Development of Replacements for Phoscoating Used in Forging, Extrusion and Metal Forming Processes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kerry Barnett

2003-03-01

Many forging, extrusion, heading and other metal forming processes use graphite-based lubricants, phosphate coatings, and other potentially hazardous or harmful substances to improve the tribology of the metal forming process. The application of phosphate-based coatings has long been studied to determine if other synthetic ''clean'' lubricants could provide the same degree of protection afforded by phoscoatings and its formulations. So far, none meets the cost and performance objectives provided by phoscoatings as a general aid to the metal forming industry. In as much as phoscoatings and graphite have replaced lead-based lubricants, the metal forming industry has had previous experience withmore » a legislated requirement to change processes. However, without a proactive approach to phoscoating replacement, many metal forming processes could find themselves without a cost effective tribology material necessary for the metal forming process« less

Prevention of Posttraumatic Contractures with Ketotifen (PERK)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-10-01

the Peer Reviewed Orthopaedic Research Program (PRORP) Clinical Trial Award (CTA), W81XWH-16-PRORP-CTA, was submitted. Database development and Pre...and Safety Months Identify database and partner – Clinical Research Unit 1-2 Completed Develop Case Report Forms, consent forms 6-12 Case...report forms completed, consent forms pending – 80% completed Develop database and multicenter submission process 12-18 In progress, 30% completed

Leveraging health information exchange to improve population health reporting processes: lessons in using a collaborative-participatory design process.

PubMed

Revere, Debra; Dixon, Brian E; Hills, Rebecca; Williams, Jennifer L; Grannis, Shaun J

2014-01-01

Surveillance, or the systematic monitoring of disease within a population, is a cornerstone function of public health. Despite significant investment in information technologies (IT) to improve the public's health, health care providers continue to rely on manual, spontaneous reporting processes that can result in incomplete and delayed surveillance activities. Participatory design principles advocate including real users and stakeholders when designing an information system to ensure high ecological validity of the product, incorporate relevance and context into the design, reduce misconceptions designers can make due to insufficient domain expertise, and ultimately reduce barriers to adoption of the system. This paper focuses on the collaborative and informal participatory design process used to develop enhanced, IT-enabled reporting processes that leverage available electronic health records in a health information exchange to prepopulate notifiable-conditions report forms used by public health authorities. Over nine months, public health stakeholders, technical staff, and informatics researchers were engaged in a multiphase participatory design process that included public health stakeholder focus groups, investigator-engineering team meetings, public health survey and census regarding high-priority data elements, and codesign of exploratory prototypes and final form mock-ups. A number of state-mandated report fields that are not highly used or desirable for disease investigation were eliminated, which allowed engineers to repurpose form space for desired and high-priority data elements and improve the usability of the forms. Our participatory design process ensured that IT development was driven by end user expertise and needs, resulting in significant improvements to the layout and functionality of the reporting forms. In addition to informing report form development, engaging with public health end users and stakeholders through the participatory design process provided new insights into public health workflow and allowed the team to quickly triage user requests while managing user expectations within the realm of engineering possibilities. Engaging public health, engineering staff, and investigators in a shared codesigning process ensured that the new forms will not only meet real-life needs but will also support development of a product that will be adopted and, ultimately, improve communicable and infectious disease reporting by clinicians to public health.

Vacuum Plasma Spray (VPS) Forming of Solar Thermal Propulsion Components Using Refractory Metals

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zimmerman, Frank; Gerish, Harold; Davis, William; Hissam, D. Andy

1998-01-01

The Thermal Spray Laboratory at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center has developed and demonstrated a fabrication technique using Vacuum Plasma Spray (VPS) to form structural components from a tungsten/rhenium alloy. The components were assembled into an absorption cavity for a fully-functioning, ground test unit of a solar thermal propulsion engine. The VPS process deposits refractory metal onto a graphite mandrel of the desired shape. The mandrel acts as a male mold, forming the required contour and dimensions of the inside surface of the deposit. Tungsten and tungsten/25% rhenium were used in the development and production of several absorber cavity components. These materials were selected for their high temperature (less than 2500 C) strength. Each absorber cavity comprises 3 coaxial shells with two, double-helical flow passages through which the propellant gas flows. This paper describes the processing techniques, design considerations, and process development associated with forming these engine components.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Clarke, Kester Diederik

The intent of this report is to document a procedure used at LANL for HIP bonding aluminum cladding to U-10Mo fuel foils using a formed HIP can for the Domestic Reactor Conversion program in the NNSA Office of Material, Management and Minimization, and provide some details that may not have been published elsewhere. The HIP process is based on the procedures that have been used to develop the formed HIP can process, including the baseline process developed at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The HIP bonding cladding process development is summarized in the listed references. Further iterations with Babcock & Wilcoxmore » (B&W) to refine the process to meet production and facility requirements is expected.« less

Modeling and FE Simulation of Quenchable High Strength Steels Sheet Metal Hot Forming Process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Hongsheng; Bao, Jun; Xing, Zhongwen; Zhang, Dejin; Song, Baoyu; Lei, Chengxi

2011-08-01

High strength steel (HSS) sheet metal hot forming process is investigated by means of numerical simulations. With regard to a reliable numerical process design, the knowledge of the thermal and thermo-mechanical properties is essential. In this article, tensile tests are performed to examine the flow stress of the material HSS 22MnB5 at different strains, strain rates, and temperatures. Constitutive model based on phenomenological approach is developed to describe the thermo-mechanical properties of the material 22MnB5 by fitting the experimental data. A 2D coupled thermo-mechanical finite element (FE) model is developed to simulate the HSS sheet metal hot forming process for U-channel part. The ABAQUS/explicit model is used conduct the hot forming stage simulations, and ABAQUS/implicit model is used for accurately predicting the springback which happens at the end of hot forming stage. Material modeling and FE numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the effect of the processing parameters on the hot forming process. The processing parameters have significant influence on the microstructure of U-channel part. The springback after hot forming stage is the main factor impairing the shape precision of hot-formed part. The mechanism of springback is advanced and verified through numerical simulations and tensile loading-unloading tests. Creep strain is found in the tensile loading-unloading test under isothermal condition and has a distinct effect on springback. According to the numerical and experimental results, it can be concluded that springback is mainly caused by different cooling rats and the nonhomogengeous shrink of material during hot forming process, the creep strain is the main factor influencing the amount of the springback.

Image forming apparatus

DOEpatents

Satoh, Hisao; Haneda, Satoshi; Ikeda, Tadayoshi; Morita, Shizuo; Fukuchi, Masakazu

1996-01-01

In an image forming apparatus having a detachable process cartridge in which an image carrier on which an electrostatic latent image is formed, and a developing unit which develops the electrostatic latent image so that a toner image can be formed, both integrally formed into one unit. There is provided a developer container including a discharge section which can be inserted into a supply opening of the developing unit, and a container in which a predetermined amount of developer is contained, wherein the developer container is provided to the toner supply opening of the developing unit and the developer is supplied into the developing unit housing when a toner stirring screw of the developing unit is rotated.

Preformulation considerations for controlled release dosage forms. Part I. Selecting candidates.

PubMed

Chrzanowski, Frank

2008-01-01

The physical-chemical properties of interest for controlled release (CR) dosage form development presented are based on the author's experience. Part I addresses selection of the final form based on a logical progression of physical-chemical properties evaluation of candidate forms and elimination of forms with undesirable properties from further evaluation in order to simplify final form selection. Several candidate forms which could include salt, free base or acid, polymorphic and amorphic forms of a new chemical entity (NCE) or existing drug substance (DS) are prepared and evaluated for critical properties in a scheme relevant to manufacturing processes, predictive of problems, requiring small amounts of test materials and simple analytical tools. A stability indicating assay is not needed to initiate the evaluation. This process is applicable to CR and immediate release (IR) dosage form development. The critical properties evaluated are melting, crystallinity, solubilities in water, 0.1 N HCl, and SIF, hygrodymamics, i.e., moisture sorption and loss at extremes of RH, and LOD at typical wet granulation drying conditions, and processability, i.e., corrosivity, and filming and/or sticking upon compression.

I-NERI-2007-004-K, DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW HIGH-LEVEL WASTE FORMS FOR ACHIEVING WASTE MINIMIZATION FROM PYROPROCESSING

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

S.M. Frank

Work describe in this report represents the final year activities for the 3-year International Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (I-NERI) project: Development and Characterization of New High-Level Waste Forms for Achieving Waste Minimization from Pyroprocessing. Used electrorefiner salt that contained actinide chlorides and was highly loaded with surrogate fission products was processed into three candidate waste forms. The first waste form, a high-loaded ceramic waste form is a variant to the CWF produced during the treatment of Experimental Breeder Reactor-II used fuel at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The two other waste forms were developed by researchers at the Korean Atomicmore » Energy Research Institute (KAERI). These materials are based on a silica-alumina-phosphate matrix and a zinc/titanium oxide matrix. The proposed waste forms, and the processes to fabricate them, were designed to immobilize spent electrorefiner chloride salts containing alkali, alkaline earth, lanthanide, and halide fission products that accumulate in the salt during the processing of used nuclear fuel. This aspect of the I-NERI project was to demonstrate 'hot cell' fabrication and characterization of the proposed waste forms. The outline of the report includes the processing of the spent electrorefiner salt and the fabrication of each of the three waste forms. Also described is the characterization of the waste forms, and chemical durability testing of the material. While waste form fabrication and sample preparation for characterization must be accomplished in a radiological hot cell facility due to hazardous radioactivity levels, smaller quantities of each waste form were removed from the hot cell to perform various analyses. Characterization included density measurement, elemental analysis, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and the Product Consistency Test, which is a leaching method to measure chemical durability. Favorable results from this demonstration project will provide additional options for fission product immobilization and waste management associated the electrochemical/pyrometallurgical processing of used nuclear fuel.« less

Commercialization of Ultra-Hard Ceramics for Cutting Tools Final Report CRADA No. TC0279.0

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Landingham, R.; Neumann, T.

This was a collaborative effort between Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC as manager and operator of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Greenleaf Corporation (Greenleaf) to develop the technology for forming unique precursor nano-powders process that can be consolidated into ceramic products for industry. LLNL researchers have developed a solgel process for forming nano-ceramic powders. The nano powders are highly tailorable, allowing the explicit design of desired properties that lead to ultra hard materials with fine grain size. The present CRADA would allow the two parties to continue the development of the sol-gel process and the consolidation process in ordermore » to develop an industrially sound process for the manufacture of these ultra-hard materials.« less

Vacuum Plasma Spray Forming of Tungsten Lorentz Force Accelerator Components

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zimmerman, Frank R.

2001-01-01

The Vacuum Plasma Spray (VPS) Laboratory at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center has developed and demonstrated a fabrication technique using the VPS process to form anode sections for a Lorentz force accelerator from tungsten. Lorentz force accelerators are an attractive form of electric propulsion that provides continuous, high-efficiency propulsion at useful power levels for such applications as orbit transfers or deep space missions. The VPS process is used to deposit refractory metals such as tungsten onto a graphite mandrel of the desired shape. Because tungsten is reactive at high temperatures, it is thermally sprayed in an inert environment where the plasma gun melts and accelerates the metal powder onto the mandrel. A three-axis robot inside the chamber controls the motion of the plasma spray torch. A graphite mandrel acts as a male mold, forming the required contour and dimensions of the inside surface of the anode. This paper describes the processing techniques, design considerations, and process development associated with the VPS forming of the Lorentz force accelerator.

Geometrical accuracy improvement in flexible roll forming lines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Larrañaga, J.; Berner, S.; Galdos, L.; Groche, P.

2011-01-01

The general interest to produce profiles with variable cross section in a cost-effective way has increased in the last few years. The flexible roll forming process allows producing profiles with variable cross section lengthwise in a continuous way. Until now, only a few flexible roll forming lines were developed and built up. Apart from the flange wrinkling along the transition zone of u-profiles with variable cross section, the process limits have not been investigated and solutions for shape deviations are unknown. During the PROFOM project a flexible roll forming machine has been developed with the objective of producing high technological components for automotive body structures. In order to investigate the limits of the process, different profile geometries and steel grades including high strength steels have been applied. During the first experimental tests, several errors have been identified, as a result of the complex stress states generated during the forming process. In order to improve the accuracy of the target profiles and to meet the tolerance demands of the automotive industry, a thermo-mechanical solution has been proposed. Additional mechanical devices, supporting flexible the roll forming process, have been implemented in the roll forming line together with local heating techniques. The combination of both methods shows a significant increase of the accuracy. In the present investigation, the experimental results of the validation process are presented.

A finite difference model used to predict the consolidation of a ceramic waste form produced from the electrometallurgical treatment of spent nuclear fuel.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bateman, K. J.; Capson, D. D.

2004-03-29

Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) has developed a process to immobilize waste salt containing fission products, uranium, and transuranic elements as chlorides in a glass-bonded ceramic waste form. This salt was generated in the electrorefining operation used in the electrometallurgical treatment of spent Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II) fuel. The ceramic waste process culminates with an elevated temperature operation. The processing conditions used by the furnace, for demonstration scale and production scale operations, are to be developed at Argonne National Laboratory-West (ANL-West). To assist in selecting the processing conditions of the furnace and to reduce the number of costly experiments, a finitemore » difference model was developed to predict the consolidation of the ceramic waste. The model accurately predicted the heating as well as the bulk density of the ceramic waste form. The methodology used to develop the computer model and a comparison of the analysis to experimental data is presented.« less

Screening and Characterization of Hydrate Forms of T-3256336, a Novel Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) Protein Antagonist.

PubMed

Takeuchi, Shoko; Kojima, Takashi; Hashimoto, Kentaro; Saito, Bunnai; Sumi, Hiroyuki; Ishikawa, Tomoyasu; Ikeda, Yukihiro

2015-01-01

Different crystal packing of hydrates from anhydrate crystals leads to different physical properties, such as solubility and stability. Investigation of the potential of varied hydrate formation, and understanding the stability in an anhydrous/hydrate system, are crucial to prevent an undesired transition during the manufacturing process and storage. Only one anhydrous form of T-3256336, a novel inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein antagonist, was discovered during synthesis, and no hydrate form has been identified. In this study, we conducted hydrate screening such as dynamic water vapor sorption/desorption (DVS), and the slurry experiment, and characterized the solid-state properties of anhydrous/hydrate forms to determine the most desirable crystalline form for development. New hydrate forms, both mono-hydrate and hemi-hydrate forms, were discovered as a result of this hydrate screening. The characterization of two new hydrate forms was conducted, and the anhydrous form was determined to be the most desirable development form of T-3256336 in terms of solid-state stability. In addition, the stability of the anhydrous form was investigated using the water content and temperature controlled slurry experiment to obtain the desirable crystal form in the crystallization process. The water content regions of the stable phase of the desired form, the anhydrous form, were identified for the cooling crystallization process.

Joking Culture: The Role of Repeated Humorous Interactions on Group Processes during Challenge Course Experiences

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rothwell, Erin; Siharath, Kassidy; Bell, Steven; Nguyen, Kim; Baker, Carla

2011-01-01

When groups form, they develop their own culture from the shared meaning created from their interactions. Humor is part of every social group, and when repeatedly referenced, it forms a joking culture. The joking culture of small groups influences group processes by smoothing group interaction, forming a collective identity, separating the group…

Finite element modelling of chain-die forming for ultra-high strength steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Majji, Raju; Xiang, Yang; Ding, Scott; Yang, Chunhui

2017-10-01

There has been a high demand for weight reduction in automotive vehicles while maintaining passenger safety. A potential steel material to achieve this is Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS). As a high strength material, it is difficult to be formed with desired profiles using traditional sheet metal forming processes such as Cold Roll Forming. To overcome this problem, a potentially alternative solution is Chain-die Forming (CDF), recently developed. The basic principal of the CDF is to fully combine roll forming and bending processes. The main advantage of this process is the elongated deformation length that significantly increases effective roll radius. This study focuses on identifying issues with the CDF by using CAD modelling, Motion Analysis and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to devise solutions and construct a more reliable process in an optimal design sense. Some attempts on finite element modelling and simulation of the CDF were conducted using relatively simple models in literature and the research was still not sufficient enough for optimal design of a typical CDF for UHSS. Therefore two numerical models of Chain-die Forming process are developed in this study, including a) one having a set of rolls similar to roll forming but with a large radius, i.e., 20 meters; and b) the other one with dies and punch segments similar to a typical CDF machine. As a case study, to form a 60° channel with single pass was conducted using these two devised models for a comparison. The obtained numerical results clearly show the CDF could generate less residual stress, low strain and small springback of a single pass for the 60° UHSS channel. The design analysis procedure proposed in this study could greatly help the mechanical designers to devise a cost-effective and reliable CDF process for forming UHSS.

The Role of Form and Meaning in the Processing of Written Morphology: A Priming Study in French Developing Readers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Quemart, Pauline; Casalis, Severine; Cole, Pascale

2011-01-01

Three visual priming experiments using three different prime durations (60 ms in Experiment 1, 250 ms in Experiment 2, and 800 ms in Experiment 3) were conducted to examine which properties of morphemes (form and/or meaning) drive developing readers' processing of written morphology. French third, fifth, and seventh graders and adults (the latter…

Testing single point incremental forming molds for thermoforming operations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Afonso, Daniel; de Sousa, Ricardo Alves; Torcato, Ricardo

2016-10-01

Low pressure polymer processing processes as thermoforming or rotational molding use much simpler molds then high pressure processes like injection. However, despite the low forces involved with the process, molds manufacturing for this operations is still a very material, energy and time consuming operation. The goal of the research is to develop and validate a method for manufacturing plastically formed sheets metal molds by single point incremental forming (SPIF) operation for thermoforming operation. Stewart platform based SPIF machines allow the forming of thick metal sheets, granting the required structural stiffness for the mold surface, and keeping the short lead time manufacture and low thermal inertia.

Leveraging Health Information Exchange to Improve Population Health Reporting Processes: Lessons in Using a Collaborative-Participatory Design Process

PubMed Central

Revere, Debra; Dixon, Brian E.; Hills, Rebecca; Williams, Jennifer L.; Grannis, Shaun J.

2014-01-01

Introduction: Surveillance, or the systematic monitoring of disease within a population, is a cornerstone function of public health. Despite significant investment in information technologies (IT) to improve the public’s health, health care providers continue to rely on manual, spontaneous reporting processes that can result in incomplete and delayed surveillance activities. Background: Participatory design principles advocate including real users and stakeholders when designing an information system to ensure high ecological validity of the product, incorporate relevance and context into the design, reduce misconceptions designers can make due to insufficient domain expertise, and ultimately reduce barriers to adoption of the system. This paper focuses on the collaborative and informal participatory design process used to develop enhanced, IT-enabled reporting processes that leverage available electronic health records in a health information exchange to prepopulate notifiable-conditions report forms used by public health authorities. Methods: Over nine months, public health stakeholders, technical staff, and informatics researchers were engaged in a multiphase participatory design process that included public health stakeholder focus groups, investigator-engineering team meetings, public health survey and census regarding high-priority data elements, and codesign of exploratory prototypes and final form mock-ups. Findings: A number of state-mandated report fields that are not highly used or desirable for disease investigation were eliminated, which allowed engineers to repurpose form space for desired and high-priority data elements and improve the usability of the forms. Our participatory design process ensured that IT development was driven by end user expertise and needs, resulting in significant improvements to the layout and functionality of the reporting forms. Discussion: In addition to informing report form development, engaging with public health end users and stakeholders through the participatory design process provided new insights into public health workflow and allowed the team to quickly triage user requests while managing user expectations within the realm of engineering possibilities. Conclusion: Engaging public health, engineering staff, and investigators in a shared codesigning process ensured that the new forms will not only meet real-life needs but will also support development of a product that will be adopted and, ultimately, improve communicable and infectious disease reporting by clinicians to public health. PMID:25848615

Modelling the development of defects during composite reinforcements and prepreg forming

PubMed Central

Hamila, N.; Madeo, A.

2016-01-01

Defects in composite materials are created during manufacture to a large extent. To avoid them as much as possible, it is important that process simulations model the onset and the development of these defects. It is then possible to determine the manufacturing conditions that lead to the absence or to the controlled presence of such defects. Three types of defects that may appear during textile composite reinforcement or prepreg forming are analysed and modelled in this paper. Wrinkling is one of the most common flaws that occur during textile composite reinforcement forming processes. The influence of the different rigidities of the textile reinforcement is studied. The concept of ‘locking angle’ is questioned. A second type of unusual behaviour of fibrous composite reinforcements that can be seen as a flaw during their forming process is the onset of peculiar ‘transition zones’ that are directly related to the bending stiffness of the fibres. The ‘transition zones’ are due to the bending stiffness of fibres. The standard continuum mechanics of Cauchy is not sufficient to model these defects. A second gradient approach is presented that allows one to account for such unusual behaviours and to master their onset and development during forming process simulations. Finally, the large slippages that may occur during a preform forming are discussed and simulated with meso finite-element models used for macroscopic forming. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Multiscale modelling of the structural integrity of composite materials’. PMID:27242300

Modelling the development of defects during composite reinforcements and prepreg forming.

PubMed

Boisse, P; Hamila, N; Madeo, A

2016-07-13

Defects in composite materials are created during manufacture to a large extent. To avoid them as much as possible, it is important that process simulations model the onset and the development of these defects. It is then possible to determine the manufacturing conditions that lead to the absence or to the controlled presence of such defects. Three types of defects that may appear during textile composite reinforcement or prepreg forming are analysed and modelled in this paper. Wrinkling is one of the most common flaws that occur during textile composite reinforcement forming processes. The influence of the different rigidities of the textile reinforcement is studied. The concept of 'locking angle' is questioned. A second type of unusual behaviour of fibrous composite reinforcements that can be seen as a flaw during their forming process is the onset of peculiar 'transition zones' that are directly related to the bending stiffness of the fibres. The 'transition zones' are due to the bending stiffness of fibres. The standard continuum mechanics of Cauchy is not sufficient to model these defects. A second gradient approach is presented that allows one to account for such unusual behaviours and to master their onset and development during forming process simulations. Finally, the large slippages that may occur during a preform forming are discussed and simulated with meso finite-element models used for macroscopic forming. This article is part of the themed issue 'Multiscale modelling of the structural integrity of composite materials'. © 2016 The Author(s).

Vacuum Plasma Spray (VPS) Forming of Solar Thermal Propulsion Components Using Refractory Metals

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zimmerman, Frank R.; Hissam, David A.; Gerrish, Harold P.; Davis, William M.

1999-01-01

The Thermal Spray Laboratory at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center has developed and demonstrated a fabrication technique using Vacuum Plasma Spray (VPS) to form structural components from a tungsten/rhenium alloy. The components were assembled into an absorber cavity for a fully-functioning, ground test unit of a solar then-nal propulsion engine. The VPS process deposits refractory metal onto a graphite mandrel of the desired shape. The mandrel acts as a male mold, forming the required contour and dimensions of the inside surface of the deposit. Tungsten and tungsten/25% rhenium were used in the development and production of several absorber cavity components. These materials were selected for their high temperature (greater than 25000 C [greater than 4530 F]) strength. Each absorber cavity comprises 3 coaxial shells with two, double-helical flow passages through which the propellant gas flows. This paper describes the processing techniques, design considerations, and process development associated with forming these engine components.

Rapid Freeform Sheet Metal Forming: Technology Development and System Verification

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kiridena, Vijitha; Verma, Ravi; Gutowski, Timothy

The objective of this project is to develop a transformational RApid Freeform sheet metal Forming Technology (RAFFT) in an industrial environment, which has the potential to increase manufacturing energy efficiency up to ten times, at a fraction of the cost of conventional technologies. The RAFFT technology is a flexible and energy-efficient process that eliminates the need for having geometry-specific forming dies. The innovation lies in the idea of using the energy resource at the local deformation area which provides greater formability, process control, and process flexibility relative to traditional methods. Double-Sided Incremental Forming (DSIF), the core technology in RAFFT, ismore » a new concept for sheet metal forming. A blank sheet is clamped around its periphery and gradually deformed into a complex 3D freeform part by two strategically aligned stylus-type tools that follow a pre-described toolpath. The two tools, one on each side of the blank, can form a part with sharp features for both concave and convex shapes. Since deformation happens locally, the forming force at any instant is significantly decreased when compared to traditional methods. The key advantages of DSIF are its high process flexibility, high energy-efficiency, low capital investment, and the elimination of the need for massive amounts of die casting and machining. Additionally, the enhanced formability and process flexibility of DSIF can open up design spaces and result in greater weight savings.« less

Vacuum Plasma Spray Forming of Tungsten Lorentz Force Accelerator Components

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zimmerman, Frank R.

2004-01-01

The Vacuum Plasma Spray (VPS) Laboratory at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, working with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, has developed and demonstrated a fabrication technique using the VPS process to form anode and cathode sections for a Lorentz force accelerator made from tungsten. Lorentz force accelerators are an attractive form of electric propulsion that provides continuous, high-efficiency propulsion at useful power levels for such applications as orbit transfers or deep space missions. The VPS process is used to deposit refractory metals such as tungsten onto a graphite mandrel of the desired shape. Because tungsten is reactive at high temperatures, it is thermally sprayed in an inert environment where the plasma gun melts and deposits the molten metal powder onto a mandrel. A three-axis robot inside the chamber controls the motion of the plasma spray torch. A graphite mandrel acts as a male mold, forming the required contour and dimensions for the inside surface of the anode or cathode of the accelerator. This paper describes the processing techniques, design considerations, and process development associated with the VPS forming of Lorentz force accelerator components.

Thermal sensors to control polymer forming. Challenge and solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lemeunier, F.; Boyard, N.; Sarda, A.; Plot, C.; Lefèvre, N.; Petit, I.; Colomines, G.; Allanic, N.; Bailleul, J. L.

2017-10-01

Many thermal sensors are already used, for many years, to better understand and control material forming processes, especially polymer processing. Due to technical constraints (high pressure, sealing, sensor dimensions…) the thermal measurement is often performed in the tool or close its surface. Thus, it only gives partial and disturbed information. Having reliable information about the heat flux exchanges between the tool and the material during the process would be very helpful to improve the control of the process and to favor the development of new materials. In this work, we present several sensors developed in labs to study the molding steps in forming processes. The analysis of the obtained thermal measurements (temperature, heat flux) shows the required sensitivity threshold of sensitivity of thermal sensors to be able to detect on-line the rate of thermal reaction. Based on these data, we will present new sensor designs which have been patented.

78 FR 21912 - Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; Processed Products Family of Forms

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-12

... Collection; Comment Request; Processed Products Family of Forms AGENCY: National Oceanic and Atmospheric... NOAA in the economic and social analyses developed when proposing and evaluating fishery management... collection). Affected Public: Business or other for-profit organizations. Estimated Number of Respondents...

A comparison of forming technologies for ceramic gas-turbine engine components

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hengst, R. R.; Heichel, D. N.; Holowczak, J. E.; Taglialavore, A. P.; Mcentire, B. J.

1990-01-01

For over ten years, injection molding and slip casting have been actively developed as forming techniques for ceramic gas turbine components. Co-development of these two processes has continued within the U.S. DOE-sponsored Advanced Turbine Technology Application Project (ATTAP). Progress within ATTAP with respect to these two techniques is summarized. A critique and comparison of the two processes are given. Critical aspects of both processes with respect to size, dimensional control, material properties, quality, cost, and potential for manufacturing scale-up are discussed.

Digitalization in roll forming manufacturing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sedlmaier, A.; Dietl, T.; Ferreira, P.

2017-09-01

Roll formed profiles are used in automotive chassis production as building blocks for the body-in-white. The ability to produce profiles with discontinuous cross sections, both in width and in depth, allows weight savings in the final automotive chassis through the use of load optimized cross sections. This has been the target of the 3D Roll Forming process. A machine concept is presented where a new forming concept for roll formed parts in combination with advanced robotics allowing freely positioned roll forming tooling in 3D space enables the production of complex shapes by roll forming. This is a step forward into the digitalization of roll forming manufacturing by making the process flexible and capable of rapid prototyping and production of small series of parts. Moreover, data collection in a large scale through the control system and integrated sensors lead to an increased understanding of the process and provide the basis to develop self-optimizing roll forming machines, increasing the productivity, quality and predictability of the roll-forming process. The first parts successfully manufactured with this new forming concept are presented.

Perception of shapes targeting local and global processes in autism spectrum disorders.

PubMed

Grinter, Emma J; Maybery, Murray T; Pellicano, Elizabeth; Badcock, Johanna C; Badcock, David R

2010-06-01

Several researchers have found evidence for impaired global processing in the dorsal visual stream in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). However, support for a similar pattern of visual processing in the ventral visual stream is less consistent. Critical to resolving the inconsistency is the assessment of local and global form processing ability. Within the visual domain, radial frequency (RF) patterns - shapes formed by sinusoidally varying the radius of a circle to add 'bumps' of a certain number to a circle - can be used to examine local and global form perception. Typically developing children and children with an ASD discriminated between circles and RF patterns that are processed either locally (RF24) or globally (RF3). Children with an ASD required greater shape deformation to identify RF3 shapes compared to typically developing children, consistent with difficulty in global processing in the ventral stream. No group difference was observed for RF24 shapes, suggesting intact local ventral-stream processing. These outcomes support the position that a deficit in global visual processing is present in ASDs, consistent with the notion of Weak Central Coherence.

The relationship of global form and motion detection to reading fluency.

PubMed

Englund, Julia A; Palomares, Melanie

2012-08-15

Visual motion processing in typical and atypical readers has suggested aspects of reading and motion processing share a common cortical network rooted in dorsal visual areas. Few studies have examined the relationship between reading performance and visual form processing, which is mediated by ventral cortical areas. We investigated whether reading fluency correlates with coherent motion detection thresholds in typically developing children using random dot kinematograms. As a comparison, we also evaluated the correlation between reading fluency and static form detection thresholds. Results show that both dorsal and ventral visual functions correlated with components of reading fluency, but that they have different developmental characteristics. Motion coherence thresholds correlated with reading rate and accuracy, which both improved with chronological age. Interestingly, when controlling for non-verbal abilities and age, reading accuracy significantly correlated with thresholds for coherent form detection but not coherent motion detection in typically developing children. Dorsal visual functions that mediate motion coherence seem to be related maturation of broad cognitive functions including non-verbal abilities and reading fluency. However, ventral visual functions that mediate form coherence seem to be specifically related to accurate reading in typically developing children. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Radial-rotation profile forming: A new processing technology of incremental sheet metal forming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laue, Robert; Härtel, Sebastian; Awiszus, Birgit

2018-05-01

Incremental forming processes (i.e., spinning) of sheet metal blanks into cylindrical cups are suitable for lower lot sizes. The produced cups were frequently used as preforms to produce workpieces in further forming steps with additional functions like profiled hollow parts [1]. The incremental forming process radial-rotation profile forming has been developed to enable the production of profiled hollow parts with low sheet thinning and good geometrical accuracy. The two principal forming steps are the production of the preform by rotational swing-folding [2] and the subsequent radial profiling of the hollow part in one clamping position. The rotational swing-folding process is based on a combination of conventional spinning and swing-folding. Therefore, a round blank rotates on a profiled mandrel and due to the swinging of a cylindrical forming tool, the blank is formed to a cup with low sheet thinning. In addition, thickening results at the edge of the blank and wrinkling occurs. However, the wrinkles are formed into the indentation of the profiled mandrel and can be reshaped as an advantage in the second process step, the radial profiling. Due to the rotation and continuous radial feed of a profiled forming tool to the profiled mandrel, the axial profile is formed in the second process step. Because of the minor relative movement in axial direction between tool and blank, low sheet thinning occurs. This is an advantage of the principle of the process.

Advances in solid dosage form manufacturing technology.

PubMed

Andrews, Gavin P

2007-12-15

Currently, the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries are moving through a period of unparalleled change. Major multinational pharmaceutical companies are restructuring, consolidating, merging and more importantly critically assessing their competitiveness to ensure constant growth in an ever-more demanding market where the cost of developing novel products is continuously increasing. The pharmaceutical manufacturing processes currently in existence for the production of solid oral dosage forms are associated with significant disadvantages and in many instances provide many processing problems. Therefore, it is well accepted that there is an increasing need for alternative processes to dramatically improve powder processing, and more importantly to ensure that acceptable, reproducible solid dosage forms can be manufactured. Consequently, pharmaceutical companies are beginning to invest in innovative processes capable of producing solid dosage forms that better meet the needs of the patient while providing efficient manufacturing operations. This article discusses two emerging solid dosage form manufacturing technologies, namely hot-melt extrusion and fluidized hot-melt granulation.

The Community Development Process: The Rediscovery of Local Initiative.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Biddle, William W.; Biddle, Loureide J.

The development process in two communities, a mining county in rural Appalachia and a deteriorating neighborhood in a northern industrial city, is presented in case-study form. Concepts and commonly used terms are defined; a process of development is identified that can be used in groups small enough to permit attention to the growth of persons.…

Graphic Design in Libraries: A Conceptual Process

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ruiz, Miguel

2014-01-01

Providing successful library services requires efficient and effective communication with users; therefore, it is important that content creators who develop visual materials understand key components of design and, specifically, develop a holistic graphic design process. Graphic design, as a form of visual communication, is the process of…

A national effort to identify fry processing clones with low acrylamide-forming potential

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Acrylamide is a suspected human carcinogen. Processed potato products, such as chips and fries, contribute to dietary intake of acrylamide. One of the most promising approaches to reducing acrylamide consumption is to develop and commercialize new potato varieties with low acrylamide-forming potenti...

How inverse solver technologies can support die face development and process planning in the automotive industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huhn, Stefan; Peeling, Derek; Burkart, Maximilian

2017-10-01

With the availability of die face design tools and incremental solver technologies to provide detailed forming feasibility results in a timely fashion, the use of inverse solver technologies and resulting process improvements during the product development process of stamped parts often is underestimated. This paper presents some applications of inverse technologies that are currently used in the automotive industry to streamline the product development process and greatly increase the quality of a developed process and the resulting product. The first focus is on the so-called target strain technology. Application examples will show how inverse forming analysis can be applied to support the process engineer during the development of a die face geometry for Class `A' panels. The drawing process is greatly affected by the die face design and the process designer has to ensure that the resulting drawn panel will meet specific requirements regarding surface quality and a minimum strain distribution to ensure dent resistance. The target strain technology provides almost immediate feedback to the process engineer during the die face design process if a specific change of the die face design will help to achieve these specific requirements or will be counterproductive. The paper will further show how an optimization of the material flow can be achieved through the use of a newly developed technology called Sculptured Die Face (SDF). The die face generation in SDF is more suited to be used in optimization loops than any other conventional die face design technology based on cross section design. A second focus in this paper is on the use of inverse solver technologies for secondary forming operations. The paper will show how the application of inverse technology can be used to accurately and quickly develop trim lines on simple as well as on complex support geometries.

Development of ceramic matrix composites for application in the ceramic technology for Advanced Heat Engines Project: Phase 2a, Development of in-situ toughened silicon nitride. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pollinger, J.; Newson, D.; Yeh, H.

1992-06-01

The objective of this program was to develop a net shape forming process for an in-situ reinforced Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} (AS-700). AS-700 was initially developed using cold isostatic pressing (CIP) of alcohol milled powders. The CIP`ed AS-700 material exhibited a moderate strength (690 MPa) and high toughness (9 MPa{radical}m) at room temperature. In addition to net-shape process development, optimization of AS-700 properties was also investigated through the refinement of densification processes, and evaluation of the effect of Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} powder properties on resulting microstructure and mechanical properties. Slip casting was chosen as the net-shape forming process. A slip castingmore » process was successfully developed for forming green parts ranging from thin plates to thick cylinders, and to large complex shaped turbine rotors. The densification cycle was optimized to achieve full density parts without any cracks or warpage, and with comparable properties and microstructure to the CIP`ed baseline AS-700 material. The evaluation of six (6) alternate Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} powders indicated that Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} powders have a very strong influence on the development of resulting AS-700 in-situ microstructures and mechanical properties. The AS-700 slip casting process and optimized densification process were then combined and a number of test specimens were fabricated. The mechanical properties and microstructure of the optimized slip cast AS-700 Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} were then fully characterized. The key property values are: 695 MPa at room temperature, 446 MPa at 1370{degree}C flexural strengths and 8.25 MPa{radical}m toughness.« less

Development and demonstration of manufacturing processes for fabricating graphite/LARC 160 polyimide structural elements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Frost, R. K.; Jones, J. S.; Dynes, P. J.; Wykes, D. H.

1981-01-01

The development and demonstration of manufacturing technologies for the structural application of Celion graphite/LARC-160 polyimide composite material is discussed. Process development and fabrication of demonstration components are discussed. Process development included establishing quality assurance of the basic composite material and processing, nondestructive inspection of fabricated components, developing processes for specific structural forms, and qualification of processes through mechanical testing. Demonstration components were fabricated. The demonstration components consisted of flat laminates, skin/stringer panels, honeycomb panels, chopped fiber compression moldings, and a technology demonstrator segment (TDS) representative of the space shuttle aft body flap.

SPITFIRE-1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ryntz, Edward F.

1995-01-01

The purpose of this effort is to develop low-cost rapid forming superplastic aluminum that will be evaluated in pilot production trials for automotive SPF components. The alloy development study conducted under SPITFIRE-1 showed that the addition of CU or Mn to the base 5083 aluminum alloy refined the grain size, leading to enhanced superplastic properties. In SPITFIRE-2, these alloy variants will be further refined and studied to meet the target properties established earlier in the program. Mechanical properties, component forming and post-forming properties will be evaluated. Also, the alloy production process, including thermomechanical processing (TMP) optimization to reduce production cost, will be investigated during SPITFIRE-2. After identifying preferred compositions and production processing, the most promising alloy will be manufactured into production coils for verification during SPITFIRE-3. Components will be produced from these coils in SPITFIRE-4, and the process and component performance will be assessed.

A Risk-Based Strategy for Evaluating Mitigation Options for Process-Formed Compounds in Food: Workshop Proceedings.

PubMed

Hanlon, Paul; Brorby, Gregory P; Krishan, Mansi

2016-05-01

Processing (eg, cooking, grinding, drying) has changed the composition of food throughout the course of human history; however, awareness of process-formed compounds, and the potential need to mitigate exposure to those compounds, is a relatively recent phenomenon. In May 2015, the North American Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI North America) Technical Committee on Food and Chemical Safety held a workshop on the risk-based process for mitigation of process-formed compounds. This workshop aimed to gain alignment from academia, government, and industry on a risk-based process for proactively assessing the need for and benefit of mitigation of process-formed compounds, including criteria to objectively assess the impact of mitigation as well as research needed to support this process. Workshop participants provided real-time feedback on a draft framework in the form of a decision tree developed by the ILSI North America Technical Committee on Food and Chemical Safety to a panel of experts, and they discussed the importance of communicating the value of such a process to the larger scientific community and, ultimately, the public. The outcome of the workshop was a decision tree that can be used by the scientific community and could form the basis of a global approach to assessing the risks associated with mitigation of process-formed compounds. © The Author(s) 2016.

A Risk-Based Strategy for Evaluating Mitigation Options for Process-Formed Compounds in Food

PubMed Central

Brorby, Gregory P.; Krishan, Mansi

2016-01-01

Processing (eg, cooking, grinding, drying) has changed the composition of food throughout the course of human history; however, awareness of process-formed compounds, and the potential need to mitigate exposure to those compounds, is a relatively recent phenomenon. In May 2015, the North American Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI North America) Technical Committee on Food and Chemical Safety held a workshop on the risk-based process for mitigation of process-formed compounds. This workshop aimed to gain alignment from academia, government, and industry on a risk-based process for proactively assessing the need for and benefit of mitigation of process-formed compounds, including criteria to objectively assess the impact of mitigation as well as research needed to support this process. Workshop participants provided real-time feedback on a draft framework in the form of a decision tree developed by the ILSI North America Technical Committee on Food and Chemical Safety to a panel of experts, and they discussed the importance of communicating the value of such a process to the larger scientific community and, ultimately, the public. The outcome of the workshop was a decision tree that can be used by the scientific community and could form the basis of a global approach to assessing the risks associated with mitigation of process-formed compounds. PMID:27102178

FY16 Annual Accomplishments - Waste Form Development and Performance: Evaluation Of Ceramic Waste Forms - Comparison Of Hot Isostatic Pressed And Melt Processed Fabrication Methods

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Amoroso, J.; Dandeneau, C.

FY16 efforts were focused on direct comparison of multi-phase ceramic waste forms produced via melt processing and HIP methods. Based on promising waste form compositions previously devised at SRNL, simulant material was prepared at SRNL and a portion was sent to the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO) for HIP treatments, while the remainder of the material was melt processed at SRNL. The microstructure, phase formation, elemental speciation, and leach behavior, and radiation stability of the fabricated ceramics was performed. In addition, melt-processed ceramics designed with different fractions of hollandite, zirconolite, perovskite, and pyrochlore phases were investigated. for performancemore » and properties.« less

Randomization to Standard and Concise Informed Consent Forms: Development of Evidence-Based Consent Practices

PubMed Central

Enama, Mary E.; Hu, Zonghui; Gordon, Ingelise; Costner, Pamela; Ledgerwood, Julie E.; Grady, Christine

2012-01-01

Background Consent to participate in research is an important component of the conduct of ethical clinical trials. Current consent practices are largely policy-driven. This study was conducted to assess comprehension of study information and satisfaction with the consent form between subjects randomized to concise or to standard informed consent forms as one approach to developing evidence-based consent practices. Methods Participants (N=111) who enrolled into two Phase I investigational influenza vaccine protocols (VRC 306 and VRC 307) at the NIH Clinical Center were randomized to one of two IRB-approved consents; either a standard or concise form. Concise consents had an average of 63% fewer words. All other aspects of the consent process were the same. Questionnaires about the study and the consent process were completed at enrollment and at the last visit in both studies. Results Subjects using concise consent forms scored as well as those using standard length consents in measures of comprehension (7 versus 7, p=0.79 and 20 versus 21, p=0.13), however, the trend was for the concise consent group to report feeling better informed. Both groups thought the length and detail of the consent form was appropriate. Conclusions Randomization of study subjects to different length IRB-approved consents forms as one method for developing evidence-based consent practices, resulted in no differences in study comprehension or satisfaction with the consent form. A concise consent form may be used ethically in the context of a consent process conducted by well-trained staff with opportunities for discussion and education throughout the study. PMID:22542645

Spray Forming Aluminum - Final Report (Phase II)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

D. D. Leon

1999-07-08

The U.S. Department of Energy - Office of Industrial Technology (DOE) has an objective to increase energy efficient and enhance competitiveness of American metals industries. To support this objective, ALCOA Inc. entered into a cooperative program to develop spray forming technology for aluminum. This Phase II of the DOE Spray Forming Program would translate bench scale spray forming technology into a cost effective world class process for commercialization. Developments under DOE Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC07-94ID13238 occurred during two time periods due to budgetary constraints; April 1994 through September 1996 and October 1997 and December 1998. During these periods, ALCOA Incmore » developed a linear spray forming nozzle and specific support processes capable of scale-up for commercial production of aluminum sheet alloy products. Emphasis was given to alloys 3003 and 6111, both being commercially significant alloys used in the automotive industry. The report reviews research performed in the following areas: Nozzel Development, Fabrication, Deposition, Metal Characterization, Computer Simulation and Economics. With the formation of a Holding Company, all intellectual property developed in Phases I and II of the Project have been documented under separate cover for licensing to domestic producers.« less

The standards process: X3 information processing systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Emard, Jean-Paul

1993-01-01

The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: International Organization for Standards (ISO); International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC); ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC-1); U.S. interface to JTC-1; ANSI; national organizations; U.S. standards development processes; national and international standards developing organizations; regional organizations; and X3 information processing systems.

Theory Development: A Bridge between Practice and Research

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Southern, Stephen; Devlin, James

2010-01-01

Theory development is an intentional process by which marriage and family counselors may bridge the gap between research and practice. The theory building process includes inductive and deductive forms of reasoning, qualitative and quantitative approaches to knowledge development, and diffusion of innovations. Grounded theory provides an…

Assessment of DoD Enterprise Resource Planning Business Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-02-01

activities, and processes to the organizational units that execute them • Architecture standards, such as application of the BPMN • Recommended...Recommendation: • Create and use style guides for the development of BPMN based process models. The style guide would probably include specifications such as...o All processes must have ‘entry points’ or ‘triggers’ in the form of BPMN Events o All processes must have ‘outcomes’ also in the form of BPMN

Numerical analysis of the flexible roll forming of an automotive component from high strength steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abeyrathna, B.; Abvabi, A.; Rolfe, B.; Taube, R.; Weiss, M.

2016-11-01

Conventional roll forming is limited to components with uniform cross-section; the recently developed flexible roll forming (FRF) process can be used to form components which vary in both width and depth. It has been suggested that this process can be used to manufacture automotive components from Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS) which has limited tensile elongation. In the flexible roll forming process, the pre-cut blank is fed through a set of rolls; some rolls are computer-numerically controlled (CNC) to follow the 3D contours of the part and hence parts with a variable cross-section can be produced. This paper introduces a new flexible roll forming technique which can be used to form a complex shape with the minimum tooling requirements. In this method, the pre-cut blank is held between two dies and the whole system moves back and forth past CNC forming rolls. The forming roll changes its angle and position in each pass to incrementally form the part. In this work, the process is simulated using the commercial software package Copra FEA. The distribution of total strain and final part quality are investigated as well as related shape defects observed in the process. Different tooling concepts are used to improve the strain distribution and hence the part quality.

Ductile Damage and Fatigue Behavior of Semi-Finished Tailored Blanks for Sheet-Bulk Metal Forming Processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Besserer, Hans-Bernward; Hildenbrand, Philipp; Gerstein, Gregory; Rodman, Dmytro; Nürnberger, Florian; Merklein, Marion; Maier, Hans Jürgen

2016-03-01

To produce parts from sheet metal with thickened functional elements, bulk forming operations can be employed. For this new process class, the term sheet-bulk metal forming has been established recently. Since sheet-bulk metal forming processes such as orbital forming generates triaxial stress and strain states, ductile damage is induced in the form of voids in the microstructure. Typical parts will experience cyclic loads during service, and thus, the influence of ductile damage on the fatigue life of parts manufactured by orbital forming is of interest. Both the formation and growth of voids were characterized following this forming process and then compared to the as-received condition of the ferritic deep drawing steel DC04 chosen for this study. Subsequent to the forming operation, the specimens were fatigued and the evolution of ductile damage and the rearrangement of the dislocation networks occurring during cyclic loading were determined. It was shown, that despite an increased ductile damage due to the forming process, the induced strain hardening has a positive effect on the fatigue life of the material. However, by analyzing the fatigued specimens a development of the ductile damage by an increasing number of voids and a change in the void shape were detected.

Acrylamide-forming potential and agronomic properties of elite US potato germplasm from the National Fry Processing Trial

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Processed potato products, such as chips and fries, contribute to the dietary intake of acrylamide, a suspected human carcinogen. One of the most promising approaches for reducing acrylamide consumption is to develop and commercialize new potato varieties with low acrylamide-forming potential. To fa...

A History of the Chemical Innovations in Silver-Halide Materials for Color PhotographyIII. Dye Tranfer Process — Instant Color Photography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oishi, Yasushi

A historical review of the technological developments of instant color photographic process, is presented with emphasis on the innovation processes at the following main turning points: 1) the creation of instant photography by E. H. Land in 1948 (one step processing by transfer of image-forming materials), 2) the advent of instant color photography based on dye developer, by Polaroid Corp., in 1963 (departing from dye-forming development, forming a direct positive preformed-dye image with a negative emulsion, but constraining the sensitive-material designs), 3) the introduction of a color instant product containing redox dye releaser with improved auto-positive emulsion, by Eastman Kodak Co., in 1976 (producing much improved color image quality, freed from the design constraints), and 4) the realization of absolute one-step photography by the integral film- unit system, by Polaroid in 1972. And the patent litigation (1976-86) raised by Polaroid against Kodak allegedly infringing on the integral film-unit patents caused the vast impacts on the industry.

Large Spun Formed Friction-Stir Welded Tank Domes for Liquid Propellant Tanks Made from AA2195: A Technology Demonstration for the Next Generation of Heavy Lift Launchers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stachulla, M.; Pernpeinter, R.; Brewster J.; Curreri, P.; Hoffman, E.

2010-01-01

Improving structural efficiency while reducing manufacturing costs are key objectives when making future heavy-lift launchers more performing and cost efficient. The main enabling technologies are the application of advanced high performance materials as well as cost effective manufacture processes. This paper presents the status and main results of a joint industrial research & development effort to demonstrate TRL 6 of a novel manufacturing process for large liquid propellant tanks for launcher applications. Using high strength aluminium-lithium alloy combined with the spin forming manufacturing technique, this development aims at thinner wall thickness and weight savings up to 25% as well as a significant reduction in manufacturing effort. In this program, the concave spin forming process is used to manufacture tank domes from a single flat plate. Applied to aluminium alloy, this process allows reaching the highest possible material strength status T8, eliminating numerous welding steps which are typically necessary to assemble tank domes from 3D-curved panels. To minimize raw material costs for large diameter tank domes for launchers, the dome blank has been composed from standard plates welded together prior to spin forming by friction stir welding. After welding, the dome blank is contoured in order to meet the required wall thickness distribution. For achieving a material state of T8, also in the welding seams, the applied spin forming process allows the required cold stretching of the 3D-curved dome, with a subsequent ageing in a furnace. This combined manufacturing process has been demonstrated up to TRL 6 for tank domes with a 5.4 m diameter. In this paper, the manufacturing process as well as test results are presented. Plans are shown how this process could be applied to future heavy-lift launch vehicles developments, also for larger dome diameters.

Processing and mechanical properties of metal-ceramic composites with controlled microstructure formed by reactive metal penetration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ellerby, Donald Thomas

1999-12-01

Compared to monolithic ceramics, metal-reinforced ceramic composites offer the potential for improved toughness and reliability in ceramic materials. As such, there is significant scientific and commercial interest in the microstructure and properties of metal-ceramic composites. Considerable work has been conducted on modeling the toughening behavior of metal reinforcements in ceramics; however, there has been limited application and testing of these concepts on real systems. Composites formed by newly developed reactive processes now offer the flexibility to systematically control metal-ceramic composite microstructure, and to test some of the property models that have been proposed for these materials. In this work, the effects of metal-ceramic composite microstructure on resistance curve (R-curve) behavior, strength, and reliability were systematically investigated. Al/Al2O3 composites were formed by reactive metal penetration (RMP) of aluminum metal into aluminosilicate ceramic preforms. Processing techniques were developed to control the metal content, metal composition, and metal ligament size in the resultant composite microstructure. Quantitative stereology and microscopy were used to characterize the composite microstructures, and then the influence of microstructure on strength, toughness, R-curve behavior, and reliability, was investigated. To identify the strength limiting flaws in the composite microstructure, fractography was used to determine the failure origins. Additionally, the crack bridging tractions produced by the metal ligaments in metal-ceramic composites formed by the RMP process were modeled. Due to relatively large flaws and low bridging stresses in RMP composites, no dependence of reliability on R-curve behavior was observed. The inherent flaws formed during reactive processing appear to limit the strength and reliability of composites formed by the RMP process. This investigation has established a clear relationship between processing, microstructure, and properties in metal-ceramic composites formed by the RMP process. RMP composite properties are determined by the metal-ceramic composite microstructure (e.g., metal content and ligament size), which can be systematically varied by processing. Furthermore, relative to the ceramic preforms used to make the composites, metal-ceramic composites formed by RMP generally have improved properties and combinations of properties that make them more desirable for advanced engineering applications.

Hot forming and quenching pilot process development for low cost and low environmental impact manufacturing.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hall, Roger W.; Foster, Alistair; Herrmann Praturlon, Anja

2017-09-01

The Hot Forming and in-tool Quenching (HFQ®) process is a proven technique to enable complex shaped stampings to be manufactured from high strength aluminium. Its widespread uptake for high volume production will be maximised if it is able to wholly amortise the additional investment cost of this process compared to conventional deep drawing techniques. This paper discusses the use of three techniques to guide some of the development decisions taken during upscaling of the HFQ® process. Modelling of Process timing, Cost and Life-cycle impact were found to be effective tools to identify where development budget could be focused in order to be able to manufacture low cost panels of different sizes from many different alloys in a sustainable way. The results confirm that raw material cost, panel trimming, and artificial ageing were some of the highest contributing factors to final component cost. Additionally, heat treatment and lubricant removal stages played a significant role in the overall life-cycle assessment of the final products. These findings confirmed development priorities as novel furnace design, fast artificial ageing and low-cost alloy development.

The concept and science process skills analysis in bomb calorimeter experiment as a foundation for the development of virtual laboratory of bomb calorimeter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kurniati, D. R.; Rohman, I.

2018-05-01

This study aims to analyze the concepts and science process skills in bomb calorimeter experiment as a basis for developing the virtual laboratory of bomb calorimeter. This study employed research and development method (R&D) to gain the answer to the proposed problems. This paper discussed the concepts and process skills analysis. The essential concepts and process skills associated with bomb calorimeter are analyze by optimizing the bomb calorimeter experiment. The concepts analysis found seven fundamental concepts to be concerned in developing the virtual laboratory that are internal energy, burning heat, perfect combustion, incomplete combustion, calorimeter constant, bomb calorimeter, and Black principle. Since the concept of bomb calorimeter, perfect and incomplete combustion created to figure out the real situation and contain controllable variables, in virtual the concepts displayed in the form of simulation. Meanwhile, the last four concepts presented in the form of animation because no variable found to be controlled. The process skills analysis detect four notable skills to be developed that are ability to observe, design experiment, interpretation, and communication skills.

DESDynI Quad First Stage Processor - A Four Channel Digitizer and Digital Beam Forming Processor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chuang, Chung-Lun; Shaffer, Scott; Smythe, Robert; Niamsuwan, Noppasin; Li, Samuel; Liao, Eric; Lim, Chester; Morfopolous, Arin; Veilleux, Louise

2013-01-01

The proposed Deformation, Eco-Systems, and Dynamics of Ice Radar (DESDynI-R) L-band SAR instrument employs multiple digital channels to optimize resolution while keeping a large swath on a single pass. High-speed digitization with very fine synchronization and digital beam forming are necessary in order to facilitate this new technique. The Quad First Stage Processor (qFSP) was developed to achieve both the processing performance as well as the digitizing fidelity in order to accomplish this sweeping SAR technique. The qFSP utilizes high precision and high-speed analog to digital converters (ADCs), each with a finely adjustable clock distribution network to digitize the channels at the fidelity necessary to allow for digital beam forming. The Xilinx produced FX130T Virtex 5 part handles the processing to digitally calibrate each channel as well as filter and beam form the receive signals. Demonstrating the digital processing required for digital beam forming and digital calibration is instrumental to the viability of the proposed DESDynI instrument. The qFSP development brings this implementation to Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6. This paper will detail the design and development of the prototype qFSP as well as the preliminary results from hardware tests.

I-NERI Annual Technical Progress Report 2007-004-K Development and Characterization of New High-Level Waste Forms for Achieving Waste Minimization from Pyroprocessing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

S. Frank

The current method for the immobilization of fission products that accumulate in electrorefiner salt during the electrochemical processing of used metallic nuclear fuel is to encapsulate the electrorefiner salt in a glass-bonded sodalite ceramic waste form. This process was developed by Argonne National Laboratory in the USA and is currently performed at the Idaho National Laboratory for the treatment of Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II) used fuel. This process utilizes a “once-through” option for the disposal of spent electrorefiner salt; where, after the treatment of the EBR-II fuel, the electrorefiner salt containing the active fission products will be disposed of inmore » the ceramic waste form (CWF). The CWF produced will have low fission product loading of approximately 2 to 5 weight percent due to the limited fuel inventory currently being processed. However; the design and implementation of advanced electrochemical processing facilities to treat used fuel would process much greater quantities fuel. With an advanced processing facility, it would be necessary to selectively remove fission products from the electrorefiner salt for salt recycle and to concentrate the fission products to reduce the volume of high-level waste from the treatment facility. The Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute and the Idaho National Laboratory have been collaborating on I-NERI research projects for a number of years to investigate both aspects of selective fission product separation from electrorefiner salt, and to develop advanced waste forms for the immobilization of the collected fission products. The first joint KAERI/INL I-NERI project titled: 2006-002-K, Separation of Fission Products from Molten LiCl-KCl Salt Used for Electrorefining of Metal Fuels, was successfully completed in 2009 by concentrating and isolating fission products from actual electrorefiner salt used for the treated used EBR-II fuel. Two separation methods were tested and from these tests were produced concentrated salt products that acted as the feed material for development of advanced waste forms investigated in this proposal. Accomplishments from the first year activities associated with this I-NERI project included the down selection of candidate waste forms to immobilize fission products separated from electrorefiner salt, and the design of equipment to fabricate actual waste forms in the Hot Fuels Examination Facility (HFEF) at the INL. Reported in this document are accomplishments from the second year (FY10) work performed at the INL, and includes the testing of waste form fabrication equipment, repeating the fission product precipitation experiment, and initial waste form fabrication efforts.« less

[Current situations and problem analysis of influencing factors of traditional Chinese medicine tablets on forming quality].

PubMed

Li, Yan-Nian; Wu, Zhen-Feng; Wan, Na; Li, Yuan-Hui; Li, Hui-Ting; Yang, Ming

2018-04-01

The compressibility of tablets is the essential operating unit during the preparation of traditional Chinese medicine tablets, as well as a complicated process. Therefore, it is of great significance to comprehensively study the influencing factors on the formation process. This paper aimed to review the evaluation methods for the tablet forming quality and highlight the effects of material powder properties, excipients and preparation technology on the quality of traditional Chinese medicine tablets on the basis of relevant literatures. Furthermore, the common problems in tablet forming process are also analyzed to provide useful references for the development of tablet forming quality of traditional Chinese medicines. Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.

Final report on cermet high-level waste forms

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kobisk, E.H.; Quinby, T.C.; Aaron, W.S.

1981-08-01

Cermets are being developed as an alternate method for the fixation of defense and commercial high level radioactive waste in a terminal disposal form. Following initial feasibility assessments of this waste form, consisting of ceramic particles dispersed in an iron-nickel base alloy, significantly improved processing methods were developed. The characterization of cermets has continued through property determinations on samples prepared by various methods from a variety of simulated and actual high-level wastes. This report describes the status of development of the cermet waste form as it has evolved since 1977. 6 tables, 18 figures.

Micro Dot Patterning on the Light Guide Panel Using Powder Blasting.

PubMed

Jang, Ho Su; Cho, Myeong Woo; Park, Dong Sam

2008-02-08

This study is to develop a micromachining technology for a light guidepanel(LGP) mold, whereby micro dot patterns are formed on a LGP surface by a singleinjection process instead of existing screen printing processes. The micro powder blastingtechnique is applied to form micro dot patterns on the LGP mold surface. The optimalconditions for masking, laminating, exposure, and developing processes to form the microdot patterns are first experimentally investigated. A LGP mold with masked micro patternsis then machined using the micro powder blasting method and the machinability of themicro dot patterns is verified. A prototype LGP is test- injected using the developed LGPmold and a shape analysis of the patterns and performance testing of the injected LGP arecarried out. As an additional approach, matte finishing, a special surface treatment method,is applied to the mold surface to improve the light diffusion characteristics, uniformity andbrightness of the LGP. The results of this study show that the applied powder blastingmethod can be successfully used to manufacture LGPs with micro patterns by just singleinjection using the developed mold and thereby replace existing screen printing methods.

Precision Heating Process

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1992-01-01

A heat sealing process was developed by SEBRA based on technology that originated in work with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The project involved connecting and transferring blood and fluids between sterile plastic containers while maintaining a closed system. SEBRA markets the PIRF Process to manufacturers of medical catheters. It is a precisely controlled method of heating thermoplastic materials in a mold to form or weld catheters and other products. The process offers advantages in fast, precise welding or shape forming of catheters as well as applications in a variety of other industries.

An Interpretation of Rudolf Steiner's Theory of Child Development and School Readiness.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ogletree, Earl J.

Viewing human development as a process by which the human gains self-control, this essay argues that locomotion and speech are control-oriented motor movements and suggests that cognition is also a form of movement developed as the individual achieves control over his or her thinking processes. Support for this view of cognitive development is…

High resolution, low cost solar cell contact development. Quarterly technical progress and schedule report, September 28, 1980

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mardesich, N.

The scope of the contract covers the development and evaluation of forming solar cell collector grid contacts by the MIDFILM process. This is a proprietary process developed by the Ferro Corporation which is a subcontractor for the program. The MIDFILM process attains line resolution characteristics of photoresist methods with processing related to screen printing. The surface to be processed is first coated with a thin layer of photoresist material. Upon exposure to ultraviolet light through a suitable mask, the resist in the non-pattern area cross-links and becomes hard. The unexposed pattern areas remain tacky. The conductor material is applied inmore » the form of a dry mixture of metal and frit particles which adhere to the tacky pattern area. The assemblage is then fired to ash the photopolymer and sinter the fritted conductor powder. Effort was concentrated during this period on the establishment, optimization and identification of problem areas of the MIDFILM process. Progress is reported. (WHK)« less

Recent advancements in low cost solar cell processing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ralph, E. L.

1975-01-01

A proof-of-concept solar cell process has been developed that is adaptable to automation. This involved the development of a new contact system, a new antireflection coating system, a drift field cell design and a new contoured surface treatment. All these processes are performed without the use of vacuum chambers and expensive masking techniques, thus providing the possibility of reduced costs by automation using conventional semiconductor processing machinery. The contacts were printed on the cells by conventional silk screen machinery. The P(+) back field was formed by diffusing in aluminum from a printed aluminum back contact. The antireflection coating was formed by spinning on and baking a TiO2-SiO2 glass film. Air-mass-zero efficiencies of over 10% were achieved using this completely vacuum-free process.

Near-net-shape manufacturing: Spray-formed metal matrix composites and tooling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mchugh, Kevin M.

1994-01-01

Spray forming is a materials processing technology in which a bulk liquid metal is converted to a spray of fine droplets and deposited onto a substrate or pattern to form a near-net-shape solid. The technology offers unique opportunities for simplifying materials processing without sacrificing, and oftentimes substantially improving, product quality. Spray forming can be performed with a wide range of metals and nonmetals, and offers property improvements resulting from rapid solidification (e.g. refined microstructures, extended solid solubilities and reduced segregation). Economic benefits result from process simplification and the elimination of unit operations. The Idaho National Engineering Laboratory is developing a unique spray-forming method, the Controlled Aspiration Process (CAP), to produce near-net-shape solids and coatings of metals, polymers, and composite materials. Results from two spray-accompanying technical and economic benefits. These programs involved spray forming aluminum strip reinforced with SiC particulate, and the production of tooling, such as injection molds and dies, using low-melting-point metals.

The Organization of Teaching Process for the Development of Key Competencies (Case Study: Future Managers)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Khusainova, Guzel R.; Galeeva, Farida T.; Giniyatullina, Diana R.; Tarasova, Natalya M.; Tsareva, Ekaterina E.

2016-01-01

This article is focused on the development of the organizational forms of future managers training for the development of their key competencies, namely, creativity and the ability to work in a team. The analysis of works of the researchers in the field of management and pedagogics shows that small groups as an organizational form has great…

Process Development--Tungsten Hemispheres.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-04-01

pumping down to 25 microns before adding power to the molybdenum heating element. After 25 microns have been reached, power was applied and a temperature ...were formed in latter March, 1979. The initial discs were formed at a temperature of 750OF since Vought conducted tests showing that ductility increased...from 27.4%0 at ambient temperature to 41% at 750 0 F. The forming process planning instructions were changed from 650OF to 750 0 F. Five of the 32

Thermoforming of glass fibre reinforced polypropylene: A study on the influence of different process parameters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schug, Alexander; Winkelbauer, Jonas; Hinterhölzl, Roland; Drechsler, Klaus

2017-10-01

The aim of this study was to analyse the forming behaviour of glass fibre reinforced polypropylene and to identify the influence of several process parameters on the resulting part quality. For this purpose, a complex forming tool was designed, consisting of several areas with single and double curvature. The specimens were produced from unidirectional (UD) tape using the Fiberforge RELAY2000® automated tape laying machine and a subsequent consolidation step. They were then fixed in a support frame, pre-heated in an infrared oven, and formed in the forming tool, which was mounted into a hydraulic heating press. The investigated process parameters were the number and force of the springs in the support frame, the tool temperature and the forming pressure and speed. The layups of the specimens were [0/90/0/90/0¯]s and [0/45/90/-45/0¯]s. After the forming process, the parts were analysed in terms of their quality, with a special focus on wrinkles, undulations, gaps and surface roughness. In addition to optical analysis with a statistical evaluation of the results, 3D scans of the specimens at different steps of the forming process were made to gain an impression of the forming mechanisms and the development of failures. The ATOS system of GOM was used for these 3D scans. The results show that the undulations were influenced by the tool temperature and the spring force. By contrast, the surface quality was most strongly dependent on the forming pressure, which also influenced the size and the number of gaps. The forming speed affected the gaps as well. The tool temperature had the largest influence on the development of wrinkles. As expected, the quasi-isotropic layup showed distinctly more wrinkles and undulations, but it also presented a better surface quality than the orthotropic layup.

Modeling Production Plant Forming Processes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rhee, M; Becker, R; Couch, R

2004-09-22

Engineering has simulation tools and experience in modeling forming processes. Y-12 personnel have expressed interest in validating our tools and experience against their manufacturing process activities such as rolling, casting, and forging etc. We have demonstrated numerical capabilities in a collaborative DOE/OIT project with ALCOA that is nearing successful completion. The goal was to use ALE3D to model Alcoa's slab rolling process in order to demonstrate a computational tool that would allow Alcoa to define a rolling schedule that would minimize the probability of ingot fracture, thus reducing waste and energy consumption. It is intended to lead to long-term collaborationmore » with Y-12 and perhaps involvement with other components of the weapons production complex. Using simulations to aid in design of forming processes can: decrease time to production; reduce forming trials and associated expenses; and guide development of products with greater uniformity and less scrap.« less

A mathematical study of a random process proposed as an atmospheric turbulence model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sidwell, K.

1977-01-01

A random process is formed by the product of a local Gaussian process and a random amplitude process, and the sum of that product with an independent mean value process. The mathematical properties of the resulting process are developed, including the first and second order properties and the characteristic function of general order. An approximate method for the analysis of the response of linear dynamic systems to the process is developed. The transition properties of the process are also examined.

Investigation of low cost material processes for liquid rocket engines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nguyentat, Thinh; Kawashige, Chester M.; Scala, James G.; Horn, Ronald M.

1993-01-01

The development of low cost material processes is essential to the achievement of economical liquid rocket propulsion systems in the next century. This paper will present the results of the evaluation of some promising material processes including powder metallurgy, vacuum plasma spray, metal spray forming, and bulge forming. The physical and mechanical test results from the samples and subscale hardware fabricated from high strength copper alloys and superalloys will be discussed.

Numerical simulation of X90 UOE pipe forming process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zou, Tianxia; Ren, Qiang; Peng, Yinghong; Li, Dayong; Tang, Ding; Han, Jianzeng; Li, Xinwen; Wang, Xiaoxiu

2013-12-01

The UOE process is an important technique to manufacture large-diameter welding pipes which are increasingly applied in oil pipelines and offshore platforms. The forming process of UOE mainly consists of five successive operations: crimping, U-forming, O-forming, welding and mechanical expansion, through which a blank is formed into a pipe in a UOE pipe mill. The blank with an appropriate edge bevel is bent into a cylindrical shape by crimping (C-forming), U-forming and O-forming successively. After the O-forming, there is an open-seam between two ends of the plate. Then, the blank is welded by automatic four-electrode submerged arc welding technique. Subsequently, the welded pipe is expanded with a mechanical expander to get a high precision circular shape. The multiple operations in the UOE mill make it difficult to control the quality of the formed pipe. Therefore, process design mainly relies on experience in practical production. In this study, the UOE forming of an API X90 pipe is studied by using finite element simulation. The mechanical properties tests are performed on the API X90 pipeline steel blank. A two-dimensional finite element model under the hypothesis of plane strain condition is developed to simulate the UOE process according to data coming from the workshop. A kinematic hardening model is used in the simulation to take the Bauschinger effect into account. The deformation characteristics of the blank during the forming processes are analyzed. The simulation results show a significant coherence in the geometric configurations comparing with the practical manufacturing.

Batch fabrication process development for ferrite logic conductors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heckler, C. H., Jr.; Bhiwandker, N. C.

1972-01-01

A process for fabricating ultrareliable magnetic ferrite logic circuits is described in which the conductors are formed by a combination of two batch type processes - photolithography and electroplating - and a mechanized writing process for completing conductors in the third dimension. Up to 4 turns, through an aperture 1 mm in diameter, are formed by the described process. The number of joints in the conductors is reduced by use of this process to only those which are required for input, output and power connections of a logic block. To demonstrate feasibility, 8-stage magnetic ring counter circuits have been fabricated.

Development of the Gliding Hole of the Dynamics Compression Plate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Salim, U. A.; Suyitno; Magetsari, R.; Mahardika, M.

2017-02-01

The gliding hole of the dynamics compression plate is designed to facilitate relative movement of pedicle screw during surgery application. The gliding hole shape is then geometrically complex. The gliding hole manufactured using machining processes used to employ ball-nose cutting tool. Then, production cost is expensive due to long production time. This study proposed to increase productivity of DCP products by introducing forming process (cold forming). The forming process used to involve any press tool devices. In the closed die forming press tool is designed with little allowance, then work-pieces is trapped in the mould after forming. Therefore, it is very important to determine hole geometry and dimensions of raw material in order to success on forming process. This study optimized the hole sizes with both geometry analytics and experiments. The success of the forming process was performed by increasing the holes size on the raw materials. The holes size need to be prepared is diameter of 5.5 mm with a length of 11.4 mm for the plate thickness 3 mm and diameter of 6 mm with a length of 12.5 mm for the plate thickness 4 mm.

[An increase in efficiency of adaptations and a weakening of organism protective reactions in the process of biological evolution].

PubMed

Ivanov, K P

2014-01-01

The main direction of evolution of living organisms is development of the central nervous system and sense organ, an increase of energy exchange development of homoiothermia, development of the more and more complex forms of behavior, an increase in energy expenditure in connection with an increase of the organism activity, and development of adaptation to the habitat. Such fundamental processes were subjected and have been subjected to numerous studies and discussions. However, in different animals there exist different species peculiarities of evolution of physiological functions, from which finally formed are fundamental evolutionary processes. We studied some of these specific processes by dividing them into two categories. The first category is "Increase of efficiency of adaptation" in development of biological evolution. By this term we mean development of amazing by perfection specific physiological mechanisms of adaptive character. The second category is "Weakening of protective organism reactions". By this we understand disturbance of protective mechanisms of the organism immune system, discoordination of movement of leukocytes along microvessels, the absence of efficient collateral circulation in brain and in heart, etc.

Enhancing Manufacturing Process Education via Computer Simulation and Visualization

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Manohar, Priyadarshan A.; Acharya, Sushil; Wu, Peter

2014-01-01

Industrially significant metal manufacturing processes such as melting, casting, rolling, forging, machining, and forming are multi-stage, complex processes that are labor, time, and capital intensive. Academic research develops mathematical modeling of these processes that provide a theoretical framework for understanding the process variables…

Process strengths determine the forms of the relationship between plant species richness and primary productivity

PubMed Central

Wang, Zhenhong

2017-01-01

The current rates of biodiversity loss have exceeded the rates observed during the earth’s major extinction events, which spurs the studies of the ecological relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functions, stability, and services to determine the consequences of biodiversity loss. Plant species richness-productivity relationship (SRPR) is crucial to the understanding of these relationships in plants. Most ecologists have reached a widespread consensus that the loss of plant diversity undoubtedly impairs ecosystem functions, and have proposed many processes to explain the SRPR. However, none of the available studies has satisfactorily described the forms and mechanisms clarifying the SRPR. Observed results of the SRPR forms are inconsistent, and studies have long debated the ecological processes explaining the SRPR. Here, I have developed a simple model that combines the positive and/or negative effects of sixteen ecological processes on the SRPR and models that describe the dynamics of complementary-selection effect, density effect, and the interspecific competitive stress influenced by other ecological processes. I can regulate the strengths of the effects of these ecological processes to derive the asymptotic, positive, humped, negative, and irregular forms of the SRPR, and verify these forms using the observed data. The results demonstrated that the different strengths of the ecological processes determine the forms of the SRPR. The forms of the SRPR can change with variations in the strengths of the ecological processes. The dynamic characteristics of the complementary-selection effect, density effect, and the interspecific competitive stress on the SRPR are diverse, and are dependent on the strengths and variation of the ecological processes. This report explains the diverse forms of the SRPR, clarifies the integrative effects of the different ecological processes on the SRPR, and deepens our understanding of the interactions that occur among these ecological processes. PMID:29140995

Microstructural and Mechanical Property Characterization of Shear Formed Aerospace Aluminum Alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Troeger, Lillianne P.; Domack, Marcia S.; Wagner, John A.

2000-01-01

Advanced manufacturing processes such as near-net-shape forming can reduce production costs and increase the reliability of launch vehicle and airframe structural components through the reduction of material scrap and part count and the minimization of joints. The current research is an investigation of the processing-microstructure-property relationships for shear formed cylinders of the Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Ag alloy 2195 for space applications and the Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy C415 for airframe applications. Cylinders which had undergone various amounts of shear-forming strain were studied to correlate the grain structure, texture, and mechanical properties developed during and after shear forming.

Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Shear Formed Aluminum Alloys for Airframe and Space Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Troeger, L. P.; Domack, M. S.; Wagner, J. A.

1998-01-01

Advanced manufacturing processes such as near-net-shape forming can reduce production costs and increase the reliability of launch vehicle and airframe structural components through the reduction of material scrap and part count and the minimization of joints. The current research is an investigation of the processing-microstructure-property relationship for shear formed cylinders of the Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Ag alloy 2195 for space applications and the Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy C415 for airframe applications. Cylinders which have undergone various amounts of shear-forming strain have been studied to assess the microstructure and mechanical properties developed during and after shear forming.

Development of JSTAMP-Works/NV and HYSTAMP for Multipurpose Multistage Sheet Metal Forming Simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Umezu, Yasuyoshi; Watanabe, Yuko; Ma, Ninshu

2005-08-01

Since 1996, Japan Research Institute Limited (JRI) has been providing a sheet metal forming simulation system called JSTAMP-Works packaged the FEM solvers of LS-DYNA and JOH/NIKE, which might be the first multistage system at that time and has been enjoying good reputation among users in Japan. To match the recent needs, "faster, more accurate and easier", of process designers and CAE engineers, a new metal forming simulation system JSTAMP-Works/NV is developed. The JSTAMP-Works/NV packaged the automatic healing function of CAD and had much more new capabilities such as prediction of 3D trimming lines for flanging or hemming, remote control of solver execution for multi-stage forming processes and shape evaluation between FEM and CAD. On the other way, a multi-stage multi-purpose inverse FEM solver HYSTAMP is developed and will be soon put into market, which is approved to be very fast, quite accurate and robust. Lastly, authors will give some application examples of user defined ductile damage subroutine in LS-DYNA for the estimation of material failure and springback in metal forming simulation.

Improving reliability of a residency interview process.

PubMed

Peeters, Michael J; Serres, Michelle L; Gundrum, Todd E

2013-10-14

To improve the reliability and discrimination of a pharmacy resident interview evaluation form, and thereby improve the reliability of the interview process. In phase 1 of the study, authors used a Many-Facet Rasch Measurement model to optimize an existing evaluation form for reliability and discrimination. In phase 2, interviewer pairs used the modified evaluation form within 4 separate interview stations. In phase 3, 8 interviewers individually-evaluated each candidate in one-on-one interviews. In phase 1, the evaluation form had a reliability of 0.98 with person separation of 6.56; reproducibly, the form separated applicants into 6 distinct groups. Using that form in phase 2 and 3, our largest variation source was candidates, while content specificity was the next largest variation source. The phase 2 g-coefficient was 0.787, while confirmatory phase 3 was 0.922. Process reliability improved with more stations despite fewer interviewers per station-impact of content specificity was greatly reduced with more interview stations. A more reliable, discriminating evaluation form was developed to evaluate candidates during resident interviews, and a process was designed that reduced the impact from content specificity.

Thermo-mechanical simulation of liquid-supported stretch blow molding

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zimmer, J.; Stommel, M.

2015-05-22

Stretch blow molding is the well-established plastics forming method to produce Polyehtylene therephtalate (PET) bottles. An injection molded preform is heated up above the PET glass transition temperature (Tg∼85°C) and subsequently inflated by pressurized air into a closed cavity. In the follow-up filling process, the resulting bottle is filled with the final product. A recently developed modification of the process combines the blowing and filling stages by directly using the final liquid product to inflate the preform. In a previously published paper, a mechanical simulation and successful evaluation of this liquid-driven stretch blow molding process was presented. In this way,more » a realistic process parameter dependent simulation of the preform deformation throughout the forming process was enabled, whereas the preform temperature evolution during forming was neglected. However, the formability of the preform is highly reduced when the temperature sinks below Tg during forming. Experimental investigations show temperature-induced failure cases due to the fast heat transfer between hot preform and cold liquid. Therefore, in this paper, a process dependent simulation of the temperature evolution during processing to avoid preform failure is presented. For this purpose, the previously developed mechanical model is used to extract the time dependent thickness evolution. This information serves as input for the heat transfer simulation. The required material parameters are calibrated from preform cooling experiments recorded with an infrared-camera. Furthermore, the high deformation ratios during processing lead to strain induced crystallization. This exothermal reaction is included into the simulation by extracting data from preform measurements at different stages of deformation via Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Finally, the thermal simulation model is evaluated by free forming experiments, recorded by a high-speed infrared camera.« less

Optimization of Process Parameters for High Efficiency Laser Forming of Advanced High Strength Steels within Metallurgical Constraints

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sheikholeslami, Ghazal; Griffiths, Jonathan; Dearden, Geoff; Edwardson, Stuart P.

Laser forming (LF) has been shown to be a viable alternative to form automotive grade advanced high strength steels (AHSS). Due to their high strength, heat sensitivity and low conventional formability show early fractures, larger springback, batch-to-batch inconsistency and high tool wear. In this paper, optimisation of the LF process parameters has been conducted to further understand the impact of a surface heat treatment on DP1000. A FE numerical simulation has been developed to analyse the dynamic thermo-mechanical effects. This has been verified against empirical data. The goal of the optimisation has been to develop a usable process window for the LF of AHSS within strict metallurgical constraints. Results indicate it is possible to LF this material, however a complex relationship has been found between the generation and maintenance of hardness values in the heated zone. A laser surface hardening effect has been observed that could be beneficial to the efficiency of the process.

The development of a stable, coated pellet formulation of a water-sensitive drug, a case study: development of a stable core formulation.

PubMed

Fitzpatrick, Shaun; Taylor, Scott; Booth, Steven W; Newton, Michael J

2006-01-01

A development program has been carried out to provide a stable extrusion/spheronisation pellet formulation for a highly water-soluble drug, sitagliptin, which undergoes a change in physical form on processing and is subject to hydrolytic decomposition. A conventional extrusion/spheronization formulation resulted in significant degradation of the drug. The inclusion of glyceryl monostearate into the formulation was found to reduce the water levels required to such a level that there was no significant degradation of the drug during processing to form pellets. The use of a ram extruder to screen formulations with small quantities minimizes the need for the drug in the formulation-screening process, and the results from this method of extrusion were found to be translatable to the use of a screen extruder, which allowed scale-up of the process.

Experimental Procedure for Warm Spinning of Cast Aluminum Components.

PubMed

Roy, Matthew J; Maijer, Daan M

2017-02-01

High performance, cast aluminum automotive wheels are increasingly being incrementally formed via flow forming/metal spinning at elevated temperatures to improve material properties. With a wide array of processing parameters which can affect both the shape attained and resulting material properties, this type of processing is notoriously difficult to commission. A simplified, light-duty version of the process has been designed and implemented for full-size automotive wheels. The apparatus is intended to assist in understanding the deformation mechanisms and the material response to this type of processing. An experimental protocol has been developed to prepare for, and subsequently perform forming trials and is described for as-cast A356 wheel blanks. The thermal profile attained, along with instrumentation details are provided. Similitude with full-scale forming operations which impart significantly more deformation at faster rates is discussed.

Experimental Procedure for Warm Spinning of Cast Aluminum Components

PubMed Central

Roy, Matthew J.; Maijer, Daan M.

2017-01-01

High performance, cast aluminum automotive wheels are increasingly being incrementally formed via flow forming/metal spinning at elevated temperatures to improve material properties. With a wide array of processing parameters which can affect both the shape attained and resulting material properties, this type of processing is notoriously difficult to commission. A simplified, light-duty version of the process has been designed and implemented for full-size automotive wheels. The apparatus is intended to assist in understanding the deformation mechanisms and the material response to this type of processing. An experimental protocol has been developed to prepare for, and subsequently perform forming trials and is described for as-cast A356 wheel blanks. The thermal profile attained, along with instrumentation details are provided. Similitude with full-scale forming operations which impart significantly more deformation at faster rates is discussed. PMID:28190063

Development of dispersion-strengthened Ni-Cr-ThOz alloys for the space shuttle thermal protection system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Blankenship, C. P.; Saunders, N. T.

1972-01-01

Manufacturing processes were developed for TD-NiCr providing small sheet (45 x 90 cm), and larger sheet (60 x 150 cm) and foil. The alternate alloy, DS-NiCr, was produced by pack-chromizing Ni-ThO2 sheet. Formability criteria are being established for basic sheet forming processes, which are brake forming, corrugation forming, joggling, dimpling, and beading. Resistance spot welding (fusion and solid state), resistance seam welding, solid state diffusion welding, and brazing are included in the joining programs. Major emphasis is centered on an Al-modified Ni-Cr-ThO2 alloy development. These alloys, containing 3 to 5% Al, form the protective Al2O3 scale. This enhances oxidation resistance under reentry conditions. Both TD-NiCrAl and DS-NiCrAl alloys are included. A tentative composition of Ni-16Cr-3.5Al-2ThO2 was selected based on oxidation resistance and fabricability.

[Acceleration of Embryonic Development of Pinus sibirica Trees with a One-Year Reproductive Cycle].

PubMed

Tret'yakova, I N; Lukina, N V

2016-01-01

The study of the formation of embryonic structures in Pinus sibirica forms with a one-year reproductive cycle showed that the acceleration of the embryonic process manifested itself as a reduction of the coenocytic stage of the female gametophyte development (1.5 months instead of 1 year). The egg was not fertilized because of the asynchronous maturation of male and female gametophytes. Seeds without embryos were formed. We assumed that the acceleration of the reproductive process in Pinus sibirica was caused by a mutation in the female generative organs.

40 CFR 463.1 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... development laboratories. (f) Chemical and thermal reticulation processes for polyurethane foam are not... or form the reticulated foam are subject, however, to this regulation if they discharge process water...

Design of fabric preforms for double diaphragm forming

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Luby, Steven; Bernardon, Edward

1992-01-01

Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) has the potential of becoming one of the most cost effective ways of producing composite structures since the raw materials used, resin and dry fabric, are less costly than prepregs. Unfortunately these low material costs are offset by the high labor costs incurred to layup the dry fabric into 3D shapes. To reduce the layup costs, double diaphragm forming is being investigated as a potential technique for creating a complex 3D preform from a simple flat layup. As part of our effort to develop double diaphragm forming into a production capable process, we have undertaken a series of experiments to investigate the interactions between process parameters, mold geometry, fabric weave, tow size, and the quality of the formed part. The results of these tests will be used to determine the forming geometry limitations of double diaphragm forming and to characterize the formability of fabric configurations. An important part of this work was the development of methods to measure and analyze fiber orientations, deformation angles, tow spreading, and shape conformation of the formed parts. This paper will describe the methods used to mark plies, the double diaphragm forming process, the techniques used to measure the formed parts, and the calculation of the parameters of interest. The results can be displayed as 3D contour plots. These experimental results have also been used to verify and improve a computer model which simulates the draping of fabrics over 3D mold shapes.

Liquid secondary waste: Waste form formulation and qualification

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cozzi, A. D.; Dixon, K. L.; Hill, K. A.

The Hanford Site Effluent Treatment Facility (ETF) currently treats aqueous waste streams generated during site cleanup activities. When the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) begins operations, including Direct Feed Low Activity Waste (DFLAW) vitrification, a liquid secondary waste (LSW) stream from the WTP will need to be treated. The volume of effluent for treatment at the ETF will increase significantly. The powdered salt waste form produced by the ETF will be replaced by a stabilized solidified waste form for disposal in Hanford’s Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF). Washington River Protection Solutions is implementing a Secondary Liquid Waste Immobilizationmore » Technology Development Plan to address the technology needs for a waste form and solidification process to treat the increased volume of waste planned for disposal at the IDF. Waste form testing to support this plan is composed of work in the near term to provide data as input to a performance assessment (PA) for Hanford’s IDF. In 2015, three Hanford Liquid Secondary Waste simulants were developed based on existing and projected waste streams. Using these waste simulants, fourteen mixes of Hanford Liquid Secondary Waste were prepared and tested varying the waste simulant, the water-to-dry materials ratio, and the dry materials blend composition.1 In FY16, testing was performed using a simulant of the EMF process condensate blended with the caustic scrubber—from the Low Activity Waste (LAW) melter—, processed through the ETF. The initial EMF-16 simulant will be based on modeling efforts performed to determine the mass balance of the ETF for the DFLAW.2 The compressive strength of all of the mixes exceeded the target of 3.4 MPa (500 psi) to meet the requirements identified as potential IDF Waste Acceptance Criteria in Table 1 of the Secondary Liquid Waste Immobilization Technology Development Plan.3 The hydraulic properties of the waste forms tested (hydraulic conductivity and water characteristic curves) were comparable to the properties measured on the Savannah River Site (SRS) Saltstone waste form. Future testing should include efforts to first; 1) determine the rate and amount of ammonia released during each unit operation of the treatment process to determine if additional ammonia management is required, then; 2) reduce the ammonia content of the ETF concentrated brine prior to solidification, making the waste more amenable to grouting, or 3) manage the release of ammonia during production and ongoing release during storage of the waste form, or 4) develop a lower pH process/waste form thereby precluding ammonia release.« less

On the development of an intrinsic hybrid composite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kießling, R.; Ihlemann, J.; Riemer, M.; Drossel, W.-G.; Scharf, I.; Lampke, T.; Sharafiev, S.; Pouya, M.; F-X Wagner, M.

2016-03-01

Hybrid parts, which combine low weight with high strength, are moving into the focus of the automotive industry, due to their high potential for usage in the field of crash-relevant structures. In this contribution, the development of an intrinsic hybrid composite is presented, with a focus on the manufacturing process, complex simulations of the material behaviour and material testing. The hybrid composite is made up of a continuous fibre- reinforced plastic (FRP), in which a metallic insert is integrated. The mechanical behaviour of the individual components is characterised. For material modelling, an approach is pointed out that enables modelling at large strains by directly connected rheological elements. The connection between the FRP and the metallic insert is realised by a combination of form fit and adhesive bonds. On the one hand, adhesive bonds are generated within a sol gel process. On the other hand, local form elements of the metallic insert are pressed into the FRP. We show how these form elements are generated during the macroscopic forming process. In addition, the applied sol gel process is explained. Finally, we consider design concepts for a specimen type for high strain testing of the resulting interfaces.

Metropolization Process for enhancing local and regional planning : an experience of cirebon metropolitan, West Java

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Supriyadi Rustidja, E.

2018-03-01

Metropolitan develops in line with resource utilization, investment, and transactions of regional activities. Metropolization of an area gives emerge urban economy that changes the situation, form, and pattern of urban space interactions. On the other hand, metropolism concerns the strategy of changing variation of urban space, so that metropolitan invasion not only form of urban space but also the process of interaction among stakeholders in developing metropolitan area. Based on participatory research, this article explores metropolitan invasion process for enhancing local and regional planning, both indigenous and intrusive cataclysmic. The study find that the primeval, rural, and urban as elemental environment must be considered in developing metropolitan, not merely form the structure and pattern of urban space. The metropolization process also requires the strategic of rural urban linkage, context setting and local assessment, strategic community investment, and interculturalist approach. The other findings of the study show that metropolization in Cirebon Metropolitan, West Java emphasizing on promotion of competitiveness strategy, value chain urban activities, and networking of urban areas. Cirebon Metropolitan must promote the realization of growth centers and connect the interregional activities of metropolitan area for providing sustainable economic growth.

Excellence in clinical teaching: knowledge transformation and development required.

PubMed

Irby, David M

2014-08-01

Clinical teachers in medicine face the daunting task of mastering the many domains of knowledge needed for practice and teaching. The breadth and complexity of this knowledge continue to increase, as does the difficulty of transforming the knowledge into concepts that are understandable to learners. Properly targeted faculty development has the potential to expedite the knowledge transformation process for clinical teachers. Based on my own research in clinical teaching and faculty development, as well as the work of others, I describe the unique forms of clinical teacher knowledge, the transformation of that knowledge for teaching purposes and implications for faculty development. The following forms of knowledge for clinical teaching in medicine need to be mastered and transformed: (i) knowledge of medicine and patients; (ii) knowledge of context; (iii) knowledge of pedagogy and learners, and (iv) knowledge integrated into teaching scripts. This knowledge is employed and conveyed through the parallel processes of clinical reasoning and clinical instructional reasoning. Faculty development can facilitate this knowledge transformation process by: (i) examining, deconstructing and practising new teaching scripts; (ii) focusing on foundational concepts; (iii) demonstrating knowledge-in-use, and (iv) creating a supportive organisational climate for clinical teaching. To become an excellent clinical teacher in medicine requires the transformation of multiple forms of knowledge for teaching purposes. These domains of knowledge allow clinical teachers to provide tailored instruction to learners at varying levels in the context of fast-paced and demanding clinical practice. Faculty development can facilitate this knowledge transformation process. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

A new chapter in pharmaceutical manufacturing: 3D-printed drug products.

PubMed

Norman, James; Madurawe, Rapti D; Moore, Christine M V; Khan, Mansoor A; Khairuzzaman, Akm

2017-01-01

FDA recently approved a 3D-printed drug product in August 2015, which is indicative of a new chapter for pharmaceutical manufacturing. This review article summarizes progress with 3D printed drug products and discusses process development for solid oral dosage forms. 3D printing is a layer-by-layer process capable of producing 3D drug products from digital designs. Traditional pharmaceutical processes, such as tablet compression, have been used for decades with established regulatory pathways. These processes are well understood, but antiquated in terms of process capability and manufacturing flexibility. 3D printing, as a platform technology, has competitive advantages for complex products, personalized products, and products made on-demand. These advantages create opportunities for improving the safety, efficacy, and accessibility of medicines. Although 3D printing differs from traditional manufacturing processes for solid oral dosage forms, risk-based process development is feasible. This review highlights how product and process understanding can facilitate the development of a control strategy for different 3D printing methods. Overall, the authors believe that the recent approval of a 3D printed drug product will stimulate continual innovation in pharmaceutical manufacturing technology. FDA encourages the development of advanced manufacturing technologies, including 3D-printing, using science- and risk-based approaches. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Development of a 2-stage shear-cutting-process to reduce cut-edge-sensitivity of steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gläsner, T.; Sunderkötter, C.; Hoffmann, H.; Volk, W.; Golle, R.

2017-09-01

The edge cracking sensitivity of AHSS and UHSS is a challenging factor in the cold forming process. Expanding cut holes during flanging operations is rather common in automotive components. During these flanging operations the pierced hole is stretched so that its diameter is increased. These flanging operations stretch material that has already been subjected to large amounts of plastic deformation, therefore forming problems may occur. An innovative cutting process decreases micro cracks in the cutting surface and facilitates the subsequent cold forming process. That cutting process consists of two stages, which produces close dimensional tolerance and smooth edges. As a result the hole expanding ratio was increased by nearly 100 % when using thick high strength steels for suspension components. The paper describes the mechanisms of the trimming process at the cut edge, and the positive effect of the 2-stage shear-cutting process on the hole extension capability of multiphase steels.

Knowledge Based Cloud FE Simulation of Sheet Metal Forming Processes.

PubMed

Zhou, Du; Yuan, Xi; Gao, Haoxiang; Wang, Ailing; Liu, Jun; El Fakir, Omer; Politis, Denis J; Wang, Liliang; Lin, Jianguo

2016-12-13

The use of Finite Element (FE) simulation software to adequately predict the outcome of sheet metal forming processes is crucial to enhancing the efficiency and lowering the development time of such processes, whilst reducing costs involved in trial-and-error prototyping. Recent focus on the substitution of steel components with aluminum alloy alternatives in the automotive and aerospace sectors has increased the need to simulate the forming behavior of such alloys for ever more complex component geometries. However these alloys, and in particular their high strength variants, exhibit limited formability at room temperature, and high temperature manufacturing technologies have been developed to form them. Consequently, advanced constitutive models are required to reflect the associated temperature and strain rate effects. Simulating such behavior is computationally very expensive using conventional FE simulation techniques. This paper presents a novel Knowledge Based Cloud FE (KBC-FE) simulation technique that combines advanced material and friction models with conventional FE simulations in an efficient manner thus enhancing the capability of commercial simulation software packages. The application of these methods is demonstrated through two example case studies, namely: the prediction of a material's forming limit under hot stamping conditions, and the tool life prediction under multi-cycle loading conditions.

A sheet metal forming simulation of automotive outer panels considering the behavior of air in die cavity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, Kwang Yong; Kim, Yun Chang; Choi, Hee Kwan; Kang, Chul Ho; Kim, Heon Young

2013-12-01

During a sheet metal forming process of automotive outer panels, the air trapped between a blank sheet and a die tool can become highly compressed, ultimately influencing the blank deformation and the press force. To prevent this problem, vent holes are drilled into die tools and needs several tens to hundreds according to the model size. The design and the drilling of vent holes are based on expert's experience and try-out result and thus the process can be one of reasons increasing development cycle. Therefore the study on the size, the number, and the position of vent holes is demanded for reducing development cycle, but there is no simulation technology for analyzing forming defects, making numerical sheet metal forming process simulations that incorporate the fluid dynamics of air. This study presents a sheet metal forming simulation of automotive outer panels (a roof and a body side outer) that simultaneously simulates the behavior of air in a die cavity. Through CAE results, the effect of air behavior and vent holes to blank deformation was analyzed. For this study, the commercial software PAM-STAMP{trade mark, serif} and PAM-SAFE{trade mark, serif} was used.

Knowledge Based Cloud FE Simulation of Sheet Metal Forming Processes

PubMed Central

Zhou, Du; Yuan, Xi; Gao, Haoxiang; Wang, Ailing; Liu, Jun; El Fakir, Omer; Politis, Denis J.; Wang, Liliang; Lin, Jianguo

2016-01-01

The use of Finite Element (FE) simulation software to adequately predict the outcome of sheet metal forming processes is crucial to enhancing the efficiency and lowering the development time of such processes, whilst reducing costs involved in trial-and-error prototyping. Recent focus on the substitution of steel components with aluminum alloy alternatives in the automotive and aerospace sectors has increased the need to simulate the forming behavior of such alloys for ever more complex component geometries. However these alloys, and in particular their high strength variants, exhibit limited formability at room temperature, and high temperature manufacturing technologies have been developed to form them. Consequently, advanced constitutive models are required to reflect the associated temperature and strain rate effects. Simulating such behavior is computationally very expensive using conventional FE simulation techniques. This paper presents a novel Knowledge Based Cloud FE (KBC-FE) simulation technique that combines advanced material and friction models with conventional FE simulations in an efficient manner thus enhancing the capability of commercial simulation software packages. The application of these methods is demonstrated through two example case studies, namely: the prediction of a material's forming limit under hot stamping conditions, and the tool life prediction under multi-cycle loading conditions. PMID:28060298

[Comparison of the botanic morphology and blooming characteristics of four cultivars of rose].

PubMed

Wang, Kang-cai; Tang, Xiao-qing; Sheng, Min-li; Xu, Xiao-lan; Fang, Zhen

2004-05-01

To establish identifying method for further development and utilization by studying botanic morphology and blooming characteristics of four varieties of roses in Jiangsu province. Flower-bud and flower-form were observed by dissection and plant modality and blooming process were investigated. The flower form and plant modality was obviously different among the 4 varieties of roses. The process of differentiation of flower-bud could be divided into five stages: the transformation of nutritive growth cone, the occurrence and development of sepal, formation of petal primordium, formation of pistil and stamen. The blooming process was made up of flower-bud period, display-petal period, initiating blooming period, blooming period, withering period and corresponding biological marks.

Two new advanced forms of spectrometry for space and commercial applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schlager, Kenneth J.

1991-01-01

Reagentless ultraviolet absorption spectrometry (UVAS) and Liquid Atomic Emission Spectrometry (LAES) represent new forms of spectrometry with extensive potential in both space and commercial applications. Originally developed under KSC sponsorship for monitoring nutrient solutions for the Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS), both UVAS and LAES have extensive analytical capabilities for both organic and inorganic chemical compounds. Both forms of instrumentation involve the use of remote fiber optic probes and real-time measurements for on-line process monitoring. Commercial applications exist primarily in environmental analysis and for process control in the chemical, pulp and paper, food processing, metal plating, and water/wastewater treatment industries.

Economic Liberalization and Its Impact on Human Development: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Azerbaijan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gulaliyev, Mayis G.; Ok, Nuri I.; Musayeva, Fargana Q.; Efendiyev, Rufat J.; Musayeva, Jamila Q.; Agayeva, Samira R.

2016-01-01

The aim of the article is to study the nature of liberalization as a specific economic process, which is formed and developed under the influence of the changing conditions of the globalization and integration processes in the society, as well as to identify the characteristic differences in the processes of liberalization of Turkey and Azerbaijan…

Development of a low-cost, modified resin transfer molding process using elastomeric tooling and automated preform fabrication

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Doane, William J.; Hall, Ronald G.

1992-01-01

This paper describes the design and process development of low-cost structural parts made by a modified resin transfer molding process. Innovative application of elastomeric tooling to increase laminate fiber volume and automated forming of fiber preforms are discussed, as applied to fabrication of a representative section of a cruise missile fuselage.

Spin Forming Aluminum Crew Module (CM) Metallic Aft Pressure Vessel Bulkhead (APVBH) - Phase II

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hoffman, Eric K.; Domack, Marcia S.; Torres, Pablo D.; McGill, Preston B.; Tayon, Wesley A.; Bennett, Jay E.; Murphy, Joseph T.

2015-01-01

The principal focus of this project was to assist the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) Program in developing a spin forming fabrication process for manufacture of the Orion crew module (CM) aft pressure vessel bulkhead. The spin forming process will enable a single piece aluminum (Al) alloy 2219 aft bulkhead resulting in the elimination of the current multiple piece welded construction, simplify CM fabrication, and lead to an enhanced design. Phase I (NASA TM-2014-218163 (1)) of this assessment explored spin forming the single-piece CM forward pressure vessel bulkhead. The Orion MPCV Program and Lockheed Martin (LM) recently made two critical decisions relative to the NESC Phase I work scope: (1) LM selected the spin forming process to manufacture a single-piece aft bulkhead for the Orion CM, and (2) the aft bulkhead will be manufactured from Al 2219. Based on the Program's new emphasis related to the spin forming process, the NESC was asked to conduct a Phase II assessment to assist in the LM manufacture of the aft bulkhead and to conduct a feasibility study into spin forming the Orion CM cone. This activity was approved on June 19, 2013. Dr. Robert Piascik, NASA Technical Fellow for Materials at the Langley Research Center (LaRC), was selected to lead this assessment. The project plan was approved by the NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) Review Board (NRB) on July 18, 2013. The primary stakeholders for this assessment were the NASA and LM MPCV Program offices. Additional benefactors are commercial launch providers developing CM concepts.

Spin Forming Aluminum Crew Module (CM) Metallic Aft Pressure Vessel Bulkhead (APVBH) - Phase II

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hoffman, Eric K.; Domack, Marcia S.; Torres, Pablo D.; McGill, Preston B.; Tayon, Wesley A.; Bennett, Jay E.; Murphy, Joseph T.

2015-01-01

The principal focus of this project was to assist the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) program in developing a spin forming fabrication process for manufacture of the Orion crew module (CM) aft pressure vessel bulkhead. The spin forming process will enable a single piece aluminum (Al) alloy 2219 aft bulkhead resulting in the elimination of the current multiple piece welded construction, simplify CM fabrication, and lead to an enhanced design. Phase I (NASA TM-2014-218163, (1)) of this assessment explored spin forming the single-piece CM forward pressure vessel bulkhead. The MPCV Program and Lockheed Martin (LM) recently made two critical decisions relative to the NESC Phase I work scope: (1) LM selected the spin forming process to manufacture a singlepiece aft bulkhead for the Orion CM, and (2) the aft bulkhead will be manufactured from Al 2219. Based on the Program's new emphasis related to the spin forming process, the NESC was asked to conduct a Phase II assessment to assist in the LM manufacture of the aft bulkhead and to conduct a feasibility study into spin forming the Orion CM cone. This activity was approved on June 19, 2013. Dr. Robert Piascik, NASA Technical Fellow for Materials at the Langley Research Center (LaRC), was selected to lead this assessment. The project plan was approved by the NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) Review Board (NRB) on July 18, 2013. The primary stakeholders for this assessment are the NASA and LM MPCV Program offices. Additional benefactors are commercial launch providers developing CM concepts.

Prototyping of automotive components with variable width and depth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abeyrathna, B.; Rolfe, B.; Harrasser, J.; Sedlmaier, A.; Ge, Rui; Pan, L.; Weiss, M.

2017-09-01

Roll forming enables the manufacturing of longitudinal components from materials that combine high strength with limited formability and is increasingly used in the automotive industry for the manufacture of structural and crash components. An extension of conventional roll forming is the Flexible Roll Forming (FRF) process where the rolls are no longer fixed in space but are free to move which enables the forming of components with variable cross section over the length of the part. Even though FRF components have high weight saving potential the technology has found only limited application in the automotive industry. A new flexible forming facility has recently been developed that enables proof of concept studies and the production of FRF prototypes before a full FRF line is built; this may lead to a wider uptake of the FRF technology in the automotive industry. In this process, the pre-cut blank is placed between two clamps and the whole set up moves back and forth; a forming roll that is mounted on a servo-controlled platform with six degrees of freedom forms the pre-cut blank to the desired shape. In this study an initial forming concept for the flexible roll forming of an automotive component with variable height is developed using COPRA® FEA RF. This is followed by performing experimental prototyping studies on the new concept forming facility. Using the optical strain measurement system Autogrid Compact, material deformation, part shape and wrinkling severity are analysed for some forming passes and compared with the numerical results. The results show that the numerical model gives a good representation of material behaviour and that with increasing forming severity wrinkling issues need to be overcome in the process.

Pharmaceutical approaches to preparing pelletized dosage forms using the extrusion-spheronization process.

PubMed

Trivedi, Namrata R; Rajan, Maria Gerald; Johnson, James R; Shukla, Atul J

2007-01-01

Pelletized dosage forms date back to the 1950s, when the first product was introduced to the market. Since then, these dosage forms have gained considerable popularity because of their distinct advantages, such as ease of capsule filling because of better flow properties of the spherical pellets; enhancement of drug dissolution; ease of coating; sustained, controlled, or site-specific delivery of the drug from coated pellets; uniform packing; even distribution in the GI tract; and less GI irritation. Pelletized dosage forms can be prepared by a number of techniques, including drug layering on nonpareil sugar or microcrystalline cellulose beads, spray drying, spray congealing, rotogranulation, hot-melt extrusion, and spheronization of low melting materials or extrusion-spheronization of a wet mass. This review discusses recent developments in the pharmaceutical approaches that have been used to prepare pelletized dosage forms using the extrusion-spheronization process over the last decade. The review is divided into three parts: the first part discusses the extrusion-spheronization process, the second part discusses the effect of varying formulation and process parameters on the properties of the pellets, and the last part discusses the different approaches that have been used to prepare pelletized dosage forms using the extrusion-spheronization process.

Development of a Rating Form to Evaluate Grant Applications to the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Whaley, Arthur L.; Rodriguez, Reymundo; Alexander, Laurel A.

2006-01-01

Reliance on subjective grant proposal review methods leads private philanthropies to underfund mental health programs, even when foundations have mental health focuses. This article describes a private mental health foundation's efforts to increase the objectivity of its proposal review process by developing a reliable, valid proposal rating form.…

An Integrated Approach Linking Process to Structural Modeling With Microstructural Characterization for Injections-Molded Long-Fiber Thermoplastics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nguyen, Ba Nghiep; Bapanapalli, Satish K.; Smith, Mark T.

2008-09-01

The objective of our work is to enable the optimum design of lightweight automotive structural components using injection-molded long fiber thermoplastics (LFTs). To this end, an integrated approach that links process modeling to structural analysis with experimental microstructural characterization and validation is developed. First, process models for LFTs are developed and implemented into processing codes (e.g. ORIENT, Moldflow) to predict the microstructure of the as-formed composite (i.e. fiber length and orientation distributions). In parallel, characterization and testing methods are developed to obtain necessary microstructural data to validate process modeling predictions. Second, the predicted LFT composite microstructure is imported into amore » structural finite element analysis by ABAQUS to determine the response of the as-formed composite to given boundary conditions. At this stage, constitutive models accounting for the composite microstructure are developed to predict various types of behaviors (i.e. thermoelastic, viscoelastic, elastic-plastic, damage, fatigue, and impact) of LFTs. Experimental methods are also developed to determine material parameters and to validate constitutive models. Such a process-linked-structural modeling approach allows an LFT composite structure to be designed with confidence through numerical simulations. Some recent results of our collaborative research will be illustrated to show the usefulness and applications of this integrated approach.« less

Novel process chain for hot metal gas forming of ferritic stainless steel 1.4509

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mosel, André; Lambarri, Jon; Degenkolb, Lars; Reuther, Franz; Hinojo, José Luis; Rößiger, Jörg; Eurich, Egbert; Albert, André; Landgrebe, Dirk; Wenzel, Holger

2018-05-01

Exhaust gas components of automobiles are often produced in ferritic stainless steel 1.4509 due to the low thermal expansion coefficient and the low material price. Until now, components of the stainless steel with complex geometries have been produced in series by means of multi-stage hydroforming at room temperature with intermediate annealing operations. The application of a single-stage hot-forming process, also referred to as hot metal gas forming (HMGF), offers great potential to significantly reduce the production costs of such components. The article describes a novel process chain for the HMGF process. Therefore the tube is heated in two steps. After pre-heating of the semi-finished product outside the press, the tube is heated up to forming start temperature by means of a tool-integrated conductive heating before forming. For the tube of a demonstrator geometry, a simulation model for the conduction heating was set up. In addition to the tool development for this process, experimental results are also described for the production of the demonstrator geometry.

Modelling and simulating the forming of new dry automated lay-up reinforcements for primary structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bouquerel, Laure; Moulin, Nicolas; Drapier, Sylvain; Boisse, Philippe; Beraud, Jean-Marc

2017-10-01

While weight has been so far the main driver for the development of prepreg based-composites solutions for aeronautics, a new weight-cost trade-off tends to drive choices for next-generation aircrafts. As a response, Hexcel has designed a new dry reinforcement type for aircraft primary structures, which combines the benefits of automation, out-of-autoclave process cost-effectiveness, and mechanical performances competitive to prepreg solutions: HiTape® is a unidirectional (UD) dry carbon reinforcement with thermoplastic veil on each side designed for aircraft primary structures [1-3]. One privileged process route for HiTape® in high volume automated processes consists in forming initially flat dry reinforcement stacks, before resin infusion [4] or injection. Simulation of the forming step aims at predicting the geometry and mechanical properties of the formed stack (so-called preform) for process optimisation. Extensive work has been carried out on prepreg and dry woven fabrics forming behaviour and simulation, but the interest for dry non-woven reinforcements has emerged more recently. Some work has been achieved on non crimp fabrics but studies on the forming behaviour of UDs are seldom and deal with UD prepregs only. Tension and bending in the fibre direction, along with inter-ply friction have been identified as the main mechanisms controlling the HiTape® response during forming. Bending has been characterised using a modified Peirce's flexometer [5] and inter-ply friction study is under development. Anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive models have been selected to represent the assumed decoupled deformation mechanisms. Model parameters are then identified from associated experimental results. For forming simulation, a continuous approach at the macroscopic scale has been selected first, and simulation is carried out in the Zset framework [6] using proper shell finite elements.

Micro Dot Patterning on the Light Guide Panel Using Powder Blasting

PubMed Central

Jang, Ho Su; Cho, Myeong Woo; Park, Dong Sam

2008-01-01

This study is to develop a micromachining technology for a light guide panel(LGP) mold, whereby micro dot patterns are formed on a LGP surface by a single injection process instead of existing screen printing processes. The micro powder blasting technique is applied to form micro dot patterns on the LGP mold surface. The optimal conditions for masking, laminating, exposure, and developing processes to form the micro dot patterns are first experimentally investigated. A LGP mold with masked micro patterns is then machined using the micro powder blasting method and the machinability of the micro dot patterns is verified. A prototype LGP is test- injected using the developed LGP mold and a shape analysis of the patterns and performance testing of the injected LGP are carried out. As an additional approach, matte finishing, a special surface treatment method, is applied to the mold surface to improve the light diffusion characteristics, uniformity and brightness of the LGP. The results of this study show that the applied powder blasting method can be successfully used to manufacture LGPs with micro patterns by just single injection using the developed mold and thereby replace existing screen printing methods. PMID:27879740

Computer simulation of gear tooth manufacturing processes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mavriplis, Dimitri; Huston, Ronald L.

1990-01-01

The use of computer graphics to simulate gear tooth manufacturing procedures is discussed. An analytical basis for the simulation is established for spur gears. The simulation itself, however, is developed not only for spur gears, but for straight bevel gears as well. The applications of the developed procedure extend from the development of finite element models of heretofore intractable geometrical forms, to exploring the fabrication of nonstandard tooth forms.

From Noise to Order: The Psychological Development of Knowledge and Phenocopy in Biology

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Piaget, Jean

1975-01-01

Shows that one of the most general processes in the development of cognitive structures consists in replacing exogenous knowledge by endogenous reconstructions that reconstitute the same forms but incorporate them into systems whose internal composition is a pre-requisite. Biologically equivalent process is discussed. (Author/AM)

Creativity as a Sociocultural Act

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Glaveanu, Vlad Petre

2015-01-01

The present article introduces, develops, and illustrates a perspectival framework for the creative process drawing on current developments within the cultural psychology of creativity and the social theory of George Herbert Mead. The creative process is conceptualized as a form of action by which actors, materially and symbolically, alone and in…

Developing Small Firms in Local Communities. Circular CRD-24.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Strawn, Harry B.

Focusing on small, independent businesses, this primer answers questions relating to starting and operating a new firm and how local development organizations can help in the process. The general pattern of the company forming process (displacement, disposition to act, credibility, and availability of resources) is discussed. Success factors for…

Form and process in developing channels

Treesearch

Leslie M. Reid

1988-01-01

The topographic grain of a landscape is strongly influenced by the drainage density, and the drainage density reflects the balance between processes active on hillslopes and those in channels. This balance was explored by constructing sediment budgets for a sequence of stages in the development of a discontinuously incising channel.

Superplastic Forming 40 Years and Still Growing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barnes, A. J.

2007-08-01

In late 1964 Backofen, Turner & Avery, at MIT, published a paper in which they described the “extraordinary formability” exhibited when fine-grain zinc-aluminum eutectoid (Zn 22 Al) was subjected to bulge testing under appropriate conditions. They concluded their research findings with the following insightful comment “ even more appealing is the thought of applying to superplastic metals forming techniques borrowed from polymer and glass processing.” Since then their insightful thought has become a substantial reality with thousands of tons of metallic sheet materials now being superplastically formed each year. This paper reviews the significant advances that have taken place over the past 40 years including alloy developments, improved forming techniques and equipment, and an ever increasing number of commercial applications. Current and likely future trends are discussed including; applications in the aerospace and automotive markets, faster-forming techniques to improve productivity, the increasing importance of computer modeling and simulation in tool design and process optimization and new alloy developments including superplastic magnesium alloys.

Using containerless methods to develop amorphous pharmaceuticals.

PubMed

Weber, J K R; Benmore, C J; Suthar, K J; Tamalonis, A J; Alderman, O L G; Sendelbach, S; Kondev, V; Yarger, J; Rey, C A; Byrn, S R

2017-01-01

Many pipeline drugs have low solubility in their crystalline state and require compounding in special dosage forms to increase bioavailability for oral administration. The use of amorphous formulations increases solubility and uptake of active pharmaceutical ingredients. These forms are rapidly gaining commercial importance for both pre-clinical and clinical use. Synthesis of amorphous drugs was performed using an acoustic levitation containerless processing method and spray drying. The structure of the products was investigated using in-situ high energy X-ray diffraction. Selected solvents for processing drugs were investigated using acoustic levitation. The stability of amorphous samples was measured using X-ray diffraction. Samples processed using both spray drying and containerless synthesis were compared. We review methods for making amorphous pharmaceuticals and present data on materials made by containerless processing and spray drying. It was shown that containerless processing using acoustic levitation can be used to make phase-pure forms of drugs that are known to be difficult to amorphize. The stability and structure of the materials was investigated in the context of developing and making clinically useful formulations. Amorphous compounds are emerging as an important component of drug development and for the oral delivery of drugs with low solubility. Containerless techniques can be used to efficiently synthesize small quantities of pure amorphous forms that are potentially useful in pre-clinical trials and for use in the optimization of clinical products. Developing new pharmaceutical products is an essential enterprise to improve patient outcomes. The development and application of amorphous pharmaceuticals to increase absorption is rapidly gaining importance and it provides opportunities for breakthrough research on new drugs. There is an urgent need to solve problems associated with making formulations that are both stable and that provide high bioavailability. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Science for Life" Guest Editor: Dr. Austen Angell, Dr. Salvatore Magazù and Dr. Federica Migliardo. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mission critical technology development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sliwa, Nancy

1991-01-01

Mission critical technology development is presented in the form of the viewgraphs. The following subject areas are covered: organization/philosophy overview; fault management technology; and introduction to optical processing.

Bank accretion and the development of vegetated depositional surfaces along modified alluvial channels

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hupp, C.R.; Simon, A.

1991-01-01

This paper describes the recovery of stable bank form and development of vegetated depositional surfaces along the banks of channelized West Tennessee streams. Most perennial streams in West Tennessee were straightened and dredged since the turn of the century. Patterns of fluvial ecological responses to channelization have previously been described by a six-stage model. Dendrogeomorphic (tree-ring) techniques allowed the determination of location, timing, amount, and rate of bank-sediment deposition. Channel cross sections and ecological analyses made at 101 locations along 12 streams, encompassing bends and straight reaches, show that channel and bank processes initially react vertically to channelization through downcutting. A depositional surface forms on banks once bed-degradation and heightened bank mass wasting processes have eased or slowed. The formation of this depositional surface marks the beginning of bank recovery from channelization. Dominating lateral processes, characteristic of stable or natural channels, return during the formation and expansion of the depositional surface, suggesting a relation with thalweg deflection, point-bar development, and meanderloop extension. Characteristic woody riparian vegetation begins to grow as this depositional surface develops and becomes part of the process and form of restabilizing banks. The depositional surface initially forms low on the bank and tends to maintain a slope of about 24??. Mean accretion rates ranges from 5.9 cm/yr on inside bends to 0 cm/yr on most outside bends; straight reaches have a mean-accretion rate of 4.2 cm/yr. The relatively stable, convex upward, depositional surface expands and ultimately attaches to the flood plain. The time required for the recovery process to reach equilibrium averaged about 50 years. Indicative pioneer speccies of woody riparian vegetation include black willow, river birch, silver maple, and boxelder. Stem densities generally decrease with time after and initial flush of about 160 stems per 100 m2. Together bank accretion and vegetative regrowth appear to be the most important environmental processes involved in channel bank recovery from channelization or rejuvenation. ?? 1991.

Improving Reliability of a Residency Interview Process

PubMed Central

Serres, Michelle L.; Gundrum, Todd E.

2013-01-01

Objective. To improve the reliability and discrimination of a pharmacy resident interview evaluation form, and thereby improve the reliability of the interview process. Methods. In phase 1 of the study, authors used a Many-Facet Rasch Measurement model to optimize an existing evaluation form for reliability and discrimination. In phase 2, interviewer pairs used the modified evaluation form within 4 separate interview stations. In phase 3, 8 interviewers individually-evaluated each candidate in one-on-one interviews. Results. In phase 1, the evaluation form had a reliability of 0.98 with person separation of 6.56; reproducibly, the form separated applicants into 6 distinct groups. Using that form in phase 2 and 3, our largest variation source was candidates, while content specificity was the next largest variation source. The phase 2 g-coefficient was 0.787, while confirmatory phase 3 was 0.922. Process reliability improved with more stations despite fewer interviewers per station—impact of content specificity was greatly reduced with more interview stations. Conclusion. A more reliable, discriminating evaluation form was developed to evaluate candidates during resident interviews, and a process was designed that reduced the impact from content specificity. PMID:24159209

Testing single point incremental forming moulds for rotomoulding operations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Afonso, Daniel; de Sousa, Ricardo Alves; Torcato, Ricardo

2017-10-01

Low pressure polymer processes as thermoforming or rotational moulding use much simpler moulds than high pressure processes like injection. However, despite the low forces involved in the process, moulds manufacturing for these applications is still a very material, energy and time consuming operation. Particularly in rotational moulding there is no standard for the mould manufacture and very different techniques are applicable. The goal of this research is to develop and validate a method for manufacturing plastically formed sheet metal moulds by single point incremental forming (SPIF) for rotomoulding and rotocasting operations. A Stewart platform based SPIF machine allow the forming of thick metal sheets, granting the required structural stiffness for the mould surface, and keeping a short manufacture lead time and low thermal inertia. The experimental work involves the proposal of a hollow part, design and fabrication of a sheet metal mould using dieless incremental forming techniques and testing its operation in the production of prototype parts.

3D-micro-patterned fibrous dosage forms for immediate drug release.

PubMed

Blaesi, Aron H; Saka, Nannaji

2018-03-01

At present, the most prevalent pharmaceutical dosage forms, the orally-delivered immediate-release tablets and capsules, are porous, granular solids. They disintegrate into their constituent particulates upon ingestion to release drug rapidly. The design, development, and manufacture of such granular solids, however, is inefficient due to difficulties associated with the unpredictable inter-particle interactions. Therefore, to achieve more predictable dosage form properties and processing, we have recently introduced melt-processed polymeric cellular dosage forms. The cellular forms disintegrated and released drug rapidly if the cells were predominantly interconnected. Preparation of interconnected cells, however, relies on the coalescence of gas bubbles in the melt, which is unpredictable. In the present work, therefore, new melt-processed fibrous dosage forms with contiguous void space are presented. The dosage forms are prepared by melt extrusion of the drug-excipient mixture followed by patterning the fibrous extrudate on a moving surface. It is demonstrated that the resulting fibrous structures are fully predictable by the extruder nozzle diameter and the motion of the surface. Furthermore, drug release experiments show that the disintegration time of the fibrous forms prepared in this work is of the order of that of the corresponding single fibers. The thin fibers of polyethylene glycol (excipient) and acetaminophen (drug) in turn disintegrate in a time proportional to the fiber radius and well within immediate-release specification. Finally, models of dosage form disintegration and drug release by single fibers and fibrous dosage forms are developed. It is found that drug release from fibrous forms is predictable by the physico-chemical properties of the excipient and such microstructural parameters as the fiber radius, the inter-fiber spacing, and the volume fraction of water-soluble excipient in the fibers. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Infants Track Word Forms in Early Word-Object Associations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zamuner, Tania S.; Fais, Laurel; Werker, Janet F.

2014-01-01

A central component of language development is word learning. One characterization of this process is that language learners discover objects and then look for word forms to associate with these objects (Mcnamara, 1984; Smith, 2000). Another possibility is that word forms themselves are also important, such that once learned, hearing a familiar…

Present Situation of the Anti-Fatigue Processing of High-Strength Steel Internal Thread Based on Cold Extrusion Technology: A Review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miao, Hong; Jiang, Cheng; Liu, Sixing; Zhang, Shanwen; Zhang, Yanjun

2017-03-01

The adoption of cold-extrusion forming for internal thread net forming becomes an important component of anti-fatigue processing with the development of internal thread processing towards high performance, low cost and low energy consumption. It has vast application foreground in the field of aviation, spaceflight, high speed train and etc. The internal thread processing and anti-fatigue manufacture technology are summarized. In terms of the perspective of processing quality and fatigue serving life, the advantages and disadvantages of the processing methods from are compared. The internal thread cold-extrusion processing technology is investigated for the purpose of improving the anti-fatigue serving life of internal thread. The superiorities of the plastic deformation law and surface integrity of the metal layer in the course of cold extrusion for improving its stability and economy are summed up. The proposed research forecasts the development tendency of the internal thread anti-fatigue manufacturing technology.

Laser rapid forming technology of high-performance dense metal components with complex structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Weidong; Chen, Jing; Li, Yanming; Lin, Xin

2005-01-01

Laser rapid forming (LRF) is a new and advanced manufacturing technology that has been developed on the basis of combining high power laser cladding technology with rapid prototyping (RP) to realize net shape forming of high performance dense metal components without dies. Recently we have developed a set of LRF equipment. LRF experiments were carried out on the equipment to investigate the influences of processing parameters on forming characterizations systematically with the cladding powder materials as titanium alloys, superalloys, stainless steel, and copper alloys. The microstructure of laser formed components is made up of columnar grains or columnar dendrites which grow epitaxially from the substrate since the solid components were prepared layer by layer additionally. The result of mechanical testing proved that the mechanical properties of laser formed samples are similar to or even over that of forging and much better than that of casting. It is shown in this paper that LRF technology is providing a new solution for some difficult processing problems in the high tech field of aviation, spaceflight and automobile industries.

Development of motion-defined figure-ground segregation in preschool and older children, using a letter-identification task.

PubMed

Giaschi, D; Regan, D

1997-09-01

Three-month-old infants can discriminate motion-defined (MD) form, but we do not know the age at which this ability reaches adult levels. Previous psychophysical evidence suggests that different neural mechanisms are involved in the processing of luminance-defined (LD) and MD spatial form in adults. This difference may be reflected in the development of LD versus MD form identification in children. We measured speed threshold for identifying MD letters, letter-chart (i.e, Snellen) acuity for high-contrast LD letters and single-letter acuity for high- and low-contrast LD letters. Forty-seven children between 3 and 12 years of age and 20 adult subjects were tested. Development to the adult level was observed as follows: low-contrast single-letter acuity before 3 years; high-contrast single-letter acuity by 5 to 6 years; the ability to identify MD letters by 7 to 8 years; letter-chart acuity by 9 to 10 years. MD form identification continues to mature in preschool children. LD form identification also matures in this age group but with a different time course. MD letters are not equivalent to low-contrast letters developmentally. Our findings provide further support for the hypothesis that the spatial aspects of MD and LD form are processed separately to some extent.

Atmospheric pressure as a force that fills developing bones with marrow and air.

PubMed

Kurbel, Sven; Radić, Radivoje; Kristek, Branka; Ivezić, Zdravko; Selthofer, Robert; Kotromanović, Zeljko

2004-01-01

Many theories try to explain the existence and function of paranasal sinuses. This paper is an attempt to correlate process of paranasal sinus development in human with bone pneumatization processes in animals. It is here proposed that this mechanism starts in utero and continues after birth. During endochondral development, a solid hyaline cartilage model transforms into long bones. Central chondrocytes hypertrophy and their lacunae become confluent. Dissolving of the cartilage intercellular matrix forms a primitive marrow cavity. It is soon invaded by the periostal bud. Once circulation is established in the developing bone, the dissolved hyaline matrix can be slowly washed away from the bone cavity. Circulation in the bone cavity can develop slight subatmospheric pressures, similar to negative interstitial pressures in subcutaneous tissues. The amniotic fluid conducts atmospheric pressure to the fetal body. The pressure is trying to fill enlarging bone cavities through the existing vascular openings, or to create new openings. Bone walls of developing paranasal bones are to weak to resist the pressure gradient on their walls. New openings form on the weakest spots allowing airway mucosa to form initial paranasal sinuses. The enlarging cavities of long bones that are remote from the body surface and airway also develop a slightly subatmospheric pressure that fills them with cellular elements. These elements enter bone through the feeding vessels and form bone marrow. During after birth skeletal growth, bone remodeling shapes paranasal sinuses in a process of slow evolution that do not require measurable pressure gradients. When two sinuses come in vicinity, their growth rate declines, since the remaining thin and fragile bone lamella between them does not retract anymore.

Spin Forming of an Aluminum 2219-T6 Aft Bulkhead for the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle: Phase II Supplemental Report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Piascik, Robert S.; Squire, Michael D.; Domack, Marcia S.; Hoffman, Eric K.

2015-01-01

The principal focus of this project was to assist the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) Program in developing a spin forming fabrication process for manufacture of the aft bulkhead of the pressure vessel. The spin forming process will enable a single piece aluminum (Al) 2219 aft bulkhead which will eliminate the current multiple piece welded construction, simplify fabrication, and lead to an enhanced design that will reduce vehicle weight by eliminating welds. Phase I of this assessment explored spin forming the single-piece forward pressure vessel bulkhead from aluminum-lithium 2195.

Development of an optical character recognition pipeline for handwritten form fields from an electronic health record.

PubMed

Rasmussen, Luke V; Peissig, Peggy L; McCarty, Catherine A; Starren, Justin

2012-06-01

Although the penetration of electronic health records is increasing rapidly, much of the historical medical record is only available in handwritten notes and forms, which require labor-intensive, human chart abstraction for some clinical research. The few previous studies on automated extraction of data from these handwritten notes have focused on monolithic, custom-developed recognition systems or third-party systems that require proprietary forms. We present an optical character recognition processing pipeline, which leverages the capabilities of existing third-party optical character recognition engines, and provides the flexibility offered by a modular custom-developed system. The system was configured and run on a selected set of form fields extracted from a corpus of handwritten ophthalmology forms. The processing pipeline allowed multiple configurations to be run, with the optimal configuration consisting of the Nuance and LEADTOOLS engines running in parallel with a positive predictive value of 94.6% and a sensitivity of 13.5%. While limitations exist, preliminary experience from this project yielded insights on the generalizability and applicability of integrating multiple, inexpensive general-purpose third-party optical character recognition engines in a modular pipeline.

Development of an optical character recognition pipeline for handwritten form fields from an electronic health record

PubMed Central

Peissig, Peggy L; McCarty, Catherine A; Starren, Justin

2011-01-01

Background Although the penetration of electronic health records is increasing rapidly, much of the historical medical record is only available in handwritten notes and forms, which require labor-intensive, human chart abstraction for some clinical research. The few previous studies on automated extraction of data from these handwritten notes have focused on monolithic, custom-developed recognition systems or third-party systems that require proprietary forms. Methods We present an optical character recognition processing pipeline, which leverages the capabilities of existing third-party optical character recognition engines, and provides the flexibility offered by a modular custom-developed system. The system was configured and run on a selected set of form fields extracted from a corpus of handwritten ophthalmology forms. Observations The processing pipeline allowed multiple configurations to be run, with the optimal configuration consisting of the Nuance and LEADTOOLS engines running in parallel with a positive predictive value of 94.6% and a sensitivity of 13.5%. Discussion While limitations exist, preliminary experience from this project yielded insights on the generalizability and applicability of integrating multiple, inexpensive general-purpose third-party optical character recognition engines in a modular pipeline. PMID:21890871

Statically determined slip-line field solution for the axial forming force estimation in the radial-axial ring rolling process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Quagliato, Luca; Berti, Guido A.

2017-10-01

In this paper, a statically determined slip-line solution algorithm is proposed for the calculation of the axial forming force in the radial-axial ring rolling process of flat rings. The developed solution is implemented in an Excel spreadsheet for the construction of the slip-line field and the calculation of the pressure factor to be used in the force model. The comparison between analytical solution and authors' FE simulation allows stating that the developed model supersedes the previous literature ones and proves the reliability of the proposed approach.

Recent progress in continuous and semi-continuous processing of solid oral dosage forms: a review.

PubMed

Teżyk, Michał; Milanowski, Bartłomiej; Ernst, Andrzej; Lulek, Janina

2016-08-01

Continuous processing is an innovative production concept well known and successfully used in other industries for many years. The modern pharmaceutical industry is facing the challenge of transition from a traditional manufacturing approach based on batch-wise production to a continuous manufacturing model. The aim of this article is to present technological progress in manufacturing based on continuous and semi-continuous processing of the solid oral dosage forms. Single unit processes possessing an alternative processing pathway to batch-wise technology or, with some modification, an altered approach that may run continuously, and are thus able to seamlessly switch to continuous manufacturing are briefly presented. Furthermore, the concept of semi-continuous processing is discussed. Subsequently, more sophisticated production systems created by coupling single unit processes and comprising all the steps of production, from powder to final dosage form, were reviewed. Finally, attempts of end-to-end production approach, meaning the linking of continuous synthesis of API from intermediates with the production of final dosage form, are described. There are a growing number of scientific articles showing an increasing interest in changing the approach to the production of pharmaceuticals in recent years. Numerous scientific publications are a source of information on the progress of knowledge and achievements of continuous processing. These works often deal with issues of how to modify or replace the unit processes in order to enable seamlessly switching them into continuous processing. A growing number of research papers concentrate on integrated continuous manufacturing lines in which the production concept of "from powder to tablet" is realized. Four main domains are under investigation: influence of process parameters on intermediates or final dosage forms properties, implementation of process analytical tools, control-managing system responsible for keeping continuous materials flow through the whole manufacturing process and the development of new computational methods to assess or simulate these new manufacturing techniques. The attempt to connect the primary and secondary production steps proves that development of continuously operating lines is possible. A mind-set change is needed to be able to face, and fully assess, the advantages and disadvantages of switching from batch to continuous mode production.

77 FR 48970 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection Requests; Federal Student Aid; 2013-2014 Federal...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-15

... ``* * * shall produce, distribute, and process free of charge common financial reporting forms as described in... developed an application process to collect and process the data necessary to determine a student's eligibility to receive Title IV, HEA program assistance. The application process involves an applicant's...

Effects of attention and laterality on motion and orientation discrimination in deaf signers.

PubMed

Bosworth, Rain G; Petrich, Jennifer A F; Dobkins, Karen R

2013-06-01

Previous studies have asked whether visual sensitivity and attentional processing in deaf signers are enhanced or altered as a result of their different sensory experiences during development, i.e., auditory deprivation and exposure to a visual language. In particular, deaf and hearing signers have been shown to exhibit a right visual field/left hemisphere advantage for motion processing, while hearing nonsigners do not. To examine whether this finding extends to other aspects of visual processing, we compared deaf signers and hearing nonsigners on motion, form, and brightness discrimination tasks. Secondly, to examine whether hemispheric lateralities are affected by attention, we employed a dual-task paradigm to measure form and motion thresholds under "full" vs. "poor" attention conditions. Deaf signers, but not hearing nonsigners, exhibited a right visual field advantage for motion processing. This effect was also seen for form processing and not for the brightness task. Moreover, no group differences were observed in attentional effects, and the motion and form visual field asymmetries were not modulated by attention, suggesting they occur at early levels of sensory processing. In sum, the results show that processing of motion and form, believed to be mediated by dorsal and ventral visual pathways, respectively, are left-hemisphere dominant in deaf signers. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Renal development: a complex process dependent on inductive interaction.

PubMed

Upadhyay, Kiran K; Silverstein, Douglas M

2014-01-01

Renal development begins in-utero and continues throughout childhood. Almost one-third of all developmental anomalies include structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract. There are three main phases of in-utero renal development: Pronephros, Mesonephros and Metanephros. Within three weeks of gestation, paired pronephri appear. A series of tubules called nephrotomes fuse with the pronephric duct. The pronephros elongates and induces the nearby mesoderm, forming the mesonephric (Woffian) duct. The metanephros is the precursor of the mature kidney that originates from the ureteric bud and the metanephric mesoderm (blastema) by 5 weeks of gestation. The interaction between these two components is a reciprocal process, resulting in the formation of a mature kidney. The ureteric bud forms the major and minor calyces, and the collecting tubules while the metanephrogenic blastema develops into the renal tubules and glomeruli. In humans, all of the nephrons are formed by 32 to 36 weeks of gestation. Simultaneously, the lower urinary tract develops from the vesico urethral canal, ureteric bud and mesonephric duct. In utero, ureters deliver urine from the kidney to the bladder, thereby creating amniotic fluid. Transcription factors, extracellular matrix glycoproteins, signaling molecules and receptors are the key players in normal renal development. Many medications (e.g., aminoglycosides, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, substances that affect the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system) also impact renal development by altering the expression of growth factors, matrix regulators or receptors. Thus, tight regulation and coordinated processes are crucial for normal renal development.

The Development of Luminance- and Texture-Defined Form Perception during the School-Aged Years

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bertone, Armando; Hanck, Julie; Guy, Jacalyn; Cornish, Kim

2010-01-01

The objective of the present study was to assess the development of luminance- and texture-defined static form perception in school-aged children. This was done using an adapted Landolt-C technique where C-optotypes were defined by either luminance or texture information, the latter necessitating extra-striate neural processing to be perceived.…

Applying the Nernst equation to simulate redox potential variations for biological nitrification and denitrification processes.

PubMed

Chang, Cheng-Nan; Cheng, Hong-Bang; Chao, Allen C

2004-03-15

In this paper, various forms of Nernst equations have been developed based on the real stoichiometric relationship of biological nitrification and denitrification reactions. Instead of using the Nernst equation based on a one-to-one stoichiometric relation for the oxidizing and the reducing species, the basic Nernst equation is modified into slightly different forms. Each is suitable for simulating the redox potential (ORP) variation of a specific biological nitrification or denitrification process. Using the data published in the literature, the validity of these developed Nernst equations has been verified by close fits of the measured ORP data with the calculated ORP curve. The simulation results also indicate that if the biological process is simulated using an incorrect form of Nernst equation, the calculated ORP curve will not fit the measured data. Using these Nernst equations, the ORP value that corresponds to a predetermined degree of completion for the biochemical reaction can be calculated. Thus, these Nernst equations will enable a more efficient on-line control of the biological process.

Architectural setup for online monitoring and control of process parameters in robot-based ISF

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Störkle, Denis Daniel; Thyssen, Lars; Kuhlenkötter, Bernd

2017-10-01

This article describes new developments in an incremental, robot-based sheet metal forming process (Roboforming) for the production of sheet metal components for small lot sizes and prototypes. The dieless kinematic-based generation of the shape is implemented by means of two industrial robots, which are interconnected to a cooperating robot system. Compared to other incremental sheet forming (ISF) machines, this system offers high geometrical design flexibility without the need of any part-dependent tools. However, the industrial application of ISF is still limited by certain constraints, e.g. the low geometrical accuracy. Responding to these constraints, the authors introduce a new architectural setup extending the current one by a superordinate process control. This sophisticated control consists of two modules, i.e. the compensation of the two industrial robots' low structural stiffness as well as a combined force/torque control. It is assumed that this contribution will lead to future research and development projects in which the authors will thoroughly investigate ISF process parameters influencing the geometric accuracy of the forming results.

Coal liquefaction process streams characterization and evaluation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mitchell, G.; Davis, A.; Burke, F.P.

1991-12-01

This study demonstrated the use of the gold tube carbonization technique and reflectance microscopy analysis for the examination of process-derived materials from direct coal liquefaction. The carbonization technique, which was applied to coal liquefaction distillation resids, yields information on the amounts of gas plus distillate, pyridine-soluble resid, and pyridine-insoluble material formed when a coal liquid sample is heated to 450{degree}C for one hour at 5000 psi in an inert atmosphere. The pyridine-insolubles then are examined by reflectance microscopy to determine the type, amount, and optical texture of isotropic and anisotropic carbon formed upon carbonization. Further development of these analytical methodsmore » as process development tools may be justified on the basis of these results.« less

Model Checking Techniques for Assessing Functional Form Specifications in Censored Linear Regression Models.

PubMed

León, Larry F; Cai, Tianxi

2012-04-01

In this paper we develop model checking techniques for assessing functional form specifications of covariates in censored linear regression models. These procedures are based on a censored data analog to taking cumulative sums of "robust" residuals over the space of the covariate under investigation. These cumulative sums are formed by integrating certain Kaplan-Meier estimators and may be viewed as "robust" censored data analogs to the processes considered by Lin, Wei & Ying (2002). The null distributions of these stochastic processes can be approximated by the distributions of certain zero-mean Gaussian processes whose realizations can be generated by computer simulation. Each observed process can then be graphically compared with a few realizations from the Gaussian process. We also develop formal test statistics for numerical comparison. Such comparisons enable one to assess objectively whether an apparent trend seen in a residual plot reects model misspecification or natural variation. We illustrate the methods with a well known dataset. In addition, we examine the finite sample performance of the proposed test statistics in simulation experiments. In our simulation experiments, the proposed test statistics have good power of detecting misspecification while at the same time controlling the size of the test.

Three dimensional optic tissue culture and process

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spaulding, Glenn F. (Inventor); Prewett, Tacey L. (Inventor); Goodwin, Thomas J. (Inventor); Francis, Karen M. (Inventor); Cardwell, Delmar R. (Inventor); Oconnor, Kim (Inventor); Fitzgerald, Wendy S. (Inventor); Aten, Laurie A. (Inventor)

1994-01-01

A process for artificially producing three-dimensional optic tissue has been developed. The optic cells are cultured in a bioreactor at low shear conditions. The tissue forms normal, functional tissue organization and extracellular matrix.

A Phenomenological Exploration of Superintendents' and Principals' Experiences in a Shared Professional Development Process

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Severson, John R.

2013-01-01

For this qualitative study, I explored and described how superintendents and principals interpreted and experienced a sustained professional development process focusing on instruction and student learning, a form of Elmore's Superintendents in the Classroom (SITC) Network. Specifically, I examined how the addition of principals in the SITC…

Evaluation of Intercultural Instructional Multimedia Material on Implicit Xenophobic Cognition: Short Time Effects on Implicit Information Processing

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zumbach, Joerg; Schrangl, Gerhard; Mortensen, Chad; Moser, Stephanie

2016-01-01

Considering xenophobic attacks against foreigners and ethnic or religious motivated wars, there is a need for educational concepts to extinguish xenophobia. A model describing the cognitive processes involved in Xenophobic cognition was developed. Instructional multimedia material that discussed various forms of alienation was developed and…

Developing and Piloting the Planning for Facilitating Mathematical Processes and Strategies for Preschool Learners

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Botha, M.; Maree, J. G.; de Witt, M. W.

2005-01-01

From an early age young children actively engage informally in acquiring fundamental concepts and process skills that form a basis for mathematical understanding. Quite logically, questions will arise during planning when young children first encounter a more formal learning environment: what strategy should one use to develop mathematical …

Diffusion bonding aeroengine components

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fitzpatrick, G. A.; Broughton, T.

1988-10-01

The use of diffusion bonding processes at Rolls-Royce for the manufacture of titanium-alloy aircraft engine components and structures is described. A liquid-phase diffusion bonding process called activated diffusion bonding has been developed for the manufacture of the hollow titanium wide chord fan blade. In addition, solid-state diffusion bonding is being used in the manufacture of hollow vane/blade airfoil constructions mainly in conjunction with superplastic forming and hot forming techniques.

Effective Documentation Tools

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sleboda, Claire

1997-01-01

Quality assurance programs provide a very effective means to monitor and evaluate medical care. Quality assurance involves: (1) Identify a problem; (2) Determine the source and nature of the problem; (3) Develop policies and methods to effect improvement; (4) Implement those polices; (5) Monitor the methods applied; and (6) Evaluate their effectiveness. Because this definition of quality assurance so closely resembles the Nursing Process, the health unit staff was able to use their knowledge of the nursing process to develop many forms which improve the quality of patient care. These forms include the NASA DFRC Service Report, the occupational injury form (Incident Report), the patient survey (Pre-hospital Evaluation/Care Report), the Laboratory Log Sheet, the 911 Run Sheet, and the Patient Assessment Stamp. Examples and steps which are followed to generate these reports are described.

Nitride Fuel Development Using Cryo-process Technique

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

O'Brien, Brandi M; Windes, William E

A new cryo-process technique has been developed for the fabrication of advanced fuel for nuclear systems. The process uses a new cryo-processing technique whereby small, porous microspheres (<2000 µm) are formed from sub-micron oxide powder. A simple aqueous particle slurry of oxide powder is pumped through a microsphere generator consisting of a vibrating needle with controlled amplitude and frequency. As the water-based droplets are formed and pass through the microsphere generator they are frozen in a bath of liquid nitrogen and promptly vacuum freeze-dried to remove the water. The resulting porous microspheres consist of half micron sized oxide particles heldmore » together by electrostatic forces and mechanical interlocking of the particles. Oxide powder microspheres ranging from 750 µm to 2000 µm are then converted into a nitride form using a high temperature fluidized particle bed. Carbon black can be added to the oxide powder before microsphere formation to augment the carbothermic reaction during conversion to a nitride. Also, the addition of ethyl alcohol to the aqueous slurry reduces the surface tension energy of the droplets resulting in even smaller droplets forming in the microsphere generator. Initial results from this new process indicate a lower impurity contamination in the final nitrides due to the single feed stream of particles, material handling and conversion are greatly simplified, a minimum of waste and personnel exposure are anticipated, and finally the conversion kinetics may be greatly increased because of the small oxide powder size (sub-micron) forming the porous microsphere. Thus far the fabrication process has been successful in demonstrating all of these improvements with surrogate ZrO2 powder. Further tests will be conducted in the future using the technique on UO2 powders.« less

Establishing the relationship between manufacturing and component performance in stretch formed thermoplastic composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Santare, Michael H.; Pipes, R. Byron; Beaussart, A. J.; Coffin, D. W.; Otoole, B. J.; Shuler, S. F.

1993-01-01

Flexible manufacturing methods are needed to reduce the cost of using advanced composites in structural applications. One method that allows for this is the stretch forming of long discontinuous fiber materials with thermoplastic matrices. In order to exploit this flexibility in an economical way, a thorough understanding of the relationship between manufacturing and component performance must be developed. This paper reviews some of the recent work geared toward establishing this understanding. Micromechanics models have been developed to predict the formability of the material during processing. The latest improvement of these models includes the viscoelastic nature of the matrix and comparison with experimental data. A finite element scheme is described which can be used to model the forming process. This model uses equivalent anisotropic viscosities from the micromechanics models and predicts the microstructure in the formed part. In addition, structural models have been built to account for the material property gradients that can result from the manufacturing procedures. Recent developments in this area include the analysis of stress concentrations and a failure model each accounting for the heterogeneous material fields.

A Petri Net-Based Software Process Model for Developing Process-Oriented Information Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Yu; Oberweis, Andreas

Aiming at increasing flexibility, efficiency, effectiveness, and transparency of information processing and resource deployment in organizations to ensure customer satisfaction and high quality of products and services, process-oriented information systems (POIS) represent a promising realization form of computerized business information systems. Due to the complexity of POIS, explicit and specialized software process models are required to guide POIS development. In this chapter we characterize POIS with an architecture framework and present a Petri net-based software process model tailored for POIS development with consideration of organizational roles. As integrated parts of the software process model, we also introduce XML nets, a variant of high-level Petri nets as basic methodology for business processes modeling, and an XML net-based software toolset providing comprehensive functionalities for POIS development.

Investigation of the effects of process and geometrical parameters on formability in tube hydroforming using a modular hydroforming tool

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Joghan, Hamed Dardaei; Staupendahl, Daniel; Hassan, Hamad ul; Henke, Andreas; Keesser, Thorsten; Legat, Francois; Tekkaya, A. Erman

2018-05-01

Tube hydroforming is one of the most important manufacturing processes for the production of exhaust systems. Tube hydroforming allows generating parts with highly complex geometries with the forming accuracies needed in the automotive sector. This is possible due to the form-closed nature of the production process. One of the main cost drivers is tool manufacturing, which is expensive and time consuming, especially when forming large parts. To cope with the design trend of individuality, which is gaining more and more importance and leads to a high number of product variants, a new flexible tool design was developed. The designed tool offers a high flexibility in manufacturing different shapes and geometries of tubes with just local alterations and relocation of tool segments. The tolerancing problems that segmented tools from the state of the art have are overcome by an innovative and flexible die holder design. The break-even point of this initially more expensive tool design is already overcome when forming more than 4 different tube shapes. Together with an additionally designed rotary hydraulic tube feeding system, a highly adaptable forming setup is generated. To investigate the performance of the developed tool setup, a study on geometrical and process parameters during forming of a spherical dome was done. Austenitic stainless steel (grade 1.4301) tube with a diameter of 40 mm and a thickness of 1.5 mm was used for the investigations. The experimental analyses were supported by finite element simulations and statistical analyses. The results show that the flexible tool setup can efficiently be used to analyze the interaction of the inner pressure, friction, and the location of the spherical dome and demonstrate the high influence of the feeding rate on the formed part.

Development of Aluminum-Lithium 2195 Gores by the Stretch Forming Process

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Volz, M. P.; Chen, P. S.; Gorti, S.; Salvail, P.

2014-01-01

Aluminum-Lithium alloy 2195 exhibits higher mechanical properties and lower density than aluminum alloy 2219, which is the current baseline material for Space Launch System (SLS) cryogenic tank components. Replacement of Al 2219 with Al-Li 2195 would result in substantial weight savings, as was the case when this replacement was made on the shuttle external tank. A key component of cryogenic tanks are the gores, which are welded together to make the rounded ends of the tanks. The required thicknesses of these gores depend on the specific SLS configuration and may exceed the current experience base in the manufacture of such gores by the stretch forming process. Here we describe the steps taken to enhance the formability of Al-Li 2195 by optimizing the heat treatment and stretch forming processes for gore thicknesses up to 0.75", which envelopes the maximum expected gore thicknesses for SLS tanks. An annealing treatment, developed at Marshall Space Flight Center, increased the forming range and strain hardening exponent of Al-Li 2195 plates. Using this annealing treatment, one 0.525" thick and two 0.75" thick gores were manufactured by the stretch forming process. The annealing treatment enabled the stretch forming of the largest ever cross sectional area (thickness x width) of an Al-Li 2195 plate achieved by the manufacturer. Mechanical testing of the gores showed greater than expected ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, modulus, and elongation values. The gores also exhibited acceptable fracture toughness at room and LN2 temperatures. All of the measured data indicate that the stretch formed gores have sufficient material properties to be used in flight domes.

Technology Development of Salak (Salacca Zalacca) Chips With Vacuum Frying Machine Base On Expert System In Kramat-Bangkalan Regency

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rosida, D. F.; Happyanto; Anggraeni; Sugiarto; Hapsari

2018-01-01

Agropolitan Program is one form of regional development to improve agribusiness system and effort to improve the welfare of the community. One of the leading commodities in Bangkalan agroclimates is salak which is a potentially very large commodity to be developed. Salak commodities in Kramat Bangkalan Indonesia have developed varous salak produced such as dates of salak, syrup and dodol salak. Salak chips was the target of innovation from processed salak. The Production of salak chips using frying technology with vacuum system to obtain crunchy chips. To get the results need to be developed synergy technology to combine the process conditions and the right system in producing good quality salak chips. Bangkalan Regency is the potential to continue to develop products using a variety of salak to the processed form of vacuum frying machine based on expert system so that the resulting product would be great texture, aroma and taste. This will make the area of Bangkalan, Indonesia be more independent in producing and increasing revenue.

High performance low cost interconnections for flip chip attachment with electrically conductive adhesive. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1998-05-01

This final report is a compilation of final reports from each of the groups participating in the program. The main three groups involved in this effort are the Thomas J. Watson Research Center of IBM Corporation in Yorktown Heights, New York, Assembly Process Design of IBM Corporation in Endicott, New York, and SMT Laboratory of Universal Instruments Corporation in Binghamton, New York. The group at the research center focused on the conductive adhesive materials development and characterization. The group in process development focused on processing of the Polymer-Metal-Solvent Paste (PMSP) to form conductive adhesive bumps, formation of the Polymer-Metal Compositemore » (PMC) on semiconductor devices and study of the bonding process to circuitized organic carriers, and the long term durability and reliability of joints formed using the process. The group at Universal Instruments focused on development of an equipment set and bonding parameters for the equipment to produce bond assembly tooling. Reports of each of these individual groups are presented here reviewing their technical efforts and achievements.« less

Forming Mandrels for X-Ray Mirror Substrates

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Blake, Peter N.; Saha. To,p; Zhang, Will; O'Dell, Stephen; Kester, Thomas; Jones, William

2011-01-01

Precision forming mandrels are one element in X-ray mirror development at NASA. Current mandrel fabrication process is capable of meeting the allocated precision requirements for a 5 arcsec telescope. A manufacturing plan is outlined for a large IXO-scale program.

Development and Demonstration of Adanced Tooling Alloys for Molds and Dies

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kevin M. McHugh; Enrique J. Lavernia

2006-01-01

This report summarizes research results in the project Development and Demonstration of Advanced Tooling Alloys for Molds and Dies. Molds, dies and related tooling are used to manufacture most of the plastic and metal products we use every day. Conventional fabrication of molds and dies involves a multiplicity of machining, benching and heat treatment unit operations. This approach is very expensive and time consuming. Rapid Solidifcation Process (RSP) Tooling is a spray-forming technology tailored for producing molds and dies. The appraoch combines rapid solidifcation processing and net-shape materials processing in a single step. An atomized spray of a tool-forming alloy,more » typically a tool steel, is deposited onto an easy-to-form tool pattern to replicate the pattern's shape and surface features. By so doing, the approach eliminates many machining operations in conventional mold making, significantly reducing cost, lead time and energy. Moreover, rapid solidification creates unique microstructural features by suppressing carbide precipitation and growth, and creating metastable phases. This can result in unique material properties following heat treatment. Spray-formed and aged tool steel dies have exhibited extended life compared to conventional dies in many forming operations such as forging, extrusion and die casting. RSP Tooling technolocy was commercialized with the formation of RSP Tooling, LLC in Solon, Oh.« less

New Forming Technologies for Autobody at POSCO

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Hong-Woo; Cha, Myung-Hwan; Choi, Byung-Keun; Kim, Gyo-Sung; Park, Sung-Ho

2011-08-01

As development of car body with light weight and enhanced safety became one of the hottest issues in the auto industry, the advanced high strength steels have been broadly applied to various automotive parts over the last few years. Corresponding to this trend, POSCO has developed various types of cold and hot rolled AHSSs such as DP, TRIP, CP and FB, and continues to develop new types of steel in order to satisfy the requirement of OEMs more extensively. To provide optimal technical supports to customers, POSCO has developed more advanced EVI concept, which includes the concept of CE/SE, VA/VE, VI and PP as well as the conventional EVI strategy. To realize this concept, POSCO not only supports customers with material data, process guideline, and evaluation of formability, weld-ability, paint-ability and performance but also provides parts or sub-assemblies which demand highly advanced technologies. Especially, to accelerate adoption of AHSS in autobody, POSCO has tried to come up with optimal solutions to AHSS forming. Application of conventional forming technologies has been restricted more and more by relatively low formability of AHSS with high tensile-strength. To overcome the limitation in the forming, POSCO has recently developed new forming technologies such as hydro-forming, hot press forming, roll forming and form forming. In this paper, tailored strength HPF, hydroformed torsion beam axle and multi-directional roll forming are introduced as examples of new forming technologies.

Drainage morphometric analysis for assessing form and processes of the watersheds of Pachamalai hills and its adjoinings, Central Tamil Nadu, India

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prabhakaran, A.; Jawahar Raj, N.

2018-03-01

The present study attempts to understand the form and geomorphic/hydrologic processes of the 20 watersheds of the Pachamalai hills and its adjoinings located in Tamil Nadu State of southern India from the analysis of its drainage morphometric characteristics. Survey of India's topographic sheets of 1:50,000 is the data source from which stream networks and watersheds of the study area were demarcated followed by the analysis of their morphometric characteristics using ArcGIS software. The results of the analysis formed the basis for deducing the form and processes of the watersheds of the study area. The form of the watersheds inferred from the analysis includes shape, length, slope steepness and length, degree of branching of streams, dissection and elongation of watersheds. The geomorphic/hydrologic processes inferred include denudation rate, potential energy, intensity of erosion, mean annual run off, mean discharge, discharge rate, rock resistivity and infiltration potential, amount of sediment transported, mean annual rainfall, rainfall intensity, lagtime, flash flood potential, flood discharge per unit area, sediment yield and speed of the water flow in the streams. The understanding of variations of form and processes mentioned can be used towards prioritizing the watersheds for development, management and conservation planning.

Performance and modeling of cesium ion exchange by ENGI neered form crystalline silicotitanates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Anthony, R.G.; Gu, D.; Huckman, M.

1996-10-01

TAM-5, a hydrous crystalline silicotitanate (CST) powder developed by Sandia National Laboratories and Texas A&M University, and commercialized by UOP as IONSIV{reg_sign} Ion Exchanger Type IE-910, is a highly selective material for removing cesium and strontium from aqueous radioactive wastes such as those found at the Hanford site in Washington. An engineered form of the material suitable for column ion exchange type operations has been developed and tested. Data relevant to processing radioactive tank wastes including equilibrium distribution coefficients and column testing will be presented. The impact of exposure of the engineered form to chemically aggressive environments such as itmore » might experience during waste processing, and to the less aggressive environments it might experience during post processing storage has been assessed. The thermal stability of the material has also been evaluated. The experimental results have been integrated with an effort to model the material`s equilibrium and kinetic behavior.« less

MEA/A-1 experiment 81F01 conducted on STS-7 flight, June 1983. Containerless processing of glass forming melts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Day, D. E.; Ray, C. S.

1983-01-01

The space processing of containerless, glassforming melts on board the space shuttle flight STS-7 is investigated. Objectives include; (1) obtain quantitative evidence for the supression of heterogeneous nucleation/crystallization, (2) study melt homogenization without gravity driven convection, (3) procedural development for bubble free, high purity homogeneous melts inmicro-g, (4) comparative analysis of melts on Earth and in micro g, and (5) assess the apparatus for processing multicomponent, glass forming melts in a low gravity environment.

Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of indacaterol and glycopyrronium in a newly approved pharmaceutical formulation using different signal processing techniques of ratio spectra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdel Ghany, Maha F.; Hussein, Lobna A.; Magdy, Nancy; Yamani, Hend Z.

2016-03-01

Three spectrophotometric methods have been developed and validated for determination of indacaterol (IND) and glycopyrronium (GLY) in their binary mixtures and novel pharmaceutical dosage form. The proposed methods are considered to be the first methods to determine the investigated drugs simultaneously. The developed methods are based on different signal processing techniques of ratio spectra namely; Numerical Differentiation (ND), Savitsky-Golay (SG) and Fourier Transform (FT). The developed methods showed linearity over concentration range 1-30 and 10-35 (μg/mL) for IND and GLY, respectively. The accuracy calculated as percentage recoveries were in the range of 99.00%-100.49% with low value of RSD% (< 1.5%) demonstrating an excellent accuracy of the proposed methods. The developed methods were proved to be specific, sensitive and precise for quality control of the investigated drugs in their pharmaceutical dosage form without the need for any separation process.

Basic Science Process Skills. An Inservice Workshop Kit: Outlines and Activities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rowland, Paul; And Others

A science process skill project was developed to help elementary teachers meet competency standards in New Mexico for teaching the process approach in their science classes. An outline of the process skills along with recommended activities are presented in this document. Performance objectives are identified and a sample activity form is…

How youth get engaged: grounded-theory research on motivational development in organized youth programs.

PubMed

Dawes, Nickki Pearce; Larson, Reed

2011-01-01

For youth to benefit from many of the developmental opportunities provided by organized programs, they need to not only attend but become psychologically engaged in program activities. This research was aimed at formulating empirically based grounded theory on the processes through which this engagement develops. Longitudinal interviews were conducted with 100 ethnically diverse youth (ages 14–21) in 10 urban and rural arts and leadership programs. Qualitative analysis focused on narrative accounts from the 44 youth who reported experiencing a positive turning point in their motivation or engagement. For 38 of these youth, this change process involved forming a personal connection. Similar to processes suggested by self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000), forming a personal connection involved youth's progressive integration of personal goals with the goals of program activities. Youth reported developing a connection to 3 personal goals that linked the self with the activity: learning for the future, developing competence, and pursuing a purpose. The role of purpose for many youth suggests that motivational change can be driven by goals that transcend self-needs. These findings suggest that youth need not enter programs intrinsically engaged--motivation can be fostered--and that programs should be creative in helping youth explore ways to form authentic connections to program activities.

On the design of anaesthesia record forms.

PubMed

Fisher, J A; Bromberg, I L; Eisen, L B

1994-10-01

The purpose of this report is to develop a rational approach to the design of anaesthesia record forms. The history of anaesthesia record forms was reviewed. A logical approach to the design of an anaesthesia record was developed. The theoretical ideal anaesthetic record was contemplated and criteria were developed for the selection of items to be included in or excluded from the record. Principles were outlined which lead to logical organization of information on the form, improved ergonomics of data entry, and ready access to entered information. A desktop publishing system was used to execute quickly numerous form artwork revision cycles and iteratively converge on a complete design. This approach has resulted in the development and production of a new anaesthesia record for our institution. The record was well accepted by our colleagues. The rationale that has been developed is presented in the hope that it will be useful to others in the process of designing anaesthesia records for their institutions.

Differentiated meteorites and the components of chondrites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wasson, J. T.

1984-01-01

Findings are summarized from research conducted to develop a detailed classification of all kinds of meteorites in an effort to determine the conditions in the solar nebula, the processes that produced chemical fractionations in chondrites and formed chondrules, as well as ascertain the processes that occurred in the parent bodies of differentiated meteorites (which preserve a partial record of the chondritic materials from which they formed). Fractionation patterns within iron meteorite groups are analyzed.

X-ray powder diffractometry of intact film coated tablets--an approach to monitor the physical form of the active pharmaceutical ingredient during processing and storage.

PubMed

Yamada, Hiroyuki; Suryanarayanan, Raj

2007-08-01

The antiviral compound, 2-amino-6-(4-methoxyphenylthio)-9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]purine bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ester (MCC-478), can exist in several anhydrous polymorphic forms and also as a hemihydrate. The XRD patterns of the tablets, containing each form of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), revealed at least one peak unique to each form. A semiquantitative microdiffractometric method was developed to nondestructively characterize the physical form of the API in intact film-coated tablets. This was accomplished even though the weight fraction of the API was <0.2 and that of mannitol, a highly crystalline excipient, was approximately 0.6. The method was used to determine the effect of aqueous film-coating process on the physical form of the API. The final dosage form was also monitored following storage at 40 degrees C/75% RH for 6 months. There was no phase transformation of the API either due to the film-coating process or following accelerated storage. This technique has potential utility not only for process control during manufacture, but also for the quality control of the final product. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.

Observations on the Growth of Roughness Elements Into Icing Feathers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vargas, Mario; Tsao, Jen, Ching

2007-01-01

This work presents the results of an experiment conducted in the Icing Research Tunnel at NASA Glenn Research Center to understand the process by which icing feathers are formed in the initial stages of ice accretion formation on swept wings. Close-up photographic data were taken on an aluminum NACA 0012 swept wing tip airfoil. Two types of photographic data were obtained: time sequence close-up photographic data during the run and close-up photographic data of the ice accretion at the end of each run. Icing runs were conducted for short ice accretion times from 10 to 180 sec. The time sequence close-up photographic data was used to study the process frame by frame and to create movies of how the process developed. The movies confirmed that at glaze icing conditions in the attachment line area icing feathers develop from roughness elements. The close-up photographic data at the end of each run showed that roughness elements change into a pointed shape with an upstream facet and join on the side with other elements having the same change to form ridges with pointed shape and upstream facet. The ridges develop into feathers when the upstream facet grows away to form the stem of the feather. The ridges and their growth into feathers were observed to form the initial scallop tips present in complete scallops.

UltraForm Finishing (UFF) a 5-axis computer controlled precision optical component grinding and polishing system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bechtold, Michael; Mohring, David; Fess, Edward

2007-05-01

OptiPro Systems has developed a new finishing process for the manufacturing of precision optical components. UltraForm Finishing (UFF) has evolved from a tire shaped tool with polishing material on its periphery, to its newest design, which incorporates a precision rubber wheel wrapped with a band of polishing material passing over it. Through our research we have developed a user friendly graphical interface giving the optician a deterministic path for finishing precision optical components. Complex UFF Algorithms combine the removal function and desired depth of removal into a motion controlled tool path which minimizes surface roughness and form errors. The UFF process includes 5 axes of computer controlled motion, (3 linear and 2 rotary) which provide the flexibility for finishing a variety of shapes including spheres, aspheres, and freeform optics. The long arm extension, along with a range of diameters for the "UltraWheel" provides a unique solution for the finishing of steep concave shapes such as ogives and domes. The UltraForm process utilizes, fixed and loose abrasives, in combination with our proprietary "UltraBelts" made of a range of materials such as polyurethane, felt, resin, diamond and others.

Memory for conversation and the development of common ground.

PubMed

McKinley, Geoffrey L; Brown-Schmidt, Sarah; Benjamin, Aaron S

2017-11-01

Efficient conversation is guided by the mutual knowledge, or common ground, that interlocutors form as a conversation progresses. Characterized from the perspective of commonly used measures of memory, efficient conversation should be closely associated with item memory-what was said-and context memory-who said what to whom. However, few studies have explicitly probed memory to evaluate what type of information is maintained following a communicative exchange. The current study examined how item and context memory relate to the development of common ground over the course of a conversation, and how these forms of memory vary as a function of one's role in a conversation as speaker or listener. The process of developing common ground was positively related to both item and context memory. In addition, content that was spoken was remembered better than content that was heard. Our findings illustrate how memory assessments can complement language measures by revealing the impact that basic conversational processes have on memory for what has been discussed. By taking this approach, we show that not only does the process of forming common ground facilitate communication in the present, but it also promotes an enduring record of that event, facilitating conversation into the future.

Stamp forming optimization for formability and crystallinity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Donderwinkel, T. G.; Rietman, B.; Haanappel, S. P.; Akkerman, R.

2016-10-01

The stamp forming process is well suited for high volume production of thermoplastic composite parts. The process can be characterized as highly non-isothermal as it involves local quench-cooling of a molten thermoplastic composite blank where it makes contact with colder tooling. The formability of the thermoplastic composite depends on the viscoelastic material behavior of the matrix material, which is sensitive to temperature and degree of crystallinity. An experimental study was performed to determine the effect of temperature and crystallinity on the storage modulus during cooling for a woven glass fiber polyamide-6 composite material. An increase of two decades in modulus was observed during crystallization. As this will significantly impede the blank formability, the onset of crystallization effectively governs the time available for forming. Besides the experimental work, a numerical model is developed to study the temperature and crystallinity throughout the stamp forming process. A process window can be determined by feeding the model with the experimentally obtained data on crystallization.

Developing policy, standard orders, and quality-assurance monitoring for palliative sedation therapy.

PubMed

Ghafoor, Virginia L; Silus, Lauren S

2011-03-15

The development of a policy, evidence-based standard orders, and monitoring for palliative sedation therapy (PST) is described. Concerns regarding PST at the University of Minnesota Medical Center (UMMC) arose and needed to be addressed in a formal process. A multidisciplinary group consisting of palliative care physicians, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, and clinical pharmacy specialists reached consensus on the practice model and medications to be used for PST. Major elements of the plan included the development and implementation of an institutional policy for palliative sedation; standard orders for patient care, sedation, and monitoring; education for staff, patients, and patients' family members; and quality-assurance monitoring. A literature review was performed to identify research and guidelines defining the practice of PST. Policy content includes the use of a standard order set linking patient care, medication administration, the monitoring of sedation, and symptom management. Approval of the policy involved several UMMC committees. An evaluation matrix was used to determine critical areas for PST monitoring and to guide development of a form to monitor quality. A retrospective chart audit using the quality-assurance monitoring form assessed baseline sedation medication and patient outcomes. Assessment of compliance began in the fall of 2008, after the policy and standard orders were approved by the UMMC medical executive committee. In 2008, two cases of PST were monitored using the standardized form. PST cases will be continually monitored and analyzed. Development of policy, standard orders, and quality-assurance monitoring for PST required a formal multidisciplinary process. A process-improvement process is critical to defining institutional policy, educational goals, and outcome metrics for PST.

Forms of acid hydrolysis and gley formation and their role in the development of light-colored acid eluvial (Podzolic) horizons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zaidel'Man, F. R.

2010-04-01

Nowadays, three processes, namely lessivage, acid hydrolysis, and gleying, are considered as responsible for the development of loamy and clayey podzolic soils. However, as was shown earlier, lessivage is not obligatory for their origin. In view of assessing the reasons for the formation of light-colored acid eluvial horizons, this article deals with the role of acid hydrolysis under aerobic conditions against the background of a percolative water regime and of two forms of gleying in the development of the horizons mentioned above. One form of gleying occurs under permanent anaerobic conditions against the background of a stagnant water regime; the other one is formed under pulsating anaerobic-aerobic conditions against the background of a stagnant-percolative water regime. As a result, three large genetically individual groups of soils are formed: nondifferentiated brown and gley, and differentiated podzolic soils on different parent rocks. The two latter forms of gleying are identical in their effects on the mineral substrates. They cause the iron removal from the soils. Among the three processes considered, the last one (gleying under a stagnant-percolative water regime) is the single reason for the leaching of most of the metals, the formation of light-colored acid eluvial horizons and their clay depletion, and for the differentiation of the soil profile.

Aspects of forming metal-clad melt-processed Y-Ba-Cu-O tapes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kozlowski, G.; Oberly, C.E.; Ho, J.

1991-03-01

This paper reports on melt-processing of Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductor in a usable form for magnet winding which requires the development of a cladding with demanding properties. Numerous recent efforts in cold forming Bi-based superconductor tapes have been successful because a silver tube can be used to constrain the ceramic material, which is sintered at much lower temperature than the Y-Ba-Cu-O. Typical high temperature metals which can be used to encase Y-Ba-Cu-O during sintering do not permit ready diffusion of oxygen as silver does. Recently, the full or partial recovery of superconductivity has been achieved in transition-metal- doped Y-Ba-Cu-O due to themore » partial-melt processing.« less

Coal liquefaction process streams characterization and evaluation. Gold tube carbonization and reflectance microscopy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mitchell, G.; Davis, A.; Burke, F.P.

1991-12-01

This study demonstrated the use of the gold tube carbonization technique and reflectance microscopy analysis for the examination of process-derived materials from direct coal liquefaction. The carbonization technique, which was applied to coal liquefaction distillation resids, yields information on the amounts of gas plus distillate, pyridine-soluble resid, and pyridine-insoluble material formed when a coal liquid sample is heated to 450{degree}C for one hour at 5000 psi in an inert atmosphere. The pyridine-insolubles then are examined by reflectance microscopy to determine the type, amount, and optical texture of isotropic and anisotropic carbon formed upon carbonization. Further development of these analytical methodsmore » as process development tools may be justified on the basis of these results.« less

Massively Parallel Processing for Fast and Accurate Stamping Simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gress, Jeffrey J.; Xu, Siguang; Joshi, Ramesh; Wang, Chuan-tao; Paul, Sabu

2005-08-01

The competitive automotive market drives automotive manufacturers to speed up the vehicle development cycles and reduce the lead-time. Fast tooling development is one of the key areas to support fast and short vehicle development programs (VDP). In the past ten years, the stamping simulation has become the most effective validation tool in predicting and resolving all potential formability and quality problems before the dies are physically made. The stamping simulation and formability analysis has become an critical business segment in GM math-based die engineering process. As the simulation becomes as one of the major production tools in engineering factory, the simulation speed and accuracy are the two of the most important measures for stamping simulation technology. The speed and time-in-system of forming analysis becomes an even more critical to support the fast VDP and tooling readiness. Since 1997, General Motors Die Center has been working jointly with our software vendor to develop and implement a parallel version of simulation software for mass production analysis applications. By 2001, this technology was matured in the form of distributed memory processing (DMP) of draw die simulations in a networked distributed memory computing environment. In 2004, this technology was refined to massively parallel processing (MPP) and extended to line die forming analysis (draw, trim, flange, and associated spring-back) running on a dedicated computing environment. The evolution of this technology and the insight gained through the implementation of DM0P/MPP technology as well as performance benchmarks are discussed in this publication.

Failure prediction during backward flow forming of Ti6Al4V alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singh, Abhishek Kumar; Narasimhan, K.; Singh, Ramesh

2018-05-01

The Flow forming process is a tube spinning process where the thickness of a tube is reduced with the help of spinning roller/s by keeping the internal diameter unchanged. A 3-D Finite element model for the flow-formability test has been developed by using Abaqus/explicit software. A coupled damage criterion based on continuum damage mechanics (CDM) has been studied in this research. The damage model is introduced by using FORTRAN based VUMAT subroutine which is developed through a stress integration algorithm. Further, the effect of reduction angle, friction coefficient, and coolant heat transfer coefficient on fracture has been studied. The results show that the formability improves with increase in reduction angle. Both, equivalent plastic strain and damage variable increases from inner to outer surface of flow formed tube.

Investigation of ball bond integrity for 0.8 mil (20 microns) diameter gold bonding wire on low k die in wire bonding technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kudtarkar, Santosh Anil

Microelectronics technology has been undergoing continuous scaling to accommodate customer driven demand for smaller, faster and cheaper products. This demand has been satisfied by using novel materials, design techniques and processes. This results in challenges for the chip connection technology and also the package technology. The focus of this research endeavor was restricted to wire bond interconnect technology using gold bonding wires. Wire bond technology is often regarded as a simple first level interconnection technique. In reality, however, this is a complex process that requires a thorough understanding of the interactions between the design, material and process variables, and their impact on the reliability of the bond formed during this process. This research endeavor primarily focused on low diameter, 0.8 mil thick (20 mum) diameter gold bonding wire. Within the scope of this research, the integrity of the ball bond formed by 1.0 mil (25 mum) and 0.8 mil (20 mum) diameter wires was compared. This was followed by the evaluation of bonds formed on bond pads having doped SiO2 (low k) as underlying structures. In addition, the effect of varying the percentage of the wire dopant, palladium and bonding process parameters (bonding force, bond time, ultrasonic energy) for 0.8 mil (20 mum) bonding wire was also evaluated. Finally, a degradation empirical model was developed to understand the decrease in the wire strength. This research effort helped to develop a fundamental understanding of the various factors affecting the reliability of a ball bond from a design (low diameter bonding wire), material (low k and bonding wire dopants), and process (wire bonding process parameters) perspective for a first level interconnection technique, namely wire bonding. The significance of this research endeavor was the systematic investigation of the ball bonds formed using 0.8 mil (20 microm) gold bonding wire within the wire bonding arena. This research addressed low k structures on 90 nm silicon technology, bonding wires with different percentage of doping element (palladium), and different levels of bonding process parameters. An empirical model to understand the high temperature effects for bonds formed using the low diameter wire was also developed.

Robust Design of Sheet Metal Forming Process Based on Kriging Metamodel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Yanmin

2011-08-01

Nowadays, sheet metal forming processes design is not a trivial task due to the complex issues to be taken into account (conflicting design goals, complex shapes forming and so on). Optimization methods have also been widely applied in sheet metal forming. Therefore, proper design methods to reduce time and costs have to be developed mostly based on computer aided procedures. At the same time, the existence of variations during manufacturing processes significantly may influence final product quality, rendering non-robust optimal solutions. In this paper, a small size of design of experiments is conducted to investigate how a stochastic behavior of noise factors affects drawing quality. The finite element software (LS_DYNA) is used to simulate the complex sheet metal stamping processes. The Kriging metamodel is adopted to map the relation between input process parameters and part quality. Robust design models for sheet metal forming process integrate adaptive importance sampling with Kriging model, in order to minimize impact of the variations and achieve reliable process parameters. In the adaptive sample, an improved criterion is used to provide direction in which additional training samples can be added to better the Kriging model. Nonlinear functions as test functions and a square stamping example (NUMISHEET'93) are employed to verify the proposed method. Final results indicate application feasibility of the aforesaid method proposed for multi-response robust design.

Process for producing laser-formed video calibration markers.

PubMed

Franck, J B; Keller, P N; Swing, R A; Silberberg, G G

1983-08-15

A process for producing calibration markers directly on the photoconductive surface of video camera tubes has been developed. This process includes the use of a Nd:YAG laser operating at 1.06 microm with a 9.5-nsec pulse width (full width at half-maximum). The laser was constrained to operate in the TEM(00) spatial mode by intracavity aperturing. The use of this technology has produced an increase of up to 50 times the accuracy of geometric measurement. This is accomplished by a decrease in geometric distortion and an increase in geometric scaling. The process by which these laser-formed video calibrations are made will be discussed.

Conjoint Forming - Technologies for Simultaneous Forming and Joining

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Groche, P.; Wohletz, S.; Mann, A.; Krech, M.; Monnerjahn, V.

2016-03-01

The market demand for new products optimized for e. g. lightweight applications or smart components leads to new challenges in production engineering. Hybrid structures represent one promising approach. They aim at higher product performance by using a suitable combination of different materials. The developments of hybrid structures stimulate the research on joining of dissimilar materials. Since they allow for joining dissimilar materials without external heating technologies based on joining by plastic deformation seem to be of special attractiveness. The paper at hand discusses the conjoint forming approach. This approach combines forming and joining in one process. Two or more workpieces are joined while at least one workpiece is plastically deformed. After presenting the fundamental joining mechanisms, the conjoint forming approach is discussed comprehensively. Examples of conjoint processes demonstrate the effectiveness and reveal the underlying phenomena.

Epsilon Metal Waste Form for Immobilization of Noble Metals from Used Nuclear Fuel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Crum, Jarrod V.; Strachan, Denis M.; Rohatgi, Aashish

2013-10-01

Epsilon metal (ε-metal), an alloy of Mo, Pd, Rh, Ru, and Tc, is being developed as a waste form to treat and immobilize the undissolved solids and dissolved noble metals from aqueous reprocessing of commercial used nuclear fuel. Epsilon metal is an attractive waste form for several reasons: increased durability relative to borosilicate glass, it can be fabricated without additives (100% waste loading), and in addition it also benefits borosilicate glass waste loading by eliminating noble metals from the glass and thus the processing problems related there insolubility in glass. This work focused on the processing aspects of the epsilonmore » metal waste form development. Epsilon metal is comprised of refractory metals resulting in high reaction temperatures to form the alloy, expected to be 1500 - 2000°C making it a non-trivial phase to fabricate by traditional methods. Three commercially available advanced technologies were identified: spark-plasma sintering, microwave sintering, and hot isostatic pressing, and investigated as potential methods to fabricate this waste form. Results of these investigations are reported and compared in terms of bulk density, phase assemblage (X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis), and microstructure (scanning electron microscopy).« less

Community of Interest Engagement Process Plan

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-02-09

and input from Subject Matter Experts (SMEs), as shown in the far left of Figure 2. The team may prepare a Business Process Model Notation ( BPMN ) 22...22 Business Process Modeling Notation ( BPMN ) is a method of illustrating business processes in the form of a...Community of Interest Engagement Plan Joint Planning and Development Office 21 10. Acronyms BPMN Business Process Modeling Notation COI

Precision molding of advanced glass optics: innovative production technology for lens arrays and free form optics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pongs, Guido; Bresseler, Bernd; Bergs, Thomas; Menke, Gert

2012-10-01

Today isothermal precision molding of imaging glass optics has become a widely applied and integrated production technology in the optical industry. Especially in consumer electronics (e.g. digital cameras, mobile phones, Blu-ray) a lot of optical systems contain rotationally symmetrical aspherical lenses produced by precision glass molding. But due to higher demands on complexity and miniaturization of optical elements the established process chain for precision glass molding is not sufficient enough. Wafer based molding processes for glass optics manufacturing become more and more interesting for mobile phone applications. Also cylindrical lens arrays can be used in high power laser systems. The usage of unsymmetrical free-form optics allows an increase of efficiency in optical laser systems. Aixtooling is working on different aspects in the fields of mold manufacturing technologies and molding processes for extremely high complex optical components. In terms of array molding technologies, Aixtooling has developed a manufacturing technology for the ultra-precision machining of carbide molds together with European partners. The development covers the machining of multi lens arrays as well as cylindrical lens arrays. The biggest challenge is the molding of complex free-form optics having no symmetrical axis. A comprehensive CAD/CAM data management along the entire process chain is essential to reach high accuracies on the molded lenses. Within a national funded project Aixtooling is working on a consistent data handling procedure in the process chain for precision molding of free-form optics.

Facilitating Vocational Development Among Disadvantaged Inner-City Adolescents

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hamdani, Asma

1977-01-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the vocational development process of tenth-grade disadvantaged students can be facilitated through deliberate intervention in the form of supplementary learning experiences. (Author)

75 FR 62364 - Manti-La Sal National Forest Resource Advisory Committee; Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-08

... who use telecommunication devices for the deaf (TDD) may call the Federal Information Relay Service... conducted: (1) Consideration of Proposal Forms, (2) Development of Proposal Review Process, (3) Development...

Assessing usefulness and researcher satisfaction with consent form templates.

PubMed

Larson, Elaine L; Teller, Alan; Aguirre, Alejandra N; Jackson, Jhia; Meyer, Dodi

2017-08-01

We aimed to improve the research consenting process by developing and evaluating simplified consent forms. Four templates written at the eighth-tenth grade reading level were developed and trialed by a group of experts in clinical research, health literacy, national regulatory requirements, and end users. Researchers from protocols which had received expedited review were surveyed at 2 time points regarding their use and assessment of the templates. At baseline 18/86 (20.9%) responding researchers had heard of the templates and 5 (5.8%) reported that they had used them; 2 years later, 54.2% (32/59) had heard of the templates and 87.5% (28/32) had used them ( p <0.001). Consent form templates may be one mechanism to improve patient comprehension of research protocols as well as efficiency of the review process, but require considerable time for development and implementation, and one key to their success is involvement and support from the IRB and technical staff.

Development of LaRC 160/NR150B2 polyimide graphite hybrid composites. [for shuttle applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Maximovich, M. G.; Bergren, O.; Lockerby, S.

1980-01-01

A method for co-curing NR150B2 and LaRC 160 prepregs into hybrid composites was developed. The processing characteristics and the properties of the hybrid composites were compared with those of laminates fabricated from the individual component prepregs. Resin forms were selected and optimized and a new NR150 formulation was investigated. The new formulation greatly facilitated the processing and the performance of this system. Quality control techniques were evaluated and developed, high quality laminates were fabricated from both individual resin systems, and hybrid laminates were successfully co-cured. Optimum hybrid forms were investigated and several novel approaches were explored. An optimum hybrid system was developed that utilizes a LaRC curing schedule but shows no degradation of mechanical properties after aging 500 hr in air at 260 C.

COINS: A composites information database system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Siddiqi, Shahid; Vosteen, Louis F.; Edlow, Ralph; Kwa, Teck-Seng

1992-01-01

An automated data abstraction form (ADAF) was developed to collect information on advanced fabrication processes and their related costs. The information will be collected for all components being fabricated as part of the ACT program and include in a COmposites INformation System (COINS) database. The aim of the COINS development effort is to provide future airframe preliminary design and fabrication teams with a tool through which production cost can become a deterministic variable in the design optimization process. The effort was initiated by the Structures Technology Program Office (STPO) of the NASA LaRC to implement the recommendations of a working group comprised of representatives from the commercial airframe companies. The principal working group recommendation was to re-institute collection of composite part fabrication data in a format similar to the DOD/NASA Structural Composites Fabrication Guide. The fabrication information collection form was automated with current user friendly computer technology. This work in progress paper describes the new automated form and features that make the form easy to use by an aircraft structural design-manufacturing team.

Rethinking Communication in Innovation Processes: Creating Space for Change in Complex Systems

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leeuwis, Cees; Aarts, Noelle

2011-01-01

This paper systematically rethinks the role of communication in innovation processes, starting from largely separate theoretical developments in communication science and innovation studies. Literature review forms the basis of the arguments presented. The paper concludes that innovation is a collective process that involves the contextual…

Monitoring of multiple solvent induced form changes during high shear wet granulation and drying processes using online Raman spectroscopy.

PubMed

Reddy, Jay Poorna; Jones, John W; Wray, Patrick S; Dennis, Andrew B; Brown, Jonathan; Timmins, Peter

2018-04-25

Form changes during drug product processing can be a risk to the final product quality in terms of chemical stability and bioavailability. In this study, online Raman spectroscopy was used to monitor the form changes in real time during high shear wet granulation of Compound A, a highly soluble drug present at a high drug load in an extended release formulation. The effect of water content, temperature, wet massing time and drying technique on the degree of drug transformation were examined. A designed set of calibration standards were employed to develop quantitative partial least square regression models to predict the concentration of each drug form during both wet granulation and the drying process. Throughout all our experiments we observed complex changes of the drug form during granulation, manifest as conversions between the initial non-solvated form of Compound A, the hemi-hydrate form and the "apparent" amorphous form (dissolved drug). The online Raman data demonstrate that the non-solvated form converts to an "apparent" amorphous form (dissolved drug) due to drug dissolution with no appearance of the hemi-hydrate form during water addition stage. The extent of conversion of the non-solvated form was governed by the amount of water added and the rate of conversion was accelerated at higher temperatures. Interestingly, in the wet massing zone, the formation of the hemi-hydrate form was observed at a rate equivalent to the rate of depletion of the non-solvated form with no change in the level of the "apparent amorphous" form generated. The level of hemi-hydrate increased with an increase in wet massing time. The drying process had a significant effect on the proportion of each form. During tray drying, changes in drug form continued for hours. In contrast fluid bed drying appeared to lock the final proportions of drug form product attained during granulation, with comparatively small changes observed during drying. In conclusion, it was possible to simultaneously monitor the three forms in real time during wet granulation and drying using online Raman spectroscopy. The results regarding the effect of process parameters on the degree of transformation are critical for designing a robust process that ensures a consistent form in the final drug product. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McHugh, K. M.; Key, J. F.

1994-06-01

Spray forming is a near- net- shape fabrication technology in which a spray of finely atomized liquid droplets is deposited onto a suitably shaped substrate or pattern to produce a coherent solid. The technology offers unique opportunities for simplifying materials processing, often while substantially improving product quality. Spray forming is applicable to a wide range of metals and nonmetals and offers property improvements resulting from rapid solidification (e.g., refined microstructures, extended solid solubilities, and reduced segregation). Economic benefits result from process simplification and the elimination of unit operations. Researchers at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) are developing spray forming technology for producing near- net- shape solids and coatings of a variety of metals, polymers, and composite materials using de Laval nozzles. This article briefly describes the atomization behavior of liquid metals in linear de Laval nozzles and illustrates the versatility of the process by summarizing results from two spray forming programs. In one program, low-carbon steel strip >0.75 mm thick was produced; in the other, polymer membranes ˜5 μm thick were spray formed.

Calculation of electromagnetic force in electromagnetic forming process of metal sheet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Da; Liu, Xuesong; Fang, Kun; Fang, Hongyuan

2010-06-01

Electromagnetic forming (EMF) is a forming process that relies on the inductive electromagnetic force to deform metallic workpiece at high speed. Calculation of the electromagnetic force is essential to understand the EMF process. However, accurate calculation requires complex numerical solution, in which the coupling between the electromagnetic process and the deformation of workpiece needs be considered. In this paper, an appropriate formula has been developed to calculate the electromagnetic force in metal work-piece in the sheet EMF process. The effects of the geometric size of coil, the material properties, and the parameters of discharge circuit on electromagnetic force are taken into consideration. Through the formula, the electromagnetic force at different time and in different positions of the workpiece can be predicted. The calculated electromagnetic force and magnetic field are in good agreement with the numerical and experimental results. The accurate prediction of the electromagnetic force provides an insight into the physical process of the EMF and a powerful tool to design optimum EMF systems.

The Use of the Nursing Process in Spain as Compared to the United States and Canada.

PubMed

Huitzi-Egilegor, Joseba Xabier; Elorza-Puyadena, Maria Isabel; Asurabarrena-Iraola, Carmen

2017-05-18

To analyze the development of the nursing method process in Spain, and compare it with the development in the United States and Canada. This is a narrative review. The teaching of the nursing process in nursing schools started in Spain as from 1977 and that it started being used in professional practice in the 1990's. The development, the difficulties, the nursing models used and its application form are discussed. The development of the nursing process in the United States and Canada started to happen in Spain about 15-20 years later and, today, is a reality. Cross-sectional studies are needed to determine the changes in the development of the nursing process in Spain. © 2017 NANDA International, Inc.

Spray-formed tooling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McHugh, K. M.; Key, J. F.

The United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) has formed a partnership with the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) to develop a process for the rapid production of low-cost tooling based on spray forming technology developed at the INEL. Phase 1 of the program will involve bench-scale system development, materials characterization, and process optimization. In Phase 2, prototype systems will be designed, constructed, evaluated, and optimized. Process control and other issues that influence commercialization will be addressed during this phase of the project. Technology transfer to USCAR, or a tooling vendor selected by USCAR, will be accomplished during Phase 3. The approach INEL is using to produce tooling, such as plastic injection molds and stamping dies, combines rapid solidification processing and net-shape materials processing into a single step. A bulk liquid metal is pressure-fed into a de Laval spray nozzle transporting a high velocity, high temperature inert gas. The gas jet disintegrates the metal into fine droplets and deposits them onto a tool pattern made from materials such as plastic, wax, clay, ceramics, and metals. The approach is compatible with solid freeform fabrication techniques such as stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and laminated object manufacturing. Heat is extracted rapidly, in-flight, by convection as the spray jet entrains cool inert gas to produce undercooled and semi-solid droplets. At the pattern, the droplets weld together while replicating the shape and surface features of the pattern. Tool formation is rapid; deposition rates in excess of 1 ton/h have been demonstrated for bench-scale nozzles.

Management of processes of electrochemical dimensional processing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Akhmetov, I. D.; Zakirova, A. R.; Sadykov, Z. B.

2017-09-01

In different industries a lot high-precision parts are produced from hard-processed scarce materials. Forming such details can only be acting during non-contact processing, or a minimum of effort, and doable by the use, for example, of electro-chemical processing. At the present stage of development of metal working processes are important management issues electrochemical machining and its automation. This article provides some indicators and factors of electrochemical machining process.

Children's episodic memory.

PubMed

Ghetti, Simona; Lee, Joshua

2011-07-01

Episodic memory develops during childhood and adolescence. This trajectory depends on several underlying processes. In this article, we first discuss the development of the basic binding processes (e.g., the processes by which elements are bound together to form a memory episode) and control processes (e.g., reasoning and metamemory processes) involved in episodic remembering. Then, we discuss the role of these processes in false-memory formation. In the subsequent sections, we examine the neural substrates of the development of episodic memory. Finally, we discuss atypical development of episodic memory. As we proceed through the article, we suggest potential avenues for future research. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 365-373 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.114 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

California State Library: Processing Center Design and Specifications. Volume I, System Description and Input Processing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sherman, Don; Shoffner, Ralph M.

The scope of the California State Library-Processing Center (CSL-PC) project is to develop the design and specifications for a computerized technical processing center to provide services to a network of participating California libraries. Immediate objectives are: (1) retrospective conversion of card catalogs to a machine-form data base,…

The neurophysiology of language processing shapes the evolution of grammar: evidence from case marking.

PubMed

Bickel, Balthasar; Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena; Choudhary, Kamal K; Schlesewsky, Matthias; Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Ina

2015-01-01

Do principles of language processing in the brain affect the way grammar evolves over time or is language change just a matter of socio-historical contingency? While the balance of evidence has been ambiguous and controversial, we identify here a neurophysiological constraint on the processing of language that has a systematic effect on the evolution of how noun phrases are marked by case (i.e. by such contrasts as between the English base form she and the object form her). In neurophysiological experiments across diverse languages we found that during processing, participants initially interpret the first base-form noun phrase they hear (e.g. she…) as an agent (which would fit a continuation like … greeted him), even when the sentence later requires the interpretation of a patient role (as in … was greeted). We show that this processing principle is also operative in Hindi, a language where initial base-form noun phrases most commonly denote patients because many agents receive a special case marker ("ergative") and are often left out in discourse. This finding suggests that the principle is species-wide and independent of the structural affordances of specific languages. As such, the principle favors the development and maintenance of case-marking systems that equate base-form cases with agents rather than with patients. We confirm this evolutionary bias by statistical analyses of phylogenetic signals in over 600 languages worldwide, controlling for confounding effects from language contact. Our findings suggest that at least one core property of grammar systematically adapts in its evolution to the neurophysiological conditions of the brain, independently of socio-historical factors. This opens up new avenues for understanding how specific properties of grammar have developed in tight interaction with the biological evolution of our species.

Preliminary Investigation of the Process Capabilities of Hydroforging

PubMed Central

Alzahrani, Bandar; Ngaile, Gracious

2016-01-01

Hydroforging is a hybrid forming operation whereby a thick tube is formed to a desired geometry by combining forging and hydroforming principles. Through this process hollow structures with high strength-to-weight ratio can be produced for applications in power transmission systems and other structural components that demands high strength-to-weight ratio. In this process, a thick tube is deformed by pressurized fluid contained within the tube using a multi-purpose punch assembly, which is also used to feed tube material into the die cavity. Fluid pressure inside the thick tube is developed by volume change governed by the movement of the punch assembly. In contrast to the conventional tube hydroforming (THF), the hydroforging process presented in this study does not require external supply of pressurized fluid to the deforming tube. To investigate the capability of hydroforging process, an experimental setup was developed and used to hydroforge various geometries. These geometries included hollow flanged vessels, hexagonal flanged parts, and hollow bevel and spur gears. PMID:28787840

Three Dimensional Optic Tissue Culture and Process

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

OConnor, Kim C. (Inventor); Spaulding, Glenn F. (Inventor); Goodwin, Thomas J. (Inventor); Aten, Laurie A. (Inventor); Francis, Karen M. (Inventor); Caldwell, Delmar R. (Inventor); Prewett, Tacey L. (Inventor); Fitzgerald, Wendy S. (Inventor)

1999-01-01

A process for artificially producing three-dimensional optic tissue has been developed. The optic cells are cultured in a bioireactor at low shear conditions. The tissue forms as normal, functional tissue grows with tissue organization and extracellular matrix formation.

Development of Alternative Technetium Waste Forms

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Czerwinski, Kenneth

2013-09-13

The UREX+1 process is under consideration for the separation of transuranic elements from spent nuclear fuel. The first steps of this process extract the fission product technicium-99 ({sup 99}Tc) into an organic phase containing tributylphosphate together with uranium. Treatment of this stream requires the separation of Tc from U and placement into a suitable waste storage form. A potential candidate waste form involves immobilizing the Tc as an alloy with either excess metallic zirconium or stainless steel. Although Tc-Zr alloys seem to be promising waste forms, alternative materials must be investigated. Innovative studies related to the synthesis and behavior ofmore » a different class of Tc materials will increase the scientific knowledge related to development of Tc waste forms. These studies will also provide a better understanding of the behavior of {sup 99}Tc in repository conditions. A literature survey has selected promising alternative waste forms for further study: technetium metallic alloys, nitrides, oxides, sulfides, and pertechnetate salts. The goals of this project are to 1) synthesize and structurally characterize relevant technetium materials that may be considered as waste forms, 2) investigate material behavior in solution under different conditions of temperature, electrochemical potential, and radiation, and 3) predict the long-term behavior of these materials.« less

A proposal for a drug product Manufacturing Classification System (MCS) for oral solid dosage forms.

PubMed

Leane, Michael; Pitt, Kendal; Reynolds, Gavin

2015-01-01

This paper proposes the development of a drug product Manufacturing Classification System (MCS) based on processing route. It summarizes conclusions from a dedicated APS conference and subsequent discussion within APS focus groups and the MCS working party. The MCS is intended as a tool for pharmaceutical scientists to rank the feasibility of different processing routes for the manufacture of oral solid dosage forms, based on selected properties of the API and the needs of the formulation. It has many applications in pharmaceutical development, in particular, it will provide a common understanding of risk by defining what the "right particles" are, enable the selection of the best process, and aid subsequent transfer to manufacturing. The ultimate aim is one of prediction of product developability and processability based upon previous experience. This paper is intended to stimulate contribution from a broad range of stakeholders to develop the MCS concept further and apply it to practice. In particular, opinions are sought on what API properties are important when selecting or modifying materials to enable an efficient and robust pharmaceutical manufacturing process. Feedback can be given by replying to our dedicated e-mail address (mcs@apsgb.org); completing the survey on our LinkedIn site; or by attending one of our planned conference roundtable sessions.

Dropwise additive manufacturing of pharmaceutical products for melt-based dosage forms.

PubMed

Içten, Elçin; Giridhar, Arun; Taylor, Lynne S; Nagy, Zoltan K; Reklaitis, Gintaras V

2015-05-01

The US Food and Drug Administration introduced the quality by design approach and process analytical technology guidance to encourage innovation and efficiency in pharmaceutical development, manufacturing, and quality assurance. As part of this renewed emphasis on the improvement of manufacturing, the pharmaceutical industry has begun to develop more efficient production processes with more intensive use of online measurement and sensing, real-time quality control, and process control tools. Here, we present dropwise additive manufacturing of pharmaceutical products (DAMPP) as an alternative to conventional pharmaceutical manufacturing methods. This mini-manufacturing process for the production of pharmaceuticals utilizes drop on demand printing technology for automated and controlled deposition of melt-based formulations onto edible substrates. The advantages of drop-on-demand technology, including reproducible production of small droplets, adjustable drop sizing, high placement accuracy, and flexible use of different formulations, enable production of individualized dosing even for low-dose and high-potency drugs. In this work, DAMPP is used to produce solid oral dosage forms from hot melts of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a polymer. The dosage forms are analyzed to show the reproducibility of dosing and the dissolution behavior of different formulations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.

Effects of Learning Style Profile of Team on Quality of Materials Developed in Collaborative Learning Processes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Erdem, Mukaddes

2009-01-01

The study described looks at the effects of learning style profile of teams on the quality of materials developed in a collaborative learning process. The study was carried out on collaborative teams of four or five university students, formed through learner preferences. Learning styles of the teams were determined using Kolb's Learning Styles…

Humanity and Environment Co-influence in the Shadow of Technological Convergence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ezdina, Natalya

2017-11-01

Today one of the most important issues is the search for controlled ways of sustainable development of civilization, society, and a human. Previously, the development of society was determined by natural and evolutionary factors based on the principle of natural selection of living organisms and populations. However, as social institutions are developing, the technological factors of development, determined by the ideas about this phenomenon - the special arrangement of productive forces and the need to protect or change the environment, began to appear. The end of the 20th century was marked by the realization of a new, universal form of economic and technological synthesis - convergence, which, in the process of developing science and improving technology, became so comprehensive and widespread that today it can be called the force that transforms the environment. In this regard, it is convergent technologies that become the focus and the basis for research of the processes uniting the main spheres of human activity - science, society and technology, which will lead to a new form of interaction with the environment, conditioned not only by scientific and technological changes and social factors, but also new organizational forms of their interaction.

Transforming paper-based assessment forms to a digital format: Exemplified by the Housing Enabler prototype app.

PubMed

Svarre, Tanja; Lunn, Tine Bieber Kirkegaard; Helle, Tina

2017-11-01

The aim of this paper is to provide the reader with an overall impression of the stepwise user-centred design approach including the specific methods used and lessons learned when transforming paper-based assessment forms into a prototype app, taking the Housing Enabler as an example. Four design iterations were performed, building on a domain study, workshops, expert evaluation and controlled and realistic usability tests. The user-centred design process involved purposefully selected participants with different Housing Enabler knowledge and housing adaptation experience. The design iterations resulted in the development of a Housing Enabler prototype app. The prototype app has several features and options that are new compared with the original paper-based Housing Enabler assessment form. These new features include a user friendly overview of the assessment form; easy navigation by swiping back and forth between items; onsite data analysis; and ranking of the accessibility score, photo documentation and a data export facility. Based on the presented stepwise approach, a high-fidelity Housing Enabler prototype app was successfully developed. The development process has emphasized the importance of combining design participants' knowledge and experiences, and has shown that methods should seem relevant to participants to increase their engagement.

Co-extrusion of semi-finished aluminium-steel compounds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thürer, S. E.; Uhe, J.; Golovko, O.; Bonk, C.; Bouguecha, A.; Klose, C.; Behrens, B.-A.; Maier, H. J.

2017-10-01

The combination of light metals and steels allows for new lightweight components with wear-resistant functional surfaces. Within the Collaborative Research Centre 1153 novel process chains are developed for the manufacture of such hybrid components. Here, the production process of a hybrid bearing bushing made of the aluminium alloy EN AW-6082 and the case-hardened steel 20MnCr5 is developed. Hybrid semi-finished products are an attractive alternative to conventional ones resulting from massive forming processes where the individual components are joined after the forming process. The actual hybrid semi-finished products were manufactured using a lateral angular co-extrusion (LACE) process. The bearing bushings are subsequently produced by die forging. In the present study, a tool concept for the LACE process is described, which renders the continuous joining of a steel rod with an aluminium tube possible. During the LACE process, the rod is fed into the extrusion die at an angle of approx. 90°. Metallographic analysis of the hybrid profile showed that the mechanical bonding between the different materials begins about 75 mm after the edge of the aluminium sheath. In order to improve the bonding strength, the steel rod is to be preheated during extrusion. Systematic investigations using a dilatometer, considering the maximum possible co-extrusion process parameters, were carried out. The variable parameters for the dilatometer experiments were determined by numerical simulation. In order to form a bond between the materials, the oxide layer needs to be disrupted during the co-extrusion process. In an attempt to better understand this effect, a modified sample geometry with chamfered steel was developed for the dilatometer experiments. The influence of the process parameters on the formation of the intermetallic phase at the interface was analysed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. This article, which was originally published online on 16 October 2017, contained an error in the press ratio, where 9:1 should be 6:1. The corrected ratio appears in the Corrigendum attached to the pdf.

Development of a procedure for forming assisted thermal joining of tubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Hui; Löbbe, Christian; Staupendahl, Daniel; Tekkaya, A. Erman

2018-05-01

With the demand of lightweight design in the automotive industry, not only the wall-thicknesses of tubular components of the chassis or spaceframe are continuously decreased. Also the thicknesses of exhaust system parts are reduced to save material and mass. However, thinner tubular parts bring about additional challenges in joining. Welding or brazing methods, which are utilized in joining tubes with specific requirements concerning leak tightness, are sensitive to the gap between the joining partners. Furthermore, a large joining area is required to ensure the durability of the joint. The introduction of a forming step in the assembled state prior to thermal joining can define and control the gap for subsequent brazing or welding. The mechanical pre-joint resulting from the previously described calibration step also results in easier handling of the tubes prior to thermal joining. In the presented investigation, a spinning process is utilized to produce force-fit joints of varying lengths and diameter reduction and form-fit joints with varying geometrical attributes. The spinning process facilitates a high formability and geometrical flexibility, while at the achievable precision is high and the process forces are low. The strength of the joints is used to evaluate the joint quality. Finally, a comparison between joints produced by forming with subsequent brazing and original tube is conducted, which presents the high performance of the developed procedure for forming assisted thermal joining.

Recapturing Graphite-Based Fuel Element Technology for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Trammell, Michael P; Jolly, Brian C; Miller, James Henry

ORNL is currently recapturing graphite based fuel forms for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP). This effort involves research and development on materials selection, extrusion, and coating processes to produce fuel elements representative of historical ROVER and NERVA fuel. Initially, lab scale specimens were fabricated using surrogate oxides to develop processing parameters that could be applied to full length NTP fuel elements. Progress toward understanding the effect of these processing parameters on surrogate fuel microstructure is presented.

Development of software for computing forming information using a component based approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ko, Kwang Hee; Park, Jiing Seo; Kim, Jung; Kim, Young Bum; Shin, Jong Gye

2009-12-01

In shipbuilding industry, the manufacturing technology> has advanced at an unprecedented pace for the last decade. As a result, many automatic systems for cutting, welding, etc. have been developed and employed in the manufacturing process and accordingly the productivity has been increased drastically. Despite such improvement in the manufacturing technology', however, development of an automatic system for fabricating a curved hull plate remains at the beginning stage since hardware and software for the automation of the curved hull fabrication process should be developed differently depending on the dimensions of plates, forming methods and manufacturing processes of each shipyard. To deal with this problem, it is necessary> to create a "plug-in ''framework, which can adopt various kinds of hardware and software to construct a full automatic fabrication system. In this paper, a frame-work for automatic fabrication of curved hull plates is proposed, which consists of four components and related software. In particular the software module for computing fabrication information is developed by using the ooCBD development methodology; which can interface with other hardware and software with minimum effort. Examples of the proposed framework applied to medium and large shipyards are presented.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vienna, John D.; Todd, Terry A.; Gray, Kimberly D.

The U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy has chartered an effort to develop technologies to enable safe and cost effective recycle of commercial used nuclear fuel (UNF) in the U.S. Part of this effort includes the evaluation of exiting waste management technologies for effective treatment of wastes in the context of current U.S. regulations and development of waste forms and processes with significant cost and/or performance benefits over those existing. This study summarizes the results of these ongoing efforts with a focus on the highly radioactive primary waste streams. The primary streams considered and the recommended waste formsmore » include: •Tritium separated from either a low volume gas stream or a high volume water stream. The recommended waste form is low-water cement in high integrity containers. •Iodine-129 separated from off-gas streams in aqueous processing. There are a range of potentially suitable waste forms. As a reference case, a glass composite material (GCM) formed by the encapsulation of the silver Mordenite (AgZ) getter material in a low-temperature glass is assumed. A number of alternatives with distinct advantages are also considered including a fused silica waste form with encapsulated nano-sized AgI crystals. •Carbon-14 separated from LWR fuel treatment off-gases and immobilized as a CaCO3 in a cement waste form. •Krypton-85 separated from LWR and SFR fuel treatment off-gases and stored as a compressed gas. •An aqueous reprocessing high-level waste (HLW) raffinate waste which is immobilized by the vitrification process in one of three forms: a single phase borosilicate glass, a borosilicate based glass ceramic, or a multi-phased titanate ceramic [e.g., synthetic rock (Synroc)]. •An undissolved solids (UDS) fraction from aqueous reprocessing of LWR fuel that is either included in the borosilicate HLW glass or is immobilized in the form of a metal alloy in the case of glass ceramics or titanate ceramics. •Zirconium-based LWR fuel cladding hulls and stainless steel (SS) fuel assembly hardware that are washed and super-compacted for disposal or as an alternative Zr purification and reuse (or disposal as low-level waste, LLW) by reactive gas separations. •Electrochemical process salt HLW which is immobilized in a glass bonded Sodalite waste form known as the ceramic waste form (CWF). •Electrochemical process UDS and SS cladding hulls which are melted into an iron based alloy waste form. Mass and volume estimates for each of the recommended waste forms based on the source terms from a representative flowsheet are reported.« less

ELECTROCHEMICAL REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES (ECRTS) DEMONSTRATION BULLETIN

EPA Science Inventory

The ElectroChemical Remediation Technologies (ECRTs) process was developed by P2-Soil Remediation, Inc. P-2 Soil Remediation, Inc. formed a partnership with Weiss Associates and ElectroPetroleum, Inc. to apply the technology to contaminated sites. The ECRTs process was evaluated ...

Using Theatric Pedagogy To Develop Social And Emotional Skills In Order To Improve Employability Of Engineering Students

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pertea, Alina; Grecu, Valentin

2015-07-01

This research is the result of intense concerns about the role of theater in society beyond the theater show, from the creative process of analysis and introspective psychological insight, to the side effects of theater as a form of expression of the individual, and reception, assimilation and processing of theatrical codes and messages. The paper focuses therefore on theatric pedagogy, the forming tools and the size of the theater, and its value as a means and as a didactic factor for personality stimulation and development, both in terms of form and content. To this end, there are presented both theoretical perspectives and an exploratory study, which aims to verify the applicability, usefulness and effectiveness of theatric pedagogy means as an additional training method to facilitate the integration of graduates in employment and a successful professional collaboration, in an industry mainly in the field of real profile

The Decontextualization of Form and Function in the Development of Pretence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bigham, Sally; Bourchier-Sutton, Alison

2007-01-01

Through the process of decontextualization, the behaviours and objects used in children's pretence become increasingly detached from their real-life contexts and uses (Flavell, 1985). However, whilst age-related changes in children's pretence have been reasonably well documented, the relationship between the decontextualization of form and…

Optimising the emergency to ward handover process: A mixed methods study.

PubMed

Bakon, Shannon; Millichamp, Tracey

2017-11-01

The effective handover of patient health data from the emergency department to other hospital units is integral for the continuity of patient care. Yet no handover process has been identified as superior to others within this context. This study within a regional Australian hospital employed mixed methods approach including focus groups and key stakeholder consultation to develop a handover form appropriate for patient transfer from the emergency department to a variety of clinical areas. Paper-based surveys and audits were then employed to evaluate the implementation and understand staff perceptions of the form. The implementation of a patient handover form within the emergency setting was well received. Participants indicated that the form is clear, well designed and easy to navigate. It provided prompts to standardise their clinical handover and increased their accountability and responsibility within this process. To deliver an optimal nursing handover from the emergency department to various wards handovers should be structured and provide standardised content. The positive reception and use of this form provides evidence that a structured handover process can ensure standardisation of emergency department to ward nursing handovers. Copyright © 2017 College of Emergency Nursing Australasia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The complete process of large elastic-plastic deflection of a cantilever

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Xiaoqiang; Yu, Tongxi

1986-11-01

An extension of the Elastica theory is developed to study the large deflection of an elastic-perfectly plastic horizontal cantilever beam subjected to a vertical concentrated force at its tip. The entire process is divided into four stages: I.elastic in the whole cantilever; II.loading and developing of the plastic region; III.unloading in the plastic region; and IV.reverse loading. Solutions for stages I and II are presented in a closed form. A combination of closed-form solution and numerical integration is presented for stage III. Finally, stage IV is qualitatively studied. Computed results are given and compared with those from small-deflection theory and from the Elastica theory.

Polymorphic Transformation of Indomethacin during Hot Melt Extrusion Granulation: Process and Dissolution Control.

PubMed

Xu, Ting; Nahar, Kajalajit; Dave, Rutesh; Bates, Simon; Morris, Kenneth

2018-05-10

To study and elucidate the effect of the intensity and duration of processing stresses on the possible solid-state changes during a hot melt extrusion granulation process. Blends of α-indomethacin and PEG 3350 (w/w 4:1) were granulated using various screw sizes/designs on the melt extruder under different temperature regimes. Differential Scanning Calorimetry and X-ray Powder Diffraction were employed for characterization. The dissolution behavior of the pure polymorphs and the resulting granules was determined using in-situ fiber optic UV testing system. An XRPD quantitation method using Excel full pattern fitting was developed to determine the concentration of each constituent (amorphous, α and γ indomethacin and PEG) in samples collected from each functioning zone and in granules. Analysis of in-process samples and granules revealed that higher temperature (≥130°C) and shear stress accelerated the process induced phase transitions from amorphous and/or the α form to γ indomethacin during heating stage. However, rapid cooling resulted in an increased percentage of the α form allowing isolation of the meta-stable form. By determining the conditions that either prevent or facilitate process induced transformations of IMC polymorphs during melt granulation, a design space was developed to control the polymorph present in the resulting granules. This represents the conditions necessary to balance the thermodynamic relationships between the polymorphs of the IMC system and the kinetics of the possible transformations as a function of the processing stresses.

Development program to produce mullite fiber insulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Long, W. G.

1975-01-01

Processing methods were utilized to form a mullite fiber-Kaowool felt. The formation of a blended felt using the Rotoformer wet-laying method was successful. Felt products were evaluated for tensile strength, thermal stability, thermal conductivity and structural integrity at 1259 C and 1371 C. Textile processing methods failed in an attempt to form a yarn from staple and multifilament mullite fiber due to fiber damage through mechanical handling. The refractoriness of pure Kaowool ceramic fiber is improved with additions of 30% or greater mullite fiber.

Sapping Features of the Colorado Plateau: a Comparative Planetary Geology Field Guide

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Howard, Alan D. (Editor); Kochel, R. Craig (Editor); Holt, Henry E. (Editor)

1987-01-01

This book is an attempt to determine geomorphic criteria to be used to distinguish between channels formed predominantly by sapping and seepage erosion and those formed principally by surface runoff processes. The geologic nature of the Colorado Plateau has resulted in geomorphic features that show similarities to some areas on Mars, especially certain valley networks within thick sandstone formations. Where spring sapping is an effective process, the valleys that develop are unique in terms of their morphology and network pattern.

Microhardness, Friction and Wear of SiC and Si3N4 Materials as a Function of Load, Temperature and Environment.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-10-01

microstructures which may be developed and finally to relate properties to structure and composition (28-31). Sialon materials are alloys of Si3N4 with oxides...techniques. The effects of specimen microstructure on indentation processes were determined by using materials formed by a wide range of fabrication...microhardness techniques. The effects of specimen microstructure on indentation processes were determined by using materials formed by a wide range of

Ethnocultural resistance to multicultural training: students and faculty.

PubMed

Jackson, L C

1999-02-01

Teaching diversity courses in mental health programs presents a unique set of issues for the faculty. These courses generate various forms of emotional reactions in students that could take the form of anger, silence, avoidance, and passivity. The purpose of this article is to specifically focus on the experience of students of color who find themselves in these courses and the various ways they respond. This learning process is often impeded by resistance because of the personal experiences of all students, but students of color experience a unique set of resistances in each stage of this process, either because of their own experience or because of a lack of experience with racism, racial and biracial identity development, cultural and bicultural identity, or acculturation issues. Resistance in the classroom interferes with the reciprocal communication between instructors and students and interferes with learning and the development of trust between instructors and students of color. Suggestions are made to help faculty to understand these resistances and to develop appropriate responses for working through the process.

Interim waste storage for the Integral Fast Reactor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Benedict, R.W.; Phipps, R.D.; Condiff, D.W.

1991-01-01

The Integral Fast Reactor (IFR), which Argonne National Laboratory is developing, is an innovative liquid metal breeder reactor that uses metallic fuel and has a close coupled fuel recovery process. A pyrochemical process is used to separate the fission products from the actinide elements. These actinides are used to make new fuel for the reactor. As part of the overall IFR development program, Argonne has refurbished an existing Fuel Cycle Facility at ANL-West and is installing new equipment to demonstrate the remote reprocessing and fabrication of fuel for the Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II). During this demonstration the wastes thatmore » are produced will be treated and packaged to produce waste forms that would be typical of future commercial operations. These future waste forms would, assuming Argonne development goals are fulfilled, be essentially free of long half-life transuranic isotopes. Promising early results indicate that actinide extraction processes can be developed to strip these isotopes from waste stream and return them to the IFR type reactors for fissioning. 1 fig.« less

High‐Volume Processed, ITO‐Free Superstrates and Substrates for Roll‐to‐Roll Development of Organic Electronics

PubMed Central

Hösel, Markus; Angmo, Dechan; Søndergaard, Roar R.; dos Reis Benatto, Gisele A.; Carlé, Jon E.; Jørgensen, Mikkel

2014-01-01

The fabrication of substrates and superstrates prepared by scalable roll‐to‐roll methods is reviewed. The substrates and superstrates that act as the flexible carrier for the processing of functional organic electronic devices are an essential component, and proposals are made about how the general availability of various forms of these materials is needed to accelerate the development of the field of organic electronics. The initial development of the replacement of indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) for the flexible carrier materials is described and a description of how roll‐to‐roll processing development led to simplification from an initially complex make‐up to higher performing materials through a more simple process is also presented. This process intensification through process simplification is viewed as a central strategy for upscaling, increasing throughput, performance, and cost reduction. PMID:27980893

Dysfunctional visual word form processing in progressive alexia

PubMed Central

Rising, Kindle; Stib, Matthew T.; Rapcsak, Steven Z.; Beeson, Pélagie M.

2013-01-01

Progressive alexia is an acquired reading deficit caused by degeneration of brain regions that are essential for written word processing. Functional imaging studies have shown that early processing of the visual word form depends on a hierarchical posterior-to-anterior processing stream in occipito-temporal cortex, whereby successive areas code increasingly larger and more complex perceptual attributes of the letter string. A region located in the left lateral occipito-temporal sulcus and adjacent fusiform gyrus shows maximal selectivity for words and has been dubbed the ‘visual word form area’. We studied two patients with progressive alexia in order to determine whether their reading deficits were associated with structural and/or functional abnormalities in this visual word form system. Voxel-based morphometry showed left-lateralized occipito-temporal atrophy in both patients, very mild in one, but moderate to severe in the other. The two patients, along with 10 control subjects, were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging as they viewed rapidly presented words, false font strings, or a fixation crosshair. This paradigm was optimized to reliably map brain regions involved in orthographic processing in individual subjects. All 10 control subjects showed a posterior-to-anterior gradient of selectivity for words, and all 10 showed a functionally defined visual word form area in the left hemisphere that was activated for words relative to false font strings. In contrast, neither of the two patients with progressive alexia showed any evidence for a selectivity gradient or for word-specific activation of the visual word form area. The patient with mild atrophy showed normal responses to both words and false font strings in the posterior part of the visual word form system, but a failure to develop selectivity for words in the more anterior part of the system. In contrast, the patient with moderate to severe atrophy showed minimal activation of any part of the visual word form system for either words or false font strings. Our results suggest that progressive alexia is associated with a dysfunctional visual word form system, with or without substantial cortical atrophy. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that functional MRI has the potential to reveal the neural bases of cognitive deficits in neurodegenerative patients at very early stages, in some cases before the development of extensive atrophy. PMID:23471694

Dysfunctional visual word form processing in progressive alexia.

PubMed

Wilson, Stephen M; Rising, Kindle; Stib, Matthew T; Rapcsak, Steven Z; Beeson, Pélagie M

2013-04-01

Progressive alexia is an acquired reading deficit caused by degeneration of brain regions that are essential for written word processing. Functional imaging studies have shown that early processing of the visual word form depends on a hierarchical posterior-to-anterior processing stream in occipito-temporal cortex, whereby successive areas code increasingly larger and more complex perceptual attributes of the letter string. A region located in the left lateral occipito-temporal sulcus and adjacent fusiform gyrus shows maximal selectivity for words and has been dubbed the 'visual word form area'. We studied two patients with progressive alexia in order to determine whether their reading deficits were associated with structural and/or functional abnormalities in this visual word form system. Voxel-based morphometry showed left-lateralized occipito-temporal atrophy in both patients, very mild in one, but moderate to severe in the other. The two patients, along with 10 control subjects, were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging as they viewed rapidly presented words, false font strings, or a fixation crosshair. This paradigm was optimized to reliably map brain regions involved in orthographic processing in individual subjects. All 10 control subjects showed a posterior-to-anterior gradient of selectivity for words, and all 10 showed a functionally defined visual word form area in the left hemisphere that was activated for words relative to false font strings. In contrast, neither of the two patients with progressive alexia showed any evidence for a selectivity gradient or for word-specific activation of the visual word form area. The patient with mild atrophy showed normal responses to both words and false font strings in the posterior part of the visual word form system, but a failure to develop selectivity for words in the more anterior part of the system. In contrast, the patient with moderate to severe atrophy showed minimal activation of any part of the visual word form system for either words or false font strings. Our results suggest that progressive alexia is associated with a dysfunctional visual word form system, with or without substantial cortical atrophy. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that functional MRI has the potential to reveal the neural bases of cognitive deficits in neurodegenerative patients at very early stages, in some cases before the development of extensive atrophy.

Factors influencing confidential unit exclusions in blood donors.

PubMed

Sümnig, A; Konerding, U; Kohlmann, T; Greinacher, A

2010-04-01

In many countries blood donors can exclude their donated blood from being transfused in a confidential unit exclusion (CUE) process. We aimed to identify characteristics which might influence the decision for CUE. In a 3-step approach we first enrolled 29 German blood donation centers in 2005 and addressed how the clarity of different CUE forms applied in these centers was rated by first time blood donors and also assessed three newly designed CUE forms. Second, we performed a survey on the characteristics of the CUE process including 25 centers. Third, we performed an intervention study, in which the CUE form originally applied in the study centre was compared with a newly developed CUE form in a before-after study design with respect to the corresponding CUE rates. (1) Clarity of the CUE forms varied considerably. (2) The CUE rate was higher (P < 0.05) when nurses rather than a physician were involved in informing the donors and when the CUE form was submitted anonymously instead of being handed to a person. (3) Application of the newly designed CUE form which was rated as being very clear resulted in a 31% decrease in the CUE rate. Design of the CUE form and characteristics of the CUE process may considerably influence the CUE rates.

Quenching and Partitioning Process Development to Replace Hot Stamping of High Strength Automotive Steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

De Moor, Emmanuel

The present project investigated Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) to process cold rolled steels to develop high strength sheet steels that exhibit superior ductility compared to available grades with the intent to allow forming of high strength parts at room temperature to provide an alternative to hot stamping of parts. Hot stamping of boron alloyed steel is the current technology to manufacture thinner gauge sections in automotive structures to guarantee anti-intrusion during collisions whilst improving fuel efficiency by decreasing vehicle weight. Hot stamping involves reheating steel to 900 °C or higher followed by deformation and quenching in the die to producemore » ultra-high strength materials. Hot stamping requires significant energy to reheat the steel and is less productive than traditional room temperature stamping operations. Stamping at elevated temperature was developed due to the lack of available steels with strength levels of interest possessing sufficient ductility enabling traditional room temperature forming. This process is seeing growing demand within the automotive industry and, given the reheating step in this operation, increased energy consumption during part manufacturing results. The present research program focused on the development of steel grades via Q&P processing that exhibit high strength and formability enabling room temperature forming to replace hot stamping. The main project objective consisted of developing sheet steels exhibiting minimum ultimate tensile strength levels of 1200 MPa in combination with minimum tensile elongation levels of 15 pct using Q&P processing through judicious alloy design and heat treating parameter definition. In addition, detailed microstructural characterization and study of properties, processing and microstructure interrelationships were pursued to develop strategies to further enhance tensile properties. In order to accomplish these objectives, alloy design was conducted towards achieving the target properties. Twelve alloys were designed and laboratory produced involving melting, alloying, casting, hot rolling, and cold rolling to obtain sheet steels of approximately 1 mm thickness. Q&P processing of the samples was then conducted. Target properties were achieved and substantially exceeded demonstrating success in the developed and employed alloy design approaches. The best combinations of tensile properties were found at approximately 1550 MPa with a total elongation in excess of 20 pct clearly showing the potential for replacement of hot stamping to produce advanced high strength steels.« less

Soft gelatin capsules (softgels).

PubMed

Gullapalli, Rampurna Prasad

2010-10-01

It is estimated that more than 40% of new chemical entities (NCEs) coming out of the current drug discovery process have poor biopharmaceutical properties, such as low aqueous solubility and/or permeability. These suboptimal properties pose significant challenges for the oral absorption of the compounds and for the development of orally bioavailable dosage forms. Development of soft gelatin capsule (softgel) dosage form is of growing interest for the oral delivery of poorly water soluble compounds (BCS class II or class IV). The softgel dosage form offers several advantages over other oral dosage forms, such as delivering a liquid matrix designed to solubilize and improve the oral bioavailability of a poorly soluble compound as a unit dose solid dosage form, delivering low and ultra-low doses of a compound, delivering a low melting compound, and minimizing potential generation of dust during manufacturing and thereby improving the safety of production personnel. However, due to the very dynamic nature of the softgel dosage form, its development and stability during its shelf-life are fraught with several challenges. The goal of the current review is to provide an in-depth discussion on the softgel dosage form to formulation scientists who are considering developing softgels for therapeutic compounds.

Monitoring the osseointegration process in porous Ti6Al4V implants produced by additive manufacturing: an experimental study in sheep.

PubMed

Kayacan, Mehmet C; Baykal, Yakup B; Karaaslan, Tamer; Özsoy, Koray; Alaca, İlker; Duman, Burhan; Delikanlı, Yunus E

2018-04-01

This study investigated the design and osseointegration process of transitive porous implants that can be used in humans and all trabecular and compact bone structure animals. The aim was to find a way of forming a strong and durable tissue bond on the bone-implant interface. Massive and transitive porous implants were produced on a direct metal laser sintering machine, surgically implanted into the skulls of sheep and kept in place for 12 weeks. At the end of the 12-week period, the Massive and porous implants removed from the sheep were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to monitor the osseointegration process. In the literature, each study has selected standard sizes for pore diameter in the structures they use. However, none of these involved transitional porous structures. In this study, as opposed to standard pores, there were spherical or elliptical pores at the micro level, development channels and an inner region. Bone cells developed in the inner region. Transitive pores grown gradually in accordance with the natural structure of the bone were modeled in the inner region for cells to develop. Due to this structure, a strong and durable tissue bond could be formed at the bone-implant interface. Osseointegration processes of Massive vs. porous implants were compared. It was observed that cells were concentrated on the surface of Massive implants. Therefore, osseointegration between implant and bone was less than that of porous implants. In transitive porous implants, as opposed to Massive implants, an outer region was formed in the bone-implant interface that allowed tissue development.

Development of a consensus core dataset in juvenile dermatomyositis for clinical use to inform research

PubMed Central

McCann, Liza J; Pilkington, Clarissa A; Huber, Adam M; Ravelli, Angelo; Appelbe, Duncan; Kirkham, Jamie J; Williamson, Paula R; Aggarwal, Amita; Christopher-Stine, Lisa; Constantin, Tamas; Feldman, Brian M; Lundberg, Ingrid; Maillard, Sue; Mathiesen, Pernille; Murphy, Ruth; Pachman, Lauren M; Reed, Ann M; Rider, Lisa G; van Royen-Kerkof, Annet; Russo, Ricardo; Spinty, Stefan; Wedderburn, Lucy R

2018-01-01

Objectives This study aimed to develop consensus on an internationally agreed dataset for juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), designed for clinical use, to enhance collaborative research and allow integration of data between centres. Methods A prototype dataset was developed through a formal process that included analysing items within existing databases of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. This template was used to aid a structured multistage consensus process. Exploiting Delphi methodology, two web-based questionnaires were distributed to healthcare professionals caring for patients with JDM identified through email distribution lists of international paediatric rheumatology and myositis research groups. A separate questionnaire was sent to parents of children with JDM and patients with JDM, identified through established research networks and patient support groups. The results of these parallel processes informed a face-to-face nominal group consensus meeting of international myositis experts, tasked with defining the content of the dataset. This developed dataset was tested in routine clinical practice before review and finalisation. Results A dataset containing 123 items was formulated with an accompanying glossary. Demographic and diagnostic data are contained within form A collected at baseline visit only, disease activity measures are included within form B collected at every visit and disease damage items within form C collected at baseline and annual visits thereafter. Conclusions Through a robust international process, a consensus dataset for JDM has been formulated that can capture disease activity and damage over time. This dataset can be incorporated into national and international collaborative efforts, including existing clinical research databases. PMID:29084729

Engineering-Scale Demonstration of DuraLith and Ceramicrete Waste Forms

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Josephson, Gary B.; Westsik, Joseph H.; Pires, Richard P.

2011-09-23

To support the selection of a waste form for the liquid secondary wastes from the Hanford Waste Immobilization and Treatment Plant, Washington River Protection Solutions (WRPS) has initiated secondary waste form testing on four candidate waste forms. Two of the candidate waste forms have not been developed to scale as the more mature waste forms. This work describes engineering-scale demonstrations conducted on Ceramicrete and DuraLith candidate waste forms. Both candidate waste forms were successfully demonstrated at an engineering scale. A preliminary conceptual design could be prepared for full-scale production of the candidate waste forms. However, both waste forms are stillmore » too immature to support a detailed design. Formulations for each candidate waste form need to be developed so that the material has a longer working time after mixing the liquid and solid constituents together. Formulations optimized based on previous lab studies did not have sufficient working time to support large-scale testing. The engineering-scale testing was successfully completed using modified formulations. Further lab development and parametric studies are needed to optimize formulations with adequate working time and assess the effects of changes in raw materials and process parameters on the final product performance. Studies on effects of mixing intensity on the initial set time of the waste forms are also needed.« less

Development of deep drawn aluminum piston tanks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Whitehead, J.C.; Bronder, R.L.; Kilgard, L.W.

1990-06-08

An aluminum piston tank has been developed for applications requiring lightweight, low cost, low pressure, positive-expulsion liquid storage. The 3 liter (183 in{sup 3}) vessel is made primarily from aluminum sheet, using production forming and joining operations. The development process relied mainly on pressurizing prototype parts and assemblies to failure, as the primary source of decision making information for driving the tank design toward its optimum minimum-mass configuration. Critical issues addressed by development testing included piston operation, strength of thin-walled formed shells, alloy choice, and joining the end cap to the seamless deep drawn can. 9 refs., 8 figs.

ODMSummary: A Tool for Automatic Structured Comparison of Multiple Medical Forms Based on Semantic Annotation with the Unified Medical Language System.

PubMed

Storck, Michael; Krumm, Rainer; Dugas, Martin

2016-01-01

Medical documentation is applied in various settings including patient care and clinical research. Since procedures of medical documentation are heterogeneous and developed further, secondary use of medical data is complicated. Development of medical forms, merging of data from different sources and meta-analyses of different data sets are currently a predominantly manual process and therefore difficult and cumbersome. Available applications to automate these processes are limited. In particular, tools to compare multiple documentation forms are missing. The objective of this work is to design, implement and evaluate the new system ODMSummary for comparison of multiple forms with a high number of semantically annotated data elements and a high level of usability. System requirements are the capability to summarize and compare a set of forms, enable to estimate the documentation effort, track changes in different versions of forms and find comparable items in different forms. Forms are provided in Operational Data Model format with semantic annotations from the Unified Medical Language System. 12 medical experts were invited to participate in a 3-phase evaluation of the tool regarding usability. ODMSummary (available at https://odmtoolbox.uni-muenster.de/summary/summary.html) provides a structured overview of multiple forms and their documentation fields. This comparison enables medical experts to assess multiple forms or whole datasets for secondary use. System usability was optimized based on expert feedback. The evaluation demonstrates that feedback from domain experts is needed to identify usability issues. In conclusion, this work shows that automatic comparison of multiple forms is feasible and the results are usable for medical experts.

Friction and lubrication modelling in sheet metal forming: Influence of lubrication amount, tool roughness and sheet coating on product quality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hol, J.; Wiebenga, J. H.; Carleer, B.

2017-09-01

In the stamping of automotive parts, friction and lubrication play a key role in achieving high quality products. In the development process of new automotive parts, it is therefore crucial to accurately account for these effects in sheet metal forming simulations. This paper presents a selection of results considering friction and lubrication modelling in sheet metal forming simulations of a front fender product. For varying lubrication conditions, the front fender can either show wrinkling or fractures. The front fender is modelled using different lubrication amounts, tool roughness’s and sheet coatings to show the strong influence of friction on both part quality and the overall production stability. For this purpose, the TriboForm software is used in combination with the AutoForm software. The results demonstrate that the TriboForm software enables the simulation of friction behaviour for varying lubrication conditions, i.e. resulting in a generally applicable approach for friction characterization under industrial sheet metal forming process conditions.

Space and Industrial Brine Drying Technologies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Harry W.; Wisniewski, Richard S.; Flynn, Michael; Shaw, Hali

2014-01-01

This survey describes brine drying technologies that have been developed for use in space and industry. NASA has long considered developing a brine drying system for the International Space Station (ISS). Possible processes include conduction drying in many forms, spray drying, distillation, freezing and freeze drying, membrane filtration, and electrical processes. Commercial processes use similar technologies. Some proposed space systems combine several approaches. The current most promising candidates for use on the ISS use either conduction drying with membrane filtration or spray drying.

An On-line Technology Information System (OTIS) for Advanced Life Support

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Levri, Julie A.; Boulanger, Richard; Hogan, John A.; Rodriquez, Luis

2003-01-01

OTIS is an on-line communication platform designed for smooth flow of technology information between advanced life support (ALS) technology developers, researchers, system analysts, and managers. With pathways for efficient transfer of information, several improvements in the ALS Program will result. With OTIS, it will be possible to provide programmatic information for technology developers and researchers, technical information for analysts, and managerial decision support. OTIS is a platform that enables the effective research, development, and delivery of complex systems for life support. An electronic data collection form has been developed for the solid waste element, drafted by the Solid Waste Working Group. Forms for other elements (air revitalization, water recovery, food processing, biomass production and thermal control) will also be developed, based on lessons learned from the development of the solid waste form. All forms will be developed by consultation with other working groups, comprised of experts in the area of interest. Forms will be converted to an on-line data collection interface that technology developers will use to transfer information into OTIS. Funded technology developers will log in to OTIS annually to complete the element- specific forms for their technology. The type and amount of information requested expands as the technology readiness level (TRL) increases. The completed forms will feed into a regularly updated and maintained database that will store technology information and allow for database searching. To ensure confidentiality of proprietary information, security permissions will be customized for each user. Principal investigators of a project will be able to designate certain data as proprietary and only technical monitors of a task, ALS Management, and the principal investigator will have the ability to view this information. The typical OTIS user will be able to read all non-proprietary information about all projects.Interaction with the database will occur over encrypted connections, and data will be stored on the server in an encrypted form. Implementation of OTIS will initiate a community-accessible repository of technology development information. With OTIS, ALS element leads and managers will be able to carry out informed technology selection for programmatic decisions. OTIS will also allow analysts to make accurate evaluations of technology options. Additionally, the range and specificity of information solicited will help educate technology developers of program needs. With augmentation, OTIS reporting is capable of replacing the current fiscal year-end reporting process. Overall, the system will enable more informed R&TD decisions and more rapid attainment of ALS Program goals.

Alternative Electrochemical Salt Waste Forms, Summary of FY11-FY12 Results

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Riley, Brian J.; Mccloy, John S.; Crum, Jarrod V.

2014-01-17

The Fuel Cycle Research and Development Program, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy, is currently investigating alternative waste forms for wastes generated from nuclear fuel processing. One such waste results from an electrochemical separations process, called the “Echem” process. The Echem process utilizes a molten KCl-LiCl salt to dissolve the fuel. This process results in a spent salt containing alkali, alkaline earth, lanthanide halides and small quantities of actinide halides, where the primary halide is chloride with a minor iodide fraction. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is concurrently investigating two candidate waste forms for themore » Echem spent-salt: high-halide minerals (i.e., sodalite and cancrinite) and tellurite (TeO2)-based glasses. Both of these candidates showed promise in fiscal year (FY) 2009 and FY2010 with a simplified nonradioactive simulant of the Echem waste. Further testing was performed on these waste forms in FY2011 and FY2012 to assess the possibility of their use in a sustainable fuel cycle. This report summarizes the combined results from FY2011 and FY2012 efforts.« less

Importance of material and friction characterisation for FE-aided process design of hybrid bevel gears

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Behrens, B.-A.; Bouguecha, A.; Bonk, C.; Matthias, T.

2017-10-01

Solid-forming components are often used in areas where they are subjected to very high loads. For most solid components locally divergent and sometimes contradictory requirements exist. Despite these contradictory requirements, almost exclusively monomaterials are nowadays used for the production of solid components. These components often reach their material-specific limits because of increasing demands on the products. Thus a significant increase in product quality and profitability would result from combining different materials in order to create tailored properties. In the Collaborative Research Center (CRC) 1153 "Tailored Forming" at the Leibniz Universität Hannover, this topic is investigated. The primary objective of the CRC 1153 is to develop and investigate new tailored manufacturing processes to produce reliable hybrid solid semi-finished components. In contrast to existing production processes of hybrid solid components, semi-finished workpieces in the CRC 1153 are joined before the forming phase. Thus, it will be possible to produce complex and highly stressable solid components made of different metals, which cannot be produced yet with the current used technologies. In this work the material and friction characteristics are investigated and the forming tool for the production of hybrid bevel gears made of different steel alloys (C22 and 41Cr4) is designed by numerical simulations. For this purpose, flow curves of both materials are determined by means of upsetting tests at process-related forming temperatures and strain rates. The temperature range for the forming process of the semi-finished product is determined by comparing the respective flow curves regarding similar flow stresses. Furthermore, the friction between the tool and the joining materials is investigated by means of ring upsetting tests at a process-relevant temperature. Finally, a stress analysis of the forming tools is carried out.

[Definition and stabilization of processes II. Clinical Processes in a Urology Department].

PubMed

Pascual, Carlos; Luján, Marcos; Mora, José Ramón; Diz, Manuel Ramón; Martín, Carlos; López, María Carmen

2015-01-01

New models in clinical management seek a clinical practice based on quality, efficacy and efficiency, avoiding variability and improvisation. In this paper we have developed one of the most frequent clinical processes in our speciality, the process based on DRG 311 or transurethral procedures without complications. Along it we will describe its components: Stabilization form, clinical trajectory, cost calculation, and finally the process flowchart.

Epsilon metal waste form for immobilization of noble metals from used nuclear fuel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crum, Jarrod V.; Strachan, Denis; Rohatgi, Aashish; Zumhoff, Mac

2013-10-01

Epsilon metal (ɛ-metal), an alloy of Mo, Pd, Rh, Ru, and Tc, is being developed as a waste form to treat and immobilize the undissolved solids and dissolved noble metals from aqueous reprocessing of commercial used nuclear fuel. Epsilon metal is an attractive waste form for several reasons: increased durability relative to borosilicate glass, it can be fabricated without additives (100% waste loading), and in addition it also benefits borosilicate glass waste loading by eliminating noble metals from the glass, thus the processing problems related to their insolubility in glass. This work focused on the processing aspects of the epsilon metal waste form development. Epsilon metal is comprised of refractory metals resulting in high alloying temperatures, expected to be 1500-2000 °C, making it a non-trivial phase to fabricate by traditional methods. Three commercially available advanced technologies were identified: spark-plasma sintering, microwave sintering, and hot isostatic pressing, and investigated as potential methods to fabricate this waste form. Results of these investigations are reported and compared in terms of bulk density, phase assemblage (X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis), and microstructure (scanning electron microscopy).

Modelling the drying of three-dimensional pulp moulded structures. Part II, Drying data obtained from flat panels using virgin and recycled paper fibre

Treesearch

John F. Hunt; Margit Tamasy-Bano; Heike Nyist

1999-01-01

A three-dimensional structural panel, called FPL Spaceboard, was developed at the USDA Forest Products Laboratory. Spaceboard panels have been formed using a variety of fibrous materials using either a wet- or dry-forming process. Geometrically, the panel departs from the traditional two-dimensional flat panel by integrally forming an array of perpendicular ribs and...

The advancement of a new human factors report--'The Unique Report'--facilitating flight crew auditing of performance/operations as part of an airline's safety management system.

PubMed

Leva, M C; Cahill, J; Kay, A M; Losa, G; McDonald, N

2010-02-01

This paper presents the findings of research relating to the specification of a new human factors report, conducted as part of the work requirements for the Human Integration into the Lifecycle of Aviation Systems project, sponsored by the European Commission. Specifically, it describes the proposed concept for a unique report, which will form the basis for all operational and safety reports completed by flight crew. This includes all mandatory and optional reports. Critically, this form is central to the advancement of improved processes and technology tools, supporting airline performance management, safety management, organisational learning and knowledge integration/information-sharing activities. Specifically, this paper describes the background to the development of this reporting form, the logic and contents of this form and how reporting data will be made use of by airline personnel. This includes a description of the proposed intelligent planning process and the associated intelligent flight plan concept, which makes use of airline operational and safety analyses information. Primarily, this new reporting form has been developed in collaboration with a major Spanish airline. In addition, it has involved research with five other airlines. Overall, this has involved extensive field research, collaborative prototyping and evaluation of new reports/flight plan concepts and a number of evaluation activities. Participants have included both operational and management personnel, across different airline flight operations processes. Statement of Relevance: This paper presents the development of a reporting concept outlined through field research and collaborative prototyping within an airline. The resulting reporting function, embedded in the journey log compiled at the end of each flight, aims at enabling employees to audit the operations of the company they work for.

On the exfoliating polymeric cellular dosage forms for immediate drug release.

PubMed

Blaesi, Aron H; Saka, Nannaji

2016-06-01

The most prevalent pharmaceutical dosage forms at present-the oral immediate-release tablets and capsules-are granular solids. Though effective in releasing drug rapidly, development and manufacture of such dosage forms are fraught with difficulties inherent to particulate processing. Predictable dosage form manufacture could be achieved by liquid-based processing, but cast solid dosage forms are not suitable for immediate drug release due to their resistance to fluid percolation. To overcome this limitation, we have recently introduced cellular dosage forms that can be readily prepared from polymeric melts. It has been shown that open-cell structures comprising polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG 8k) excipient and a drug exfoliate upon immersion in a dissolution medium. The drug is then released rapidly due to the large specific surface area of the exfoliations. In this work, we vary the molecular weight of the PEG excipient and investigate its effect on the drug release kinetics of structures with predominantly open-cell topology. We demonstrate that the exfoliation rate decreases substantially if the excipient molecular weight is increased from 12 to 100kg/mol, which causes the drug dissolution time to increase by more than a factor of ten. A model is then developed to elucidate the exfoliation behavior of cellular structures. Diverse transport processes are considered: percolation due to capillarity, diffusion of dissolution medium through the cell walls, and viscous flow of the saturated excipient. It is found that the lower exfoliation rate and the longer dissolution time of the dosage forms with higher excipient molecular weight are primarily due to the greater viscosity of the cell walls after fluid penetration. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Topographic Design of River Channels for Form-Process Linkages.

PubMed

Brown, Rocko A; Pasternack, Gregory B; Lin, Tin

2016-04-01

Scientists and engineers design river topography for a wide variety of uses, such as experimentation, site remediation, dam mitigation, flood management, and river restoration. A recent advancement has been the notion of topographical design to yield specific fluvial mechanisms in conjunction with natural or environmental flow releases. For example, the flow convergence routing mechanism, whereby shear stress and spatially convergent flow migrate or jump from the topographic high (riffle) to the low point (pool) from low to high discharge, is thought to be a key process able to maintain undular relief in gravel bedded rivers. This paper develops an approach to creating riffle-pool topography with a form-process linkage to the flow convergence routing mechanism using an adjustable, quasi equilibrium synthetic channel model. The link from form to process is made through conceptualizing form-process relationships for riffle-pool couplets into geomorphic covariance structures (GCSs) that are then quantitatively embedded in a synthetic channel model. Herein, GCSs were used to parameterize a geometric model to create five straight, synthetic river channels with varying combinations of bed and width undulations. Shear stress and flow direction predictions from 2D hydrodynamic modeling were used to determine if scenarios recreated aspects of the flow convergence routing mechanism. Results show that the creation of riffle-pool couplets that experience flow convergence in straight channels requires GCSs with covarying bed and width undulations in their topography as supported in the literature. This shows that GCSs are a useful way to translate conceptualizations of form-process linkages into quantitative models of channel form.

Waste management technology development and demonstration programs at Brookhaven National Laboratory

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kalb, Paul D.; Colombo, Peter

1991-01-01

Two thermoplastic processes for improved treatment of radioactive, hazardous, and mixed wastes were developed from bench scale through technology demonstration: polyethylene encapsulation and modified sulfur cement encapsulation. The steps required to bring technologies from the research and development stage through full scale implementation are described. Both systems result in durable waste forms that meet current Nuclear Regulatory Commission and Environmental Protection Agency regulatory criteria and provide significant improvements over conventional solidification systems such as hydraulic cement. For example, the polyethylene process can encapsulate up to 70 wt pct. nitrate salt, compared with a maximum of about 20 wt pct. for the best hydraulic cement formulation. Modified sulfur cement waste forms containing as much as 43 wt pct. incinerator fly ash were formulated, whereas the maximum quantity of this waste in hydraulic cement is 16 wt pct.

The development of the new Eureka process

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Watari, R.; Shoji, Y.; Ishikawa, T.

1987-01-01

Fuji Oil and Chiyoda have jointly developed this new Eureka (ET-II) process. It utilizes the unique technology of the original Eureka process, such as the injection of superheated steam into the reaction atmosphere and the handling of pitch in a molten state. It also combines a cracking heater with a high conversion rate and a single flow type reactor. In comparison with the original Eureka process, the advantages offered by the ET-II process are: Lower capital investment; lower operating cost; higher yield of lighter distillates. The cracked oil products can also be processed in secondary upgrading processes and the pitchmore » can then be utilized as a form of pitch water slurry fuel.« less

Forming electrical interconnections through semiconductor wafers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anthony, T. R.

1981-01-01

An information processing system based on CMOS/SOS technology is being developed by NASA to process digital image data collected by satellites. An array of holes is laser drilled in a semiconductor wafer, and a conductor is formed in the holes to fabricate electrical interconnections through the wafers. Six techniques are used to form conductors in the silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) wafers, including capillary wetting, wedge extrusion, wire intersection, electroless plating, electroforming, double-sided sputtering and through-hole electroplating. The respective strengths and weaknesses of these techniques are discussed and compared, with double-sided sputtering and the through-hole plating method achieving best results. In addition, hollow conductors provided by the technique are available for solder refill, providing a natural way of forming an electrically connected stack of SOS wafers.

Teacher Research as Continuous Process Improvement

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ellis, Charles; Castle, Kathryn

2010-01-01

Purpose: Teacher research (inquiry) has been characterized as practice improvement, professional development and action research, among numerous names and descriptions. The purpose of this paper is to support the case that teacher research is also a form of quality improvement known as continuous process improvement (CPI).…

Overview of superplastic forming research at ford motor company

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Friedman, P. A.; Luckey, S. G.; Copple, W. B.; Allor, R.; Miller, C. E.; Young, C.

2004-12-01

In an effort to reduce vehicle weight, the automotive industry has switched to aluminum sheet for many closure panels. Although the application of aluminum is compatible with existing manufacturing processes and has attractive qualities such as low density, good mechanical properties, and high corrosion resistance, it has less room-temperature formability than steel. The expanded forming limits that are possible with superplastic forming can significantly improve the ability to manufacture complex shapes from materials with limited formability. Aluminum closure panels produced by superplastic forming have been used by Ford Motor Company for over a decade. However, applications have been limited to low-volume, specialty vehicles due to the relatively slow cycle time and the cost penalty associated with the specially processed sheet alloys. While there has been substantial research on the superplastic characteristics of aluminum alloys, the bulk of this work has focused on the development of aerospace alloys, which are often too costly and perhaps inappropriate for automotive applications. Additionally, there has been a limited amount of work done to develop the technologies required to support the higher production volumes of the automotive industry. This work presents an automotive perspective on superplastic forming and an overview of the research being performed at Ford Motor Company to increase the production volume so superplastic forming can be cost competitive with more traditional forming technologies.

The Self-Regulating Brain: Cortical-Subcortical Feedback and the Development of Intelligent Action

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lewis, Marc D.; Todd, Rebecca M.

2007-01-01

To speak of cognitive regulation versus emotion regulation may be misleading. However, some forms of regulation are carried out by executive processes, subject to voluntary control, while others are carried out by "automatic" processes that are far more primitive. Both sets of processes are in constant interaction, and that interaction gives rise…

Functional ecomorphology: Feedbacks between form and function in fluvial landscape ecosystems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fisher, Stuart G.; Heffernan, James B.; Sponseller, Ryan A.; Welter, Jill R.

2007-09-01

The relationship between form and function has been a central organizing principle in biology throughout its history as a formal science. This concept has been relevant from molecules to organisms but loses meaning at population and community levels where study targets are abstract collectives and assemblages. Ecosystems include organisms and abiotic factors but ecosystem ecology too has developed until recently without a strong spatially explicit reference. Landscape ecology provides an opportunity to once again anneal form and function and to consider reciprocal causation between them. This ecomorphologic view can be applied at a variety of ecologically relevant scales and consists of an investigation of how geomorphology provides a structural template that shapes, and is shaped by ecological processes. Running water ecosystems illustrate several principles governing the interaction of landscape form and ecological function subsumed by the concept of "Functional Ecomorphology". Particularly lucrative are ecosystem-level interactions between geologic form and biogeochemical processes integrated by hydrologic flowpaths. While the utility of a flowpath-based approach is most apparent in streams, spatially explicit biogeochemical processing pervades all landscapes and may be of general ecological application.

Development of a stretched-membrane dish

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

1991-07-01

Solar Kinetics, Inc., successfully designed and constructed the optical element of a 7 m diameter stretched membrane dish as Task 2 of the second phase of a contract directed by Sandia National Laboratories. Earlier work on this project defined the configuration of the optical element and demonstrated the membrane forming process on 1.4- and 3.7 m diameter membranes. In Task 2, the membrane forming process was successfully scaled to 7 m in diameter, and an innovative hub-and-spoke structure optical element was fabricated. The slope error, as measured with Solar Kinetics' laser-ray-trace system, was within 3.6 mrad of a perfect parabola. Four major technical issues were successfully addressed in this work: (1) The technique of large-scale membrane forming was shown to be predictable, accurate, and repeatable. Three 7 m membranes were formed without any contoured tooling. (2) A tensioned hub-and-spoke structure was demonstrated to be practical to fabricate. This innovative structure, like a bicycle wheel, was shown to be very stiff. Optical effects from ring distortion were not apparent. (3) The use of field-replaceable, unattached polymer reflective membrane was demonstrated. This approach allows for the practical field replacement of the reflective membrane when it has degraded due to weathering. (4) A technique was developed and demonstrated to ship the formed membranes from the factory to the dish-installation site. This allows the critical forming of the membrane to be performed in a controlled factory environment, and the membrane then to be shipped using standard dimension shipping containers. This development further reduces manufacturing and installation costs of the completed dish. This effort indicates that the stretch membrane dish concept is a promising approach for solar concentration. The prototype optical element is a significant step in the development of the complete, full-sized dish.

Net Shape Spin Formed Cryogenic Aluminum Lithium Cryogenic Tank Domes for Lower Cost Higher Performance Launch Vehicles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Curreri, Peter A.; Hoffman, Eric; Domack, Marcia; Brewster, Jeb; Russell, Carolyn

2013-01-01

With the goal of lower cost (simplified manufacturing and lower part count) and higher performance (higher strength to weight alloys) the NASA Technical Maturation Program in 2006 funded a proposal to investigate spin forming of space launch vehicle cryogenic tank domes. The project funding continued under the NASA Exploration Technology Development Program through completion in FY12. The first phase of the project involved spin forming of eight, 1 meter diameter "path finder" domes. Half of these were processed using a concave spin form process (MT Aerospace, Augsburg Germany) and the other half using a convex process (Spincraft, Boston MA). The convex process has been used to produce the Ares Common Bulkhead and the concave process has been used to produce dome caps for the Space Shuttle light weight external tank and domes for the NASDA H2. Aluminum Lithium material was chosen because of its higher strength to weight ratio than the Aluminum 2219 baseline. Aluminum lithium, in order to obtain the desired temper (T8), requires a cold stretch after the solution heat treatment and quench. This requirement favors the concave spin form process which was selected for scale up. This paper describes the results of processing four, 5.5 meter diameter (upper stage scale) net shaped spin formed Aluminum Lithium domes. In order to allow scalability beyond the limits of foundry and rolling mills (about 12 foot width) the circular blank contained one friction stir weld (heavy lifter scales require a flat blank containing two welds). Mechanical properties data (tensile, fracture toughness, stress corrosion, and simulated service testing) for the parent metal and weld will also be discussed.

Processes and Procedures for Estimating Score Reliability and Precision

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bardhoshi, Gerta; Erford, Bradley T.

2017-01-01

Precision is a key facet of test development, with score reliability determined primarily according to the types of error one wants to approximate and demonstrate. This article identifies and discusses several primary forms of reliability estimation: internal consistency (i.e., split-half, KR-20, a), test-retest, alternate forms, interscorer, and…

Discovering Visual Scanning Patterns in a Computerized Cancellation Test

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Huang, Ho-Chuan; Wang, Tsui-Ying

2013-01-01

The purpose of this study was to develop an attention sequential mining mechanism for investigating the sequential patterns of children's visual scanning process in a computerized cancellation test. Participants had to locate and cancel the target amongst other non-targets in a structured form, and a random form with Chinese stimuli. Twenty-three…

Is There a Cognate Advantage for Typically Developing Spanish-Speaking English-Language Learners?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kelley, Alaina; Kohnert, Kathryn

2012-01-01

Purpose: Cross-linguistic cognates are words that share form and meaning in two languages (e.g., "helicopter-helicoptero"); translation equivalents are words that share meaning but not form (e.g., "house-casa"). Research consistently demonstrates a performance speed and/or accuracy advantage for processing cognates versus noncognates in bilingual…

Initial results of metal waste form development activities at ANL-West

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Keiser, D.D. Jr.; Westphal, B.R.; Hersbt, R.S.

1997-10-01

Argonne National Laboratory is developing a metal alloy to contain metallic waste constituents from the electrometallurgical treatment of spent nuclear fuel. This alloy will contain stainless steel (from stainless steel-clad fuel elements), {approximately}15 wt.% zirconium (from alloy fuel), fission products noble to the process (e.g., Ru, Pd, Tc, etc.), and minor amounts of actinides. The alloy will serve as a final waste form for these components and will be disposed of in a geologic repository. The alloy ingot is produced in an induction furnace situated in a hot cell using Ar cover gas. This paper discusses results from the meltingmore » campaigns that have been initiated at ANL-West to generate the metal waste form using actual process materials. In addition, metal waste form samples have been doped with Tc and selected actinides and are described in the context of how elements of interest partition between various phases in the alloy and how this distribution of elements in the alloy may affect the leaching behavior of the components in an aqueous environment. 3 refs.« less

Initial results of metal waste-form development activities at ANL-West

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Keiser, D.D. Jr.; Westphal, B.R.; Herbst, R.S.

1997-12-01

Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) is developing a metal alloy to contain metallic waste constituent residual from the electrometallurgical treatment of spent nuclear fuel. This alloy will contain stainless steel (from stainless steel-clad fuel elements), {approximately} 15 wt% zirconium (from alloy fuel), fission products noble to the process (e.g., ruthenium, palladium, technetium, etc.), and minor amounts of actinides. The alloy will serve as a final waste form for these components and will be disposed of in a geologic repository. The alloy ingot is produced in an induction furnace situated in a hot cell using argon cover gas. This paper discusses resultsmore » from the melting campaigns that have been initiated at ANL-West to generate the metal waste form using actual process materials. In addition, metal waste form samples have been doped with technetium and selected actinides and are described in the context of how elements of interest partition between various phases in the alloy and how this distribution of elements in the alloy may affect the leaching behavior of the components in an aqueous environment.« less

[Potential of cooperative learning in project development : Relevance of cooperative participation procedure for the further development of generation-appropriate accomodation in structurally weak rural areas].

PubMed

Kaufmann, Gerd; Frankenberg, Olga; Sommer, Ralf-Rüdiger; Jost, Annemarie

2017-04-01

A joint initiative of existing senior care organizations, the municipality of Meyenburg and the state of Brandenburg was further developed by affiliation of an institute of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg (ABV) in cooperation with members of the architecture and social work departments in 2014. A cooperative process between different players was central to create an appropriate structure of services for this region. Cooperative projects are necessary to establish new forms of generation-appropriate living and care concepts in rural areas. Cooperative learning methods are needed to develop new forms of generation-appropriate living and care concepts in rural areas, which take the diversity of elderly people, the rural context, intergenerational residential arrangements and affordable accommodation that meets the requirements of the social security system into account. Furthermore, the project had to reflect the recent developments of the German care insurance. The article describes the participatory methods, the coordination process and the resulting concept.

The Role of Elective Courses in Students' Professional Development: Foreign Experience

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Movchan, Larysa; Zarishniak, Inna

2017-01-01

The article considers the role of elective courses in professional development of students of economics. Modern European education is developing on the principles of democratization and humanization, where democratization implies the involvement of all agents/participants of the education process into forming its content and solving numerous…

Development of an Interdisciplinary Dysphagia Team in the Public Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Homer, Emily M.; Bickerton, Cheryl; Hill, Sherry; Parham, Lisa; Taylor, Darlene

2000-01-01

This article describes the development of a school-based dysphagia team (swallowing action team (SWAT)) in Louisiana. It addresses how the team was initially formed, the process of identifying students who were exhibiting a swallowing disorder, steps taken for staff development, and problems encountered in seeking administrative approval.…

Informal Spaces in Collaborations: Exploring the Edges/Boundaries of Professional Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lom, Essie; Sullenger, Karen

2011-01-01

Self-directed, informal learning is a less recognized and understood form of professional development. Researching informal learning is almost an oxymoron. The process of studying learning contexts, such as informal, self-directed professional development, raises new challenges for researchers. Gaining insights into self-directed professional…

The Practices of Existential Psychotherapists: Development and Application of an Observational Grid

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Correia, Edgar A.; Sartóris, Vítor; Fernandes, Tiago; Cooper, Mick; Berdondini, Lucia; Sousa, Daniel; Pires, Branca Sá; da Fonseca, João

2018-01-01

Within the major therapeutic paradigms, observational instruments have been developed to assess orientation-specific interventions or processes. However, to date, no such instrument exists to assess existential practices. Recent research indicates the key practices of existential therapists, and forms an empirical basis on which to develop an…

Development and validation of a protocol for optimizing the use of paraffin blocks in molecular epidemiological studies: The example from the HPV-AHEAD study.

PubMed

Mena, Marisa; Lloveras, Belen; Tous, Sara; Bogers, Johannes; Maffini, Fausto; Gangane, Nitin; Kumar, Rekha Vijay; Somanathan, Thara; Lucas, Eric; Anantharaman, Devasena; Gheit, Tarik; Castellsagué, Xavier; Pawlita, Michael; de Sanjosé, Silvia; Alemany, Laia; Tommasino, Massimo

2017-01-01

Worldwide use of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks (FFPE) is extensive in diagnosis and research. Yet, there is a lack of optimized/standardized protocols to process the blocks and verify the quality and presence of the targeted tissue. In the context of an international study on head and neck cancer (HNC)-HPV-AHEAD, a standardized protocol for optimizing the use of FFPEs in molecular epidemiology was developed and validated. First, a protocol for sectioning the FFPE was developed to prevent cross-contamination and distributed between participating centers. Before processing blocks, all sectioning centers underwent a quality control to guarantee a satisfactory training process. The first and last sections of the FFPEs were used for histopathological assessment. A consensus histopathology evaluation form was developed by an international panel of pathologists and evaluated for four indicators in a pilot analysis in order to validate it: 1) presence/type of tumor tissue, 2) identification of other tissue components that could affect the molecular diagnosis and 3) quality of the tissue. No HPV DNA was found in sections from empty FFPE generated in any histology laboratories of HPV-AHEAD consortium and all centers passed quality assurance for processing after quality control. The pilot analysis to validate the histopathology form included 355 HNC cases. The form was filled by six pathologists and each case was randomly assigned to two of them. Most samples (86%) were considered satisfactory. Presence of >50% of invasive carcinoma was observed in all sections of 66% of cases. Substantial necrosis (>50%) was present in <2% of samples. The concordance for the indicators targeted to validate the histopathology form was very high (kappa > 0.85) between first and last sections and fair to high between pathologists (kappa/pabak 0.21-0.72). The protocol allowed to correctly process without signs of contamination all FFPE of the study. The histopathology evaluation of the cases assured the presence of the targeted tissue, identified the presence of other tissues that could disturb the molecular diagnosis and allowed the assessment of tissue quality.

Cycle water chemistry based on film forming amines at power plants: evaluation of technical guidance documents

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dyachenko, F. V.; Petrova, T. I.

2017-11-01

Efficiency and reliability of the equipment in fossil power plants as well as in combined cycle power plants depend on the corrosion processes and deposit formation in steam/water circuit. In order to decrease these processes different water chemistries are used. Today the great attention is being attracted to the application of film forming amines and film forming amine products. The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) consolidated the information from all over the World, and based on the research studies and operating experience of researchers and engineers from 21 countries, developed and authorized the Technical Guidance Document: “Application of Film Forming Amines in Fossil, Combined Cycle, and Biomass Power Plants” in 2016. This article describe Russian and International technical guidance documents for the cycle water chemistries based on film forming amines at fossil and combined cycle power plants.

Forming Mandrels for X-Ray Mirror Substrates

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Blake, Peter N.; Saha, Timo; Zhang, Will; O'Dell, Stephen; Kester, Thomas; Jones, William

2011-01-01

Future x-ray astronomical missions, like the International X-ray Observatory (IXO), will likely require replicated mirrors to reduce both mass and production costs. Accurately figured and measured mandrels - upon which the mirror substrates are thermally formed - are essential to enable these missions. The challenge of making these mandrels within reasonable costs and schedule has led the Goddard and Marshall Space Flight Centers to develop in-house processes and to encourage small businesses to attack parts of the problem. Both Goddard and Marshall have developed full-aperture polishing processes and metrologies that yield high-precision axial traces of the finished mandrels. Outside technologists have been addressing challenges presented by subaperture CNC machining processes: particularly difficult is the challenge of reducing mid-spatial frequency errors below 2 nm rms. The end-product of this approach is a realistic plan for the economically feasible production of mandrels that meet program requirements in both figure and quantity.

Advanced Manufacturing and Value-added Products from US Agriculture

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Villet, Ruxton H.; Child, Dennis R.; Acock, Basil

1992-01-01

An objective of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agriculture Research Service (ARS) is to develop technology leading to a broad portfolio of value-added marketable products. Modern scientific disciplines such as chemical engineering are brought into play to develop processes for converting bulk commodities into high-margin products. To accomplish this, the extremely sophisticated processing devices which form the basis of modern biotechnology, namely, genes and enzymes, can be tailored to perform the required functions. The USDA/ARS is a leader in the development of intelligent processing equipment (IPE) for agriculture in the broadest sense. Applications of IPE are found in the production, processing, grading, and marketing aspects of agriculture. Various biotechnology applications of IPE are discussed.

Applying a punch with microridges in multistage deep drawing processes.

PubMed

Lin, Bor-Tsuen; Yang, Cheng-Yu

2016-01-01

The developers of high aspect ratio components aim to minimize the processing stages in deep drawing processes. This study elucidates the application of microridge punches in multistage deep drawing processes. A microridge punch improves drawing performance, thereby reducing the number of stages required in deep forming processes. As an example, the original eight-stage deep forming process for a copper cylindrical cup with a high aspect ratio was analyzed by finite element simulation. Microridge punch designs were introduced in Stages 4 and 7 to replace the original punches. In addition, Stages 3 and 6 were eliminated. Finally, these changes were verified through experiments. The results showed that the microridge punches reduced the number of deep drawing stages yielding similar thickness difference percentages. Further, the numerical and experimental results demonstrated good consistency in the thickness distribution.

Helping Standards Make the Grade.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Guskey, Thomas R.

2001-01-01

Educators can develop fair and accurate standards-based grading/reporting by switching to criterion-referenced grading practices; using differentiated criteria (denoting product, process, and progress); clarifying the purpose of each reporting tool; and developing a reporting form that identifies standards, facilitates interpretation, and…

Organogenesis in plants: initiation and elaboration of leaves

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Plant organs initiate from meristems and grow into diverse forms. After initiation, organs enter a morphological phase where they develop their shape, followed by differentiation into mature tissue. Investigations into these processes have revealed numerous factors necessary for proper development, ...

Development and Testing of High Surface Area Iridium Anodes for Molten Oxide Electrolysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shchetkovskiy, Anatoliy; McKechnie, Timothy; Sadoway, Donald R.; Paramore, James; Melendez, Orlando; Curreri, Peter A.

2010-01-01

Processing of lunar regolith into oxygen for habitat and propulsion is needed to support future space missions. Direct electrochemical reduction of molten regolith is an attractive method of processing, because no additional chemical reagents are needed. The electrochemical processing of molten oxides requires high surface area, inert anodes. Such electrodes need to be structurally robust at elevated temperatures (1400-1600?C), be resistant to thermal shock, have good electrical conductivity, be resistant to attack by molten oxide (silicate), be electrochemically stable and support high current density. Iridium with its high melting point, good oxidation resistance, superior high temperature strength and ductility is the most promising candidate for anodes in high temperature electrochemical processes. Several innovative concepts for manufacturing such anodes by electrodeposition of iridium from molten salt electrolyte (EL-Form? process) were evaluated. Iridium electrodeposition to form of complex shape components and coating was investigated. Iridium coated graphite, porous iridium structure and solid iridium anodes were fabricated. Testing of electroformed iridium anodes shows no visible degradation. The result of development, manufacturing and testing of high surface, inert iridium anodes will be presented.

Development and Testing of High Surface Area Iridium Anodes for Molten Oxide Electrolysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shchetkovskiy, Anatoliy; McKechnie, Timothy; Sadoway, Donald R.; Paramore, James; Melendez, Orlando; Curreri, Peter A.

2010-01-01

Processing of lunar regolith into oxygen for habitat and propulsion is needed to support future space missions. Direct electrochemical reduction of molten regolith is an attractive method of processing, because no additional chemical reagents are needed. The electrochemical processing of molten oxides requires high surface area, inert anodes. Such electrodes need to be structurally robust at elevated temperatures (1400-1600 C), be resistant to thermal shock, have good electrical conductivity, be resistant to attack by molten oxide (silicate), be electrochemically stable and support high current density. Iridium with its high melting point, good oxidation resistance, superior high temperature strength and ductility is the most promising candidate for anodes in high temperature electrochemical processes. Several innovative concepts for manufacturing such anodes by electrodeposition of iridium from molten salt electrolyte (EL-Form process) were evaluated. Iridium electrodeposition to form of complex shape components and coating was investigated. Iridium coated graphite, porous iridium structure and solid iridium anodes were fabricated. Testing of electroformed iridium anodes shows no visible degradation. The result of development, manufacturing and testing of high surface, inert iridium anodes will be presented.

Faster, Less Expensive Dies Using RSP Tooling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Knirsch, James R.

2007-08-01

RSP Tooling is an indirect spray form additive process that can produce production tooling for virtually any forming process and from virtually any metal. In the past 24 months a significant amount of research and development has been performed. This resulted in an increase in the basic metallurgical understanding of what transpires during the rapid solidification of the metal, significant improvements in the production machine up time, ceramic developments that have improved finish, process changes that have resulted in a shorter lead time for tool delivery, and the testing of many new alloys. RSP stands for Rapid Solidification Process and is the key to the superior metallurgical properties that result from the technology. Most metals that are sprayed in the process leave the machine with the same physical properties as the same metal normally achieves through heat treatment and in some cases the properties are superior. Many new applications are being pursued including INVAR tools for aerospace composite materials, and bimetallic tools made from tool steel and beryllium copper for die casting and plastic injection molding. Recent feasibility studies have been performed with tremendous success.

Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Formability of Materials in Hot Stamping and Cold Die Quenching Processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, N.; Mohamed, M. S.; Cai, J.; Lin, J.; Balint, D.; Dean, T. A.

2011-05-01

Formability of steel and aluminium alloys in hot stamping and cold die quenching processes is studied in this research. Viscoplastic-damage constitutive equations are developed and determined from experimental data for the prediction of viscoplastic flow and ductility of the materials. The determined unified constitutive equations are then implemented into the commercial Finite Element code Abaqus/Explicit via a user defined subroutine, VUMAT. An FE process simulation model and numerical procedures are established for the modeling of hot stamping processes for a spherical part with a central hole. Different failure modes (failure takes place either near the central hole or in the mid span of the part) are obtained. To validate the simulation results, a test programme is developed, a test die set has been designed and manufactured, and tests have been carried out for the materials with different forming rates. It has been found that very close agreements between experimental and numerical process simulation results are obtained for the ranges of temperatures and forming rates carried out.

Development of a high-yield via-last through silicon via process using notchless silicon etching and wet cleaning of the first metal layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Watanabe, Naoya; Kikuchi, Hidekazu; Yanagisawa, Azusa; Shimamoto, Haruo; Kikuchi, Katsuya; Aoyagi, Masahiro; Nakamura, Akio

2017-07-01

A high-yield via-last through silicon via (TSV) process has been developed using notchless Si etching and wet cleaning of the first metal layer. In this process, the notching was suppressed by optimizing the deep Si etching conditions and wet cleaning was performed using an organic alkaline solution to remove reaction products generated by the etchback step on the first metal layer. By this process, a number of small TSVs (TSV diameter: 6 µm TSV depth: 22 µm number of TSVs: 20,000/chip) could be formed uniformly on an 8-in. wafer. The electrical characteristics of small TSVs formed by this via-last TSV process were investigated. The TSV resistance determined by four-terminal measurements was approximately 24 mΩ. The leakage current between the TSV and the Si substrate was 2.5 pA at 5 V. The TSV capacitance determined using an inductance-capacitance-resistance (LCR) meter was 54 fF, while the TSV yield determined from TSV chain measurements was high (83%) over an 8-in. wafer.

A Systems Engineering Process Supporting the Development of Operational Requirements Driven Federations

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

A SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS DRIVEN FEDERATIONS Andreas Tolk & Thomas G. Litwin ...c. THIS PAGE unclassified Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 Tolk, Litwin and Kewley Executive Office (PEO...capabilities and their relative changes 1297 Tolk, Litwin and Kewley based on the system to be evaluated as well, in particular when it comes to

Comparison of Visual and Acoustic Emission Observations in a Four Point Bending Experiment on Barre Granite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Bing Qiuyi; Einstein, Herbert H.

2017-09-01

We present an experimental study in which a pre-notched specimen of Barre Granite was subjected to four point bending under crack mouth opening displacement control. The experimental observations consisted of load-displacement measurements, acoustic emissions, and photography on a macroscopic ( cm) as well as microscopic ( μm) scale. These observations were compared and analysed to better understand process zone development and crack propagation. Load-displacement data showed that the load reaches its maximum at crack initiation, and the machine input work is constant while the crack propagates. AE moment magnitudes between Mw = -6 to -10 were observed, and focal mechanisms consisted of both shear and tensile components. During process zone development, AE formed a large cloud of events located near the notch tip and then tended to occur away from the notch tip as the crack propagated. Image analysis at the microscopic scale showed that microcracks formed and coalesced during process zone development; specifically, the microcracks initiated in tension and then propagated as a series of en-echelon cracks. In general, the synthesis of the three observations showed that a wider bulb of activity at lower energy tended to occur during process zone development, while crack propagation tended to be more spatially concentrated and contained higher energy.

Materials Research for High Speed Civil Transport and Generic Hypersonics-Metals Durability

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schulz, Paul; Hoffman, Daniel

1996-01-01

This report covers a portion of an ongoing investigation of the durability of titanium alloys for the High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT). Candidate alloys need to possess an acceptable combination of properties including strength and toughness as well as fatigue and corrosion resistance when subjected to the HSCT operational environment. These materials must also be capable of being processed into required product forms while maintaining their properties. Processing operations being considered for this airplane include forming, welding, adhesive bonding, and superplastic forming with or without diffusion bonding. This program was designed to develop the material properties database required to lower the risk of using advanced titanium alloys on the HSCT.

Incipient flocculation molding: A new ceramic-forming technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arrasmith, Steven Reade

Incipient Flocculation Molding (IFM) was conceived as a new near-net-shape forming technique for ceramic components. It was hypothesized that the development of a temperature-dependent deflocculant would result in a forming technique that is flexible, efficient, and capable of producing a superior microstructure with improved mechanical properties from highly reactive, submicron ceramic powders. IFM utilizes a concentrated, nonaqueous, sterically stabilized ceramic powder and/or colloidal suspension which is injected into a non-porous mold. The suspension is then flocculated by destabilizing the suspension by lowering the temperature. Flocculation is both rapid and reversible. Cooling to -20°C produces a green body with sufficient strength for removal from the mold. The solvent is removed from the green body by evaporation. The dried green body is subsequently sintered to form a dense ceramic monolith. This is the first ceramic forming method based upon the manipulation of a sterically-stabilized suspension. To demonstrate IFM, the process of grafting polyethylene glycol (PEG), with molecular weights from 600 to 8000, to alumina powders was investigated. The maximum grafted amounts were achieved by the technique of dispersing the alumina powders in molten polymer at 195°C. The ungrafted PEG was then removed by repeated centrifuging and redispersion in fresh distilled water. The rheological behavior of suspensions of the PEG-grafted powders in water, 2-propanol and 2-butanol were characterized. All of the aqueous suspensions were shear thinning. The PEG 4600-grafted alumina powder aqueous suspensions were the most fluid. Sample rods and bars were molded from 52 vol% PEG-grafted alumina suspensions in 2-butanol. The best results were obtained with a preheated aluminum mold lubricated with a fluorinated oil mold-release. The samples were dried, sintered, and their microstructure and density were compared with sintered samples dry pressed from the same alumina powder. Densities and microstructures were quite similar to those obtained by dry pressing and sintering these powders. Dried green samples with densities of ca. 57% of theoretical sintered to >96% of theoretical density. This research has demonstrated IFM as a viable ceramic forming process which has potential to be developed into an industrial process. Further research is needed to determine preferred molding parameters, other possible polymer-solvent systems, and investigate the use of other ceramic powders. The concepts developed for IFM may have potential applications in other ceramic forming processes, such as extrusion and rapid prototyping.

Development of Solvent Extraction Approach to Recycle Enriched Molybdenum Material

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tkac, Peter; Brown, M. Alex; Sen, Sujat

2016-06-01

Argonne National Laboratory, in cooperation with Oak Ridge National Laboratory and NorthStar Medical Technologies, LLC, is developing a recycling process for a solution containing valuable Mo-100 or Mo-98 enriched material. Previously, Argonne had developed a recycle process using a precipitation technique. However, this process is labor intensive and can lead to production of large volumes of highly corrosive waste. This report discusses an alternative process to recover enriched Mo in the form of ammonium heptamolybdate by using solvent extraction. Small-scale experiments determined the optimal conditions for effective extraction of high Mo concentrations. Methods were developed for removal of ammonium chloridemore » from the molybdenum product of the solvent extraction process. In large-scale experiments, very good purification from potassium and other elements was observed with very high recovery yields (~98%).« less

Fabrication Of Carbon-Boron Reinforced Dry Polymer Matrix Composite Tape

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Belvin, Harry L.; Cano, Roberto J.; Treasure, Monte; Shahood, Thomas W.

1999-01-01

Future generation aerospace vehicles will require specialized hybrid material forms for component structure fabrication. For this reason, high temperature composite prepregs in both dry and wet forms are being developed at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC). In an attempt to improve compressive properties of carbon fiber reinforced composites, a hybrid carbon-boron tape was developed and used to fabricate composite laminates which were subsequently cut into flexural and compression specimens and tested. The hybrid material, given the designation HYCARB, was fabricated by modifying a previously developed process for the manufacture of dry polymer matrix composite (PMC) tape at LaRC. In this work, boron fibers were processed with IM7/LaRC(TradeMark)IAX poly(amide acid) solution-coated prepreg to form a dry hybrid tape for Automated Tow Placement (ATP). Boron fibers were encapsulated between two (2) layers of reduced volatile, low fiber areal weight poly(amide acid) solution-coated prepreg. The hybrid prepreg was then fully imidized and consolidated into a dry tape suitable for ATP. The fabrication of a hybrid boron material form for tow placement aids in the reduction of the overall manufacturing cost of boron reinforced composites, while realizing the improved compression strengths. Composite specimens were press-molded from the hybrid material and exhibited excellent mechanical properties.

Evaluation of laser ablation crater relief by white light micro interferometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gurov, Igor; Volkov, Mikhail; Zhukova, Ekaterina; Ivanov, Nikita; Margaryants, Nikita; Potemkin, Andrey; Samokhvalov, Andrey; Shelygina, Svetlana

2017-06-01

A multi-view scanning method is suggested to assess a complicated surface relief by white light interferometer. Peculiarities of the method are demonstrated on a special object in the form of quadrangular pyramid cavity, which is formed at measurement of micro-hardness of materials using a hardness gauge. An algorithm of the joint processing of multi-view scanning results is developed that allows recovering correct relief values. Laser ablation craters were studied experimentally, and their relief was recovered using the developed method. It is shown that the multi-view scanning reduces ambiguity when determining the local depth of the laser ablation craters micro relief. Results of experimental studies of the multi-view scanning method and data processing algorithm are presented.

Electroplating offers embrittlement protection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Daniels, C. M., Jr.

1970-01-01

Thin copper electrodeposited layer protects metal parts in environments with which they may be incompatible. Originally developed for main engine of Space Shuttle where high strength nickle alloy bellows must operate in high-pressure hydrogen, technique protects nickel and is unaffected by forming process or subsequent heat treatment and preinstallation processing.

A Novel Process Audit for Standardized Perioperative Handoff Protocols.

PubMed

Pallekonda, Vinay; Scholl, Adam T; McKelvey, George M; Amhaz, Hassan; Essa, Deanna; Narreddy, Spurthy; Tan, Jens; Templonuevo, Mark; Ramirez, Sasha; Petrovic, Michelle A

2017-11-01

A perioperative handoff protocol provides a standardized delivery of communication during a handoff that occurs from the operating room to the postanestheisa care unit or ICU. The protocol's success is dependent, in part, on its continued proper use over time. A novel process audit was developed to help ensure that a perioperative handoff protocol is used accurately and appropriately over time. The Audit Observation Form is used for the Audit Phase of the process audit, while the Audit Averages Form is used for the Data Analysis Phase. Employing minimal resources and using quantitative methods, the process audit provides the necessary means to evaluate the proper execution of any perioperative handoff protocol. Copyright © 2017 The Joint Commission. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Operational Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Initiation Forecasting Utilizing S-Band Dual-Polarization Radar

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-27

launch. This puts KSC space launch operations at high risk to lightning producing storms that can form in as little as 20-30 minutes in the summer...Convective Development of a Single-Cell Thunderstorm Thunderstorms can form due to multiple processes including low level convergence, thermal convection...single-cell thunderstorm is defined as an isolated cumulonimbus cloud that forms within an unstable airmass under conditions of weak vertical wind

Melt processed crystalline ceramic waste forms for advanced nuclear fuel cycles: CRP T21027 1813: Processing technologies for high level waste, formulation of matrices and characterization of waste forms, task 17208: Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Amoroso, J. W.; Marra, J. C.

2015-08-26

A multi-phase ceramic waste form is being developed at the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) for treatment of secondary waste streams generated by reprocessing commercial spent nuclear. The envisioned waste stream contains a mixture of transition, alkali, alkaline earth, and lanthanide metals. Ceramic waste forms are tailored (engineered) to incorporate waste components as part of their crystal structure based on knowledge from naturally found minerals containing radioactive and non-radioactive species similar to the radionuclides of concern in wastes from fuel reprocessing. The ability to tailor ceramics to mimic naturally occurring crystals substantiates the long term stability of such crystals (ceramics)more » over geologic timescales of interest for nuclear waste immobilization [1]. A durable multi-phase ceramic waste form tailored to incorporate all the waste components has the potential to broaden the available disposal options and thus minimize the storage and disposal costs associated with aqueous reprocessing. This report summarizes results from three years of work on the IAEA Coordinated Research Project on “Processing technologies for high level waste, formulation of matrices and characterization of waste forms” (T21027), and specific task “Melt Processed Crystalline Ceramic Waste Forms for Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycles” (17208).« less

Melt processed crystalline ceramic waste forms for advanced nuclear fuel cycles: CRP T21027 1813: Processing technologies for high level waste, formulation of matrices and characterization of waste forms, Task 17208: Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Amoroso, J. W.; Marra, J. C.

2015-08-26

A multi-phase ceramic waste form is being developed at the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) for treatment of secondary waste streams generated by reprocessing commercial spent nuclear. The envisioned waste stream contains a mixture of transition, alkali, alkaline earth, and lanthanide metals. Ceramic waste forms are tailored (engineered) to incorporate waste components as part of their crystal structure based on knowledge from naturally found minerals containing radioactive and non-radioactive species similar to the radionuclides of concern in wastes from fuel reprocessing. The ability to tailor ceramics to mimic naturally occurring crystals substantiates the long term stability of such crystals (ceramics)more » over geologic timescales of interest for nuclear waste immobilization [1]. A durable multi-phase ceramic waste form tailored to incorporate all the waste components has the potential to broaden the available disposal options and thus minimize the storage and disposal costs associated with aqueous reprocessing. This report summarizes results from three years of work on the IAEA Coordinated Research Project on “Processing technologies for high level waste, formulation of matrices and characterization of waste forms” (T21027), and specific task “Melt Processed Crystalline Ceramic Waste Forms for Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycles” (17208).« less

Size-dependent variation in plant form.

PubMed

Niklas, Karl J; Cobb, Edward D

2017-09-11

The study of organic form has a long and distinguished history going at least as far back as Aristotle's Historia Anima¯lium, wherein he identified five basic biological processes that define the forms of animals (metabolism, temperature regulation, information processing, embryo development, and inheritance). Unfortunately, all of Aristotle's writings about plant forms are lost. We know of them only indirectly from his student Theophrastus's companion books, collectively called Historia Plantarum, wherein plant forms are categorized into annual herbs, herbaceous perennials, shrubs, and trees. The study of plant forms did not truly begin until the romantic poet and naturalist Goethe proposed the concept of a hypothetical 'Plant Archetype', declared "Alles ist Blatt", and first coined the word morphologie, which inspired the French anatomist Cuvier (who established the field of comparative morphology), the English naturalist Darwin (who saw his theory of evolution reinforced by it), and the Scottish mathematician D'Arcy Thompson (who attempted to quantify it). Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

EFG Ribbon Technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schwirtlich, I. A.

Since the beginning of solar cell development based on crystalline silicon, there have been efforts to produce wafers directly from the melt instead of through crystallization of ingots. Ingots require slicing into the blocs and wafers which form the basis of solar cells. In the last 30 years, several dozen processes have been published that describe a variety of concepts. Only few of these processes could be developed to an acceptable degree of technical maturity. Among those successful technologies are the Dendritic Web process, the Edge Supported Pulling (ESP) process and the Edge-Defined-Film-Fed-Growth (EFG) process. The EFG Process was originally developed by Mobil Solar and, since the mid-1990s, belongs to SCHOTT Solar GmbH and its predecessors, respectively. The Ribbon Growth on Substrate (RGS) process was originally developed by Bayer AG and is now in a pilot project at the ECN, Petten. Considering the past 20 to 30 years, the EFG process has reached the most advanced state in terms of industrialization.

Implementation of virtual models from sheet metal forming simulation into physical 3D colour models using 3D printing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Junk, S.

2016-08-01

Today the methods of numerical simulation of sheet metal forming offer a great diversity of possibilities for optimization in product development and in process design. However, the results from simulation are only available as virtual models. Because there are any forming tools available during the early stages of product development, physical models that could serve to represent the virtual results are therefore lacking. Physical 3D-models can be created using 3D-printing and serve as an illustration and present a better understanding of the simulation results. In this way, the results from the simulation can be made more “comprehensible” within a development team. This paper presents the possibilities of 3D-colour printing with particular consideration of the requirements regarding the implementation of sheet metal forming simulation. Using concrete examples of sheet metal forming, the manufacturing of 3D colour models will be expounded upon on the basis of simulation results.

Future Of Visual Entertainment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dryer, Ivan

1983-10-01

The development of new visual entertainment forms has and will continue to have a powerful impact on the direction of our society. Foremost among these new forms will be the Holo's--moving Holographic images of anything imaginable, projected in mid air (a room, a dome) and so lifelike they are virtually indistinguishable from "reality". The Holo's and space development will ultimately transform entertainment and in the process, humanity, too. Meanwhile, the seeds of these changes are now being planted in entertainment trends and innovations whose implications are just beginning to emerge.

Advanced Antireflection Coatings for High-Performance Solar Energy Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pan, Noren

2015-01-01

Phase II objectives: Develop and refine antireflection coatings incorporating lanthanum titanate as an intermediate refractive index material; Investigate wet/dry thermal oxidation of aluminum containing semiconductor compounds as a means of forming a more transparent window layer with equal or better optical properties than its unoxidized form; Develop a fabrication process that allows integration of the oxidized window layer and maintains the necessary electrical properties for contacting the solar cell; Conduct an experimental demonstration of the best candidates for improved antireflection coatings.

The development of structure in the expanding universe

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Silk, J.; White, S. D.

1978-01-01

A model for clustering in an expanding universe is developed based on an application of the coagulation equation to the collision and aggregation of bound condensations. While the growth rate of clustering is determined by the rate at which density fluctuations reach the nonlinear regime and therefore depends on the initial fluctuation spectrum, the mass spectrum rapidly approaches a self-similar limiting form. This form is determined by the tidal processes which lead to the merging of condensations, and is not dependent on initial conditions.

3D-Printed Transparent Glass

DOE PAGES

Nguyen, Du T.; Meyers, Cameron; Yee, Timothy D.; ...

2017-04-28

In this study, silica inks are developed, which may be 3D printed and thermally processed to produce optically transparent glass structures with sub-millimeter features in forms ranging from scaffolds to monoliths. The inks are composed of silica powder suspended in a liquid and are printed using direct ink writing. The printed structures are then dried and sintered at temperatures well below the silica melting point to form amorphous, solid, transparent glass structures. This technique enables the mold-free formation of transparent glass structures previously inaccessible using conventional glass fabrication processes.

3D-Printed Transparent Glass

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nguyen, Du T.; Meyers, Cameron; Yee, Timothy D.

In this study, silica inks are developed, which may be 3D printed and thermally processed to produce optically transparent glass structures with sub-millimeter features in forms ranging from scaffolds to monoliths. The inks are composed of silica powder suspended in a liquid and are printed using direct ink writing. The printed structures are then dried and sintered at temperatures well below the silica melting point to form amorphous, solid, transparent glass structures. This technique enables the mold-free formation of transparent glass structures previously inaccessible using conventional glass fabrication processes.

Fluorine-Based DRIE of Fused Silica

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yee, Karl; Shcheglov, Kirill; Li, Jian; Choi, Daniel

2007-01-01

A process of deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) using a fluorine-based gas mixture enhanced by induction-coupled plasma (ICP) has been demonstrated to be effective in forming high-aspect-ratio three-dimensional patterns in fused silica. The patterns are defined in part by an etch mask in the form of a thick, high-quality aluminum film. The process was developed to satisfy a need to fabricate high-aspect-ratio fused-silica resonators for vibratory microgyroscopes, and could be used to satisfy similar requirements for fabricating other fused-silica components.

Effects of early focal brain injury on memory for visuospatial patterns: selective deficits of global-local processing.

PubMed

Stiles, Joan; Stern, Catherine; Appelbaum, Mark; Nass, Ruth; Trauner, Doris; Hesselink, John

2008-01-01

Selective deficits in visuospatial processing are present early in development among children with perinatal focal brain lesions (PL). Children with right hemisphere PL (RPL) are impaired in configural processing, while children with left hemisphere PL (LPL) are impaired in featural processing. Deficits associated with LPL are less pervasive than those observed with RPL, but this difference may reflect the structure of the tasks used for assessment. Many of the tasks used to date may place greater demands on configural processing, thus highlighting this deficit in the RPL group. This study employed a task designed to place comparable demands on configural and featural processing, providing the opportunity to obtain within-task evidence of differential deficit. Sixty-two 5- to 14-year-old children (19 RPL, 19 LPL, and 24 matched controls) reproduced from memory a series of hierarchical forms (large forms composed of small forms). Global- and local-level reproduction accuracy was scored. Controls were equally accurate on global- and local-level reproduction. Children with RPL were selectively impaired on global accuracy, and children with LPL on local accuracy, thus documenting a double dissociation in global-local processing.

An approach to develop an algorithm to detect the climbing height in radial-axial ring rolling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Husmann, Simon; Hohmann, Magnus; Kuhlenkötter, Bernd

2017-10-01

Radial-axial ring rolling is the mainly used forming process to produce seamless rings, which are applied in miscellaneous industries like the energy sector, the aerospace technology or in the automotive industry. Due to the simultaneously forming in two opposite rolling gaps and the fact that ring rolling is a mass forming process, different errors could occur during the rolling process. Ring climbing is one of the most occurring process errors leading to a distortion of the ring's cross section and a deformation of the rings geometry. The conventional sensors of a radial-axial rolling machine could not detect this error. Therefore, it is a common strategy to roll a slightly bigger ring, so that random occurring process errors could be reduce afterwards by removing the additional material. The LPS installed an image processing system to the radial rolling gap of their ring rolling machine to enable the recognition and measurement of climbing rings and by this, to reduce the additional material. This paper presents the algorithm which enables the image processing system to detect the error of a climbing ring and ensures comparable reliable results for the measurement of the climbing height of the rings.

Development of a Prototype Model-Form Uncertainty Knowledge Base

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Green, Lawrence L.

2016-01-01

Uncertainties are generally classified as either aleatory or epistemic. Aleatory uncertainties are those attributed to random variation, either naturally or through manufacturing processes. Epistemic uncertainties are generally attributed to a lack of knowledge. One type of epistemic uncertainty is called model-form uncertainty. The term model-form means that among the choices to be made during a design process within an analysis, there are different forms of the analysis process, which each give different results for the same configuration at the same flight conditions. Examples of model-form uncertainties include the grid density, grid type, and solver type used within a computational fluid dynamics code, or the choice of the number and type of model elements within a structures analysis. The objectives of this work are to identify and quantify a representative set of model-form uncertainties and to make this information available to designers through an interactive knowledge base (KB). The KB can then be used during probabilistic design sessions, so as to enable the possible reduction of uncertainties in the design process through resource investment. An extensive literature search has been conducted to identify and quantify typical model-form uncertainties present within aerospace design. An initial attempt has been made to assemble the results of this literature search into a searchable KB, usable in real time during probabilistic design sessions. A concept of operations and the basic structure of a model-form uncertainty KB are described. Key operations within the KB are illustrated. Current limitations in the KB, and possible workarounds are explained.

ODMSummary: A Tool for Automatic Structured Comparison of Multiple Medical Forms Based on Semantic Annotation with the Unified Medical Language System

PubMed Central

Krumm, Rainer; Dugas, Martin

2016-01-01

Introduction Medical documentation is applied in various settings including patient care and clinical research. Since procedures of medical documentation are heterogeneous and developed further, secondary use of medical data is complicated. Development of medical forms, merging of data from different sources and meta-analyses of different data sets are currently a predominantly manual process and therefore difficult and cumbersome. Available applications to automate these processes are limited. In particular, tools to compare multiple documentation forms are missing. The objective of this work is to design, implement and evaluate the new system ODMSummary for comparison of multiple forms with a high number of semantically annotated data elements and a high level of usability. Methods System requirements are the capability to summarize and compare a set of forms, enable to estimate the documentation effort, track changes in different versions of forms and find comparable items in different forms. Forms are provided in Operational Data Model format with semantic annotations from the Unified Medical Language System. 12 medical experts were invited to participate in a 3-phase evaluation of the tool regarding usability. Results ODMSummary (available at https://odmtoolbox.uni-muenster.de/summary/summary.html) provides a structured overview of multiple forms and their documentation fields. This comparison enables medical experts to assess multiple forms or whole datasets for secondary use. System usability was optimized based on expert feedback. Discussion The evaluation demonstrates that feedback from domain experts is needed to identify usability issues. In conclusion, this work shows that automatic comparison of multiple forms is feasible and the results are usable for medical experts. PMID:27736972

Alternative High-Performance Ceramic Waste Forms

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sundaram, S. K.

This final report (M5NU-12-NY-AU # 0202-0410) summarizes the results of the project titled “Alternative High-Performance Ceramic Waste Forms,” funded in FY12 by the Nuclear Energy University Program (NEUP Project # 12-3809) being led by Alfred University in collaboration with Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL). The overall focus of the project is to advance fundamental understanding of crystalline ceramic waste forms and to demonstrate their viability as alternative waste forms to borosilicate glasses. We processed single- and multiphase hollandite waste forms based on simulated waste streams compositions provided by SRNL based on the advanced fuel cycle initiative (AFCI) aqueous separation process developed in the Fuel Cycle Research and Development (FCR&D). For multiphase simulated waste forms, oxide and carbonate precursors were mixed together via ball milling with deionized water using zirconia media in a polyethylene jar for 2 h. The slurry was dried overnight and then separated from the media. The blended powders were then subjected to melting or spark plasma sintering (SPS) processes. Microstructural evolution and phase assemblages of these samples were studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion analysis of x-rays (EDAX), wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS), transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM), selective area x-ray diffraction (SAXD), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). These results showed that the processing methods have significant effect on the microstructure and thus the performance of these waste forms. The Ce substitution into zirconolite and pyrochlore materials was investigated using a combination of experimental (in situ XRD and x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES)) and modeling techniques to study these single phases independently. In zirconolite materials, a transition from the 2M to the 4M polymorph was observed with increasing Ce content. The resulting powders were consolidated via SPS. Ce was reduced to the trivalent oxidation state and the zirconolite was converted into undesirable perovskite. The zirconolite polymorphs found in the synthesized powders were recovered after a post-SPS heat treatment in air. These results demonstrated the potential of processing in controlling the phase assemblage in these waste forms. Hollandites with Cr 3+ trivalent cations were identified as potential hosts for Cs immobilization and are being investigated for Cs retention properties. Series of compositions Ba 1.15-xCs 2xCr 2.3Ti 5.7O 16, with increasing Cs loadings, were prepared by sol-gel process and characterized for structural parameters. Structural characterization was performed by a combination of powder XRD and neutron powder diffraction. Phase pure hollandite adapting monoclinic symmetry (I2/m) was observed for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.55. These results were used to develop a new structural model to interpret Cs immobilization in these hollandites. Performance of these waste forms were evaluated for chemical durability and radiation resistance. Product consistency testing (PCT) and vapor hydration testing (VHT) were used for testing of chemical durability. Radiation resistance was tested using He + ions to simulatemore » $$\\alpha$$ particles and heavy ions such as Au 3+ to simulate a recoil. These results showed that these waste forms were chemically durable. The waste forms also amorphized to various degrees on exposure to simulated radiation.« less

Hot metal gas forming of titanium grade 2 bent tubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paul, Alexander; Werner, Markus; Trân, Ricardo; Landgrebe, Dirk

2017-10-01

Within the framework of investigations, an exhaust gas component made of Titanium Grade 2 was produced by means of Hot Metal Gas Forming (HMGF) at the Fraunhofer IWU in Chemnitz, Germany. The semi-finished products were two-fold bent, thermal joined, calibrated and pre-formed tubes. So far, a three-stage internal high-pressure forming process at room temperature plus two necessary intermediate heat treatments were used to produce the component. Due to its complexity as well as the limited forming ability of Titanium Grade 2 at room temperature an one step Hot Metal Gas Forming was developed to replace the former procedure.

Development of a consensus core dataset in juvenile dermatomyositis for clinical use to inform research.

PubMed

McCann, Liza J; Pilkington, Clarissa A; Huber, Adam M; Ravelli, Angelo; Appelbe, Duncan; Kirkham, Jamie J; Williamson, Paula R; Aggarwal, Amita; Christopher-Stine, Lisa; Constantin, Tamas; Feldman, Brian M; Lundberg, Ingrid; Maillard, Sue; Mathiesen, Pernille; Murphy, Ruth; Pachman, Lauren M; Reed, Ann M; Rider, Lisa G; van Royen-Kerkof, Annet; Russo, Ricardo; Spinty, Stefan; Wedderburn, Lucy R; Beresford, Michael W

2018-02-01

This study aimed to develop consensus on an internationally agreed dataset for juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), designed for clinical use, to enhance collaborative research and allow integration of data between centres. A prototype dataset was developed through a formal process that included analysing items within existing databases of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. This template was used to aid a structured multistage consensus process. Exploiting Delphi methodology, two web-based questionnaires were distributed to healthcare professionals caring for patients with JDM identified through email distribution lists of international paediatric rheumatology and myositis research groups. A separate questionnaire was sent to parents of children with JDM and patients with JDM, identified through established research networks and patient support groups. The results of these parallel processes informed a face-to-face nominal group consensus meeting of international myositis experts, tasked with defining the content of the dataset. This developed dataset was tested in routine clinical practice before review and finalisation. A dataset containing 123 items was formulated with an accompanying glossary. Demographic and diagnostic data are contained within form A collected at baseline visit only, disease activity measures are included within form B collected at every visit and disease damage items within form C collected at baseline and annual visits thereafter. Through a robust international process, a consensus dataset for JDM has been formulated that can capture disease activity and damage over time. This dataset can be incorporated into national and international collaborative efforts, including existing clinical research databases. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

Processable Aromatic Polyimide Thermoplastic Blends

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baucom, Robert M; Johnston, Norman J.; St. Clair, Terry L.; Nelson, James B.; Gleason, John R.; Proctor, K. Mason

1988-01-01

Method developed for preparing readily-processable thermoplastic polyimides by blending linear, high-molecular-weight, polyimic acid solutions in ether solvents with ultrafine, semicrystalline, thermoplastic polyimide powders. Slurries formed used to make prepregs. Consolidation of prepregs into finsihed composites characterized by excellent melt flow during processing. Applied to film, fiber, fabric, metal, polymer, or composite surfaces. Used to make various stable slurries from which prepregs prepared.

A Fuzzy Cognitive Model of aeolian instability across the South Texas Sandsheet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Houser, C.; Bishop, M. P.; Barrineau, C. P.

2014-12-01

Characterization of aeolian systems is complicated by rapidly changing surface-process regimes, spatio-temporal scale dependencies, and subjective interpretation of imagery and spatial data. This paper describes the development and application of analytical reasoning to quantify instability of an aeolian environment using scale-dependent information coupled with conceptual knowledge of process and feedback mechanisms. Specifically, a simple Fuzzy Cognitive Model (FCM) for aeolian landscape instability was developed that represents conceptual knowledge of key biophysical processes and feedbacks. Model inputs include satellite-derived surface biophysical and geomorphometric parameters. FCMs are a knowledge-based Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique that merges fuzzy logic and neural computing in which knowledge or concepts are structured as a web of relationships that is similar to both human reasoning and the human decision-making process. Given simple process-form relationships, the analytical reasoning model is able to map the influence of land management practices and the geomorphology of the inherited surface on aeolian instability within the South Texas Sandsheet. Results suggest that FCMs can be used to formalize process-form relationships and information integration analogous to human cognition with future iterations accounting for the spatial interactions and temporal lags across the sand sheets.

Crk1/2 and CrkL form a hetero-oligomer and functionally complement each other during podocyte morphogenesis

PubMed Central

Zhang, Jidong; Verma, Rakesh; Park, Tae-Ju; Wong, Hetty; Curran, Tom; Nihalani, Deepak; Holzman, Lawrence B.

2014-01-01

Activation of the slit diaphragm protein Nephrin induces actin cytoskeletal remodeling resulting in lamellipodia formation in podocytes in vitro in a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, focal adhesion kinase, Cas, and Crk1/2-dependent fashion. In mice, podocyte-specific deletion of Crk1/2 prevents or attenuates foot process effacement in two models of podocyte injury. This suggests that cellular mechanisms governing lamellipodial protrusion in vitro are similar to those in vivo during foot process effacement. Since Crk1/2 null mice develop and aged normally, we tested whether the Crk1/2 paralog, CrkL, functionally complements Crk1/2 in a podocyte-specific context. Podocyte-specific CrkL null mice, like podocyte-specific Crk1/2 null mice, developed and aged normally but were protected from protamine sulfate-induced foot process effacement. Simultaneous podocyte-specific deletion of Crk1/2 and CrkL resulted in albuminuria detected by six weeks post-partum and associated with altered podocyte process architecture. Nephrin-induced lamellipodia formation in podocytes in vitro was CrkL-dependent. CrkL formed a heterooligomer with Crk2 and, like Crk2, was recruited to tyrosine phosphorylated Nephrin. Thus, Crk1/2 and CrkL are physically-linked, functionally complement each other during podocyte foot process spreading, and together are required for developing typical foot process architecture. PMID:24499776

Numerical modelling of heat transfer in a cavity due to liquid jet impingement for liquid supported stretch blow moulding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smyth, Trevor; Menary, Gary; Geron, Marco

2018-05-01

Impingement of a liquid jet in a polymer cavity has been modelled numerically in this study. Liquid supported stretch blow moulding is a nascent polymer forming process using liquid as the forming medium to produce plastic bottles. The process derives from the conventional stretch blow moulding process which uses compressed air to deform the preform. Heat transfer away from the preform greatly increases when a liquid instead of a gas is flowing over a solid; in the blow moulding process the temperature of the preform is tightly controlled to achieve optimum forming conditions. A model was developed with Computational Fluid Dynamics code ANSYS Fluent which allows the extent of heat transfer between the incoming liquid and the solid preform to be determined in the initial transient stage, where a liquid jet enters an air filled preform. With this data, an approximation of the extent of cooling through the preform wall can be determined.

Using fuzzy fractal features of digital images for the material surface analisys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Privezentsev, D. G.; Zhiznyakov, A. L.; Astafiev, A. V.; Pugin, E. V.

2018-01-01

Edge detection is an important task in image processing. There are a lot of approaches in this area: Sobel, Canny operators and others. One of the perspective techniques in image processing is the use of fuzzy logic and fuzzy sets theory. They allow us to increase processing quality by representing information in its fuzzy form. Most of the existing fuzzy image processing methods switch to fuzzy sets on very late stages, so this leads to some useful information loss. In this paper, a novel method of edge detection based on fuzzy image representation and fuzzy pixels is proposed. With this approach, we convert the image to fuzzy form on the first step. Different approaches to this conversion are described. Several membership functions for fuzzy pixel description and requirements for their form and view are given. A novel approach to edge detection based on Sobel operator and fuzzy image representation is proposed. Experimental testing of developed method was performed on remote sensing images.

A Model for Speech Processing in Second Language Listening Activities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zoghbor, Wafa Shahada

2016-01-01

Teachers' understanding of the process of speech perception could inform practice in listening classrooms. Catford (1950) developed a model for speech perception taking into account the influence of the acoustic features of the linguistic forms used by the speaker, whereby the listener "identifies" and "interprets" these…

Graphical Language Games: Interactional Constraints on Representational Form

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Healey, Patrick G. T.; Swoboda, Nik; Umata, Ichiro; King, James

2007-01-01

The emergence of shared symbol systems is considered to be a pivotal moment in human evolution and human development. These changes are normally explained by reference to changes in people's internal cognitive processes. We present 2 experiments which provide evidence that changes in the external, collaborative processes that people use to…

Welch Science Process Inventory, Form D. Revised.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Welch, Wayne W.

This inventory, developed for use with the Harvard Project Physics curriculum, consists of 135 two-choice (agree-disagree) items. Items cover perceptions of the role of scientists, the nature and functions of theories, underlying assumptions made by scientists, and other aspects of the scientific process. The test is suitable for high school…

41 CFR Appendix B to Part 60 - 741-Developing Reasonable Accommodation Procedures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... may initiate an interactive process with the accommodation requester. 3. Form of requests for... using the contractor's online or other electronic application system, are made aware of the contractor's... participate fully in the application process. All applicants should also be provided with contact information...

Independence and Exclusivity Among Psychological Processes: Implications for the Structure of Recall.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Gregory V.

1987-01-01

It is suggested that theorists may develop both independence and exclusivity forms of multiple-process models, allowing choice between them to be made on empirical rather than a priori grounds. This theoretical approach is adopted in the specific case of memory retrival (Author/LMO)

SPECIAL ISSUE ON OPTICAL PROCESSING OF INFORMATION: Optoelectronic processor in the form of a hybrid microcircuit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Evtikhiev, N. N.; Esepkina, N. A.; Dolgii, V. A.; Lavrov, A. P.; Khotyanov, B. M.; Chernokozhin, V. V.; Shestak, S. A.

1995-10-01

An optoelectronic processor in the form of a hybrid microcircuit is described. An analysis is made of the feasibility of developing a new class of optoelectronic processors which are hybrid microcircuits and can operate both as self-contained specialised computers and also as functional components of computing systems.

Classroom Teacher's Performance-Based Evaluation Form (CTPBEF) for Public Education Schools in the State of Kuwait: A Framework

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Al-Shammari, Zaid; Yawkey, Thomas D.

2008-01-01

This investigation using Grounded Theory focuses on developing, designing and testing out an evaluation method used as a framework for this study. This framework evolved into the instrument entitled, "Classroom Teacher's Performance Based Evaluation Form (CTPBEF)". This study shows the processes and procedures used in CTPBEF's…

Fast Laser Holographic Interferometry For Wind Tunnels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, George

1989-01-01

Proposed system makes holographic interferograms quickly in wind tunnels. Holograms reveal two-dimensional flows around airfoils and provide information on distributions of pressure, structures of wake and boundary layers, and density contours of flow fields. Holograms form quickly in thermoplastic plates in wind tunnel. Plates rigid and left in place so neither vibrations nor photgraphic-development process degrades accuracy of holograms. System processes and analyzes images quickly. Semiautomatic micro-computer-based desktop image-processing unit now undergoing development moves easily to wind tunnel, and its speed and memory adequate for flows about airfoils.

Photonics and bioinspiration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lewis, Keith

2014-10-01

Biological systems exploiting light have benefitted from thousands of years of genetic evolution and can provide insight to support the development of new approaches for imaging, image processing and communication. For example, biological vision systems can provide significant diversity, yet are able to function with only a minimal degree of neural processing. Examples will be described underlying the processes used to support the development of new concepts for photonic systems, ranging from uncooled bolometers and tunable filters, to asymmetric free-space optical communication systems and new forms of camera capable of simultaneously providing spectral and polarimetric diversity.

NOSS Altimeter Detailed Algorithm specifications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hancock, D. W.; Mcmillan, J. D.

1982-01-01

The details of the algorithms and data sets required for satellite radar altimeter data processing are documented in a form suitable for (1) development of the benchmark software and (2) coding the operational software. The algorithms reported in detail are those established for altimeter processing. The algorithms which required some additional development before documenting for production were only scoped. The algorithms are divided into two levels of processing. The first level converts the data to engineering units and applies corrections for instrument variations. The second level provides geophysical measurements derived from altimeter parameters for oceanographic users.

Volume holographic elements in Kodak 131 plates processed with SHSG method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Collados, Manuel V.; Atencia, Jesus; Lopez, Ana M.; Quintanilla, Manuel M.

2001-08-01

A SHSG procedure to register volume phase holograms in Kodak 131 plates is presented. We analyze the influence on the diffraction efficiency of the developing step and the temperature of the bleaching bath of usual SHSG processes. Applying a simple 12 steps process to form phase transmission holograms developing with D-19, bleaching with R-10 at 70 degrees C and removing the sensitizing dyes that remain in the emulsion with a diluted methanol bath after the fixation step, we obtain relative efficiencies of 100 percent and effective efficiencies of 70 percent.

Estonian soil classification as a tool for recording information on soil cover and its matching with local site types, plant covers and humus forms classifications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kõlli, Raimo; Tõnutare, Tõnu; Rannik, Kaire; Krebstein, Kadri

2015-04-01

Estonian soil classification (ESC) has been used successfully during more than half of century in soil survey, teaching of soil science, generalization of soil databases, arrangement of soils sustainable management and others. The Estonian normally developed (postlithogenic) mineral soils (form 72.4% from total area) are characterized by mean of genetic-functional schema, where the pedo-ecological position of soils (ie. location among other soils) is given by means of three scalars: (i) 8 stage lithic-genetic scalar (from rendzina to podzols) separates soils each from other by parent material, lithic properties, calcareousness, character of soil processes and others, (ii) 6 stage moisture and aeration conditions scalar (from aridic or well aerated to permanently wet or reductic conditions), and (iii) 2-3 stage soil development scalar, which characterizes the intensity of soil forming processes (accumulation of humus, podzolization). The organic soils pedo-ecological schema, which links with histic postlithogenic soils, is elaborated for characterizing of peatlands superficial mantle (form 23.7% from whole soil cover). The position each peat soil species among others on this organic (peat) soil matrix schema is determined by mean of 3 scalars: (i) peat thickness, (ii) type of paludification or peat forming peculiarities, and (iii) stage of peat decomposition or peat type. On the matrix of abnormally developed (synlithogenic) soils (all together 3.9%) the soil species are positioned (i) by proceeding in actual time geological processes as erosion, fluvial processes (at vicinity of rivers, lakes or sea) or transforming by anthropogenic and technological processes, and (ii) by 7 stage moisture conditions (from aridic to subaqual) of soils. The most important functions of soil cover are: (i) being a suitable environment for plant productivity; (ii) forming adequate conditions for decomposition, transformation and conversion of falling litter (characterized by humus cover type); (iii) being compartment for deposition of humus, individual organic compounds, plant nutrition elements, air and water, and (iv) forming (bio)chemically variegated active space for soil type specific edaphon. For studying of ESC matching with others ecosystem compartments classifications the comparative analysis of corresponding classification schemas was done. It may be concluded that forest and natural grasslands site types as well the plant associations of forests and grasslands correlate (match) well with ESC and therefore these compartments may be adequately expressed on soil cover matrixes. Special interest merits humus cover (in many countries known as humus form), which is by the issue natural body between plant and soil or plant cover and soil cover. The humus cover, which lied on superficial part of soil cover, has been formed by functional interrelationships of plants and soils, reflects very well the local pedo-ecological conditions (both productivity and decomposition cycles) and, therefore, the humus cover types are good indicators for characterizing of local pedo-ecological conditions. The classification of humus covers (humus forms) should be bound with soil classifications. It is important to develop a pedocentric approach in treating of fabric and functioning of natural and agro-ecosystems. Such, based on soil properties, ecosystem approach to management and protection natural resources is highly recommended at least in temperate climatic regions. The sound matching of soil and plant cover is of decisive importance for sustainable functioning of ecosystem and in attaining a good environmental status of the area.

Characterization of a pneumatic balloon actuator for use in refreshable Braille displays.

PubMed

Fan, Richard E; Feinman, Adam M; Wottawa, Christopher; King, Chih-Hung; Franco, Miguel L; Dutson, Erik P; Grundfest, Warren S; Culjat, Martin O

2009-01-01

Many existing refreshable Braille display technologies are costly or lack robust performance. A process has been developed to fabricate consistent and reliable pneumatic balloon actuators at low material cost, using a novel manufacturing process. This technique has been adapted for use in refreshable Braille displays that feature low power consumption, ease of manufacture and small form factor. A prototype refreshable cell, conforming to American Braille standards, was developed and tested. The cell was fabricated from molded PDMS to form balloon actuators with a spin-coated silicone film, and fast pneumatic driving elements and an electronic control system were developed to drive the Braille dots. Perceptual testing was performed to determine the feasibility of the approach using a single blind human subject. The subject was able to detect randomized Braille letters rapidly generated by the actuator with 100% character detection accuracy.

Investigation on the innovative impact hydroforming technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lihui, Lang; Shaohua, Wang; Chunlei, Yang

2013-05-01

Hydroforming has a rapid development recently which has good forming quality and less cost. However, it still cannot meet the requirements of forming complex parts with small features just like convex tables, or bars which are widely employed in automotive and aircraft industries. The impact hydroforming technology means the most features are formed by hydroforming and the small features are rapidly reshaped by high intensity impact energy in a very short time after the traditional hydroforming. The impact pressure rises to the peak in 10ms which belongs to dynamic loading. In this paper, impact hydroforming process is proposed. The generation and transmission of impact hydroforming energy and impact shock wave were studied and simulated. The deformation process of the metal disks under the dynamic impact loading condition presented impact hydroforming is an effective technology to form complex parts with small features.

Development of a monolithic ferrite memory array

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heckler, C. H., Jr.; Bhiwandker, N. C.

1972-01-01

The results of the development and testing of ferrite monolithic memory arrays are presented. This development required the synthesis of ferrite materials having special magnetic and physical characteristics and the development of special processes; (1) for making flexible sheets (laminae) of the ferrite composition, (2) for embedding conductors in ferrite, and (3) bonding ferrite laminae together to form a monolithic structure. Major problems encountered in each of these areas and their solutions are discussed. Twenty-two full-size arrays were fabricated and fired during the development of these processes. The majority of these arrays were tested for their memory characteristics as well as for their physical characteristics and the results are presented. The arrays produced during this program meet the essential goals and demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating monolithic ferrite memory arrays by the processes developed.

Developing Box Plots While Navigating the Maze of Data Representations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Duncan, Bruce; Fitzallen, Noleine

2013-01-01

The learning sequence described in this article was developed to provide students with a demonstration of the development of box plots from authentic data as an illustration of the advantages gained from using multiple forms of data representation. The sequence follows an authentic process that starts with a problem to which data representations…

From Learning to Development: A Sociocultural Approach to Instruction

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eun, Barohny

2010-01-01

Theories of human development and learning provide an essential framework in which to understand the mechanisms involved in the process of formal instruction as a specific form of teaching and learning in the school setting. The sociocultural theory of development, founded on the works of Lev Vygotsky, espouses the view that social interaction…

Experimental approach for thermal parameters estimation during glass forming process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdulhay, B.; Bourouga, B.; Alzetto, F.; Challita, C.

2016-10-01

In this paper, an experimental device designed and developedto estimate thermal conditions at the Glass / piston contact interface is presented. This deviceis made of two parts: the upper part contains the piston made of metal and a heating device to raise the temperature of the piston up to 500 °C. The lower part is composed of a lead crucible and a glass sample. The assembly is provided with a heating system, an induction furnace of 6 kW for heating the glass up to 950 °C.The developed experimental procedure has permitted in a previous published study to estimate the Thermal Contact ResistanceTCR using the inverse technique developed by Beck [1]. The semi-transparent character of the glass has been taken into account by an additional radiative heat flux and an equivalent thermal conductivity. After the set-up tests, reproducibility experiments for a specific contact pressure have been carried outwith a maximum dispersion that doesn't exceed 6%. Then, experiments under different conditions for a specific glass forming process regarding the application (Packaging, Buildings and Automobile) were carried out. The objective is to determine, experimentallyfor each application,the typical conditions capable to minimize the glass temperature loss during the glass forming process.

Formation of the predicted training parameters in the form of a discrete information stream

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smolentseva, T. E.; Sumin, V. I.; Zolnikov, V. K.; Lavlinsky, V. V.

2018-03-01

In work process of training in the form of a discrete information stream is considered. On each of stages of the considered process portions of the training information and quality of their assimilation are analysed. Individual characteristics and reaction trained for every portion of information on appropriate sections are defined. The control algorithm of training with the predicted number of control checks of the trainee who allows to define what operating influence is considered it is necessary to create for the trainee. On the basis of this algorithm the vector of probabilities of ignorance of elements of the training information is received. As a result of the conducted researches the algorithm on formation of the predicted training parameters is developed. In work the task of comparison of duration of training received experimentally with predicted on the basis of it is solved the conclusion is drawn on efficiency of formation of the predicted training parameters. The program complex on the basis of the values of individual parameters received as a result of experiments on each trainee who allows to calculate individual characteristics is developed, to form rating and to monitor process of change of parameters of training.

The metallurgy and processing science of metal additive manufacturing

DOE PAGES

Sames, William J.; List, III, Frederick Alyious; Pannala, Sreekanth; ...

2016-03-07

Here, additive Manufacturing (AM), widely known as 3D printing, is a method of manufacturing that forms parts from powder, wire, or sheets in a process that proceeds layer-by-layer.Many techniques (using many different names) have been developed to accomplish this via melting or solid - state joining. In this review, these techniques for producing metal parts are explored, with a focus on the science of metal AM: processing defects, heat transfer, solidification, solid- state precipitation, mechanical properties, and post-processing metallurgy. The various metal AM techniques are compared, with analysis of the strengths and limitations of each. Few alloys have been developedmore » for commercial production, but recent development efforts are presented as a path for the ongoing development of new materials for AM processes.« less

Assessment of MSFCs Process for the Development and Activation of Space Act Agreement

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Daugherty, Rachel

2014-01-01

Space Act Agreements (SAAs) are contractual agreements that NASA utilizes to form partnerships with researchers, industry, and academia to stimulate cutting-edge innovation within the science and technology communities. center dot This study assessed the current SAA development and activation process at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) to determine if improvements could be implemented to increase productivity, decrease time to activation, and improve the quality of deliverables.

Development and fabrication of an autoclave molded PES/Quartz sandwich radome

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stanton, Leonard E.; Levin, Stephen D.

1993-04-01

A cohesively bonded, thermoplastic composite sandwich radome for a leading edge supersonic aircraft has been built using autoclave processing with PES/Quartz prepreg and a PES coated honeycomb core. Processes were developed for solvent removal, thermoplastic laminate consolidation, surface etching to improve adhesion, honeycomb coating and forming, and ultrasound testing of bond integrity. Environmental testing was also conducted to verify the structural integrity of the radome for its intended application.

Development of lava tubes in the light of observations at Mauna Ulu, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii

USGS Publications Warehouse

Peterson, D.W.; Holcomb, R.T.; Tilling, R.I.; Christiansen, R.L.

1994-01-01

During the 1969-1974 Mauna Ulu eruption on Kilauea's upper east rift zone, lava tubes were observed to develop by four principal processes: (1) flat, rooted crusts grew across streams within confined channels; (2) overflows and spatter accreted to levees to build arched roofs across streams; (3) plates of solidified crust floating downstream coalesced to form a roof; and (4) pahoehoe lobes progressively extended, fed by networks of distributaries beneath a solidified crust. Still another tube-forming process operated when pahoehoe entered the ocean; large waves would abruptly chill a crust across the entire surface of a molten stream crossing through the surf zone. These littoral lava tubes formed abruptly, in contrast to subaerial tubes, which formed gradually. All tube-forming processes were favored by low to moderate volume-rates of flow for sustained periods of time. Tubes thereby became ubiquitous within the pahoehoe flows and distributed a very large proportionof the lava that was produced during this prolonged eruption. Tubes transport lava efficiently. Once formed, the roofs of tubes insulate the active streams within, allowing the lava to retain its fluidity for a longer time than if exposed directly to ambient air temperature. Thus the flows can travel greater distances and spread over wider areas. Even though supply rates during most of 1970-1974 were moderate, ranging from 1 to 5 m3/s, large tube systems conducted lava as far as the coast, 12-13 km distant, where they fed extensive pahoehoe fields on the coastal flats. Some flows entered the sea to build lava deltas and add new land to the island. The largest and most efficient tubes developed during periods of sustained extrusion, when new lava was being supplied at nearly constant rates. Tubes can play a major role in building volcanic edifices with gentle slopes because they can deliver a substantial fraction of lava erupted at low to moderate rates to sites far down the flank of a volcano. We conclude, therefore, that the tendency of active pahoehoe flows to form lava tubes is a significant factor in producing the common shield morphology of basaltic volcanoes. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.

Friction Stir Welding of GR-Cop 84 for Combustion Chamber Liners

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Russell, Carolyn K.; Carter, Robert; Ellis, David L.; Goudy, Richard

2004-01-01

GRCop-84 is a copper-chromium-niobium alloy developed by the Glenn Research Center for liquid rocket engine combustion chamber liners. GRCop-84 exhibits superior properties over conventional copper-base alloys in a liquid hydrogen-oxygen operating environment. The Next Generation Launch Technology program has funded a program to demonstrate scale-up production capabilities of GR-Cop 84 to levels suitable for main combustion chamber production for the prototype rocket engine. This paper describes a novel method of manufacturing the main combustion chamber liner. The process consists of several steps: extrude the GR-Cop 84 powder into billets, roll the billets into plates, bump form the plates into cylinder halves and friction stir weld the halves into a cylinder. The cylinder is then metal spun formed to near net liner dimensions followed by finish machining to the final configuration. This paper describes the friction stir weld process development including tooling and non-destructive inspection techniques, culminating in the successful production of a liner preform completed through spin forming.

On the identifiability of inertia parameters of planar Multi-Body Space Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nabavi-Chashmi, Seyed Yaser; Malaek, Seyed Mohammad-Bagher

2018-04-01

This work describes a new formulation to study the identifiability characteristics of Serially Linked Multi-body Space Systems (SLMBSS). The process exploits the so called "Lagrange Formulation" to develop a linear form of Equations of Motion w.r.t the system Inertia Parameters (IPs). Having developed a specific form of regressor matrix, we aim to expedite the identification process. The new approach allows analytical as well as numerical identification and identifiability analysis for different SLMBSSs' configurations. Moreover, the explicit forms of SLMBSSs identifiable parameters are derived by analyzing the identifiability characteristics of the robot. We further show that any SLMBSS designed with Variable Configurations Joint allows all IPs to be identifiable through comparing two successive identification outcomes. This feature paves the way to design new class of SLMBSS for which accurate identification of all IPs is at hand. Different case studies reveal that proposed formulation provides fast and accurate results, as required by the space applications. Further studies might be necessary for cases where planar-body assumption becomes inaccurate.

Consolidation of graphite thermoplastic textile preforms for primary aircraft structure

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Suarez, J.; Mahon, J.

1991-01-01

The use of innovative cost effective material forms and processes is being considered for fabrication of future primary aircraft structures. Processes that have been identified as meeting these goals are textile preforms that use resin transfer molding (RTM) and consolidation forming. The Novel Composites for Wing and Fuselage Applications (NCWFA) program has as its objective the integration of innovative design concepts with cost effective fabrication processes to develop damage-tolerant structures that can perform at a design ultimate strain level of 6000 micro-inch/inch. In this on-going effort, design trade studies were conducted to arrive at advanced wing designs that integrate new material forms with innovative structural concepts and cost effective fabrication methods. The focus has been on minimizing part count (mechanical fasteners, clips, number of stiffeners, etc.), by using cost effective textile reinforcement concepts that provide improved damage tolerance and out-of-plane load capability, low-cost resin transfer molding processing, and thermoplastic forming concepts. The fabrication of representative Y spars by consolidation methods will be described. The Y spars were fabricated using AS4 (6K)/PEEK 150g commingled angle interlock 0/90-degree woven preforms with +45-degree commingled plies stitched using high strength Toray carbon thread and processed by autoclave consolidation.

Radiation Stability of Benzyl Tributyl Ammonium Chloride towards Technetium-99 Extraction - 13016

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paviet-Hartmann, Patricia; Horkley, Jared; Campbell, Keri

2013-07-01

A closed nuclear fuel cycle combining new separation technologies along with generation III and generation IV reactors is a promising way to achieve a sustainable energy supply. But it is important to keep in mind that future recycling processes of used nuclear fuel (UNF) must minimize wastes, improve partitioning processes, and integrate waste considerations into processes. New separation processes are being developed worldwide to complement the actual industrialized PUREX process which selectively separates U(VI) and Pu(IV) from the raffinate. As an example, the UREX process has been developed in the United States to co-extract hexavalent uranium (U) and hepta-valent technetiummore » (Tc) by tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP). Tc-99 is recognized to be one of the most abundant, long-lived radio-toxic isotopes in UNF (half-life, t{sub 1/2} = 2.13 x 10{sup 5} years), and as such, is targeted in UNF separation strategies for isolation and encapsulation in solid waste-forms for final disposal in a nuclear waste repository. Immobilization of Tc-99 by a durable solid waste-form is a challenge, and its fate in new advanced technology processes is of importance. It is essential to be able to quantify and locate 1) its occurrence in any new developed flowsheets, 2) its chemical form in the individual phases of a process, 3) its potential quantitative transfer in any waste streams, and consequently, 4) its quantitative separation for either potential transmutation to Ru-100 or isolation and encapsulation in solid waste-forms for ultimate disposal. In addition, as a result of an U(VI)-Tc(VII) co-extraction in a UREX-based process, Tc(VII) could be found in low level waste (LLW) streams. There is a need for the development of new extraction systems that would selectively extract Tc-99 from LLW streams and concentrate it for feed into high level waste (HLW) for either Tc-99 immobilization in metallic waste-forms (Tc-Zr alloys), and/or borosilicate-based waste glass. Studies have been launched to investigate the suitability of new macro-compounds such as crown-ethers, aza-crown ethers, quaternary ammonium salts, and resorcin-arenes for the selective extraction of Tc-99 from nitric acid solutions. The selectivity of the ligand is important in evaluating potential separation processes and also the radiation stability of the molecule is essential for minimization of waste and radiolysis products. In this paper, we are reporting the extraction of TcO{sub 4}{sup -} by benzyl tributyl ammonium chloride (BTBA). Experimental efforts were focused on determining the best extraction conditions by varying the ligand's matrix conditions and concentration, as well as varying the organic phase composition (i.e. diluent variation). Furthermore, the ligand has been investigated for radiation stability. The ?-irradiation was performed on the neat organic phases containing the ligand at different absorbed doses to a maximum of 200 kGy using an external Co-60 source. Post-irradiation solvent extraction measurements will be discussed. (authors)« less

Development and Characterization of the Bonding and Integration Technologies Needed for Fabricating Silicon Carbide Based Injector Components

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Halbig,Michael C.; Singh, Mrityunjay

2008-01-01

Advanced ceramic bonding and integration technologies play a critical role in the fabrication and application of silicon carbide based components for a number of aerospace and ground based applications. One such application is a lean direct injector for a turbine engine to achieve low NOx emissions. Ceramic to ceramic diffusion bonding and ceramic to metal brazing technologies are being developed for this injector application. For the diffusion bonding technology, titanium interlayers (coatings and foils) were used to aid in the joining of silicon carbide (SiC) substrates. The influence of such variables as surface finish, interlayer thickness, and processing time were investigated. Electron microprobe analysis was used to identify the reaction formed phases. In the diffusion bonds, an intermediate phase, Ti5Si3Cx, formed that is thermally incompatible in its thermal expansion and caused thermal stresses and cracking during the processing cool-down. Thinner interlayers of pure titanium and/or longer processing times resulted in an optimized microstructure. Tensile tests on the joined materials resulted in strengths of 13-28 MPa depending on the SiC substrate material. Nondestructive evaluation using ultrasonic immersion showed well formed bonds. For the joining technology of brazing Kovar fuel tubes to silicon carbide, preliminary development of the joining approach has begun. Various technical issues and requirements for the injector application are addressed.

Development of Activity-based Cost Functions for Cellulase, Invertase, and Other Enzymes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stowers, Chris C.; Ferguson, Elizabeth M.; Tanner, Robert D.

As enzyme chemistry plays an increasingly important role in the chemical industry, cost analysis of these enzymes becomes a necessity. In this paper, we examine the aspects that affect the cost of enzymes based upon enzyme activity. The basis for this study stems from a previously developed objective function that quantifies the tradeoffs in enzyme purification via the foam fractionation process (Cherry et al., Braz J Chem Eng 17:233-238, 2000). A generalized cost function is developed from our results that could be used to aid in both industrial and lab scale chemical processing. The generalized cost function shows several nonobvious results that could lead to significant savings. Additionally, the parameters involved in the operation and scaling up of enzyme processing could be optimized to minimize costs. We show that there are typically three regimes in the enzyme cost analysis function: the low activity prelinear region, the moderate activity linear region, and high activity power-law region. The overall form of the cost analysis function appears to robustly fit the power law form.

Gas processing developments. Why not use methanol for hydrate control

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nielsen, R.B.; Bucklin, R.W.

1983-04-01

Hydrate formation in turboexpander plants can be avoided more economically by using methanol than by using solid bed dehydration. Although the first turboexpander plant used methanol, most expander installations now have used solid bed dehydration. The reasons are obscure, since methanol often grants greater ease of operation as well as lower capital and operating costs, especially when the water in the feed gas is low or when recompression is required. Natural gas generally contains water before processing. High pressure, low temperature, or both favor the combination of water with light gases to form hydrates. Free water always must be presentmore » for hydrates to form. Hydrates cause problems by plugging pipelines, valves, and other process equipment. Therefore, proper equipment design requires accurate prediction of the limiting conditions at which hydrates are formed anytime a gas stream containing hydrate formers and free water is cooled below 80 F. (16 refs.)« less

INEL Spray-forming Research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mchugh, Kevin M.; Key, James F.

1993-01-01

Spray forming is a near-net-shape fabrication technology in which a spray of finely atomized liquid droplets is deposited onto a suitably shaped substrate or mold to produce a coherent solid. The technology offers unique opportunities for simplifying materials processing without sacrificing, and oftentimes substantially improving, product quality. Spray forming can be performed with a wide range of metals and nonmetals, and offers property improvements resulting from rapid solidification (e.g., refined microstructures, extended solid solubilities and reduced segregation). Economic benefits result from process simplification and the elimination of unit operations. Researchers at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) are developing spray-forming technology for producing near-net-shape solids and coatings of a variety of metals, polymers, and composite materials. Results from several spray forming programs are presented to illustrate the range of capabilities of the technique as well as the accompanying technical and economic benefits. Low-carbon steel strip greater than 0.75 mm thick and polymer membranes for gas/gas and liquid/liquid separations that were spray formed are discussed; recent advances in spray forming molds, dies, and other tooling using low-melting-point metals are described.

Forming an age hardenable aluminum alloy with intermediate annealing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Kaifeng; Carsley, John E.; Stoughton, Thomas B.; Li, Jingjing; Zhang, Lianhong; He, Baiyan

2013-12-01

A method to improve formability of aluminum sheet alloys by a two-stage stamping process with intermediate annealing was developed for a non-age hardenable Al-Mg alloy where the annealing heat treatment provided recovery of cold work from the initial stamping and recrystallization of the microstructure to enhance the forming limits of the material. This method was extended to an age hardenable, Al-Mg-Si alloy, which is complicated by the competing metallurgical effects during heat treatment including recovery (softening effect) vs. precipitation (hardening effect). An annealing heat treatment process condition was discovered wherein the stored strain energy from an initial plastic deformation can be sufficiently recovered to enhance formability in a second deformation; however, there is a deleterious effect on subsequent precipitation hardening. The improvement in formability was quantified with uniaxial tensile tests as well as with the forming limit diagram. Since strain-based forming limit curves (FLC) are sensitive to pre-strain history, both stress-based FLCs and polar-effective-plastic-strain (PEPS) FLCs, which are path-independent, were used to evaluate the forming limits after preform annealing. A technique was developed to calculate the stress-based FLC in which a residual-effective-plastic-strain (REPS) was determined by overlapping the hardening curve of the pre-strained and annealed material with that of the simply-annealed- material. After converting the strain-based FLCs using the constant REPS method, it was found that the stress-based FLCs and the PEPS FLCs of the post-annealed materials were quite similar and both tools are applicable for evaluating the forming limits of Al-Mg-Si alloys for a two-step stamping process with intermediate annealing.

Language in Cognitive Development: The Emergence of the Mediated Mind.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nelson, Katherine

This book presents an integrated theory of cognitive development in infancy and early childhood, emphasizing the role of language in memory, processing narratives, forming concepts, and understanding others' intentions. Chapter 1, "Language, Cognition, and Culture in Developmental Perspective," presents the experiential theoretical…

Formation and Degradation of Beta-casomorphins in Dairy Processing.

PubMed

Nguyen, Duc Doan; Johnson, Stuart Keith; Busetti, Francesco; Solah, Vicky Ann

2015-01-01

Milk proteins including casein are sources of peptides with bioactivity. One of these peptides is beta-casomorphin (BCM) which belongs to a group of opioid peptides formed from β-casein variants. Beta-casomorphin 7 (BCM7) has been demonstrated to be enzymatically released from the A1 or B β-casein variant. Epidemiological evidence suggests the peptide BCM 7 is a risk factor for development of human diseases, including increased risk of type 1 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases but this has not been thoroughly substantiated by research studies. High performance liquid chromatography coupled to UV-Vis and mass spectrometry detection as well as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used to analyze BCMs in dairy products. BCMs have been detected in raw cow's milk and human milk and a variety of commercial cheeses, but their presence has yet to be confirmed in commercial yoghurts. The finding that BCMs are present in cheese suggests they could also form in yoghurt, but be degraded during yoghurt processing. Whether BCMs do form in yoghurt and the amount of BCM forming or degrading at different processing steps needs further investigation and possibly will depend on the heat treatment and fermentation process used, but it remains an intriguing unknown.

Sectional Finite Element Analysis on Viscous Pressure Forming of Sheet Metal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Jianguang; Wang, Zhongjin; Liu, Yan

2007-05-01

Viscous pressure forming (VPF) is a recently developed sheet flexible-die forming process, which uses a kind of semi-solid, flowable and viscous material as pressure-carrying medium that typically applied on one side of the sheet metal or on both sides of sheet metal. Different from traditional sheet metal forming processes in which sheet metal is the unique deformation-body, VPF is a coupling process of visco-elastoplastic bulk deformation of viscous medium and elasto-plastic deformation of sheet metal. A sectional finite element model for the coupled deformation between visco-elastoplastic body and elasto-plastic sheet metal was proposed to analyze VPF. The resolution of the Updated Lagrangian formulation is based on a static approach. By using static-explicit time integration strategy, the deformation of elasto-plastic sheet metal and visco-elastoplastic body can keep stable. The frictional contact between sheet metal and visco-elastoplastic body is treated by penalty function method. Using the proposed algorithm, sheet metal viscous pressure bulging (VPB) process is analyzed and compared with experiments. A good agreement between numerical simulation results and experimental ones proved the efficiency and stability of this algorithm.

Near-Net-Shape Processing of Sintered Fibrous Ceramics Achieved

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Angel, Paul W.

2000-01-01

A variety of sintered fibrous ceramic (SFC) materials have been developed over the last 50 years as thermal barrier materials for reentry applications. SFC materials typically exhibit very low thermal conductivities combined with low densities and good thermal stability up to 2500 F. These materials have flown successfully on the space shuttle orbiters since the 1960's. More recently, the McDonnell Douglas Corporation successfully used SFC tiles as a heat shield on the underside of its DC X test vehicle. For both of these applications, tiles are machined from blocks of a specific type of SFC called an alumina-enhanced thermal barrier (AETB). The sizes of these blocks have been limited by the manufacturing process. In addition, as much as 80 to 90 percent of the material can be lost during the machining of tiles with significant amounts of curvature. To address these problems, the NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field entered a cooperative contract with the Boeing Company to develop a vacuum-assisted forming process that can produce large (approximately 4 square feet), severely contoured panels of AETB while saving costs in comparison to the conventional cast-and-machine billet process. For shuttle use, AETB is slurry cast, drained, and fired to form square billets conforming to the shape of the filtration box. The billets are then cut into tiles of the appropriate size for thermally protecting the space shuttle. Processing techniques have limited the maximum size of AETB billets to 21.5 square inches by 6.5-in. thick, but the space shuttles use discrete heat shield tiles no more than 8 to 12 square inches. However, in other applications, large, complex shapes are needed, and the tiling approach is undesirable. For such applications, vacuum-assisted forming can produce large parts with complex shapes while reducing machining waste and eliminating cemented joints between bonded billets. Because it allows contoured shapes to be formed, material utilization is inherently high. Initial estimates show that the amount of material lost during machining can be reduced by 50 percent or more. In addition, a fiber alignment favorable for minimum heat transfer is maintained for all panel shapes since the fibers are aligned parallel to the contoured surface of the forming tool or mold. The vacuum-assisted forming process can complete the entire forming operation in a matter of minutes and can produce multiple parts whose size is limited only by the size of the forming tool. To date, panels as large as 2 square feet have been demonstrated The vacuum-assisted forming process starts with the fabrication of a permeable forming tool, or mold, with the proper part contour. This reusable tool is mounted over an internal rib support structure, as depicted in the diagram, such that a vacuum can be pulled on the bottom portion of the tool. AETB slurry is then poured over and around the tool, liquid is drawn from the slurry, and the part forms over the tool surface. The part is then dried, fired, and finished machined. Future plans include an evaluation of the need for additional coatings and surface-toughness treatments to extend the durability and performance of this material.

Using stable isotopes to monitor forms of sulfur during desulfurization processes: A quick screening method

USGS Publications Warehouse

Liu, Chao-Li; Hackley, Keith C.; Coleman, D.D.; Kruse, C.W.

1987-01-01

A method using stable isotope ratio analysis to monitor the reactivity of sulfur forms in coal during thermal and chemical desulfurization processes has been developed at the Illinois State Geological Survey. The method is based upon the fact that a significant difference exists in some coals between the 34S/32S ratios of the pyritic and organic sulfur. A screening method for determining the suitability of coal samples for use in isotope ratio analysis is described. Making these special coals available from coal sample programs would assist research groups in sorting out the complex sulfur chemistry which accompanies thermal and chemical processing of high sulfur coals. ?? 1987.

[The role of synaptic transmission in memory and neurodegeneration processes and effects of neurotropic preparations].

PubMed

Voronina, T A

2003-01-01

Academician Zakusov, in his book Pharmacology of Central Synapses (Moscow, 1973), emphasized the central role of synaptic processes in regulation of various forms of behavior, memory, and psychotropic drug action. The paper considers most promising directions in the search for substances possessing nootropic and neuroprotector properties, many of which were developed at the Institute of Pharmacology based on the notion about synaptic processes. These investigations led to the creation of well-known drugs such as mexidole, noopept, nooglutyl, beglimin, etc. Special attention is devoted to the implementation and modern development of the ideas of Academician Zakusov. Recent data are presented on the role of neuropeptides, neurotrophins, and intracellular signaling mechanisms in synaptic plasticity, memory processes, and development of neurodegenerative states.

Exclusive processes and the fundamental structure of hadrons

DOE PAGES

Brodsky, Stanley J.

2015-01-20

I review the historical development of QCD predictions for exclusive hadronic processes, beginning with constituent counting rules and the quark interchange mechanism, phenomena which gave early validation for the quark structure of hadrons. The subsequent development of pQCD factorization theorems for hard exclusive amplitudes and the development of evolution equations for the hadron distribution amplitudes provided a rigorous framework for calculating hadronic form factors and hard scattering exclusive scattering processes at high momentum transfer. I also give a brief introduction to the field of "light-front holography" and the insights it brings to quark confinement, the behavior of the QCD couplingmore » in the nonperturbative domain, as well as hadron spectroscopy and the dynamics of exclusive processes.« less

Exclusive processes and the fundamental structure of hadrons

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brodsky, Stanley J.

I review the historical development of QCD predictions for exclusive hadronic processes, beginning with constituent counting rules and the quark interchange mechanism, phenomena which gave early validation for the quark structure of hadrons. The subsequent development of pQCD factorization theorems for hard exclusive amplitudes and the development of evolution equations for the hadron distribution amplitudes provided a rigorous framework for calculating hadronic form factors and hard scattering exclusive scattering processes at high momentum transfer. I also give a brief introduction to the field of "light-front holography" and the insights it brings to quark confinement, the behavior of the QCD couplingmore » in the nonperturbative domain, as well as hadron spectroscopy and the dynamics of exclusive processes.« less

Development of a case tool to support decision based software development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wild, Christian J.

1993-01-01

A summary of the accomplishments of the research over the past year are presented. Achievements include: made demonstrations with DHC, a prototype supporting decision based software development (DBSD) methodology, for Paramax personnel at ODU; met with Paramax personnel to discuss DBSD issues, the process of integrating DBSD and Refinery and the porting process model; completed and submitted a paper describing DBSD paradigm to IFIP '92; completed and presented a paper describing the approach for software reuse at the Software Reuse Workshop in April 1993; continued to extend DHC with a project agenda, facility necessary for a better project management; completed a primary draft of the re-engineering process model for porting; created a logging form to trace all the activities involved in the process of solving the reengineering problem, and developed a primary chart with the problems involved by the reengineering process.

Updated Liquid Secondary Waste Grout Formulation and Preliminary Waste Form Qualification

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Saslow, Sarah A.; Um, Wooyong; Russell, Renee L.

This report describes the results from liquid secondary waste grout (LSWG) formulation and cementitious waste form qualification tests performed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for Washington River Protection Solutions, LLC (WRPS). New formulations for preparing a cementitious waste form from a high-sulfate liquid secondary waste stream simulant, developed for Effluent Management Facility (EMF) process condensates merged with low activity waste (LAW) caustic scrubber, and the release of key constituents (e.g. 99Tc and 129I) from these monoliths were evaluated. This work supports a technology development program to address the technology needs for Hanford Site Effluent Treatment Facility (ETF) liquid secondarymore » waste (LSW) solidification and supports future Direct Feed Low-Activity Waste (DFLAW) operations. High-priority activities included simulant development, LSWG formulation, and waste form qualification. The work contained within this report relates to waste form development and testing and does not directly support the 2017 integrated disposal facility (IDF) performance assessment (PA). However, this work contains valuable information for use in PA maintenance past FY17, and for future waste form development efforts. The provided data should be used by (i) cementitious waste form scientists to further understanding of cementitious dissolution behavior, (ii) IDF PA modelers who use quantified constituent leachability, effective diffusivity, and partitioning coefficients to advance PA modeling efforts, and (iii) the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) contractors and decision makers as they assess the IDF PA program. The results obtained help fill existing data gaps, support final selection of a LSWG waste form, and improve the technical defensibility of long-term waste form performance estimates.« less

The challenge of cross-cultural assessment--The Test of Ability To Explain for Zulu-speaking Children.

PubMed

Solarsh, Barbara; Alant, Erna

2006-01-01

A culturally appropriate test, The Test of Ability To Explain for Zulu-speaking Children (TATE-ZC), was developed to measure verbal problem solving skills of rural, Zulu-speaking, primary school children. Principles of 'non-biased' assessment, as well as emic (culture specific) and etic (universal) aspects of intelligence formed the theoretical backdrop. In addition, specific principles relating to test translation; test content; culturally appropriate stimulus material; scoring procedures and test administration were applied. Five categories of abstract thinking skills formed the basis of the TATE-ZC. These were: (a) Explaining Inferences, (b) Determining Cause, (c) Negative Why Questions, (d) Determining Solutions and (e) Avoiding Problem. The process of test development underwent three pilot studies. Results indicate that the TATE-ZC is a reliable and valid test for the target population. A critical analysis of the efficacy of creating a test of verbal reasoning for children from the developing world concludes the article. As a result of this activity (1) the participant will have a clearer understanding of the principles that need to be followed when developing culturally appropriate test material; (2) the participant will understand the process of developing culturally appropriate test material for non-mainstream cultures; (3) the participant will be able to apply the process and principles to other cross-cultural testing situations.

Amphitheater-Headed Valleys: Unique or Non-Unique Origin? The Hawaiian Laboratory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pederson, D. T.; Blay, C.

2007-12-01

While the formation and migration of amphitheaters (knickpoints) in unconsolidated sediment is fairly well understood the same cannot be said for amphitheaters formed in a variety of bedrock types, climate settings, and even planetary location. The question remains, is there a single knickpoint forming process at work or do multiple landscape forming processes have a convergence tendency because of cybernetic feedback? A simple example would be a waterfall creating a micro-environment that enhances and focuses specific landscape forming processes like weathering, microbial action, and vegetation growth aiding in the continuation of the knickpoint form. It should be noted that weathering, microbial growth and vegetation growth would have cybernetic feedback among them. In fact it may be difficult to determine the controlling process, if any. If one considers that knickpoints likely intercept the regional groundwater flow system there is an additional focused source of water supply which further contributes to the micro-environment of the knickpoint. Groundwater discharge has significant cybernetic feedbacks with landscape forming processes. The nature and composition of the bedrock and climatic factors may determine rates of knickpoint migration but the resulting morphologic features in different settings would likely be similar with cybernetic feedback. It should be noted that cybernetic feedback can either be damping or amplifying. Amphitheater-headed valleys have developed in many locations on the Hawaiian Islands. The islands have formed in a time sequence as the supporting oceanic plate moves over a focused mantle source for the basalts. The amphitheaters of Hawaii occur in "fresh" and "older" basaltic rock depending on island location. Weathering processes have acted longer on some islands. Because of the topography and its affect on trade winds the main islands have focused rainfall, significant recharge, and active groundwater flow systems. While climate is uniform overall, the wet and dry sides of the islands coupled with topography represent multiple climatic zones. This affords the opportunity to use the Hawaiian Islands as a laboratory to study the cybernetic feedbacks among knickpoint forming processes. Feedback examples will be presented for several Hawaiian knickpoints.

Development of a video-based education and process change intervention to improve advance cardiopulmonary resuscitation decision-making.

PubMed

Waldron, Nicholas; Johnson, Claire E; Saul, Peter; Waldron, Heidi; Chong, Jeffrey C; Hill, Anne-Marie; Hayes, Barbara

2016-10-06

Advance cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) decision-making and escalation of care discussions are variable in routine clinical practice. We aimed to explore physician barriers to advance CPR decision-making in an inpatient hospital setting and develop a pragmatic intervention to support clinicians to undertake and document routine advance care planning discussions. Two focus groups, which involved eight consultants and ten junior doctors, were conducted following a review of the current literature. A subsequent iterative consensus process developed two intervention elements: (i) an updated 'Goals of Patient Care' (GOPC) form and process; (ii) an education video and resources for teaching advance CPR decision-making and communication. A multidisciplinary group of health professionals and policy-makers with experience in systems development, education and research provided critical feedback. Three key themes emerged from the focus groups and the literature, which identified a structure for the intervention: (i) knowing what to say; (ii) knowing how to say it; (iii) wanting to say it. The themes informed the development of a video to provide education about advance CPR decision-making framework, improving communication and contextualising relevant clinical issues. Critical feedback assisted in refining the video and further guided development and evolution of a medical GOPC approach to discussing and recording medical treatment and advance care plans. Through an iterative process of consultation and review, video-based education and an expanded GOPC form and approach were developed to address physician and systemic barriers to advance CPR decision-making and documentation. Implementation and evaluation across hospital settings is required to examine utility and determine effect on quality of care.

Development of Surfaces Optically Suitable for Flat Solar Panels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Desmet, D.; Jason, A.

1978-01-01

Three areas of research in the development of flat solar panels are described. (1) A reflectometer which can separately evaluate the spectral and diffuse reflectivities of surfaces was developed. The reflectometer has a phase locked detection system. (2) A coating composed of strongly bound copper oxide that is formed by an etching process performed on an aluminum alloy with high copper content was also developed. Because of this one step fabrication process, fabrication costs are expected to be small. (3) A literature search was conducted and conclusions on the required optical properties of flat plate solar collectors are presented.

Low-Temperature Forming of Beta Titanium Alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaneko, R. S.; Woods, C. A.

1983-01-01

Low cost methods for titanium structural fabrication using advanced cold-formable beta alloys were investigated for application in a Mach 2.7 supersonic cruise vehicle. This work focuses on improving processing and structural efficiencies as compared with standard hot formed and riveted construction of alpha-beta alloy sheet structure. Mechanical property data and manufacturing parameters were developed for cold forming, brazing, welding, and processing Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al sheet, and Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr on a more limited basis. Cost and structural benefits were assessed through the fabrication and evaluation of large structural panels. The feasibility of increasing structural efficiency of beta titanium structure by selective reinforcement with metal matrix composite was also explored.

An On-Line Technology Information System (OTIS) for Advanced Life Support

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Levri, Julie A.; Boulanger, Richard; Hoganm John A.; Rodriquez, Luis

2003-01-01

An On-line Technology Information System (OTIS) is currently being developed for the Advanced Life Support (ALS) Program. This paper describes the preliminary development of OTIS, which is a system designed to provide centralized collection and organization of technology information. The lack of thorough, reliable and easily understood technology information is a major obstacle in effective assessment of technology development progress, trade studies, metric calculations, and technology selection for integrated testing. OTIS will provide a formalized, well-organized protocol to communicate thorough, accurate, current and relevant technology information between the hands-on technology developer and the ALS Community. The need for this type of information transfer system within the Solid Waste Management (SWM) element was recently identified and addressed. A SWM Technology Information Form (TIF) was developed specifically for collecting detailed technology information in the area of SWM. In the TIF, information is requested from SWM technology developers, based upon the Technology Readiness Level (TRL). Basic information is requested for low-TRL technologies, and more detailed information is requested as the TRL of the technology increases. A comparable form is also being developed for the wastewater processing element. In the future, similar forms will also be developed for the ALS elements of air revitalization, food processing, biomass production and thermal control. These ALS element-specific forms will be implemented in OTIS via a web-accessible interface,with the data stored in an object-oriented relational database (created in MySQLTM) located on a secure server at NASA Ames Research Center. With OTIS, ALS element leads and managers will be able to carry out informed research and development investment, thereby promoting technology through the TRL scale. OTIS will also allow analysts to make accurate evaluations of technology options. Additionally, the range and specificity of information solicited will help educate technology developers of programmatic needs.

Subsampling for dataset optimisation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ließ, Mareike

2017-04-01

Soil-landscapes have formed by the interaction of soil-forming factors and pedogenic processes. In modelling these landscapes in their pedodiversity and the underlying processes, a representative unbiased dataset is required. This concerns model input as well as output data. However, very often big datasets are available which are highly heterogeneous and were gathered for various purposes, but not to model a particular process or data space. As a first step, the overall data space and/or landscape section to be modelled needs to be identified including considerations regarding scale and resolution. Then the available dataset needs to be optimised via subsampling to well represent this n-dimensional data space. A couple of well-known sampling designs may be adapted to suit this purpose. The overall approach follows three main strategies: (1) the data space may be condensed and de-correlated by a factor analysis to facilitate the subsampling process. (2) Different methods of pattern recognition serve to structure the n-dimensional data space to be modelled into units which then form the basis for the optimisation of an existing dataset through a sensible selection of samples. Along the way, data units for which there is currently insufficient soil data available may be identified. And (3) random samples from the n-dimensional data space may be replaced by similar samples from the available dataset. While being a presupposition to develop data-driven statistical models, this approach may also help to develop universal process models and identify limitations in existing models.

Finite Element Peen Forming Simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gariépy, Alexandre; Larose, Simon; Perron, Claude; Bocher, Philippe; Lévesque, Martin

Shot peening consists of projecting multiple small particles onto a ductile part in order to induce compressive residual stresses near the surface. Peen forming, a derivative of shot peening, is a process that creates an unbalanced stress state which in turn leads to a deformation to shape thin parts. This versatile and cost-effective process is commonly used to manufacture aluminum wing skins and rocket panels. This paper presents the finite element modelling approach that was developed by the authors to simulate the process. The method relies on shell elements and calculated stress profiles and uses an approximation equation to take into account the incremental nature of the process. Finite element predictions were in good agreement with experimental results for small-scale tests. The method was extended to a hypothetical wing skin model to show its potential applications.

Emergency healthcare process automation using mobile computing and cloud services.

PubMed

Poulymenopoulou, M; Malamateniou, F; Vassilacopoulos, G

2012-10-01

Emergency care is basically concerned with the provision of pre-hospital and in-hospital medical and/or paramedical services and it typically involves a wide variety of interdependent and distributed activities that can be interconnected to form emergency care processes within and between Emergency Medical Service (EMS) agencies and hospitals. Hence, in developing an information system for emergency care processes, it is essential to support individual process activities and to satisfy collaboration and coordination needs by providing readily access to patient and operational information regardless of location and time. Filling this information gap by enabling the provision of the right information, to the right people, at the right time fosters new challenges, including the specification of a common information format, the interoperability among heterogeneous institutional information systems or the development of new, ubiquitous trans-institutional systems. This paper is concerned with the development of an integrated computer support to emergency care processes by evolving and cross-linking institutional healthcare systems. To this end, an integrated EMS cloud-based architecture has been developed that allows authorized users to access emergency case information in standardized document form, as proposed by the Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) profile, uses the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) standard Emergency Data Exchange Language (EDXL) Hospital Availability Exchange (HAVE) for exchanging operational data with hospitals and incorporates an intelligent module that supports triaging and selecting the most appropriate ambulances and hospitals for each case.

Laser shock wave and its applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Chaojun; Zhang, Yongkang; Zhou, Jianzhong; Zhang, Fang; Feng, Aixin

2007-12-01

The technology of laser shock wave is used to not only surface modification but also metal forming. It can be divided into three parts: laser shock processing, laser shock forming (LSF) and laser peenforming(LPF). Laser shock processing as a surface treatment to metals can make engineering components have a residual compressive stress so that it obviously improves their fatigue strength and stress corrosion performances, while laser shock forming (LSF) is a novel technique that is used in plastic deformation of sheet metal recently and Laser peen forming (LPF) is another new sheet metal forming process presented in recent years. They all can be carried out by a high-power and repetition pulse Nd:Glass laser device made by Jiangsu University. Laser shock technology has characterized of ultrahigh pressure and high strain rate (10 6 - 10 7s -1). Now, for different materials, we are able to form different metals to contours and shapes and simultaneity leave their surfaces in crack-resistant compressive stress state. The results show that the technology of laser shock wave can strengthen surface property and prolong fatigue life and especially can deform metals to shapes that could not be adequately made using conventional methods. With the development of the technology of laser shock wave, the applied fields of laser will become greater and greater.

Adaptive scallop height tool path generation for robot-based incremental sheet metal forming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seim, Patrick; Möllensiep, Dennis; Störkle, Denis Daniel; Thyssen, Lars; Kuhlenkötter, Bernd

2016-10-01

Incremental sheet metal forming is an emerging process for the production of individualized products or prototypes in low batch sizes and with short times to market. In these processes, the desired shape is produced by the incremental inward motion of the workpiece-independent forming tool in depth direction and its movement along the contour in lateral direction. Based on this shape production, the tool path generation is a key factor on e.g. the resulting geometric accuracy, the resulting surface quality, and the working time. This paper presents an innovative tool path generation based on a commercial milling CAM package considering the surface quality and working time. This approach offers the ability to define a specific scallop height as an indicator of the surface quality for specific faces of a component. Moreover, it decreases the required working time for the production of the entire component compared to the use of a commercial software package without this adaptive approach. Different forming experiments have been performed to verify the newly developed tool path generation. Mainly, this approach serves to solve the existing conflict of combining the working time and the surface quality within the process of incremental sheet metal forming.

3D Printed "Starmix" Drug Loaded Dosage Forms for Paediatric Applications.

PubMed

Scoutaris, Nicolaos; Ross, Steven A; Douroumis, Dennis

2018-01-16

Three- dimensional (3D) printing has received significant attention as a manufacturing process for pharmaceutical dosage forms. In this study, we used Fusion Deposition Modelling (FDM) in order to print "candy - like" formulations by imitating Starmix® sweets to prepare paediatric medicines with enhanced palatability. Hot melt extrusion processing (HME) was coupled with FDM to prepare extruded filaments of indomethacin (IND), hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) formulations and subsequently feed them in the 3D printer. The shapes of the Starmix® objects were printed in the form of a heart, ring, bottle, ring, bear and lion. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and confocal Raman analysis were used to assess the drug - excipient interactions and the content uniformity. Physicochemical analysis showed the presence of molecularly dispersed IND in the printed tablets. In vivo taste masking evaluation demonstrated excellent masking of the drug bitterness. The printed forms were evaluated for drug dissolution and showed immediate IND release independently of the printed shape, within 60 min. 3D printing was used successfully to process drug loaded filaments for the development of paediatric printed tablets in the form of Starmix® designs.

Strength and Formability Improvement of Al-Cu-Mn Aluminum Alloy Complex Parts by Thermomechanical Treatment with Sheet Hydroforming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Yi-Zhe; Liu, Wei; Yuan, Shi-Jian

2015-05-01

Normally, the strength and formability of aluminum alloys can be increased largely by severe plastic deformation and heat treatment. However, many plastic deformation processes are more suitable for making raw material, not for formed parts. In this article, an experimental study of the thermomechanical treatment by using the sheet hydroforming process was developed to improve both mechanical strength and formability for aluminum alloys in forming complex parts. The limiting drawing ratio, thickness, and strain distribution of complex parts formed by sheet hydroforming were investigated to study the formability and sheet-deformation behavior. Based on the optimal formed parts, the tensile strength, microhardness, grain structure, and strengthening precipitates were analyzed to identify the strengthening effect of thermomechanical treatment. The results show that in the solution state, the limiting drawing ratio of cylindrical parts could be increased for 10.9% compared with traditional deep drawing process. The peak values of tensile stress and microhardness of formed parts are 18.0% and 12.5% higher than that in T6 state. This investigation shows that the thermomechanical treatment by sheet hydroforming is a potential method for the products manufacturing of aluminum alloy with high strength and good formability.

The contribution of Corynephorus canescens to the geodiversity of inland drift sands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jungerius, Pieter Dirk; Riksen, Michel; van den Ancker, Hanneke; Kooistra, Maja

2016-04-01

Most dunes in the Netherlands are phytogenic, which means that plants are essential in their formation. This applies also to the dunes of the inland drift sand areas, which are nicknamed Atlantic deserts on account of their extreme climatic conditions. Daily temperatures on the bare sand surfaces may run up to 60° C on sunny summer days, dropping as low as below freezing point at night. Apart from blue and green algae, Corynephorus canescens, Grey hair-grass, it is the first conqueror of these active sands and plays an important role in the geomorphological development of the inland drift sands. C. canescens is a rapid colonizer and flourishes when it receives a regular supply of fresh sand, but is soon succeeded by competitor species. Like Ammophila arenaria (Marram grass), its vigour declines after some time, because its roots are affected. Therefore the plant requires a regular supply of fresh sand to outgrow the affected root zone. The growth of C. canescens is stimulated by two different geomorphological processes: aeolian and pluvial processes. Aboveground, the tussock architecture of the plant helps to trap sand and form small initial dunes. When formed by wind, these are called nabkahs; when formed by splash bush mounds. In a micro-morphological thin section both processes can often be recognized in one dune. The decline of C. canescens is caused by two soil-forming processes: reduction of permeability and accumulation of organic matter. Poor aeration and compaction restrict the growth of its roots. Increase in organic matter hampers the rate of root respiration and promotes conditions for the establishment of competitor species. In the nabkahs, thin slides show on the positive side for C. canescens there is little blown-in organic matter, but on the negative side that the grains upon aging develop a colourless organic coating formed by cyanobacteria (algae. For splashed sands on the positive side for Grey hairgrass there are few organic coatings, but on the negative side there are many organic fragments. So although different both sediments have the same effect. Under the present climate and level of air pollution, the phase of C. canescens is short-lived. Its disappearance marks the end of dune formation and after its decline slope development changes drastically. In conclusion, the interaction between Corynephorus canescens and the geomorphological and soil processes are important in the development and the geodiversity of inland drift sands.

Recommended System Design for the Occupational Health Management Information System (OHMIS). Volume 1.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-04-01

Management Information System (OHMIS). The system design includes: detailed function data flows for each of the core data processing functions of OHMIS, in the form of input/processing/output algorithms; detailed descriptions of the inputs and outputs; performance specifications of OHMIS; resources required to develop and operate OHMIS (Vol II). In addition, the report provides a summary of the rationale used to develop the recommended system design, a description of the methodology used to develop the recommended system design, and a review of existing

Computational intelligence and neuromorphic computing potential for cybersecurity applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pino, Robinson E.; Shevenell, Michael J.; Cam, Hasan; Mouallem, Pierre; Shumaker, Justin L.; Edwards, Arthur H.

2013-05-01

In today's highly mobile, networked, and interconnected internet world, the flow and volume of information is overwhelming and continuously increasing. Therefore, it is believed that the next frontier in technological evolution and development will rely in our ability to develop intelligent systems that can help us process, analyze, and make-sense of information autonomously just as a well-trained and educated human expert. In computational intelligence, neuromorphic computing promises to allow for the development of computing systems able to imitate natural neurobiological processes and form the foundation for intelligent system architectures.

Thai nursing students' adaption to problem-based learning: a qualitative study.

PubMed

Klunklin, Areewan; Subpaiboongid, Pornpun; Keitlertnapha, Pongsri; Viseskul, Nongkran; Turale, Sue

2011-11-01

Student-centred forms of learning have gained favour internationally over the last few decades including problem based learning, an approach now incorporated in medicine, nursing and other disciplines' education in many countries. However, it is still new in Thailand and being piloted to try to offset traditional forms of didactic, teacher-centred forms of teaching. In this qualitative study, 25 undergraduate nursing students in northern Thailand were interviewed about their experiences with problem-based learning in a health promotion subject. Content analysis was used to interrogate interview data, which revealed four categories: adapting, seeking assistance, self-development, and thinking process development. Initially participants had mixed emotions of confusion, negativity or boredom in the adaption process, but expressed satisfaction with creativity in learning, group work, and leadership development. They described increased abilities to problem solve and think critically, but struggled to develop questioning behaviours in learning. Socio-culturally in Thai education, students have great respect for teachers, but rarely question or challenge them or their learning. We conclude that problem-based learning has great potential in Thai nursing education, but educators and systems need to systematically prepare appropriate learning environments, their staff and students, to incorporate this within curricula. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[Test set for the evaluation of hearing and speech development after cochlear implantation in children].

PubMed

Lamprecht-Dinnesen, A; Sick, U; Sandrieser, P; Illg, A; Lesinski-Schiedat, A; Döring, W H; Müller-Deile, J; Kiefer, J; Matthias, K; Wüst, A; Konradi, E; Riebandt, M; Matulat, P; Von Der Haar-Heise, S; Swart, J; Elixmann, K; Neumann, K; Hildmann, A; Coninx, F; Meyer, V; Gross, M; Kruse, E; Lenarz, T

2002-10-01

Since autumn 1998 the multicenter interdisciplinary study group "Test Materials for CI Children" has been compiling a uniform examination tool for evaluation of speech and hearing development after cochlear implantation in childhood. After studying the relevant literature, suitable materials were checked for practical applicability, modified and provided with criteria for execution and break-off. For data acquisition, observation forms for preparation of a PC-version were developed. The evaluation set contains forms for master data with supplements relating to postoperative processes. The hearing tests check supra-threshold hearing with loudness scaling for children, speech comprehension in silence (Mainz and Göttingen Test for Speech Comprehension in Childhood) and phonemic differentiation (Oldenburg Rhyme Test for Children), the central auditory processes of detection, discrimination, identification and recognition (modification of the "Frankfurt Functional Hearing Test for Children") and audiovisual speech perception (Open Paragraph Tracking, Kiel Speech Track Program). The materials for speech and language development comprise phonetics-phonology, lexicon and semantics (LOGO Pronunciation Test), syntax and morphology (analysis of spontaneous speech), language comprehension (Reynell Scales), communication and pragmatics (observation forms). The MAIS and MUSS modified questionnaires are integrated. The evaluation set serves quality assurance and permits factor analysis as well as controls for regularity through the multicenter comparison of long-term developmental trends after cochlear implantation.

Silicon materials task of the low-cost solar array project. Phase 4: Effects of impurities and processing on silicon solar cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hopkins, R. H.; Hanes, M. H.; Davis, J. R.; Rohatgi, A.; Rai-Choudhury, P.; Mollenkopf, H. C.

1981-01-01

The effects of impurities, various thermochemical processes, and any impurity-process interactions upon the performance of terrestrial solar cells are defined. The results form a basis for silicon producers, wafer manufacturers, and cell fabricators to develop appropriate cost benefit relationships for the use of less pure, less costly solar grade silicon.

Capital cost estimate

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

The capital cost estimate for the nuclear process heat source (NPHS) plant was made by: (1) using costs from the current commercial HTGR for electricity production as a base for items that are essentially the same and (2) development of new estimates for modified or new equipment that is specifically for the process heat application. Results are given in tabular form and cover the total investment required for each process temperature studied.

Metal injection molding of titanium for medical and aerospace applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scharvogel, Matthias; Winkelmueller, Wendelin

2011-02-01

Mixing of titanium powder and thermoplastic binders creates a feedstock that is injection molded similar to plastic, has a chemical and thermal debinding process, and then is sintered to form a net-shape or near-net shape part. TiJet Medizintechnik GmbH (TiJet) developed and uses its own feedstock and powder processing technology to achieve desired mechanical properties. This paper explains the theory of the process and the possibilities that result from the development of this new powder processing technology, such as new alloys, design possibilities, etc. Discussed will be the microstructure, chemical composition, and mechanical properties of the manufactured parts.

Recent Advances in the Development of Thick-Section Melt-Infiltrated C/SiC Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Babcock, Jason R.; Ramachandran, Gautham; Williams, Brian E.; Effinger, Michael R.

2004-01-01

Using a pressureless melt infiltration and in situ reaction process to form the silicon carbide (SiC) matrix, Ultramet has been developing a means to rapidly fabricate ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) targeting thicker sections. The process also employs a unique route for the application of oxide fiber interface coatings designed to protect the fiber and impart fiber-matrix debond. Working toward a 12 inch diameter, 2.5 inch thick demonstrator component, the effect of various processing parameters on room temperature flexure strength is being studied with plans for more extensive elevated temperature mechanical strength evaluation to follow this initial optimization process.

A novel approach for the preparation of highly loaded polymeric controlled release dosage forms of diltiazem HCl and diclofenac sodium.

PubMed

Kakish, Hanan F; Tashtoush, Bassam; Ibrahim, Hussein G; Najib, Naji M

2002-07-01

In this investigation, modified-release dosage forms of diltiazem HCl (DT) and diclofenac sodium (DS) were prepared. The development work comprised two main parts: (a) loading the drug into ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) polymer, and (b) generation of a non-uniform concentration distribution of the drug within the polymer matrix. Phase separation technique was successfully used to load DT and DS into the polymer at significantly high levels, up to 81 and 76%, respectively. Size diameter of the resultant microspheres was between 1.6 and 2.0mm. Controlled-extraction of loaded microspheres and high vacuum freeze-drying were used to generate the non-uniform concentration distribution and to immobilize the new drug distribution within the matrix. Parameters controlling the different processes were investigated, and hence optimal processing conditions were used to prepare the dosage forms. Rates of drug release from the two dosage forms in water and in media having different pH were found to be constant for an appreciable length of time (>8h) followed by a slow decline; a characteristic of a non-Fickian diffusion process. Scanning electron microscopy studies suggested that the resultant release behavior was the outcome of the combined effects of the non-uniform distribution of the drug in the matrix and the apparent changes in the pores and surface characteristics of the microspheres. Comparison of release rate-time plots of dissolution data of marketed products with the newly developed dosage forms indicated the ability of the latter to sustain more zero order release.

KEY ISSUES REVIEW: Insights from simulations of star formation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Larson, Richard B.

2007-03-01

Although the basic physics of star formation is classical, numerical simulations have yielded essential insights into how stars form. They show that star formation is a highly nonuniform runaway process characterized by the emergence of nearly singular peaks in density, followed by the accretional growth of embryo stars that form at these density peaks. Circumstellar discs often form from the gas being accreted by the forming stars, and accretion from these discs may be episodic, driven by gravitational instabilities or by protostellar interactions. Star-forming clouds typically develop filamentary structures, which may, along with the thermal physics, play an important role in the origin of stellar masses because of the sensitivity of filament fragmentation to temperature variations. Simulations of the formation of star clusters show that the most massive stars form by continuing accretion in the dense cluster cores, and this again is a runaway process that couples star formation and cluster formation. Star-forming clouds also tend to develop hierarchical structures, and smaller groups of forming objects tend to merge into progressively larger ones, a generic feature of self-gravitating systems that is common to star formation and galaxy formation. Because of the large range of scales and the complex dynamics involved, analytic models cannot adequately describe many aspects of star formation, and detailed numerical simulations are needed to advance our understanding of the subject. 'The purpose of computing is insight, not numbers.' Richard W Hamming, in Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers (1962) 'There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy.' William Shakespeare, in Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (1604)

The Progressive Development of Early Embodied Algebraic Thinking

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Radford, Luis

2014-06-01

In this article I present some results from a 5-year longitudinal investigation with young students about the genesis of embodied, non-symbolic algebraic thinking and its progressive transition to culturally evolved forms of symbolic thinking. The investigation draws on a cultural-historical theory of teaching and learning—the theory of objectification. Within this theory, thinking is conceived of as a form of reflection and action that is simultaneously material and ideal: It includes inner and outer speech, sensuous forms of imagination and visualisation, gestures, rhythm, and their intertwinement with material culture (symbols, artifacts, etc.). The theory articulates a cultural view of development as an unfolding dialectic process between culturally and historically constituted forms of mathematical knowing and semiotically mediated classroom activity. Looking at the experimental data through these theoretical lenses reveals a developmental path where embodied forms of thinking are sublated or subsumed into more sophisticated ones through the mediation of properly designed classroom activity.

Are some gestalt principles deployed more readily than others during early development? The case of lightness versus form similarity.

PubMed

Quinn, Paul C; Bhatt, Ramesh S

2006-10-01

Four experiments investigated how readily infants achieve perceptual organization by lightness and form similarity. Infants were (a) familiarized with elements that could be organized into rows or columns on the basis of lightness or form similarity and tested with vertical versus horizontal bars depicting the familiar versus novel organization or (b) familiarized with bars and tested with elements. For lightness similarity, generalization occurred in both tasks; however, for form similarity, generalization occurred only in the elements --> bars task. The findings indicate that lightness similarity is more readily deployed than form similarity and are discussed in the context of (a) whether the difference reflects speed of application or experience-based learning, (b) evidence from visual agnosic patients and the time course of application of the principles in healthy adults, and (c) development of dorsal and ventral visual processing streams. Copyright 2006 APA.

The IEEE Software Engineering Standards Process

PubMed Central

Buckley, Fletcher J.

1984-01-01

Software Engineering has emerged as a field in recent years, and those involved increasingly recognize the need for standards. As a result, members of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) formed a subcommittee to develop these standards. This paper discusses the ongoing standards development, and associated efforts.

Fibrous dosage forms by wet 3D-micro-patterning: process design, manufacture, and drug release rate.

PubMed

Blaesi, Aron H; Saka, Nannaji

2018-06-19

Recently, we have introduced fibrous dosage forms prepared by 3D-micro-patterning of drug-laden viscous melts. Such dosage forms enable predictable microstructures and increased drug release rates, and they can be manufactured continuously. However, melt processing is not applicable if the melting temperature of the formulation is greater than the degradation temperature of the drug or of the excipient. In this work, therefore, a continuous wet micro-patterning process that operates at ambient temperature is presented. The excipient is plasticized by a solvent and the patterned dosage form is solidified by air drying. Process models show that the micro-patterning time is the ratio of the fiber length in the dosage form and the velocity of the fiber stream. It was 1.3 minutes in the experiments, but can be reduced further. The drying time is limited by the diffusive flux of solvent through the fibers: it was about 3 minutes for the experimental conditions. Furthermore, models are developed to illustrate the effects of fiber radius, inter-fiber spacing, viscosity of the drug-excipient-solvent mixture, and drying conditions on the microstructure of the dosage form. Models and experimental results show that for a viscosity of the wet fibers of the order 10 3 Pa·s, both the patterned microstructure is well preserved and the crossed fibers are well bonded. Finally, the drug release rate by the dosage forms is experimentally determined and theoretically modeled. The results of the experiments validate the models fairly. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.

[Comparative research into the process of forming the theory of constitution in ancient western medicine and that of four trigrams constitution in Korean medicine and contents of two theories of constitution].

PubMed

Park, Joo-Hong

2009-06-01

After conducting comparative research into the process of forming the Theory of Constitution in Ancient Western Medicine and that of Four Trigrams Constitution(Sasang Constitution) in Korean Medicine and contents of two Theories of Constitution in terms of medical history, both theories were found to be formed by an interaction between philosophy and medicine, followed by a combination of the two, on a philosophical basis. The Theory of Constitution in Ancient Western Medicine began with the Theory of Four Elements presented by Empedocles, followed by the Theory of Four Humors presented by Hippocrates and the Theory of Four Temperaments by Galenos, forming and developing the Theory of Constitution. After the Middle Ages, there was no significant advance in the Theory of Constitution by modern times ; however, it developed into the theory of constitution type of Kretschmer and others after the 19th century and into the scientific theory of constitution based on genetics presented by Garrod and others early in the 20th century. The Theory of Four Trigrams Constitution began with the Theory of Constitution in Huangdi Neijing, followed by developments and influences of existing medicine called beginning, restoration, and revival periods and DongeuisoosebowonSaSangChoBonGwon based on the original philosophy of Four Trigrams presented by Lee Je-ma, which is found in GyeokChiGo, DongMuYuGo and so on, ultimately forming and developing into the Theory of Four Trigrams Constitution in Dongeuisoosebowon. Recently, a lot of research is being conducted into making it objective in order to achieve reproducibility in diagnosis and so forth of Four Trigrams Constitution.

Characterization of the biosynthesis, processing, and sorting of human HBP/CAP37/azurocidin.

PubMed

Lindmark, A; Garwicz, D; Rasmussen, P B; Flodgaard, H; Gullberg, U

1999-10-01

Azurocidin is a multifunctional endotoxin-binding serine protease homolog synthesized during the promyelocytic stage of neutrophil development. To characterize the biosynthesis and processing of azurocidin, cDNA encoding human preproazurocidin was stably transfected to the rat basophilic leukemia cell line RBL-1 and the murine myeloblast-like cell line 32D cl3; cell lines previously utilized to study the related proteins cathepsin G and proteinase 3. After 30 min of pulse radiolabeling, two forms of newly synthesized proazurocidin (34.5 and 37 kDa), differing in carbohydrate content but with protein cores of identical sizes, were recognized. With time, the 34.5-kDa form disappeared, while the 37-kDa form was further processed proteolytically, as judged by digestion with N-glycosidase F. Conversion of high-mannose oligosaccharides into complex forms was shown by acquisition of complete resistance to endoglycosidase H. Radiosequence analysis demonstrated that the amino-terminal seven amino acid propeptide of proazurocidin was removed in a stepwise manner during processing; initial removal of five amino acids was followed by cleavage of a dipeptide. Presence of the protease inhibitors Gly-Phe-diazomethyl ketone, bestatin, or leupeptin inhibited only the cleavage of the dipeptide, thus indicating the involvement of at least two amino-terminal processing enzymes. Translocation of azurocidin to granules was shown by subcellular fractionation. Similar results, with efficient biosynthesis, processing, and targeting to granules in both cell lines, were obtained with a mutant form of human preproazurocidin lacking the amino-terminal heptapropeptide. In conclusion, this investigation is an important addition to our previous studies on related azurophil granule proteins, and provides novel information concerning the biosynthesis and distinctive amino-terminal processing of human azurocidin.

Forming Physical Education Teachers' Pedagogical Mastery in the Context of Native and Foreign Scholars' Views

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maksymchuk, Iryna

2016-01-01

The article deals with studying the process of forming physical education teachers' pedagogical mastery in the context of native and foreign scholars' views. It has been indicated that the problem of pedagogical activity and pedagogical mastery efficiency has been raised in the works of a number of scholars who developed the principles and…

Modeling drying of three-dimensional pulp molded structures. Part I, Experimental program

Treesearch

Heike Nyist; John F. Hunt; Margit Tamasy-Bano

1998-01-01

Researchers at the USDA Forest Products Laboratory have developed a new three-dimensional structural panel, called FPL Spaceboard. This panel is formed using a U.S. patented three-dimensional mold capable of using a variety of fibrous materials with either the wet- or dry-forming process. Structurally, the panel departs from the traditional two-dimensional panel by...

Differential Vulnerability of Global Motion, Global Form, and Biological Motion Processing in Full-Term and Preterm Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Taylor, N. M.; Jakobson, L. S.; Maurer, D.; Lewis, T. L.

2009-01-01

Young children born very prematurely show elevated thresholds for global motion and global form [Atkinson, J. & Braddick, O. (2007). "Visual and visuocognitive development in children born very prematurely." "Progress in Brain Research, 164." 123-149; MacKay, T. L., Jakobson, L. S., Ellemberg, D., Lewis, T. L., Maurer, D., & Casiro, O. (2005).…

Early access to abstract representations in developing readers: evidence from masked priming.

PubMed

Perea, Manuel; Mallouh, Reem Abu; Carreiras, Manuel

2013-07-01

A commonly shared assumption in the field of visual-word recognition is that retinotopic representations are rapidly converted into abstract representations. Here we examine the role of visual form vs. abstract representations during the early stages of word processing - as measured by masked priming - in young children (3rd and 6th Graders) and adult readers. To maximize the chances of detecting an effect of visual form, we employed a language with a very intricate orthography, Arabic. If visual form plays a role in the early stages of processing, greater benefit would be expected from related primes that have the same visual form (in terms of the ligation pattern between a word's letters) as the target word (e.g.- [ktz b-ktA b] - note that the three initial letters are connected in prime and target) than for those that do not (- [ktxb-ktA b]). Results showed that the magnitude of priming effect relative to an unrelated condition (e.g. -) was remarkably similar for both types of prime. Thus, despite the visual complexity of Arabic orthography, there is fast access to the abstract letter representations not only in adult readers by also in developing readers. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Early access to abstract representations in developing readers: Evidence from masked priming

PubMed Central

Perea, Manuel; Abu Mallouh, Reem; Carreiras, Manuel

2013-01-01

A commonly shared assumption in the field of visual-word recognition is that retinotopic representations are rapidly converted into abstract representations. Here we examine the role of visual form vs. abstract representations during the early stages of word processing –as measured by masked priming– in young children (3rd and 6th graders) and adult readers. To maximize the chances of detecting an effect of visual form, we employed a language with a very intricate orthography, Arabic. If visual form plays a role in the early moments of processing, greater benefit would be expected from related primes that have the same visual form (in terms of the ligation pattern between a word’s letters) as the target word (e.g., - [ktzb-ktAb] –note that the three initial letters are connected in prime and target) than for those that do not ( [ktxb-ktAb]). Results showed that the magnitude of priming effect relative to an unrelated condition (e.g., ) was remarkably similar for both types of primes. Thus, despite the visual complexity of Arabic orthography, there is fast access to the abstract letter representations not only in adult readers by also in developing readers. PMID:23786474

Rational versus unreasonable persuasion in doctor-patient communication: a normative account.

PubMed

Rubinelli, Sara

2013-09-01

Persuasion plays a critical role in doctor-patient communication. The relevant literature tends to equate persuasion to manipulation as a suboptimal form of interaction. The objective of this paper is to distinguish among different types of persuasion processes and to highlight when their use can be beneficial or risky from the perspective of the patient's autonomy. This paper presents a conceptual analysis of persuasion based on the analytical and normative frameworks of argumentation theory. Persuasion is a generic term that refers to at least four main forms of persuasion: rational persuasion, unintentional unreasonable persuasion, intentional (without deception) unreasonable persuasion and intentional (with deception) unreasonable persuasion (i.e., manipulation). Rational persuasion can be a process of value for the medical encounter. The other forms of persuasion can negatively impact patients' decision making. They are suboptimal for different reasons that are partly due to the quality of communication, and partly due to ethics of the medical conduct. This paper offers a basis for developing training opportunities that foster deeper understanding of different forms and uses of persuasion. Also, it can inspire the development of educational material for patients targeted to the enhancement of their critical health literacy. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gulick, V.C.; Baker, V.R.

Morphological analyses of six Martian volcanoes, Ceraunius Tholus, Hecates Tholus, Alba Patera, Hadriaca Patera, Apollinaris Patera, and Tyrrhena Patera, indicate that fluvial processes were the dominant influence in the initiation and subsequent development of many dissecting valleys. Lava processes and possibly volcanic density flows were also important as valley-forming processes. Fluvial valleys are especially well developed on Alba Patera, Ceraunius Tholus, and Hecates Tholus. These valleys are inset into the surrounding landscape. They formed in regions of subdued lava flow morphology, contain tributaries, and tend to widen slightly in the downstream direction. Lava channels on Alba Patera are located onmore » the crest of lava flows and have a discontinuous, irregular surface morphology, and distributary patterns. These channels sometimes narrow toward their termini. Possible volcanic density flow channels are located on the northern flank of Ceraunius Tholus. Valleys dissecting Apollinaris Patera, Hadriaca Patera, and Tyrrhena Patera appear to have a complex evolution, probably a mixed fluvial and lava origin. They are inset into a subdued (possibly mantled) surface, lack tributaries, and either have fairly constant widths or widen slightly downvalley. Valleys surrounding the caldera of Apollinaris appear to have formed by fluvial and possibly by volcanic density flow processes, while those on the Apollinaris fan structure may have a mixed lava and fluvial origin. Valleys on Tyrrhena have broad flat floors and theater heads, which have been extensively enlarged, probably by sapping.« less

Nonlinear Shaping Architecture Designed with Using Evolutionary Structural Optimization Tools

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Januszkiewicz, Krystyna; Banachowicz, Marta

2017-10-01

The paper explores the possibilities of using Structural Optimization Tools (ESO) digital tools in an integrated structural and architectural design in response to the current needs geared towards sustainability, combining ecological and economic efficiency. The first part of the paper defines the Evolutionary Structural Optimization tools, which were developed specifically for engineering purposes using finite element analysis as a framework. The development of ESO has led to several incarnations, which are all briefly discussed (Additive ESO, Bi-directional ESO, Extended ESO). The second part presents result of using these tools in structural and architectural design. Actual building projects which involve optimization as a part of the original design process will be presented (Crematorium in Kakamigahara Gifu, Japan, 2006 SANAA“s Learning Centre, EPFL in Lausanne, Switzerland 2008 among others). The conclusion emphasizes that the structural engineering and architectural design mean directing attention to the solutions which are used by Nature, designing works optimally shaped and forming their own environments. Architectural forms never constitute the optimum shape derived through a form-finding process driven only by structural optimization, but rather embody and integrate a multitude of parameters. It might be assumed that there is a similarity between these processes in nature and the presented design methods. Contemporary digital methods make the simulation of such processes possible, and thus enable us to refer back to the empirical methods of previous generations.

Monogenic Forms of Diabetes: Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus and Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young

MedlinePlus

... Process Research Training & Career Development Funded Grants & Grant History Research Resources Research at NIDDK Technology Advancement & Transfer Meetings & Workshops Health Information Diabetes Digestive ...

Efficacy of an ICALL Tutoring System and Process-Oriented Corrective Feedback

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Choi, Inn-Chull

2016-01-01

A Web-based form-focused intelligent computer-assisted language learning (ICALL) tutoring system equipped with a process-oriented corrective feedback function was developed to investigate the extent to which such a program may serve as a viable method of teaching grammar to Korean secondary and elementary students. The present study was also…

Design, construction and calibration of a portable boundary layer wind tunnel for field use

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Wind tunnels have been used for several decades to study wind erosion processes. Portable wind tunnels offer the advantage of testing natural surfaces in the field, but they must be carefully designed to insure that a logarithmic boundary layer is formed and that wind erosion processes may develop ...

Effect of Scientific Argumentation on the Development of Scientific Process Skills in the Context of Teaching Chemistry

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gultepe, Nejla; Kilic, Ziya

2015-01-01

This study was conducted in order to determine the differences in integrated scientific process skills (designing experiments, forming data tables, drawing graphs, graph interpretation, determining the variables and hypothesizing, changing and controlling variables) of students (n = 17) who were taught with an approach based on scientific…

Radionuclides in Soils Along a Mountain-Basin Transect in the Koratepa Mountains of Uzbekistan

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Wind tunnels have been used for several decades to study wind erosion processes. Portable wind tunnels offer the advantage of testing natural surfaces in the field, but they must be carefully designed to insure that a logarithmic boundary layer is formed and that wind erosion processes may develop ...

Benefit from NASA

NASA Image and Video Library

1985-01-01

The NASA imaging processing technology, an advanced computer technique to enhance images sent to Earth in digital form by distant spacecraft, helped develop a new vision screening process. The Ocular Vision Screening system, an important step in preventing vision impairment, is a portable device designed especially to detect eye problems in children through the analysis of retinal reflexes.

Peer Inquiry: Discovering What You Know through Dialogue

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wix, Linney; John-Steiner, Vera

2008-01-01

The article discusses a dialogical peer inquiry process as a practice of co-constructing knowledge in graduate coursework. The process, formerly structured as an exam, was developed by Dr. Vera John-Steiner more than 30 years ago and has been implemented in adapted forms by her students in their teaching. The dialogical peer inquiry process…

Convergence and Differentiation Processes in Swiss Higher Education: An Empirical Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lepori, Benedetto; Huisman, Jeroen; Seeber, Marco

2014-01-01

The aim of this article is to contribute to the scholarly debate on differentiation processes in higher education, particularly in binary systems. The article builds on recent developments in institutional theory and organizational ecology regarding the nature of "organizational forms," as well as on the mechanisms through which these…

Lab Technicians and High School Student Interns--Who Is Scaffolding Whom?: On Forms of Emergent Expertise

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hsu, Pei-Ling; Roth, Wolff-Michael

2009-01-01

Apprenticeship and the associated support mechanism of scaffolding have received considerable interest by educational researchers as ways of inducting students into science. Most studies treat scaffolding as a one-way process, where the expert supports the development of the novice. However, if social processes generally and conversations…

The process group approach to reliable distributed computing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Birman, Kenneth P.

1992-01-01

The difficulty of developing reliable distribution software is an impediment to applying distributed computing technology in many settings. Experience with the ISIS system suggests that a structured approach based on virtually synchronous process groups yields systems that are substantially easier to develop, exploit sophisticated forms of cooperative computation, and achieve high reliability. Six years of research on ISIS, describing the model, its implementation challenges, and the types of applications to which ISIS has been applied are reviewed.

Engineering scale development of the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) process for the production of silicon carbide fibrils. Phase 2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ohnsorg, R.W.; Hollar, W.E. Jr.; Lau, S.K.

1995-04-01

As reinforcements for composites, VLS SiC fibrils have attractive mechanical properties including high-strength, high modulus, and excellent creep resistance. To make use of their excellent mechanical properties in a composite, a significant volume fraction (>10%) of aligned, long fibrils (>2 mm) needs to be consolidated in the ceramic matrix. The fibrils must be processed into an assembly that will allow for composite fabrication while maintaining fibril alignment and length. With Advanced Product Development (APD) as the yam fabrication subcontractor, Carborundum investigated several approaches to achieve this goaL including traditional yam-forming processes such as carding and air-vortex spinning and nontraditional processesmore » such as tape forming and wet casting. Carborundum additionally performed an economic analysis for producing 500 and 10,000 pounds of SiC fibrils annually using both conservative and more aggressive processing parameters. With the aggressive approach, the projected costs for SiC fibril production for 500 and 10,000 pounds per year are $1,340/pound and $340/pound, respectively.« less

The ePortfolio: A Tool for Professional Development, Engagement, and Lifelong Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Guder, Christopher

2013-01-01

Professional development is, in essence, a form of lifelong learning, and as such, can be viewed within the context of pedagogical concepts. More specifically, professional development is a process that builds on the experiences of the professional through assessment and reflection. The library as an organization acts like a teacher or instructor…

Embryological Development: Evolutionary History, Genetic Bias, and Cellular Environment Control the Flow of Developmental Events. Part I.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Caplan, Arnold I.

1981-01-01

Describes development of the limb and various interactions necessary for the expression of its unique form and phenotypes to uncover the hierarchical controlling steps in the development process for the potential of avoiding abnormal events and manipulating what might be detrimental genetic events into a normal sequence. (Author/SK)

Effects of Verbal Behavior within Curriculum Development Committees on the Curriculum Product.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Talmage, Harriet

An attempt was made to ascertain what type of verbal interaction behavior manifested by a group given a problem in curriculum development affects the quality of the product. Thirty ad hoc groups, selected randomly, were given curriculum development tasks to solve. Curriculum Guide Form (CGF) and Bales' Interaction Process Analysis (IPA) were used…

The Development of Questioning as a Means of Framing Problems and Posing Challenges.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Feigenbaum, Peter

When a person encounters a problem, the character, form, and content of his or her response provides psychologists with useful and interesting information about processes of challenge and their relationship to intellectual development. In essence, challenge is a developing relationship that is defined on the one hand by objective factors (a person…

Developing the E-Scape Software System

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Derrick, Karim

2012-01-01

Most innovations have contextual pre-cursors that prompt new ways of thinking and in their turn help to give form to the new reality. This was the case with the e-scape software development process. The origins of the system existed in software components and ideas that we had developed through previous projects, but the ultimate direction we took…

Crystalline form of a neutrophil elastase inhibitor, 6-methyl-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-N-{[5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-2-oxo-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide p-toluene sulfonate - is it AZD-9668?: WO-2010094964.

PubMed

Norman, Peter

2011-02-01

This patent application claims a novel crystalline form (Form A) of a tosylate salt of a previously disclosed neutrophil elastase inhibitor. It also claims oral compositions of the salt and a process for the preparation of the crystalline form. The novel form is indicated to show improved physical properties relative to the free base. The claimed compound is evidently one of the elastase inhibitors currently being developed by AstraZeneca.

Using a binaural biomimetic array to identify bottom objects ensonified by echolocating dolphins

USGS Publications Warehouse

Heiweg, D.A.; Moore, P.W.; Martin, S.W.; Dankiewicz, L.A.

2006-01-01

The development of a unique dolphin biomimetic sonar produced data that were used to study signal processing methods for object identification. Echoes from four metallic objects proud on the bottom, and a substrate-only condition, were generated by bottlenose dolphins trained to ensonify the targets in very shallow water. Using the two-element ('binaural') receive array, object echo spectra were collected and submitted for identification to four neural network architectures. Identification accuracy was evaluated over two receive array configurations, and five signal processing schemes. The four neural networks included backpropagation, learning vector quantization, genetic learning and probabilistic network architectures. The processing schemes included four methods that capitalized on the binaural data, plus a monaural benchmark process. All the schemes resulted in above-chance identification accuracy when applied to learning vector quantization and backpropagation. Beam-forming or concatenation of spectra from both receive elements outperformed the monaural benchmark, with higher sensitivity and lower bias. Ultimately, best object identification performance was achieved by the learning vector quantization network supplied with beam-formed data. The advantages of multi-element signal processing for object identification are clearly demonstrated in this development of a first-ever dolphin biomimetic sonar. ?? 2006 IOP Publishing Ltd.

The myth of the ``proliferation-resistant'' closed nuclear fuel cycle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lyman, Edwin S.

2000-07-01

National nuclear energy programs that engage in reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and the development of "closed" nuclear fuel cycles based on the utilization of plutonium process and store large quantities of weapons-usable nuclear materials in forms vulnerable to diversion or theft by national or subnational groups. Proliferation resistance, an idea dating back at least as far as the International Fuel Cycle Evaluation (INFCE) of the late 1970s, is a loosely defined term referring to processes for chemical separation of SNF that do not extract weapons-usable materials in a purified form.

Analysis of Mouse Growth Plate Development

PubMed Central

Mangiavini, Laura; Merceron, Christophe; Schipani, Ernestina

2016-01-01

To investigate skeletal development, pathophysiological mechanisms of cartilage and bone disease, and eventually assess innovative treatments, the mouse is a very important resource. During embryonic development, mesenchymal condensations are formed, and cells within these mesenchymal condensations either directly differentiate into osteoblasts and give origin to intramembranous bone, or differentiate into chondrocytes and form a cartilaginous anlage. The cartilaginous anlage or fetal growth plate is then replaced with bone. This process is also called endochondral bone development, and it is responsible for the generation of most of our skeleton. In this Review, we will discuss in detail the most common in vivo and in vitro techniques our laboratory is currently using for the analysis of the mouse fetal growth plate during development. PMID:26928664

Dry rotary swaging with structured and coated tools

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Herrmann, Marius; Schenck, Christian; Kuhfuss, Bernd

2018-05-01

Rotary swaging is a cold bulk forming process for manufacturing of complex bar and tube profiles like axles and gear shafts in the automotive industry. Conventional rotary swaging is carried out under intense use of lubricant usually based on mineral oil. Besides lubrication the lubricant fulfills necessary functions like lubrication, flushing and cooling, but generates costs for recycling, replacement and cleaning of the workpieces. Hence, the development of a dry process design is highly desirable, both under economic and ecological points of view. Therefore, it is necessary to substitute the functions of the lubricant. This was realized by the combination of newly developed a-C:H:W coating systems on the tools to minimize the friction and to avoid adhesion effects. With the application of a deterministic structure in the forging zone of the tools the friction conditions are modified to control the axial process forces. In this study infeed rotary swaging with functionalized tools was experimentally investigated. Therefore, steel and aluminum tubes were formed with and without lubricant. Different structures which were coated and uncoated were implemented in the reduction zone of the tools. The antagonistic effects of coating and structuring were characterized by measuring the axial process force and the produced workpiece quality in terms of roundness and surface roughness. Thus, the presented results allow for further developments towards a dry rotary swaging process.

Three-dimensional printing in pharmaceutics: promises and problems.

PubMed

Yu, Deng Guang; Zhu, Li-Min; Branford-White, Christopher J; Yang, Xiang Liang

2008-09-01

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is a rapid prototyping (RP) technology. Prototyping involves constructing specific layers that uses powder processing and liquid binding materials. Reports in the literature have highlighted the many advantages of the 3DP system over other processes in enhancing pharmaceutical applications, these include new methods in design, development, manufacture, and commercialization of various types of solid dosage forms. For example, 3DP technology is flexible in that it can be used in applications linked to linear drug delivery systems (DDS), colon-targeted DDS, oral fast disintegrating DDS, floating DDS, time controlled, and pulse release DDS as well as dosage form with multiphase release properties and implantable DDS. In addition 3DP can also provide solutions for resolving difficulties relating to the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs, peptides and proteins, preparation of DDS for high toxic and potent drugs and controlled-release of multidrugs in a single dosage forms. Due to its flexible and highly reproducible manufacturing process, 3DP has some advantages over conventional compressing and other RP technologies in fabricating solid DDS. This enables 3DP to be further developed for use in pharmaceutics applications. However, there are some problems that limit the further applications of the system, such as the selections of suitable excipients and the pharmacotechnical properties of 3DP products. Further developments are therefore needed to overcome these issues where 3DP systems can be successfully combined with conventional pharmaceutics. Here we present an overview and the potential 3DP in the development of new drug delivery systems.

Reactive processing and mechanical properties of polymer derived silicon nitride matrix composites and their use in coating and joining ceramics and ceramic matrix composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stackpoole, Margaret Mary

Use of preceramic polymers offers many advantages over conventional ceramic processing routes. Advantages include being able to plastically form the part, form a pyrolized ceramic material at lower temperatures and form high purity microstructures which are tailorable depending on property requirements. To date preceramic polymers are mostly utilized in the production of low dimensional products such as fibers since loss of volatiles during pyrolysis leads to porosity and large shrinkage (in excess of 30%). These problems have been partially solved by use of active fillers (e.g. Ti, Cr, B). The reactive filler converts to a ceramic material with a volume expansion and this increases the density and reduces shrinkage and porosity. The expansion of the reactive filler thus compensates for the polymer shrinkage if the appropriate volume fraction of filler is present in a reactive atmosphere (e.g. N2 or NH3). This approach has resulted in structural composites with limited success. The present research investigates the possibility of using filled preceramic polymers to form net shaped ceramic composite materials and to investigate the use of these unique composite materials to join and coat ceramics and ceramic composites. The initial research focused on phase and microstructural development of bulk composites from the filled polymer/ceramic systems. A processing technique was developed to insure consistency between different samples and the most promising filler/polymer choices for this application have been determined. The processing temperatures and atmospheres have also been optimized. The work covers processing and characterization of bulk composites, joints and coatings. With careful control of processing near net shape bulk composites were fabricated. Both ambient and high temperature strength and fracture toughness was obtained for these composite systems. The potential of using reactively filled preceramic polymers to process joints and coatings was also investigated. A critical thickness below which crack free joints/coatings could be processed was determined. Finally, mechanical properties of the joints and coatings at ambient and elevated temperatures (including oxidation studies) have been evaluated. The interfacial fracture behavior of the joints and coatings was also evaluated.

Secondary Waste Form Down-Selection Data Package—Fluidized Bed Steam Reforming Waste Form

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Qafoku, Nikolla; Westsik, Joseph H.; Strachan, Denis M.

2011-09-12

The Hanford Site in southeast Washington State has 56 million gallons of radioactive and chemically hazardous wastes stored in 177 underground tanks (ORP 2010). The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of River Protection (ORP), through its contractors, is constructing the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) to convert the radioactive and hazardous wastes into stable glass waste forms for disposal. Within the WTP, the pretreatment facility will receive the retrieved waste from the tank farms and separate it into two treated process streams. These waste streams will be vitrified, and the resulting waste canisters will be sentmore » to offsite (high-level waste [HLW]) and onsite (immobilized low-activity waste [ILAW]) repositories. As part of the pretreatment and ILAW processing, liquid secondary wastes will be generated that will be transferred to the Effluent Treatment Facility (ETF) on the Hanford Site for further treatment. These liquid secondary wastes will be converted to stable solid waste forms that will be disposed of in the Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF). To support the selection of a waste form for the liquid secondary wastes from WTP, Washington River Protection Solutions (WRPS) has initiated secondary waste form testing work at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). In anticipation of a down-selection process for a waste form for the Solidification Treatment Unit to be added to the ETF, PNNL is developing data packages to support that down-selection. The objective of the data packages is to identify, evaluate, and summarize the existing information on the four waste forms being considered for stabilizing and solidifying the liquid secondary wastes. At the Hanford Site, the FBSR process is being evaluated as a supplemental technology for treating and immobilizing Hanford LAW radioactive tank waste and for treating secondary wastes from the WTP pretreatment and LAW vitrification processes.« less

The development of visuo-spatial working memory.

PubMed

Pickering, S J

2001-01-01

Children's performance on tests of visuo-spatial working memory improves with age, although relatively little is known about why this happens. One explanation concerns the development of the ability to recode visually presented information into phonological form. This process appears to be used from around 8 years of age and is a major contributor to tasks in which stimuli can be verbally labelled. However, evidence suggests that phonological recoding cannot account for all of the age-related change in performance on visuo-spatial working memory tasks. In this review, four other mechanisms (knowledge, processing strategies, processing speed, and attentional capacity) are considered in terms of their contribution to children's visuo-spatial working memory development.

Hemispheric Asymmetry of Visual Scene Processing in the Human Brain: Evidence from Repetition Priming and Intrinsic Activity

PubMed Central

Kahn, Itamar; Wig, Gagan S.; Schacter, Daniel L.

2012-01-01

Asymmetrical specialization of cognitive processes across the cerebral hemispheres is a hallmark of healthy brain development and an important evolutionary trait underlying higher cognition in humans. While previous research, including studies of priming, divided visual field presentation, and split-brain patients, demonstrates a general pattern of right/left asymmetry of form-specific versus form-abstract visual processing, little is known about brain organization underlying this dissociation. Here, using repetition priming of complex visual scenes and high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we demonstrate asymmetrical form specificity of visual processing between the right and left hemispheres within a region known to be critical for processing of visual spatial scenes (parahippocampal place area [PPA]). Next, we use resting-state functional connectivity MRI analyses to demonstrate that this functional asymmetry is associated with differential intrinsic activity correlations of the right versus left PPA with regions critically involved in perceptual versus conceptual processing, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the PPA comprises lateralized subregions across the cerebral hemispheres that are engaged in functionally dissociable yet complementary components of visual scene analysis. Furthermore, this functional asymmetry is associated with differential intrinsic functional connectivity of the PPA with distinct brain areas known to mediate dissociable cognitive processes. PMID:21968568

Hemispheric asymmetry of visual scene processing in the human brain: evidence from repetition priming and intrinsic activity.

PubMed

Stevens, W Dale; Kahn, Itamar; Wig, Gagan S; Schacter, Daniel L

2012-08-01

Asymmetrical specialization of cognitive processes across the cerebral hemispheres is a hallmark of healthy brain development and an important evolutionary trait underlying higher cognition in humans. While previous research, including studies of priming, divided visual field presentation, and split-brain patients, demonstrates a general pattern of right/left asymmetry of form-specific versus form-abstract visual processing, little is known about brain organization underlying this dissociation. Here, using repetition priming of complex visual scenes and high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we demonstrate asymmetrical form specificity of visual processing between the right and left hemispheres within a region known to be critical for processing of visual spatial scenes (parahippocampal place area [PPA]). Next, we use resting-state functional connectivity MRI analyses to demonstrate that this functional asymmetry is associated with differential intrinsic activity correlations of the right versus left PPA with regions critically involved in perceptual versus conceptual processing, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the PPA comprises lateralized subregions across the cerebral hemispheres that are engaged in functionally dissociable yet complementary components of visual scene analysis. Furthermore, this functional asymmetry is associated with differential intrinsic functional connectivity of the PPA with distinct brain areas known to mediate dissociable cognitive processes.

Proposing a new iterative learning control algorithm based on a non-linear least square formulation - Minimising draw-in errors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Endelt, B.

2017-09-01

Forming operation are subject to external disturbances and changing operating conditions e.g. new material batch, increasing tool temperature due to plastic work, material properties and lubrication is sensitive to tool temperature. It is generally accepted that forming operations are not stable over time and it is not uncommon to adjust the process parameters during the first half hour production, indicating that process instability is gradually developing over time. Thus, in-process feedback control scheme might not-be necessary to stabilize the process and an alternative approach is to apply an iterative learning algorithm, which can learn from previously produced parts i.e. a self learning system which gradually reduces error based on historical process information. What is proposed in the paper is a simple algorithm which can be applied to a wide range of sheet-metal forming processes. The input to the algorithm is the final flange edge geometry and the basic idea is to reduce the least-square error between the current flange geometry and a reference geometry using a non-linear least square algorithm. The ILC scheme is applied to a square deep-drawing and the Numisheet’08 S-rail benchmark problem, the numerical tests shows that the proposed control scheme is able control and stabilise both processes.

Early Adversity and Learning: Implications for Typical and Atypical Behavioral Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hanson, Jamie L.; van den Bos, Wouter; Roeber, Barbara J.; Rudolph, Karen D.; Davidson, Richard J.; Pollak, Seth D.

2017-01-01

Background: Children who experience early adversity often develop emotion regulatory problems, but little is known about the mechanisms that mediate this relation. We tested whether general associative learning processes contribute to associations between adversity, in the form of child maltreatment, and negative behavioral outcomes. Methods:…

Guidelines for Curriculum Development. Revised.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kistler, K.; And Others

The curriculum development process explained in this booklet was first implemented at College of the Redwoods in May 1986 and then revised in June 1989. First, information on the college's Curriculum Committee is provided, indicating that the committee was formed to plan credit/non-credit courses; evaluate and approve additions, modifications, or…

Project DIVIDE Instrument Development. Technical Report # 0810

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ketterlin-Geller, Leanne; Jung, Eunju; Geller, Josh; Yovanoff, Paul

2008-01-01

In this technical report, we describe the development of cognitive diagnostic test items that form the basis of the diagnostic system for Project DIVIDE (Dynamic Instruction Via Individually Designed Environments). The construct underlying the diagnostic test is division of fractions. We include a description of the process we used to identify the…

Exposure to Media and Theory-of-Mind Development in Preschoolers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mar, Raymond A.; Tackett, Jennifer L.; Moore, Chris

2010-01-01

Exposure to different forms of narrative media may influence children's development of theory-of-mind. Because engagement with fictional narratives provides one with information about the social world, and possibly draws upon theory-of-mind processes during comprehension, exposure to storybooks, movies, and television may influence theory-of-mind…

Determination of Optimal Subsidy for Materials Saving Investment through Recycle/Recovery at Industrial Level

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Batzias, Dimitris F.

2009-08-01

This work deals with a methodological framework under the form of a simple/short algorithmic procedure (including 11 activity steps and 3 decision nodes) designed/developed for the determination of optimal subsidy for materials saving investment through recycle/recovery (RR) at industrial level. Two case examples are presented, covering both aspects, without and with recycling. The expected Relative Cost Decrease (RCD) because of recycling, which forms a critical index for decision making on subsidizing, is estimated. The developed procedure can be extended outside the industrial unit to include collection/transportation/processing of recyclable wasted products. Since, in such a case, transportation cost and processing cost are conflict depended variables (when the quantity collected/processed Q is the independent/explanatory variable), the determination of Qopt is examined under energy crises conditions, when corresponding subsidies might be granted to re-set the original equilibrium and avoid putting the recycling enterprise in jeopardize due to dangerous lowering of the first break-even point.

Fabrication of GRCop-84 Rocket Thrust Chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Loewenthal, William; Ellis, David

2006-01-01

GRCop-84, a copper alloy, Cu-8 at% Cr-4 at% Nb developed at NASA Glenn Research Center for regenerative1y cooled rocket engine liners has excellent combinations of elevated temperature strength, creep resistance, thermal conductivity and low cycle fatigue. GRCop-84 is produced from pre-alloyed atomized powder and has been fabricated into plate, sheet and tube forms as well as near net shapes. Fabrication processes to produce demonstration rocket combustion chambers will be presented and includes powder production, extruding, rolling, forming, friction stir welding, and metal spinning. GRCop-84 has excellent workability and can be readily fabricated into complex components using conventional powder and wrought metallurgy processes. Rolling was examined in detail for process sensitivity at various levels of total reduction, rolling speed and rolling temperature representing extremes of commercial processing conditions. Results indicate that process conditions can range over reasonable levels without any negative impact to properties.

Fabrication of GRCop-84 Rocket Thrust Chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Loewenthal, William S.; Ellis, David L.

2005-01-01

GRCop-84, a copper alloy, Cu-8 at% Cr-4 at% Nb developed at NASA Glenn Research Center for regeneratively cooled rocket engine liners has excellent combinations of elevated temperature strength, creep resistance, thermal conductivity and low cycle fatigue. GRCop-84 is produced from prealloyed atomized powder and has been fabricated into plate, sheet and tube forms as well as near net shapes. Fabrication processes to produce demonstration rocket combustion chambers will be presented and includes powder production, extruding, rolling, forming, friction stir welding, and metal spinning. GRCop-84 has excellent workability and can be readily fabricated into complex components using conventional powder and wrought metallurgy processes. Rolling was examined in detail for process sensitivity at various levels of total reduction, rolling speed and rolling temperature representing extremes of commercial processing conditions. Results indicate that process conditions can range over reasonable levels without any negative impact to properties.

The predictive information obtained by testing multiple software versions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, Larry D.

1987-01-01

Multiversion programming is a redundancy approach to developing highly reliable software. In applications of this method, two or more versions of a program are developed independently by different programmers and the versions are combined to form a redundant system. One variation of this approach consists of developing a set of n program versions and testing the versions to predict the failure probability of a particular program or a system formed from a subset of the programs. The precision that might be obtained, and also the effect of programmer variability if predictions are made over repetitions of the process of generating different program versions, are examined.

Modeling plant growth and development.

PubMed

Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw

2004-02-01

Computational plant models or 'virtual plants' are increasingly seen as a useful tool for comprehending complex relationships between gene function, plant physiology, plant development, and the resulting plant form. The theory of L-systems, which was introduced by Lindemayer in 1968, has led to a well-established methodology for simulating the branching architecture of plants. Many current architectural models provide insights into the mechanisms of plant development by incorporating physiological processes, such as the transport and allocation of carbon. Other models aim at elucidating the geometry of plant organs, including flower petals and apical meristems, and are beginning to address the relationship between patterns of gene expression and the resulting plant form.

The role of rapid solidification processing in the fabrication of fiber reinforced metal matrix composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Locci, Ivan E.; Noebe, Ronald D.

1989-01-01

Advanced composite processing techniques for fiber reinforced metal matrix composites require the flexibility to meet several widespread objectives. The development of uniquely desired matrix microstructures and uniformly arrayed fiber spacing with sufficient bonding between fiber and matrix to transmit load between them without degradation to the fiber or matrix are the minimum requirements necessary of any fabrication process. For most applications these criteria can be met by fabricating composite monotapes which are then consolidated into composite panels or more complicated components such as fiber reinforced turbine blades. Regardless of the end component, composite monotapes are the building blocks from which near net shape composite structures can be formed. The most common methods for forming composite monotapes are the powder cloth, foil/fiber, plasma spray, and arc spray processes. These practices, however, employ rapid solidification techniques in processing of the composite matrix phase. Consequently, rapid solidification processes play a vital and yet generally overlooked role in composite fabrication. The future potential of rapid solidification processing is discussed.

Evaluation of Selected Chemical Processes for Production of Low-cost Silicon, Phase 3

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Blocher, J. M., Jr.; Browning, M. F.

1979-01-01

The construction of the 50 MT Si/year experimental process system development unit was deferred until FY 1980, and the fluidized bed, zinc vaporizer, by-product condenser, and electrolytic cell were combined with auxiliary units, capable of supporting 8-hour batchwise operation, to form the process development unit (PDU), which is scheduled to be in operation by October 1, 1979. The design of the PDU and objectives of its operation are discussed. Experimental program support activities described relate to: (1) a wetted-wall condensor; (2) fluidized-bed modeling; (3) zinc chloride electrolysis; and (4) zinc vaporizer.

Preparing polymeric matrix composites using an aqueous slurry technique

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnston, Norman J. (Inventor); Towell, Timothy W. (Inventor)

1993-01-01

An aqueous process was developed to prepare a consolidated composite laminate from an aqueous slurry. An aqueous poly(amic acid) surfactant solution was prepared by dissolving a poly(amic acid) powder in an aqueous ammonia solution. A polymeric powder was added to this solution to form a slurry. The slurry was deposited on carbon fiber to form a prepreg which was dried and stacked to form a composite laminate. The composite laminate was consolidated using pressure and was heated to form the polymeric matrix. The resulting composite laminate exhibited high fracture toughness and excellent consolidation.

Graphite composite truss welding and cap section forming subsystems. Volume 1: Executive summary. [large space structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1980-01-01

A rolltrusion process was developed for forming of a hybrid, single-ply woven graphite and glass fiber cloth, impregnated with a polysulfone resin and coated with TI02 pigmented P-1700 resin into strips for the on-orbit fabrication of triangular truss segments. Ultrasonic welding in vacuum showed no identifiable effects on weld strength or resin flow characteristics. An existing bench model cap roll forming machine was modified and used to roll form caps for the prototype test truss and for column test specimens in order to test local buckling and torsional instability characteristics.

The systems engineering overview and process (from the Systems Engineering Management Guide, 1990)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1993-01-01

The past several decades have seen the rise of large, highly interactive systems that are on the forward edge of technology. As a result of this growth and the increased usage of digital systems (computers and software), the concept of systems engineering has gained increasing attention. Some of this attention is no doubt due to large program failures which possibly could have been avoided, or at least mitigated, through the use of systems engineering principles. The complexity of modern day weapon systems requires conscious application of systems engineering concepts to ensure producible, operable and supportable systems that satisfy mission requirements. Although many authors have traced the roots of systems engineering to earlier dates, the initial formalization of the systems engineering process for military development began to surface in the mid-1950s on the ballistic missile programs. These early ballistic missile development programs marked the emergence of engineering discipline 'specialists' which has since continued to grow. Each of these specialties not only has a need to take data from the overall development process, but also to supply data, in the form of requirements and analysis results, to the process. A number of technical instructions, military standards and specifications, and manuals were developed as a result of these development programs. In particular, MILSTD-499 was issued in 1969 to assist both government and contractor personnel in defining the systems engineering effort in support of defense acquisition programs. This standard was updated to MIL-STD499A in 1974, and formed the foundation for current application of systems engineering principles to military development programs.

The systems engineering overview and process (from the Systems Engineering Management Guide, 1990)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

The past several decades have seen the rise of large, highly interactive systems that are on the forward edge of technology. As a result of this growth and the increased usage of digital systems (computers and software), the concept of systems engineering has gained increasing attention. Some of this attention is no doubt due to large program failures which possibly could have been avoided, or at least mitigated, through the use of systems engineering principles. The complexity of modern day weapon systems requires conscious application of systems engineering concepts to ensure producible, operable and supportable systems that satisfy mission requirements. Although many authors have traced the roots of systems engineering to earlier dates, the initial formalization of the systems engineering process for military development began to surface in the mid-1950s on the ballistic missile programs. These early ballistic missile development programs marked the emergence of engineering discipline 'specialists' which has since continued to grow. Each of these specialties not only has a need to take data from the overall development process, but also to supply data, in the form of requirements and analysis results, to the process. A number of technical instructions, military standards and specifications, and manuals were developed as a result of these development programs. In particular, MILSTD-499 was issued in 1969 to assist both government and contractor personnel in defining the systems engineering effort in support of defense acquisition programs. This standard was updated to MIL-STD499A in 1974, and formed the foundation for current application of systems engineering principles to military development programs.

Design and Decorative Art in Shaping of Architectural Environment Image

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shabalina, N. M.

2017-11-01

The relevance of the topic is determined by the dynamic development of the promising branch, i.e. the architectural environment design, which requires, on the one hand, consideration of the morphology and typology of this art form, on the other hand, the specificity of the architectural environment artistic image. The intensive development of innovative computer technologies and materials in modern engineering, improvement of the information communications forms in their totality has led to the application of new methods in design and construction which, in their turn, have required the development of additional methods for content and context analysis in the integrated assessment of socially significant architectural environments. In the modern culture, correlative processes are steadily developing leading us to a new understanding of the interaction of architecture, decorative art and design. Their rapprochement at the morphological level has been noted which makes it possible to reveal a specific method of synthesis and similarity. The architecture of postmodern styles differs in its bionic form becoming an interactive part of the society and approaching its structural qualities with painting, sculpture, and design. In the modern world, these processes acquire multi-valued semantic nuances, expand the importance of associativity and dynamic processuality in the perception of environmental objects and demand the development of new approaches to the assessment of the architectural design environment. Within the framework of the universal paradigm of modern times the concept of the world develops as a set of systems that live according to the self-organization laws.

Study of Polymer Crystallization by Physical Vapor Deposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jeong, Hyuncheol

When a polymer is confined under the submicron length scale, confinement size and interfaces can significantly impact the crystallization kinetics and resulting morphology. The ability to tune the morphology of confined polymer systems is of critical importance for the development of high-performance polymer microelectronics. The wisdom from the research on confined crystallization suggests that it would be beneficial to have a processing route in which the crystallization of polymers is driven by interface and temperature effects at a nanometer-scale confinement. In practice, for atomic and small-molecular systems, physical vapor deposition (PVD) has been recognized as the most successful processing route for the precise control of the film structure at surface utilizing confinement effects. While standard PVD technologies are not generally applicable to the deposition of the chemically fragile macromolecules, the development of matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) now enables the non-destructive PVD of high-molecular weight polymers. In this thesis work, we investigated the use of MAPLE for the precise control of the crystallization of polymer films at a molecular level. We also sought to decipher the rules governing the crystallization of confined polymers, by using MAPLE as a tool to form confined polymer systems onto substrates with a controlled temperature. We first explored the early stages of film growth and crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) at the substrate surface formed by MAPLE. The unique mechanism of film formation in MAPLE, the deposition of submicron-sized polymer droplets, allowed for the manifestation of confinement and substrate effects in the crystallization of MAPLE-deposited PEO. Furthermore, we also focused on the property of the amorphous PEO film formed by MAPLE, showing the dependence of polymer crystallization kinetics on the thermal history of the amorphous phase. Lastly, we probed how MAPLE processing affected the semi-crystalline structure in MAPLE-deposited polyethylene (PE) films. Depositing PE at various temperatures remarkably allowed for the tunability of the melting temperature and crystallinity of the PE films, thus manipulating the semi-crystalline structure. By comparing the structure of PE formed by different processing routes, i.e., MAPLE and melt-crystallization, we discussed how processing routes affect the development of semi-crystalline phase in polymer films.

Study on the Forming Process and Exploration of Concept of Human-Water Harmonization of Sustainable Development

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Fang; Si, Liqi

2018-05-01

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the process of human development and utilization of water resources can be divided into three stages: engineering water conservancy, resource water conservancy and harmonious coexistence between man and water. These three stages reflect the transformation of the idea of human development and utilization of water resources and eventually reach the state of harmony between human being and water. At the same time, this article draws on the experiences of water management under the thinking of sustainable development in the United States, Western Europe, Northern Europe and Africa. Finally, this paper points out that we need to realize the harmonious coexistence between man and water and sustainable development of water resources in the process of development and utilization of water resources, which is the inevitable requirement of the economic and social development.

Meaning, Internalization, and Externalization: Toward a Fuller Understanding of the Process of Reflection and Its Role in the Construction of the Self

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Le Cornu, Alison

2009-01-01

The study of the process of reflection has a dignified history. However, few have linked reflection to the development of the self in such a way that the form of reflection is understood to influence the resultant type of self. This article explores the process of reflection using a framework of meaning making, internalization, and externalization…

Defense waste processing facility (DWPF) liquids model: revisions for processing higher TIO 2 containing glasses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jantzen, C. M.; Edwards, T. B.; Trivelpiece, C. L.

Radioactive high level waste (HLW) at the Savannah River Site (SRS) has successfully been vitrified into borosilicate glass in the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) since 1996. Vitrification requires stringent product/process (P/P) constraints since the glass cannot be reworked once it is poured into ten foot tall by two foot diameter canisters. A unique “feed forward” statistical process control (SPC) was developed for this control rather than statistical quality control (SQC). In SPC, the feed composition to the DWPF melter is controlled prior to vitrification. In SQC, the glass product would be sampled after it is vitrified. Individual glass property-compositionmore » models form the basis for the “feed forward” SPC. The models transform constraints on the melt and glass properties into constraints on the feed composition going to the melter in order to guarantee, at the 95% confidence level, that the feed will be processable and that the durability of the resulting waste form will be acceptable to a geologic repository. This report documents the development of revised TiO 2, Na 2O, Li 2O and Fe 2O 3 coefficients in the SWPF liquidus model and revised coefficients (a, b, c, and d).« less

Warm spraying—a novel coating process based on high-velocity impact of solid particles

PubMed Central

Kuroda, Seiji; Kawakita, Jin; Watanabe, Makoto; Katanoda, Hiroshi

2008-01-01

In recent years, coating processes based on the impact of high-velocity solid particles such as cold spraying and aerosol deposition have been developed and attracting much industrial attention. A novel coating process called ‘warm spraying’ has been developed, in which coatings are formed by the high-velocity impact of solid powder particles heated to appropriate temperatures below the melting point of the powder material. The advantages of such process are as follows: (1) the critical velocity needed to form a coating can be significantly lowered by heating, (2) the degradation of feedstock powder such as oxidation can be significantly controlled compared with conventional thermal spraying where powder is molten, and (3) various coating structures can be realized from porous to dense ones by controlling the temperature and velocity of the particles. The principles and characteristics of this new process are discussed in light of other existing spray processes such as high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying and cold spraying. The gas dynamics of particle heating and acceleration by the spraying apparatus as well as the high-velocity impact phenomena of powder particles are discussed in detail. Several examples of depositing heat sensitive materials such as titanium, metallic glass, WC–Co cermet and polymers are described with potential industrial applications. PMID:27877996

Warm spraying-a novel coating process based on high-velocity impact of solid particles.

PubMed

Kuroda, Seiji; Kawakita, Jin; Watanabe, Makoto; Katanoda, Hiroshi

2008-07-01

In recent years, coating processes based on the impact of high-velocity solid particles such as cold spraying and aerosol deposition have been developed and attracting much industrial attention. A novel coating process called 'warm spraying' has been developed, in which coatings are formed by the high-velocity impact of solid powder particles heated to appropriate temperatures below the melting point of the powder material. The advantages of such process are as follows: (1) the critical velocity needed to form a coating can be significantly lowered by heating, (2) the degradation of feedstock powder such as oxidation can be significantly controlled compared with conventional thermal spraying where powder is molten, and (3) various coating structures can be realized from porous to dense ones by controlling the temperature and velocity of the particles. The principles and characteristics of this new process are discussed in light of other existing spray processes such as high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying and cold spraying. The gas dynamics of particle heating and acceleration by the spraying apparatus as well as the high-velocity impact phenomena of powder particles are discussed in detail. Several examples of depositing heat sensitive materials such as titanium, metallic glass, WC-Co cermet and polymers are described with potential industrial applications.

Public sector hospitals and organizational change: an agenda for policy analysis.

PubMed

Collins, C; Green, A

1999-01-01

An important feature of health care systems in recent years is the change in the organizational position and relations of public sector hospitals. Health sector reforms have led to increasing heterogeneity in the organizational location and status of public sector hospitals and new organizational forms of public-private relations are being developed by and for hospitals. These changes can have important implications for health and health care. They raise issues around equity, control, accountability and performance of health care. Yet the policy process in practice may be failing to develop and implement appropriate forms of policy formulation on health sector reform. This paper focuses on the organizational position and relations of hospitals within public sector health services. It firstly outlines key elements of health sector reform and relates these to two dimensions of organizational change for hospitals: increasing heterogeneity and forms of public-private relations. The paper provides a descriptive format for classifying forms of hospital organizational change and proposes a framework of six questions for analysing these organizational forms. This may be used to assess the appropriateness of specific policies to particular country situations and to develop more open debate around hospital organizational forms.

Friction Spinning—New Innovative Tool Systems For The Production of Complex Functionally Graded Workpieces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Homberg, Werner; Hornjak, Daniel

2011-05-01

Friction spinning is a new innovative and promising incremental forming technology implying high potential regarding the manufacturing of complex functionally graded workpieces and enhancing existing forming limits of conventional metal spinning processes. The friction spinning process is based on the integration of thermo-mechanical friction subprocesses in this incremental forming process. By choosing the appropriate process parameters, e.g. axial feed rate or relative motion, the contact conditions between tool and workpiece can be influenced in a defined way and, thus, a required temperature profile can be obtained. Friction spinning allows the extension of forming limits compared to conventional metal spinning in order to produce multifunctional components with locally varying properties and the manufacturing of e.g. complex hollow parts made of tubes, profiles, or sheet metals. In this way, it meets the demands regarding efficiency and the manufacturing of functionally graded lightweight components. There is e.g. the possibility of locally increasing the wall thickness in joining zones and, as a consequence, achieving higher quality of the joint at decreased expense. These products are not or only hardly producible by conventional processes so far. In order to benefit from the advantages and potentials of this new innovative process new tooling systems and concepts are indispensable which fulfill the special requirements of this thermo-mechanical process concerning thermal and tribological loads and which allow simultaneous and defined forming and friction operations. An important goal of the corresponding research work at the Chair of Forming and Machining Technology at the University of Paderborn is the development of tool systems that allow the manufacturing of such complex parts by simple uniaxial or sequential biaxial linear tool paths. In the paper, promising tool systems and geometries as well as results of theoretical and experimental research work (e.g. regarding the influence and interaction of process parameters on the workpiece quality) will be discussed. Furthermore, possibilities regarding the manufacturing of geometries (demonstrator workpieces) which are not or only hardly producible with conventional processes will be presented.

Modelling and simulation of the consolidation behavior during thermoplastic prepreg composites forming process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiong, H.; Hamila, N.; Boisse, P.

2017-10-01

Pre-impregnated thermoplastic composites have recently attached increasing interest in the automotive industry for their excellent mechanical properties and their rapid cycle manufacturing process, modelling and numerical simulations of forming processes for composites parts with complex geometry is necessary to predict and optimize manufacturing practices, especially for the consolidation effects. A viscoelastic relaxation model is proposed to characterize the consolidation behavior of thermoplastic prepregs based on compaction tests with a range of temperatures. The intimate contact model is employed to predict the evolution of the consolidation which permits the microstructure prediction of void presented through the prepreg. Within a hyperelastic framework, several simulation tests are launched by combining a new developed solid shell finite element and the consolidation models.

Use of similarity scoring in the development of oral solid dosage forms.

PubMed

Ferreira, Ana P; Olusanmi, Dolapo; Sprockel, Omar; Abebe, Admassu; Nikfar, Faranak; Tobyn, Mike

2016-12-05

In the oral solid dosage form space, material physical properties have a strong impact on the behaviour of the formulation during processing. The ability to identify materials with similar characteristics (and thus expected to exhibit similar behaviour) within the company's portfolio can help accelerate drug development by enabling early assessment and prediction of potential challenges associated with the powder properties of a new active pharmaceutical ingredient. Such developments will aid the production of robust dosage forms, in an efficient manner. Similarity scoring metrics are widely used in a number of scientific fields. This study proposes a practical implementation of this methodology within pharmaceutical development. The developed similarity metrics is based on the Mahalanobis distance. Scanning electron microscopy was used to confirm morphological similarity between the reference material and the closest matches identified by the metrics proposed. The results show that the metrics proposed are able to successfully identify material with similar physical properties. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fabrication of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - based multielectrode array for neural interface.

PubMed

Kim, Jun-Min; Oh, Da-Rong; Sanchez, Joaquin; Kim, Shang-Hyub; Seo, Jong-Mo

2013-01-01

Flexible multielectrode arrays (MEAs) are being developed with various materials, and polyimide has been widely used due to the conveniece of process. Polyimide is developed in the form of photoresist. And this enable precise and reproducible fabrication. PDMS is another good candidate for MEA base material, but it has poor surface energy and etching property. In this paper, we proposed a better fabrication process that could modify PDMS surface for a long time and open the site of electrode and pad efficiently without PDMS etching.

Study for identification of beneficial Uses of Space (BUS). Volume 2: Technical report. Book 3: Development and business analysis of space processed tungsten fox X-ray targets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

The development plans, analysis of required R and D and production resources, the costs of such resources, and finally, the potential profitability of a commercial space processing opportunity for containerless melting and resolidification of tungsten are discussed. The aim is to obtain a form of tungsten which, when fabricated into targets for X-ray tubes, provides at least, a 50 percent increase in service life.

Auditing the nutrition content of patient charts: one hospital's perspective.

PubMed

Skopelianos, S

1993-01-01

Chart audits are traditionally based on patient charts categorized by disease. An alternate approach, using categorization by four types of nutrition care intervention, has been developed by University Hospital. This paper describes the process followed, criteria developed and the results of two complete chart audits. It was shown that nutrition profile forms improved documentation. Overall norms increased significantly from 81.5% to 90% (p < .05). Discussion centres on the evolutionary process from quality assurance to continuous quality improvement.

New Directions in the NOAO Observing Proposal System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gasson, David; Bell, Dave

For the past eight years NOAO has been refining its on-line observing proposal system. Virtually all related processes are now handled electronically. Members of the astronomical community can submit proposals through email, web form, or via the Gemini Phase I Tool. NOAO staff can use the system to do administrative tasks, scheduling, and compilation of various statistics. In addition, all information relevant to the TAC process is made available on-line, including the proposals themselves (in HTML, PDF and PostScript) and technical comments. Grades and TAC comments are entered and edited through web forms, and can be sorted and filtered according to specified criteria. Current developments include a move away from proprietary solutions, toward open standards such as SQL (in the form of the MySQL relational database system), Perl, PHP and XML.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Skupov, A. V., E-mail: skav10@mail.ru

TRISQD software is developed for the computer simulation of processes in which radiation defects are formed under the corpuscular irradiation of semiconductor heterostructures with lenticular nanoinclusions of various shapes. The computer program is used to study defect-formation processes in p-i-n diodes with the i region having a built-in 20-period lattice of self-assembled Ge(Si) nanoislands formed under irradiation with high-energy neutrons. It is found that the fraction of Ge(Si) nanoislands in which point radiation defects are formed under the impact of atomic-displacement cascades is ≤3% of their total number in the lattice. More than 94% of the defects are localized inmore » the bulk of the p, n, and i regions of the diode and in silicon layers that separate sheets of Ge(Si) nanoislands.« less

Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O and Pb-Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor films via an electrodeposition process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maxfield, M.; Eckhardt, H.; Iqbal, Z.; Reidinger, F.; Baughman, R. H.

1989-05-01

A novel electrochemical process has been developed for the formation of superconducting films. Using this process, superconducting films of Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8 and (Pb,Bi)2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8 have been formed. The process consists of simultaneously depositing the metallic constituents of the superconductor from a single electrolyte, and thermally oxidizing the resulting precursors film to form the superconducting phase. Application of -4 to -5 V vs Ag/Ag(+) to a conductive cathode substrate which is immersed in an electrolyte containing salts of all of the metals reduces the metal cations, causing then to deposit on the cathode as a metallic film precursor. Precursor films having desired stoichiometries were obtained by regulating the electrolyte bath composition.

Using rapid infrared forming to control interfaces in titanium-matrix composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Warrier, Sunil G.; Lin, Ray Y.

1993-01-01

Control of the fiber-matrix reaction during composite fabrication is commonly achieved by shortening the processing time, coating the reinforcement with relatively inert materials, or adding alloying elements to retard the reaction. To minimize the processing time, a rapid IR forming (RIF) technique for metal-matrix composite fabrication has been developed. Experiments have shown that the RIF technique is a quick, simple, and low-cost process to fabricate titanium-alloy matrix composites reinforced with either silicon carbide or carbon fibers. Due to short processing times (typically on the order of 1-2 minutes in an inert atmosphere for composites with up to eight-ply reinforcements), the interfacial reaction is limited and well controlled. Composites fabricated by this technique have mechanical properties that are comparable to (in several cases, superior to) those made with conventional diffusion-bonding techniques.

Project Activities as a Form of English Language Teaching Based on the Interdisciplinary Approach to Form Intercultural Communicative Competence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Redchenko, Nadezhda N.

2016-01-01

The authors of this article suggest a thesis about the purpose of teaching a foreign language--it is student's communicative activities, i.e. learning a foreign language in practice. The teacher's task is to encourage activities of every student and to create situations to develop their creative activities in a learning process. New information…

Relationship between Forms of Career Guidance, Academic Performance and Subsequent Career Choice of High School Girls: A Case of Vihiga County, Kenya

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mudulia, Mabel Ambogo; Ayiro, Laban Peter; Kipsoi, Emmy

2017-01-01

Sustainable development goal number five of the 2030 agenda aims to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. The Kamunge Commission report of 1988 recommends that schools and universities provide guidance to university applicants to enable them make rightful choices. The paper objectively looks at the forms (processes, programmes…

Investigation of the Predictions and Decisions about Information and Communication Technologies in the Development Plans in Turkey

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gerek, Sevgi

2010-01-01

Conscious and balanced use of information and communication technologies (ICT) is one of the main foundations of the concept put forward as new economy. Studies on the forming process of new economy in Turkey are conducted, but failures are also experienced in forming an accurate policy in terms of information, technology and innovation. The aim…

Development of Avionics Installation Interface Standards.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-12-01

design and manufacturing process routinely used to minimize the susceptibility of the equipment to corrosion . 4.2.7 Form/Fit Working Group The Form...since it would include both the LRU repack- aging and the required aircraft reconfiguration. The smallest impact is achieved when an avionics or...Smith ARINC Research Corporation X D. Snell Boeing Aerospace Corporation .. Steele Masterite Industries E. Straub ARINC Research Corporation X 1

Gravitational effects on the development of weld-pool and solidification microstructures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Boatner, L.A.; David, S.A.; Workman, G.

1994-09-01

This research effort has as its objective the development of a quantitative understanding of the effects of both low- and high-g environments on the solidification microstructures and morphologies that are produced in alloy single crystals during a variety of melting and solidification processes. The overall goal of the effort is to delineate the nature of the roles played by natural convection, surface-tension-driven convection, and mass transport effects due to interactions associated with various heating methods that are used to form melt pools in practical, commercially important alloy systems. The experimental and theoretical investigations comprising this effort encompass the study ofmore » configurations in which stationary heat sources are employed as well as melt pools formed by moving heat sources like those frequently used in fusion-welding processes.« less

Increase in α-tubulin modifications in the neuronal processes of hippocampal neurons in both kainic acid-induced epileptic seizure and Alzheimer's disease.

PubMed

Vu, Hang Thi; Akatsu, Hiroyasu; Hashizume, Yoshio; Setou, Mitsutoshi; Ikegami, Koji

2017-01-09

Neurodegeneration includes acute changes and slow-developing alterations, both of which partly involve common cellular machinery. During neurodegeneration, neuronal processes are impaired along with dysregulated post-translational modifications (PTMs) of cytoskeletal proteins. In neuronal processes, tubulin undergoes unique PTMs including a branched form of modification called glutamylation and loss of the C-terminal tyrosine residue and the penultimate glutamic acid residue forming Δ2-tubulin. Here, we investigated the state of two PTMs, glutamylation and Δ2 form, in both acute and slow-developing neurodegenerations, using a newly generated monoclonal antibody, DTE41, which had 2-fold higher affinity to glutamylated Δ2-tubulin, than to unmodified Δ2-tubulin. DTE41 recognised glutamylated Δ2-tubulin preferentially in immunostaining than in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. In normal mouse brain, DTE41 stained molecular layer of the cerebellum as well as synapse-rich regions in pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex. In kainic acid-induced epileptic seizure, DTE41-labelled signals were increased in the hippocampal CA3 region, especially in the stratum lucidum. In the hippocampi of post-mortem patients with Alzheimer's disease, intensities of DTE41 staining were increased in mossy fibres in the CA3 region as well as in apical dendrites of the pyramidal neurons. Our findings indicate that glutamylation on Δ2-tubulin is increased in both acute and slow-developing neurodegeneration.

Drizzle formation in stratocumulus clouds: Effects of turbulent mixing

DOE PAGES

Magaritz-Ronen, L.; Pinsky, M.; Khain, A.

2016-02-17

The mechanism of drizzle formation in shallow stratocumulus clouds and the effect of turbulent mixing on this process are investigated. A Lagrangian–Eularian model of the cloud-topped boundary layer is used to simulate the cloud measured during flight RF07 of the DYCOMS-II field experiment. The model contains ~ 2000 air parcels that are advected in a turbulence-like velocity field. In the model all microphysical processes are described for each Lagrangian air volume, and turbulent mixing between the parcels is also taken into account. It was found that the first large drops form in air volumes that are closest to adiabatic andmore » characterized by high humidity, extended residence near cloud top, and maximum values of liquid water content, allowing the formation of drops as a result of efficient collisions. The first large drops form near cloud top and initiate drizzle formation in the cloud. Drizzle is developed only when turbulent mixing of parcels is included in the model. Without mixing, the cloud structure is extremely inhomogeneous and the few large drops that do form in the cloud evaporate during their sedimentation. Lastly, it was found that turbulent mixing can delay the process of drizzle initiation but is essential for the further development of drizzle in the cloud.« less

Multi response optimization of sheet forming of Kenaf-Polypropylene composites using grey based fuzzy algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oktariani, Erfina; Istikowati, Rita; Tomo, Hendro Sat Setijo; Rizal, Rafliansyah; Pratama, Yosea

2018-02-01

Composites from natural fiber reinforcement are developed as the alternative sheet materials of plastic composite for small-size bodywork parts in automotive industries. Kenaf fiber is selected as the reinforcement of plastic composite. Press forming of Kenaf-Polypropylene is experimentally produced in this study. The aim of this study is to obtain the optimal factor of the process of sheet forming of Kenaf-Polypropylene. The Kenaf delignified is cut into 5 cm lengths and distributed on the surface of Polypropylene sheet for 3 and 5 ply layers. The layers of Kenaf-Polypropylene then pressed by hot press at 190 and 210°C, 40 and 50 bar, for 3 and 5 minutes. However, there are limitations in handling multi responses in design of experiments. The application of the fuzzy logic theory to the grey relational analysis may further develop its performance in solving multi-response problems for process parameter optimization. The layer of Kenaf and Polypropylene, temperature, the duration of hot press and pressure are factors that affect the process. The result of experimental investigation and as well as analysis, shows that the best combination values were 3 ply layer, 210°C, 5 minutes of hot press and 50 bar.

Drizzle formation in stratocumulus clouds: Effects of turbulent mixing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Magaritz-Ronen, L.; Pinsky, M.; Khain, A.

The mechanism of drizzle formation in shallow stratocumulus clouds and the effect of turbulent mixing on this process are investigated. A Lagrangian–Eularian model of the cloud-topped boundary layer is used to simulate the cloud measured during flight RF07 of the DYCOMS-II field experiment. The model contains ~ 2000 air parcels that are advected in a turbulence-like velocity field. In the model all microphysical processes are described for each Lagrangian air volume, and turbulent mixing between the parcels is also taken into account. It was found that the first large drops form in air volumes that are closest to adiabatic andmore » characterized by high humidity, extended residence near cloud top, and maximum values of liquid water content, allowing the formation of drops as a result of efficient collisions. The first large drops form near cloud top and initiate drizzle formation in the cloud. Drizzle is developed only when turbulent mixing of parcels is included in the model. Without mixing, the cloud structure is extremely inhomogeneous and the few large drops that do form in the cloud evaporate during their sedimentation. Lastly, it was found that turbulent mixing can delay the process of drizzle initiation but is essential for the further development of drizzle in the cloud.« less

Waste-form development for conversion to portland cement at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Technical Area 55 (TA-55)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Veazey, G.W.; Schake, A.R.; Shalek, P.D.

1996-10-01

The process used at TA-55 to cement transuranic (TRU) waste has experienced several problems with the gypsum-based cement currently being used. Specifically, the waste form could not reliably pass the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) prohibition for free liquid and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) standard for chromium. This report describes the project to develop a portland cement-based waste form that ensures compliance to these standards, as well as other performance standards consisting of homogeneous mixing, moderate hydration temperature, timely initial set, and structural durability. Testing was conducted using the two most common waste streams requiringmore » cementation as of February 1994, lean residue (LR)- and oxalate filtrate (OX)-based evaporator bottoms (EV). A formulation with a pH of 10.3 to 12.1 and a minimum cement-to-liquid (C/L) ratio of 0.80 kg/l for OX-based EV and 0.94 kg/L for LR-based EV was found to pass the performance standards chosen for this project. The implementation of the portland process should result in a yearly cost savings for raw materials of approximately $27,000 over the gypsum process.« less

A new multiple air beam approach for in-process form error optical measurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Y.; Li, R.

2018-07-01

In-process measurement can provide feedback for the control of workpiece precision in terms of size, roughness and, in particular, mid-spatial frequency form error. Optical measurement methods are of the non-contact type and possess high precision, as required for in-process form error measurement. In precision machining, coolant is commonly used to reduce heat generation and thermal deformation on the workpiece surface. However, the use of coolant will induce an opaque coolant barrier if optical measurement methods are used. In this paper, a new multiple air beam approach is proposed. The new approach permits the displacement of coolant from any direction and with a large thickness, i.e. with a large amount of coolant. The model, the working principle, and the key features of the new approach are presented. Based on the proposed new approach, a new in-process form error optical measurement system is developed. The coolant removal capability and the performance of this new multiple air beam approach are assessed. The experimental results show that the workpiece surface y(x, z) can be measured successfully with standard deviation up to 0.3011 µm even under a large amount of coolant, such that the coolant thickness is 15 mm. This means a relative uncertainty of 2σ up to 4.35% and the workpiece surface is deeply immersed in the opaque coolant. The results also show that, in terms of coolant removal capability, air supply and air velocity, the proposed new approach improves by, respectively, 3.3, 1.3 and 5.3 times on the previous single air beam approach. The results demonstrate the significant improvements brought by the new multiple air beam method together with the developed measurement system.

Transgressing the Norm: Transformative Agency in Community-Based Learning for Sustainability in Southern African Contexts

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lotz-Sisitka, Heila; Mukute, Mutizwa; Chikunda, Charles; Baloi, Aristides; Pesanayi, Tichaona

2017-01-01

Environment and sustainability education processes are often oriented to change and transformation, and frequently involve the emergence of new forms of human activity. However, not much is known about how such change emerges from the learning process, or "how" it contributes to the development of transformative agency in community…

Combining Natural Language Processing and Statistical Text Mining: A Study of Specialized versus Common Languages

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jarman, Jay

2011-01-01

This dissertation focuses on developing and evaluating hybrid approaches for analyzing free-form text in the medical domain. This research draws on natural language processing (NLP) techniques that are used to parse and extract concepts based on a controlled vocabulary. Once important concepts are extracted, additional machine learning algorithms,…

Development of a Learning Progression for the Formation of the Solar System

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Plummer, Julia D.; Palma, Christopher; Flarend, Alice; Rubin, KeriAnn; Ong, Yann Shiou; Botzer, Brandon; McDonald, Scott; Furman, Tanya

2015-01-01

This study describes the process of defining a hypothetical learning progression (LP) for astronomy around the big idea of "Solar System formation." At the most sophisticated level, students can explain how the formation process led to the current Solar System by considering how the planets formed from the collapse of a rotating cloud of…

Cultured normal mammalian tissue and process

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goodwin, Thomas J. (Inventor); Prewett, Tacey L. (Inventor); Wolf, David A. (Inventor); Spaulding, Glenn F. (Inventor)

1993-01-01

Normal mammalian tissue and the culturing process has been developed for the three groups of organ, structural and blood tissue. The cells are grown in vitro under microgravity culture conditions and form three dimensional cell aggregates with normal cell function. The microgravity culture conditions may be microgravity or simulated microgravity created in a horizontal rotating wall culture vessel.

Developmental Changes in the Processing of Hierarchical Shapes Continue into Adolescence.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mondloch, Catherine J.; Geldart, Sybil; Maurer, Daphne; de Schonen, Scania

2003-01-01

Three experiments obtained same-different judgments from children and adults to trace normal development of local and global processing of hierarchical visual forms. Findings indicated that reaction time was faster on global trials than local trials; bias was stronger in children and diminished to adult levels between ages 10 and 14. Reaction time…

Mineral resource of the month: sulfur

USGS Publications Warehouse

,

2010-01-01

The article presents information on sulfur. Sulfur is said to be among the few solid elements found in elemental form in nature and has industrial uses. Changes in the sulfur production process over the years are discussed as well as the mining process developed by German engineer Herman Frasch that involves melting the sulfur underground and pumping it to the surface.

Multivariate Generalizations of Student's t-Distribution. ONR Technical Report. [Biometric Lab Report No. 90-3.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gibbons, Robert D.; And Others

In the process of developing a conditionally-dependent item response theory (IRT) model, the problem arose of modeling an underlying multivariate normal (MVN) response process with general correlation among the items. Without the assumption of conditional independence, for which the underlying MVN cdf takes on comparatively simple forms and can be…

New Science Curriculum Based on Inquiry Based Learning--A Model of Modern Educational System in Republic of Macedonia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aceska, Natalija

2016-01-01

The process of globalization, more progressive development of the scientific findings, new technology and the way of communicating with the new forms of literacy in which the most secure spot has been taken by the development of natural sciences in the spirit of "sustainable development" have been the reasons that make science and…

The Effect of Communication Strategy and Planning Intervention on the Processes and Performance of Course Material Development Teams

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Padmo Putri, Dewi A.

2012-01-01

In most open and distance learning institutions, the development of learning materials, whether in print or electronic form, is created by teams consisting of people with different skills. Team communication has a critical influence on the development of team shared mental models (SMMs) as well as team performance. A review of the literature…

6-D, A Process Framework for the Design and Development of Web-based Systems.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Christian, Phillip

2001-01-01

Explores how the 6-D framework can form the core of a comprehensive systemic strategy and help provide a supporting structure for more robust design and development while allowing organizations to support whatever methods and models best suit their purpose. 6-D stands for the phases of Web design and development: Discovery, Definition, Design,…

Organization of polymer chains onto long, single-wall carbon nano-tubes: effect of tube diameter and cooling method.

PubMed

Kumar, Sunil; Pattanayek, Sudip K; Pereira, Gerald G

2014-01-14

We use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the arrangement of polymer chains when absorbed onto a long, single-wall carbon nano-tube (SWCNT). We study the conformation and organization of the polymer chains on the SWCNT and their dependence on the tube's diameter and the rate of cooling. We use two types of cooling processes: direct quenching and gradual cooling. The radial density distribution function and bond orientational order parameter are used to characterize the polymer chain structure near the surface. In the direct cooling process, the beads of the polymer chain organize in lamella-like patterns on the surface of the SWCNT with the long axis of the lamella parallel to the axis of the SWCNT. In a stepwise, gradual cooling process, the polymer beads form a helical pattern on the surface of a relatively thick SWCNT, but form a lamella-like pattern on the surface of a very thin SWCNT. We develop a theoretical (free energy) model to explain this difference in pattern structures for the gradual cooling process and also provide a qualitative explanation for the pattern that forms from the direct cooling process.

[Evaluation of soy bean proteins obtained by pressure].

PubMed

Bau, H M; Poullain, B; Debry, G

1978-01-01

Besides the processes of extrusion and protein fiber spinning, analogous utilization research with a range of protein sources is continuing at an accelerated pace. However, the pressure forming process, an attractive process for producing protein foods, has not received the attention as it merits. The fabrication techniques contribute the advantages of nutritional value, economic and simplicity in manufacture; it can be extend to utilize in the development of useful textured vegetable protein foods. Here, we present a pressure forming process for producing protein foods with soybean grains. In this paper, we evaluated the composition, and the yield of the products obtained by this process; the trypsin inhibitor and enzymatic proteolyse of the products were also studied. The product obtained contents soluble and insoluble proteins of soybean, 45 p. 100 of protein (N x 6,25), 20-25 p. 100 of carbohydrates of which the fibers are included; moreover it contents 6-7 p. 100 of ash and 20-22 p. 100 of fat. It does not content any starch, the oligosaccharides and antinutritional factors were almost eliminated. This product presents in acceptable textural form resembling traditional animal protein foodstuffs; its fonctional and nutritional properties can meet different utilizations in foodstuffs such as dietetic products and protein complements.

EXAFS/XANES studies of plutonium-loaded sodalite/glass waste forms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Richmann, Michael K.; Reed, Donald T.; Kropf, A. Jeremy; Aase, Scott B.; Lewis, Michele A.

2001-09-01

A sodalite/glass ceramic waste form is being developed to immobilize highly radioactive nuclear wastes in chloride form, as part of an electrochemical cleanup process. Two types of simulated waste forms were studied: where the plutonium was alone in an LiCl/KCl matrix and where simulated fission-product elements were added representative of the electrometallurgical treatment process used to recover uranium from spent nuclear fuel also containing plutonium and a variety of fission products. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) studies were performed to determine the location, oxidation state, and particle size of the plutonium within these waste form samples. Plutonium was found to segregate as plutonium(IV) oxide with a crystallite size of at least 4.8 nm in the non-fission-element case and 1.3 nm with fission elements present. No plutonium was observed within the sodalite in the waste form made from the plutonium-loaded LiCl/KCl eutectic salt. Up to 35% of the plutonium in the waste form made from the plutonium-loaded simulated fission-product salt may be segregated with a heavy-element nearest neighbor other than plutonium or occluded internally within the sodalite lattice.

New developments in tribomechanical modeling of automotive sheet steel forming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khandeparkar, Tushar; Chezan, Toni; van Beeck, Jeroen

2018-05-01

Forming of automotive sheet metal body panels is a complex process influenced by both the material properties and contact conditions in the forming tooling. Material properties are described by the material constitutive behavior and the material flow into the forming die can be described by the tribological system. This paper investigates the prediction accuracy of the forming process using the Tata Steel state of the art description of the material constitutive behavior in combination with different friction models. A cross-die experiment is used to investigate the accuracy of local deformation modes typically seen in automotive sheet metal forming operations. Results of advanced friction models as well as the classical Coulomb friction description are compared to the experimentally measured strain distribution and material draw-in. Two hot-dip galvanized coated steel forming grades were used for the investigations. The results show that the accuracy of the simulation is not guaranteed by the advanced friction models for the entire investigated blank holder force range, both globally and locally. A measurable difference between the calculated and measured local strains is seen for both studied models even in the case where the global indicator, i.e. the draw-in, is well predicted.

A conceptual persistent healthcare quality improvement process for software development management.

PubMed

Lin, Jen-Chiun; Su, Mei-Ju; Cheng, Po-Hsun; Weng, Yung-Chien; Chen, Sao-Jie; Lai, Jin-Shin; Lai, Feipei

2007-01-01

This paper illustrates a sustained conceptual service quality improvement process for the management of software development within a healthcare enterprise. Our proposed process is revised from Niland's healthcare quality information system (HQIS). This process includes functions to survey the satisfaction of system functions, describe the operation bylaws on-line, and provide on-demand training. To achieve these goals, we integrate five information systems in National Taiwan University Hospital, including healthcare information systems, health quality information system, requirement management system, executive information system, and digital learning system, to form a full Deming cycle. A preliminary user satisfaction survey showed that our outpatient information system scored an average of 71.31 in 2006.

Processing materials in space - The history and the future

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chassay, Roger; Carswell, Bill

1987-01-01

The development of materials processing in space, and some of the Soyuz, Apollo, Skylab, and Shuttle orbital materials experiments are reviewed. Consideration is given to protein crystal growth, electrophoresis, low-gravity isoelectric focusing, phase partitioning, a monodisperse latex reactor, semiconductor crystal growth, solution crystal growth, the triglycine sulfate experiment, vapor crystal growth experiments, the mercuric iodide experiment, electronic and electrooptical materials, organic thin films and crystalline solids, deep undercooling of metals and alloys, magnetic materials, immiscible materials, metal solidification research, reluctant glass-forming materials, and containerless glass formation. The space processing apparatuses and ground facilities, for materials processing are described. Future facilities for commercial research, development, and manufacturing in space are proposed.

Formation and Degradation of Beta-casomorphins in Dairy Processing

PubMed Central

Nguyen, Duc Doan; Johnson, Stuart Keith; Busetti, Francesco; Solah, Vicky Ann

2015-01-01

Milk proteins including casein are sources of peptides with bioactivity. One of these peptides is beta-casomorphin (BCM) which belongs to a group of opioid peptides formed from β-casein variants. Beta-casomorphin 7 (BCM7) has been demonstrated to be enzymatically released from the A1 or B β-casein variant. Epidemiological evidence suggests the peptide BCM 7 is a risk factor for development of human diseases, including increased risk of type 1 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases but this has not been thoroughly substantiated by research studies. High performance liquid chromatography coupled to UV-Vis and mass spectrometry detection as well as enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used to analyze BCMs in dairy products. BCMs have been detected in raw cow's milk and human milk and a variety of commercial cheeses, but their presence has yet to be confirmed in commercial yoghurts. The finding that BCMs are present in cheese suggests they could also form in yoghurt, but be degraded during yoghurt processing. Whether BCMs do form in yoghurt and the amount of BCM forming or degrading at different processing steps needs further investigation and possibly will depend on the heat treatment and fermentation process used, but it remains an intriguing unknown. PMID:25077377

A 'Turing' Test for Landscape Evolution Models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parsons, A. J.; Wise, S. M.; Wainwright, J.; Swift, D. A.

2008-12-01

Resolving the interactions among tectonics, climate and surface processes at long timescales has benefited from the development of computer models of landscape evolution. However, testing these Landscape Evolution Models (LEMs) has been piecemeal and partial. We argue that a more systematic approach is required. What is needed is a test that will establish how 'realistic' an LEM is and thus the extent to which its predictions may be trusted. We propose a test based upon the Turing Test of artificial intelligence as a way forward. In 1950 Alan Turing posed the question of whether a machine could think. Rather than attempt to address the question directly he proposed a test in which an interrogator asked questions of a person and a machine, with no means of telling which was which. If the machine's answer could not be distinguished from those of the human, the machine could be said to demonstrate artificial intelligence. By analogy, if an LEM cannot be distinguished from a real landscape it can be deemed to be realistic. The Turing test of intelligence is a test of the way in which a computer behaves. The analogy in the case of an LEM is that it should show realistic behaviour in terms of form and process, both at a given moment in time (punctual) and in the way both form and process evolve over time (dynamic). For some of these behaviours, tests already exist. For example there are numerous morphometric tests of punctual form and measurements of punctual process. The test discussed in this paper provides new ways of assessing dynamic behaviour of an LEM over realistically long timescales. However challenges remain in developing an appropriate suite of challenging tests, in applying these tests to current LEMs and in developing LEMs that pass them.

Evolution of soil and vegetation cover on the bottom of drained thermokarst lake (a case study in the European Northeast of Russia)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaverin, Dmitry; Pastukhov, Alexander

2015-04-01

The evolution of soils and landscapes has been studied in a lake bed of former thermokarst lake, which was totally drained in 1979. Melioration of thermokarst lakes was conducted experimentally and locally under Soviet economics program during 1970-s. The aim of the program was to increase in biomass productivity of virgin tundra permafrost-thermokarst sites under agricultural activities. The former thermokarst lake "Opytnoe" located in the Bolshezemelskaya Tundra, Russian European Northeast. The lake bed is covered by peat-mineral sediments, which serves as soil-forming sediments favoring subsequent permafrost aggradation and cryogenic processes as well. Initially, after drainage, swampy meadows had been developed almost all over the lake bed. Further on, succession of landscape went diversely, typical and uncommon tundra landscapes formed. When activated, cryogenic processes favored the formation of peat mounds under dwarf shrub - lichen vegetation (7% of the area). Frost cracks and peat circles affected flat mounds all over the former lake bottom. On drained peat sites, with no active cryogenic processes, specific grass meadows on Cryic Sapric Histosols were developed. Totally, permafrost-affected soils occupy 77% of the area (2011). In some part of the lake bed further development of waterlogging leads to the formation of marshy meadows and willow communities where Gleysols prevail. During last twenty years, permafrost degradation has occurred under tall shrub communities, and it will progress in future. Water erosion processes in the drained lake bottom promoted the formation of local hydrographic network. In the stream floodplain grassy willow-stands formed on Fluvisols (3% of the area). The study has been conducted under Clima-East & RFBR 14-05-31111 projects.