fire structures elicited similar physiological responses (max heart rate: 190.1 vs 188.0 bpm, core temperature response: 0.047°C/min vs 0.043°C/min) and accelerometry counts. However, the response to a treadmill protocol commonly used in laboratory settings resulted in significantly lower heart rate (178.4 vs 188.0 bpm), core temperature response (0.037°C/min vs 0.043°C/min) and physical activity counts compared with firefighting activities in the burn building. Practitioner Summary: We introduce a new approach for simulating realistic firefighting activities in a controlled laboratory environment for ergonomics assessment of fire service equipment and personnel. Physiological responses to this proposed protocol more closely replicate those from live-fire activities than a traditional treadmill protocol and are simple to replicate and standardise.

Credit PSR. This view depicts the southwest and southeast facades ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit PSR. This view depicts the southwest and southeast facades as seen when looking west southwest (260°). The building consists of a small lean-to control room and a two-story space containing a large casting pit. The pit, which can be seen through the open doors, was never used due to changes in JPL's mission. This steel frame structure is clad in "Transite" board (a fire resistant pressed asbestos composite material) and interior lighting consists of individual explosion proof lamps mounted around the walls. The building was rated for 10,000 pounds (4,545 Kg) of class 2 materials and four personnel. It was licensed 5 June 1989 for ammonium perchlorate (NH4C10,), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and sodium nitrate (NaNO3) - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Casting & Curing Building, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Use of computational fluid dynamics in optimization of natural smoke ventilation from a historical shopping mall - Case study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krajewski, Grzegorz; Wegrzyński, Wojciech

2018-01-01

In this paper, the Authors present results of a complex case study, in which a natural smoke ventilation system was introduced into a historical mall Koszyki Market Hall located in the centre of Warsaw. As historical authorities protected the building, the only solution possible was to use a natural system - known for deficient performance in façade applications. To maximise the performance of the smoke control system, a Computational Wind Engineering exercise was performed. The goal was to find the most difficult wind attack angles, and optimise the performance at these conditions. Once the wind influence was known, a transient analysis was performed that included the growth of the fire within the building, as well as a numerical evacuation study. The resulting system was immune to the wind effects, and provided safe evacuation to users of the building, even in difficult wind conditions.

Heating boilers in Krakow, Poland: Options for improving efficiency and reducing emissions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cyklis, P.; Kowalski, J.; Kroll, J.

1995-08-01

In Krakow, Poland, coal-fired boilers are used to heat single apartment buildings and local heating districts. The population includes 2,930 small, hand-fired boilers and 227 larger traveling grate stoker-fired boilers. These boilers are important contributors to air quality problems in Krakow, and an assessment of their efficiency and emissions characteristics was recently undertaken. For the larger, stoker-fired boilers, efficiency was measured using a stack-loss method. In addition to the normal baseline fuel, the effects of coal cleaning and grading were evaluated. Testing was done at two selected sites. Boiler efficiencies were found to be low--50% to 67%. These boilers operatemore » without combustion controls or instrumentation for flue gas analysis. As a result, excess air levels are very high--up to 400%--leading to poor performance. Emissions were found to be typical for boilers of this type. Using the improved fuels yields reductions in emissions and improvement in efficiency when combined with proper adjustments. In the case of the hand-fired boilers, one set of cast-iron boilers and one set of steel boilers were tested. Efficiency in this case was measured using an input-output method for sets of three boilers taken together as a system. Emissions from these boilers are lowest when low volatile fuels, such as coke or smokeless briquettes, are used.« less

Ecological and sampling constraints on defining landscape fire severity

USGS Publications Warehouse

Key, C.H.

2006-01-01

Ecological definition and detection of fire severity are influenced by factors of spatial resolution and timing. Resolution determines the aggregation of effects within a sampling unit or pixel (alpha variation), hence limiting the discernible ecological responses, and controlling the spatial patchiness of responses distributed throughout a burn (beta variation). As resolution decreases, alpha variation increases, extracting beta variation and complexity from the spatial model of the whole burn. Seasonal timing impacts the quality of radiometric data in terms of transmittance, sun angle, and potential contrast between responses within burns. Detection sensitivity candegrade toward the end of many fire seasons when low sun angles, vegetation senescence, incomplete burning, hazy conditions, or snow are common. Thus, a need exists to supersede many rapid response applications when remote sensing conditions improve. Lag timing, or timesince fire, notably shapes the ecological character of severity through first-order effects that only emerge with time after fire, including delayed survivorship and mortality. Survivorship diminishes the detected magnitude of severity, as burned vegetation remains viable and resprouts, though at first it may appear completely charred or consumed above ground. Conversely, delayed mortality increases the severity estimate when apparently healthy vegetation is in fact damaged by heat to the extent that it dies over time. Both responses dependon fire behavior and various species-specific adaptations to fire that are unique to the pre-firecomposition of each burned area. Both responses can lead initially to either over- or underestimating severity. Based on such implications, three sampling intervals for short-term burn severity are identified; rapid, initial, and extended assessment, sampled within about two weeks, two months, and depending on the ecotype, from three months to one year after fire, respectively. Spatial and temporal conditions of sampling strategies constrain data quality and ecological information obtained about fire severity. Though commonly overlooked, such considerations determine the objectives and hypotheses that are appropriate for each application, and are especially important when building comparative studies or long-term reference databases on fire severity.

61. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE COKE DRYER BUILDING, LOOKING AT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

61. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE COKE DRYER BUILDING, LOOKING AT FIRE BOXES AND SILOS FOR COKE DRYERS. APRIL 22, 1919. - United States Nitrate Plant No. 2, Reservation Road, Muscle Shoals, Muscle Shoals, Colbert County, AL

63. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE LIME KILN BUILDING, LOOKING AT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

63. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE LIME KILN BUILDING, LOOKING AT THE FIRE BOX AND KILN FOR DILLUTANT. APRIL 22, 1919. - United States Nitrate Plant No. 2, Reservation Road, Muscle Shoals, Muscle Shoals, Colbert County, AL

The three Rs of fire safety, emergency action, and fire prevention planning: promoting safety at the worksite.

PubMed

Thompson, Marcella R

2003-04-01

Fire safety is of paramount importance for everyone. In many workplaces, the occupational health nurse's scope of practice encompasses safety related activities. Included within this role is the responsibility for fire safety, emergency action, and fire prevention planning. The Three Rs of fire safety, emergency action, and fire prevention plans are rules, responsibilities, and resources. Myriad building and fire safety codes, regulations, and standards exist with which an employer must comply. An employer's responsibility for installing, testing, inspecting, and maintaining fire safety related equipment is extensive. Emergency action and fire prevention planning begins with conducting a detailed physical survey and preparing site maps. It includes making key policy decisions, writing procedures, and training employees in those procedures by practicing and executing site drills. The best resources available for emergency planning are the local fire department and the property insurer. Planning ahead means an efficient emergency response if disaster strikes. It saves lives, limits property damage, and preserves the environment.

Remote sensing sensitivity to fire severity and fire recovery

USGS Publications Warehouse

Key, C.H.

2005-01-01

The paper examines fundamental ways that geospatial data on fire severity and recovery are influenced by conditions of the remote sensing. Remote sensing sensitivities are spatial, temporal and radiometric in origin. Those discussed include spatial resolution, the sampling time of year, and time since fire. For standard reference, sensitivities are demonstrated with examples drawn from an archive of burn assessments based on one radiometric index, the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio. Resolution determines the aggregation of fire effects within a pixel (alpha variation), hence defining the detected ecological response, and controlling the ability to determine patchiness and spatial distribution of responses throughout a burn (beta variation). As resolution decreases, alpha variation increases, extracting beta variation from the complexity of the whole burn. Seasonal timing impacts the radiometric quality of data in terms of transmittance, sun angle, and potential for enhanced contrast between responses within burns. Remote sensing sensitivity can degrade during many fire seasons when snow, incomplete burning, hazy conditions, low sun angles, or extended drought are common. Time since fire (lag timing) most notably shapes severity detection through the first-order fire effects evident in survivorship and delayed mortality that emerge by the growth period after fire. The former effects appear overly severe at first, but diminish, as burned vegetation remains viable. Conversely, the latter signals vegetation that appears healthy at first, but is damaged by heat to the extent that it soon dies. Both responses can lead to either over- or under-estimating severity, respectively, depending on fire behavior and pre-fire composition unique to each burned area. Based on implications of such sensitivities, three sampling intervals for short-term burn severity are identified; rapid, initial, and extended assessment, sampled within ca. two weeks, two months, and depending on the ecotype, from three months to one year after fire, respectively. Jointly, remote sensing conditions and the way burns are studied yield different tendencies for data quality and information content that impact the objectives and hypotheses that can be studied. Such considerations can be commonly overlooked, but need to be incorporated especially in comparative studies, and to build long-term reference databases on fire severity and recovery.

DISTANT VIEW, UTILITY BUILDING "B" (EAST SIDE) ON LEFT AND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

DISTANT VIEW, UTILITY BUILDING "B" (EAST SIDE) ON LEFT AND AUTOMOTIVE REPAIR SHOP (EAST SIDE) ON RIGHT. GASOLINE AND OIL HOUSE VISIBLE IN CENTER DISTANCE, FIRE DISPATCH OFFICES 1 AND 2 TO LEFT OF UTILITY BUILDING. VIEW TO WEST. - Cedar City Automotive Repair Shop, 820 North Main Street, Cedar City, Iron County, UT

34. Historic photo of Building 202 test cell with damage ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

34. Historic photo of Building 202 test cell with damage from fire or explosion during rocket engine testing, May 17, 1958. On file at NASA Plumbrook Research Center, Sandusky, Ohio. NASA photo number C-47965. - Rocket Engine Testing Facility, GRC Building No. 202, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

37. Historic photo of Building 202 test cell interior, with ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

37. Historic photo of Building 202 test cell interior, with damage related to hydrogen fire during rocket engine testing, April 25, 1959. On file at NASA Plumbrook Research Center, Sandusky, Ohio. NASA photo number C-50473. - Rocket Engine Testing Facility, GRC Building No. 202, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

BIM Based Virtual Environment for Fire Emergency Evacuation

PubMed Central

Rezgui, Yacine; Ong, Hoang N.

2014-01-01

Recent building emergency management research has highlighted the need for the effective utilization of dynamically changing building information. BIM (building information modelling) can play a significant role in this process due to its comprehensive and standardized data format and integrated process. This paper introduces a BIM based virtual environment supported by virtual reality (VR) and a serious game engine to address several key issues for building emergency management, for example, timely two-way information updating and better emergency awareness training. The focus of this paper lies on how to utilize BIM as a comprehensive building information provider to work with virtual reality technologies to build an adaptable immersive serious game environment to provide real-time fire evacuation guidance. The innovation lies on the seamless integration between BIM and a serious game based virtual reality (VR) environment aiming at practical problem solving by leveraging state-of-the-art computing technologies. The system has been tested for its robustness and functionality against the development requirements, and the results showed promising potential to support more effective emergency management. PMID:25197704

Tested by Fire - How two recent Wildfires affected Accelerator Operations at LANL

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Spickermann, Thomas

2012-08-01

In a little more than a decade two large wild fires threatened Los Alamos and impacted accelerator operations at LANL. In 2000 the Cerro Grande Fire destroyed hundreds of homes, as well as structures and equipment at the DARHT facility. The DARHT accelerators were safe in a fire-proof building. In 2011 the Las Conchas Fire burned about 630 square kilometers (250 square miles) and came dangerously close to Los Alamos/LANL. LANSCE accelerator operations Lessons Learned during Las Conchas fire: (1) Develop a plan to efficiently shut down the accelerator on short notice; (2) Establish clear lines of communication in emergencymore » situations; and (3) Plan recovery and keep squirrels out.« less

Fire Protection System for an Atrium Satisfies Code Intent

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boehmer, Donald J.; Jensen, Rolf

1975-01-01

The Civic Center in Scarborough, Ontario, has an open interior design that incorporates an atrium. Fire protection elements include automatic sprinklers, provisions for efficient exiting of building occupants, and smoke evacuation by gravity exhaust. (Available from 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020, $15.00 annually.) (Author/MLF)

Production and efficiency of large wildland fire suppression effort: A stochastic frontier analysis.

PubMed

Katuwal, Hari; Calkin, David E; Hand, Michael S

2016-01-15

This study examines the production and efficiency of wildland fire suppression effort. We estimate the effectiveness of suppression resource inputs to produce controlled fire lines that contain large wildland fires using stochastic frontier analysis. Determinants of inefficiency are identified and the effects of these determinants on the daily production of controlled fire line are examined. Results indicate that the use of bulldozers and fire engines increase the production of controlled fire line, while firefighter crews do not tend to contribute to controlled fire line production. Production of controlled fire line is more efficient if it occurs along natural or built breaks, such as rivers and roads, and within areas previously burned by wildfires. However, results also indicate that productivity and efficiency of the controlled fire line are sensitive to weather, landscape and fire characteristics. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Simulating Fire Disturbance and Plant Mortality Using Antecedent Eco-hydrological Conditions to Inform a Physically Based Combustion Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Atchley, A. L.; Linn, R.; Middleton, R. S.; Runde, I.; Coon, E.; Michaletz, S. T.

2016-12-01

Wildfire is a complex agent of change that both affects and depends on eco-hydrological systems, thereby constituting a tightly linked system of disturbances and eco-hydrological conditions. For example, structure, build-up, and moisture content of fuel are dependent on eco-hydrological regimes, which impacts fire spread and intensity. Fire behavior, on the other hand, determines the severity and extent of eco-hydrological disturbance, often resulting in a mosaic of untouched, stressed, damaged, or completely destroyed vegetation within the fire perimeter. This in turn drives new eco-hydrological system behavior. The cycles of disturbance and recovery present a complex evolving system with many unknowns especially in the face of climate change that has implications for fire risk, water supply, and forest composition. Physically-based numerical experiments that attempt to capture the complex linkages between eco-hydrological regimes that affect fire behavior and the echo-hydrological response from those fire disturbances help build the understanding required to project how fire disturbance and eco-hydrological conditions coevolve over time. Here we explore the use of FIRETEC—a physically-based 3D combustion model that solves conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and chemical species—to resolve fire spread over complex terrain and fuel structures. Uniquely, we couple a physically-based plant mortality model with FIRETEC and examine the resultant hydrologic impact. In this proof of concept demonstration we spatially distribute fuel structure and moisture content based on the eco-hydrological condition to use as input for FIRETEC. The fire behavior simulation then produces localized burn severity and heat injures which are used as input to a spatially-informed plant mortality model. Ultimately we demonstrate the applicability of physically-based models to explore integrated disturbance and eco-hydrologic response to wildfire behavior and specifically map how fire spread and intensity is affect by the antecedent eco-hydrological condition, which then affects the resulting tree mortality patterns.

Development at the wildland-urban interface and the mitigation of forest-fire risk.

PubMed

Spyratos, Vassilis; Bourgeron, Patrick S; Ghil, Michael

2007-09-04

This work addresses the impacts of development at the wildland-urban interface on forest fires that spread to human habitats. Catastrophic fires in the western United States and elsewhere make these impacts a matter of urgency for decision makers, scientists, and the general public. Using a simple fire-spread model, along with housing and vegetation data, we show that fire size probability distributions can be strongly modified by the density and flammability of houses. We highlight a sharp transition zone in the parameter space of vegetation flammability and house density. Many actual fire landscapes in the United States appear to have spreading properties close to this transition. Thus, the density and flammability of buildings should be taken into account when assessing fire risk at the wildland-urban interface. Moreover, our results highlight ways for regulation at this interface to help mitigate fire risk.

The Science of Firescapes: Achieving Fire-Resilient Communities.

PubMed

Smith, Alistair M S; Kolden, Crystal A; Paveglio, Travis B; Cochrane, Mark A; Bowman, David Mjs; Moritz, Max A; Kliskey, Andrew D; Alessa, Lilian; Hudak, Andrew T; Hoffman, Chad M; Lutz, James A; Queen, Lloyd P; Goetz, Scott J; Higuera, Philip E; Boschetti, Luigi; Flannigan, Mike; Yedinak, Kara M; Watts, Adam C; Strand, Eva K; van Wagtendonk, Jan W; Anderson, John W; Stocks, Brian J; Abatzoglou, John T

2016-02-01

Wildland fire management has reached a crossroads. Current perspectives are not capable of answering interdisciplinary adaptation and mitigation challenges posed by increases in wildfire risk to human populations and the need to reintegrate fire as a vital landscape process. Fire science has been, and continues to be, performed in isolated "silos," including institutions (e.g., agencies versus universities), organizational structures (e.g., federal agency mandates versus local and state procedures for responding to fire), and research foci (e.g., physical science, natural science, and social science). These silos tend to promote research, management, and policy that focus only on targeted aspects of the "wicked" wildfire problem. In this article, we provide guiding principles to bridge diverse fire science efforts to advance an integrated agenda of wildfire research that can help overcome disciplinary silos and provide insight on how to build fire-resilient communities.

Emergencies and Problems: A Procedures Manual for Trinity University Library.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pettit, Katherine D.

The first of six sections in this manual outlines a series of steps to be followed when an emergency or problem occurs. These procedures are divided into four categories: (1) behavioral emergencies, i.e., bomb threats, building takeover, problem patrons, or thefts; (2) building emergencies, i.e., elevator failure, fire, flooding of building/water…

39. Historic photo of Building 202 test cell exterior, showing ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

39. Historic photo of Building 202 test cell exterior, showing fiberglass cladding blown out by hydrogen fire during rocket engine testing, April 27, 1959. On file at NASA Plumbrook Research Center, Sandusky, Ohio. NASA photo number C-50472. - Rocket Engine Testing Facility, GRC Building No. 202, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

Exterior building details of Building B, east façade: embedded wood ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Exterior building details of Building B, east façade: embedded wood beams and interrupted dentil course cornice resulting from the removal of the third floor tuberculosis ward, yard level paneled Dutch door, second level two a typical six-light wood casement windows over a single-panel wood door with four light exits to fire escape; westerly view - San Quentin State Prison, Building 22, Point San Quentin, San Quentin, Marin County, CA

An organizational process for promoting home fire safety in two community settings.

PubMed

Lehna, Carlee; Twyman, Stephanie; Fahey, Erin; Coty, Mary-Beth; Williams, Joe; Scrivener, Drane; Wishnia, Gracie; Myers, John

2017-02-01

The purpose of this study was to describe the home fire safety quality improvement model designed to aid organizations in achieving institutional program goals. The home fire safety model was developed from community-based participatory research (CBPR) applying training-the-trainer methods and is illustrated by an institutional case study. The model is applicable to other types of organizations to improve home fire safety in vulnerable populations. Utilizing the education model leaves trained employees with guided experience to build upon, adapt, and modify the home fire safety intervention to more effectively serve their clientele, promote safety, and meet organizational objectives. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.

Oblique view of building 11050, showing east and south sides, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Oblique view of building 11050, showing east and south sides, looking northwest. - Naval Ordnance Test Station Inyokern, China Lake Pilot Plant, Fire Station & Marine Barracks, D Street, at corner of 4th Street, China Lake, Kern County, CA

Determining position inside building via laser rangefinder and handheld computer

DOEpatents

Ramsey, Jr James L. [Albuquerque, NM; Finley, Patrick [Albuquerque, NM; Melton, Brad [Albuquerque, NM

2010-01-12

An apparatus, computer software, and a method of determining position inside a building comprising selecting on a PDA at least two walls of a room in a digitized map of a building or a portion of a building, pointing and firing a laser rangefinder at corresponding physical walls, transmitting collected range information to the PDA, and computing on the PDA a position of the laser rangefinder within the room.

Applying Open Source Game Engine for Building Visual Simulation Training System of Fire Fighting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yuan, Diping; Jin, Xuesheng; Zhang, Jin; Han, Dong

There's a growing need for fire departments to adopt a safe and fair method of training to ensure that the firefighting commander is in a position to manage a fire incident. Visual simulation training systems, with their ability to replicate and interact with virtual fire scenarios through the use of computer graphics or VR, become an effective and efficient method for fire ground education. This paper describes the system architecture and functions of a visual simulated training system of fire fighting on oil storage, which adopting Delat3D, a open source game and simulation engine, to provide realistic 3D views. It presents that using open source technology provides not only the commercial-level 3D effects but also a great reduction of cost.

Quantifying physical characteristics of wildland fuels using the fuel characteristic classification system.

Treesearch

Cynthia L. Riccardi; Susan J. Prichard; David V. Sandberg; Roger D. Ottmar

2007-01-01

Wildland fuel characteristics are used in many applications of operational fire predictions and to understand fire effects and behaviour. Even so, there is a shortage of information on basic fuel properties and the physical characteristics of wildland fuels. The Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS) builds and catalogues fuelbed descriptions based on...

36 CFR 261.16 - Developed recreation sites.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) Occupying any portion of the site for other than recreation purposes. (b) Building, attending, maintaining, or using a fire outside of a fire ring provided by the Forest Service for such purpose or outside of..., or bathing or washing at a hydrant or water faucet not provided for that purpose. (d) Discharging or...

How Schools Can Help: California Teachers Recall the Wildfires

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Riggs, Dana; Madueno, Marcelina; Atlas, Miriam

2008-01-01

This article draws from and builds on the experience of schools in San Diego County following the forest fires that wrought havoc on the area last October. Three teachers (Dana Riggs, Marcelina Madueno and Miriam Atlas) provide a moving account of the personal experiences of their students, who lived through the fires. Their recollections…

41 CFR 102-80.95 - Is the Fire Administration Authorization Act of 1992 applicable to all Federal agencies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... agencies and all Federally owned and leased buildings in the United States. Automatic Sprinkler Systems ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Is the Fire... Contracts and Property Management Federal Property Management Regulations System (Continued) FEDERAL...

41 CFR 102-80.95 - Is the Fire Administration Authorization Act of 1992 applicable to all Federal agencies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... agencies and all Federally owned and leased buildings in the United States. Automatic Sprinkler Systems ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Is the Fire... Contracts and Property Management Federal Property Management Regulations System (Continued) FEDERAL...

41 CFR 102-80.95 - Is the Fire Administration Authorization Act of 1992 applicable to all Federal agencies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... agencies and all Federally owned and leased buildings in the United States. Automatic Sprinkler Systems ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Is the Fire... Contracts and Property Management Federal Property Management Regulations System (Continued) FEDERAL...

41 CFR 102-80.95 - Is the Fire Administration Authorization Act of 1992 applicable to all Federal agencies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... agencies and all Federally owned and leased buildings in the United States. Automatic Sprinkler Systems ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Is the Fire... Contracts and Property Management Federal Property Management Regulations System (Continued) FEDERAL...

41 CFR 102-80.95 - Is the Fire Administration Authorization Act of 1992 applicable to all Federal agencies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... agencies and all Federally owned and leased buildings in the United States. Automatic Sprinkler Systems ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Is the Fire... Contracts and Property Management Federal Property Management Regulations System (Continued) FEDERAL...

20 CFR 654.417 - Fire, safety, and first aid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Fire, safety, and first aid. 654.417 Section..., safety, and first aid. (a) All buildings in which people sleep or eat shall be constructed and maintained...-type water extinguisher. (g) First aid facilities shall be provided and readily accessible for use at...

Bricks in historical buildings of Toledo City: characterisation and restoration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lopez-Arce, Paula; Garcia-Guinea, Javier; Gracia, Mercedes

2003-01-15

Two different types of ancient bricks (12th to 14th centuries) collected from historical buildings of Toledo (Spain) were characterised by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometers (SEM/EDS), electron probe microanalysis (EM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and {sup 57}Fe-Moessbauer spectroscopy. Physical properties such as water absorption and suction, porosity, density and compression strength were also determined. Several minerals found in the brick matrix, such as garnet, let us infer raw material sources; calcite, dolomite, illite and neoformed gehlenite and diopside phases, on temperature reached in firing; secondary calcite, on first cooling scenarios; and manganese micronodules, on latemore » pollution environments. XRD and DTA of original and refired samples supply information about firing temperatures. Additional data on firing conditions and type of the original clay are provided by the Moessbauer study. Physical properties of both types of bricks were compared and correlated with raw materials and fabric and firing technology employed. The physicochemical characterisation of these bricks provides valuable data for restoration purposes to formulate new specific bricks using neighbouring raw materials.« less

POST Earthquake Debris Management — AN Overview

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sarkar, Raju

Every year natural disasters, such as fires, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, landslides, tsunami, and tornadoes, challenge various communities of the world. Earthquakes strike with varying degrees of severity and pose both short- and long-term challenges to public service providers. Earthquakes generate shock waves and displace the ground along fault lines. These seismic forces can bring down buildings and bridges in a localized area and damage buildings and other structures in a far wider area. Secondary damage from fires, explosions, and localized flooding from broken water pipes can increase the amount of debris. Earthquake debris includes building materials, personal property, and sediment from landslides. The management of this debris, as well as the waste generated during the reconstruction works, can place significant challenges on the national and local capacities. Debris removal is a major component of every post earthquake recovery operation. Much of the debris generated from earthquake is not hazardous. Soil, building material, and green waste, such as trees and shrubs, make up most of the volume of earthquake debris. These wastes not only create significant health problems and a very unpleasant living environment if not disposed of safely and appropriately, but also can subsequently impose economical burdens on the reconstruction phase. In practice, most of the debris may be either disposed of at landfill sites, reused as materials for construction or recycled into useful commodities Therefore, the debris clearance operation should focus on the geotechnical engineering approach as an important post earthquake issue to control the quality of the incoming flow of potential soil materials. In this paper, the importance of an emergency management perspective in this geotechnical approach that takes into account the different criteria related to the operation execution is proposed by highlighting the key issues concerning the handling of the construction and demolition debris following an earthquake.

POST Earthquake Debris Management - AN Overview

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sarkar, Raju

Every year natural disasters, such as fires, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, landslides, tsunami, and tornadoes, challenge various communities of the world. Earthquakes strike with varying degrees of severity and pose both short- and long-term challenges to public service providers. Earthquakes generate shock waves and displace the ground along fault lines. These seismic forces can bring down buildings and bridges in a localized area and damage buildings and other structures in a far wider area. Secondary damage from fires, explosions, and localized flooding from broken water pipes can increase the amount of debris. Earthquake debris includes building materials, personal property, and sediment from landslides. The management of this debris, as well as the waste generated during the reconstruction works, can place significant challenges on the national and local capacities. Debris removal is a major component of every post earthquake recovery operation. Much of the debris generated from earthquake is not hazardous. Soil, building material, and green waste, such as trees and shrubs, make up most of the volume of earthquake debris. These wastes not only create significant health problems and a very unpleasant living environment if not disposed of safely and appropriately, but also can subsequently impose economical burdens on the reconstruction phase. In practice, most of the debris may be either disposed of at landfill sites, reused as materials for construction or recycled into useful commodities Therefore, the debris clearance operation should focus on the geotechnical engineering approach as an important post earthquake issue to control the quality of the incoming flow of potential soil materials. In this paper, the importance of an emergency management perspective in this geotechnical approach that takes into account the different criteria related to the operation execution is proposed by highlighting the key issues concerning the handling of the construction and demolition debris following an earthquake.

FireStem2D – A Two-Dimensional Heat Transfer Model for Simulating Tree Stem Injury in Fires

PubMed Central

Chatziefstratiou, Efthalia K.; Bohrer, Gil; Bova, Anthony S.; Subramanian, Ravishankar; Frasson, Renato P. M.; Scherzer, Amy; Butler, Bret W.; Dickinson, Matthew B.

2013-01-01

FireStem2D, a software tool for predicting tree stem heating and injury in forest fires, is a physically-based, two-dimensional model of stem thermodynamics that results from heating at the bark surface. It builds on an earlier one-dimensional model (FireStem) and provides improved capabilities for predicting fire-induced mortality and injury before a fire occurs by resolving stem moisture loss, temperatures through the stem, degree of bark charring, and necrotic depth around the stem. We present the results of numerical parameterization and model evaluation experiments for FireStem2D that simulate laboratory stem-heating experiments of 52 tree sections from 25 trees. We also conducted a set of virtual sensitivity analysis experiments to test the effects of unevenness of heating around the stem and with aboveground height using data from two studies: a low-intensity surface fire and a more intense crown fire. The model allows for improved understanding and prediction of the effects of wildland fire on injury and mortality of trees of different species and sizes. PMID:23894599

View of building 11050 looking northeast, showing metal sided and ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of building 11050 looking northeast, showing metal sided and roofed addition on east elevation. - Naval Ordnance Test Station Inyokern, China Lake Pilot Plant, Fire Station & Marine Barracks, D Street, at corner of 4th Street, China Lake, Kern County, CA

View of building 11050 looking northwest, with metal sided and ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of building 11050 looking northwest, with metal sided and roofed addition on east elevation. - Naval Ordnance Test Station Inyokern, China Lake Pilot Plant, Fire Station & Marine Barracks, D Street, at corner of 4th Street, China Lake, Kern County, CA

46 CFR 78.47-17 - Fire extinguishing system controls.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire extinguishing system controls. 78.47-17 Section 78... Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 78.47-17 Fire extinguishing system controls. (a) The control cabinets or spaces containing valves or manifolds for the various fire extinguishing systems shall...

46 CFR 78.47-17 - Fire extinguishing system controls.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Fire extinguishing system controls. 78.47-17 Section 78... Markings for Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 78.47-17 Fire extinguishing system controls. (a) The control cabinets or spaces containing valves or manifolds for the various fire extinguishing systems shall...

Advanced Vacuum Plasma Spray (VPS) for a Robust, Longlife and Safe Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Holmes, Richard R.; Elam, Sandra K.; McKechnie, Timothy N.; Power, Christopher A.

2010-01-01

In 1984, the Vacuum Plasma Spray Lab was built at NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center for applying durable, protective coatings to turbine blades for the space shuttle main engine (SSME) high pressure fuel turbopump. Existing turbine blades were cracking and breaking off after five hot fire tests while VPS coated turbine blades showed no wear or cracking after 40 hot fire tests. Following that, a major manufacturing problem of copper coatings peeling off the SSME Titanium Main Fuel Valve Housing was corrected with a tenacious VPS copper coating. A patented VPS process utilizing Functional Gradient Material (FGM) application was developed to build ceramic lined metallic cartridges for space furnace experiments, safely containing gallium arsenide at 1260 degrees centigrade. The VPS/FGM process was then translated to build robust, long life, liquid rocket combustion chambers for the space shuttle main engine. A 5K (5,000 Lb. thrust) thruster with the VPS/FGM protective coating experienced 220 hot firing tests in pristine condition with no wear compared to the SSME which showed blanching (surface pulverization) and cooling channel cracks in less than 30 of the same hot firing tests. After 35 of the hot firing tests, the injector face plates disintegrated. The VPS/FGM process was then applied to spraying protective thermal barrier coatings on the face plates which showed 50% cooler operating temperature, with no wear after 50 hot fire tests. Cooling channels were closed out in two weeks, compared to one year for the SSME. Working up the TRL (Technology Readiness Level) to establish the VPS/FGM process as viable technology, a 40K thruster was built and is currently being tested. Proposed is to build a J-2X size liquid rocket engine as the final step in establishing the VPS/FGM process TRL for space flight.

41 CFR 102-80.80 - With what general accident and fire prevention policy must Federal agencies comply?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... maximum extent feasible, comply with one of the nationally recognized model building codes and with other nationally-recognized codes in their construction or alteration of each building in accordance with 40 U.S.C. 3312; and (f) Use the applicable national codes and standards as a guide for their building operations...

41 CFR 102-80.80 - With what general accident and fire prevention policy must Federal agencies comply?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... maximum extent feasible, comply with one of the nationally recognized model building codes and with other nationally-recognized codes in their construction or alteration of each building in accordance with 40 U.S.C. 3312; and (f) Use the applicable national codes and standards as a guide for their building operations...

41 CFR 102-80.80 - With what general accident and fire prevention policy must Federal agencies comply?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... maximum extent feasible, comply with one of the nationally recognized model building codes and with other nationally-recognized codes in their construction or alteration of each building in accordance with 40 U.S.C. 3312; and (f) Use the applicable national codes and standards as a guide for their building operations...

41 CFR 102-80.80 - With what general accident and fire prevention policy must Federal agencies comply?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... maximum extent feasible, comply with one of the nationally recognized model building codes and with other nationally-recognized codes in their construction or alteration of each building in accordance with 40 U.S.C. 3312; and (f) Use the applicable national codes and standards as a guide for their building operations...

30. SITE BUILDING 002 SCANNER BUILDING FLOOR 3A ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

30. SITE BUILDING 002 - SCANNER BUILDING - FLOOR 3A ("A" FACE) INTERIOR BETWEEN GRIDS 17-A1 AND 18-A1, SHOWING REAR OF RADAR EMITTER ELECTRONIC INTERFACE TERMINAL NO. 3147-20, "RECEIVER TRANSMITTER RADAR" MODULE. VIEW IS ALSO SHOWING BUILDING FIRE STOP MATERIAL AT BOTTOM OF FLOOR. NOTE: WALL SLOPES BOTTOM TO TOP INWARD; STRUCTURAL ELEMENT IN FOREGROUND. VIEW ALSO SHOWS PIPING GRID OF CHILLED WATER LINES FOR ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS COOLING. - Cape Cod Air Station, Technical Facility-Scanner Building & Power Plant, Massachusetts Military Reservation, Sandwich, Barnstable County, MA

The Science of Firescapes: Achieving Fire-Resilient Communities

PubMed Central

Smith, Alistair M.S.; Kolden, Crystal A.; Paveglio, Travis B.; Cochrane, Mark A.; Bowman, David MJS; Moritz, Max A.; Kliskey, Andrew D.; Alessa, Lilian; Hudak, Andrew T.; Hoffman, Chad M.; Lutz, James A.; Queen, Lloyd P.; Goetz, Scott J.; Higuera, Philip E.; Boschetti, Luigi; Flannigan, Mike; Yedinak, Kara M.; Watts, Adam C.; Strand, Eva K.; van Wagtendonk, Jan W.; Anderson, John W.; Stocks, Brian J.; Abatzoglou, John T.

2016-01-01

Abstract Wildland fire management has reached a crossroads. Current perspectives are not capable of answering interdisciplinary adaptation and mitigation challenges posed by increases in wildfire risk to human populations and the need to reintegrate fire as a vital landscape process. Fire science has been, and continues to be, performed in isolated “silos,” including institutions (e.g., agencies versus universities), organizational structures (e.g., federal agency mandates versus local and state procedures for responding to fire), and research foci (e.g., physical science, natural science, and social science). These silos tend to promote research, management, and policy that focus only on targeted aspects of the “wicked” wildfire problem. In this article, we provide guiding principles to bridge diverse fire science efforts to advance an integrated agenda of wildfire research that can help overcome disciplinary silos and provide insight on how to build fire-resilient communities. PMID:29593361

Effect of fire-induced damage on the uniaxial strength characteristics of solid timber: A numerical study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hopkin, D. J.; El-Rimawi, J.; Lennon, T.; Silberschmidt, V. V.

2011-07-01

The advent of the structural Eurocodes has allowed civil engineers to be more creative in the design of structures exposed to fire. Rather than rely upon regulatory guidance and prescriptive methods engineers are now able to use such codes to design buildings on the basis of credible design fires rather than accepted unrealistic standard-fire time-temperature curves. Through this process safer and more efficient structural designs are achievable. The key development in enabling performance-based fire design is the emergence of validated numerical models capable of predicting the mechanical response of a whole building or sub-assemblies at elevated temperature. In such a way, efficiency savings have been achieved in the design of steel, concrete and composite structures. However, at present, due to a combination of limited fundamental research and restrictions in the UK National Annex to the timber Eurocode, the design of fire-exposed timber structures using numerical modelling techniques is not generally undertaken. The 'fire design' of timber structures is covered in Eurocode 5 part 1.2 (EN 1995-1-2). In this code there is an advanced calculation annex (Annex B) intended to facilitate the implementation of numerical models in the design of fire-exposed timber structures. The properties contained in the code can, at present, only be applied to standard-fire exposure conditions. This is due to existing limitations related to the available thermal properties which are only valid for standard fire exposure. In an attempt to overcome this barrier the authors have proposed a 'modified conductivity model' (MCM) for determining the temperature of timber structural elements during the heating phase of non-standard fires. This is briefly outlined in this paper. In addition, in a further study, the MCM has been implemented in a coupled thermo-mechanical analysis of uniaxially loaded timber elements exposed to non-standard fires. The finite element package DIANA was adopted with plane-strain elements assuming two-dimensional heat flow. The resulting predictions of failure time for given levels of load are discussed and compared with the simplified 'effective cross section' method presented in EN 1995-1-2.

Debunking the Fire Sprinkler Myth.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O'Connell, Thomas

1996-01-01

Sprinklers can protect school buildings, save lives, and actually reduce construction costs. Sprinkler-system costs can be easily offset by insurance savings, as well as by specific alternatives or design options permitted by nationally recognized building codes in view of the superior protection that sprinklers provide. (MLF)

Aerogel: From Aerospace to Apparel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

Aspen Systems Inc. developed an aerogel-manufacturing process solved the handling problems associated with aerogel-based insulation products. Their aerogels can now be manufactured into blankets, thin sheets, beads, and molded parts; and may be transparent, translucent, or opaque. Aspen made the material effective for window and skylight insulation, non-flammable building insulation, and inexpensive firewall insulation that will withstand fires in homes and buildings, and also assist in the prevention of forest fires. Another Aspen product is Spaceloft(TM); an inexpensive, flexible blanket that incorporates a thin layer of aerogel embedded directly into the fabric. Spaceloft, is incorporated into jackets intended for wear in extremely harsh conditions and activities, such as Antarctic expeditions.

How Can We Make PV Modules Safer?: Preprint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wohlgemuth, J. H.; Kurtz, S. R.

2012-06-01

Safety is a prime concern for the photovoltaics (PV) industry. As a technology deployed on residential and commercial buildings, it is critical that PV not cause damage to the buildings nor harm the occupants. Many of the PV systems on buildings are of sufficiently high voltage (300 to 600 Volts dc) that they may present potential hazards. These PV systems must be safe in terms of mechanical damage (nothing falls on someone), shock hazard (no risk of electrical shock when touching an exposed circuit element), and fire (the modules neither cause nor promote a fire). The present safety standards (IECmore » 61730 and UL 1703) do a good job of providing for design rules and test requirements for mechanical, shock, and spread of flame dangers. However, neither standard addresses the issue of electrical arcing within a module that can cause a fire. To make PV modules, they must be designed, built, and installed with an emphasis on minimizing the potential for open circuits and ground faults. This paper provides recommendations on redundant connection designs, robust mounting methods, and changes to the safety standards to yield safer PV modules.« less

Forest-fire model as a supercritical dynamic model in financial systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Deokjae; Kim, Jae-Young; Lee, Jeho; Kahng, B.

2015-02-01

Recently large-scale cascading failures in complex systems have garnered substantial attention. Such extreme events have been treated as an integral part of self-organized criticality (SOC). Recent empirical work has suggested that some extreme events systematically deviate from the SOC paradigm, requiring a different theoretical framework. We shed additional theoretical light on this possibility by studying financial crisis. We build our model of financial crisis on the well-known forest fire model in scale-free networks. Our analysis shows a nontrivial scaling feature indicating supercritical behavior, which is independent of system size. Extreme events in the supercritical state result from bursting of a fat bubble, seeds of which are sown by a protracted period of a benign financial environment with few shocks. Our findings suggest that policymakers can control the magnitude of financial meltdowns by keeping the economy operating within reasonable duration of a benign environment.

Grassroots movement building and preemption in the campaign for residential fire sprinklers.

PubMed

Pertschuk, Mark; Hobart, Robin; Paloma, Marjorie; Larkin, Michelle A; Balbach, Edith D

2013-10-01

Home fires account for 85% of fire deaths in the United States, the majority in 1- or 2-family homes lacking fire sprinklers. Since 1978, however, a grassroots movement has successfully promoted more than 360 local ordinances mandating sprinklers in all new residential construction, including 1- and 2-family homes. The homebuilding industry has responded by seeking state preemption of local authority, a strategy previously used by other industries concerned about protecting their profits. From 2009 through 2011, 13 states adopted laws eliminating or limiting local authority over residential fire sprinklers. This study of the residential sprinkler movement adds to our understanding of grassroots public health movements and provides additional evidence that preemption can have a negative impact on public health and safety.

Determination of Survivable Fires

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dietrich, D. L.; Niehaus, J. E.; Ruff, G. A.; Urban, D. L.; Takahashi, F.; Easton, J. W.; Abbott, A. A.; Graf, J. C.

2012-01-01

At NASA, there exists no standardized design or testing protocol for spacecraft fire suppression systems (either handheld or total flooding designs). An extinguisher's efficacy in safely suppressing any reasonable or conceivable fire is the primary benchmark. That concept, however, leads to the question of what a reasonable or conceivable fire is. While there exists the temptation to over-size' the fire extinguisher, weight and volume considerations on spacecraft will always (justifiably) push for the minimum size extinguisher required. This paper attempts to address the question of extinguisher size by examining how large a fire a crew member could successfully survive and extinguish in the confines of a spacecraft. The hazards to the crew and equipment during an accidental fire include excessive pressure rise resulting in a catastrophic rupture of the vehicle skin, excessive temperatures that burn or incapacitate the crew (due to hyperthermia), carbon dioxide build-up or other accumulation of other combustion products (e.g. carbon monoxide). Estimates of these quantities are determined as a function of fire size and mass of material burned. This then becomes the basis for determining the maximum size of a target fire for future fire extinguisher testing.

Minimum separation distances for natural gas pipeline and boilers in the 300 area, Hanford Site

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Daling, P.M.; Graham, T.M.

1997-08-01

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is proposing actions to reduce energy expenditures and improve energy system reliability at the 300 Area of the Hanford Site. These actions include replacing the centralized heating system with heating units for individual buildings or groups of buildings, constructing a new natural gas distribution system to provide a fuel source for many of these units, and constructing a central control building to operate and maintain the system. The individual heating units will include steam boilers that are to be housed in individual annex buildings located at some distance away from nearby 300 Area nuclearmore » facilities. This analysis develops the basis for siting the package boilers and natural gas distribution systems to be used to supply steam to 300 Area nuclear facilities. The effects of four potential fire and explosion scenarios involving the boiler and natural gas pipeline were quantified to determine minimum separation distances that would reduce the risks to nearby nuclear facilities. The resulting minimum separation distances are shown in Table ES.1.« less

Low-smoke, halogenfree ship-offshore/onshore cables with improved flame retardance and fire resistance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pedersen, J. R.; Holte, T. A.; Johansen, E.

Cables with improved fire resistance and flame retardance have been developed. They will continue to function at least 3 hours even at temperatures up to 1000 C and do not propagate fire when tested according to IEC 332 part 3 1982, category A. Made with halogenfree materials they give off no corrosive gases and very little visible smoke in cases of fire. Cables are made for power, signal and instrument installations in hospitals, high rise buildings, railroad cars, subways, on board ship, oil rigs and oil production platforms. The offshore cables are specially constructed to withstand the rugged climatic conditions in the North Sea area.

Investment appraisal using quantitative risk analysis.

PubMed

Johansson, Henrik

2002-07-01

Investment appraisal concerned with investments in fire safety systems is discussed. Particular attention is directed at evaluating, in terms of the Bayesian decision theory, the risk reduction that investment in a fire safety system involves. It is shown how the monetary value of the change from a building design without any specific fire protection system to one including such a system can be estimated by use of quantitative risk analysis, the results of which are expressed in terms of a Risk-adjusted net present value. This represents the intrinsic monetary value of investing in the fire safety system. The method suggested is exemplified by a case study performed in an Avesta Sheffield factory.

Design and Realization of Ship Fire Simulation Training System Based on Unity3D

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ting, Ye; Feng, Chen; Wenqiang, Wang; Kai, Yang

2018-01-01

Ship fire training is a very important training to ensure the safety of the ship, but limited by the characteristics of the ship itself, it is difficult to carry out fire training on the ship. This paper proposes to introduce a virtual reality technology to build a set of ship fire simulation training system, used to improve the quality of training, reduce training costs. First, the system design ideas are elaborated, and the system architecture diagram is given. Then, the key technologies in the process of system implementation are analyzed. Finally, the system examples are built and tested.

Preliminary Guidelines For Using Suppression Fires to Control Wildfires in the Southeast

Treesearch

Robert W. Cooper

1969-01-01

Suppression firing is defied as the application of fire to speed or strengthen control action on free-burning wildfires. The key to successful suppression firing is availability of personnel knowledgeable in specific application plus an adequate supply of manpower and equipment to contain the set fire. Preliminary guidelines for the use of this fire-control tool are...

National Conference on Campus Safety (15th, University of Vermont, Burlington, June 21-26, 1968).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Green, Jack N., Ed.

Presentations made at the fifteenth National Conference on Campus Safety. The following topics are dealt with--(1) Occupational Health on Campus, (2) Teacher Liability in School Accidents, (3) Indoctrinating Students in Fire Safety, (4) Computer Installations Safety and Fire Protection, (5) The Design of Laboratory Buildings, (6) A Uniform System…

Aligning smoke management with ecological and public health goals

Treesearch

Jonathan W. Long; Leland W. Tarnay; Malcolm P. North

2017-01-01

Past and current forest management affects wildland fire smoke impacts on downwind human populations. However, mismatches between the scale of benefits and risks make it difficult to proactively manage wildland fires to promote both ecological and public health. Building on recent literature and advances in modeling smoke and health effects, we outline a framework to...

A spatial stochastic programming model for timber and core area management under risk of fires

Treesearch

Yu Wei; Michael Bevers; Dung Nguyen; Erin Belval

2014-01-01

Previous stochastic models in harvest scheduling seldom address explicit spatial management concerns under the influence of natural disturbances. We employ multistage stochastic programming models to explore the challenges and advantages of building spatial optimization models that account for the influences of random stand-replacing fires. Our exploratory test models...

7. Detail, 1885 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, Carlin, Nevada, in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. Detail, 1885 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, Carlin, Nevada, in collection of Nevada Historical Society, Reno; credit Nevada Historical Society. Engine Stores Building is adjacent to R.R. Repair Shop, and is shown containing Library, Cooper Shop, Office, Ware Room, and Boiler & Engine Room. - Southern Pacific Railroad, Carlin Shops, Foot of Sixth Street, Carlin, Elko County, NV

Using escaped prescribed fire reviews to improve organizational learning

Treesearch

Anne E. Black; James Saveland; Dave Thomas; Jennifer Ziegler

2012-01-01

The US wildland fire community has been interested in cultivating organizational learning to improve safety and overall performance for a number of years. A key focus has been on understanding the difference between culpability (to be guilty) and accountability (to explain) and on re-orienting review processes towards building a collective account of (as opposed to...

Forests, people, fire: Integrating the sciences to build capacity for an “All Lands” approach to forest restoration

Treesearch

Marie Oliver; Susan Charnley; Thomas Spies; Jeff Kline; Eric White

2017-01-01

Interest in landscape-scale approaches to fire management and forest restoration is growing with the realization that these approaches are critical to maintaining healthy forests and protecting nearby communities. However, coordinated planning and action across multiple ownerships have been elusive because of differing goals and forest management styles among...

Protect Thy Neighbor: Investigating the Spatial Externalities of Community Wildfire Hazard Mitigation

Treesearch

David Butry; Geoffrey Donovan

2008-01-01

Climate change, increased wildland fuels, and residential development patterns in fire-prone areas all combine to make wildfire risk mitigation an important public policy issue. One approach to wildfire risk mitigation is to encourage homeowners to use fire-resistant building materials and to create defensible spaces around their homes. We develop a theoretical model...

Cone calorimeter tests of wood-based decking materials

Treesearch

Robert H. White; Mark A. Dietenberger; Nicole M. Stark

2007-01-01

New technologies in building materials have resulted in the use of a wide variety of materials in decks. As part of our effort to address fire concerns in the wildland-urban interface, the Forest Products Laboratory has been examining the fire performance of decking products. In addition to preservative-treated wood, decking products include wood-plastic composites and...

The nature of the beast: examining climate adaptation options in forests with stand-replacing fire regimes

Treesearch

Joshua S. Halofsky; Daniel C. Donato; Jerry F. Franklin; Jessica E. Halofsky; David L. Peterson; Brian J. Harvey

2018-01-01

Building resilience to natural disturbances is a key to managing forests for adaptation to climate change. To date, most climate adaptation guidance has focused on recommendations for frequent-fire forests, leaving few published guidelines for forests that naturally experience infrequent, stand-replacing wildfires. Because most such forests are inherently resilient to...

Multifamily Individual Heating and Ventilation Systems, Lawrence, Massachusetts (Fact Sheet)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

The conversion of an older Massachusetts building into condominiums illustrates a safe, durable, and cost-effective solution for heating and ventilation systems that can potentially benefit millions of multifamily buildings. Merrimack Valley Habitat for Humanity (MVHfH) partnered with U.S. Department of Energy Building America team Building Science Corporation (BSC) to provide high performance affordable housing for 10 families in the retrofit of an existing mass masonry building (a former convent). The original ventilation design for the project was provided by a local engineer and consisted of a single large heat recovery ventilator (HRV) located in a mechanical room in the basementmore » with a centralized duct system providing supply air to the main living space and exhausting stale air from the single bathroom in each apartment. This design was deemed to be far too costly to install and operate for several reasons: the large central HRV was oversized and the specified flows to each apartment were much higher than the ASHRAE 62.2 rate; an extensive system of ductwork, smoke and fire dampers, and duct chases were specified; ductwork required a significant area of dropped ceilings; and the system lacked individual ventilation control in the apartments« less

Final Report: Fire Prevention, Detection, and Suppression Project, Exploration Technology Development Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ruff, Gary A.

2011-01-01

The Fire Prevention, Detection, and Suppression (FPDS) project is a technology development effort within the Exploration Technology Development Program of the Exploration System Missions Directorate (ESMD) that addresses all aspects of fire safety aboard manned exploration systems. The overarching goal for work in the FPDS area is to develop technologies that will ensure crew health and safety on exploration missions by reducing the likelihood of a fire, or, if one does occur, minimizing the risk to the crew, mission, or system. This is accomplished by addressing the areas of (1) fire prevention and material flammability, (2) fire signatures and detection, and (3) fire suppression and response. This report describes the outcomes of this project from the formation of the Exploration Technology Development Program (ETDP) in October 2005 to September 31, 2010 when the Exploration Technology Development Program was replaced by the Enabling Technology Development and Demonstration Program. NASA s fire safety work will continue under this new program and will build upon the accomplishments described herein.

Global Governance: The Role of States and International Organizations

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-10-01

1752002) Ishikawa , Kaoru . Nation Building and Development Assistance in Africa: Different but Egual. New York: St. Martin’s, 1999. (HC 800 .184 1999...C242454 2001) Irwin, Douglas A. Free Trade under Fire. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2002. (HF 1756 .1682002) Ishikawa , Kaoru . Nation Building and

Safety in the Chemical Laboratory: Fire Safety and Fire Control in the Chemistry Laboratory.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilbraham, A. C.

1979-01-01

Discusses fire safety and fire control in the chemistry laboratory. The combustion process, extinguishing equipment, extinguisher maintenance and location, and fire safety and practices are included. (HM)

Quantifying the fire regime distributions for severity in Yosemite National Park, California, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Thode, Andrea E.; van Wagtendonk, Jan W.; Miller, Jay D.; Quinn, James F.

2011-01-01

This paper quantifies current fire severity distributions for 19 different fire-regime types in Yosemite National Park, California, USA. Landsat Thematic Mapper remote sensing data are used to map burn severity for 99 fires (cumulatively over 97 000 ha) that burned in Yosemite over a 20-year period. These maps are used to quantify the frequency distributions of fire severity by fire-regime type. A classification is created for the resultant distributions and they are discussed within the context of four vegetation zones: the foothill shrub and woodland zone; the lower montane forest zone; the upper montane forest zone and the subalpine forest zone. The severity distributions can form a building block from which to discuss current fire regimes across the Sierra Nevada in California. This work establishes a framework for comparing the effects of current fires on our landscapes with our notions of how fires historically burned, and how current fire severity distributions differ from our desired future conditions. As this process is refined, a new set of information will be available to researchers and land managers to help understand how fire regimes have changed from the past and how we might attempt to manage them in the future.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Curry, J J; Gallagher, D W; Modarres, M

Appendices are presented concerning isolation condenser makeup; vapor suppression system; station air system; reactor building closed cooling water system; turbine building secondary closed water system; service water system; emergency service water system; fire protection system; emergency ac power; dc power system; event probability estimation; methodology of accident sequence quantification; and assignment of dominant sequences to release categories.

PBF Cooling Tower Auxiliary Building (PER624) interior. Camera facing north. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Cooling Tower Auxiliary Building (PER-624) interior. Camera facing north. Deluge valves and automatic fire protection piping for Cooling Tower. Photographer: Holmes. Date: May 20, 1970. INEEL negative no. 70-2323 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

24 CFR 902.21 - Physical condition standards for public housing-decent, safe, and sanitary housing in good repair...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., electrical system, elevators, emergency power, fire protection, heating/ventilation/air conditioning (HVAC... HOUSING ASSESSMENT SYSTEM Physical Condition Indicator § 902.21 Physical condition standards for public... the major physical areas of public housing: Site, building exterior, building systems, dwelling units...

24 CFR 902.21 - Physical condition standards for public housing-decent, safe, and sanitary housing in good repair...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., electrical system, elevators, emergency power, fire protection, heating/ventilation/air conditioning (HVAC... HOUSING ASSESSMENT SYSTEM Physical Condition Indicator § 902.21 Physical condition standards for public... the major physical areas of public housing: Site, building exterior, building systems, dwelling units...

24 CFR 902.21 - Physical condition standards for public housing-decent, safe, and sanitary housing in good repair...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., electrical system, elevators, emergency power, fire protection, heating/ventilation/air conditioning (HVAC... HOUSING ASSESSMENT SYSTEM Physical Condition Indicator § 902.21 Physical condition standards for public... the major physical areas of public housing: Site, building exterior, building systems, dwelling units...

24 CFR 902.21 - Physical condition standards for public housing-decent, safe, and sanitary housing in good repair...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., electrical system, elevators, emergency power, fire protection, heating/ventilation/air conditioning (HVAC... HOUSING ASSESSMENT SYSTEM Physical Condition Indicator § 902.21 Physical condition standards for public... the major physical areas of public housing: Site, building exterior, building systems, dwelling units...

45. 'Replace Starboard Elevator and Repairs, Gould Island, Building No. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

45. 'Replace Starboard Elevator and Repairs, Gould Island, Building No. 35,' approved 26 July 1981, NUSC Drawing No. 80-67, NAV. FAC. Drawing No. 2,047,203. Scales as noted. - Naval Torpedo Station, Firing Pier, North end of Gould Island in Narragansett Bay, Newport, Newport County, RI

Female Fire-Setters: Gender-Associated Psychological and Psychopathological Features.

PubMed

Alleyne, Emma; Gannon, Theresa A; Mozova, Katarina; Page, Thomas E; Ó Ciardha, Caoilte

2016-01-01

Female fire-setters are reported to commit nearly one-third of deliberately set fires, yet there are limited studies examining the characteristics that distinguish them from suitable comparison groups. The aim of this study is to compare incarcerated female fire-setters with incarcerated male fire-setters and female offender controls on psychopathological and psychological features that could be targeted via therapeutic interventions. We recruited 65 female fire-setters, 128 male fire-setters, and 63 female offenders from the prison estate. Participants completed a battery of validated tools assessing psychiatric traits and psychological characteristics (i.e., inappropriate fire interest, emotion/self-regulation, social competence, self-concept, offense-supportive attitudes, and boredom proneness) highlighted in the existing literature. Major depression and an internal locus of control distinguished female fire-setters from male fire-setters. Alcohol dependence, serious/problematic fire interest, and more effective anger regulation distinguished female fire-setters from the female offender control group. This is the first study to examine differences between female fire-setters, male fire-setters, and female control offenders on both psychopathological features and psychological traits. These findings highlight the gender-specific and offense-specific needs of female fire-setters that clinicians need to consider when implementing programs that ensure client responsivity.

1. Credit USAF, ca. 1942. Original housed in the Muroc ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Credit USAF, ca. 1942. Original housed in the Muroc Flight Test Base, Unit History, 1 September 1942 - 30 June 1945. Alfred F. Simpson Historical Research Agency. United States Air Force. Maxwell AFB, Alabama. Historical view looks west southwest at construction of Building 4317, Deluge Water Pumping Station (then designated Pump House No. 3). This in-ground structure houses fire pumps which draw water from an in-ground reservoir, Building 4316 (See HAER photos CA-170-I). Pumping station was built in-ground to take advantage of gravity, since water flows from reservoir to prime the pumps, and fire system piping is underground. Opening in far wall is to stairs leading up to ground level. Earth mound in background is part of water reservoir construction (Building 4316). - Edwards Air Force Base, North Base, Deluge Water Pumping Station, Near Second & D Streets, Boron, Kern County, CA

Surface fuel litterfall and decomposition in the northern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A.

Treesearch

Robert E. Keane

2008-01-01

Surface fuel deposition and decomposition rates are important to fire management and research because they can define the longevity of fuel treatments in time and space and they can be used to design, build, test, and validate complex fire and ecosystem models useful in evaluating management alternatives. We determined rates of surface fuel litterfall and decomposition...

3D engineered fiberboard : engineering analysis of a new building product

Treesearch

John F. Hunt; Jerrold E. Winandy

2003-01-01

In many forests across the United States, the high forest fuel loadings are contributing to our recent forest fire problems. Many fire-prone timber stands are generally far from traditional timber markets or the timber is not economically valuable enough to cover the costs of removal. To help address this problem, the USDA Forest Products Laboratory has developed a...

6. Photocopy of photograph (original 53/4 x 31/2 inch negative ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. Photocopy of photograph (original 5-3/4 x 3-1/2 inch negative located in the Recreation files, Darrington Ranger District). R. L. Fromme, photographer, July 1942. FIRE & TRUCK STORAGE ('L') BLDG. 2275, FOREGROUND - R. & T. WAREHOUSE, DARRINGTON R.S. ('M') BLDG. 2215, BACKGROUND - Darrington Ranger Station, Fire & Truck Storage Building, 1405 Emmens Street, Darrington, Snohomish County, WA

41 CFR 102-80.140 - What is meant by “room of origin”?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Accident and Fire Prevention Room of Origin § 102-80.140 What is meant by “room of origin”? Room of origin means an area of a building where a fire can be expected to start. Typically, the..., this could lead to unacceptably large areas in the case of open plan office space or similar...

41 CFR 102-80.140 - What is meant by “room of origin”?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Accident and Fire Prevention Room of Origin § 102-80.140 What is meant by “room of origin”? Room of origin means an area of a building where a fire can be expected to start. Typically, the..., this could lead to unacceptably large areas in the case of open plan office space or similar...

41 CFR 102-80.140 - What is meant by “room of origin”?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Accident and Fire Prevention Room of Origin § 102-80.140 What is meant by “room of origin”? Room of origin means an area of a building where a fire can be expected to start. Typically, the..., this could lead to unacceptably large areas in the case of open plan office space or similar...

41 CFR 102-80.140 - What is meant by “room of origin”?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Accident and Fire Prevention Room of Origin § 102-80.140 What is meant by “room of origin”? Room of origin means an area of a building where a fire can be expected to start. Typically, the..., this could lead to unacceptably large areas in the case of open plan office space or similar...

41 CFR 102-80.140 - What is meant by “room of origin”?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Accident and Fire Prevention Room of Origin § 102-80.140 What is meant by “room of origin”? Room of origin means an area of a building where a fire can be expected to start. Typically, the..., this could lead to unacceptably large areas in the case of open plan office space or similar...

Use of class a foams on structures and wildlands

Treesearch

Paul Schlobohm

1995-01-01

The increase of homes in wildlands indicates a significant change. The build-up of fuels around homes and in wildlands over time also indicates change. Resistance to change, however, remains the norm. Fires get worse, but plain water continues to be used for fire suppression and property protection. With Class A foam, the objectives of protection are to wet the...

Grassroots Movement Building and Preemption in the Campaign for Residential Fire Sprinklers

PubMed Central

Hobart, Robin; Paloma, Marjorie; Larkin, Michelle A.; Balbach, Edith D.

2013-01-01

Home fires account for 85% of fire deaths in the United States, the majority in 1- or 2-family homes lacking fire sprinklers. Since 1978, however, a grassroots movement has successfully promoted more than 360 local ordinances mandating sprinklers in all new residential construction, including 1- and 2-family homes. The homebuilding industry has responded by seeking state preemption of local authority, a strategy previously used by other industries concerned about protecting their profits. From 2009 through 2011, 13 states adopted laws eliminating or limiting local authority over residential fire sprinklers. This study of the residential sprinkler movement adds to our understanding of grassroots public health movements and provides additional evidence that preemption can have a negative impact on public health and safety. PMID:23948005

Hot-Fire Testing of a 1N AF-M315E Thruster

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burnside, Christopher G.; Pedersen, Kevin; Pierce, Charles W.

2015-01-01

This hot-fire test continues NASA investigation of green propellant technologies for future missions. To show the potential for green propellants to replace some hydrazine systems in future spacecraft, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is continuing to embark on hot-fire test campaigns with various green propellant blends. NASA completed a hot-fire test of a 1N AF-M315E monopropellant thruster at the Marshall Space Flight Center in the small altitude test stand located in building 4205. The thruster is a ground test article used for basic performance determination and catalyst studies. The purpose of the hot-fire testing was for performance determination of a 1N size thruster and form a baseline from which to study catalyst performance and life with follow-on testing to be conducted at a later date. The thruster performed as expected. The result of the hot-fire testing are presented in this paper and presentation.

The effects of bauxite, metakaolin, and porosity on the thermal properties of prepared Iraqi clays refractory mortars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zaidan, Shihab A.; Omar, Mustafa H.

2018-05-01

One of the most important requirements for the manufacture of refractory mortars, especially those used in the construction of thermal systems (building or plastering), is the balance between thermal insulation properties and porosity. Where, increasing porosity of mortar to a large amount may be always undesirable, because the absorption of liquid and gases emitted from industrial system is decline the bonded with bricks and structural properties of mortars. Refractory mortars prepared from either fired bauxite or metakaolin clays with different percentages of kaolin (10, 20, 30, and 40 wt%). Bauxite rocks were fired at 1200 °C and metakaolin was obtained by firing kaolin up to 700 °C then crushed and grinded. Grog was added to mixture to reduce the shrinkage. Cylindrical specimens are prepared and then sintered at 1200 °C. All mixtures maintained a low thermal conductivity within the limits of thermal insulation material (less than 0.5 W/m K); it was done by controlling the porosity which reached a maximum value approximately 25%. The volumetric heat capacity and thermal diffusivity was ranged between (1-10 MJ/m3 K), (0.06-0.2 mm2/s), respectively.

[Earthquakes--a historical review, environmental and health effects, and health care measures].

PubMed

Nola, Iskra Alexandra; Doko Jelinić, Jagoda; Žuškin, Eugenija; Kratohvil, Mladen

2013-06-01

Earthquakes are natural disasters that can occur at any time, regardless of the location. Their frequency is higher in the Circum-Pacific and Mediterranean/Trans-Asian seismic belt. A number of sophisticated methods define their magnitude using the Richter scale and intensity using the Mercani-Cancani-Sieberg scale. Recorded data show a number of devastating earthquakes that have killed many people and changed the environment dramatically. Croatia is located in a seismically active area, which has endured a series of historical earthquakes, among which several occurred in the Zagreb area. The consequences of an earthquake depend mostly on the population density and seismic resistance of buildings in the affected area. Environmental consequences often include air, water, and soil pollution. The effects of this kind of pollution can have long-term health effects. The most dramatic health consequences result from the demolition of buildings. Therefore, quick and efficient aid depends on well-organized health professionals as well as on the readiness of the civil defence, fire department, and Mountain Rescue Service members. Good coordination among these services can save many lives Public health interventions must include effective control measures in the environment as secondary prevention methods for health problems caused by unfavourable environmental factors. The identification and control of long-term hazards can reduce chronic health effects. The reduction of earthquake-induced damages includes setting priorities in building seismically safe buildings.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sierra Thermal /Fluid Team

The SIERRA Low Mach Module: Fuego along with the SIERRA Participating Media Radiation Module: Syrinx, henceforth referred to as Fuego and Syrinx, respectively, are the key elements of the ASCI fire environment simulation project. The fire environment simulation project is directed at characterizing both open large-scale pool fires and building enclosure fires. Fuego represents the turbulent, buoyantly-driven incompressible flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, combustion, soot, and absorption coefficient model portion of the simulation software. Syrinx represents the participating-media thermal radiation mechanics. This project is an integral part of the SIERRA multi-mechanics software development project. Fuego depends heavily upon the coremore » architecture developments provided by SIERRA for massively parallel computing, solution adaptivity, and mechanics coupling on unstructured grids.« less

14 CFR 25.865 - Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Design and Construction Fire Protection § 25.865 Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure. Essential flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structures located in... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fire protection of flight controls, engine...

14 CFR 25.865 - Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Design and Construction Fire Protection § 25.865 Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure. Essential flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structures located in... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fire protection of flight controls, engine...

14 CFR 25.865 - Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Design and Construction Fire Protection § 25.865 Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure. Essential flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structures located in... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fire protection of flight controls, engine...

14 CFR 25.865 - Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Design and Construction Fire Protection § 25.865 Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure. Essential flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structures located in... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fire protection of flight controls, engine...

14 CFR 25.865 - Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Design and Construction Fire Protection § 25.865 Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure. Essential flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structures located in... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fire protection of flight controls, engine...

46 CFR 116.530 - Fire control plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Fire control plan. 116.530 Section 116.530 Shipping... and Embarkation Station Requirements § 116.530 Fire control plan. A fire control plan must be posted on the vessel in a location that is accessible and visible to all passengers. The plan must show...

46 CFR 116.530 - Fire control plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Fire control plan. 116.530 Section 116.530 Shipping... and Embarkation Station Requirements § 116.530 Fire control plan. A fire control plan must be posted on the vessel in a location that is accessible and visible to all passengers. The plan must show...

46 CFR 116.530 - Fire control plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Fire control plan. 116.530 Section 116.530 Shipping... and Embarkation Station Requirements § 116.530 Fire control plan. A fire control plan must be posted on the vessel in a location that is accessible and visible to all passengers. The plan must show...

46 CFR 116.530 - Fire control plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire control plan. 116.530 Section 116.530 Shipping... and Embarkation Station Requirements § 116.530 Fire control plan. A fire control plan must be posted on the vessel in a location that is accessible and visible to all passengers. The plan must show...

46 CFR 116.530 - Fire control plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Fire control plan. 116.530 Section 116.530 Shipping... and Embarkation Station Requirements § 116.530 Fire control plan. A fire control plan must be posted on the vessel in a location that is accessible and visible to all passengers. The plan must show...

Increasing elevation of fire in the Sierra Nevada and implications for forest change

USGS Publications Warehouse

Schwartz, Mark W.; Butt, Nathalie; Dolanc, Christopher R.; Holguin, Andrew; Moritz, Max A.; North, Malcolm P.; Safford, Hugh D.; Stephenson, Nathan L.; Thorne, James H.; van Mantgem, Phillip J.

2015-01-01

Fire in high-elevation forest ecosystems can have severe impacts on forest structure, function and biodiversity. Using a 105-year data set, we found increasing elevation extent of fires in the Sierra Nevada, and pose five hypotheses to explain this pattern. Beyond the recognized pattern of increasing fire frequency in the Sierra Nevada since the late 20th century, we find that the upper elevation extent of those fires has also been increasing. Factors such as fire season climate and fuel build up are recognized potential drivers of changes in fire regimes. Patterns of warming climate and increasing stand density are consistent with both the direction and magnitude of increasing elevation of wildfire. Reduction in high elevation wildfire suppression and increasing ignition frequencies may also contribute to the observed pattern. Historical biases in fire reporting are recognized, but not likely to explain the observed patterns. The four plausible mechanistic hypotheses (changes in fire management, climate, fuels, ignitions) are not mutually exclusive, and likely have synergistic interactions that may explain the observed changes. Irrespective of mechanism, the observed pattern of increasing occurrence of fire in these subalpine forests may have significant impacts on their resilience to changing climatic conditions.

Living on a flammable planet: interdisciplinary, cross-scalar and varied cultural lessons, prospects and challenges.

PubMed

Roos, Christopher I; Scott, Andrew C; Belcher, Claire M; Chaloner, William G; Aylen, Jonathan; Bird, Rebecca Bliege; Coughlan, Michael R; Johnson, Bart R; Johnston, Fay H; McMorrow, Julia; Steelman, Toddi

2016-06-05

Living with fire is a challenge for human communities because they are influenced by socio-economic, political, ecological and climatic processes at various spatial and temporal scales. Over the course of 2 days, the authors discussed how communities could live with fire challenges at local, national and transnational scales. Exploiting our diverse, international and interdisciplinary expertise, we outline generalizable properties of fire-adaptive communities in varied settings where cultural knowledge of fire is rich and diverse. At the national scale, we discussed policy and management challenges for countries that have diminishing fire knowledge, but for whom global climate change will bring new fire problems. Finally, we assessed major fire challenges that transcend national political boundaries, including the health burden of smoke plumes and the climate consequences of wildfires. It is clear that to best address the broad range of fire problems, a holistic wildfire scholarship must develop common agreement in working terms and build across disciplines. We must also communicate our understanding of fire and its importance to the media, politicians and the general public.This article is part of the themed issue 'The interaction of fire and mankind'. © 2016 The Author(s).

Living on a flammable planet: interdisciplinary, cross-scalar and varied cultural lessons, prospects and challenges

PubMed Central

Chaloner, William G.; Aylen, Jonathan; Bird, Rebecca Bliege; Coughlan, Michael R.; Johnson, Bart R.; Johnston, Fay H.; Steelman, Toddi

2016-01-01

Living with fire is a challenge for human communities because they are influenced by socio-economic, political, ecological and climatic processes at various spatial and temporal scales. Over the course of 2 days, the authors discussed how communities could live with fire challenges at local, national and transnational scales. Exploiting our diverse, international and interdisciplinary expertise, we outline generalizable properties of fire-adaptive communities in varied settings where cultural knowledge of fire is rich and diverse. At the national scale, we discussed policy and management challenges for countries that have diminishing fire knowledge, but for whom global climate change will bring new fire problems. Finally, we assessed major fire challenges that transcend national political boundaries, including the health burden of smoke plumes and the climate consequences of wildfires. It is clear that to best address the broad range of fire problems, a holistic wildfire scholarship must develop common agreement in working terms and build across disciplines. We must also communicate our understanding of fire and its importance to the media, politicians and the general public. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’. PMID:27216517

The Assessment of Cement Mortars after Thermal Degradation by Acoustic Non-destructive Methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Topolář, L.; Štefková, D.; Hoduláková, M.

2017-10-01

Thanks, the terrorist attacks on the worldwide interest in the design of structures for fire greatly increased. One of the advantages of concrete over other building materials is its inherent fire-resistive properties. The concrete structural components still must be able to withstand dead and live loads without collapse even though the rise in temperature causes a decrease in the strength and modulus of elasticity for concrete and steel reinforcement. In addition, fully developed fires cause expansion of structural components and the resulting stresses and strains must be resisted. This paper reports the results of measurements by Impact-echo method and measurement by ultrasound. Both methods are based on the acoustic properties of the material which are dependent on its condition. These acoustic methods allow identifying defects and are thus suitable for monitoring the building structure condition. The results are obtained in the laboratory during the degradation of composite materials based on cement by high-temperature.

Study of the Thermal Properties and the Fire Performance of Flame Retardant-Organic PCM in Bulk Form

PubMed Central

Palacios, Anabel; De Gracia, Alvaro

2018-01-01

The implementation of organic phase change materials (PCMs) in several applications such as heating and cooling or building comfort is an important target in thermal energy storage (TES). However, one of the major drawbacks of organic PCMs implementation is flammability. The addition of flame retardants to PCMs or shape-stabilized PCMs is one of the approaches to address this problem and improve their final deployment in the building material sector. In this study, the most common organic PCM, Paraffin RT-21, and fatty acids mixtures of capric acid (CA), myristic acid (MA), and palmitic acid (PA) in bulk, were tested to improve their fire reaction. Several flame retardants, such as ammonium phosphate, melamine phosphate, hydromagnesite, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide, were tested. The properties of the improved PCM with flame retardants were characterized by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), the dripping test, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results for the dripping test show that fire retardancy was considerably enhanced by the addition of hydromagnesite (50 wt %) and magnesium hydroxide (50 wt %) in fatty acids mixtures. This will help the final implementation of these enhanced PCMs in building sector. The influence of the addition of flame retardants on the melting enthalpy and temperatures of PCMs has been evaluated. PMID:29329212

Assessment of Ambient Exposures Firefighters Encounter While at the Fire Station: An Exploratory Study.

PubMed

Sparer, Emily H; Prendergast, Daniel P; Apell, Jennifer N; Bartzak, Madeleine R; Wagner, Gregory R; Adamkiewicz, Gary; Hart, Jaime E; Sorensen, Glorian

2017-10-01

Firefighters are at an increased risk for many types of cancer. Although most studies on this topic focus on exposures encountered while fighting fires, exposures at the fire station are also cause for concern. This pilot study aimed to describe air quality within a few fire stations in and around Boston, Massachusetts, and to investigate physical and organizational factors that may influence levels of contaminants in stations. Air sampling of particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was completed at four fire stations in Spring, 2016. Sampling occurred in the kitchen, truck bay, and just outside the station. Data were analyzed to assess differences between and within stations. Interviews (n =7) were conducted with officers at each station to explore health and safety-related organizational policies and practices. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed for thematic content. At each station, levels of contaminants were higher in the truck bays than either the outdoors or kitchen, and varied the most throughout the day. The station with the highest exposures in the truck bay had the lowest levels in the kitchen, which was possibly explained by new building materials and effective separation between building zones. The age and layout of the stations appeared to determine the extent to which policies favoring exhaust capture were implemented. Levels of PM2.5 and PAH inside fire stations may contribute to firefighter cancer risk. Through understanding contaminant variability, we can begin to design and test interventions that improve cancer prevention.

MONITORING TOXIC ORGANIC GASES AND PARTICLES NEAR THE WORLD TRADE CENTER AFTER SEPTEMBER 11, 2001

EPA Science Inventory

The September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) resulted in an intense fire and the subsequent, complete collapse of the two main structures and adjacent buildings, as well as significant damage to many surrounding buildings within and around the WTC complex. Thi...

1. NORTHWEST FRONT AND SOUTHWEST SIDE, SHOWING LOCATION OF BUILDING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. NORTHWEST FRONT AND SOUTHWEST SIDE, SHOWING LOCATION OF BUILDING 0520 WEST OF FIRING CONTOL BLOCK HOUSE (BLDG. 0545), BETWEEN SLED TRACK AND CAMERA ACCESS ROAD. - Edwards Air Force Base, South Base Sled Track, Observation Block House, Station "O" area, east end of Sled Track, Lancaster, Los Angeles County, CA

24 CFR 5.703 - Physical condition standards for HUD housing that is decent, safe, sanitary and in good repair...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... domestic water, electrical system, elevators, emergency power, fire protection, HVAC, and sanitary system... applicable), ceiling, doors, electrical systems, floors, hot water heater, HVAC (where individual units are... standards address the major areas of the HUD housing: the site; the building exterior; the building systems...

24 CFR 5.703 - Physical condition standards for HUD housing that is decent, safe, sanitary and in good repair...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... domestic water, electrical system, elevators, emergency power, fire protection, HVAC, and sanitary system... applicable), ceiling, doors, electrical systems, floors, hot water heater, HVAC (where individual units are... standards address the major areas of the HUD housing: the site; the building exterior; the building systems...

24 CFR 5.703 - Physical condition standards for HUD housing that is decent, safe, sanitary and in good repair...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... domestic water, electrical system, elevators, emergency power, fire protection, HVAC, and sanitary system... applicable), ceiling, doors, electrical systems, floors, hot water heater, HVAC (where individual units are... standards address the major areas of the HUD housing: the site; the building exterior; the building systems...

24 CFR 5.703 - Physical condition standards for HUD housing that is decent, safe, sanitary and in good repair...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... domestic water, electrical system, elevators, emergency power, fire protection, HVAC, and sanitary system... applicable), ceiling, doors, electrical systems, floors, hot water heater, HVAC (where individual units are... standards address the major areas of the HUD housing: the site; the building exterior; the building systems...

Solar-Heated and Cooled Office Building--Columbus, Ohio

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1982-01-01

Final report documents solar-energy system installed in office building to provide space heating, space cooling and domestic hot water. Collectors mounted on roof track Sun and concentrate rays on fluid-circulating tubes. Collected energy is distributed to hot-water-fired absorption chiller and space-heating and domestic-hot-water preheating systems.

Photocopy of drawing (this photograph is an 8" x 10" ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photocopy of drawing (this photograph is an 8" x 10" copy of an 8" x 10" negative; 2005 architectural drawing located at NAS Pensacola, Florida, Building No. 51) BUILDING NO. 51, FIRE EXTINGUISHER REPAIR/STORAGE, FIRST LEVEL FLOOR PLAN - U.S. Naval Air Station, Locomotive Shed, South Avenue, Pensacola, Escambia County, FL

Photocopy of drawing (this photograph is an 8" x 10" ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photocopy of drawing (this photograph is an 8" x 10" copy of an 8" x 10" negative; 2005 architectural drawing located at NAS Pensacola, Florida, Building No. 51) BUILDING NO. 51, FIRE EXTINGUISHER REPAIR/STORAGE, SECOND LEVEL FLOOR PLAN - U.S. Naval Air Station, Locomotive Shed, South Avenue, Pensacola, Escambia County, FL

Assessment of Carbon Fiber Electrical Effects

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1980-01-01

The risks associated with the use of carbon fiber composites in civil aircraft are discussed along with the need for protection of civil aircraft equipment from fire-released carbon fibers. The size and number of carbon fibers released in civil aircraft crash fires, the downwind dissemination of the fibers, their penetration into buildings and equipment, and the vulnerability of electrical/electronic equipment to damage by the fibers are assessed.

A site-specific approach for assessing the fire risk to structures at the wildland/urban interface

Treesearch

Jack Cohen

1991-01-01

The essence of the wildland/urban interface fire problem is the loss of homes. The problem is not new, but is becoming increasingly important as more homes with inadequate adherence to safety codes are built at the wildland/urban interface. Current regulatory codes are inflexible. Specifications for building and site characteristics cannot be adjusted to accommodate...

Factors associated with high-rise evacuation: qualitative results from the World Trade Center Evacuation Study.

PubMed

Gershon, Robyn R M; Qureshi, Kristine A; Rubin, Marcie S; Raveis, Victoria H

2007-01-01

Due to the fact that most high-rise structures (i.e., >75 feet high, or eight to ten stories) are constructed with extensive and redundant fire safety features, current fire safety procedures typically only involve limited evacuation during minor to moderate fire emergencies. Therefore, full-scale evacuation of high-rise buildings is highly unusual and consequently, little is known about how readily and rapidly high-rise structures can be evacuated fully. Factors that either facilitate or inhibit the evacuation process remain under-studied. This paper presents results from the qualitative phase of the World Trade Center Evacuation Study, a three-year, five-phase study designed to improve our understanding of the individual, organizational, and environmental factors that helped or hindered evacuation from the World Trade Center (WTC) Towers 1 and 2, on 11 September 2001. Qualitative data from semi-structured, in-depth interviews and focus groups involving WTC evacuees were collected and analyzed. On the individual level, factors that affected evacuation included perception of risk (formed largely by sensory cues), preparedness training, degree of familiarity with the building, physical condition, health status, and footwear. Individual behavior also was affected by group behavior and leadership. At the organizational level, evacuation was affected by worksite preparedness planning, including the training and education of building occupants, and risk communication. The environmental conditions affecting evacuation included smoke, flames, debris, general condition and degree of crowdedness on staircases, and communication infrastructure systems (e.g., public address, landline, cellular and fire warden's telephones). Various factors at the individual, organizational, and environmental levels were identified that affected evacuation. Interventions that address the barriers to evacuation may improve the full-scale evacuation of other high-rise buildings under extreme conditions. Further studies should focus on the development and evaluation of targeted interventions, including model emergency preparedness planning for high-rise occupancies.

Factors controlling seedling germination after fire in Mediterranean gorse shrublands. Implications for fire prescription.

PubMed

De Luis, M; Raventós, J; González-Hidalgo, J C

2005-07-01

In Western Mediterranean areas, fires are frequent in forests established on old croplands where woody resprouting species are scarce and post-fire regeneration is limited to obligate-seeder species, such as Mediterranean gorse (Ulex parviflorus), that accumulate a great deal of fine dry fuel, increasing the risk of other severe fires. Under these conditions, fuel control techniques are required in order to prevent fires of high intensity and severity and the subsequent economic and ecological damage. Prescribed fires present an alternative to fuel control, and recent studies demonstrate that, under optimum climatic conditions, fire-line intensity values fall within the limits of those recommended for fire prescription. However, a better understanding of the consequences of fire on the regeneration of vegetation is needed in order to evaluate the suitability of prescribed fires as a technique for fuel reduction in Mediterranean gorse ecosystems. This paper analyses the factors controlling seedling germination after fire to make an evaluation from an ecological perspective of whether fire prescription is a suitable technique for fuel control in mature Mediterranean gorse shrublands. The results show that small differences in the composition of vegetation play a decisive role in fire behaviour, and have a decisive influence on the system's capacity for regeneration. Fire severity is low in mixed Mediterranean gorse communities with a low continuity of dead fine fuel (including Cistus sp., Rosmarinus sp., etc.) and fire creates a wide range of microhabitats where seedling emergence is high. In contrast, where U. parviflorus is more dominant, fire severity is higher and the regeneration of vegetation could be hindered. Our conclusions suggest that detailed studies of the composition of plant communities are required in order to decide whether prescribed burning should be applied.

Reducing Community Vulnerability to Wildland Fires in Southern California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keeley, J. E.

2010-12-01

In the US fires are not treated like other hazards such as earthquakes but rather as preventable through landscape fuel treatments and aggressive fire suppression. In southern California extreme fire weather has made it impossible to control all fires and thus loss of homes and lives is a constant threat to communities. There is growing evidence that indicate we are not likely to ever eliminate fires on these landscapes. Thus, it is time to reframe the fire problem and think of fires like we do with other natural hazards such as earthquakes. We do not attempt to stop earthquakes, rather the primary emphasis is on altering human infrastructure in ways that minimize community vulnerability. In other words we need to change our approach from risk elimination to risk management. This approach means we accept that we cannot eliminate fires but rather learn to live with fire by communities becoming more fire adapted. We potentially can make great strides in reducing community vulnerability by finding those factors with high impacts and are sensitive to changes in management. Presently, decision makers have relatively little guidance about which of these is likely to have the greatest impact. Future reductions in fire risk to communities requires we address both wildland and urban elements that contribute to destructive losses. Damage risk or D is determined by: D = f (I, S, E, G, H) where I = the probability of a fire starting in the landscape S = the probability of the fire reaching a size sufficient to reach the urban environment E = probability of it encroaching into the urban environment G = probability of fire propagating within the built environment H = probability of a fire, once within the built environment, resulting in the destruction of a building. In southern California, reducing I through more strategic fire prevention has potential for reducing fire risk. There are many ignition sources that could be reduced, such as replacing power line ignitions with underground lines, strategically employing arson patrols during Santa Ana wind events, enforcing regulations on power equipment use in wildland areas, k-rail barriers along roads to reduce fire spread into wildland areas etc. S, or the probability of fire reaching urban environments has historically been the primary focus of state and federal fire management activities. There is a need for greater focus on understanding the most strategic application of wildland fuel treatments. E, the probability of fire encroaching into the urban environment, has largely been addressed in the past by attention to wildland-urban interface (WUI) fuel treatments. The one factor that has perhaps the greatest potential for impacting E are patterns of urban growth, both in strategic placement and spatial patterning within communities, and this is an area where alternative future growth scenarios could have huge impacts on fire outcomes. G, the chance of fire propagating within the urban environment is a function of urban fuels, which include both home construction and landscaping. This area has the potential for effecting large changes in fire losses dependent upon future regulations on plantings in the urban environment.

Multi-scale controls of historical forest-fire regimes: new insights from fire-scar networks

Treesearch

Donald A. Falk; Emily K. Heyerdahl; Peter M. Brown; Calvin Farris; Peter Z. Fule; Donald McKenzie; Thomas W. Swetnam; Alan H. Taylor; Megan L. Van Horne

2011-01-01

Anticipating future forest-fire regimes under changing climate requires that scientists and natural resource managers understand the factors that control fire across space and time. Fire scars—proxy records of fires, formed in the growth rings of long-lived trees—provide an annually accurate window into past low-severity fire regimes. In western North America, networks...

Urban-wildland fires: how California and other regions of the US can learn from Australia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stephens, Scott L; Adams, Mark A; Handmer, John; Kearns, Faith R; Leicester, Bob; Leonard, Justin; Moritz, Max A

2009-01-01

Most urban-wildland interface (UWI) fires in California and the other regions of the US are managed in a similar fashion: fire agencies anticipate the spread of fire, mandatory evacuations are ordered, and professional fire services move in and attempt to suppress the fires. This approach has not reduced building losses in California. Conversely, losses and the associated suite of environmental impacts, including reduced air quality, have dramatically increased over the last three decades. In contrast to California, Australia has developed a more effective 'Prepare, stay and defend, or leave early' policy. Using this approach, trained residents decide whether they will stay and actively defend their well-prepared property or leave early before a fire threatens them. Australian strategies have the distinct advantage of engaging and preparing those most affected by such fires: homeowners. Investing more in fire suppression alone, the common response after large UWI fires in California, will not reduce losses. US society has attempted to accommodate many of the natural hazards inherent to the landscapes that we inhabit; by examining the Australian model, we may approach a more sustainable coexistence with fire as well. However, it should be noted that some California communities are so vulnerable that a 'Prepare and leave early' strategy may be the only option.

Reconstruction Under Fire: Unifying Civil and Military Counterinsurgency

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND...route with Pakistan, Highway 1, runs through Jalalabad. The Afghan Investment Support Agency is building an industrial park east of Jalalabad along...chose the following three focus areas for analysis. Build roads.• Build an industrial park.• Facilitate the planting and operating of orchards.• 34

13. Photocopy of 1920 drawing titled: BUILDING 78, 3RD FLOOR ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

13. Photocopy of 1920 drawing titled: BUILDING 78, 3RD FLOOR BALCONY AND FIRE ESCAPES, including plans for skylight and North Elevation. HABS photograph is an 8x10' contact print made from a high contrast negative of an enlargement made from microfiche. Original is in the collection of Department of Public Works, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, WA. - Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Administration Building, Farragut Avenue, Bremerton, Kitsap County, WA

Vehicle Assembly Building Fire Mishap Investigation Report. Volume I of V

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kight, Ira; Luciano, Steven; Stevens, Michael B.; Farley, W. Max; Collins, Bryce D.; Potterger, William C.; Levesque, Jodi

2005-01-01

On January 13, 2005, at approximately 1355, smoke was noticed on the 4th floor of D Tower in the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB). Subsequently, a 911 call was made, a fire alarm pull station was activated, and the VAB was evacuated. The source of the smoke was determined to be a fire on the Low Bay M/N section roof near the Launch Control Center (LCC) Crossover. Due to the high visibility of the mishap, the KSC Center Director appointed a Mishap Investigation Board. Damage to government property was limited to the roof and a small number of ceiling tiles that were damaged by the fire fighters during the response. At the time of the mishap, there were hazardous commodities in the VAB including Solid Rocket Motors (SRMs) with open grain due to Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) igniter inspections. The Board agrees with the SGS Fire Services' theory that large amounts of smoke concentrated in the VAB D Tower and moved downward into the cable tunnel. The Board determined the proximate cause of this incident to be torching. HRI was installing a torch applied roof membrane which resulted in the ignition of combustible materials under the membrane near a wooden roof expansion joint. The torch applied roofing method is a universally accepted safe industry practice when applied to non-combustible surfaces. The combination of an open flame torch and combustible materiaLs presents an increased level of risk even with skilled applicators. The addition of high winds to this combination results in a risk the Board thinks can not be adequately mitigated. An appropriate risk assessment and analysis must be performed on the proposed roofing method to be used on high visibility facilities which represent unique national assets even when using common industry practices for repair and modification. The Board identified three root causes which contributed to or created the proximate cause and, if eliminated or modified, would have prevented the mishap: 1. Combustible materials in existing roof system 2. Wind speed and direction 3. Inadequate fire watch technique. Two contributing factors were identified which may have contributed to the occurrence but, if eliminated or modified, would not have prevented the occurrence: 1. HRI rushed to dry in and seal the roof on January 13 because heavy rain was predicted for the next day 2. No guidance on torching in windy conditions A total of 17 significant observations were noted during this investigation, which could lead to another mishap, or increase the severity of a mishap, but were not contributing factors in this mishap.

44 CFR 206.221 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...) Utility means buildings, structures, or systems of energy, communication, water supply, sewage collection.... Irrigation facilities include water for fire suppression, generating and supplying electricity, and drinking...

44 CFR 206.221 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...) Utility means buildings, structures, or systems of energy, communication, water supply, sewage collection.... Irrigation facilities include water for fire suppression, generating and supplying electricity, and drinking...

44 CFR 206.221 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...) Utility means buildings, structures, or systems of energy, communication, water supply, sewage collection.... Irrigation facilities include water for fire suppression, generating and supplying electricity, and drinking...

Analysis of the Large Urban Fire Environment. Part 1. Theory

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-07-01

the fire. It is the buoyancy-generated pressure forces, and not diffusive entrainment, that control the low-level induction of ambient air into the...18-- IV. RESULTS FLAMBEAU FIRES The multiple-fuel-bed Flambeau fires (Countryman, 1969; Palmer, 1981] were large, controlled burns conducted to...Station Northern Forest Fire Laboratory Alexandria, VA 22314 (12) Missoula, MT 59801 (1) Department of Defense 2. Mr. Clay F. Butler Command and Control

Digitally controlled twelve-pulse firing generator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Berde, D.; Ferrara, A.A.

1981-01-01

Control System Studies for the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) indicate that accurate thyristor firing in the AC-to-DC conversion system is required in order to achieve good regulation of the various field currents. Rapid update and exact firing angle control are required to avoid instabilities, large eddy currents, or parasitic oscillations. The Prototype Firing Generator was designed to satisfy these requirements. To achieve the required /plus or minus/0.77/degree/firing accuracy, a three-phase-locked loop reference was designed; otherwise, the Firing Generator employs digital circuitry. The unit, housed in a standard CAMAC crate, operates under microcomputer control. Functions are performed under program control,more » which resides in nonvolatile read-only memory. Communication with CICADA control system is provided via an 11-bit parallel interface.« less

Wildland fire management. Volume 2: Wildland fire control 1985-1995. [satellite information system for California fire problems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Saveker, D. R. (Editor)

1973-01-01

The preliminary design of a satellite plus computer earth resources information system is proposed for potential uses in fire prevention and control in the wildland fire community. Suggested are satellite characteristics, sensor characteristics, discrimination algorithms, data communication techniques, data processing requirements, display characteristics, and costs in achieving the integrated wildland fire information system.

Three-dimensional tracking for efficient fire fighting in complex situations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Akhloufi, Moulay; Rossi, Lucile

2009-05-01

Each year, hundred millions hectares of forests burn causing human and economic losses. For efficient fire fighting, the personnel in the ground need tools permitting the prediction of fire front propagation. In this work, we present a new technique for automatically tracking fire spread in three-dimensional space. The proposed approach uses a stereo system to extract a 3D shape from fire images. A new segmentation technique is proposed and permits the extraction of fire regions in complex unstructured scenes. It works in the visible spectrum and combines information extracted from YUV and RGB color spaces. Unlike other techniques, our algorithm does not require previous knowledge about the scene. The resulting fire regions are classified into different homogenous zones using clustering techniques. Contours are then extracted and a feature detection algorithm is used to detect interest points like local maxima and corners. Extracted points from stereo images are then used to compute the 3D shape of the fire front. The resulting data permits to build the fire volume. The final model is used to compute important spatial and temporal fire characteristics like: spread dynamics, local orientation, heading direction, etc. Tests conducted on the ground show the efficiency of the proposed scheme. This scheme is being integrated with a fire spread mathematical model in order to predict and anticipate the fire behaviour during fire fighting. Also of interest to fire-fighters, is the proposed automatic segmentation technique that can be used in early detection of fire in complex scenes.

22. AERIAL VIEW LOOKING EAST DOWN CENTRAL AVENUE FROM WEST ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

22. AERIAL VIEW LOOKING EAST DOWN CENTRAL AVENUE FROM WEST OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPPORT AREA OF THE PLANT. ON THE LEFT (NORTH) SIDE OF THE STREET IN THE FOREGROUND OF THE PHOTOGRAPH IS BUILDING 111, THE GENERAL ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. TO THE EAST OF BUILDING 111 IS BUILDING 112, THE CAFETERIA. FURTHER TO THE EAST IS BUILDING 331, THE VEHICLE MAINTENANCE GARAGE AND FIRE DEPARTMENT; BUILDING 333, THE PAINT SHOP; BUILDING 334, THE ELECTRICAL AND GENERAL MAINTENANCE SHOP; AND BUILDING 551, THE GENERAL WAREHOUSE. ON THE RIGHT (SOUTH) SIDE OF CENTRAL AVENUE, IN THE FOREGROUND IS BUILDING 121, FIREARMS REPAIR. BEHIND BUILDING 121 IS BUILDING 122, EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES, AND BUILDING 123, HEALTH PHYSICS LABORATORY. BUILDING 441, THE PRODUCTION ... - Rocky Flats Plant, Bounded by Indiana Street & Routes 93, 128 & 72, Golden, Jefferson County, CO

On the temperature prediction in a fire escape passage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Casano, G.; Piva, S.

2017-11-01

Fire safety engineering requires a detailed understanding of fire behaviour and of its effects on structures and people. Many factors may condition the fire scenario, as for example, heat transfer between the flame and the boundary structures. Currently advanced numerical codes for the prediction of the fire behaviour are available. However, these solutions often require heavy calculations and long times. In this context analytical solutions can be useful for a fast analysis of simplified schematizations. After that, it is more effective the final utilization of the advanced fire codes. In this contribution, the temperature in a fire escape passage, separated with a thermally resistant wall from a fire room, is analysed. The escape space is included in a building where the neighbouring rooms are at a constant undisturbed temperature. The presence of the neighbouring rooms is considered with an equivalent heat transfer coefficient, in a boundary condition of the third type. An analytical solution is used to predict the temperature distribution during the fire. It allows to obtain useful information on the temperature reached in the escape area in contact with a burning room; it is useful also for a fast choice of the thermal characteristics of a firewall.

Investigating the association between weather conditions, calendar events and socio-economic patterns with trends in fire incidence: an Australian case study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Corcoran, Jonathan; Higgs, Gary; Rohde, David; Chhetri, Prem

2011-06-01

Fires in urban areas can cause significant economic, physical and psychological damage. Despite this, there has been a comparative lack of research into the spatial and temporal analysis of fire incidence in urban contexts. In this paper, we redress this gap through an exploration of the association of fire incidence to weather, calendar events and socio-economic characteristics in South-East Queensland, Australia using innovative technique termed the quad plot. Analysing trends in five fire incident types, including malicious false alarms (hoax calls), residential buildings, secondary (outdoor), vehicle and suspicious fires, results suggest that risk associated with all is greatly increased during school holidays and during long weekends. For all fire types the lowest risk of incidence was found to occur between one and six a.m. It was also found that there was a higher fire incidence in socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods and there was some evidence to suggest that there may be a compounding impact of high temperatures in such areas. We suggest that these findings may be used to guide the operations of fire services through spatial and temporal targeting to better utilise finite resources, help mitigate risk and reduce casualties.

Analysis of fire deaths in Poland and influence of smoke toxicity.

PubMed

Giebułtowicz, Joanna; Rużycka, Monika; Wroczyński, Piotr; Purser, David A; Stec, Anna A

2017-08-01

Dwelling fires have changed over the years because building contents and the materials used in then have changed. They all contribute to an ever-growing diversity of chemical species found in fires, many of them highly toxic. These arise largely from the changing nature of materials in interior finishes and furniture, with an increasing content of synthetic materials containing higher levels of nitrogen, halogen and phosphorus additives. While there is still a belief that carbon monoxide is the major lethal toxic agent in fires, the hydrogen cyanide and acid gases released from these additives are now well-recognised as major contributory causes of incapacitation, morbidity and mortality in domestic fires. Data for the total number of 263 fire death cases in the Mazowieckie region (mainly Warsaw area) of Poland between 2003-2011 for dwellings fires were obtained from pathologists, forensic toxicologists, fire fighters and analysed. Factors contributing to the death such as the findings of the full post mortem examination (age, sex, health status, burns), the toxicological analysis (carbon monoxide, alcohol etc.), and a thorough investigation of the scene (fire conditions, fuel, etc.) were taken into account and are summarised. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

KSC-2014-3509

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-08-13

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – A charred palmetto palm remains after a brush fire is extinguished near Headquarters Building in the Industrial Area of NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The fire was ignited by a lightning strike. The space center is nestled on the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, which is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Chenega Security & Support Solutions is responsible for Kennedy's Fire Rescue Department. For information on the refuge, visit http://www.fws.gov/merrittisland/Index.html. For more on Kennedy Space Center, visit http://www.nasa.gov/kennedy. Photo credit: NASA/Ben Smegelsky

The Survey of Fires in Buildings. Third Report: The Use of Information Obtained From Fire Surveys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Silcock, A.

1973-01-01

The previous two reports in this series gave details of the general. scope of the pilot exercise and methods by which it was carried out. In addition the nature of the information obtained was illustrated by preliminary analyses of the house and industrial fires surveyed. Some brief comments on the use of the information were made. This report indicates a method of assessing the nation wide effects of applying conclusions drawn from the results of limited numbers of surveys and considers the use of the information for specific purposes.

The 10 MWe Solar Thermal Central Receiver Pilot Plant: Solar facilities design integration. Pilot-plant station manual (RADL Item 2-1). Volume 1: System description

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

1982-09-01

The complete Barstow Solar Pilot Plant is described. The plant requirements and general description are presented, the mechanical, electric power, and control and instrumentation systems as well as civil engineering and structural aspects and the station buildings are described. Included in the mechanical systems are the heliostats, receiver, thermal storage system, beam characterization system, steam, water, nitrogen, and compressed air systems, chemical feed system, fire protection system, drains, sumps and the waste disposal systems, and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems.

Identifying the Threshold of Dominant Controls on Fire Spread in a Boreal Forest Landscape of Northeast China

PubMed Central

Liu, Zhihua; Yang, Jian; He, Hong S.

2013-01-01

The relative importance of fuel, topography, and weather on fire spread varies at different spatial scales, but how the relative importance of these controls respond to changing spatial scales is poorly understood. We designed a “moving window” resampling technique that allowed us to quantify the relative importance of controls on fire spread at continuous spatial scales using boosted regression trees methods. This quantification allowed us to identify the threshold value for fire size at which the dominant control switches from fuel at small sizes to weather at large sizes. Topography had a fluctuating effect on fire spread across the spatial scales, explaining 20–30% of relative importance. With increasing fire size, the dominant control switched from bottom-up controls (fuel and topography) to top-down controls (weather). Our analysis suggested that there is a threshold for fire size, above which fires are driven primarily by weather and more likely lead to larger fire size. We suggest that this threshold, which may be ecosystem-specific, can be identified using our “moving window” resampling technique. Although the threshold derived from this analytical method may rely heavily on the sampling technique, our study introduced an easily implemented approach to identify scale thresholds in wildfire regimes. PMID:23383247

Fires in refugee and displaced persons settlements: the current situation and opportunities to improve fire prevention and control

PubMed Central

Kazerooni, Yasaman; Gyedu, Adam; Burnham, Gilbert; Nwomeh, Benedict; Charles, Anthony; Mishra, Brijesh; Kuah, Solomon S; Kushner, Adam L; Stewart, Barclay T

2015-01-01

Introduction We aimed to describe the burden of fires in displaced persons settlements and identify interventions/innovations that might address gaps in current humanitarian guidelines. Methods We performed a systematic review of: i) academic and non-academic literature databases; and ii) guidelines from leading humanitarian agencies/initiatives regarding fire prevention/control. Results Of the 1,521 records retrieved, 131 reports described settlement fires in 31 hosting countries since 1990. These incidents resulted in 487 deaths, 790 burn injuries, displacement of 382,486 individuals and destruction of 50,509 shelters. There was a 25-fold increase in the rate of settlement fires from 1990 to 2015 (0.002 to 0.051 per 100,000 refugees, respectively). Only 4 of the 15 leading humanitarian agencies provided recommendations about fire prevention/control strategies. Potentially useful interventions/innovations included safer stoves (e.g. solar cookers) and fire retardant shelter materials. Conclusion The large and increasing number of fires in displaced persons settlements highlights the need to redress gaps in humanitarian fire prevention/control guidelines. The way forward includes: i) developing consensus among aid agencies regarding fire prevention/control strategies; ii) evaluating the impact of interventions/innovations on the burden of fires; and iii) engaging agencies in a broader discussion about protecting camp residents from armed groups. PMID:26818955

Fires in refugee and displaced persons settlements: The current situation and opportunities to improve fire prevention and control.

PubMed

Kazerooni, Yasaman; Gyedu, Adam; Burnham, Gilbert; Nwomeh, Benedict; Charles, Anthony; Mishra, Brijesh; Kuah, Solomon S; Kushner, Adam L; Stewart, Barclay T

2016-08-01

We aimed to describe the burden of fires in displaced persons settlements and identify interventions/innovations that might address gaps in current humanitarian guidelines. We performed a systematic review of: (i) academic and non-academic literature databases; and (ii) guidelines from leading humanitarian agencies/initiatives regarding fire prevention/control. Of the 1521 records retrieved, 131 reports described settlement fires in 31 hosting countries since 1990. These incidents resulted in 487 deaths, 790 burn injuries, displacement of 382,486 individuals and destruction of 50,509 shelters. There was a 25-fold increase in the rate of settlement fires from 1990 to 2015 (0.002-0.051 per 100,000 refugees, respectively). Only 4 of the 15 leading humanitarian agencies provided recommendations about fire prevention/control strategies. Potentially useful interventions/innovations included safer stoves (e.g. solar cookers) and fire retardant shelter materials. The large and increasing number of fires in displaced persons settlements highlights the need to redress gaps in humanitarian fire prevention/control guidelines. The way forward includes: (i) developing consensus among aid agencies regarding fire prevention/control strategies; (ii) evaluating the impact of interventions/innovations on the burden of fires; and (iii) engaging agencies in a broader discussion about protecting camp residents from armed groups. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.