46 CFR 160.002-3 - Materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... warp and 70 pounds in the filling. If it is proposed to treat the fabric with a fire-retardant... of the type specified in paragraph (j) of this section. (g) Dee rings and snap hook. The dee rings...-resistant material. Dee ring ends shall be welded to form a continuous ring. The webbing opening of the snap...

46 CFR 160.005-3 - Materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... and 70 pounds in the filling. If it is proposed to treat the fabric with a fire-retardant substance... of the type specified in paragraph (j) of this section. (g) Dee rings and snap hook. The dee rings...-resistant material. Dee ring ends shall be welded to form a continuous ring. The webbing opening of the snap...

46 CFR 160.005-3 - Materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... and 70 pounds in the filling. If it is proposed to treat the fabric with a fire-retardant substance... of the type specified in paragraph (j) of this section. (g) Dee rings and snap hook. The dee rings...-resistant material. Dee ring ends shall be welded to form a continuous ring. The webbing opening of the snap...

Associations between Resting, Activity, and Daily Metabolic Rate in Free-Living Endotherms: No Universal Rule in Birds and Mammals.

PubMed

Portugal, Steven J; Green, Jonathan A; Halsey, Lewis G; Arnold, Walter; Careau, Vincent; Dann, Peter; Frappell, Peter B; Grémillet, David; Handrich, Yves; Martin, Graham R; Ruf, Thomas; Guillemette, Magella M; Butler, Patrick J

2016-01-01

Energy management models provide theories and predictions for how animals manage their energy budgets within their energetic constraints, in terms of their resting metabolic rate (RMR) and daily energy expenditure (DEE). Thus, uncovering what associations exist between DEE and RMR is key to testing these models. Accordingly, there is considerable interest in the relationship between DEE and RMR at both inter- and intraspecific levels. Interpretation of the evidence for particular energy management models is enhanced by also considering the energy spent specifically on costly activities (activity energy expenditure [AEE] = DEE - RMR). However, to date there have been few intraspecific studies investigating such patterns. Our aim was to determine whether there is a generality of intraspecific relationships among RMR, DEE, and AEE using long-term data sets for bird and mammal species. For mammals, we use minimum heart rate (fH), mean fH, and activity fH as qualitative proxies for RMR, DEE, and AEE, respectively. For the birds, we take advantage of calibration equations to convert fH into rate of oxygen consumption in order to provide quantitative proxies for RMR, DEE, and AEE. For all 11 species, the DEE proxy was significantly positively correlated with the RMR proxy. There was also evidence of a significant positive correlation between AEE and RMR in all four mammal species but only in some of the bird species. Our results indicate there is no universal rule for birds and mammals governing the relationships among RMR, AEE, and DEE. Furthermore, they suggest that birds tend to have a different strategy for managing their energy budgets from those of mammals and that there are also differences in strategy between bird species. Future work in laboratory settings or highly controlled field settings can tease out the environmental and physiological processes contributing to variation in energy management strategies exhibited by different species.

Diesel engine exhaust accelerates plaque formation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

PubMed

Hullmann, Maja; Albrecht, Catrin; van Berlo, Damiën; Gerlofs-Nijland, Miriam E; Wahle, Tina; Boots, Agnes W; Krutmann, Jean; Cassee, Flemming R; Bayer, Thomas A; Schins, Roel P F

2017-08-30

Increasing evidence from toxicological and epidemiological studies indicates that the central nervous system is an important target for ambient air pollutants. We have investigated whether long-term inhalation exposure to diesel engine exhaust (DEE), a dominant contributor to particulate air pollution in urban environments, can aggravate Alzheimer's Disease (AD)-like effects in female 5X Familial AD (5XFAD) mice and their wild-type female littermates. Following 3 and 13 weeks exposures to diluted DEE (0.95 mg/m 3 , 6 h/day, 5 days/week) or clean air (controls) behaviour tests were performed and amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque formation, pulmonary histopathology and systemic inflammation were evaluated. In a string suspension task, assessing for grip strength and motor coordination, 13 weeks exposed 5XFAD mice performed significantly less than the 5XFAD controls. Spatial working memory deficits, assessed by Y-maze and X-maze tasks, were not observed in association with the DEE exposures. Brains of the 3 weeks DEE-exposed 5XFAD mice showed significantly higher cortical Aβ plaque load and higher whole brain homogenate Aβ42 levels than the clean air-exposed 5XFAD littermate controls. After the 13 weeks exposures, with increasing age and progression of the AD-phenotype of the 5XFAD mice, DEE-related differences in amyloid pathology were no longer present. Immunohistochemical evaluation of lungs of the mice revealed no obvious genetic background-related differences in tissue structure, and the DEE exposure did not cause histopathological changes in the mice of both backgrounds. Luminex analysis of plasma cytokines demonstrated absence of sustained systemic inflammation upon DEE exposure. Inhalation exposure to DEE causes accelerated plaque formation and motor function impairment in 5XFAD transgenic mice. Our study provides further support that the brain is a relevant target for the effects of inhaled DEE and suggests that long-term exposure to this ubiquitous air pollution mixture may promote the development of Alzheimer's disease.

Long-term exposure to diesel engine exhaust induced lung function decline in a cross sectional study

PubMed Central

ZHANG, Li Ping; ZHANG, Xiao; DUAN, Hua Wei; MENG, Tao; NIU, Yong; HUANG, Chuan Feng; GAO, Wei Min; YU, Shan Fa; ZHENG, Yu Xin

2016-01-01

To clarify the effects of lung function following exposure to diesel engine exhaust (DEE), we recruited 137 diesel engine testing workers exposed to DEE and 127 non-DEE-exposed workers as study subjects. We performed lung function tests and measured cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) cytome index and levels of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) metabolites. There was a significant decrease of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/ FVC), maximal mid expiratory flow curve (MMF), forced expiratory flow at 50% of FVC (FEF50%), and forced expiratory flow at 75% of FVC (FEF75%) in the DEE-exposed workers than non-DEE-exposed workers (all p<0.05). Among all study subjects, the decreases of FEF75% were associated with the increasing levels of PAHs metabolites (p<0.05), and there were negative correlations between FEV1, FEV1/FVC, MMF, FEF50%, and FEF75% with CBMN cytome index (all p<0.05). Our results show that long-term exposure to DEE can induce lung function decline which shows mainly obstructive changes and influence of small airways function. The decreased lung function is associated with internal dosage of DEE exposure, and accompany with the increasing CBMN cytome index. PMID:27334424

Metals in agricultural produce associated with acid-mine drainage in Mount Morgan (Queensland, Australia).

PubMed

Vicente-Beckett, Victoria A; McCauley, Gaylene J Taylor; Duivenvoorden, Leo J

2016-01-01

Acid-mine drainage (AMD) into the Dee River from the historic gold and copper mine in Mount Morgan, Queensland (Australia) has been of concern to farmers in the area since 1925. This study sought to determine the levels of AMD-related metals and sulfur in agricultural produce grown near the mine-impacted Dee River, compare these with similar produce grown in reference fields (which had no known AMD influence), and assess any potential health risk using relevant Australian or US guidelines. Analyses of lucerne (Medicago sativa; also known as alfalfa) from five Dee fields showed the following average concentrations (mg/kg dry basis): Cd < 1, Cu 11, Fe 106, Mn 52, Pb < 5, Zn 25 and S 3934; similar levels were found in lucerne hay (used as cattle feed) from two Dee fields. All lucerne and lucerne hay data were generally comparable with levels found in the lucerne reference fields, suggesting no AMD influence; the levels were within the US National Research Council (US NRC) guidelines for maximum tolerable cattle dietary intake. Pasture grass (also cattle feed) from two fields in the Dee River floodplains gave mean concentrations (mg/kg dry) of Cd 0.14, Cu 12, Fe 313, Mn 111, Pb 1.4, Zn 86 and S 2450. All metal levels from the Dee and from reference sites were below the US NRC guidelines for maximum tolerable cattle dietary intake; however, the average Cd, Cu and Fe levels in Dee samples were significantly greater than the corresponding levels in the pasture grass reference sites, suggesting AMD influence in the Dee samples. The average levels in the edible portions of mandarin oranges (Citrus reticulata) from Dee sites (mg/kg wet weight) were Cd 0.011, Cu 0.59, Fe 2.2, Mn 0.56, Pb 0.18, S 91 and Zn 0.96. Cd and Zn were less than or close to, average Fe and Mn levels were at most twice, Cd 1.8 or 6.5 times, and Pb 8.5 or 72 times the maximum levels in raw oranges reported in the US total diet study (TDS) or the Australian TDS, respectively. Average Cd, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn levels in the citrus reference samples were found to exceed the maximum reported in one or both TDS surveys. Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn plant-soil transfer factor (TF) values were < 1 for all agricultural samples from both Dee and reference sites, suggesting relatively poor transfer of these metals from soil to plant. In the case of Cd, TF values for Dee pasture grass and citrus fruit samples were 0.14 and 0.73, respectively; lucerne and lucerne hay from both Dee and reference sites gave TF = 10, suggesting some potential risk to cattle, although this conclusion is tentative because Cd levels were close to or less than the detection limit. TF values for S in lucerne, lucerne hay, pasture grass and mandarin oranges from Dee sites were 18, 14, 3 and 3.6, respectively, indicating that S in soil was readily available to plant or fruit. Sulfur in pasture grass and citrus fruit (TF = 11 for both) was apparently more bioavailable at the reference sites than at the Dee sites (TF = 3.0 for pasture grass; TF = 3.6 for citrus fruit).

Increased levels of urinary biomarkers of lipid peroxidation products among workers occupationally exposed to diesel engine exhaust.

PubMed

Bin, Ping; Shen, Meili; Li, Haibin; Sun, Xin; Niu, Yong; Meng, Tao; Yu, Tao; Zhang, Xiao; Dai, Yufei; Gao, Weimin; Gu, Guizhen; Yu, Shanfa; Zheng, Yuxin

2016-08-01

Diesel engine exhaust (DEE) was found to induce lipid peroxidation (LPO) in animal exposure studies. LPO is a class of oxidative stress and can be reflected by detecting the levels of its production, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and etheno-DNA adducts including 1,N(6)-etheno-2'-deoxyadenosine (ɛdA) and 3,N(4)-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine (ɛdC). However, the impact of DEE exposure on LPO has not been explored in humans. In this study, we evaluated urinary MDA, 4-HNE, ɛdA, and ɛdC levels as biomarkers of LPO among 108 workers with exclusive exposure to DEE and 109 non-DEE-exposed workers. Results showed that increased levels of urinary MDA and ɛdA were observed in subjects occupationally exposed to DEE before and after age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and alcohol use were adjusted (all p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant relationship between the internal exposure dose (urinary ΣOH-PAHs) and MDA, 4-HNE, and ɛdA (all p < 0.001). Furthermore, significant increased relations between urinary etheno-DNA adduct and MDA, 4-HNE were observed (all p < 0.05). The findings of this study suggested that the level of LPO products (MDA and ɛdA) was increased in DEE-exposed workers, and urinary MDA and ɛdA might be feasible biomarkers for DEE exposure. LPO induced DNA damage might be involved and further motivated the genomic instability could be one of the pathogeneses of cancer induced by DEE-exposure. However, additional investigations should be performed to understand these observations.

Ethanolic extract of dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum) induces estrogenic activity in MCF-7 cells and immature rats.

PubMed

Oh, Seung Min; Kim, Ha Ryong; Park, Yong Joo; Lee, Yong Hwa; Chung, Kyu Hyuck

2015-11-01

Plants of the genus Taraxacum, commonly known as dandelions, are used to treat breast cancer in traditional folk medicine. However, their use has mainly been based on empirical findings without sufficient scientific evidence. Therefore, we hypothesized that dandelions would behave as a Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and be effective as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in the postmenopausal women. In the present study, in vitro assay systems, including cell proliferation assay, reporter gene assay, and RT-PCR to evaluate the mRNA expression of estrogen-related genes (pS2 and progesterone receptor, PR), were performed in human breast cancer cells. Dandelion ethanol extract (DEE) significantly increased cell proliferation and estrogen response element (ERE)-driven luciferase activity. DEE significantly induced the expression of estrogen related genes such as pS2 and PR, which was inhibited by tamoxifen at 1 μmol·L(-1). These results indicated that DEE could induce estrogenic activities mediated by a classical estrogen receptor pathway. In addition, immature rat uterotrophic assay was carried out to identify estrogenic activity of DEE in vivo. The lowest concentration of DEE slightly increased the uterine wet weight, but there was no significant effect with the highest concentration of DEE. The results demonstrate the potential estrogenic activities of DEE, providing scientific evidence supporting their use in traditional medicine. Copyright © 2015 China Pharmaceutical University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DeePMD-kit: A deep learning package for many-body potential energy representation and molecular dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Han; Zhang, Linfeng; Han, Jiequn; E, Weinan

2018-07-01

Recent developments in many-body potential energy representation via deep learning have brought new hopes to addressing the accuracy-versus-efficiency dilemma in molecular simulations. Here we describe DeePMD-kit, a package written in Python/C++ that has been designed to minimize the effort required to build deep learning based representation of potential energy and force field and to perform molecular dynamics. Potential applications of DeePMD-kit span from finite molecules to extended systems and from metallic systems to chemically bonded systems. DeePMD-kit is interfaced with TensorFlow, one of the most popular deep learning frameworks, making the training process highly automatic and efficient. On the other end, DeePMD-kit is interfaced with high-performance classical molecular dynamics and quantum (path-integral) molecular dynamics packages, i.e., LAMMPS and the i-PI, respectively. Thus, upon training, the potential energy and force field models can be used to perform efficient molecular simulations for different purposes. As an example of the many potential applications of the package, we use DeePMD-kit to learn the interatomic potential energy and forces of a water model using data obtained from density functional theory. We demonstrate that the resulted molecular dynamics model reproduces accurately the structural information contained in the original model.

Emission Studies in CI Engine using LPG and Palm Kernel Methyl Ester as Fuels and Di-ethyl Ether as an Additive

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dora, Nagaraju; Jothi, T. J. Sarvoththama

2018-05-01

The present study investigates the effectiveness of using di-ethyl ether (DEE) as the fuel additive in engine performance and emissions. Experiments are carried out in a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine at constant speed. Two different fuels namely liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and palm kernel methyl ester (PKME) are used as primary fuels with DEE as the fuel additive. LPG flow rates of 0.6 and 0.8 kg/h are considered, and flow rate of DEE is varied to maintain the constant engine speed. In case of PKME fuel, it is blended with diesel in the latter to the former ratio of 80:20, and DEE is varied in the volumetric proportion of 1 and 2%. Results indicate that for the engine operating in LPG-DEE mode at 0.6 kg/h of LPG, the brake thermal efficiency is lowered by 26%; however, NOx is subsequently reduced by around 30% compared to the engine running with only diesel fuel at 70% load. Similarly, results of PKME blended fuel showed a drastic reduction in the NOx and CO emissions. In these two modes of operation, DEE is observed to be significant fuel additive regarding emissions reduction.

Anionic carbonato and oxalato cobalt(III) nitrogen mustard complexes.

PubMed

Craig, Peter R; Brothers, Penelope J; Clark, George R; Wilson, William R; Denny, William A; Ware, David C

2004-02-21

Synthetic approaches to cobalt(III) complexes [Co(L)(L')2] containing the bidentate dialkylating nitrogen mustard N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (L = dce) together with anionic ancilliary ligands (L') which are either carbonato (CO3(2-)), oxalato (ox2-), bis(2-hydroxyethyl)dithiocarbamato (bhedtc-), 2-pyridine carboxylato (pico-) or 2-pyrazine carboxylato (pyzc-) were investigated. Synthetic routes were developed using the related amines N,N-diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine (dee) and 1,2-ethanediamine (en). The complexes [Co(CO3)2(L)]- (L = dee 1, dce 2), [Co(ox)2(L)]- (L = dee 3, dce 4), [Co(bhedtc)2(dee)]+ 5, [Co(bhedtc)2(en)]+ 6, mer-[Co(pico)3], mer-[Co(pyzc)]3 7 and [Co(pico)2(dee)]+ 8 were prepared and were characterised by IR, UV-Vis, 1H and 13C[1H] NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and cyclic voltammetry. [Co(bhedtc)2(en)]BPh4 6b and trans(O)-[Co(pico)2(dee)]ClO4 8 were characterised by X-ray crystallography. In vitro biological tests were carried out on complexes 1-4 in order to assess the degree to which coordination of the mustard to cobalt attenuated its cytotoxicity, and the differential toxicity in air vs. nitrogen.

Diethyl Ether Production during Catalytic Dehydration of Ethanol over Ru- and Pt- modified H-beta Zeolite Catalysts.

PubMed

Kamsuwan, Tanutporn; Praserthdam, Piyasan; Jongsomjit, Bunjerd

2017-01-01

In the present study, the catalytic dehydration of ethanol over H-beta zeolite (HBZ) catalyst with ruthenium (Ru-HBZ) and platinum (Pt-HBZ) modification was investigated. Upon the reaction temperature between 200 and 400°C, it revealed that ethanol conversion and ethylene selectivity increased with increasing temperature for both Ru and Pt modification. At lower temperature (200 to 250°C), diethyl ether (DEE) was the major product. It was found that Ru and Pt modification on HBZ catalyst can result in increased DEE yield at low reaction temperature due to increased ethanol conversion without a significant change in DEE selectivity. By comparing the DEE yield of all catalysts in this study, the Ru-HBZ catalyst apparently exhibited the highest DEE yield (ca. 47%) at 250°C. However, at temperature from 350 to 400°C, the effect of Ru and Pt was less pronounced on ethylene yield. With various characterization techniques, the effects of Ru and Pt modification on HBZ catalyst were elucidated. It revealed that Ru and Pt were present in the highly dispersed forms and well distributed in the catalyst granules. It appeared that the weak acid sites measured by NH 3 temperature-programmed desorption technique also decreased with Ru and Pt promotion. Thus, the increased DEE yields with the Ru and Pt modification can be attributed to the presence of optimal weak acid sites leading to increased intrinsic activity of the catalysts. It can be concluded that the modification of Ru and Pt on HBZ catalyst can improve the DEE yields by ca. 10%.

Water quality of North Carolina streams

USGS Publications Warehouse

Harned, Douglas; Meyer, Dann

1983-01-01

Interpretation of water quality data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and the North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, for the Yadkin-Pee Dee River system, has identified water quality variations, characterized the current condition of the river in reference to water quality standards, estimated the degree of pollution caused by man, and evaluated long-term trends in concentrations of major dissolved constituents. Three stations, Yadkin River at Yadkin College (02116500), Rocky River near Norwood (02126000), and Pee Dee River near Rockingham (02129000) have been sampled over different periods of time beginning in 1906. Overall, the ambient water quality of the Yadkin-Pee Dee River system is satisfactory for most water uses. Iron and manganese concentrations are often above desirable levels, but they are not unusually high in comparison to other North Carolina streams. Lead concentrations also periodically rise above the recommended criterion for domestic water use. Mercury concentrations frequently exceed, and pH levels fall below, the recommended criteria for protection of aquatic life. Dissolved oxygen levels, while generally good, are lowest at the Pee Dee near Rockingham, due to the station 's location not far downstream from a lake. Suspended sediment is the most significant water quality problem of the Yadkin-Pee Dee River. The major cation in the river is sodium and the major anions are bicarbonate and carbonate. Eutrophication is currently a problem in the Yadkin-Pee Dee, particularly in High Rock Lake. An estimated nutrient and sediment balance of the system indicates that lakes along the Yadkin-Pee Dee River serve as a sink for sediment, ammonia, and phosphorus. Pollution makes up approximately 59% of the total dissolved solids load of the Yadkin River at Yadkin College, 43% for the Rocky River near Norwood, and 29% for the Pee Dee River near Rockingham. Statistically significant trends show a pattern of increasing concentration of most dissolved constituents over time, with a leveling off and decline in the middle to late 1970's.

Associations between DNA methylation in DNA damage response-related genes and cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome index in diesel engine exhaust-exposed workers.

PubMed

Zhang, Xiao; Li, Jie; He, Zhini; Duan, Huawei; Gao, Weimin; Wang, Haisheng; Yu, Shanfa; Chen, Wen; Zheng, Yuxin

2016-08-01

Recently, diesel engine exhaust (DEE) was reclassified as a known carcinogen to humans. DNA methylation alterations in DNA damage response (DDR)-related genes have the potential to affect DEE exposure-related cancer risk. However, the evidence regarding the association between DEE exposure and methylation alterations in DDR-related genes is limited. In 117 DEE-exposed workers and 112 non-DEE-exposed workers, we measured urinary concentrations of six mono-hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs). We also determined the methylation levels of three DDR-related genes (p16, RASSF1A, and MGMT) and LINE-1 by bisulfite-pyrosequencing assay. We found that DEE-exposed workers exhibited significantly lower mean promoter methylation levels of p16, RASSF1A, and MGMT than non-DEE-exposed workers (all p < 0.001). In all study subjects and non-smoking workers, increasing quartiles of urinary summed OH-PAHs was associated with hypomethylation of p16, RASSF1A, and MGMT (all p < 0.05). In non-smoking workers, methylation in p16, RASSF1A, and MGMT decreased by 0.36 % [95 % confidential interval (CI): -0.60, -0.11 %], 0.46 % (95 % CI: -0.79, -0.14 %), and 0.55 % (95 % CI: -0.95, -0.15 %), respectively, in association with highest versus lowest quartile of urinary summed OH-PAHs. In addition, p16, RASSF1A, MGMT, and LINE-1 methylation levels showed negative correlations with cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome index which was previously measured in the same workers (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, our results clearly indicated that DEE exposure and increased genetic damage were associated with hypomethylation of p16, RASSF1A, and MGMT. Future studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm these associations.

Extract of Bauhinia vahlii Shows Antihyperglycemic Activity, Reverses Oxidative Stress, and Protects against Liver Damage in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

PubMed Central

Elbanna, Ahmed H.; Nooh, Mohammed M.; Mahrous, Engy A.; Khaleel, Amal E.; Elalfy, Taha S.

2017-01-01

Background: Several studies have affirmed the effectiveness of some Bauhinia plants as antihyperglycemic agents. Objective: We investigated the possible effect of Bauhinia vahlii leaves extract in reducing hyperglycemia and reversing signs of organ damage associated with diabetes in streptozotocin (STZ) rat model. Materials and Methods: Both polar fraction of the B. vahlii leaves (defatted ethanolic extract [DEE]) and nonpolar fraction (n-hexane extract) were evaluated in vitro for α-glucosidase inhibition and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging potential. DEE was selected for further in vivo studies and was administered at two doses, i.e., 150 or 300 mg/kg to STZ-diabetic rats for 4 weeks. Results: Only DEE exhibited in vitro antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities and its oral administration at both dose levels resulted in significant reduction in fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin. Furthermore, signs of oxidative stress as indicated by hepatic reduced glutathione, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels were completely reversed. In addition, histopathological examination and measurement of serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels showed that DEE protected the liver from signs of liver pathogenesis when compared to diabetic untreated animals and those treated with metformin. Phytochemical analysis of DEE showed high flavonoids content with quercitrin as the major constituent along with other quercetin glycosides. Conclusion: This study strongly highlights the possible beneficial effect of B. vahlii leaves extract in relieving hyperglycemia and liver damage in STZ-diabetic rats and recommends further investigation of the value of quercetin derivatives in controlling diabetes and ameliorating liver damage associated with it. SUMMARY The polar fraction of the Bauhinia vahlii leaves (defatted ethanolic extract [DEE]) exhibited both in vitro antioxidant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay and strong α-glucosidase inhibition while the nonpolar fraction (n-hexane extract) failed to show any activity in both assays. DEE was further investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model where oral administration of DEE at 2 doses (150 and 300 mg/kg) for 4 weeks resulted in significant reduction in fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin and reversal of oxidative stress signs as indicated by measurement of hepatic reduced glutathione, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels. In addition, histopathological examination and measurement of serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels showed that DEE protected the liver from signs of pathogenesis observed in diabetic untreated rats. Phytochemical analysis of DEE showed high flavonoid content with quercitrin as the major constituent (62.9 ± 0.18 mg/mg). Abbreviations used: ALT: Alanine transaminase, AST: Aspartate transaminase, DEE: Defatted ethanol extract, DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, FBG: Fasting blood glucose, GAE: Gallic acid equivalent, GSH: Reduced glutathione, Hb1Ac: Glycated hemoglobin, HE: Hexane extract MDA: Malondialdehyde, QE: Quercetin equivalent, STZ: Streptozotocin, TAC: Total antioxidant capacity. PMID:29142421

Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust and alterations in immune/inflammatory markers: a cross-sectional molecular epidemiology study in China.

PubMed

Bassig, Bryan A; Dai, Yufei; Vermeulen, Roel; Ren, Dianzhi; Hu, Wei; Duan, Huawei; Niu, Yong; Xu, Jun; Shiels, Meredith S; Kemp, Troy J; Pinto, Ligia A; Fu, Wei; Meliefste, Kees; Zhou, Baosen; Yang, Jufang; Ye, Meng; Jia, Xiaowei; Meng, Tao; Wong, Jason Y Y; Bin, Ping; Hosgood, H Dean; Hildesheim, Allan; Silverman, Debra T; Rothman, Nathaniel; Zheng, Yuxin; Lan, Qing

2017-10-26

The relationship between diesel engine exhaust (DEE), a known lung carcinogen, and immune/inflammatory markers that have been prospectively associated with lung cancer risk is not well understood. To provide insight into these associations, we conducted a cross-sectional molecular epidemiology study of 54 males highly occupationally exposed to DEE and 55 unexposed male controls from representative workplaces in China. We measured plasma levels of 64 immune/inflammatory markers in all subjects using Luminex bead-based assays, and compared our findings to those from a nested case-control study of these markers and lung cancer risk, which had been conducted among never-smoking women in Shanghai using the same multiplex panels. Levels of nine markers that were associated with lung cancer risk in the Shanghai study were altered in DEE-exposed workers in the same direction as the lung cancer associations. Among these, associations with the levels of CRP (β= -0.53; P = 0.01) and CCL15/MIP-1D (β = 0.20; P = 0.02) were observed in workers exposed to DEE and with increasing elemental carbon exposure levels (Ptrends <0.05) in multivariable linear regression models. Levels of a third marker positively associated with an increased lung cancer risk, CCL2/MCP-1, were higher among DEE-exposed workers compared with controls in never and former smokers, but not in current smokers (Pinteraction = 0.01). The immunological differences in these markers in DEE-exposed workers are consistent with associations observed for lung cancer risk in a prospective study of Chinese women and may provide some insight into the mechanistic processes by which DEE causes lung cancer. Published by Oxford University Press 2017.

Daily energy expenditure in free-ranging Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus)

USGS Publications Warehouse

Jodice, P.G.R.; Epperson, D.M.; Visser, G. Henk

2006-01-01

Studies of ecological energetics in chelonians are rare. Here, we report the first measurements of daily energy expenditure (DEE) and water influx rates (WIRs) in free-ranging adult Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus). We used the doubly labeled water (DLW) method to measure DEE in six adult tortoises during the non-breeding season in south-central Mississippi, USA. Tortoise DEE ranged from 76.7-187.5 kj/day and WIR ranged from 30.6-93.1 ml H2O/day. Daily energy expenditure did not differ between the sexes, but DEE was positively related to body mass. Water influx rates varied with the interaction of sex and body mass. We used a log/log regression model to assess the allometric relationship between DEE and body mass for Gopher Tortoises, Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii), and Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina), the only chelonians for which DEE has been measured. The slope of this allometric model (0.626) was less than that previously calculated for herbivorous reptiles (0.813), suggesting that chelonians may expend energy at a slower rate per unit of body mass compared to other herbivorous reptiles. We used retrospective power analyses and data from the DLW isotope analyses to develop guidelines for sample sizes and duration of measurement intervals, respectively, for larger-scale energetic studies in this species. ?? 2006 by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists.

Optimal body size and energy expenditure during winter: why are voles smaller in declining populations?

PubMed

Ergon, Torbjørn; Speakman, John R; Scantlebury, Michael; Cavanagh, Rachel; Lambin, Xavier

2004-03-01

Winter is energetically challenging for small herbivores because of greater energy requirements for thermogenesis at a time when little energy is available. We formulated a model predicting optimal wintering body size, accounting for the scaling of both energy expenditure and assimilation to body size, and the trade-off between survival benefits of a large size and avoiding survival costs of foraging. The model predicts that if the energy cost of maintaining a given body mass differs between environments, animals should be smaller in the more demanding environments, and there should be a negative correlation between body mass and daily energy expenditure (DEE) across environments. In contrast, if animals adjust their energy intake according to variation in survival costs of foraging, there should be a positive correlation between body mass and DEE. Decreasing temperature always increases equilibrium DEE, but optimal body mass may either increase or decrease in colder climates depending on the exact effects of temperature on mass-specific survival and energy demands. Measuring DEE with doubly labeled water on wintering Microtus agrestis at four field sites, we found that DEE was highest at the sites where voles were smallest despite a positive correlation between DEE and body mass within sites. This suggests that variation in wintering body mass between sites was due to variation in food quality/availability and not adjustments in foraging activity to varying risks of predation.

The Geometry of Snell's Law

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Metz, James

2014-01-01

Light refracts as it travels from one medium to another. The angle of incidence "i" and the angle of refraction "r" are related by Snell's law, sin"i" ÷ sin"r"="k," where "k" is a constant. The diagram in Fig. 1 shows a geometric representation of the formula for light passing from…

Mentors, Muses, and Mutuality: Honoring Barbara Snell Dohrenwend

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mulvey, Anne

2012-01-01

I describe feminist community psychology principles that have the potential to expand and enrich mentoring and that honor Barbara Snell Dohrenwend, a leader who contributed to the research, theory, and profession of community psychology. I reflect on the affect that Barbara Dohrenwend had on life and on the development of feminist community…

Caste specific alkaloid chemistry of Solenopsis maboya and S

Treesearch

J.A. Torres; V.E. Zottig; J.E. Co; T.H. Jones; R.R. Snelling

2001-01-01

Examination of the alkaloids of Solenopsis maboya Snelling and comparison with those previously found in S. Torresi Snelling, reveals a clear example of caste-specific alkaloid production in the queens and workers of each species. The queens of Solenopsis maboya contain a single piperidine while the workers produce a different piperidine along with two indolizidine...

Increased levels of etheno-DNA adducts and genotoxicity biomarkers of long-term exposure to pure diesel engine exhaust.

PubMed

Shen, Meili; Bin, Ping; Li, Haibin; Zhang, Xiao; Sun, Xin; Duan, Huawei; Niu, Yong; Meng, Tao; Dai, Yufei; Gao, Weimin; Yu, Shanfa; Gu, Guizhen; Zheng, Yuxin

2016-02-01

Etheno-DNA adducts are biomarkers for assessing oxidative stress. In this study, the aim was to detect the level of etheno-DNA adducts and explore the relationship between the etheno-DNA adducts and genotoxicity biomarkers of the diesel engine exhaust (DEE)-exposed workers. We recruited 86 diesel engine testing workers with long-term exposure to DEE and 99 non-DEE-exposed workers. The urinary mono-hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) and etheno-DNA adducts (εdA and εdC) were detected by HPLC-MS/MS and UPLC-MS/MS, respectively. Genotoxicity biomarkers were also evaluated by comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. The results showed that urinary εdA was significantly higher in the DEE-exposed workers (p<0.001), exhibited 2.1-fold increase compared with the non-DEE-exposed workers. The levels of urinary OH-PAHs were positively correlated with the level of εdA among all the study subjects (p<0.001). Moreover, we found that the increasing level of εdA was significantly associated with the increased olive tail moment, percentage of tail DNA, or frequency of micronucleus in the study subjects (p<0.01). No significant association was observed between the εdC level and any measured genotoxicity biomarkers. In summary, εdA could serve as an indicator for DEE exposure in the human population. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Comment on the Nanoparticle Conclusions in Crüts et al. (2008), "Exposure to diesel exhaust induces changes in EEG in human volunteers"

PubMed Central

Valberg, Peter A; Long, Christopher M; Hesterberg, Thomas W

2008-01-01

A recent publication in this journal reported interesting changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) waves that occurred in 10 young, male volunteers following inhalation for one hour of elevated levels of diesel-engine exhaust fumes [1]. The authors then proposed a chain of causal events that they hypothesized underlay their observed EEG changes. Their reasoning linked the observed results to nanoparticles in diesel-engine exhaust (DEE), and went on to suggest that associations between changes in ambient particulate matter (PM) levels and changes in health statistics might be due to the effects of diesel-engine exhaust (DEE) nanoparticles on EEG. We suggest that the extrapolations of the Crüts et al. EEG findings to casual mechanisms about how ambient levels of DEE particulate might affect electrical signals in the brain, and subsequently to how DEE particulate might alter disease risk, are premature. PMID:18652692

Burden of lung cancer attributable to occupational diesel engine exhaust exposure in Canada.

PubMed

Kim, Joanne; Peters, Cheryl E; Arrandale, Victoria H; Labrèche, France; Ge, Calvin B; McLeod, Christopher B; Song, Chaojie; Lavoué, Jérôme; Davies, Hugh W; Nicol, Anne-Marie; Pahwa, Manisha; Demers, Paul A

2018-04-28

To estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) and number of incident and fatal lung cancers in Canada from occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust (DEE). DEE exposure prevalence and level estimates were used with Canadian Census and Labour Force Survey data to model the exposed population across the risk exposure period (REP, 1961-2001). Relative risks of lung cancer were calculated based on a meta-regression selected from the literature. PAFs were calculated using Levin's equation and applied to the 2011 lung cancer statistics obtained from the Canadian Cancer Registry. We estimated that 2.4% (95% CI 1.6% to 6.6%) of lung cancers in Canada are attributable to occupational DEE exposure, corresponding to approximately 560 (95% CI 380 to 1570) incident and 460 (95% CI 310 to 1270) fatal lung cancers in 2011. Overall, 1.6 million individuals alive in 2011 were occupationally exposed to DEE during the REP, 97% of whom were male. Occupations with the highest burden were underground miners, truck drivers and mechanics. Half of the attributable lung cancers occurred among workers with low exposure. This is the first study to quantify the burden of lung cancer attributable to occupational DEE exposure in Canada. Our results underscore a large potential for prevention, and a large public health impact from occupational exposure to low levels of DEE. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

33 CFR Schedule III to Subpart A... - Calling-in Table

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... ETA C.I.P. 7. 4. Confirm pilot requirement—Snell Lock (inland vessels only). 4. C.I.P. 7—leaving... 12 1. Name of vessel.2. Location. 3. ETA Snell lock. 6. C.I.P. 8—order of passing through established... Eisenhower Lock ......do 1. Name of vessel.2. Location. 3. ETA C.I.P. 11. 4. Confirm pilot requirement—Lake...

Codominant expression of genes coding for different sets of inducible salivary polypeptides associated with parotid hypertrophy in two inbred mouse strains.

PubMed

López-Solís, Remigio O; Kemmerling, Ulrike

2005-05-01

Experimental mouse parotid hypertrophy has been associated with the expression of a number of isoproterenol-induced salivary proline-rich polypeptides (IISPs). Mouse salivary proline-rich proteins (PRPs) have been mapped both to chromosomes 6 and 8. Recently, mice of two inbred strains (A/Snell and A. Swiss) have been found to differ drastically in the IISPs. In this study, mice of both strains were used for cross-breeding experiments addressed to define the pattern of inheritance of the IISP phenotype and to establish whether the IISPs are coded on a single or on several chromosomes. The IISP phenotype of individual mice was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of whole saliva collected after three daily stimulations by isoproterenol. Parental A/Snell and A. Swiss mice were homogeneous for distinctive strain-associated IISP-patterns. First filial generation (F1) mice obtained from the cross of A/Snell with A. Swiss mice expressed with no exception both the A/Snell and A. Swiss IISPs (coexpression). In the second filial generation (F2) both parental IISP phenotypes reappeared together with a majority of mice expressing the F1-hybrid phenotype (1:2:1 ratio). Backcrosses of F1 x A/Snell and F1 x A. Swiss produced offsprings displaying the F1 and the corresponding parental phenotypes with a 1:1 ratio. No recombinants were observed among F2 mice or among mice resulting from backcrosses. Thus, genes coding for the IISPs that are expressed differentially in both mouse strains are located on the same chromosome, probably at the same locus (alleles) or at quite closely linked loci (nonalleles). 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc

An investigation of sex differences in acoustic features in black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) chick-a-dee calls.

PubMed

Campbell, Kimberley A; Hahn, Allison H; Congdon, Jenna V; Sturdy, Christopher B

2016-09-01

Sex differences have been identified in a number of black-capped chickadee vocalizations and in the chick-a-dee calls of other chickadee species [i.e., Carolina chickadees (Poecile carolinensis)]. In the current study, 12 acoustic features in black-capped chickadee chick-a-dee calls were investigated, including both frequency and duration measurements. Using permuted discriminant function analyses, these features were examined to determine if any features could be used to identify the sex of the caller. Only one note type (A notes) classified male and female calls at levels approaching significance. In particular, a permuted discriminant function analysis revealed that the start frequency of A notes best allowed for categorization between the sexes compared to any other acoustic parameter. This finding is consistent with previous research on Carolina chickadee chick-a-dee calls that found that the starting frequency differed between male- and female-produced A notes [Freeberg, Lucas, and Clucas (2003). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 113, 2127-2136]. Taken together, these results and the results of studies with other chickadee species suggest that sex differences likely exist in the chick-a-dee call, specifically acoustic features in A notes, but that more complex features than those addressed here may be associated with the sex of the caller.

Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust and alterations in lymphocyte subsets.

PubMed

Lan, Qing; Vermeulen, Roel; Dai, Yufei; Ren, Dianzhi; Hu, Wei; Duan, Huawei; Niu, Yong; Xu, Jun; Fu, Wei; Meliefste, Kees; Zhou, Baosen; Yang, Jufang; Ye, Meng; Jia, Xiaowei; Meng, Tao; Bin, Ping; Kim, Christopher; Bassig, Bryan A; Hosgood, H Dean; Silverman, Debra; Zheng, Yuxin; Rothman, Nathaniel

2015-05-01

The International Agency for Research on Cancer recently classified diesel engine exhaust (DEE) as a Group I carcinogen based largely on its association with lung cancer. However, the exposure-response relationship is still a subject of debate and the underlying mechanism by which DEE causes lung cancer in humans is not well understood. We conducted a cross-sectional molecular epidemiology study in a diesel engine truck testing facility of 54 workers exposed to a wide range of DEE (ie, elemental carbon air levels, median range: 49.7, 6.1-107.7 µg/m(3)) and 55 unexposed comparable controls. The total lymphocyte count (p=0.00044) and three of the four major lymphocyte subsets (ie, CD4+ T cells (p=0.00019), CD8+ T cells (p=0.0058) and B cells (p=0.017)) were higher in exposed versus control workers and findings were highly consistent when stratified by smoking status. In addition, there was evidence of an exposure-response relationship between elemental carbon and these end points (ptrends<0.05), and CD4+ T cell levels were significantly higher in the lowest tertile of DEE exposed workers compared to controls (p=0.012). Our results suggest that DEE exposure is associated with higher levels of cells that play a key role in the inflammatory process, which is increasingly being recognised as contributing to the aetiology of lung cancer. This study provides new insights into the underlying mechanism of DEE carcinogenicity. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Buckling analysis of Big Dee Vacuum Vessel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lightner, S.; Gallix, R.

1983-12-01

A simplified three-dimensional shell buckling analysis of the GA Technologies Inc., Big Dee Vacuum Vessel (V/V) was performed using the finite element program TRICO. A coarse-mesh linear elastic model, which accommodated the support boundary conditions, was used to determine the buckling mode shape under a uniform external pressure. Using this buckling mode shape, refined models were used to calculate the linear buckling load (P/sub crit/) more accurately. Several different designs of the Big Dee V/V were considered in this analysis. The supports for the V/V were equally-spaced radial pins at the outer diameter of the mid-plane. For all the casesmore » considered, the buckling mode was axisymmetric in the toroidal direction. Therefore, it was possible to use only a small angular sector of a toric shell for the refined analysis. P/sub crit/ for the Big Dee is about 60 atm for a uniform external pressure. Also investigated in this analysis were the effects of geometrical imperfections and non-uniform pressure distributions.« less

Pressure broadening of the ((dt. mu. )dee)* formation resonances

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cohen, J.S.; Leon, M.; Padial, N.T.

1988-12-27

The treatment of ((dt..mu..)dee)* formation at high densities as a pressure broadening process is discussed. Cross sections for collisions of the complex (dt..mu..)dee, and of the D/sub 2/ molecule from which it is formed, with the bath molecules have been accurately calculated. These cross sections are used to calculate the collisional width in three variations of the impact approximation that have been proposed for this problem. In general, the quasistatic approximation is shown to satisfy the usual conditions of muon-catalyzed fusion better than does the impact approximation. A preliminary rough treatment is presented to illustrate the quasistatic approximation.

Hydraulic model and flood-inundation maps developed for the Pee Dee National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina

USGS Publications Warehouse

Smith, Douglas G.; Wagner, Chad R.

2016-04-08

A series of digital flood-inundation maps were developed on the basis of the water-surface profiles produced by the model. The inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Program Web site at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation, depict estimates of the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected water levels at the USGS streamgage Pee Dee River at Pee Dee Refuge near Ansonville, N.C. These maps, when combined with real-time water-level information from USGS streamgages, provide managers with critical information to help plan flood-response activities and resource protection efforts.

Asymmetric dee-voltage compensation of beam off-centering in the milan superconducting cyclotron

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Milinkovic, Lj.; Fabrici, E.; Ostojic, R.

1985-10-01

An analysis of the effects of orbit off-centering on the beam extraction in the Milan superconducting cyclotron is made, and the sensitivity of axial beam loss and radial phase space distortions to beam off-centering determined for various acceleration conditions. We conclude that the first field harmonic compensation of beam off-centering is ineffective in the region of the operating diagram where the Walkinshaw resonance precedes the ..nu.. /SUB r/ =1 resonance. Asymmetric dee-voltage compensation is considered in these cases, and the domain of validity of the method determined. A semi-empirical relation for dee-voltage distribution is deduced, and the extraction efficiency discussed.

Design of a dee vacuum vessel for Doublet III

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Davis, L.G.

1983-04-01

The Doublet III tokamak is to be modified wherein the original 'doublet' plasma containment vacuum vessel will be exchanged with one of a large dee-shaped cross section. The basic dimensions of the dee vessel will allow plasmas of 1.7-m major radius, 0.7-m minor radius, and a vertical elongation of 1.8. Installation of a large dee vessel in Doublet III is made possible by the demountable toroidal field coils and the large, low-ripple volume they include. Ripple at the plasma edge will be less than one percent. The plasma parameters affecting the design of the vessel will be reviewed including plasmamore » current, power, disruption time, allowable error field, impurity control techniques, pulse length, and limiter schemes. A driving requirement for the design of the vessel is to maximize the access to the plasma for auxiliary heating (both neutral beam injection and radio frequency heating), diagnostics, developmental component and material testing, and pumping. The dee vessel is structurally designed along the same lines as the present vessel: an Inconel 625, all-welded, continuous chamber in a corrugated sandwich construction. An overview of the vessel design and its solutions to the design criteria will be presented. An overview will also be presented of the entire modification project which includes replacement of some coils, and addition of support structure, limiters and vessel armor, and power system components.« less

"Fiddle-Dee-Dee, I'll Think About It Tomorrow": Overcoming Academic Procrastination in Higher Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sweitzer, Nancy Guadalupe

This dissertation reviews procrastination, and academic procrastination in particular, focusing on research which analyzes methods that both college students and professors can employ to effectively combat academic procrastination. The first section of the paper examines various forms and sources of procrastination, childhood conditions…

Comprehensive Inventory and Determinations of Eligibility for Fort Riley Buildings: 1857-1963

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-09-01

it was announced that, effective 20 July 1946, the Army Reception centers at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and Fort Snelling, Minne- sota, were being...transferred to Fort Riley.129 The new reception center was 126 “Recalls Days at Fort...Leavenworth and Fort Snelling Reception Centers To Be Moved Here,” Junc- tion City Union, 28 July 1946, 1. ERDC/CERL MP-09-1 57 able to handle 2,000–2,500

Differential expression of isoproterenol-induced salivary polypeptides in two mouse strains that are congenic for the H-2 histocompatibility gene complex.

PubMed

López Solís, Remigio O; Weis, Ulrike Kemmerling; Ceballos, Alicia Ramos; Salas, Gustavo Hoecker

2003-12-01

Two inbred mouse strains, A/Snell and A.Swiss, which were produced as congenic with regard to the H-2 histocompatibility gene complex, are homozygous for two different groups of isoproterenol-induced salivary polypeptides (IISP). These polypeptides, which have been considered as markers of the hypertrophic growth of the parotid acinar cells, are members of the complex family of salivary proline-rich proteins (PRP) on the basis of both their massive accumulation in the parotid acinar cells in response to chronic isoproterenol, secretory character, high solubility in trichloroacetic acid and metachromatic staining by Coomassie blue. IISP expressed in both mouse strains were identified by unidimensional SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and Coomassie blue staining both in parotid gland homogenates and in whole salivas obtained from mice repeatedly stimulated at 24-h intervals with isoproterenol. Parotid glands from 40 mice (20 A/Snell and 20 A.Swiss) and salivas from 270 mice (200 A/Snell and 70 A.Swiss) were analyzed. One of the congenic strains (A/Snell) expressed five IISP (Mr 65, 61, 51.5, 38, and 37 kDa) and the other strain (A.Swiss) expressed six IISP (Mr 59, 57, 54.5, 46, 36, and 34 kDa). No inter-individual intra-strain variations were observed, thus defining strain-associated patterns of IISP (PRP). Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

78 FR 38028 - Duke Energy Progress, Inc.; Notice of Video Conference To Discuss Yadkin-Pee Dee Hydroelectric...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-25

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Project No. 2206-030] Duke Energy Progress, Inc.; Notice of Video Conference To Discuss Yadkin-Pee Dee Hydroelectric Project Biological...), NMFS will host a video conference to describe and discuss the terms and conditions in the Biological...

Investigation of HCCI Combustion of Diethyl Ether and Ethanol Mixtures Using Carbon 14 Tracing and Numerical Simulations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mack, J H; Dibble, R W; Buchholz, B A

2004-01-16

Despite the rapid combustion typically experienced in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI), components in fuel mixtures do not ignite in unison or burn equally. In our experiments and modeling of blends of diethyl ether (DEE) and ethanol (EtOH), the DEE led combustion and proceeded further toward completion, as indicated by {sup 14}C isotope tracing. A numerical model of HCCI combustion of DEE and EtOH mixtures supports the isotopic findings. Although both approaches lacked information on incompletely combusted intermediates plentiful in HCCI emissions, the numerical model and {sup 14}C tracing data agreed within the limitations of the single zone model. Despitemore » the fact that DEE is more reactive than EtOH in HCCI engines, they are sufficiently similar that we did not observe a large elongation of energy release or significant reduction in inlet temperature required for light-off, both desired effects for the combustion event. This finding suggests that, in general, HCCI combustion of fuel blends may have preferential combustion of some of the blend components.« less

Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust and serum cytokine levels.

PubMed

Dai, Yufei; Ren, Dianzhi; Bassig, Bryan A; Vermeulen, Roel; Hu, Wei; Niu, Yong; Duan, Huawei; Ye, Meng; Meng, Tao; Xu, Jun; Bin, Ping; Shen, Meili; Yang, Jufang; Fu, Wei; Meliefste, Kees; Silverman, Debra; Rothman, Nathaniel; Lan, Qing; Zheng, Yuxin

2018-03-01

The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified diesel engine exhaust (DEE) as a human lung carcinogen. Given that inflammation is suspected to be an important underlying mechanism of lung carcinogenesis, we evaluated the relationship between DEE exposure and the inflammatory response using data from a cross-sectional molecular epidemiology study of 41 diesel engine testing workers and 46 unexposed controls. Repeated personal exposure measurements of PM 2.5 and other DEE constituents were taken for the diesel engine testing workers before blood collection. Serum levels of six inflammatory biomarkers including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 were analyzed in all subjects. Compared to unexposed controls, concentrations of MIP-1β were significantly reduced by ∼37% in DEE exposed workers (P < 0.001) and showed a strong decreasing trend with increasing PM 2.5 concentrations in all subjects (P trend  < 0.001) as well as in exposed subjects only (P trend  = 0.001). Levels of IL-8 and MIP-1β were significantly lower in workers in the highest exposure tertile of PM 2.5 (>397 µg/m 3 ) compared to unexposed controls. Further, significant inverse exposure-response relationships for IL-8 and MCP-1 were also found in relation to increasing PM 2.5 levels among the DEE exposed workers. Given that IL-8, MIP-1β, and MCP-1 are chemokines that play important roles in recruitment of immunocompetent cells for immune defense and tumor cell clearance, the observed lower levels of these markers with increasing PM 2.5 exposure may provide insight into the mechanism by which DEE promotes lung cancer. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:144-150, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The Dolphin in the Mirror - A Familiar Face?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dibble, Dianna Samuelson; Van Alstyne, Kaitlin Katie; Rohr, Jim; Ridgway, Sam

2017-01-01

We suggest how a basic physics problem becomes much richer when researchers of various disciplines converse. Our discussion explores Snell's window from the perspective of what a dolphin might see. An aperture, Snell's window, allows light to travel through the air-water interface. Outside this window, there is total reflection from under the water-air interface. Dolphins see through the aperture to follow our movements above the water's surface. When dolphins look outside the window, can they see their own reflections from under the water-air interface?

The roles of the solute and solvent cavities in charge-transfer-to-solvent dynamics: Ultrafast studies of potasside and sodide in diethyl ether

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cavanagh, Molly C.; Young, Ryan M.; Schwartz, Benjamin J.

2008-10-07

Although electron transfer reactions are among the most fundamental in chemistry, it is still not clear how to isolate the roles of the solute and solvent in moving charge between reactants in solution. In this paper, we address this question by comparing the ultrafast charge-transfer-to-solvent (CTTS) dynamics of potasside (K{sup -}) in diethyl ether (DEE) to those of sodide (Na{sup -}) in both DEE and tetrahydrofuran (THF). We find that for sodide in both DEE and THF, CTTS excitation leads to delayed ejection of a solvated electron that appears with its equilibrium absorption spectrum. This indicates that the ejected electronsmore » are localized in pre-existing solvent traps, suggesting that the structure of liquid DEE is characterized by cavities that are favorably polarized to localize an excess electron, as has been previously shown is the case for liquid THF. We also find that the geminate recombination dynamics following CTTS excitation of sodide in THF and DEE are similar, suggesting that the nature of the CTTS excited states and their coupling to the electronic states supported by the naturally occurring solvent cavities are similar in the two solvents. In contrast, the geminate recombination dynamics of potasside and sodide in DEE are different, with red-edge excitation of the K{sup -} CTTS band producing a greater number of long-lived electrons than is seen following the corresponding red-edge excitation of the Na{sup -} CTTS band. This indicates that the CTTS excited states of K{sup -} are better able to couple to the electronic states supported by the naturally occurring solvent cavities, allowing us to compare the energetic positions of the potasside and sodide ground and CTTS excited states on a common absolute scale. Finally, we also observe a strong transient absorption following the CTTS excitation of potasside in DEE that correlates well with the 766 nm position of the gas-phase potassium D-line. The data indicate that CTTS excitation of alkali metal anions essentially instantaneously produces a gas-phase-like neutral alkali metal atom, which then spontaneously undergoes partial ejection of the remaining valence electron to form a neutral alkali metal cation:solvated electron tight-contact pair.« less

A Low-Maintenance Approach to Improving Retention: Short On-Line Tutorials in Elementary Statistics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sargent, Carol Springer; Borthick, A. Faye; Lederberg, Amy R.; Haardorfer, Regine

2013-01-01

The struggle to get weak students to use learning support services plagues virtually all retention programs (Friedlander, 1980; Hodges, 2001; Karabenick & Knapp, 1988; Moore & LeDee, 2006; Simpson, Hynd, Nist, & Burrell, 1997; Webster & Dee, 1998). This study presents a cost-effective form of supplemental instruction (SI), in the form of on-line…

Comparison of Exhaust Emissions and Their Mutagenicity from the Combustion of Biodiesel, Vegetable Oil, Gas-to-Liquid and Petrodiesel Fuels

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Diesel engine emissions (DEE) are classified as probably carcinogenic to humans. In recent years every effort has been made to reduce DEE and their content of carcinogenic and mutanegnic polycycluc aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). In several studies conducted since 1995, we observed an appreciable red...

Is DNA code periodicity only due to CUF-codons usage frequency?

PubMed

Zoltowski, Mariusz

2007-01-01

The triplet code for proteins and functional RNA has been either from the universal pattern of ancient RNA (-H1) [1], with a key role of an uneven codon usage frequency (CUF) in the periodic patterns origination, or a reading frame monitoring device (RFMD -H2) [2- 4]. H1 has lately been upheld [1] but in a single sequence sensitive way [1]. Since H1 and H2 are not mutually exclusive [2, 3, 4], a single sequence-wise sensitive approach by a resonant recognition model (RRM) has become the attempt described in this paper to challenge H1 and H2 in eukaryotes case as a novelty. In the RRM model [5, 6, 7] two bio-molecules interact favorably provided they both obey a common frequency and opposite phases consensus in their delocalized electron energy (DEE-) distributions [5]. Hence it has been possible to learn how well the DEE-s of the mRNA and of the ribosome match each other at 1/3 Hz - that applied to both the original and the CUF preserving randomly shuffled genomic data across the well known Bursét and Guigo collection of 570 coding vertebrates' genes. The matching of RRM patterns reduces to harmonics phase comparison of the relevant DEE-s, a task by a digital phase locked loop (DPLL) [8, 9, and 10]. The DPLL phase control to meet the RRM phase matching case is quantified into a small number of classes to describe the mRNA-ribosome interaction in a categorical way.

Increased energy expenditure by a seabird in response to higher food abundance

USGS Publications Warehouse

Jodice, P.G.R.; Roby, D.D.; Suryan, R.M.; Irons, D.B.; Turco, K.R.; Brown, E.D.; Thedinga, J.F.; Visser, G. Henk

2006-01-01

Variability in forage fish abundance strongly affects seabird behavior and reproductive success, although details of this relationship are unclear. During 1997 and 1998, we measured (1) daily energy expenditure (DEE) of 80 parent black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla at 2 colonies in Prince William Sound, Alaska (North Icy Bay and Shoup Bay), (2) abundance of surface-schooling forage fishes within the foraging range of each colony, and (3) diet composition, energy delivery rates to nestlings, and reproductive success of kittiwakes at these same colonies. Female DEE was highest at North Icy Bay in 1998, while male DEE did not differ by colony year. Abundances of Pacific herring Clupea pallasi and sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus were highest near North Icy Bay in 1998 and nearly egual in density, although Age 1+ herring comprised the majority of the diet there. Energy delivery rates to nestlings, nestling growth rates, and productivity were also highest at North Icy Bay in 1998. We suggest that female kittiwakes responded to the increased abundance of Age 1+ herring near North Icy Bay in 1998 by increasing their DEE, which in turn positively affected reproductive success. Given that adult kittiwakes have been shown to suffer decreased survival as a response to increased energy expenditure during brood rearing, the positive correlation we observed between increased abundance of a high quality food source, parental effort, and productivity is consistent with maximizing lifetime reproductive success. The lack of a response in male DEE suggests that brood-rearing roles in kittiwakes differ between genders. ?? Inter-Research 2006.

On the effect of Di-Ethyl-Ether (DEE) injection upon the cold starting of a biodiesel fuelled compression ignition engine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clenci, Adrian; Niculescu, Rodica; Iorga-Simǎn, Victor; Tricǎ, Alina; Danlos, Amélie

2017-02-01

The use of biodiesel fuel in compression ignition engines has the potential to reduce CO2, which can lead to a reduction in global warming and environmental hazards. Biodiesel is an attractive fuel, as it is made from renewable resources. A major drawback associated with the use of biodiesel, however, is its poor cold flow properties, which have a direct influence on the cold starting performance of the engine. This paper is a consequence of a study on assessing the cold-starting performance of a compression ignition engine fueled with different blends of fossil diesel fuel and biodiesel. Through experimental investigations, it was found that the engine starting at -20°C was no longer possible in the case of using B50 (50% diesel + 50% biofuel made from sunflower oil). In order to "force" the engine starting in this particular situation, Di-Ethyl-Ether (DEE) was injected into the intake manifold. DEE being a highly flammable substance, the result was a sudden and explosive engine starting, the peak pressure in the monitored cylinder in the first successful engine cycle being almost twice the one which is usually considered as normal. Thus, to explain the observed phenomena, we launched this work relying on the analysis of the in-cylinder instantaneous pressure evolution, which was acquired during cranking, stabilizing and idling phases. Moreover, since the cause of the sudden and explosive engine starting was the DEE, by using a CFD approach, we also obtained results regarding the inter-cylinder distribution of the injected DEE.

How Can We Explain Poverty? Case Study of Dee Reveals the Complexities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Seccombe, Karen

2011-01-01

Many theories have been offered to explain why people are impoverished. This article by Karen Seccombe uses the case study of "Dee," a newly single mother, to explore four of the most common: individualism, social structuralism, the culture of poverty, and fatalism. She concludes that poverty is a highly complex phenomenon, and it is likely that…

Ann Hutchinson (as subject), Dr. Joan Vernikos (R), Dee O'Hara (L), J. Evans and E. Lowe pose for

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1993-01-01

Ann Hutchinson (as subject), Dr. Joan Vernikos (R), Dee O'Hara (L), J. Evans and E. Lowe pose for pictures in the NASA Magazine aritcle 'How it Feels to be a Human Test Subject' as they prepare for a bed rest study to simulate the efects of microgravity on the human body.

Acquisition and Retention of Team Coordination in Command-and-Control

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-07-01

Pedersen Jennifer Winner Jasmine Duran Amanda Taylor Polemnia G. Amazeen Dee H. Andrews Leah Rowe Cognitive Engineering Research Institute 5810 S...Winner, Jasmine Duran, Amanda Taylor, Polemnia G. Amazeen, Dee H. Andrews, and Leah Rowe 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 1123AM02 7. PERFORMING...Psychology, ASU Polytechnic Consultant Nia Amazeen, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Psychology, ASU Graduate Students Jasmine Duran, CERI & ASU Jamie C

Pressure broadening of the ((dt. mu. )dee)/sup */ formation resonances

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cohen, J.S.; Leon, M.; Padial, N.T.

1988-01-01

The treatment of ((dt..mu..)dee)/sup */ formation at high densities as a pressure broadening process is discussed. The quasistatic approximation is shown to satisfy the usual conditions of muon-catalyzed fusion better than does the impact approximation. Complete accurate results are shown for the impact approximation, and a preliminary rough treatment is presented to illustrate the quasistatic approximation. 13 refs., 8 figs.

46 CFR 160.052-3a - Materials-Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... instruments of closure for buoyant vests. 160.052-3a Section 160.052-3a Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Unicellular Plastic Foam, Adult and Child § 160.052-3a Materials—Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests. (a...

46 CFR 160.060-3a - Materials-Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... instruments of closure for buoyant vests. 160.060-3a Section 160.060-3a Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Unicellular Polyethylene Foam, Adult and Child § 160.060-3a Materials—Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests...

46 CFR 160.060-3a - Materials-Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... instruments of closure for buoyant vests. 160.060-3a Section 160.060-3a Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Unicellular Polyethylene Foam, Adult and Child § 160.060-3a Materials—Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests...

46 CFR 160.052-3a - Materials-Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... instruments of closure for buoyant vests. 160.052-3a Section 160.052-3a Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Unicellular Plastic Foam, Adult and Child § 160.052-3a Materials—Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests. (a...

46 CFR 160.060-3a - Materials-Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... instruments of closure for buoyant vests. 160.060-3a Section 160.060-3a Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Unicellular Polyethylene Foam, Adult and Child § 160.060-3a Materials—Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests...

46 CFR 160.060-3a - Materials-Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... instruments of closure for buoyant vests. 160.060-3a Section 160.060-3a Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Unicellular Polyethylene Foam, Adult and Child § 160.060-3a Materials—Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests...

46 CFR 160.052-3a - Materials-Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... instruments of closure for buoyant vests. 160.052-3a Section 160.052-3a Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Unicellular Plastic Foam, Adult and Child § 160.052-3a Materials—Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests. (a...

46 CFR 160.052-3a - Materials-Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... instruments of closure for buoyant vests. 160.052-3a Section 160.052-3a Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Unicellular Plastic Foam, Adult and Child § 160.052-3a Materials—Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests. (a...

Effects of the finite size of the ion (dd{mu}){sup +} on the energy levels of the molecules (dd{mu})e and (dd{mu})dee

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Harston, M.R.; Hara, S.; Kino, Y.

1997-10-01

The energy shift due to the finite size of the pseudonucleus (dd{mu}){sub 11}{sup +} in the molecules (dd{mu}){sub 11}e and (dd{mu}){sub 11}dee, the subscripts indicating the first excited state with total angular momentum of one unit, is of importance in the theoretical estimation of the rate of d-d fusion catalyzed by negative muons. The energy shift in the molecule (dd{mu}){sub 11}e is calculated using perturbation theory up to second order. The finite-size shift is found to be 1.46 meV. This is significantly larger than the value of 0.7 meV for this energy shift calculated by Bakalov [Muon Catalyzed Fusion {boldmore » 3}, 321 (1988)] by a method similar to the present method; recently found excellent agreement of theory with experimental results for the formation rate of the molecule (dd{mu}){sub 11}dee was based on Bakalov{close_quote}s value with some modifications. The results of a direct calculation of the finite-size energy shifts in (dd{mu}){sub 11}dee using first-order perturbation theory are presented. The contribution from the quadrupole component of the (dd{mu}){sub 11} charge distribution, which is not taken into account in the conventional scaling procedure based on the finite-size energy shifts of (dd{mu}){sub 11}e, is found to be of the order of 1 meV and to depend on the angular-momentum states of (dd{mu}){sub 11}dee. Sources of uncertainty in the current theoretical estimates are also discussed. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less

46 CFR 160.047-3a - Materials-Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... instruments of closure for buoyant vests. 160.047-3a Section 160.047-3a Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Kapok or Fibrous Glass, Adult and Child § 160.047-3a Materials—Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests. (a...

46 CFR 160.047-3a - Materials-Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... instruments of closure for buoyant vests. 160.047-3a Section 160.047-3a Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Kapok or Fibrous Glass, Adult and Child § 160.047-3a Materials—Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests. (a...

46 CFR 160.047-3a - Materials-Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... instruments of closure for buoyant vests. 160.047-3a Section 160.047-3a Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Kapok or Fibrous Glass, Adult and Child § 160.047-3a Materials—Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests. (a...

46 CFR 160.047-3a - Materials-Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... instruments of closure for buoyant vests. 160.047-3a Section 160.047-3a Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Kapok or Fibrous Glass, Adult and Child § 160.047-3a Materials—Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests. (a...

Solving a Class of Spatial Reasoning Problems: Minimal-Cost Path Planning in the Cartesian Plane.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-01

as in Figure 72. By the Theorem of Pythagoras : Z1 <a z 2 < C Yl(bl+b 2)uI, the cost of going along (a,b,c) is greater that the...preceding lemmas to an indefinite number of boundary-crossing episodes is accomplished by the following theorems . Theorem 1 extends the result of Lemma 1... Theorem 1: Any two Snell’s-law paths within a K-explored wedge defined by Snell’s-law paths RL and R. do not intersect within the K-explored portion of

Jell-O Optics: Edibly Exploring Snell's Law and Optical Power

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hendryx, Jennifer; Reynolds, Mathias

2012-03-01

This presentation details a laboratory exercise and/or demonstration of refraction with an inexpensive, simple set-up: a pan of Jell-O, protractors, and laser pointers. This activity is presented from the perspective of an optical sciences graduate student who has spent the school year team-teaching high school math and physics (through Academic Decathlon). The goal is to present some of the fundamentals of optics with an enjoyable and affordable approach. The concepts include Snell's law, index of refraction, and optical power/focal length as they relate to the curvature of a lens.

Acquisition and Retention of Team Coordination in Command-and-Control

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-15

Pedersen, Jennifer Winner, Jasmine Duran, Amanda Taylor, Polemnia G. Amazeen, So. TASK NUMBER Dee Andrews, Leah Rowe 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING...and- Control Nancy J. Cooke, Jamie C. Gorman, Harry K. Pedersen, Jennifer Winner, Jasmine Duran, Amanda Taylor, Nia Amazeen, Dee Andrews, and Leah Rowe...Psychology, ASU Graduate Students Jasmine Duran, CERI & ASU Jamie C. Gorman, Ph.D., CERI & NMSU * (Ph.D. obtained Dec. 2006) Harry K. Pedersen, CERI

Cathodic Protection of Hot Water Tanks at Fort Sill

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

should be flat against the material. Bent rivets will fail under stress . Especially note condition of Dee Ring rivets and Dee Ring metal wear pads...free fall distance. Also, to be stressed are the importance of inspections prior to use, the limitations of the equipment, and unique conditions at...devices during the force test; d. Caution statements on critical use limitations; e. Application limits; f. Proper hook -up, anchoring and tie-off

Radio frequency cavity analysis, measurement, and calibration of absolute Dee voltage for K-500 superconducting cyclotron at VECC, Kolkata

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Som, Sumit; Seth, Sudeshna; Mandal, Aditya

2013-02-15

Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre has commissioned a K-500 superconducting cyclotron for various types of nuclear physics experiments. The 3-phase radio-frequency system of superconducting cyclotron has been developed in the frequency range 9-27 MHz with amplitude and phase stability of 100 ppm and {+-}0.2{sup 0}, respectively. The analysis of the RF cavity has been carried out using 3D Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio code and various RF parameters and accelerating voltages ('Dee' voltage) are calculated from simulation. During the RF system commissioning, measurement of different RF parameters has been done and absolute Dee voltage has been calibrated using a CdTemore » X-ray detector along with its accessories and known X-ray source. The present paper discusses about the measured data and the simulation result.« less

Mammalian energetics. Flexible energetics of cheetah hunting strategies provide resistance against kleptoparasitism.

PubMed

Scantlebury, David M; Mills, Michael G L; Wilson, Rory P; Wilson, John W; Mills, Margaret E J; Durant, Sarah M; Bennett, Nigel C; Bradford, Peter; Marks, Nikki J; Speakman, John R

2014-10-03

Population viability is driven by individual survival, which in turn depends on individuals balancing energy budgets. As carnivores may function close to maximum sustained power outputs, decreased food availability or increased activity may render some populations energetically vulnerable. Prey theft may compromise energetic budgets of mesopredators, such as cheetahs and wild dogs, which are susceptible to competition from larger carnivores. We show that daily energy expenditure (DEE) of cheetahs was similar to size-based predictions and positively related to distance traveled. Theft at 25% only requires cheetahs to hunt for an extra 1.1 hour per day, increasing DEE by just 12%. Therefore, not all mesopredators are energetically constrained by direct competition. Other factors that increase DEE, such as those that increase travel, may be more important for population viability. Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

VizieR Online Data Catalog: IMF in 3 low-redshift strong lenses from SNELLS (Newman+, 2017)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Newman, A. B.; Smith, R. J.; Conroy, C.; Villaume, A.; van Dokkum, P.

2018-04-01

The SINFONI Nearby Elliptical Lens Locator Survey (SNELLS) lenses (Smith+ 2015MNRAS.449.3441S) were observed using the IMACS spectrograph at the 6.5m Magellan Baade telescope during 2015 April 9-10 and 2015 September 25. Spectroscopic observations cover the wavelength range 3565-9415Å continuously with a uniform resolution of 2.8Å. Total exposure times ranged from 60 minutes to 100 minutes per grating. See section 2.1. All SNELLS lenses were also observed using FIRE, a near-infrared echellete spectrograph at the Magellan Baade telescope, during the nights of 2015 April 8, May 3, and September 25. The FIRE spectra cover 0.82-2.51um, but in this paper we use only the region around the Wing-Ford band of FeH near 9916Å for SNL-0 and SNL-1. On-target exposure times for SNL-0 and SNL-1 were 32 minutes and 54 minutes, respectively. The 1" wide slit provided a resolution of R~4000. See section 2.2. We acquired optical and near-infrared spectra for all the SNELLS lenses with X-shooter at the 8.2m UT2 of the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT). See section 2.3. We obtained r-band images of SNL-1 and SNL-2 using the LDSS-3 imaging spectrograph at the Magellan 2 telescope. Photometric calibration was tied to the SDSS DR9. For SNL-0, we used Hubble Heritage observations taken with the Advanced Camera for Surveys and the F625W filter (Proposal 10710). When constructing our dynamical model of SNL-2, we also use an R-band image obtained in excellent seeing with FORS2 at the VLT. See section 2.4. (2 data files).

The Initial Mass Function in the Nearest Strong Lenses from SNELLS: Assessing the Consistency of Lensing, Dynamical, and Spectroscopic Constraints

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Newman, Andrew B.; Smith, Russell J.; Conroy, Charlie; Villaume, Alexa; van Dokkum, Pieter

2017-08-01

We present new observations of the three nearest early-type galaxy (ETG) strong lenses discovered in the SINFONI Nearby Elliptical Lens Locator Survey (SNELLS). Based on their lensing masses, these ETGs were inferred to have a stellar initial mass function (IMF) consistent with that of the Milky Way, not the bottom-heavy IMF that has been reported as typical for high-σ ETGs based on lensing, dynamical, and stellar population synthesis techniques. We use these unique systems to test the consistency of IMF estimates derived from different methods. We first estimate the stellar M */L using lensing and stellar dynamics. We then fit high-quality optical spectra of the lenses using an updated version of the stellar population synthesis models developed by Conroy & van Dokkum. When examined individually, we find good agreement among these methods for one galaxy. The other two galaxies show 2-3σ tension with lensing estimates, depending on the dark matter contribution, when considering IMFs that extend to 0.08 M ⊙. Allowing a variable low-mass cutoff or a nonparametric form of the IMF reduces the tension among the IMF estimates to <2σ. There is moderate evidence for a reduced number of low-mass stars in the SNELLS spectra, but no such evidence in a composite spectrum of matched-σ ETGs drawn from the SDSS. Such variation in the form of the IMF at low stellar masses (m ≲ 0.3 M ⊙), if present, could reconcile lensing/dynamical and spectroscopic IMF estimates for the SNELLS lenses and account for their lighter M */L relative to the mean matched-σ ETG. We provide the spectra used in this study to facilitate future comparisons.

The Initial Mass Function in the Nearest Strong Lenses from SNELLS: Assessing the Consistency of Lensing, Dynamical, and Spectroscopic Constraints

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Newman, Andrew B.; Smith, Russell J.; Conroy, Charlie

2017-08-20

We present new observations of the three nearest early-type galaxy (ETG) strong lenses discovered in the SINFONI Nearby Elliptical Lens Locator Survey (SNELLS). Based on their lensing masses, these ETGs were inferred to have a stellar initial mass function (IMF) consistent with that of the Milky Way, not the bottom-heavy IMF that has been reported as typical for high- σ ETGs based on lensing, dynamical, and stellar population synthesis techniques. We use these unique systems to test the consistency of IMF estimates derived from different methods. We first estimate the stellar M {sub *}/ L using lensing and stellar dynamics.more » We then fit high-quality optical spectra of the lenses using an updated version of the stellar population synthesis models developed by Conroy and van Dokkum. When examined individually, we find good agreement among these methods for one galaxy. The other two galaxies show 2–3 σ tension with lensing estimates, depending on the dark matter contribution, when considering IMFs that extend to 0.08 M {sub ⊙}. Allowing a variable low-mass cutoff or a nonparametric form of the IMF reduces the tension among the IMF estimates to <2 σ . There is moderate evidence for a reduced number of low-mass stars in the SNELLS spectra, but no such evidence in a composite spectrum of matched- σ ETGs drawn from the SDSS. Such variation in the form of the IMF at low stellar masses ( m ≲ 0.3 M {sub ⊙}), if present, could reconcile lensing/dynamical and spectroscopic IMF estimates for the SNELLS lenses and account for their lighter M {sub *}/ L relative to the mean matched- σ ETG. We provide the spectra used in this study to facilitate future comparisons.« less

Regulation of mTOR Activity in Snell Dwarf and GH Receptor Gene-Disrupted Mice

PubMed Central

Dominick, Graham; Berryman, Darlene E.; List, Edward O.; Kopchick, John J.; Li, Xinna; Miller, Richard A.

2015-01-01

The involvement of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in lifespan control in invertebrates, calorie-restricted rodents, and extension of mouse lifespan by rapamycin have prompted speculation that diminished mTOR function may contribute to mammalian longevity in several settings. We show here that mTOR complex-1 (mTORC1) activity is indeed lower in liver, muscle, heart, and kidney tissue of Snell dwarf and global GH receptor (GHR) gene-disrupted mice (GHR−/−), consistent with previous studies. Surprisingly, activity of mTORC2 is higher in fasted Snell and GHR−/− than in littermate controls in all 4 tissues tested. Resupply of food enhanced mTORC1 activity in both controls and long-lived mutant mice but diminished mTORC2 activity only in the long-lived mice. Mice in which GHR has been disrupted only in the liver do not show extended lifespan and also fail to show the decline in mTORC1 and increase in mTORC2 seen in mice with global loss of GHR. The data suggest that the antiaging effects in the Snell dwarf and GHR−/− mice are accompanied by both a decline in mTORC1 in multiple organs and an increase in fasting levels of mTORC2. Neither the lifespan nor mTOR effects appear to be mediated by direct GH effects on liver or by the decline in plasma IGF-I, a shared trait in both global and liver-specific GHR−/− mice. Our data suggest that a more complex pattern of hormonal effects and intertissue interactions may be responsible for regulating both lifespan and mTORC2 function in these mouse models of delayed aging. PMID:25456069

Exposure-Response Estimates for Diesel Engine Exhaust and Lung Cancer Mortality Based on Data from Three Occupational Cohorts

PubMed Central

Silverman, Debra T.; Garshick, Eric; Vlaanderen, Jelle; Portengen, Lützen; Steenland, Kyle

2013-01-01

Background: Diesel engine exhaust (DEE) has recently been classified as a known human carcinogen. Objective: We derived a meta-exposure–response curve (ERC) for DEE and lung cancer mortality and estimated lifetime excess risks (ELRs) of lung cancer mortality based on assumed occupational and environmental exposure scenarios. Methods: We conducted a meta-regression of lung cancer mortality and cumulative exposure to elemental carbon (EC), a proxy measure of DEE, based on relative risk (RR) estimates reported by three large occupational cohort studies (including two studies of workers in the trucking industry and one study of miners). Based on the derived risk function, we calculated ELRs for several lifetime occupational and environmental exposure scenarios and also calculated the fractions of annual lung cancer deaths attributable to DEE. Results: We estimated a lnRR of 0.00098 (95% CI: 0.00055, 0.0014) for lung cancer mortality with each 1-μg/m3-year increase in cumulative EC based on a linear meta-regression model. Corresponding lnRRs for the individual studies ranged from 0.00061 to 0.0012. Estimated numbers of excess lung cancer deaths through 80 years of age for lifetime occupational exposures of 1, 10, and 25 μg/m3 EC were 17, 200, and 689 per 10,000, respectively. For lifetime environmental exposure to 0.8 μg/m3 EC, we estimated 21 excess lung cancer deaths per 10,000. Based on broad assumptions regarding past occupational and environmental exposures, we estimated that approximately 6% of annual lung cancer deaths may be due to DEE exposure. Conclusions: Combined data from three U.S. occupational cohort studies suggest that DEE at levels common in the workplace and in outdoor air appear to pose substantial excess lifetime risks of lung cancer, above the usually acceptable limits in the United States and Europe, which are generally set at 1/1,000 and 1/100,000 based on lifetime exposure for the occupational and general population, respectively. Citation: Vermeulen R, Silverman DT, Garshick E, Vlaanderen J, Portengen L, Steenland K. 2014. Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts. Environ Health Perspect 122:172–177; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306880 PMID:24273233

Experimental verification and simulation of negative index of refraction using Snell's law.

PubMed

Parazzoli, C G; Greegor, R B; Li, K; Koltenbah, B E C; Tanielian, M

2003-03-14

We report the results of a Snell's law experiment on a negative index of refraction material in free space from 12.6 to 13.2 GHz. Numerical simulations using Maxwell's equations solvers show good agreement with the experimental results, confirming the existence of negative index of refraction materials. The index of refraction is a function of frequency. At 12.6 GHz we measure and compute the real part of the index of refraction to be -1.05. The measurements and simulations of the electromagnetic field profiles were performed at distances of 14lambda and 28lambda from the sample; the fields were also computed at 100lambda.

Numerical simulations of negative-index refraction in wedge-shaped metamaterials.

PubMed

Dong, Z G; Zhu, S N; Liu, H; Zhu, J; Cao, W

2005-07-01

A wedge-shaped structure made of split-ring resonators (SRR) and wires is numerically simulated to evaluate its refraction behavior. Four frequency bands, namely, the stop band, left-handed band, ultralow-index band, and positive-index band, are distinguished according to the refracted field distributions. Negative phase velocity inside the wedge is demonstrated in the left-handed band and the Snell's Law is conformed in terms of its refraction behaviors in different frequency bands. Our results confirmed that negative index of refraction indeed exists in such a composite metamaterial and also provided a convincing support to the results of previous Snell's Law experiments.

Three-dimensional ophthalmic optical coherence tomography with a refraction correction algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zawadzki, Robert J.; Leisser, Christoph; Leitgeb, Rainer; Pircher, Michael; Fercher, Adolf F.

2003-10-01

We built an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system with a rapid scanning optical delay (RSOD) line, which allows probing full axial eye length. The system produces Three-dimensional (3D) data sets that are used to generate 3D tomograms of the model eye. The raw tomographic data were processed by an algorithm, which is based on Snell"s law to correct the interface positions. The Zernike polynomials representation of the interfaces allows quantitative wave aberration measurements. 3D images of our results are presented to illustrate the capabilities of the system and the algorithm performance. The system allows us to measure intra-ocular distances.

Remote Monitoring of Cathodic Protection and Cathodic Protection System Upgrades for Tanks and Pipelines at Fort Carson

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

HOISTS, CRANES AND DERRICKS ο ο Cables and sheaves regularly inspected ο ο Slings and chains, hooks and eyes inspected before each use ο ο Equipment...osion from soil corrosion, bacterial corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. • Cathodic protection is applicable over a wide range of e...should be flat against the material. Bent rivets will fail under stress . Especially note condition of Dee Ring rivets and Dee Ring metal wear pads

Concurrent production of biodiesel and chemicals through wet in situ transesterification of microalgae.

PubMed

Im, Hanjin; Kim, Bora; Lee, Jae W

2015-10-01

This work addresses an unprecedented way of co-producing biodiesel (FAEE) and valuable chemicals of ethyl levulinate (EL), ethyl formate (EF) and diethyl ether (DEE) from wet in situ transesterification of microalgae. EL, EF, and DEE were significantly produced up to 23.1%, 10.3%, and 52.1% of the maximum FAEE mass with the FAEE yield higher than 90% at 125 °C. Experiments to elucidate a detailed route of EL and EF synthesis were fulfilled and it was found that its main route to the production of EL and EF was the acid hydrolysis of algal cells and esterification with ethanol. To investigate the effect of reaction variables on the products yields, comprehensive experiments were carried out with varying temperatures, solvent and alcohol volumes, moisture contents and catalyst amounts. Coproduction of DEE, EL, EF and FAEE can contribute to elevating the economic feasibility of microalgae-based biodiesel supply chain. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer mortality: time-related factors in exposure and risk.

PubMed

Moolgavkar, Suresh H; Chang, Ellen T; Luebeck, Georg; Lau, Edmund C; Watson, Heather N; Crump, Kenny S; Boffetta, Paolo; McClellan, Roger

2015-04-01

To develop a quantitative exposure-response relationship between concentrations and durations of inhaled diesel engine exhaust (DEE) and increases in lung cancer risks, we examined the role of temporal factors in modifying the estimated effects of exposure to DEE on lung cancer mortality and characterized risk by mine type in the Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study (DEMS) cohort, which followed 12,315 workers through December 1997. We analyzed the data using parametric functions based on concepts of multistage carcinogenesis to directly estimate the hazard functions associated with estimated exposure to a surrogate marker of DEE, respirable elemental carbon (REC). The REC-associated risk of lung cancer mortality in DEMS is driven by increased risk in only one of four mine types (limestone), with statistically significant heterogeneity by mine type and no significant exposure-response relationship after removal of the limestone mine workers. Temporal factors, such as duration of exposure, play an important role in determining the risk of lung cancer mortality following exposure to REC, and the relative risk declines after exposure to REC stops. There is evidence of effect modification of risk by attained age. The modifying impact of temporal factors and effect modification by age should be addressed in any quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of DEE. Until there is a better understanding of why the risk appears to be confined to a single mine type, data from DEMS cannot reliably be used for QRA. © 2015 Society for Risk Analysis.

Migration of the Pee Dee River system inferred from ancestral paleochannels underlying the South Carolina Grand Strand and Long Bay inner shelf

USGS Publications Warehouse

Baldwin, W.E.; Morton, R.A.; Putney, T.R.; Katuna, M.P.; Harris, M.S.; Gayes, P.T.; Driscoll, N.W.; Denny, J.F.; Schwab, W.C.

2006-01-01

Several generations of the ancestral Pee Dee River system have been mapped beneath the South Carolina Grand Strand coastline and adjacent Long Bay inner shelf. Deep boreholes onshore and high-resolution seismic-reflection data offshore allow for reconstruction of these paleochannels, which formed during glacial lowstands, when the Pee Dee River system incised subaerially exposed coastal-plain and continental-shelf strata. Paleochannel groups, representing different generations of the system, decrease in age to the southwest, where the modern Pee Dee River merges with several coastal-plain tributaries at Winyah Bay, the southern terminus of Long Bay. Positions of the successive generational groups record a regional, southwestward migration of the river system that may have initiated during the late Pliocene. The migration was primarily driven by barrier-island deposition, resulting from the interaction of fluvial and shoreline processes during eustatic highstands. Structurally driven, subsurface paleotopography associated with the Mid-Carolina Platform High has also indirectly assisted in forcing this migration. These results provide a better understanding of the evolution of the region and help explain the lack of mobile sediment on the Long Bay inner shelf. Migration of the river system caused a profound change in sediment supply during the late Pleistocene. The abundant fluvial source that once fed sand-rich barrier islands was cut off and replaced with a limited source, supplied by erosion and reworking of former coastal deposits exposed at the shore and on the inner shelf.

Calcite saturation in the River Dee, NE Scotland.

PubMed

Wade, A J; Neal, C; Smart, R P; Edwards, A C

2002-01-23

The spatial and temporal variations in calcite (calcium carbonate) solubility within the Dee basin of NE Scotland were assessed using water chemistry data gathered from a network of 59 sites monitored for water quality from June 1996 to May 1997. Calcite solubility, expressed in terms of a saturation index (SIcalcite), was determined from measured streamwater pH, Gran alkalinity and calcium concentrations and water temperature. In general, the waters of the Dee system are undersaturated with respect to calcite, though the saturation index is higher during the summer months indicating a dependency on flow conditions and biological activity. Under low-flow conditions, the streamwaters are dominated by water derived from the lower soil horizons and deeper groundwater stores and therefore, ions such as Gran alkalinity and calcium are at their highest concentrations as they are derived mainly from bedrock weathering. The influence of biological activity on the carbonate system is also evident as the observed pH and estimated EpCO2 values indicate strong seasonal patterns, with the highest pH and lowest EpCO2 values occurring during the summer low-flow periods. Only at three sites in the lowland region of the catchment, during the summer low-flow period, are the waters oversaturated. As such, the Dee system represents an extreme 'end-member' case when compared to many UK rivers that span both under- and oversaturated conditions during the year. Regression analysis highlights a systematic change in the SIcalcite-pH relationship in a broad east-west direction across the Dee system. At sites draining the relatively impermeable upland areas, the regression of SIcalcite against pH gives a straight line with a gradient in the range 1.6-2.4. Correspondingly, under the most extreme alkaline conditions found at sites draining lowland agricultural areas, a straight-line relationship exists but with a gradient of unity. It is concluded that these changes in the SIcalcite-pH relationship are due to variations in the bicarbonate system induced by the flow conditions and biological activity. Given the waters are undersaturated, then calcite precipitation and hence phosphorus co-precipitation cannot occur within the water column.

Floating capsules containing alginate-based beads of salbutamol sulfate: In vitro-in vivo evaluations.

PubMed

Malakar, Jadupati; Datta, Prabir Kumar; Purakayastha, Saikat Das; Dey, Sanjay; Nayak, Amit Kumar

2014-03-01

The present study deals with the development and evaluations of stomach-specific floating capsules containing salbutamol sulfate-loaded oil-entrapped alginate-based beads. Salbutamol sulfate-loaded oil-entrapped beads were prepared and capsulated within hard gelatin capsules (size 1). The effects of HPMC K4M and potato starch weight masses on drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE) of beads and cumulative drug release at 10h (R10 h) from capsules was analyzed by 3(2) factorial design. The optimization results indicate increasing of DEE in the oil-entrapped beads and decreasing R10 h from capsules with increment of HPMC K4M and potato starch weight masses. The optimized formulation showed DEE of 70.02 ± 3.16% and R10 h of 56.96 ± 2.92%. These capsules showed floatation over 6h and sustained drug release over 10h in gastric pH (1.2). In vivo X-ray imaging study of optimized floating capsules in rabbits showed stomach-specific gastroretention over a prolonged period. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Tunable Snell's law for spin waves in heterochiral magnetic films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mulkers, Jeroen; Van Waeyenberge, Bartel; Milošević, Milorad V.

2018-03-01

Thin ferromagnetic films with an interfacially induced DMI exhibit nontrivial asymmetric dispersion relations that lead to unique and useful magnonic properties. Here we derive an analytical expression for the magnon propagation angle within the micromagnetic framework and show how the dispersion relation can be approximated with a comprehensible geometrical interpretation in the k space of the propagation of spin waves. We further explore the refraction of spin waves at DMI interfaces in heterochiral magnetic films, after deriving a generalized Snell's law tunable by an in-plane magnetic field, that yields analytical expressions for critical incident angles. The found asymmetric Brewster angles at interfaces of regions with different DMI strengths, adjustable by magnetic field, support the conclusion that heterochiral ferromagnetic structures are an ideal platform for versatile spin-wave guides.

Structure and Reactivity of Alkyl Ethers Adsorbed on CeO2(111) Model Catalysts

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

F Calaza; T Chen; D Mullins

2011-12-31

The effect of surface hydroxyls on the adsorption of ether on ceria was explored. Adsorption of dimethyl ether (DME) and diethyl ether (DEE) on oxidized and reduced CeO{sub 2}(111) films was studied and compared with Ru(0001) using RAIRS and sXPS within a UHV environment. On Ru(0001) the ethers adsorb weakly with the molecular plane close to parallel to the surface plane. On the ceria films, the adsorption of the ethers was stronger than on the metal surface, presumably due to stronger interaction of the ether oxygen lone pair electrons with a cerium cation. This interaction causes the ethers to tiltmore » away from the surface plane compared to the Ru(0001) surface. No pronounced differences were found between oxidized (CeO{sub 2}) and reduced (CeOx) films. The adsorption of the ethers was found to be perturbed by the presence of OH groups on hydroxylated CeOx. In the case of DEE, the geometry of adsorption resembles that found on Ru, and in the case of dimethyl ether DME is in between that one found on clean CeOx and the metal surface. Decomposition of the DEE was observed on the OH/CeOx surface following high DEE exposure at 300 K and higher temperatures. Ethoxides and acetates were identified as adsorbed species on the surface by means of RAIRS and ethoxides and formates by s-XPS. No decomposition of dimethyl ether was observed on the OH/CeOx at these higher temperatures, implying that the dissociation of the C-O bond from ethers requires the presence of {beta}-hydrogen.« less

Structure and Reactivity of Alkyl Ethers Adsorbed on CeO(2)(111) Model Catalysts

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Calaza, Florencia C; Chen, Tsung-Liang; Mullins, David R

2011-01-01

The effect of surface hydroxyls on the adsorption of ether on ceria was explored. Adsorption of dimethyl ether (DME) and diethyl ether (DEE) on oxidized and reduced CeO{sub 2}(111) films was studied and compared with Ru(0001) using RAIRS and sXPS within a UHV environment. On Ru(0001) the ethers adsorb weakly with the molecular plane close to parallel to the surface plane. On the ceria films, the adsorption of the ethers was stronger than on the metal surface, presumably due to stronger interaction of the ether oxygen lone pair electrons with a cerium cation. This interaction causes the ethers to tiltmore » away from the surface plane compared to the Ru(0001) surface. No pronounced differences were found between oxidized (CeO{sub 2}) and reduced (CeOx) films. The adsorption of the ethers was found to be perturbed by the presence of OH groups on hydroxylated CeOx. In the case of DEE, the geometry of adsorption resembles that found on Ru, and in the case of dimethyl ether DME is in between that one found on clean CeOx and the metal surface. Decomposition of the DEE was observed on the OH/CeOx surface following high DEE exposure at 300 K and higher temperatures. Ethoxides and acetates were identified as adsorbed species on the surface by means of RAIRS and ethoxides and formates by s-XPS. No decomposition of dimethyl ether was observed on the OH/CeOx at these higher temperatures, implying that the dissociation of the C-O bond from ethers requires the presence of {beta}-hydrogen.« less

No adverse lung effects of 7- and 28-day inhalation exposure of rats to emissions from petrodiesel fuel containing 20% rapeseed methyl esters (B20) with and without particulate filter - the FuelHealth project.

PubMed

Magnusson, Pål; Oczkowski, Michał; Øvrevik, Johan; Gajewska, Malgorzata; Wilczak, Jacek; Biedrzycki, Jacek; Dziendzikowska, Katarzyna; Kamola, Dariusz; Królikowski, Tomasz; Kruszewski, Marcin; Lankoff, Anna; Mruk, Remigiusz; Brunborg, Gunnar; Instanes, Christine; Gromadzka-Ostrowska, Joanna; Myhre, Oddvar

2017-04-01

Increased use of biofuels raises concerns about health effects of new emissions. We analyzed relative lung health effects, on Fisher 344 rats, of diesel engine exhausts emissions (DEE) from a Euro 5-classified diesel engine running on petrodiesel fuel containing 20% rapeseed methyl esters (B20) with and without diesel particulate filter (DPF). One group of animals was exposed to DEE for 7 days (6 h/day), and another group for 28 days (6 h/day, 5 days/week), both with and without DPF. The animals (n = 7/treatment) were exposed in whole body exposure chambers. Animals breathing clean air were used as controls. Genotoxic effects of the lungs by the Comet assay, histological examination of lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) markers of pulmonary injury, and mRNA markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were analyzed. Our results showed that a minor number of genes related to inflammation were slightly differently expressed in the exposed animals compared to control. Histological analysis also revealed only minor effects on inflammatory tissue markers in the lungs, and this was supported by flow cytometry and ELISA analysis of cytokines in BALF. No exposure-related indications of genotoxicity were observed. Overall, exposure to DEE with or without DPF technology produced no adverse effects in the endpoints analyzed in the rat lung tissue or the BALF. Overall, exposure to DEE from a modern Euro 5 light vehicle engine run on B20 fuel with or without DPF technology produced no adverse effects in the endpoints analyzed in the rat lung tissue or the BALF.

The Hermetic Frontispiece: Contextualising John Dee's Hieroglyphic Monad.

PubMed

Forshaw, Peter J

2017-05-01

This essay examines the elaborate title pages of some of alchemist, astrologer, and bibliophile John Dee's publications with a focus on the two best known works that feature his famous Hieroglyphic Monad, the Propaedeumata Aphoristica (1558) and Monas Hieroglyphica (1564). The aim is to cast light on its context, identify sources for some textual influences in the works, unpack the visual symbolism in the two "monadic" title pages in relation to the two complementary sciences of "superior" and "inferior" astronomy, speculate on some of the more enigmatic details, and conclude with a brief discussion of a possible astrological significance to the dates of composition of the Monas Hieroglyphica.

A case of paternity testing influenced by the silent allele of Rh erythrocyte groups.

PubMed

Ota, M; Yonemura, I; Fukushima, H; Hasekura, H; Ishimoto, G; Mizutani, Y; Yamada, T

1987-11-01

A paternity test is presented in which a father and his two children possessed an extremely rare amorphic gene R-29 (r,---). One of the children was determined to be illegitimate at the first trial as her Rh phenotype was R2R2(ccDEE) and the father's phenotype was R1R1(CCDee). At the Court of Appeal, however, the rare Rh gene r(---) was shown to be inherited from the father to the appellant child through extended tests including her brother whose phenotype was also R2R2(ccDEE). She was acknowledged to be legitimate.

Tamarind seed gum-hydrolyzed polymethacrylamide-g-gellan beads for extended release of diclofenac sodium using 32 full factorial design.

PubMed

Nandi, Gouranga; Nandi, Amit Kumar; Khan, Najim Sarif; Pal, Souvik; Dey, Sibasish

2018-07-15

Development of tamarind seed gum (TSG)-hydrolyzed polymethacrylamide-g-gellan (h-Pmaa-g-GG) composite beads for extended release of diclofenac sodium using 3 2 full factorial design is the main purpose of this study. The ratio of h-Pmaa-g-GG and TSG and concentration of cross-linker CaCl 2 were taken as independent factors with three different levels of each. Effects of polymer ratio and CaCl 2 on drug entrapment efficiency (DEE), drug release, bead size and swelling were investigated. Responses such as DEE and different drug release parameters were statistically analyzed by 3 2 full factorial design using Design-Expert software and finally the formulation factors were optimized to obtain USP-reference release profile. Drug release rate was found to decrease with decrease in the ratio of h-Pmaa-g-GG:TSG and increase in the concentration of Ca 2+ ions in cross-linking medium. The optimized formulation showed DEE of 93.25% and an extended drug release profile over a period of 10h with f 2 =80.13. Kinetic modeling unveiled case-I-Fickian diffusion based drug release mechanism. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Daily energy expenditures of free-ranging Common Loon (Gavia immer) chicks

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fournier, F.; Karasov, W.H.; Meyer, M.W.; Kenow, K.P.

2002-01-01

We measured the daily energy expenditure of free-living Common Loon (Gavia immer) chicks using doubly labeled water (DLW). Average body mass of chicks during the DLW measures were 425, 1,052, and 1,963 g for 10 day-old (n = 5), 21 day-old (n = 6), and 35 day-old (n = 6) chicks, respectively, and their mean daily energy expenditures (DEE) were 686 kJ day−1, 768 kJ day−1, and 1,935 kJ day−1, respectively. Variation in DEE was not due solely to variation in body mass, but age was also a significant factor independent of body mass. Energy deposited in new tissue was calculated from age-dependent tissue energy contents and measured gains in body mass, which were 51, 54, and 33 g day−1 from the youngest to oldest chicks. Metabolizable energy (the sum of DEE and tissue energy) was used to estimate feeding rates of loon chicks and their exposure to mercury in the fish they consume. We calculated that loon chicks in Wisconsin consumed between 162 and 383 g wet mass of fish per day (depending on age), corresponding to intakes of mercury of 16–192 μg day−1.

Simulating Optical Fibers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Edgar, Dale

1988-01-01

Described is a demonstration of Snell's law using a laser beam and an optical fiber. Provided are the set-up method of the demonstration apparatus and some practical suggestions including "index matching" technique using vaseline. (YP)

Anomalous postcritical refraction behavior for certain transversely isotropic media

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fa, L.; Brown, R.L.; Castagna, J.P.

2006-01-01

Snell's law at the boundary between two transversely isotropic media with a vertical axis of symmetry (VTI media) can be solved by setting up a fourth order polynomial for the sine of the reflection/transmission angles. This approach reveals the possible presence of an anomalous postcritical angle for certain transversely isotropic media. There are thus possibly three incident angle regimes for the reflection/refraction of longitudinal or transverse waves incident upon a VTI medium: precritical, postcritical/preanomalous, and postanomalous. The anomalous angle occurs for certain strongly anisotropic media where the required root to the phase velocity equation must be switched in order to obey Snell's law. The reflection/transmission coefficients, polarization directions, and the phase velocity are all affected by both the anisotropy and the incident angle. The incident critical angles are also effected by the anisotropy. ?? 2006 Acoustical Society of America.

Reflected wavefront manipulation based on ultrathin planar acoustic metasurfaces

PubMed Central

Li, Yong; Liang, Bin; Gu, Zhong-ming; Zou, Xin-ye; Cheng, Jian-chun

2013-01-01

The introduction of metasurfaces has renewed the Snell's law and opened up new degrees of freedom to tailor the optical wavefront at will. Here, we theoretically demonstrate that the generalized Snell's law can be achieved for reflected acoustic waves based on ultrathin planar acoustic metasurfaces. The metasurfaces are constructed with eight units of a solid structure to provide discrete phase shifts covering the full 2π span with steps of π/4 by coiling up the space. By careful selection of the phase profiles in the transverse direction of the metasurfaces, some fascinating wavefront engineering phenomena are demonstrated, such as anomalous reflections, conversion of propagating waves into surface waves, planar aberration-free lens and nondiffracting Bessel beam generated by planar acoustic axicon. Our results could open up a new avenue for acoustic wavefront engineering and manipulations. PMID:23986034

50 CFR 86.51 - To whom must I apply?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., Eastside Federal Complex, 911 NE 11th Avenue, Portland, OR 97232-4181 503-231-6128, Fax: 503-231-6996 2... & Wildlife Service, Bishop Henry Whipple Federal Building, 1 Federal Drive, Fort Snelling, MN 55111-4056 612...

Magnetic Snell's law and spin-wave fiber with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Weichao; Lan, Jin; Wu, Ruqian; Xiao, Jiang

2016-10-01

Spin waves are collective excitations propagating in the magnetic medium with ordered magnetizations. Magnonics, utilizing the spin wave (magnon) as an information carrier, is a promising candidate for low-dissipation computation and communication technologies. We discover that, due to the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, the scattering behavior of the spin wave at a magnetic domain wall follows a generalized Snell's law, where two magnetic domains work as two different mediums. Similar to optical total reflection that occurs at water-air interfaces, spin waves may experience total reflection at the magnetic domain walls when their incident angle is larger than a critical value. We design a spin-wave fiber using a magnetic domain structure with two domain walls, and demonstrate that such a spin-wave fiber can transmit spin waves over long distances by total internal reflections, in analogy to an optical fiber.

Laws of reflection and Snell's law revisited by video modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rodrigues, M.; Simeão Carvalho, P.

2014-07-01

Video modelling is being used, nowadays, as a tool for teaching and learning several topics in Physics. Most of these topics are related to kinematics. In this work we show how video modelling can be used for demonstrations and experimental teaching in optics, namely the laws of reflection and the well-known Snell's Law of light. Videos were recorded with a photo camera at 30 frames/s, and analysed with the open source software Tracker. Data collected from several frames was treated with the Data Tool module, and graphs were built to obtain relations between incident, reflected and refraction angles, as well as to determine the refractive index of Perspex. These videos can be freely distributed in the web and explored with students within the classroom, or as a homework assignment to improve student's understanding on specific contents. They present a large didactic potential for teaching basic optics in high school with an interactive methodology.

Combined NMR and molecular dynamics modeling study of transport properties in sulfonamide based deep eutectic lithium electrolytes: LiTFSI based binary systems.

PubMed

Pauric, Allen D; Halalay, Ion C; Goward, Gillian R

2016-03-07

The trend toward Li-ion batteries operating at increased (>4.3 V vs. Li/Li(+)) voltages requires the development of novel classes of lithium electrolytes with electrochemical stability windows exceeding those of LiPF6/carbonate electrolyte solutions. Several new classes of electrolytes have been synthesized and investigated over the past decade, in the search for LIB electrolytes with improved properties (increased hydrolytic stability, improved thermal abuse tolerance, higher oxidation voltages, etc.) compared with the present state-of-the-art LiPF6 and organic carbonates-based formulations. Among these are deep eutectic electrolytes (DEEs), which share many beneficial characteristics with ionic liquids, such as low vapor pressure and large electrochemical stability windows, with the added advantage of a significantly higher lithium transference number. The present work presents the pulsed field gradient NMR characterization of the transport properties (diffusion coefficients and cation transport numbers) of binary DEEs consisting of a sulfonamide solvent and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt. Insights into the structural and dynamical properties, which enable one to rationalize the observed ionic conductivity behavior were obtained from a combination of NMR data and MD simulations. The insights thus gained should assist the formulation of novel DEEs with improved properties for LIB applications.

ZENK expression in the auditory pathway of black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) as a function of D note number and duty cycle of chick-a-dee calls.

PubMed

Scully, Erin N; Schuldhaus, Brenna C; Congdon, Jenna V; Hahn, Allison H; Campbell, Kimberley A; Wilson, David R; Sturdy, Christopher B

2018-06-08

Black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) use their namesake chick-a-dee call for multiple functions, altering the features of the call depending on context. For example, duty cycle (the proportion of time filled by vocalizations) and fine structure traits (e.g., number of D notes) can encode contextual factors, such as predator size and food quality. Wilson and Mennill [1] found that chickadees show stronger behavioral responses to playback of chick-a-dee calls with higher duty cycles, but not to the number of D notes. That is, independent of the number of D notes in a call, but dependent on the overall proportion of time filled with vocalization, birds responded more to higher duty cycle playback compared to lower duty cycle playback. Here we presented chickadees with chick-a-dee calls that contained either two D (referred to hereafter as 2 D) notes with a low duty cycle, 2 D notes with a high duty cycle, 10 D notes with a high duty cycle, or 2 D notes with a high duty cycle but played in reverse (a non-signaling control). We then measured ZENK expression in the auditory nuclei where perceptual discrimination is thought to occur. Based on the behavioral results of Wilson and Mennill [1], we predicted we would observe the highest ZENK expression in response to forward-playing calls with high duty cycles; we predicted we would observe no significant difference in ZENK expression between forward-playing high duty cycle playbacks (2 D or 10 D). We found no significant difference between forward-playing 2 D and 10 D high duty cycle playbacks. However, contrary to our predictions, we did not find any effects of altering the duty cycle or note number presented. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Activation of C-O and C-C bonds and formation of novel HAlOH-ether complexes: an EPR study of the reaction of ground-state Al atoms with methylethyl ether and diethyl ether.

PubMed

Brunet, François D; Feola, Julie C; Joly, Helen A

2012-03-15

Reaction mixtures, containing Al atoms and methylethyl ether (MEE) or diethyl ether (DEE) in an adamantane matrix, were prepared with the aid of a metal-atom reactor known as a rotating cryostat. The EPR spectra of the resulting products were recorded from 77-260 K, at 10 K intervals. Al atoms were found to insert into methyl-O, ethyl-O, and C-C bonds to form CH(3)AlOCH(2)CH(3), CH(3)OAlCH(2)CH(3), and CH(3)OCH(2)AlCH(3), respectively, in the case of MEE while DEE produced CH(3)CH(2)AlOCH(2)CH(3) and CH(3)AlCH(2)OCH(2)CH(3), respectively. From the intensity of the transition lines attributed to the Al atom C-O insertion products of MEE, insertion into the methyl-O bond is preferred. The Al hyperfine interaction (hfi) extracted from the EPR spectra of the C-O insertion products was greater than that of the C-C insertion products, that is, 5.4% greater for the DEE system and 7% greater for the MEE system. The increase in Al hfi is thought to arise from the increased electron-withdrawing ability of the substituents bonded to Al. Besides HAlOH, resulting from the reaction of Al atoms with adventitious water, novel mixed HAlOH:MEE and HAlOH:DEE complexes were identified with the aid of isotopic studies involving H(2)(17)O and D(2)O. The Al and H hfi of HAlOH were found to decrease upon complex formation. These findings are consistent with the nuclear hfi calculated using a density functional theory (DFT) method with close agreement between theory and experiment occurring at the B3LYP level using a 6-311+G(2df,p) basis set.

Effect of prolonged exposure to diesel engine exhaust on proinflammatory markers in different regions of the rat brain.

PubMed

Gerlofs-Nijland, Miriam E; van Berlo, Damien; Cassee, Flemming R; Schins, Roel P F; Wang, Kate; Campbell, Arezoo

2010-05-17

The etiology and progression of neurodegenerative disorders depends on the interactions between a variety of factors including: aging, environmental exposures, and genetic susceptibility factors. Enhancement of proinflammatory events appears to be a common link in different neurological impairments, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Studies have shown a link between exposure to particulate matter (PM), present in air pollution, and enhancement of central nervous system proinflammatory markers. In the present study, the association between exposure to air pollution (AP), derived from a specific source (diesel engine), and neuroinflammation was investigated. To elucidate whether specific regions of the brain are more susceptible to exposure to diesel-derived AP, various loci of the brain were separately analyzed. Rats were exposed for 6 hrs a day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks to diesel engine exhaust (DEE) using a nose-only exposure chamber. The day after the final exposure, the brain was dissected into the following regions: cerebellum, frontal cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb and tubercles, and the striatum. Baseline levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1alpha) were dependent on the region analyzed and increased in the striatum after exposure to DEE. In addition, baseline level of activation of the transcription factors (NF-kappaB) and (AP-1) was also region dependent but the levels were not significantly altered after exposure to DEE. A similar, though not significant, trend was seen with the mRNA expression levels of TNF-alpha and TNF Receptor-subtype I (TNF-RI). Our results indicate that different brain regions may be uniquely responsive to changes induced by exposure to DEE. This study once more underscores the role of neuroinflammation in response to ambient air pollution, however, it is valuable to assess if and to what extent the observed changes may impact the normal function and cellular integrity of unique brain regions.

18 CFR 708.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Snelling, Twin Cities, Minnesota. (c) Master Plan means the Upper Mississippi River System Comprehensive... Section 708.1 Conservation of Power and Water Resources WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN COMMISSION: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER SYSTEM MASTER PLAN § 708.1 Definitions...

The energy costs of sexual dimorphism in mole-rats are morphological not behavioural

PubMed Central

Scantlebury, M; Speakman, J.R; Bennett, N.C

2005-01-01

Different reproductive strategies of males and females may lead to the evolution of differences in their energetic costs of reproduction, overall energetic requirements and physiological performances. Sexual dimorphism is often associated with costly behaviours (e.g. large males might have a competitive advantage in fighting, which is energetically expensive). However, few studies of mammals have directly compared the energy costs of reproductive activities between sexes. We compared the daily energy expenditure (DEE) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) of males and females of two species of mole-rat, Bathyergus janetta and Georychus capensis (the former is sexually dimorphic in body size and the latter is not) during a period of intense digging when males seek females. We hypothesized that large body size might be indicative of greater digging or fighting capabilities, and hence greater mass-independent DEE values in males of the sexually dimorphic species. In contrast to this prediction, although absolute values of DEE were greater in B. janetta males, mass-independent values were not. No differences were apparent between sexes in G. capensis. By comparison, although RMR values were greater in B. janetta than G. capensis, no differences were apparent between the sexes for either species. The energy cost of dimorphism is most likely to be the cost of maintenance of a large body size, and not the cost of behaviours performed when an individual is large. PMID:16519235

Feminist Social Justice Orientation: An Indicator of Optimal Functioning?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moradi, Bonnie

2012-01-01

This article underscores several themes evident in Yoder, Snell, and Tobias's research; these include the conceptualization of feminism and social justice as inextricably linked, the conceptualization and operationalization of optimal functioning at intrapersonal, interpersonal, and collective levels, and potential connections and disconnections…

Refraction in Terms of the Deviation of the Light.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goldberg, Fred M.

1985-01-01

Discusses refraction in terms of the deviation of light. Points out that in physics courses where very little mathematics is used, it might be more suitable to describe refraction entirely in terms of the deviation, rather than by introducing Snell's law. (DH)

Thin Lens Ray Tracing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gatland, Ian R.

2002-01-01

Proposes a ray tracing approach to thin lens analysis based on a vector form of Snell's law for paraxial rays as an alternative to the usual approach in introductory physics courses. The ray tracing approach accommodates skew rays and thus provides a complete analysis. (Author/KHR)

Improved algorithm of ray tracing in ICF cryogenic targets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Rui; Yang, Yongying; Ling, Tong; Jiang, Jiabin

2016-10-01

The high precision ray tracing inside inertial confinement fusion (ICF) cryogenic targets plays an important role in the reconstruction of the three-dimensional density distribution by algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) algorithm. The traditional Runge-Kutta methods, which is restricted by the precision of the grid division and the step size of ray tracing, cannot make an accurate calculation in the case of refractive index saltation. In this paper, we propose an improved algorithm of ray tracing based on the Runge-Kutta methods and Snell's law of refraction to achieve high tracing precision. On the boundary of refractive index, we apply Snell's law of refraction and contact point search algorithm to ensure accuracy of the simulation. Inside the cryogenic target, the combination of the Runge-Kutta methods and self-adaptive step algorithm are employed for computation. The original refractive index data, which is used to mesh the target, can be obtained by experimental measurement or priori refractive index distribution function. A finite differential method is performed to calculate the refractive index gradient of mesh nodes, and the distance weighted average interpolation methods is utilized to obtain refractive index and gradient of each point in space. In the simulation, we take ideal ICF target, Luneberg lens and Graded index rod as simulation model to calculate the spot diagram and wavefront map. Compared the simulation results to Zemax, it manifests that the improved algorithm of ray tracing based on the fourth-order Runge-Kutta methods and Snell's law of refraction exhibits high accuracy. The relative error of the spot diagram is 0.2%, and the peak-to-valley (PV) error and the root-mean-square (RMS) error of the wavefront map is less than λ/35 and λ/100, correspondingly.

Audre's daughter: Black lesbian steganography in Dee Rees' Pariah and Audre Lorde's Zami: A New Spelling of My Name.

PubMed

Kang, Nancy

2016-01-01

This article argues that African-American director Dee Rees' critically acclaimed debut Pariah (2011) is a rewriting of lesbian poet-activist Audre Lorde's iconic "bio-mythography" Zami: A New Spelling of My Name (1982). The article examines how Rees' work creatively and subtly re-envisions Lorde's Zami by way of deeply rooted and often cleverly camouflaged patterns, resonances, and contrasts. Shared topics include naming, mother-daughter bonds, the role of clothing in identity formation, domestic abuse, queer time, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender legacy discourse construction. What emerges between the visual and written texts is a hidden language of connection--what may be termed Black lesbian steganography--which proves thought-provoking to viewers and readers alike.

De novo gain-of-function variants in KCNT2 as a novel cause of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.

PubMed

Ambrosino, Paolo; Soldovieri, Maria Virginia; Bast, Thomas; Turnpenny, Peter D; Uhrig, Sabine; Biskup, Saskia; Döcker, Miriam; Fleck, Thilo; Mosca, Ilaria; Manocchio, Laura; Iraci, Nunzio; Taglialatela, Maurizio; Lemke, Johannes R

2018-05-08

Variants in several potassium channel genes have been found in developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE). We report two females with de novo variants in KCNT2 with West syndrome followed by Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or with DEE with migrating focal seizures. After in vitro analysis suggested quinidine-responsive gain-of-function effects, we treated one of the girls with quinidine add-on therapy and achieved marked clinical improvements. This suggests that the new spectrum of KCNT2-related disorders do not only share similar phenotypic and in vitro functional and pharmacological features with previously known KCNT1-related disorders but also represents a further example for possible precision medicine approaches. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. © 2018 American Neurological Association.

The role of Snell's law for a magnonic majority gate.

PubMed

Kanazawa, Naoki; Goto, Taichi; Sekiguchi, Koji; Granovsky, Alexander B; Ross, Caroline A; Takagi, Hiroyuki; Nakamura, Yuichi; Uchida, Hironaga; Inoue, Mitsuteru

2017-08-11

In the fifty years since the postulation of Moore's Law, the increasing energy consumption in silicon electronics has motivated research into emerging devices. An attractive research direction is processing information via the phase of spin waves within magnonic-logic circuits, which function without charge transport and the accompanying heat generation. The functional completeness of magnonic logic circuits based on the majority function was recently proved. However, the performance of such logic circuits was rather poor due to the difficulty of controlling spin waves in the input junction of the waveguides. Here, we show how Snell's law describes the propagation of spin waves in the junction of a Ψ-shaped magnonic majority gate composed of yttrium iron garnet with a partially metallized surface. Based on the analysis, we propose a magnonic counterpart of a core-cladding waveguide to control the wave propagation in the junction. This study has therefore experimentally demonstrated a fundamental building block of a magnonic logic circuit.

Green fuel utilization for diesel engine, combustion and emission analysis fuelled with CNSO diesel blends with Diethyl ether as additive

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Ashok; Rajan, K.; Senthil Kumar, K. R.; Maiyappan, K.; Rasheed, Usama Tariq

2017-05-01

The experimental investigation is conducted to evaluate the effects by using Diethyl ether (DEE) as an additive. The Cashew Nut Shell Oil diesel blends (CDB) are tested in a 4-stroke single cylinder DI unmodified diesel engine, rated power is 4.4 kW at a speed of 1500 rpm. The effect of combustion analysis of test fuels on net heat release rate, cylinder pressure, engine power, BSFC, BTE, EGT were observed by the performance tests. The combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with an additive of high cetane number is utilized with CDB and thus investigated. The influence of blends on CO, CO2, HC, NOx and smoke opacity is investigated by emission tests. Initially, the experiment was conducted with different blends of CDB diesel blends like 10%, 20%, & 30% by volume basis in a diesel engine. Among this blends B20 shows reasonable result and heat dissipation rate at full load conditions. The BTE of B20 is 27.52% whereas base diesel fuel is 29.73%. Addition of the DEE by 5%, 10% and 15% by volume basis with B20 which is a base fuel has resulted with improved estimates. The result shows that at full load conditions BTE of B20D10 is 28.96% which is close to the base fuel i.e. B20. The emissions like CO2 shows reducing trends while HC emission rises with increase in CNSO blends. The HC in diesel corresponds to 30ppm and in B20 it is 34ppm, but addition of DEE shows a decreasing trend as in B20D5 has 29ppm and B20D15 has 23ppm respectively. NOx also shows increasing trends with CNSO blend, after addition of DEE it shows declining trend. The NOx for diesel, B20, B30, B20D5, B20D10 and B20D15 emits 1195, 1450, 1511, 1327, 1373 and 1200ppm respectively. The smoke emission is 3.96, 3.38, 3.15 FSN of B20, B20D15 and diesel respectively.

Measures of Biochemical Sociology

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Snell, Joel; Marsh, Mitchell

2008-01-01

In a previous article, the authors introduced a new sub field in sociology that we labeled "biochemical sociology." We introduced the definition of a sociology that encompasses sociological measures, psychological measures, and biological indicators Snell & Marsh (2003). In this article, we want to demonstrate a research strategy that would assess…

Role of polyamines in somatic embryogenesis

Treesearch

S.C. Minocha; R. Minocha

1995-01-01

The aliphatic amines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are present in all living organisms. Since the demonstration of "an essential nutritional function" for putrescine in the bacterium Hemophilus parainfluenzae (Herbst and Snell 1948), polyamines have attracted a great deal of attention from workers in diverse fields of the life...

Christian Extremism as a Domestic Terror Threat

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-19

gay rights. In Texarkana , TX, a CSA member killed a pawnshop proprietor on November 11, 1983, after mistakenly identifying him as Jewish. On June 30...tried and later convicted of killing the pawn shop proprietor in Texarkana . Sentenced to death, Snell was executed on April 19, 1995

20. Detail of sandstone pier under north line of trusses ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

20. Detail of sandstone pier under north line of trusses showing granite pier cap (darker stone) which supports the vertical strut. View to east. - Selby Avenue Bridge, Spanning Short Line Railways track at Selby Avenue between Hamline & Snelling Avenues, Saint Paul, Ramsey County, MN

Approximations used in calculating many-body effects in resonant ((dt. mu. )dee) formation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cohen, J.S.; Leon, M.

1989-02-01

The approximations needed to treat the resonant formation of the compound molecule ((dt..mu..)dee)/sup */ as a line-broadening process are examined. The necessary criteria for applying the impact (Lorentzian) approximation are shown to be seriously violated under the usual conditions of muon-catalyzed fusion. Neither the condition for binary collisions nor the requirement that the detuning not be too large holds. A much more appropriate description is the many-body quasistatic approximation, which is valid for large detunings at any density and for practically the whole profile at high densities. The convenient factorization of the three-body rate into a convolution of a two-bodymore » rate with a broadening factor is shown to hold within some approximations, but the broadening factor itself depends on the transition being considered.« less

Quantitative Genetic Modeling of the Parental Care Hypothesis for the Evolution of Endothermy

PubMed Central

Bacigalupe, Leonardo D.; Moore, Allen J.; Nespolo, Roberto F.; Rezende, Enrico L.; Bozinovic, Francisco

2017-01-01

There are two heuristic explanations proposed for the evolution of endothermy in vertebrates: a correlated response to selection for stable body temperatures, or as a correlated response to increased activity. Parental care has been suggested as a major driving force in this context given its impact on the parents' activity levels and energy budgets, and in the offspring's growth rates due to food provisioning and controlled incubation temperature. This results in a complex scenario involving multiple traits and transgenerational fitness benefits that can be hard to disentangle, quantify and ultimately test. Here we demonstrate how standard quantitative genetic models of maternal effects can be applied to study the evolution of endothermy, focusing on the interplay between daily energy expenditure (DEE) of the mother and growth rates of the offspring. Our model shows that maternal effects can dramatically exacerbate evolutionary responses to selection in comparison to regular univariate models (breeder's equation). This effect would emerge from indirect selection mediated by maternal effects concomitantly with a positive genetic covariance between DEE and growth rates. The multivariate nature of selection, which could favor a higher DEE, higher growth rates or both, might partly explain how high turnover rates were continuously favored in a self-reinforcing process. Overall, our quantitative genetic analysis provides support for the parental care hypothesis for the evolution of endothermy. We contend that much has to be gained from quantifying maternal and developmental effects on metabolic and thermoregulatory variation during adulthood. PMID:29311952

Oxidation mechanism of diethyl ether: a complex process for a simple molecule.

PubMed

Di Tommaso, Stefania; Rotureau, Patricia; Crescenzi, Orlando; Adamo, Carlo

2011-08-28

A large number of organic compounds, such as ethers, spontaneously form unstable peroxides through a self-propagating process of autoxidation (peroxidation). Although the hazards of organic peroxides are well known, the oxidation mechanisms of peroxidizable compounds like ethers reported in the literature are vague and often based on old experiments, carried out in very different conditions (e.g. atmospheric, combustion). With the aim to (partially) fill the lack of information, in this paper we present an extensive Density Functional Theory (DFT) study of autoxidation reaction of diethyl ether (DEE), a chemical that is largely used as solvent in laboratories, and which is considered to be responsible for various accidents. The aim of the work is to investigate the most probable reaction paths involved in the autoxidation process and to identify all potential hazardous intermediates, such as peroxides. Beyond the determination of a complex oxidation mechanism for such a simple molecule, our results suggest that the two main reaction channels open in solution are the direct decomposition (β-scission) of DEE radical issued of the initiation step and the isomerization of the peroxy radical formed upon oxygen attack (DEEOO˙). A simple kinetic evaluation of these two competing reaction channels hints that radical isomerization may play an unexpectedly important role in the global DEE oxidation process. Finally industrial hazards could be related to the hydroperoxide formation and accumulation during the chain propagation step. The resulting information may contribute to the understanding of the accidental risks associated with the use of diethyl ether.

Effect of comfort pads and incubator design on neonatal radiography.

PubMed

Jiang, Xia; Baad, Michael; Reiser, Ingrid; Feinstein, Kate A; Lu, Zhengfeng

2016-01-01

There has been increasing interest in patient dose reduction in neonatal intensive care units. Removing comfort pads for radiography has been identified as a potential means to decrease patient dose. To assess the effect of comfort pads and support trays on detector entrance exposure (DEE) and image quality for neonatal radiography, and its implication for patient dose. Comfort pads and support trays from three incubator and warmer systems were examined. The attenuation of the primary beam by these structures was measured using a narrow beam geometry. Their effect on DEE and image quality was then assessed using typical neonatal chest radiography techniques with three configurations: 1) both the comfort pad and support included in the beam, 2) only the support tray included and 3) both the comfort pad and support tray removed. Comfort pads and support trays were found to attenuate the primary beam by 6-15%. Eliminating these structures from the X-ray beam's path was found to increase the detector entrance exposure by 28-36% and increase contrast-to-noise ratio by more than 21%, suggesting room for patient dose reduction when the same image quality is maintained. Comfort pads and tray support devices can have a considerable effect on DEE and image quality, with large variations among different incubator designs. Positioning the image detector directly underneath neonatal patients for radiography is a potential means for patient dose reduction. However, such benefit should be weighed against the risks of moving the patient.

Dielectric Studies on Binary Mixtures of Diethyl Ether (DEE) in Polar Solvents

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pradhan, S. K.; Dash, S. K.; Swain, M. D.; Swain, B. B.

2011-11-01

Dielectric constant (ɛ) of diethylether (DEE) in binary mixtures with four polar solvents such as n-butanl, i-butanol, t-butanol and tolune has been measured at 455 kHz and at a temperature 303.15 K. The refractive indices were measured at a regulated temperature by Pulfrich refractometer at sodium D-line. The data is used to evaluate mutual correlation factor gab, excess molar polarization and excess free energy of mixing ΔGab by using Winkelmann-Quitzsch equation for binary mixtures to asses the suitability of the polar solvents as modifiers. The trend of variation for these parameters exhibit marked dependence on the nature of alcohols. Diethylether is one of the solvent extractant used for the extraction and separation of zirconium and hafnium in reactor technology. The extractant is blended with appropriate polar modifiers for greater dispersal and more rapid phase disengagement. This facilitates in the elimination of the third organo-aqueous phase containing some of the metal ions. As such the study of molecular interaction among the component molecules has been undertaken in these binary mixtures using the dielectric route. The interaction parameters such as mutual correlation factor gab is found to be less than one in all alcohols, while it is negative in toluene upto 0.7 DEE molefraction and thereafter becoming positive. The nature of variation of the excess miolar polarization ΔP and excess free energy of mixing Gab tends to support the assessment of gab to choose a suitable polar modifier.

Effects of Low Sulfur Fuel and a Catalyzed Particle Trap on the Composition and Toxicity of Diesel Emissions

PubMed Central

McDonald, Jacob D.; Harrod, Kevin S.; Seagrave, JeanClare; Seilkop, Steven K.; Mauderly, Joe L.

2004-01-01

In this study we compared a “baseline” condition of uncontrolled diesel engine exhaust (DEE) emissions generated with current (circa 2003) certification fuel to an emissions-reduction (ER) case with low sulfur fuel and a catalyzed particle trap. Lung toxicity assessments (resistance to respiratory viral infection, lung inflammation, and oxidative stress) were performed on mice (C57Bl/6) exposed by inhalation (6 hr/day for 7 days). The engine was operated identically (same engine load) in both cases, and the inhalation exposures were conducted at the same exhaust dilution rate. For baseline DEE, this dilution resulted in a particle mass (PM) concentration of approximately 200 μg/m3 PM, whereas the ER reduced the PM and almost every other measured constituent [except nitrogen oxides (NOx)] to near background levels in the exposure atmospheres. These measurements included PM, PM size distribution, PM composition (carbon, ions, elements), NOx, carbon monoxide, speciated/total volatile hydrocarbons, and several classes of semi-volatile organic compounds. After exposure concluded, one group of mice was immediately sacrificed and assessed for inflammation and oxidative stress in lung homogenate. Another group of mice were intratracheally instilled with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and RSV lung clearance and inflammation was assessed 4 days later. Baseline DEE produced statistically significant biological effects for all measured parameters. The use of low sulfur fuel and a catalyzed trap either completely or nearly eliminated the effects. PMID:15345344

On the Complexity of Multiple Feminist Identities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Enns, Carolyn Zerbe; Fischer, Ann R.

2012-01-01

This response to J. D. Yoder, A. F. Snell, and A. Tobias (2012) discusses implications for applying and building on their research findings regarding the complex feminist identifications found in young university women. Based on identity scholarship by women of color, it also discusses the challenges of conceptualizing and studying interactions…

Actual and Virtual Reality: Making the Most of Field Trips.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bellan, Jennifer Marie; Scheurman, Geoffrey

1998-01-01

Argues that a virtual field trip can complement and enhance a real one. Discusses the benefits and pitfalls of both types of field trips. Outlines a series of student and teacher activities combining an actual field trip and a virtual one to Fort Snelling in St. Paul, Minnesota. (MJP)

Underwater Rays

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cepic, Mojca

2008-01-01

Light beams in wavy unclear water, also called underwater rays, and caustic networks of light formed at the bottom of shallow water are two faces of a single phenomenon. Derivation of the caustic using only simple geometry, Snell's law and simple derivatives accounts for observations such as the existence of the caustic network on vertical walls,…

Computer-Generated Diagrams for the Classroom.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carle, Mark A.; Greenslade, Thomas B., Jr.

1986-01-01

Describes 10 computer programs used to draw diagrams usually drawn on chalkboards, such as addition of three vectors, vector components, range of a projectile, lissajous figures, beats, isotherms, Snell's law, waves passing through a lens, magnetic field due to Helmholtz coils, and three curves. Several programming tips are included. (JN)

Fundamentals of Acoustic Backscatter Imagery

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-10-20

in HYSAS of the acoustic imagery layer of the Master Seafloor Digital Database (MSDDB). Manuscript approved December 19, 1996 2 Clyde E. Nishimura 1.1...than for sidescan systems. Refraction is simply described by Snell’s law, which is derived from the eikonal equation and Fermat’s principle, and can

What's Sweat?

MedlinePlus

... Safe Videos for Educators Search English Español What's Sweat? KidsHealth / For Kids / What's Sweat? Print en español ¿ ... dehydrated (say: dee-HI-drayt-ed). Why Does Sweat Smell? Sweat isn't just wet — it can ...

46 CFR 160.002-3 - Materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... warp and 70 pounds in the filling. If it is proposed to treat the fabric with a fire-retardant...-resistant material. Dee ring ends shall be welded to form a continuous ring. The webbing opening of the snap...

46 CFR 160.005-3 - Materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... and 70 pounds in the filling. If it is proposed to treat the fabric with a fire-retardant substance...-resistant material. Dee ring ends shall be welded to form a continuous ring. The webbing opening of the snap...

Testing filamentary composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dow, N. F.; Rosen, B. W.

1970-01-01

NOL ring split-dee tensile test has the advantages that the specimen is readily fabricated by winding and the test is performed in a conventional testing machine without special fixtures. Strain gages cannot be mounted, however, and substantial bending moments are introduced.

SEDIMENT-HOSTED PRECIOUS METAL DEPOSITS.

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bagby, W.C.; Pickthorn, W.J.; Goldfarb, R.; Hill, R.A.

1984-01-01

The Dee mine is a sediment-hosted, disseminated gold deposit in the Roberts Mountains allochthon of north central Nevada. Soil samples were collected from the C-horizon in undisturbed areas over the deposit in order to investigate the usefulness of soil geochemistry in identifying this type of deposit. Each sample was sieved to minus 80 mesh and analyzed quantitatively for Au, Ag, As, Sb, Hg, Tl and semi-quantitative data for an additional 31 elements. Rank sum analysis is successful for the Au, Ag, As, Sb, Hg, Tl suite, even though bedrock geology is disregarded. This method involves data transformation into a total element signature by ranking the data in ascending order and summing the element ranks for each sample. The rank sums are then divided into percentile groups and plotted. The rank sum plot for the Dee soils unequivocally identifies three of four known ore zones.

The Mediating Role of Affective Commitment in the Relation of the Feedback Environment to Work Outcomes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Norris-Watts, Christina; Levy, Paul E.

2004-01-01

The Feedback Environment, as opposed to the formal performance appraisal process, is comprised of the daily interactions between members of an organization (Steelman, Levy, & Snell, in press). Relations between the feedback environment and work outcome variables such as Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) were examined through the mediating…

Finding Optimal Functioning in a Sexist World: A Social Justice Challenge

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yoder, Janice D.

2012-01-01

Focusing in on a point of convergence among the three reactions generously shared regarding Yoder, Snell, and Tobias (2012), the author revisits our original interpretation of the configuration we labeled awakening feminism as well as its implications for counseling practice. Rather than regard awakening feminism as a distressful stage through…

34. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

34. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, January 1890 (original filed in drawer 98, Bridge Division, Department of Public Works, St. Paul City Annex). Selby Avenue Bridge: Plan of masonry. - Selby Avenue Bridge, Spanning Short Line Railways track at Selby Avenue between Hamline & Snelling Avenues, Saint Paul, Ramsey County, MN

REFLECTION AND REFRACTION, VOLUME 2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

KLAUS, DAVID J.; AND OTHERS

THIS VOLUME 2 OF A TWO-VOLUME SET PROVIDES AUTOINSTRUCTION IN PHYSICS. THE UNITS COVERED IN THIS VOLUME ARE (1) REFLECTION OF LIGHT, (2) PHOTOMETRY, (3) POLARIZATION, (4) REFRACTION OF LIGHT, (5) SNELL'S LAW, (6) LENSES, FOCUS, AND FOCAL POINTS, (7) IMAGE FORMATION, AND (8) ABERRATIONS, THE EYE, AND MAGNIFICATION. THE INTRODUCTION AND UNITS ON…

Meta-Analytic Derivation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Snell, Joel C.; Marsh, Mitchell

2011-01-01

The authors have over the years tried to revise meta-analysis because it's basic premise is to add apples and oranges together and analyze. In other words, various data on the same subject are chosen using different samples, research strategies, and number properties. The findings are then homogenized and a statistical analysis is used (Snell, J.…

Experiences of Sex Education and Sexual Awareness in Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hannah, Laura A.; Stagg, Steven D.

2016-01-01

The research investigated feelings towards sex education and sexual awareness in young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Data were generated from the sexual knowledge, experiences, feelings and needs questionnaire (McCabe et al. 1999), the sexual awareness questionnaire (Snell et al. 1991) and semi-structured interviews. Twenty typically…

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-04-20

Edward Snell, a National Research Council research fellow at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), prepares a protein crystal for analysis by x-ray crystallography as part of NASA's structural biology program. The small, individual crystals are bombarded with x-rays to produce diffraction patterns, a map of the intensity of the x-rays as they reflect through the crystal.

Creating Synergies: Local Government Facilitating Learning and Development through Partnerships--Support Document

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Waterhouse, Peter; Virgona, Crina; Brown, Richard

2006-01-01

This research sought to document and better understand four evolving learning communities in Victoria. It was based upon an earlier study by the Victorian Local Governance Association (VLGA) (Snelling, 2003). The study was qualitative in nature, based on face-to-face interviews and case studies. This supporting document provides the literature…

Globalisation, Tribalisation and the Translator: A Response to Mary Snell-Hornby.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zlateva, Palma

1999-01-01

This response to an article on the effect of recent developments (particularly globalization and advances in technology) on the production and perception of language comments on the current political trends of globalization and its extreme counterpart tribalism and the impact of these on existing cultural identities or popular stereotypes for…

Sex- and concentration-dependent effects of predator feces on seasonal regulation of body mass in the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus.

PubMed

Tidhar, Wendy L; Bonier, Frances; Speakman, John R

2007-11-01

Increased perception of predation risk can cause changes in activity, feeding and reproductive behavior in a wide range of taxa. Many small mammals in the temperate zone exhibit fluctuations in body mass in response to changing photoperiod. Bank voles lose body mass in winter which they regain when photoperiod increases in the spring. To determine if predation risk affects seasonal changes in body mass (BM), bank voles were exposed to two concentrations (low: LC and high: HC) of weasel feces. Food intake (FI) and daily energy expenditure (DEE) were measured to establish if differences in body mass were due to adjustment in energy intake or expenditure. Fecal corticosterone (CORT) was measured to assess whether the voles had detected and responded to predator feces as a physiological stressor. Voles of both sexes had higher levels of fecal CORT in the groups exposed to weasel feces compared to controls. Voles responded to the predator feces in a sex- and concentration-dependent manner. Males responded to LC feces by gaining less mass following the change in photoperiod. This was mediated by reduced FI and higher DEE. Female voles also gained less BM in response to HC feces, but increased both FI and DEE. We hypothesize that males may gain a short-term advantage by lowering BM in response to predation risk, which may be regained without affecting reproductive success. The consequences of mass loss in females may be more significant as this may delay the onset of breeding or reduce the size or number of young, thereby negatively affecting breeding success.

Solar System Chaos and Orbital Solutions for Paleoclimate Studies: Limits and New Results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zeebe, R. E.

2017-12-01

I report results from accurate numerical integrations of Solar System orbits over the past 100 Myr. The simulations used different integrator algorithms, step sizes, and initial conditions (NASA, INPOP), and included effects from general relativity, different models of the Moon, the Sun's quadrupole moment, and up to ten asteroids. In one simulation, I probed the potential effect of a hypothetical Planet 9 on the dynamics of the system. The most expensive integration required 4 months wall-clock time (Bulirsch-Stoer algorithm) and showed a maximum relative energy error < 2.5e{-13} over the past 100 Myr. The difference in Earth's eccentricity (DeE) was used to track the difference between two solutions, which were considered to diverge at time tau when DeE irreversibly crossed 10% of Earth's mean eccentricity ( 0.028 x 0.1). My results indicate that finding a unique orbital solution is limited by initial conditions from current ephemerides to 54 Myr. Bizarrely, the 4-month Bulirsch-Stoer integration and a different integration scheme that required only 5 hours wall-clock time (symplectic, 12-day time step, Moon as a simple quadrupole perturbation), agree to 63 Myr. Solutions including 3 and 10 asteroids diverge at tau 48 Myr. The effect of a hypothetical Planet 9 on DeE becomes discernible at 66 Myr. Using tau as a criterion, the current state-of-the-art solutions all differ from previously published results beyond 50 Myr. The current study provides new orbital solutions for application in geological studies. I will also comment on the prospect of constraining astronomical solutions by geologic data.

Novel binary deep eutectic electrolytes for rechargeable Li-ion batteries based on mixtures of alkyl sulfonamides and lithium perfluoroalkylsulfonimide salts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Geiculescu, O. E.; DesMarteau, D. D.; Creager, S. E.; Haik, O.; Hirshberg, D.; Shilina, Y.; Zinigrad, E.; Levi, M. D.; Aurbach, D.; Halalay, I. C.

2016-03-01

Ionic liquids (IL's) were proposed for use in Li-ion batteries (LIBs), in order to mitigate some of the well-known drawbacks of LiPF6/mixed organic carbonates solutions. However, their large cations seriously decrease lithium transference numbers and block lithium insertion sites at electrode-electrolyte interfaces, leading to poor LIB rate performance. Deep eutectic electrolytes (DEEs) (which share some of the advantages of ILs but possess only one cation, Li+), were then proposed, in order to overcome the difficulties associated with ILs. We report herein on the preparation, thermal properties (melting, crystallization, and glass transition temperatures), transport properties (specific conductivity and viscosity) and thermal stability of binary DEEs based on mixtures of lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide or lithium bis(fluoro)sulfonimide salts with an alkyl sulfonamide solvent. Promise for LIB applications is demonstrated by chronoamperometry on Al current collectors, and cycling behavior of negative and positive electrodes. Residual current densities of 12 and 45 nA cm-2 were observed at 5 V vs. Li/Li+ on aluminum, 1.5 and 16 nA cm-2 at 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+, respectively for LiFSI and LiTFSI based DEEs. Capacities of 220, 130, and 175 mAh· g-1 were observed at low (C/13 or C/10) rates, respectively for petroleum coke, LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 (a.k.a. NMC 111) and LiAl0.05Co0.15Ni0.8O2 (a.k.a. NCA).

An efficient climate model with water isotope physics: NEEMY

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, J.; Emile-Geay, J.

2015-12-01

This work describes the development of an isotope-enabled atmosphere-ocean global climate model, NEEMY. This is a model of intermediate complexity, which can run 100 model years in 30 hours using 33 CPUs. The atmospheric component is the SPEEDY-IER (Molteni et al. 2003; Dee et al. 2015a), which is a water isotope-enabled (with equilibrium and kinetic fractionation schemes in precipitation, evaporation and soil moisture) simplified atmospheric general circulation model, with T30 horizontal resolution and 8 vertical layers. The oceanic component is NEMO 3.4 (Madec 2008), a state-of-the-art oceanic model (~2° horizontal resolution and 31 vertical layers) with an oceanic isotope module (a passive tracer scheme). A 1000-year control run shows that NEEMY is stable and its energy is conserved. The mean state is comparable to that of CMIP3-era CGCMs, though much cheaper to run. Atmospheric teleconnections such as the NAO and PNA are simulated very well. NEEMY also simulates the oceanic meridional overturning circulation well. The tropical climate variability is weaker than observations, and the climatology exhibits a double ITCZ problem despite bias corrections. The standard deviation of the monthly mean Nino3.4 index is 0.61K, compared to 0.91K in observations (Reynolds et al. 2002). We document similarities and differences with a close cousin, SPEEDY-NEMO (Kucharski et al. 2015). With its fast speed and relatively complete physical processes, NEEMY is suitable for paleoclimate studies ; we will present some forced simulations of the past millennium and their use in forward-modeling climate proxies, via proxy system models (PSMs, Dee et al 2015b). References Dee, S., D. Noone, N. Buenning, J. Emile-Geay, and Y. Zhou, 2015a: SPEEDY-IER: A fast atmospheric GCM with water isotope physics. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120: 73-91. doi:10.1002/2014JD022194. Dee, S. G., J. Emile-Geay, M. N. Evans, Allam, A., D. M. Thompson, and E. J. Steig, 2015b: PRYSM: an open-source framework for proxy system modeling, with applications to oxygen-isotope systems, J. Adv. Mod. Earth Sys., 07, doi:10.1002/2015MS000447. Kucharski et al., 2015: Atlantic forcing of Pacific decadal variability. Clim. Dyn., doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2705-z.

Transient controls on estuarine SPM fluxes: case study in the Dee Estuary, UK.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amoudry, Laurent; Williams, Megan; Todd, David

2017-04-01

Estuaries are a critical interface between land and coastal ocean across which freshwater, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and consequently terrestrial carbon, nutrients and anthropogenic contaminants are exchanged. Suspended particulate matter is closely linked to estuarine turbidity; it affects water quality and estuarine ecology; and it contributes to overall estuarine sediment budgets. However, predicting the response of estuarine ecosystems to climate change and human interventions remains difficult partly due to a lack of comprehensive understanding of SPM concentrations and fluxes across time scales from intratidal to seasonal and interannual variability. We investigate the dynamics of suspended sediment and suspended particulate matter in a hypertidal estuary with a maximum tidal range in excess of 10 m and tidal currents reaching over 1 m/s: the Dee Estuary. This estuary is located in northwest England and outflows in Liverpool Bay, itself in the eastern Irish Sea. The Dee Estuary is a funnel-shaped, coastal plain estuary, which is about 30 km long with a maximum width of 8.5 km at the mouth, and consists of mixed sediments. We focus on field observations, collected during several campaigns in the channels of the Dee Estuary from 2004 to 2009 using acoustic and optical instrumentation, which provide intratidal measurements of flow velocity and suspended sediment, and thus sediment fluxes, over approximately a month. Measurements in February-March 2008 highlight three distinct hydrodynamic regimes: a current dominant regime at neap tides (14-21 February); a combined wave-current regime at spring tides (21-29 February); and a wave dominant regime at neap tide (1-4 March). While analysis of tidal distortion and dominance predicts weak ebb dominant channels, the observations yield flood dominant sediment transport. The net sediment flux exhibits a two-layer structure - import near the bed, export near the surface - that is consistent with the residual circulations in the estuary. Wavelet analysis provides clear evidence that such influx of sediment in the estuary is alternatively the result of periodic stratification at neap tides and of tidal asymmetry in suspended sediment concentration at spring tides. Such transient processes will be important to determine and predict estuarine responses to short-lived perturbations. Further analysis of other field campaigns will enable to determine the persistence of these processes over seasonal and annual timescales.

An Overview Of The Ecosystem Services Research Program Decision Support Framework

EPA Science Inventory

There is an increasing understanding that top-down regulatory and technology driven responses are not sufficient to address current and emerging environmental challenges such as climate change, sustainable communities, and environmental justice. Such problems require ways to dee...

Travel in adverse winter weather conditions by blind pedestrians.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-08-31

Winter weather creates many orientation and mobility (O&M) challenges for people who are visually impaired. Getting the cane tip stuck is one of the noticeable challenges when traveling in snow, particularly when the walking surface is covered in dee...

EFFECTS OF CONCENTRATED AMBIENT PARTICLES AND DIESEL EMISSIONS ON RAT AIRWAYS

EPA Science Inventory

The investigators anticipate that they will successfully design and conduct  a descriptive study to evaluate the effects of two pollutants — CAPs (concentrated PM2.5) and DEE — in a rodent model of asthma.

37. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

37. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, no date (est. January 1890) (original filed in drawer 98, Bridge Division, Department of Public Works, St. Paul City Annex). Selby Avenue Bridge: Plan of masonry approach. - Selby Avenue Bridge, Spanning Short Line Railways track at Selby Avenue between Hamline & Snelling Avenues, Saint Paul, Ramsey County, MN

26. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

26. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, January 1890 (original filed in drawer 98, Bridge Division, Department of Public Works, St. Paul City Annex). Selby Avenue Bridge: General plan of truss spans. - Selby Avenue Bridge, Spanning Short Line Railways track at Selby Avenue between Hamline & Snelling Avenues, Saint Paul, Ramsey County, MN

31. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

31. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, January 1890 (original filed in drawer 98, Bridge Division, Department of Public Works, St. Paul City Annex). Selby Avenue Bridge (truss spans): Plan of portal struts. - Selby Avenue Bridge, Spanning Short Line Railways track at Selby Avenue between Hamline & Snelling Avenues, Saint Paul, Ramsey County, MN

36. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

36. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, January 1890 (original filed in drawer 98, Bridge Division, Department of Public Works, St. Paul City Annex). Selby Avenue Bridge: General plan of west approach. - Selby Avenue Bridge, Spanning Short Line Railways track at Selby Avenue between Hamline & Snelling Avenues, Saint Paul, Ramsey County, MN

35. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

35. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, January 1890 (original filed in drawer 98, Bridge Division, Department of Public Works, St. Paul City Annex). Selby Avenue Bridge: General plan of east approach. - Selby Avenue Bridge, Spanning Short Line Railways track at Selby Avenue between Hamline & Snelling Avenues, Saint Paul, Ramsey County, MN

32. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

32. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, December 1889 (original filed in drawer 98, Bridge Division, Department of Public Works, St. Paul City Annex). Selby Avenue Bridge (truss span): Detail of longitudinal & top struts. - Selby Avenue Bridge, Spanning Short Line Railways track at Selby Avenue between Hamline & Snelling Avenues, Saint Paul, Ramsey County, MN

25. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

25. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, November 1889/January 1890 (original filed in drawer 98, Bridge Division, Department of Public Works, St. Paul City Annex). Plan and profile of Selby Avenue Bridge. - Selby Avenue Bridge, Spanning Short Line Railways track at Selby Avenue between Hamline & Snelling Avenues, Saint Paul, Ramsey County, MN

30. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

30. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, December 1889 (original filed in drawer 98, Bridge Division, Department of Public Works, St. Paul City Annex). Selby Avenue Bridge (truss spans): section of roadway with details. - Selby Avenue Bridge, Spanning Short Line Railways track at Selby Avenue between Hamline & Snelling Avenues, Saint Paul, Ramsey County, MN

29. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

29. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, January 1890 (original filed in drawer 98, Bridge Division, Department of Public Works, St. Paul City Annex). Selby Avenue Bridge: Detail of small truss. - Selby Avenue Bridge, Spanning Short Line Railways track at Selby Avenue between Hamline & Snelling Avenues, Saint Paul, Ramsey County, MN

33. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

33. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, January 1890 (original filed in drawer 98, Bridge Division, Department of Public Works, St. Paul City Annex). Selby Avenue Bridge: Plan of shoes, bolsters, & rollers. - Selby Avenue Bridge, Spanning Short Line Railways track at Selby Avenue between Hamline & Snelling Avenues, Saint Paul, Ramsey County, MN

Prospective Evaluation of Mental Health and Deployment Experience Among Women in the US Military

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-07-06

Beverly Sheppard, Katherine Snell, Steven Speigle, Kari Sausedo, Jennifer Walstrom, Martin White, James Whitmer, and Char- lene Wong; Madigan Army Medical...what physicians should know. J Gen Intern Med. 2006; 21(suppl 3):S5–S10. 13. Lindstrom KE, Smith TC, Wells TS, et al. The mental health of U.S

Answer to Question {number_sign}21 [{open_quote}{open_quote}Snell{close_quote}s law in quantum mechanics,{close_quote}{close_quote} Steve Blau and Brad Halfpap, Am. J. Phys. {bold 63} (7), 583 (1995)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Milonni, P.W.

1996-07-01

The quantum mechanical description of reflection and refraction in terms of photons is further extrapolated. The probability amplitude for a photon to be found inside or outside the medium is derived.

Close Up of Monochromatic Aberrations Using Snell's Law: An Undergraduate Computational Experiment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Levesque, L.

2009-01-01

Images formed from light rays refracting a spherical surface are often introduced in textbooks using the paraxial approximation. Incoming rays propagating from the object meeting the surface of a transparent medium at a given point for which the angle is larger than 15 degrees with respect to the normal are not described accurately from the…

Feminism Revisited: The Lessons beyond the Privileged Lens

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ali, Saba Rasheed; Levy, Lauren B.

2012-01-01

Yoder, Snell, and Tobias (2012) present an important study linking feminist beliefs with liberation with well-being for a group of predominantly White college-enrolled women. In this reaction to their work, the authors discuss how we can use the results of this study to further develop the concept of liberation and feminist beliefs for diverse…

X-ray Crystallography Facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

Edward Snell, a National Research Council research fellow at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), prepares a protein crystal for analysis by x-ray crystallography as part of NASA's structural biology program. The small, individual crystals are bombarded with x-rays to produce diffraction patterns, a map of the intensity of the x-rays as they reflect through the crystal.

Review of Models of Beam-Noise Statistics

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-11-01

depth. Rays are traced according to Snell’s Law from the receiver depth in 10 I vertical-angle steps for one cycle. If tte 10 increments are not...Blvd. Rockville, MD 20850 Attn: J. T. Gottwald TRW Systems Group 7600 Colshire Drive McLean, VA 22101 Attn: R. T. Brown 1 I. B. Gereben 1 Undersea

Social Work Education. Coombe Lodge Report, Study Conference 74/208.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Further Education Staff Coll., Blagdon (England).

Papers presented on social work education in Britain include: Current developments in social work education (P.H. Young); selection of students (M. Elizabeth Edwards); the management of curriculum development (J. Snelling); the management of a social work department (M.J. McAllister); current issues and developments in social work training (D.C.G.…

[Association of etheno-DNA adduct and DNA methylation level among workers exposed to diesel engine exhaust].

PubMed

Shen, M L; He, Z N; Zhang, X; Duan, H W; Niu, Y; Bin, P; Ye, M; Meng, T; Dai, Y F; Yu, S F; Chen, W; Zheng, Y X

2017-06-06

Objective: To investigate the association between etheno-DNA adduct and the promoter of DNA methylation levels of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (P16), Ras association domain family 1 (RASSF1A) and O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in workers with occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust (DEE). Methods: We recruited 124 diesel engine testing workers as DEE exposure group and 112 water pump operator in the same area as control group in Henan province in 2012 using cluster sampling. The demographic data were obtained by questionnaire survey; urine after work and venous blood samples were collected from each subject. The urinary etheno-DNA adducts were detected using UPLC-MS/MS, including 1,N6-etheno-2'-deoxyadenosine (εdA) and 3,N4-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine(εdC). The DNA methylation levels of P16, RASSF1A, and MGMT were evaluated using bisulfite-pyrosequencing assay. The percentage of methylation was expressed as the 5-methylcytosine (5mC) over the sum of cytosines (%5mC). Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression were applied to analyze the association between etheno-DNA adducts and DNA methylation of P16, RASSF1A, and MGMT. Results: The median ( P (25)- P (75)) of urinary εdA level was 230.00 (98.04-470.91) pmol/g creatinine in DEE exposure group, and 102.10 (49.95-194.48) creatinine in control group. The level of εdA was higher in DEE exposure group than control group ( P< 0.001). DNA methylation levels of P16, RASSF1A and MGMT were 2.04±0.41, 2.19 (1.94-2.51), 2.22 (1.94-2.46)%5mC in exposure group, and 2.19±0.40, 2.41 (2.11-2.67), 2.44 (2.15-2.91)%5mC in control group. DNA methylation levels were lower in exposure group ( P values were 0.005, 0.002 and 0.001, respectively). Spearman correlation analysis showed that DNA methylation levels of P16, RASSF1A, and MGMT were negative associated with urinary εdA level ( r values were -0.155, -0.137, and -0.198, respectively, P< 0.05). No significant correlation was observed between the εdC level and any measured DNA methylation levels ( P> 0.05) . Multiple linear regression confirmed the negative correlation between εdA and DNA methylation levels of P16, RASSF1A, and MGMT in non-smoking group (β (95 %CI ) was -0.068 (-0.132--0.003), -0.082 (-0.159--0.004) and -0.048 (-0.090--0.007), P values were 0.039, 0.039 and 0.024, respectively). Moreover, εdC was negative associated with DNA methylation level of MGMT in non-smoking group (β (95 %CI ) was -0.094 (-0.179--0.008), P= 0.032). Conclusion: DEE exposure could induce the increased of εdA and decreased of DNA methylation levels of P16, RASSF1A and MGMT.

Role of Neprilysin in Airway Inflammation Induced by Diesel Exhaust Emissions

PubMed Central

Wong, Simon S.; Sun, Nina N.; Fastje, Cynthia D.; Witten, Mark L.; Lantz, R. Clark; Lu, Bao; Sherrill, Duane L.; Gerard, Craig J.; Burgess, Jefferey L.

2016-01-01

In this study, we examined the role of neprilysin (NEP*), a key membrane-bound endopeptidase, in the inflammatory response induced by diesel exhaust emissions (DEE) in the airways through a number of approaches: in vitro, animal, and controlled human exposure. Our specific aims were (1) to examine the role of NEP in inflammatory injury induced by diesel exhaust particles (DEP) using Nep-intact (wild-type) and Nep-null mice; (2) to examine which components of DEP are associated with NEP downregulation in vitro; (3) to determine the molecular impact of DEP exposure and decreased NEP expression on airway epithelial cells’ gene expression in vitro, using a combination of RNA interference (RNAi) and microarray approaches; and (4) to evaluate the effects on NEP activity of human exposure to DEE. We report four main results: First, we found that exposure of normal mice to DEP consisting of standard reference material (SRM) 2975 via intratracheal installation can downregulate NEP expression in a concentration-dependent manner. The changes were accompanied by increases in the number of macrophages and epithelial cells, as well as proinflammatory cytokines, examined in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and cells. Nep-null mice displayed increased and/or additional inflammatory responses when compared with wild-type mice, especially in response to exposure to the higher dose of DEP that we used. These in vivo findings suggest that loss of NEP in mice could cause increased susceptibility to injury or exacerbate inflammatory responses after DEP exposure via release of specific cytokines from the lungs. Second, we found evidence, using in vitro studies, that downregulation of NEP by DEP in cultured human epithelial BEAS-2B cells was mostly attributable to DEP-adsorbed organic compounds, whereas the carbonaceous core and transition metal components of DEP had little or no effect on NEP messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. This NEP downregulation was not a specific response to DEP or its contents because the change also occurred after exposure to urban dust (SRM 1649a), which differs in physical and chemical composition from DEP. Third, we also collected the transcriptome profiles of the cells through a 2 × 3 factorial design. DEP exposure upregulated 151 genes and downregulated 59 genes. Cells with decreased NEP expression (accomplished by transfecting an NEP-specific small interfering RNA [siRNA]) substantially altered the expression of genes (upregulating 17 and downregulating 14) associated with DNA/protein binding, calcium channel activities, and the cascade of intracellular signaling by cytokines. Data generated from the combined RNAi and microarray approaches revealed that there is a complex molecular cascade mediated by NEP in different subcellular compartments, possibly influencing the inflammatory response. Fourth, in a controlled human exposure study, we observed significant increases in soluble NEP in sputum after acute exposure to DEE, with an average net increase of 31%. We speculate that the change in NEP activity in sputum, if confirmed in larger epidemiologic investigations at ambient exposure levels to DEE, may provide a useful endpoint and promote insight into the mechanism of DEE-induced airway alterations. PMID:21877416

MERCURY-ATLAS (MA)-6 - ASTRONAUT GLENN - LT. O'HARA, DELORES (DEE)

NASA Image and Video Library

1962-03-09

S62-00469 (1962) --- Astronaut John H. Glenn Jr., pilot of the Mercury-Atlas 6 (MA-6) Earth-orbital space mission, confers with astronaut nurse Dolores B. O'Hara, R.N., during MA-6 prelaunch preparations. Photo credit: NASA

An investigation of the sites occupied by atomic barium in solid xenon—A 2D-EE luminescence spectroscopy and molecular dynamics study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davis, Barry M.; Gervais, Benoit; McCaffrey, John G.

2018-03-01

A detailed characterisation of the luminescence recorded for the 6p 1P1-6s 1S0 transition of atomic barium isolated in annealed solid xenon has been undertaken using two-dimensional excitation-emission (2D-EE) spectroscopy. In the excitation spectra extracted from the 2D-EE scans, two dominant thermally stable sites were identified, consisting of a classic, three-fold split Jahn-Teller band, labeled the blue site, and an unusual asymmetric 2 + 1 split band, the violet site. A much weaker band has also been identified, whose emission is strongly overlapped by the violet site. The temperature dependence of the luminescence for these sites was monitored revealing that the blue site has a non-radiative channel competing effectively with the fluorescence even at 9.8 K. By contrast, the fluorescence decay time of the violet site was recorded to be 4.3 ns and independent of temperature up to 24 K. The nature of the dominant thermally stable trapping sites was investigated theoretically with Diatomics-in-Molecule (DIM) molecular dynamics simulations. The DIM model was parameterized with ab initio multi-reference configuration interaction calculations for the lowest energy excited states of the BaṡXe pair. The simulated absorption spectra are compared with the experimental results obtained from site-resolved excitation spectroscopy. The simulations allow us to assign the experimental blue feature spectrum to a tetra-vacancy trapping site in the bulk xenon fcc crystal—a site often observed when trapping other metal atoms in rare gas matrices. By contrast, the violet site is assigned to a specific 5-atom vacancy trapping site located at a grain boundary.

Resting energy expenditure per lean body mass determined by indirect calorimetry and bioelectrical impedance analysis in cats.

PubMed

Center, S A; Warner, K L; Randolph, J F; Wakshlag, J J; Sunvold, G D

2011-01-01

Resting energy expenditure (REE) approximates ≥60% of daily energy expenditure (DEE). Accurate REE determination could facilitate sequential comparisons among patients and diseases if normalized against lean body mass (LBM). (1) Validate open-flow indirect calorimetry (IC) system and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) to determine REE and LBM, respectively, in healthy nonsedated cats of varied body conditions; (2) normalize REE against LBM. Fifty-seven adult neutered domestic short-haired cats with stable BW. Continuous (45-min) IC-measurements determined least observed metabolism REE. Cage gas flow regulated with mass flow controllers was verified using nitrogen dilution; span gases calibrated gas measurements. Respiratory quotient accuracy was verified using alcohol combustion. IC-REE was compared to DEE, determined using doubly labeled water. MF-BIA LBM was validated against criterion references (deuterium, sodium bromide). Intra- and interassay variation was determined for IC and MF-BIA. Mean IC-REE (175 ± 38.7 kcal; 1.5-14% intra- and interassay CV%) represented 61 ± 14.3% of DEE. Best MF-BIA measurements were collected in sternal recumbency and with electrodes in neck-tail configuration. MF-BIA LBM was not significantly different from criterion references and generated LBM interassay CV% of 6.6-10.1%. Over- and underconditioned cats had significantly (P ≤ .05) lower and higher IC-REE (kcal/kg) respectively, compared with normal-conditioned cats. However, differences resolved with REE/LBM (approximating 53 ± 10.3 kcal/LBM [kg]). IC and MF-BIA validated herein reasonably estimate REE and LBM in cats. REE/LBM(kg) may permit comparison of energy utilization in sequential studies or among different cats. Copyright © 2011 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

[Maternal effects of prolonged expulsive efforts].

PubMed

Korb, D; Merazka, R; Théau, A; Goffinet, F; Le Ray, C

2016-02-01

Some studies found an association between duration of expulsive efforts (DEE) and risk of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). But none demonstrated an association between DEE and severe perineal lacerations. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of prolonged expulsive efforts (EE) beyond 45min on the risk of maternal complication, especially risk of severe perineal laceration. We performed a retrospective study comparing 2 groups, 1: women with an instrumental vaginal delivery performed before 45min for non-fetal progression without FHR abnormalities (VBI for NP<45min) and 2: women with a DEE longer than 45min (DEE≥45min). We compared maternal issues (3rd and 4th degrees perineal lacerations and PPH), using uni- and multivariate analysis. We compared 85 women in group VBI for NP<45min with 124 women in group EE≥45min. In the group EE≥45min, 39% of women had an instrumental vaginal delivery versus 100% in the group VBI for NP<45min (P<0.001). The rate of severe perineal lacerations was significantly higher in the group VBI for NP<45min (8.2% versus 1.7%, P=0.027) and its risk remained significant after adjustment (adjusted OR=6.5 [1.1-40.1]). The rate of PPH was higher in the group EE≥45min (12.9% versus 3.5%, P=0.016), however this association was not significant after adjustment (adjusted OR=3.4 [0.9-12.4]). There was no difference about neonatal issues between the two studied groups. In comparison with a limitation of EE, to prolong EE beyond 45min allows a spontaneous vaginal delivery for more than half of women, if FHR is normal. Such strategy should also decrease the risk of severe perineal laceration. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Multiple stressors including contaminant exposure and parasite infection predict spleen mass and energy expenditure in breeding ring-billed gulls.

PubMed

Marteinson, Sarah C; Marcogliese, David J; Verreault, Jonathan

2017-10-01

Daily energy expenditure (DEE) in animals is influenced by many factors although the impact of stressors remains largely unknown. The objective of this study was to determine how multiple physiological stressors (parasite infection and contaminant exposure) and natural challenges (energy-demanding activities and weather conditions) may affect DEE in nesting ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) exposed to high concentrations of persistent organic contaminants (POPs). Physical activity, temperature, gastrointestinal parasitic worm abundance, relative spleen mass, plasma thyroid hormone levels and liver concentrations of POPs were determined; field metabolic rate (FMR) was used as a measure of DEE. For females, FMR was best explained by the percent of time spent in nest-site attendance and exposure to temperatures below their lower critical limit (65% of variation); 32% was also explained by relative spleen mass. In males, FMR was best explained by the number of hours spent in nest site attendance and either relative spleen mass or liver concentrations of tetra-brominated diphenyl ethers (tetra-BDEs) (55% of variation). Relative spleen mass, as an important factor relating to FMR, was best explained by models with a combination of parasite abundance (Diplostomum for females and Eucoleus for males) in a negative relationship, and liver POP concentrations (p,p'-DDE for females and tetra-BDEs for males) in a positive relationship (34%, 55% of variation for females and males, respectively). This study demonstrates that immune activity may be an important factor affecting energy expenditure in ring-billed gulls, and that contaminants and parasite abundance may have both a direct and/or indirect influence on FMR. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DNA adducts in coal miners: association with exposures to diesel engine emissions.

PubMed

Shu-Xin Qu James Leigh Hamilton Koelmeyer And Neill H Stacey

1997-01-01

The potential carcinogenic effects of exposure to diesel engine emissions (DEE) are of growing concern. Due to the use of diesel equipment in underground mines, DNA adducts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells have been measured using the (32)P-postlabelling technique in workers from two coal mines (A, B)in NSW, Australia, before and after a period of more intense exposure (long wall change out, LWCO). DNA adducts were readily detected in all workers. At Mine A, in the 89 participants before LWCO, no significant difference was found among the groups categorized by exposure levels. However, significantly higher concentrations of total DNA adducts were observed in the specific job categories, 'miners and loadmen', and 'machinemen, drivers and shiftmen' and in the smoking group. On comparing total DNA adducts before and after LWCO in a small number of workers, a significant increase was also found. At Mine B, before or after LWCO, the total DNA adduct levels showed no significant difference among groups categorized by exposure conditions, smoking status, job categories and job time length. However, the total DNA adducts for the 61 subjects were significantly increased (geometric means) from 297 to 389 amol lg(-1) DNA after LWCO (p < 0.0001, paired t test). Some individual adducts were also elevated to a greater extent (p < 0.05, paired non-parametric test, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Furthermore, using generalized estimating equations for adjusting all factors across the observation period, no particular factor showed any significant interactive effects. Given the association of exposure to DEE with lung cancer and the apparent increase in adducts during a period of intense DEE exposures it would be prudent to pay particular attention to keeping exposures as low as possible, especially during LWCO operations.

Does Subjective Sleep Affect Bone Mineral Density in Older People with Minimal Health Disorders? The PROOF Cohort.

PubMed

Saint Martin, Magali; Labeix, Pierre; Garet, Martin; Thomas, Thierry; Barthélémy, Jean-Claude; Collet, Philippe; Roche, Frédéric; Sforza, Emilia

2016-11-15

Clinical and epidemiological studies suggest a relation between bone mineral density (BMD) and self-assessment of sleep with an effect on bone formation and osteoporosis (OS) risk in short and long sleepers. This study explores this association in a large sample of older subjects. We examined 500 participants without insomnia complaints aged 65.7 ± 0.8 y. Each participant had a full evaluation including anthropometric measurement, clinical examination and measurements of BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral sites by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The daily energy expenditure (DEE) was measured by the Population Physical Activity Questionnaire. Sleep duration and quality were evaluated by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The subjects were stratified into three groups according to sleep duration, i.e., short (< 6 h), normal (6-8 h), and long (≥ 8 h) sleepers. Osteopenia was found in 40% of the subjects at the femoral level and 43% at the vertebral level. The prevalence of OS was lower both at femoral (8%) and vertebral (12%) levels. Short, normal, and long sleepers accounted for 29%, 40%, and 31% of subjects, respectively. After adjustments for metabolic, anthropometric, and DEE, multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that long sleepers were more likely to have femoral neck OS with a slight effect of DEE at vertebral spine. In a sample of older subjects, self-reported long sleep was the best predictor of OS risk at the femoral level. This finding suggests an association between OS and self-reported sleep duration in older subjects. NCT 00759304 and NCT 00766584. © 2016 American Academy of Sleep Medicine

A Recurrent De Novo PACS2 Heterozygous Missense Variant Causes Neonatal-Onset Developmental Epileptic Encephalopathy, Facial Dysmorphism, and Cerebellar Dysgenesis.

PubMed

Olson, Heather E; Jean-Marçais, Nolwenn; Yang, Edward; Heron, Delphine; Tatton-Brown, Katrina; van der Zwaag, Paul A; Bijlsma, Emilia K; Krock, Bryan L; Backer, E; Kamsteeg, Erik-Jan; Sinnema, Margje; Reijnders, Margot R F; Bearden, David; Begtrup, Amber; Telegrafi, Aida; Lunsing, Roelineke J; Burglen, Lydie; Lesca, Gaetan; Cho, Megan T; Smith, Lacey A; Sheidley, Beth R; Moufawad El Achkar, Christelle; Pearl, Phillip L; Poduri, Annapurna; Skraban, Cara M; Tarpinian, Jennifer; Nesbitt, Addie I; Fransen van de Putte, Dietje E; Ruivenkamp, Claudia A L; Rump, Patrick; Chatron, Nicolas; Sabatier, Isabelle; De Bellescize, Julitta; Guibaud, Laurent; Sweetser, David A; Waxler, Jessica L; Wierenga, Klaas J; Donadieu, Jean; Narayanan, Vinodh; Ramsey, Keri M; Nava, Caroline; Rivière, Jean-Baptiste; Vitobello, Antonio; Tran Mau-Them, Frédéric; Philippe, Christophe; Bruel, Ange-Line; Duffourd, Yannis; Thomas, Laurel; Lelieveld, Stefan H; Schuurs-Hoeijmakers, Janneke; Brunner, Han G; Keren, Boris; Thevenon, Julien; Faivre, Laurence; Thomas, Gary; Thauvin-Robinet, Christel

2018-05-03

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) represent a large clinical and genetic heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental diseases. The identification of pathogenic genetic variants in DEEs remains crucial for deciphering this complex group and for accurately caring for affected individuals (clinical diagnosis, genetic counseling, impacting medical, precision therapy, clinical trials, etc.). Whole-exome sequencing and intensive data sharing identified a recurrent de novo PACS2 heterozygous missense variant in 14 unrelated individuals. Their phenotype was characterized by epilepsy, global developmental delay with or without autism, common cerebellar dysgenesis, and facial dysmorphism. Mixed focal and generalized epilepsy occurred in the neonatal period, controlled with difficulty in the first year, but many improved in early childhood. PACS2 is an important PACS1 paralog and encodes a multifunctional sorting protein involved in nuclear gene expression and pathway traffic regulation. Both proteins harbor cargo(furin)-binding regions (FBRs) that bind cargo proteins, sorting adaptors, and cellular kinase. Compared to the defined PACS1 recurrent variant series, individuals with PACS2 variant have more consistently neonatal/early-infantile-onset epilepsy that can be challenging to control. Cerebellar abnormalities may be similar but PACS2 individuals exhibit a pattern of clear dysgenesis ranging from mild to severe. Functional studies demonstrated that the PACS2 recurrent variant reduces the ability of the predicted autoregulatory domain to modulate the interaction between the PACS2 FBR and client proteins, which may disturb cellular function. These findings support the causality of this recurrent de novo PACS2 heterozygous missense in DEEs with facial dysmorphim and cerebellar dysgenesis. Copyright © 2018 American Society of Human Genetics. All rights reserved.

Acclimatization of seasonal energetics in northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) through plasticity of metabolic rates and ceilings.

PubMed

Sgueo, Carrie; Wells, Marion E; Russell, David E; Schaeffer, Paul J

2012-07-15

Northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) are faced with energetically expensive seasonal challenges that must be met to ensure survival, including thermoregulation in winter and reproductive activities in summer. Contrary to predictions of life history theory that suggest breeding metabolic rate should be the apex of energetic effort, winter metabolism exceeds that during breeding in several temperate resident bird species. By examining whole-animal, tissue and cellular function, we ask whether seasonal acclimatization is accomplished by coordinated phenotypic plasticity of metabolic systems. We measured summit metabolism (V(O(2),sum)), daily energy expenditure (DEE) and muscle oxidative capacity under both winter (December to January) and breeding (May to June) conditions. We hypothesize that: (1) rates of energy utilization will be highest in the winter, contrary to predictions based on life history theory, and (2) acclimatization of metabolism will occur at multiple levels of organization such that birds operate with a similar metabolic ceiling during different seasons. We measured field metabolic rates using heart rate telemetry and report the first daily patterns in avian field metabolic rate. Patterns of daily energy use differed seasonally, primarily as birds maintain high metabolic rates throughout the winter daylight hours. We found that DEE and V(O(2),sum) were significantly greater and DEE occurred at a higher fraction of maximum metabolic capacity during winter, indicating an elevation of the metabolic ceiling. Surprisingly, there were no significant differences in mass or oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle. These data, highlighting the importance of examining energetic responses to seasonal challenges at multiple levels, clearly reject life history predictions that breeding is the primary energetic challenge for temperate zone residents. Further, they indicate that metabolic ceilings are seasonally flexible as metabolic effort during winter thermoregulation exceeds that of breeding.

Daily energy expenditure, physical activity, and weight loss in Parkinson's disease patients

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) commonly exhibit weight loss (WL) which investigators attribute to various factors, including elevated energy expenditure. We tested the hypothesis that daily energy expenditure (DEE) and its components, resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity (P...

Breeding potential of elite Pee Dee germplasm in Upland cotton breeding programs

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Successful plant breeding programs begin with parental line selection. Effective parental line selection is facilitated when the breeding potential of candidate parental lines is known. Using topcross families involving germplasm representing eight US public cotton breeding programs, we evaluated th...

Bathymetric, Velocity, Streamflow, and Dissolved Oxygen Data on the Pee Dee River near Bostick Boat Landing, Florence County, South Carolina, May-August 2007

USGS Publications Warehouse

Shelton, John M.

2009-01-01

Santee Cooper is planning to construct an electricity generating station in southeastern Florence County near the Kingsburg community. As part of this project, a water-intake structure will be constructed on the Pee Dee River near the Bostick Boat Landing, which is located east of the intersection of State secondary roads S-21-57 and S-21-66. Velocity, bathymetric, and dissolved oxygen data are needed to help determine the location for the water-intake structure. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with Santee Cooper, collected these data at three different flow regimes during the period of May through August 2007. Data were collected along 15 transects located at 50-foot intervals starting 400 feet upstream from the boat landing and continuing to 300 feet downstream from the boat landing. All data were geographically referenced using a differentially corrected global positioning system (GPS).

Nonlinear dielectric effect in supercritical diethyl ether.

PubMed

Drozd-Rzoska, Aleksandra; Rzoska, Sylwester J; Martinez-Garcia, Julio Cesar

2014-09-07

Nonlinear dielectric effect (NDE) describes changes of dielectric permittivity induced by a strong electric field in a liquid dielectric. The most classical finding related to this magnitude is the negative sign of NDE in liquid diethyl ether (DEE), recalled by Peter Debye in his Nobel Prize lecture. This article shows that the positive sign of NDE in DEE is also possible, in the supercritical domain. Moreover, NDE on approaching the gas-liquid critical point exhibits a unique critical effect described by the critical exponent ψ ≈ 0.4 close to critical temperature (T(C)) and ψ ≈ 0.6 remote from T(C). This can be linked to the emergence of the mean-field behavior in the immediate vicinity of T(C), contrary to the typical pattern observed for critical phenomena. The multi-frequency mode of NDE measurements made it possible to estimate the evolution of lifetime of critical fluctuations. The new way of data analysis made it possible to describe the critical effect without a knowledge of the non-critical background contribution in prior.

Nonlinear dielectric effect in supercritical diethyl ether

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drozd-Rzoska, Aleksandra; Rzoska, Sylwester J.; Martinez-Garcia, Julio Cesar

2014-09-01

Nonlinear dielectric effect (NDE) describes changes of dielectric permittivity induced by a strong electric field in a liquid dielectric. The most classical finding related to this magnitude is the negative sign of NDE in liquid diethyl ether (DEE), recalled by Peter Debye in his Nobel Prize lecture. This article shows that the positive sign of NDE in DEE is also possible, in the supercritical domain. Moreover, NDE on approaching the gas-liquid critical point exhibits a unique critical effect described by the critical exponent ψ ≈ 0.4 close to critical temperature (TC) and ψ ≈ 0.6 remote from TC. This can be linked to the emergence of the mean-field behavior in the immediate vicinity of TC, contrary to the typical pattern observed for critical phenomena. The multi-frequency mode of NDE measurements made it possible to estimate the evolution of lifetime of critical fluctuations. The new way of data analysis made it possible to describe the critical effect without a knowledge of the non-critical background contribution in prior.

Blends of jackfruit seed starch-pectin in the development of mucoadhesive beads containing metformin HCl.

PubMed

Nayak, Amit Kumar; Pal, Dilipkumar

2013-11-01

In this work, calcium pectinate-jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) seed starch (JFSS) mucoadhesive beads containing metformin HCl were developed through ionotropic-gelation. Effects of pectin and JFSS amounts on drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE), and cumulative drug release after 10 h (R10 h) were optimized using 3(2) factorial design. The optimized calcium pectinate-JFSS beads containing metformin HCl showed DEE of 94.11 ± 3.92%, R10 h of 48.88 ± 2.02%, and mean diameter of 2.06 ± 0.20 mm. The in vitro drug release from these beads was followed controlled-release (zero-order) pattern with super case-II transport mechanism. The beads were also characterized by SEM and FTIR. The pH of test mediums was found critical for swelling and mucoadhesion of these beads. The optimized calcium pectinate-JFSS beads also exhibited good mucoadhesivity and significant hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats over prolonged period after oral administration. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Modelling riverine habitat for robust redhorse: assessment for reintroduction of an imperilled species

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fisk, J. M.; Kwak, Thomas J.; Heise, R. J.

2014-01-01

A critical component of a species reintroduction is assessment of contemporary habitat suitability. The robust redhorse, Moxostoma robustum (Cope), is an imperilled catostomid that occupies a restricted range in the south-eastern USA. A remnant population persists downstream of Blewett Falls Dam, the terminal dam in the Pee Dee River, North Carolina. Reintroduction upstream of Blewett Falls Dam may promote long-term survival of this population. Tillery Dam is the next hydroelectric facility upstream, which includes a 30 rkm lotic reach. Habitat suitability indices developed in the Pee Dee River were applied to model suitable habitat for proposed minimum flows downstream of Tillery Dam. Modelling results indicate that the Tillery reach provides suitable robust redhorse habitat, with spawning habitat more abundant than non-spawning habitat. Sensitivity analyses suggested that suitable water depth and substrate were limiting physical habitat variables. These results can inform decisions on flow regulation and guide planning for reintroduction of the robust redhorse and other species.

27. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

27. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, January 1890 (original filed in drawer 98, Bridge Division, Department of Public Works, St. Paul City Annex). Selby Avenue Bridge: Detail of truss (end with inclined end post). - Selby Avenue Bridge, Spanning Short Line Railways track at Selby Avenue between Hamline & Snelling Avenues, Saint Paul, Ramsey County, MN

28. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink or linen, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

28. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink or linen, December 1889 (original filed in drawer 98, Bridge Division, Department of Public Works, St. Paul City Annex). Selby Avenue Bridge: Detail of truss (end which abuts small truss). - Selby Avenue Bridge, Spanning Short Line Railways track at Selby Avenue between Hamline & Snelling Avenues, Saint Paul, Ramsey County, MN

Two Web-Based Laboratories of the FisL@bs Network: Hooke's and Snell's Laws

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

de la Torre, L.; Sanchez, J.; Dormido, S.; Sanchez, J. P.; Yuste, M.; Carreras, C.

2011-01-01

FisL@bs is a network of remote and virtual laboratories for physics university education via the Internet that offers students the possibility of performing hands-on experiments in different fields of physics in two ways: simulation and real remote operation. This paper gives a detailed account of a novel way in physics in which distance learning…

Apparent Negative Reflection with the Gradient Acoustic Metasurface by Integrating Supercell Periodicity into the Generalized Law of Reflection.

PubMed

Liu, Bingyi; Zhao, Wenyu; Jiang, Yongyuan

2016-12-05

As the two dimensional version of the functional wavefront manipulation metamaterial, metasurface has become a research hot spot for engineering the wavefront at will with a subwavelength thickness. The wave scattered by the gradient metasurface, which is composed by the periodic supercells, is governed by the generalized Snell's law. However, the critical angle that derived from the generalized Snell's law circles the domain of the incident angles that allow the occurrence of the anomalous reflection and refraction, and no free space scattering waves could exist when the incident angle is beyond the critical angle. Here we theoretically demonstrate that apparent negative reflection can be realized by a gradient acoustic metasurface when the incident angle is beyond the critical angle. The underlying mechanism of the apparent negative reflection is understood as the higher order diffraction arising from the interaction between the local phase modulation and the non-local effects introduced by the supercell periodicity. The apparent negative reflection phenomena has been perfectly verified by the calculated scattered acoustic waves of the reflected gradient acoustic metasurface. This work may provide new freedom in designing functional acoustic signal modulation devices, such as acoustic isolator and acoustic illusion device.

A century-old leadership style revitalizes the heroic hospital.

PubMed

Kania, A J

1993-01-01

"Those who fail history are destined to repeat it." Emmett C. Murphy, Ph.D., an international business consultant found that the key to individual and organizational leadership is a heroic commitment to service and the reengineering of the work that it requires. Murphy, whose clients include IBM, General Motors, Johns Hopkins, Centers for Disease Control, Johnson & Johnson, and Memorial Sloan Kettering; was a consultant with Booz-Allen Hamilton and served on the faculties of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the State University of New York before founding E. C. Murphy, Ltd. His firm focuses on the application of quality improvement and work reengineering strategies for creating a patient-focused "heroic" organization. Recently, Dr. Murphy and Michael Snell co-authored an intriguing management book based on the fundamental business strategies historically found in an unlikely western figure. The The Genius of Sitting Bull (Prentice Hall, 1993), Murphy and Snell examine the leadership styles of the Sioux chief and General Custer at the peaks of their careers and used 13 heroic strategies common to Sitting Bull's management style as a metaphor for for successful leadership on the great plains of American health care and business life.

A NEW MODEL TO ESTIMATE DAILY ENERGY EXPENDITURE FOR WINTERING WATERFOWL

EPA Science Inventory

Activity budgets of wintering waterfowl have been widely used to assess habitat quality. However, when factors such as prey abundance or protection from exposure to cold or wind determine quality, measures of daily energy expenditure (DEE) may be more appropriate for this purpos...

Daily energy expenditure and physical activity measured in Parkinson's disease patients with and without weight loss

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) commonly exhibit weight loss, which investigators attribute to various factors, including elevated resting energy expenditure. We tested the hypothesis that daily energy expenditure (DEE) and its components, resting energy expenditure (REF) and physical activit...

The Air Force and the Cold War

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-09-01

March 2001. 49An Air Force Association Special Report 49An Air Force As ociation Special Report CANAN , James. War in Space. Harper & Row, 1982...Press, 1989. GARDNER, Lloyd C. Spheres of Influence: The Great Powers Partition Europe, From Munich to Yalta. Ivan R. Dee Publisher, 1993. GARTHOFF

JOHNSON, L. - DEDICATION (CEREMONIES) - JSC

NASA Image and Video Library

1973-09-05

S73-33655 (1973) --- Left to right, Lynda Bird Johnson Robb, Charles Robb, Claudia "Lady Bird" Johnson, Texas Governor Dolph Briscoe, Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., James Webb, actor David Niven, and nurse Lt. Dolores B. "Dee" O'Hara with NASA officials during formal dedication ceremonies at JSC. Photo credit: NASA

PRE-TREATMENT WITH DIESEL EXHAUST EXTRACT ALTERS INFLUENZA VIRUS REPLICATION IN LUNG EPITHELIAL CELLS

EPA Science Inventory

Diesel Exhaust (DE) has been demonstrated to generate inflammatory responses in the lung and modify immune responses to allergens. However, little is known about the effects of DE on common respiratory viral infections. We examined whether exposure to DE extracts (DEE) modifies i...

2010 Precision Strike Annual Review Held in Springfield, Virginia on April 20-21, 2010

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-21

Reaction Technology Office Fogg (Acting) Director, Rapid Fielding Wyatt PD - Riley Program Oversight Dipetto Program Guidance And Assessment TBD Director...warfighters Joint Rapid Acquisition Cell Mr Thomas P Dee Complex Systems Dr Charles W Perkins Rapid Reaction Technology Office Mr Glenn A Fogg (Acting

ARC-1993-AC93-0230-25

NASA Image and Video Library

1993-05-05

Ann Hutchinson (as subject), Dr. Joan Vernikos (R), Dee O'Hara (L), J. Evans and E. Lowe pose for pictures in the NASA Magazine aritcle 'How it Feels to be a Human Test Subject' as they prepare for a bed rest study to simulate the efects of microgravity on the human body.

3. DRAINING & DRYING BUILDING, REINFORCED CONCRETE MUSHROOM COLUMNS WITH ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. DRAINING & DRYING BUILDING, REINFORCED CONCRETE MUSHROOM COLUMNS WITH DROP PANELS SUPPORTING DRAINING BINS (IRON VALVES OF DRAINING BINS ARE EMBEDDED IN THE CEILING), VIEW LOOKING WEST - Mill "C" Complex, Sand Draining & Drying Building, South of Dee Bennet Road, near Illinois River, Ottawa, La Salle County, IL

Direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines: a counter argument.

PubMed

Mintzes, Barbara; Mangin, Dee

2009-12-01

Direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription-only medicines is currently only permitted in the USA and New Zealand. Barbara Mintzes and Dee Mangin provide their case against direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines, arguing that its wider introduction would lead to a 'Pharma-knows-best' culture.

Reframing Knowing, Being, and Doing in the Seminary Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cahalan, Kathleen A.

2011-01-01

Seminary education requires that students learn a complex body of theological knowledge, engage in the practices of ministry, and develop as persons of faith and vocation. Utilizing the six aspects of significant learning experiences defined by L. Dee Fink--foundational knowledge, application, integration, the human dimension, caring, and learning…

Culture, Leadership, and Activism: Translating Fink's Taxonomy of Significant Learning into Pedagogical Practice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jenkins, Toby S.

2016-01-01

Through the article, I share the theoretical foundations, structure, knowledge acquisition, and outcomes of a cultural leadership course. The process for course development integrates several theories and research methods into practice: L. Dee Fink's Taxonomy of Significant Learning, Feminist Theory, Critical Race Theory, and…

Investigation of Cadmium Selenide Photoelectrochemical Cells.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

80-4 _INVESTIGATION OF C ADMIUM ,ELENIDE .PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS by R.A. Sawchuk and D.R. Snelling Energy Systems Section AccsseionPar Energy ...cadmium selenide photo- anodes, a polysulphide redox’electrolyte and an in situ energy storage com- partment were evaluated at DREO. The...electron-hole recombination.- centers, and shorting to the nickel substrate. The concept of in situ energy storage was not successfully demonstrated. It is

38. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

38. Photographic copy of historic construction drawing, ink on linen, February 1902 (original filed in drawer 98, Bridge Division, Department of Public Works, St. Paul City Annex). Re- flooring and re-paving of Selby Avenue Bridge over tracks of Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul RY. CO. - Selby Avenue Bridge, Spanning Short Line Railways track at Selby Avenue between Hamline & Snelling Avenues, Saint Paul, Ramsey County, MN

Development of Avionics Installation Interface Standards.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-12-01

design and manufacturing process routinely used to minimize the susceptibility of the equipment to corrosion . 4.2.7 Form/Fit Working Group The Form...since it would include both the LRU repack- aging and the required aircraft reconfiguration. The smallest impact is achieved when an avionics or...Smith ARINC Research Corporation X D. Snell Boeing Aerospace Corporation .. Steele Masterite Industries E. Straub ARINC Research Corporation X 1

Lamb wave dispersion and anisotropy profiling of composite plates via non-contact air-coupled and laser ultrasound

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harb, M. S.; Yuan, F. G.

2015-03-01

Conventional ultrasound inspection has been a standard non-destructive testing method for providing an in-service evaluation and noninvasive means of probing the interior of a structure. In particular, measurement of the propagation characteristics of Lamb waves allows inspection of plates that are typical components in aerospace industry. A rapid, complete non-contact hybrid approach for excitation and detection of Lamb waves is presented and applied for non-destructive evaluation of composites. An air-coupled transducer (ACT) excites ultrasonic waves on the surface of a composite plate, generating different propagating Lamb wave modes and a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) is used to measure the out-of-plane velocity of the plate. This technology, based on direct waveform imaging, focuses on measuring dispersive curves for A0 mode in a composite laminate and its anisotropy. A two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (2D-FFT) is applied to out-of-plane velocity data captured experimentally using LDV to go from the time-spatial domain to frequency-wavenumber domain. The result is a 2D array of amplitudes at discrete frequencies and wavenumbers for A0 mode in a given propagation direction along the composite. The peak values of the curve are then used to construct frequency wavenumber and phase velocity dispersion curves, which are also obtained directly using Snell's law and the incident angle of the excited ultrasonic waves. A high resolution and strong correlation between numerical and experimental results are observed for dispersive curves with Snell's law method in comparison to 2D-FFT method. Dispersion curves as well as velocity curves for the composite plate along different directions of wave propagation are measured. The visual read-out of the dispersion curves at different propagation directions as well as the phase velocity curves provide profiling and measurements of the composite anisotropy. The results proved a high sensitivity of the air-coupled and laser ultrasound technique in non-contact characterization of Lamb wave dispersion and material anisotropy of composite plates using simple Snell's law method.

With Help & Hope ... Dreams Do Come True: A Look at Easter Seals Therapeutic Day School of Chicago

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leone, Kristen B.

2007-01-01

Maurice Snell, 23, has beaten the odds. A young man living with autism, he has a college degree and a job. For many with autism, such achievements may be beyond reach. Maurice has a milder form of this complex neurological disorder, but his future was uncertain for most of his childhood. For years Maurice was nonverbal, and no one had an answer…

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

1998-06-16

Eddie Snell, Post-Doctoral Fellow the National Research Council (NRC) uses a reciprocal space mapping diffractometer for macromolecular crystal quality studies. The diffractometer is used in mapping the structure of macromolecules such as proteins to determine their structure and thus understand how they function with other proteins in the body. This is one of several analytical tools used on proteins crystallized on Earth and in space experiments. Photo credit: NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)

Protein Crystal Quality Studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1998-01-01

Eddie Snell, Post-Doctoral Fellow the National Research Council (NRC) uses a reciprocal space mapping diffractometer for macromolecular crystal quality studies. The diffractometer is used in mapping the structure of macromolecules such as proteins to determine their structure and thus understand how they function with other proteins in the body. This is one of several analytical tools used on proteins crystallized on Earth and in space experiments. Photo credit: NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)

New Rotifer Bioassays for Aquatic Toxicology

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-07-01

Acute toxicity tests using rotifers. II. A freshwater test with Brachionus rubens. Aquatic Toxicology. 14: 81-92. Snell, T. W., B. D. Moffat, C. Janssen...24 hours with a sensitivity comparable to that of other aquatic invertebrates. 1. Standard Freshwater Medium Preparation: Carefully add 96 mg NaHCO3,60...rubens. Aquatic Toxicology. 14: 81-92. US Environmental Protection Agency 1985. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents to freshwater

Acoustic metasurface for refracted wave manipulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Li-Xiang; Yao, Yuan-Wei; Zhang, Xin; Wu, Fu-Gen; Dong, Hua-Feng; Mu, Zhong-Fei; Li, Jing-bo

2018-02-01

Here we present a design of a transmitted acoustic metasurface based on a single row of Helmholtz resonators with varying geometric parameters. The proposed metasurface can not only steer an acoustic beam as expected from the generalized Snell's law of refraction, but also exhibits various interesting properties and potential applications such as insulation of two quasi-intersecting transmitted sound waves, ultrasonic Bessel beam generator, frequency broadening effect of anomalous refraction and focusing.

Tractable Algorithms for Proximity Search on Large Graphs

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-07-01

development in information retrieval, 2005. 5.1 164 A. K. Chandra, P. Raghavan, W. L. Ruzzo, and R. Smolensky. The electrical resistance of a graph captures...2007] show how to use hitting times for designing provably manipulation resistant reputation systems. Harmonic func- tions have been used for...commute times with electrical net- works (Doyle and Snell [1984]). Consider an undirected graph. Now think of each edge as a resistor with conductance

Coherent Extreme Ultraviolet Generation and Surface Studies Using Ultraviolet Excimer Lasers.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-02-10

of Outer-Shell Electrons" 7. "A Theoretical Model of Inner-Shell ......................... 30 A Excitation by Outer-Snell Electrons" E. "Anomalous...rays are feasible. Our work involves a program of activities, involving both experimental and theoretical components, to explore the physical... theoretical effort con- centrating on the character of high order multiquantum coupling in the inten- sity regime above 1017 WcM2 . In addition

Sex Differences in Coping Strategies in Military Survival School

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-01

symptoms: a moderating relationship? Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 120, 240–246. Ramchand, R., Snell, T. L., Karney, B. R., Osilla, K. C., Burns, R...disorder a b s t r a c t A wealth of research has examined psychological responses to trauma among male military service mem- bers...experiencing psychological distress, including posttraumatic tress symptoms (PTSS), because of that experience (Breslau, 2009). herefore, it is

Refraction corrected calibration for aquatic locomotion research: application of Snell's law improves spatial accuracy.

PubMed

Henrion, Sebastian; Spoor, Cees W; Pieters, Remco P M; Müller, Ulrike K; van Leeuwen, Johan L

2015-07-07

Images of underwater objects are distorted by refraction at the water-glass-air interfaces and these distortions can lead to substantial errors when reconstructing the objects' position and shape. So far, aquatic locomotion studies have minimized refraction in their experimental setups and used the direct linear transform algorithm (DLT) to reconstruct position information, which does not model refraction explicitly. Here we present a refraction corrected ray-tracing algorithm (RCRT) that reconstructs position information using Snell's law. We validated this reconstruction by calculating 3D reconstruction error-the difference between actual and reconstructed position of a marker. We found that reconstruction error is small (typically less than 1%). Compared with the DLT algorithm, the RCRT has overall lower reconstruction errors, especially outside the calibration volume, and errors are essentially insensitive to camera position and orientation and the number and position of the calibration points. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the RCRT, we tracked an anatomical marker on a seahorse recorded with four cameras to reconstruct the swimming trajectory for six different camera configurations. The RCRT algorithm is accurate and robust and it allows cameras to be oriented at large angles of incidence and facilitates the development of accurate tracking algorithms to quantify aquatic manoeuvers.

Health Needs of Transition-Aged Youth: Feature Issue of IMPACT.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tommet, Pat, Ed.; And Others

1994-01-01

This feature issue explores health needs of youth with disabilities as they make the transition from child to adult roles. "School Health Services: Supporting Students with Special Health Needs" (Dee K. Bauer) describes the role of the special needs nurse on multidisciplinary teams in Multnomah County (Oregon) schools. Two articles deal with…

The Learning Revolution: Education Innovations for Global Citizens.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gilman, Robert, Ed.

1991-01-01

This theme journal issue is devoted to the learning revolution in educational innovations aimed at global citizens. The article titles and authors are as follows: (1) "A Personal Introduction" by Alan AtKisson; (2) "Onward and Upward!" by Dee Dickinson; (3) "Multiple Intelligences in the Classroom" by Bruce Campbell; (4) "Learning As…

46 CFR 160.060-3a - Materials-Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) EQUIPMENT, CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Unicellular Polyethylene Foam, Adult and Child § 160... and 115 pounds for a child size for 10 minutes at ambient temperatures without breaking or distorting...

Dissecting genotype × environment interactions and trait correlations present in the Pee Dee cotton germplasm collection following seventy years of plant breeding

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Genotype × environment interactions and trait correlations significantly impact efforts to develop high yield, high quality, and environmentally stable Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars. Knowledge of both can and should be used to design optimal breeding programs and effective selectio...

Dee, John (1527-1608)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murdin, P.

2000-11-01

Navigator, mathematician, traveler, polymath, mystic, charlatan, astrologer, model for Shakespeare's Prospero and King Lear, and court intriguer. Born in London, he became a navigation instructor, applying Euclidean geometry to navigation and building the instruments to do so. He advised expeditions seeking the Northwest passage to the Pacific via Canada. He cast horoscopes for Elizabeth I, recei...

What on Earth is D”?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garnero, Ed; Wysession, Michael

Studied in earnest for 50 years time Is Earth's deep layer called Dee Double Prime. Exotic hypotheses new papers chime, But evasive big pictures halt reason or rhyme.Even before the first nuclear bomb, People like Gutenberg, Bullen, and Dahm And probably others: Dick, Harry, and Tom Proposed this new layer to address a qualm.

On the unification of dwarf and giant elliptical galaxies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Graham, Alister W.; Guzman, Rafael

2004-01-01

The near orthogonal distributions of dwarf elliptical (dE) and giant elliptical (E) galaxies in the mue-M and mue-log(Re) diagrams have been interpreted as evidence for two distinct galaxy formation processes. However, continuous, linear relationships across the alleged dE/E boundary at MB = -18 mag - such as the relationships between central surface brightness (mu0) and: a) galaxy magnitude (M); and b) light-profile shape (n) --- suggest a similar initial formation mechanism. Here we explain how these latter two trends in fact necessitate a different behavior for dE and E galaxies, exactly as observed, in diagrams involving mue (and also e). Together with other linear trends across the alleged dE/E boundary, such as those between luminosity and color, metallicity, and velocity dispersion, it appears that the dEs form a continuous extension to the E galaxies. The presence of partially depleted cores in luminous (MB < -20.5 mag) Es does however signify the action of a different physical process at the centers (< ~300 pc) of these galaxies.

Selection of an anti-solvent for efficient and stable cesium-containing triple cation planar perovskite solar cells.

PubMed

Xiao, Meng; Zhao, Li; Geng, Min; Li, Yanyan; Dong, Binghai; Xu, Zuxun; Wan, Li; Li, Wenlu; Wang, Shimin

2018-06-19

The perovskite layer is a crucial component influencing high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In the one-step solution method, anti-solvents are important for obtaining smooth and uniform perovskite active layers. This work explored the effect of various anti-solvents on the preparation of triple cation perovskite active layers. In general, anti-solvents with low dielectric constants, low polarity, and low boiling point are suitable for the preparation of perovskite films. Microstructural and elemental analyses of the perovskite films were systematically conducted by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The photoelectric properties, carrier transfer, and recombination process in the PSCs were investigated using photocurrent-voltage characteristic curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Optimum performance was obtained when the anti-solvent was diethyl ether (DEE) and the ratio of the optimum amount of DEE to the volume of the precursor was 1 : 10. Meanwhile, we found that the partial replacement of formamidinium/methylammonium by cesium could increase the stability of the PSCs and enhance the power conversion efficiency from 15.49% to over 17.38%.

Formulation optimization and evaluation of jackfruit seed starch-alginate mucoadhesive beads of metformin HCl.

PubMed

Nayak, Amit Kumar; Pal, Dilipkumar

2013-08-01

The present study deals with the formulation optimization of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., family: Moraceae) seed starch (JFSS)-alginate mucoadhesive beads containing metformin HCl through ionotropic gelation using 3(2) factorial design. The effect of sodium alginate to JFSS ratio and CaCl2 concentration on the drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE, %), and cumulative drug release at 10h (R10h, %) was optimized. The optimized beads containing metformin HCl showed DEE of 97.48±3.92%, R10h of 65.70±2.22%, and mean diameter of 1.16±0.11mm. The in vitro drug release from these beads was followed controlled-release (zero-order) pattern with super case-II transport mechanism. The beads were also characterized by SEM and FTIR. The swelling and degradation of these beads were influenced by pH of the test medium. The optimized beads also exhibited good mucoadhesivity and significant hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats over prolonged period after oral administration. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Vocal parameters that indicate threat level correlate with FOS immunolabeling in social and vocal control brain regions.

PubMed

Ellis, Jesse M S; Riters, Lauren V

2012-01-01

Transmitting information via communicative signals is integral to interacting with conspecifics, and some species achieve this task by varying vocalizations to reflect context. Although signal variation is critical to social interactions, the underlying neural control has not been studied. In response to a predator, black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapilla) produce mobbing calls (chick-a-dee calls) with various parameters, some of which convey information about the threat stimulus. We predicted that vocal parameters indicative of threat would be associated with distinct patterns of neuronal activity within brain areas involved in social behavior and those involved in the sensorimotor control of vocal production. To test this prediction, we measured the syntax and structural aspects of chick-a-dee call production in response to a hawk model and assessed the protein product of the immediate early gene FOS in brain regions implicated in context-specific vocal and social behavior. These regions include the medial preoptic area (POM) and lateral septum (LS), as well as regions involved in vocal motor control, including the dorsomedial nucleus of the intercollicular complex and the HVC. We found correlations linking call rate (previously demonstrated to reflect threat) to labeling in the POM and LS. Labeling in the HVC correlated with the number of D notes per call, which may also signal threat level. Labeling in the call control region dorsomedial nucleus was associated with the structure of D notes and the overall number of notes, but not call rate or type of notes produced. These results suggest that the POM and LS may influence attributes of vocalizations produced in response to predators and that the brain region implicated in song control, the HVC, also influences call production. Because variation in chick-a-dee call rate indicates predator threat, we speculate that these areas could integrate with motor control regions to imbue mobbing signals with additional information about threat level. Copyright © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Quantitative comparisons of the acute neurotoxicity of toluene in rats and humans.

PubMed

Benignus, Vernon A; Boyes, William K; Kenyon, Elaina M; Bushnell, Philip J

2007-11-01

The behavioral and neurophysiological effects of acute exposure to toluene are the most thoroughly explored of all the hydrocarbon solvents. Behavioral effects have been experimentally studied in humans and other species, for example, rats. The existence of both rat and human dosimetric data offers the opportunity to quantitatively compare the relative sensitivity to acute toluene exposure. The purpose of this study was to fit dose-effect curves to existing data and to estimate the dose-equivalence equation (DEE) between rats and humans. The DEE gives the doses that produce the same magnitude of effect in the two species. Doses were brain concentrations of toluene estimated from physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. Human experiments measuring toluene effects on choice reaction time (CRT) were meta-analyzed. Rat studies employed various dependent variables: amplitude of visual-evoked potentials (VEPs), signal detection (SIGDET) accuracy (ACCU) and reaction time (RT), and escape-avoidance (ES-AV) behaviors. Comparison of dose-effect functions showed that human and rat sensitivity was practically the same for those two task regimens that exerted the least control over the behaviors being measured (VEP in rats and CRT in humans) and the sensitivity was progressively lower for SIGDET RT, SIGDET ACCU, and ES-AV behaviors in rats. These results suggested that the sensitivity to impairment by toluene depends on the strength of control over the measured behavior rather than on the species being tested. This interpretation suggests that (1) sensitivity to toluene would be equivalent in humans and rats if both species performed behaviors that were controlled to the same extent, (2) the most sensitive tests of neurobehavioral effects would be those in which least control is exerted on the behavior being measured, and (3) effects of toluene in humans may be estimated using the DEEs from rat studies despite differences in the amount of control exerted by the experimental regimen or differences in the behaviors under investigation.

Public engagement in 3D flood modelling through integrating crowd sourced imagery with UAV photogrammetry to create a 3D flood hydrograph.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bond, C. E.; Howell, J.; Butler, R.

2016-12-01

With an increase in flood and storm events affecting infrastructure the role of weather systems, in a changing climate, and their impact is of increasing interest. Here we present a new workflow integrating crowd sourced imagery from the public with UAV photogrammetry to create, the first 3D hydrograph of a major flooding event. On December 30th 2015, Storm Frank resulted in high magnitude rainfall, within the Dee catchment in Aberdeenshire, resulting in the highest ever-recorded river level for the Dee, with significant impact on infrastructure and river morphology. The worst of the flooding occurred during daylight hours and was digitally captured by the public on smart phones and cameras. After the flood event a UAV was used to shoot photogrammetry to create a textured elevation model of the area around Aboyne Bridge on the River Dee. A media campaign aided crowd sourced digital imagery from the public, resulting in over 1,000 images submitted by the public. EXIF data captured by the imagery of the time, date were used to sort the images into a time series. Markers such as signs, walls, fences and roads within the images were used to determine river level height through the flood, and matched onto the elevation model to contour the change in river level. The resulting 3D hydrograph shows the build up of water on the up-stream side of the Bridge that resulted in significant scouring and under-mining in the flood. We have created the first known data based 3D hydrograph for a river section, from a UAV photogrammetric model and crowd sourced imagery. For future flood warning and infrastructure management a solution that allows a realtime hydrograph to be created utilising augmented reality to integrate the river level information in crowd sourced imagery directly onto a 3D model, would significantly improve management planning and infrastructure resilience assessment.

Reduced serum club cell protein as a pulmonary damage marker for chronic fine particulate matter exposure in Chinese population.

PubMed

Wang, Yanhua; Duan, Huawei; Meng, Tao; Shen, Meili; Ji, Qianpeng; Xing, Jie; Wang, Qingrong; Wang, Ting; Niu, Yong; Yu, Tao; Liu, Zhong; Jia, Hongbing; Zhan, Yuliang; Chen, Wen; Zhang, Zhihu; Su, Wenge; Dai, Yufei; Zhang, Xuchun; Zheng, Yuxin

2018-03-01

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) pollution is associated with increased morbidity and mortality from respiratory diseases. However, few population-based studies have been conducted to assess the alterations in circulating pulmonary proteins due to long-term PM 2.5 exposure. We designed a two-stage study. In the first stage (training set), we assessed the associations between PM 2.5 exposure and levels of pulmonary damage markers (CC16, SP-A and SP-D) and lung function in a coke oven emission (COE) cohort with 558 coke plant workers and 210 controls. In the second stage (validation set), significant initial findings were validated by an independent diesel engine exhaust (DEE) cohort with 50 DEE exposed workers and 50 controls. Serum CC16 levels decreased in a dose response manner in association with both external and internal PM 2.5 exposures in the two cohorts. In the training set, serum CC16 levels decreased with increasing duration of occupational PM 2.5 exposure history. An interquartile range (IQR) (122.0μg/m 3 ) increase in PM 2.5 was associated with a 5.76% decrease in serum CC16 levels, whereas an IQR (1.06μmol/mol creatinine) increase in urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) concentration was associated with a 5.36% decrease in serum CC16 levels in the COE cohort. In the validation set, the concentration of serum CC16 in the PM 2.5 exposed group was 22.42% lower than that of the controls and an IQR (1.24μmol/mol creatinine) increase in urinary 1-OHP concentration was associated with a 12.24% decrease in serum CC16 levels in the DEE cohort. Serum CC16 levels may be a sensitive marker for pulmonary damage in populations with high PM 2.5 exposure. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fast and efficient: postnatal growth and energy expenditure in an Arctic-breeding waterbird, the Red-throated Loon (Gavia stellata)

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rizzolo, Daniel; Schmutz, Joel A.; Speakman, John R.

2015-01-01

Environmental conditions can exert a strong influence on the growth and energy demands of chicks. We hypothesized that postnatal growth in a cold, aquatic environment would require a high level of energy metabolism in semiprecocial Red-throated Loon (Gavia stellata) chicks. We measured body-mass growth and daily energy expenditure (DEE) of free-ranging chicks in the Arctic. We used daily gains in body mass and DEE to estimate daily metabolizable energy (DME, kJ day-1) and total metabolizable energy (TME, kJ chick-1). Chicks gained body mass quickly, with a logistic growth rate constant 57% greater than the allometric prediction, yet were at only 60% of adult body mass at fledging. Males grew at a rate similar to that of females but for a slightly longer duration and so reached an asymptotic body mass 23% greater, and tarsus length 8% longer, than that of females. Chick growth performance was similar between first- and second-hatched chicks within broods of 2, which suggests that food availability was not limited. DEE increased in proportion to body mass, and DME peaked at 1,214 kJ day-1 on day 25 posthatching. Over the average 49-day postnatal period, TME was 49.0 MJ, which is within the range of error of the allometric prediction. Parents provided 58.6 MJ as food to meet this energy requirement. Given this chick energy requirement and the range of energy content of prey observed in the chick diet, selecting prey with higher energy content would greatly reduce adult provisioning effort. Red-throated Loon chicks did not have a high postnatal energy requirement, but rather grew quickly and fledged at a small size-with the effect of reducing the length of the postnatal period and, consequently, parental energy investment in chicks.

Special Report: Iraq and the Gulf States. The Balance of Fear

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-08-01

Iraq, the Muslim Scholars Association;48 Adnan Al - Dulaymi , leader of the Iraqi Sunni bloc al -Tawafoq; and, via recorded audio, Ibrahim al -Shammari...Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, no. RL31718 (Washington, DC: CRS, March 17, 2004), 4. 30. Jeremy M . Sharp, The Al -Jazeera News Network...Snelling, former State Senator and former Lieutenant Governor, Shelburne, Vt. MeMbers ex officio Robert M . Gates, Secretary of Defense • Barry lowenkron

Cultural Resources Literature Search and Records Review of the Camp Ripley, General E. A. Walsh Training Center, Morrison County, Minnesota.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-07-12

Falls; Joseph Minshaw, Little Falls; Anne Rebischke and Cheryl Seelen, Carnegie Library, Little Falls; Darwin Carlson, Charlene Starin, and Veryl E...Fort Snelling History Center, St. Paul. Cheryl Seelen, Carnegie Library, Little Falls. Jan Warner, Morrison County Historical Society, Weyerhaeuser...Enclosure Wayne A. Knott Chief, Environmental Resources Branch Planning Division o" 𔃺%~*-:\\\\~% v~~ ~* ** . **:- ~** , -108- Ki ST. PAUL DISTRICT

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Limitation in Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-08-21

SMLEF 1 ALEXANDRIA, VA 22332-2300 GUNTER AFB, AL 36114-3643 CMDR, ATLANTIC DIVISION/CODE 04A4 1 AFRCE-SAC/DEE INAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND... SCIENCES USAF RGN CIVIL ENGR - WESTERN 1201 L STREET NW, SUITE 400 REGION/RO 1 WASHINGTON, DC 20005 630 SANSOME ST, ROOM 1316 SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111-7

An Investigation of Racial and/or Ethnic Minority Teacher Candidates' Strengths Awareness and Utilization

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chen, Hui

2012-01-01

There is a consensus among researchers that teachers from diverse linguistic, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds contribute to American education (Dee, 2004; Easton-Brooks, Lewis, & Yang, 2010; Irvine, 2003; Irvine & Fenwick, 2011; Ladson-Billings, 2005; Lu, 2005; Talbert-Johnson, 2001). There is also a call for teacher educators to recognize what…

Service-Learning and Integrated Course Redesign: Principles of Management and the Campus Kitchen Metaproject

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Flannery, Brenda L.; Pragman, Claudia H.

2010-01-01

This article describes the process of redesigning a Principles of Management course to integrate a service-learning metaproject. The metaproject was Campus Kitchen, a food recovery and delivery program operated on a handful of university campuses across the United States. We used L. Dee Fink's integrated course design approach as well as systems…

Using Fink's Integrated Course Design: How a Book Changed Our Students' Learning, Our University, and Ourselves

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fallahi, Carolyn R.; Levine, Laura E.; Nicoll-Senft, Joan M.; Tessier, Jack T.; Watson, Cheryl L.; Wood, Rebecca M.

2009-01-01

This article presents an interdisciplinary approach to course redesign that enhanced student learning across all six categories in Dee Fink's taxonomy. A meta-analysis of the results provides evidence that integrated course design produces significant learning. In this article, the authors tell four connected stories: (1) how Fink's book,…

Integrating Big Questions with Real-World Applications: Gradual Redesign in Philosophy and Art History

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rose, Marice; Torosyan, Roben

2009-01-01

As a philosopher and an art historian, the authors decided to record their experience after discovering they shared similar journeys changing their courses. They had both been dissatisfied with their students' learning outcomes and their own tired patterns of teaching. After learning about Dee Fink's (2003) integrated course design (ICD) and his…

Inspiration and Intellect: Significant Learning in Musical Forms and Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kelley, Bruce C.

2009-01-01

In his book "Creating Significant Learning Experiences" (2003), Dee Fink challenges professors to create a deep vision for the courses they teach. Educators often have a vision for what their courses could be, but often lack a model for instituting change. Fink's book provides that model. In this article, the author describes how this model helped…

Organizational Adaptation to the Rapidly Changing External Environment: A Case Study of Strategic Marketing at Notre Dame College in Ohio

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Shawn M.

2012-01-01

This thesis examined the role of strategic marketing in organizational adaptation to a rapidly changing and competitive external environment among institutions of higher education. Colleges and universities adapt to external pressures as open systems operating within a broader external environment (Bess & Dee, 2008; Keller, 1983). How does…

The acquisition of mechano-electrical transducer current adaptation in auditory hair cells requires myosin VI.

PubMed

Marcotti, Walter; Corns, Laura F; Goodyear, Richard J; Rzadzinska, Agnieszka K; Avraham, Karen B; Steel, Karen P; Richardson, Guy P; Kros, Corné J

2016-07-01

The transduction of sound into electrical signals occurs at the hair bundles atop sensory hair cells in the cochlea, by means of mechanosensitive ion channels, the mechano-electrical transducer (MET) channels. The MET currents decline during steady stimuli; this is termed adaptation and ensures they always work within the most sensitive part of their operating range, responding best to rapidly changing (sound) stimuli. In this study we used a mouse model (Snell's waltzer) for hereditary deafness in humans that has a mutation in the gene encoding an unconventional myosin, myosin VI, which is present in the hair bundles. We found that in the absence of myosin VI the MET current fails to acquire its characteristic adaptation as the hair bundles develop. We propose that myosin VI supports the acquisition of adaptation by removing key molecules from the hair bundle that serve a temporary, developmental role. Mutations in Myo6, the gene encoding the (F-actin) minus end-directed unconventional myosin, myosin VI, cause hereditary deafness in mice (Snell's waltzer) and humans. In the sensory hair cells of the cochlea, myosin VI is expressed in the cell bodies and along the stereocilia that project from the cells' apical surface. It is required for maintaining the structural integrity of the mechanosensitive hair bundles formed by the stereocilia. In this study we investigate whether myosin VI contributes to mechano-electrical transduction. We report that Ca(2+) -dependent adaptation of the mechano-electrical transducer (MET) current, which serves to keep the transduction apparatus operating within its most sensitive range, is absent in outer and inner hair cells from homozygous Snell's waltzer mutant mice, which fail to express myosin VI. The operating range of the MET channels is also abnormal in the mutants, resulting in the absence of a resting MET current. We found that cadherin 23, a component of the hair bundle's transient lateral links, fails to be downregulated along the length of the stereocilia in maturing Myo6 mutant mice. MET currents of heterozygous littermates appear normal. We propose that myosin VI, by removing key molecules from developing hair bundles, is required for the development of the MET apparatus and its Ca(2+) -dependent adaptation. © 2016 The Authors. The Journal of Physiology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Physiological Society.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

1998-06-16

Eddie Snell (standing), Post-Doctoral Fellow the National Research Council (NRC),and Marc Pusey of Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) use a reciprocal space mapping diffractometer for marcromolecular crystal quality studies. The diffractometer is used in mapping the structure of marcromolecules such as proteins to determine their structure and thus understand how they function with other proteins in the body. This is one of several analytical tools used on proteins crystalized on Earth and in space experiments. Photo credit: NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)

Uniform refraction in negative refractive index materials.

PubMed

Gutiérrez, Cristian E; Stachura, Eric

2015-11-01

We study the problem of constructing an optical surface separating two homogeneous, isotropic media, one of which has a negative refractive index. In doing so, we develop a vector form of Snell's law, which is used to study surfaces possessing a certain uniform refraction property, in both the near- and far-field cases. In the near-field problem, unlike the case when both materials have positive refractive indices, we show that the resulting surfaces can be neither convex nor concave.

Electromagnetic waves in a model with Chern-Simons potential.

PubMed

Pis'mak, D Yu; Pis'mak, Yu M; Wegner, F J

2015-07-01

We investigated the appearance of Chern-Simons terms in electrodynamics at the surface or interface of materials. The requirement of locality, gauge invariance, and renormalizability in this model is imposed. Scattering and reflection of electromagnetic waves in three different homogeneous layers of media is determined. Snell's law is preserved. However, the transmission and reflection coefficient depend on the strength of the Chern-Simons interaction (connected with Hall conductance), and parallel and perpendicular components are mixed.

LADAR Performance Simulations with a High Spectral Resolution Atmospheric Transmittance and Radiance Model-LEEDR

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

such as FASCODE is accomplished. The assessment is limited by the correctness of the models used; validating the models is beyond the scope of this...comparisons with other models and validation against data sets (Snell et al. 2000). 2.3.2 Previous Research Several LADAR simulations have been produced...performance models would better capture the atmosphere physics and climatological effects on these systems. Also, further validation needs to be performed

Underwater refraction-polarization patterns of skylight perceived by aquatic animals through Snell's window of the flat water surface.

PubMed

Horváth, G; Varjú, D

1995-06-01

The grass shrimp (Palaemonetes vulgaris) orients itself by means of the polarization pattern of the sky visible through Snell's window of the water surface. The celestial polarization pattern viewed from water is distorted and modified because of refraction and repolarization of skylight at the air-water interface. This work provides a quantitative account of the repolarization of skylight transmitted through a flat water surface. The degree and direction of linear polarization, the transmissivity and the shape of the refraction-polarization oval are calculated at the air-water interface as functions of the polarization characteristics and the incident angle of partially linearly polarized incoming light. Two-dimensional patterns of linear polarization ellipses and of the degree and direction of polarization of skylight are presented for different zenith distances of the sun. The corresponding underwater refraction-polarization patterns are computed. Transmissivity patterns of a flat water surface are calculated for unpolarized light of an overcast sky and for partially polarized light of clear skies as a function of the zenith distance of the sun. The role of these refraction-polarization patterns in orientation and polarization vision of the grass shrimp (P. vulgaris) and rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) is reviewed. The effects of cloud cover, surface waves and water turbidity on the refraction-polarization patterns are briefly discussed.

Preclinical and clinical in vitro in vivo correlation of an hGH dextran microsphere formulation.

PubMed

Vlugt-Wensink, K D F; de Vrueh, R; Gresnigt, M G; Hoogerbrugge, C M; van Buul-Offers, S C; de Leede, L G J; Sterkman, L G W; Crommelin, D J A; Hennink, W E; Verrijk, R

2007-12-01

To investigate the in vitro in vivo correlation of a sustained release formulation for human growth hormone (hGH) based on hydroxyethyl methacrylated dextran (dex-HEMA) microspheres in Pit-1 deficient Snell dwarf mice and in healthy human volunteers. A hGH-loaded microsphere formulation was developed and tested in Snell dwarf mice (pharmacodynamic study) and in healthy human volunteers (pharmacokinetic study). Single subcutaneous administration of the microspheres in mice resulted in a good correlation between hGH released in vitro and in vivo effects for the hGH-loaded microsphere formulation similar to daily injected hGH indicating a retained bioactivity. Testing the microspheres in healthy volunteers showed an increase (over 7-8 days) in hGH serum concentrations (peak concentrations: 1-2.5 ng/ml). A good in vitro in vivo correlation was obtained between the measured and calculated (from in vitro release data) hGH serum concentrations. Moreover, an increased serum concentration of biomarkers (insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) was found again indicating that bioactive hGH was released from the microspheres. Good in vitro in vivo correlations were obtained for hGH-loaded dex-HEMA microspheres, which is an important advantage in predicting the effect of the controlled drug delivery product in a clinical situations.

Preclinical and Clinical In Vitro In Vivo Correlation of an hGH Dextran Microsphere Formulation

PubMed Central

de Vrueh, R.; Gresnigt, M. G.; Hoogerbrugge, C. M.; van Buul-Offers, S. C.; de Leede, L. G. J.; Sterkman, L. G. W.; Crommelin, D. J. A.; Hennink, W. E.; Verrijk, R.

2007-01-01

Purpose To investigate the in vitro in vivo correlation of a sustained release formulation for human growth hormone (hGH) based on hydroxyethyl methacrylated dextran (dex-HEMA) microspheres in Pit-1 deficient Snell dwarf mice and in healthy human volunteers. Materials and Methods A hGH-loaded microsphere formulation was developed and tested in Snell dwarf mice (pharmacodynamic study) and in healthy human volunteers (pharmacokinetic study). Results Single subcutaneous administration of the microspheres in mice resulted in a good correlation between hGH released in vitro and in vivo effects for the hGH-loaded microsphere formulation similar to daily injected hGH indicating a retained bioactivity. Testing the microspheres in healthy volunteers showed an increase (over 7–8 days) in hGH serum concentrations (peak concentrations: 1–2.5 ng/ml). A good in vitro in vivo correlation was obtained between the measured and calculated (from in vitro release data) hGH serum concentrations. Moreover, an increased serum concentration of biomarkers (insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) was found again indicating that bioactive hGH was released from the microspheres. Conclusions Good in vitro in vivo correlations were obtained for hGH-loaded dex-HEMA microspheres, which is an important advantage in predicting the effect of the controlled drug delivery product in a clinical situations. PMID:17929148

Underwater sky image as remote sensing instrument of sea roughness parameters and its variability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Molkov, Alexander A.; Dolin, Lev S.; Kapustin, Ivan A.; Sergievskaya, Irina A.; Shomina, Olga V.

2016-10-01

At present a sufficient amount of methods is offered for determining the characteristics of sea roughness in accordance with optical images of wavy water surface obtained from different near-shore constructions, sea platforms, vessels, aircraft and satellites. The most informative elements in this case are solar path and peripheral areas of the image free from sun glitters. However, underwater images of the surface obtained with the help of optical receiver located at a certain depth contain apart from the mentioned elements one more informative element- Snell's window. It is an underwater sky image which distortions of border contain information on roughness characteristics and serve as the indicator of its variability. The research offers the method for determining energy spectra of wind waves in accordance with the second statistical moment of Snell's window image. The results of testing of the offered method are provided based on natural images registered in the course of trip to the Black Sea under conditions of different wind and wave environment for clear surface and surface covered by surfactant films. For both cases frequency spectra of surface slopes are recovered and their good coincidence to the spectra received by processing of signals from a string wave recorder is established. Efficiency of application of the offered method for tasks of remote monitoring and environmental control of natural reservoirs is shown.

Gemini 4 prime crew with Official medical nurse for Astronaut crew members

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1965-01-01

Gemini 4 prime crew, Astronauts Edward H. White II, (left), and James A. McDivitt (right) are shown with Lt. Dolores (Dee) O'Hare, US Air Force, Center Medical Office, Flight Medicine Branch, Manned Spaceflight Center (MSC). Lieutenant O'Hare has served during several space flights as Official medical nurse for the astronaut crew members on the missions.

46 CFR 160.052-3a - Materials-Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) EQUIPMENT, CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Unicellular Plastic Foam, Adult and Child § 160.052-3a... must be attached to a support and bear 150 pounds for an adult size and 115 pounds for a child size for...

High School Graduation Rates of Potential First Generation College Students: A Qualitative Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dansby, Jacqueline O.; Dansby-Giles, Gloria

2011-01-01

Educational reform in the United States has focused on several factors such as academic achievement, performance on standardized test scores, dropout rates, the mandate of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 (Dee and Jacob, 2010) and other changes. A new call for a broader and bolder strategy for educational reform that focused on…

Significant Learning Experiences for English Foreign Language Students (Experiencias significativas para estudiantes de inglés como lengua extranjera)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Becerra, Luz María; McNulty, Maria

2010-01-01

This action research examines experiences that students in a grade 10 EFL class had with redesigning a grammar-unit into a topic-based unit. Strategies were formulating significant learning goals and objectives, and implementing and reflecting on activities with three dimensions of Dee Fink's (2003) taxonomy of significant learning: the human…

Range Precision of LADAR Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-01

photodetector, which is small compared to the receiver aperture. The photodetector converts the focused optical field into an electrical signal...Range Precision of LADAR Systems DISSERTATION Steven Johnson, AFIT/DEE/ENG/08-15 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR UNIVERSITY AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF...TECHNOLOGY Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. The views expressed in this dissertation are those

Pornography and Sexual Aggression

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-01

Dial-a- Porn .......................................8a Videocassettes.................................... 9 Pornographic Magazines...well known pornographic film, DeeR Throat, cost only M25,000 to produce, and has earned more than $50 million in profits.10 DIAL-A- PORN Dial-a- Porn has...Estimated costs for establishing a twenty-five dial-a- porn utility, including advertising, is $25,000.1 1 A typical dial-a- porn recording delivers an

SHOWN WITH NURSE - ASTRONAUT EDWARD H. WHITE II - MISC. - CAPE

NASA Image and Video Library

1965-06-01

S65-29657 (June 1965) --- Gemini-4 prime crew, astronauts Edward H. White II (left), and James A. McDivitt are shown with Lt. Dolores (Dee) O'Hare, US Air Force, Center Medical Office, Flight Medicine Branch, Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC). Lieutenant O'Hare has served during several spaceflights as official medical nurse for the astronaut crew members on the missions.

--No Title--

Science.gov Websites

{background-color:#d7dee6}.table-hover>tbody>tr.selected>td,.table-hover>tbody>tr.selected> ;th,.table-hover>tbody>tr:hover>td,.table-hover>tbody>tr:hover>th{background-color :#243c54;color:#fff;cursor:pointer}.affix{position:fixed;top:0;z-index:999}.lead,body,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6

Search efforts for ivory-billed woodpecker in South Carolina

Treesearch

Matthew Moskwik; Theresa Thom; Laurel M. Barnhill; Craig Watson; Jennifer Koches; John Kilgo; Bill Hulslander; Colette Degarady; Gary. Peters

2013-01-01

Following the reported rediscovery of Campephilus principalis (Ivory-billed Woodpecker) in Arkansas, we initiated searches in South Carolina in February 2006, with additional searches in the winter and spring of 2006–2007 and 2007–2008, concentrating in the Congaree, Santee, and Pee Dee river basins. We accrued a cumulative total of 8893 survey hours...

Individual differences and repeatability in vocal production: stress-induced calling exposes a songbird's personality.

PubMed

Guillette, Lauren M; Sturdy, Christopher B

2011-11-01

Recent research in songbirds has demonstrated that male singing behavior varies systematically with personality traits such as exploration and risk taking. Here we examine whether the production of bird calls, in addition to bird songs, is repeatable and related to exploratory behavior, using the black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) as a model. We assessed the exploratory behavior of individual birds in a novel environment task. We then recorded the vocalizations and accompanying motor behavior of both male and female chickadees, over the course of several days, in two different contexts: a control condition with no playback and a stressful condition where chick-a-dee mobbing calls were played to individual birds. We found that several vocalizations and behaviors were repeatable within both a control and a stressful context, and across contexts. While there was no relationship between vocal output and exploratory behavior in the control context, production of alarm and chick-a-dee calls in the stressful condition was positively associated with exploratory behavior. These findings are important because they show that bird calls, in addition to bird song, are an aspect of personality, in that calls are consistent both within and across contexts, and covary with other personality measures (exploration).

Modulation of endothelial GSH concentrations: effect of exogenous GSH and GSH monoethyl ester

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tsan, M.F.; White, J.E.; Rosano, C.L.

We studied the effects of exogenous glutathione (GSH) and GSH monoethyl ester (GSH-MEE) on the enhancement of endothelial GSH concentrations. The preparation of GSH-MEE used contained 91% GSH-MEE, approximately 9% GSH diethyl ester (GSH-DEE) and a trace amount of GSH. Both GSH and GSH-MEE markedly stimulated the intracellular concentrations of GSH in endothelial cells. GSH-MEE was more potent than GSH. The enhancement of endothelial GSH concentration by exogenous GSH was completely inhibited by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a potent inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase, or acivicin (AT-125), an inhibitor of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, suggesting that it was due to the extracellular breakdown andmore » subsequent intracellular resynthesis of GSH. In contrast, the effect of GSH-MEE was largely resistant to BSO and acivicin, suggesting that it was primarily due to transport of GSH-MEE followed by intracellular hydrolysis. The GSH-MEE preparation, which contained 9% GSH-DEE, at concentrations of 2 mM or higher caused vacuolization of endothelial cells. The enhancement of GSH concentrations by exogenous GSH, but not by GSH-MEE, protected endothelial cells against H/sub 2/O/sub 2/-induced injury.« less

Individual differences and repeatability in vocal production: stress-induced calling exposes a songbird's personality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guillette, Lauren M.; Sturdy, Christopher B.

2011-11-01

Recent research in songbirds has demonstrated that male singing behavior varies systematically with personality traits such as exploration and risk taking. Here we examine whether the production of bird calls, in addition to bird songs, is repeatable and related to exploratory behavior, using the black-capped chickadee ( Poecile atricapillus) as a model. We assessed the exploratory behavior of individual birds in a novel environment task. We then recorded the vocalizations and accompanying motor behavior of both male and female chickadees, over the course of several days, in two different contexts: a control condition with no playback and a stressful condition where chick-a-dee mobbing calls were played to individual birds. We found that several vocalizations and behaviors were repeatable within both a control and a stressful context, and across contexts. While there was no relationship between vocal output and exploratory behavior in the control context, production of alarm and chick-a-dee calls in the stressful condition was positively associated with exploratory behavior. These findings are important because they show that bird calls, in addition to bird song, are an aspect of personality, in that calls are consistent both within and across contexts, and covary with other personality measures (exploration).

DFT study on the adsorption of diethyl, ethyl methyl, and dimethyl ethers on the surface of gallium doped graphene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shokuhi Rad, Ali; Sani, Emad; Binaeian, Ehsan; Peyravi, Majid; Jahanshahi, Mohsen

2017-04-01

In this study, we used density functional theory (DFT) to search on the adsorption properties of three important compounds of ether family; diethyl ether (DEE), ethyl methyl ether (EME), and dimethyl ether (DME) on the surface of Gallium doped graphene (GaG). We used three functionals (B3LYP, wb97xd, and MPW1PW91) for optimization and calculation of adsorption energy. After fully optimization, we scrutinized on the charge allocations on the adsorbed ethers as well as GaG (at the area of interaction) based on natural bond orbitals (NBO). Besides, we have calculated the amount of charge transfer upon adsorption of each analyte. We revel that GaG is an ideal adsorbent for chemisorption of all above-mentioned ethers. There is a little difference between the values of adsorption; -123.5, -120, and -118.3 kJ/mol (based on wb97xd) for DEE, EME, and DME, respectively. We found significant changes in the electronic structure of both adsorbent and adsorbate upon adsorption. Moreover, results of charge analyses confirm GaG is a p-type semiconductor.

John Dee and the alchemists: Practising and promoting English alchemy in the Holy Roman Empire

PubMed Central

Rampling, Jennifer M.

2012-01-01

This paper investigates John Dee’s relationship with two kinds of alchemist: the authorities whose works he read, and the contemporary practitioners with whom he exchanged texts and ideas. Both strands coincide in the reception of works attributed to the famous English alchemist, George Ripley (d. c. 1490). Dee’s keen interest in Ripley appears from the number of transcriptions he made of ‘Ripleian’ writings, including the Bosome book, a manuscript discovered in 1574 and believed to have been written in Ripley’s own hand. In 1583, Dee and his associate Edward Kelley left England for East Central Europe, taking with them a proportion of Dee’s vast library, including alchemical books—the contents of which would soon pique the interest of continental practitioners. Kelley used Ripley’s works, including the Bosome book, not only as sources of practical information, but as a means of furthering his own relationships with colleagues and patrons: transactions that in turn influenced Ripley’s posthumous continental reception. The resulting circulation of texts allows us to trace, with unusual precision, the spread of English alchemical ideas in the Holy Roman Empire from the late sixteenth century.

Artocarpus heterophyllus L. seed starch-blended gellan gum mucoadhesive beads of metformin HCl.

PubMed

Nayak, Amit Kumar; Pal, Dilipkumar; Santra, Kousik

2014-04-01

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., family: Moraceae) seed starch (JFSS)-gellan gum (GG) mucoadhesive beads containing metformin HCl were developed through ionotropic gelation technique. The effect of GG to JFSS ratio and CaCl2 concentration on the drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE, %) and cumulative drug release at 10h (R10h, %) was optimized and analyzed using response surface methodology based on 3(2) factorial design. The optimized JFSS-GG beads containing metformin HCl showed DEE of 92.67±4.46%, R10h of 61.30±2.37%, and mean diameter of 1.67±0.27 mm. The optimized beads showed pH-dependent swelling and mucoadhesivity with the goat intestinal mucosa. The in vitro drug release from all these JFSS-GG beads containing metformin HCl was followed zero-order pattern (R(2)=0.9907-0.9975) with super case-II transport mechanism over a period of 10 h. The beads were also characterized by SEM and FTIR. The optimized JFSS-GG beads containing metformin HCl exhibited significant hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats over prolonged period after oral administration. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends (BEST) Program: Environmental contaminants, health indicators, and reproductive biomarkers in fish from the Mobile, Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint, Savannah, and Pee Dee River Basins

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hinck, Jo Ellen; Blazer, Vicki; Denslow, Nancy D.; Echols, Kathy R.; Gale, Robert W.; May, Tom W.; Claunch, Rachael; Wieser, Carla; Anderson, Patrick J.; Coyle, James J.; Gross, Timothy S.; Tillitt, Donald E.

2007-01-01

Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were collected from 13 sites in 4 river basins in the southeastern United States to document spatial trends in accumulative contaminants, health indicators, and reproductive biomarkers. Organochlorine residues, 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-like activity (TCDD-EQ), and elemental contaminants were measured in composite samples of whole fish, grouped by species and gender, from each site. Fish were field-examined for external and internal anomalies, selected organs were weighed to compute somatic indices, and tissue and fluid samples were preserved for fish health and reproductive biomarker analyses. Mercury concentrations in bass samples from all sites exceeded toxicity thresholds for mammals [>0.1 micrograms per gram wet weight (ug/g ww)], fish (>0.2 ug/g ww), and birds (>0.3 ug/g ww) and were greatest (>0.5 ug/g ww) in samples from the Alabama River at Eureka Landing, Alabama; the Mobile River at Bucks, Alabama; the Apalachicola River at Blountstown, Florida; the Savannah River at Sylvania, Georgia; and the Pee Dee River at Bucksport, South Carolina. Selenium concentrations were relatively high (>0.75 ug/g ww) in fish from the Tombigbee River at Lavaca, Alabama; the Mobile River at Bucks; and the Chattahoochee River at Omaha, Georgia compared to those from other sites. Concentrations of 2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)- 1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) were high in fish from the Chattahoochee River at Omaha and the Mobile River near Bucks, which was near a 2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-1,1- dichloroethylene (DDT) formulating facility that historically discharged into the lower Mobile River. Toxaphene concentrations in fish from the Flint River near Albany, Georgia (60-100 nanograms per gram (ng/g) ww) may pose a risk to fish. Concentrations of other formerly used (total chlordanes, dieldrin, endrin, aldrin, mirex, and hexachlorobenzene) and currently used (pentachlorobenzene, pentachloroanisole, dacthal, endosulfan, y-HCH, and methoxychlor) organochlorine residues generally were low or did not exceed toxicity thresholds. Total polychlorinated biphenyls concentrations in samples from the Coosa River at Childersburg, Alabama; the Apalachicola River at Omaha; the Apalachicola River at Blountstown; and the Pee Dee River at Bucksport were >480 ng/g ww and may be a risk to piscivorous wildlife. Dioxin-like activity as measured by TCDD-EQ was greatest [>10 picograms per gram (pg/g)] in male fish from the Coosa River at Childersburg and the Mobile River at Bucks. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity generally was greatest in carp from the Mobile River Basin [means >10 picomols per minute per milligram of protein (pmol/min/mg)] and in bass from the Tombigbee River at Lavaca and Pee Dee River at Pee Dee, South Carolina (means >65 pmol/min/mg). Altered biomarkers were noted in fish from all basins. The field necropsy and histopathological examination determined that fish from the Mobile River Basin generally were in poorer health than those from the other basins. In bass, health assessment index scores were correlated with mercury and p,p'-DDE concentrations. High health assessment index scores in Mobile River Basin fish were widespread and caused primarily by parasitic infestations, which were most severe in fish from the Tombigbee River at Lavaca and the Alabama River at Eureka Landing. Tumors were present in few fish (n = 5; 0.01%). Ovarian tumors of the same origin (smooth muscle) were present in two older carp from the Chattahoochee River near Omaha, Georgia and may be contaminant related. Reproductive biomarkers including gonadosomatic index, vitellogenin concentrations, and steroid hormone concentrations were anomalous in fish from various sites but were not consistently related to any particular chemical contaminant. Intersex gonads were identified in 47 male bass (42%) representing 12 sites and may indicate exposure to endocrine disrupting comp

Living fast, dying when? The link between aging and energetics.

PubMed

Speakman, John R; Selman, Colin; McLaren, Jane S; Harper, E Jean

2002-06-01

The idea that aging should be linked to energy expenditure has a long history that can be traced to the late 1800s and the industrial revolution. Machines that are run fast wear out more quickly, so the notion was born that humans and animals might experience similar fates: the faster they live (expressed as greater energy expenditure), the sooner they die. Evidence supporting the "rate-of-living" theory was gleaned from the scaling of resting metabolism and life span as functions of body mass. The product of these factors yields a mass-invariant term, equivalent to the "amount of living." There are at least four problems with this evidence, which are summarized and reviewed in this communication: 1) life span is a poor measure of aging, 2) resting metabolism is a poor measure of energy expenditure, 3) the effects are confounded by body mass and 4) the comparisons made are not phylogenetically independent. We demonstrate that there is a poor association between resting metabolic rate (RMR) and daily energy expenditure (DEE) measured using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method at the level of species. Nevertheless, the scaling relation between DEE and body mass still has the same scaling exponent as the RMR and body mass relationship. Thus, if we use DEE rather than RMR in the analysis, the rate-of-living ideas are still supported. Data for 13 species of small mammal were obtained, where energy demands by DLW and longevity were reliably known. In these species, there was a strong negative relationship between residual longevity and residual DEE, both with the effects of body mass removed (r(2) = 0.763, F = 32.1, P < 0.001). Hence, the association of energy demands and life span is not attributed to the confounding effects of body size. We subjected these latter data to an analysis that extracts phylogenetically independent contrasts, and the relationship remained significant (r(2) = 0.815, F = 39.74, P < 0.001). Small mammals that live fast really do die young. However, there are very large differences between species in the amounts of living that each enjoy and these disparities are even greater when other taxa are included in the comparisons. Such differences are incompatible with the "rate-of-living" theory. However, the link between energetics and aging across species is reconcilable within the framework of the "free-radical damage hypothesis" and the "disposable soma hypothesis." Within species one might anticipate the rate-of-living model would be more appropriate. We reviewed data generated from three different sources to evaluate whether this were so, studies in which metabolic rate is experimentally increased and impacts on life span followed, studies of caloric restriction and studies where links between natural variation in metabolism and life span are sought. This review reveals that there might be contrasting effects of resting and nonresting energy expenditure on aging, with increases in the former being protective and increases in the latter being harmful.

Inverse Scattering and Applications. Proceedings of Conference on Inverse Scattering on the Line, Held in Amherst, Massachusetts on June 7 - 13, 1990

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-01-01

J. Laurie Snell S. A. Amitsur, D. J. Saltman, and 2 Proceedings of the conference on G. B. Seligman , Editors integration, topology, and geometry in...Rational constructions of modules 17 Nonlinear partial differential equations. for simple Lie algebras, George B. Joel A. Smoller, Editor Seligman 18...number theory, Michael R. Stein and Linda Keen, Editor R. Keith Dennis, Editors 65 Logic and combinatorics, Stephen G. 84 Partition problems in

Fast Determination of the Element Excitation of an Active Phased Array Antenna

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-03-01

elementenexcitatie te, bepalen: de amplitude en fase van het elektrische ven-e veld moeten gemeten warden in slechts I richting in het verre veld van de ...Page 3 rapport no FEL-91-BO38 titel Een snelle bepaling van de excitatie van de elenienten van cen actieve phased array antenne auteur(s) I. J.G. van...van der Spek Onderzoek uItgevoerd door Ir. J.G. van Hezewijk SAMENVATIING (ONGERUBRICEERD) Het verre veld stralingsdiagram van een actieve phased array

Ray tracing analysis of overlapping objects in refraction contrast imaging.

PubMed

Hirano, Masatsugu; Yamasaki, Katsuhito; Okada, Hiroshi; Sakurai, Takashi; Kondoh, Takeshi; Katafuchi, Tetsuro; Sugimura, Kazuro; Kitazawa, Sohei; Kitazawa, Riko; Maeda, Sakan; Tamura, Shinichi

2005-08-01

We simulated refraction contrast imaging in overlapping objects using the ray tracing method. The easiest case, in which two columnar objects (blood vessels) with a density of 1.0 [g/cm3], run at right angles in air, was calculated. For absorption, we performed simulation using the Snell law adapted to the object's boundary. A pair of bright and dark spot results from the interference of refracted X-rays where the blood vessels crossed. This has the possibility of increasing the visibility of the image.

Protein Crystal Quality Studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1998-01-01

Eddie Snell (standing), Post-Doctoral Fellow the National Research Council (NRC),and Marc Pusey of Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) use a reciprocal space mapping diffractometer for marcromolecular crystal quality studies. The diffractometer is used in mapping the structure of marcromolecules such as proteins to determine their structure and thus understand how they function with other proteins in the body. This is one of several analytical tools used on proteins crystalized on Earth and in space experiments. Photo credit: NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)

Social Enterprise and Re-Civilization of Human Endeavors: Re-Socializing the Market Metaphor or Encroaching Colonization of the Lifeworld?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Humphries, Maria; Grant, Suzanne

2005-01-01

An implicit normalization of the capitalist market model--in both the facilitation of human endeavors and our relationship to the earth--is clearly evident in the work of J. Gregory Dees, as it is in much organizational theory and education. To better understand the effects of this market mentality, a more critical approach to Social…

46 CFR 160.047-3a - Materials-Dee ring and snap hook assemblies and other instruments of closure for buoyant vests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) EQUIPMENT, CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Specification for a Buoyant Vest, Kapok or Fibrous Glass, Adult and Child § 160.047-3a... must be attached to a support and bear 150 pounds for an adult size and 115 pounds for a child size for...

Characterization of resistance genes to rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in a “Green Revolution” rice variety

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The indica rice variety Dee Geo Woo Gen (DGWG) was the source of the semi-dwarf gene (SD1) which played an important role in the Green Revolution. In the present study, resistance (R) genes to the U.S. race (isolate) IB54 of Magnaporthe oryzae, causal agent of rice blast disease, was investigated. T...

Significant Learning Experiences and Ignatian Pedagogy: A Case Study of Curricula, Academic Practices, and Graduate Outcomes in Jesuit Universities' Honors Programs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pampel, Robert

2017-01-01

This qualitative, multisite case study used Dee Fink's taxonomy of significant learning as a lens through which to examine the curricular structure, academic practices, and graduate outcomes for honors programs at Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States. Special attention was given to the distinctive quality of Ignatian pedagogy and…

Air Force Institute of Technology Research Report 2008

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-05-01

Chapter) Instructor of the Year, March 2008. PETERSON , GILBERT L. Air Force Junior Scientist of the Year, September 2008. RAINES, RICHARD A...DIRECTORATE RODRIGUEZ, BENJAMIN M., II, JPEG Steganography Embedding Methods. AFIT/DEE/ENG/08-20. Faculty Advisor: Dr. Gilbert L. Peterson . Sponsor...Faculty Advisor: Dr. Gilbert L. Peterson . Sponsor: AFRL/RY. GIRARD, JASON A., Material Perturbations to Enhance Performance of the Theile Half-Width

Mutations in PROP1 cause familial combined pituitary hormone deficiency.

PubMed

Wu, W; Cogan, J D; Pfäffle, R W; Dasen, J S; Frisch, H; O'Connell, S M; Flynn, S E; Brown, M R; Mullis, P E; Parks, J S; Phillips, J A; Rosenfeld, M G

1998-02-01

Combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) in man denotes impaired production of growth hormone (GH) and one or more of the other five anterior pituitary hormones. Mutations of the pituitary transcription factor gene POU1F1 (the human homologue of mouse Pit1) are responsible for deficiencies of GH, prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in Snell and Jackson dwarf mice and in man, while the production of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is preserved. The Ames dwarf (df) mouse displays a similar phenotype, and appears to be epistatic to Snell and Jackson dwarfism. We have recently positionally cloned the putative Ames dwarf gene Prop1, which encodes a paired-like homeodomain protein that is expressed specifically in embryonic pituitary and is necessary for Pit1 expression. In this report, we have identified four CPHD families with homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for inactivating mutations of PROP1. These mutations in the human PROP1 gene result in a gene product with reduced DNA-binding and transcriptional activation ability in comparison to the product of the murine df mutation. In contrast to individuals with POU1F1 mutations, those with PROP1 mutations cannot produce LH and FSH at a sufficient level and do not enter puberty spontaneously. Our results identify a major cause of CPHD in humans and suggest a direct or indirect role for PROP1 in the ontogenesis of pituitary gonadotropes, as well as somatotropes, lactotropes and caudomedial thyrotropes.

Prom Night in Mississippi: A Teacher's Guide with Standards-Based Lessons for Grades 7 and up

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Holladay, Jennifer

2009-01-01

When Morris Dees was a young man in Alabama, the law said that black people couldn't drink from the same water fountain as white people, or sit at the same lunch counter. Back then, the government created and sanctioned divisions between human beings. The Civil Rights Movement changed all of that, of course, and ended state-mandated apartheid in…

Putting the Horse Back in Front of the Cart: Using Visions and Decisions about High-Quality Learning Experiences to Drive Course Design

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Allen, Deborah; Tanner, Kimberly

2007-01-01

This article discusses a systematic approach to designing significant learning experiences, often referred to as the "backward design process," which has been popularized by Wiggins and McTighe (1998) and is included as a central feature of L. Dee Fink's model for integrated course design (Fink, 2003). The process is referred to as backward…

Digges, Leonard (c 1520-c 1559) and Digges, Thomas (1545/6-95)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murdin, P.

2000-11-01

Both were English astronomers, opticians and military engineers. Thomas was born in Wotton, Kent, England, and incorporated his father's work on optics and ballistics into his own publications. He was tutored by JOHN DEE. In 1573 Thomas Digges published Alae seu Scalae Mathematicae, a work on the position of the supernova of 1572, showing it had no parallax, i.e. was at a great distance, beyond t...

Customized Learning: Potential Air Force Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

Technology in Education, Vol. 41, No. 2, Winter 2008–2009, pp. 143–159. Dee, Lesley, Cristina Devecchi, Lani Florian, and Steve Cochrane, Being, Having and...225–231. Krasner, Steve , ed., Learning Styles, Connecticut State Department of Education, SERC Library, 2002. As of September 30, 2009: http...Training Command, February 18, 2009. Torrance, Harry, Helen Colley, Dean Garratt, Janis Jarvis , Heather Piper, Kathryn Ecclestone, and David James, The

A Phoswich Detector System to Measure Sub-Second Half-Lives using ICF Reactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coats, Micah; Cook, Katelyn; Yuly, Mark; Padalino, Stephen; Sangster, Craig; Regan, Sean

2017-10-01

The 3H(t,γ)6He cross section has not been measured at any bombarding energy due to the difficulties of simultaneously producing both a tritium beam and target at accelerator labs. An alternative technique may be to use an ICF tt implosion at the OMEGA Laser Facility. The 3H(t,γ)6He cross section could be determined in situ by measuring the beta decay of 6He beginning a few milliseconds after the shot along with other ICF diagnostics. A dE-E phoswich system capable of surviving in the OMEGA target chamber was tested using the SUNY Geneseo pelletron to create neutrons via 2H(d,n)3He and subsequently 6He via 9Be(n,α)6He in a beryllium target. The phoswich dE-E detector system was used to select beta decay events and measure the 807 ms half-life of 6He. It is composed of a thin, 2 ns decay time dE scintillator optically coupled to a thick, 285 ns E scintillator, with a linear gate to separate the short dE pulse from the longer E tail. Funded in part by a Grant from the DOE through the Laboratory for Laser Energetics.

Discovery and physical characterization of a large scattered disk object at 92 au

DOE PAGES

Gerdes, D. W.; Sako, M.; Hamilton, S.; ...

2017-04-10

We report the observation and physical characterization of the possible dwarf planet 2014 UZmore » $$_{224}$$ ("DeeDee"), a dynamically detached trans-Neptunian object discovered at 92 AU. This object is currently the second-most distant known trans-Neptunian object with reported orbital elements, surpassed in distance only by the dwarf planet Eris. The object was discovered with an $r$-band magnitude of 23.0 in data collected by the Dark Energy Survey between 2014 and 2016. Its 1140-year orbit has $$(a,e,i) = (109~\\mathrm{AU},2 0.54, 26.8^{\\circ})$$. It will reach its perihelion distance of 38 AU in the year 2142. Integrations of its orbit show it to be dynamically stable on Gyr timescales, with only weak interactions with Neptune. We have performed followup observations with ALMA, using 3 hours of on-source integration time to measure the object's thermal emission in the Rayleigh-Jeans tail. As a result, the signal is detected at 7$$\\sigma$$ significance, from which we determine a $V$-band albedo of $$18.0^{+4.0}_{-2.9}\\mathrm{(stat)}^{+1.5}_{-1.2}\\mathrm{(sys)}$$ percent and a diameter of $$541^{+47}_{-51}\\mathrm{(stat)}^{+19}_{-20}\\mathrm{(sys)}$$~km, assuming a spherical body with uniform surface properties.« less

Discovery and physical characterization of a large scattered disk object at 92 au

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gerdes, D. W.; Sako, M.; Hamilton, S.

We report the observation and physical characterization of the possible dwarf planet 2014 UZmore » $$_{224}$$ ("DeeDee"), a dynamically detached trans-Neptunian object discovered at 92 AU. This object is currently the second-most distant known trans-Neptunian object with reported orbital elements, surpassed in distance only by the dwarf planet Eris. The object was discovered with an $r$-band magnitude of 23.0 in data collected by the Dark Energy Survey between 2014 and 2016. Its 1140-year orbit has $$(a,e,i) = (109~\\mathrm{AU},2 0.54, 26.8^{\\circ})$$. It will reach its perihelion distance of 38 AU in the year 2142. Integrations of its orbit show it to be dynamically stable on Gyr timescales, with only weak interactions with Neptune. We have performed followup observations with ALMA, using 3 hours of on-source integration time to measure the object's thermal emission in the Rayleigh-Jeans tail. As a result, the signal is detected at 7$$\\sigma$$ significance, from which we determine a $V$-band albedo of $$18.0^{+4.0}_{-2.9}\\mathrm{(stat)}^{+1.5}_{-1.2}\\mathrm{(sys)}$$ percent and a diameter of $$541^{+47}_{-51}\\mathrm{(stat)}^{+19}_{-20}\\mathrm{(sys)}$$~km, assuming a spherical body with uniform surface properties.« less

RF control hardware design for CYCIAE-100 cyclotron

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yin, Zhiguo; Fu, Xiaoliang; Ji, Bin; Zhao, Zhenlu; Zhang, Tianjue; Li, Pengzhan; Wei, Junyi; Xing, Jiansheng; Wang, Chuan

2015-11-01

The Beijing Radioactive Ion-beam Facility project is being constructed by BRIF division of China Institute of Atomic Energy. In this project, a 100 MeV high intensity compact proton cyclotron is built for multiple applications. The first successful beam extraction of CYCIAE-100 cyclotron was done in the middle of 2014. The extracted proton beam energy is 100 MeV and the beam current is more than 20 μA. The RF system of the CYCIAE-100 cyclotron includes two half-wavelength cavities, two 100 kW tetrode amplifiers and power transmission line systems (all above are independent from each other) and two sets of Low Level RF control crates. Each set of LLRF control includes an amplitude control unit, a tuning control unit, a phase control unit, a local Digital Signal Process control unit and an Advanced RISC Machines based EPICS IOC unit. These two identical LLRF control crates share one common reference clock and take advantages of modern digital technologies (e.g. DSP and Direct Digital Synthesizer) to achieve closed loop voltage and phase regulations of the dee-voltage. In the beam commission, the measured dee-voltage stability of RF system is better than 0.1% and phase stability is better than 0.03°. The hardware design of the LLRF system will be reviewed in this paper.

Bioenergetics assessment of fish and crayfish consumption by river otter (Lontra canadensis): integrating prey availability, diet, and field metabolic rate

USGS Publications Warehouse

Dekar, Matthew P.; Magoulick, Daniel D.; Beringer, J.

2010-01-01

River otters (Lontra canadensis) are important predators in aquatic ecosystems, but few studies quantify their prey consumption. We trapped crayfish monthly as an index of availability and collected otter scat for diet analysis in the Ozark Mountains of northwestern Arkansas, USA. We measured otter daily energy expenditure (DEE) with the doubly labeled water method to develop a bioenergetics model for estimating monthly prey consumption. Meek's crayfish (Orconectes meeki) catch-per-unit-effort was positively related to stream temperature, indicating that crayfish were more available during warmer months. The percentage frequency of occurrence for crayfish in scat samples peaked at 85.0% in summer and was lowest (42.3%) in winter. In contrast, the percentage occurrence of fish was 13.3% in summer and 57.7% in winter. Estimates of DEE averaged 4738 kJ·day-1 for an otter with a body mass of 7842 g. Total biomass consumption ranged from 35 079 to 52 653 g·month-1 (wet mass), corresponding to a high proportion of fish and crayfish in the diet, respectively. Otter consumption represents a large fraction of prey production, indicating potentially strong effects of otters on trophic dynamics in stream ecosystems.

Reliability and validity of the Iranian version of the QAPACE in adolescents.

PubMed

Amiri, Parisa; Jalali-Farahani, Sara; Zarkesh, Maryam; Barzin, Maryam; Kaviani, Robabeh; Ahmadizad, Sajad

2014-08-01

The aim of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Iranian version of the Quantification de l'Activite Physique en Altitude Chez les Enfants (QAPACE) in adolescents. After linguistic validation, the Iranian version of the QAPACE was completed by 359 (52.4 % girls) schoolchildren, aged 15-18 years. Test-retest reliability of the questionnaire was determined by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). For validation purposes, two methods were used for (1) the correlation between VO2peak and the DEE and (2) known-group validity, which was examined by comparing the normal weight adolescents and those who were overweight/obese. ICCs for test-retest ranged from 0.79 to 0.98. The mean scores in test-retest surveys for total score and all of the subscores were significant (p < 0.05). Sex-specific analysis showed a significant correlation between VO2peak and DEE over 12-month, school, and vacation periods in girls (p < 0.05). The mean values for all activities except for transportation, other activities in school, personal artistic activities, sport competition, and home activities were significantly lower in overweight/obese group than normal group. Our results support the initial reliability and validity of the Iranian version of QAPACE as a daily physical activity measure in adolescents.

Dark solitons at nonlinear interfaces.

PubMed

Sánchez-Curto, Julio; Chamorro-Posada, Pedro; McDonald, Graham S

2010-05-01

The refraction of dark solitons at a planar boundary separating two defocusing Kerr media is simulated and analyzed, for the first time (to our knowledge). Analysis is based on the nonlinear Helmholtz equation and is thus valid for any angle of incidence. A new law, governing refraction of black solitons, is combined with one describing bright soliton refraction to yield a generalized Snell's law whose validity is verified numerically. The complexity of gray soliton refraction is also analyzed, and illustrated by a change from external to internal refraction on varying the soliton contrast parameter.

Fermat's principle and the formal equivalence of local light-ray rotation and refraction at the interface between homogeneous media with a complex refractive index ratio.

PubMed

Sundar, Bhuvanesh; Hamilton, Alasdair C; Courtial, Johannes

2009-02-01

We derive a formal description of local light-ray rotation in terms of complex refractive indices. We show that Fermat's principle holds, and we derive an extended Snell's law. The change in the angle of a light ray with respect to the normal of a refractive index interface is described by the modulus of the refractive index ratio; the rotation around the interface normal is described by the argument of the refractive index ratio.

Optics Near the Snell Angle in a Water-to-Air Change of Medium

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

the seawater wedge at the focus of a notional 57.3-mm lens modeled in ZEMAX ® [5]. The boxes are plotted in units of µm, and lens focal length is...lenses had insufficient focal-plane coverage. The ZEMAX spot diagram of this layout is depicted in Fig. 4. It is corrected for the horizon angle...the Fig. 9 ZEMAX layout. It is a two-prism design, but only one prism need be built and carried within the camera, with the forward prism being the

Evaluation of Barrier Treatments on Native Vegetation in a Southern California Desert Habitat

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

B . LOTHROP,3 MELISSA SNELLING,3 ARTURO GUTIERREZ3 AND HUGH D...OF PAGES 10 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT unclassified b . ABSTRACT unclassified c. THIS PAGE unclassified Standard Form 298 (Rev...treatment of artificial surfacesT a b le 2 . C u le x ta rs a li s co ll ec te d in m o sq u it o tr a p s in th e 9 st u d y p lo ts . C o u n ts a

Use of Vibratory Coring Samplers for Sediment Surveys.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-07-01

PAGE ( Man Data R,10#0d,REPORT~~EA INST".T0.P0E’RUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM I. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3...COR COARSE 3BRYOZOA S ND AND LARGE SUAND ANSHELS _ CALCAREOUS SANDSTONE ELTH SHELL b CALCAREOUS SANDSTONE PEBBLES SM AND SHELLSb CASTS AND ABUNDAT...GLAUCONITE FINE ANY LMESTOE WITH S SNELL CASTS AND ABUNDANT GLAUCONlITE 1o 4 15-2 5 206 CORE 34 CORE 3S CORE 36 0 D 48 WO 49 WD 26 jFINE SHELF FACIES

Broad source fringe formation with a Fresnel biprism and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

PubMed

Leon, S C

1987-12-15

A biprism is used to combine identical spatially incoherent wavefronts that have been split by an amplitude splitting interferometer such as the Mach-Zehnder. The performance of this composite interferometer is evaluated by tracing the chief ray through parallel optical systems using Snell's law and trigonometry. Fringes formed in spatially incoherent light with this optical system are compared with those formed using the Mach-Zehnder and grating interferometers. It is shown that the combination can exhibit extended source fringe formation capability greatly exceeding that of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

Work Now and in the Future--3. Proceedings from the Annual Conference for Business and Industry Representatives, Educators and Others Concerned with the Changing World of Work (3rd, Portland, Oregon, November 5-6, 1986).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McClure, Larry; Cotton, Kathleen, Ed.

These proceedings of a conference, which focused on technology and communications in tomorrow's workplace, include the following: synopses of "Learning for Life: Increasing Awareness of Human Capabilities" and the follow-up session "Multiplying Intelligence: What Do We Know about Learning Styles?" (Dee Dickinson); "From Programmed Instruction to…

Use of Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis to Distinguish between Vapor Intrusion and Indoor Sources of VOC

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-01

trichloroethylene USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency UST underground storage tank V-PDB Vienna - Pee Dee Belemnite ACRONYMS AND...compound (e.g., trichloroethylene [TCE]) can vary as a result of differences in their source material or compound synthesis or due to transformation... trichloroethylene [TCE], and benzene) that commonly drive VI investigations; 2) development of a protocol for application of CSIA in VI investigations; and 3

Literature Survey of Underground Construction Methods for Application to Hardened Facilities

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-04-01

Tunnel Supports: oxeutiver Sum pry (Dee. 1979) S SS ppo. NTIS9, P984- 134547. 41 . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58. Selmer - Olsen , Rolf...mountains. Many of the installations are tunneled into rock in the mountainsides which is relatively fault-free and is not prone to flooding during...construction., Often, the rock is so strong that the tunnel walls do not have to be lined. The Scandinavian countries have built many underground or

Use of Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis to Distinguish Between Vapor Intrusion and Indoor Sources of VOCs - CSIA Protocol for Vapor Intrusion Investigations

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-07-01

Analyzer TCE Trichloroethene USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency V- PDB Vienna - Pee Dee Belemnite V-SMOW Vienna – Standard Mean Ocean Water ... PDB ) for carbon, Standard Mean Ocean Chloride (SMOC) for chlorine, and Vienna-Standard Mean Ocean Water (V-SMOW) for hydrogen. CSIA Protocol for...7 3.3 INDOOR AIR SAMPLING LOCATIONS ............................................................ 8 3.4 COLLECTION OF WATER SAMPLES

Comprehensive Final Report for the Marine Seismic System Program

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-08-01

Executive summary g ■ -■• < ".• v>:.* From 1981 through 1983, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency funded the National Science...S. Government. Per Mr. J. A. Ballard, NORDA/Code 360 Accesion For NTIS CRA&I DUG TAB Unannou.iCed Justification G D By Distib...n>r" Analysis of Ambient Seismic Noise Recorded by Downhole and Ocean-Bottom Seismometers on Dee: Sea Drilling Project Leg 78B Richard G

Analysis of Salinity Intrusion in the Waccamaw River and Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, 1995-2002

USGS Publications Warehouse

Conrads, Paul; Roehl, Edwin A.

2007-01-01

Six reservoirs in North Carolina discharge into the Pee Dee River, which flows 160 miles through South Carolina to the coastal communities near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. During the Southeast's record-breaking drought from 1998 to 2003, salinity intrusions inundated a coastal municipal freshwater intake, limiting water supplies. To evaluate the effects of regulated flows of the Pee Dee River on salinity intrusion in the Waccamaw River and Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources and a consortium of stakeholders entered into a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey to apply data-mining techniques to the long-term time series to analyze and simulate salinity dynamics near the freshwater intakes along the Grand Strand of South Carolina. Salinity intrusion in tidal rivers results from the interaction of three principal forces?streamflow, mean tidal water levels, and tidal range. To analyze, model, and simulate hydrodynamic behaviors at critical coastal gages, data-mining techniques were applied to over 20 years of hourly streamflow, coastal water-quality, and water-level data. Artificial neural network models were trained to learn the variable interactions that cause salinity intrusions. Streamflow data from the 18,300-square-mile basin were input to the model as time-delayed variables and accumulated tributary inflows. Tidal inputs to the models were obtained by decomposing tidal water-level data into a 'periodic' signal of tidal range and a 'chaotic' signal of mean water levels. The artificial neural network models were able to convincingly reproduce historical behaviors and generate alternative scenarios of interest. To make the models directly available to all stakeholders along the Pee Dee and Waccamaw Rivers and Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, an easy-to-use decision support system (DSS) was developed as a spreadsheet application that integrates the historical database, artificial neural network models, model controls, streaming graphics, and model output. An additional feature is a built-in optimizer that dynamically calculates the amount of flow needed to suppress salinity intrusions as tidal ranges and water levels vary over days and months. This DSS greatly reduced the number of long-term simulations needed for stakeholders to determine the minimum flow required to adequately protect the freshwater intakes.

Are physical activity, sedentary behaviors and sleep duration associated with body mass index-for-age and health-related quality of life among high school boys and girls?

PubMed

Jalali-Farahani, Sara; Amiri, Parisa; Chin, Yit Siew

2016-02-27

Previous studies reported lower health-related quality of life (HRQOL) scores in overweight and obese adolescents compared to their normal weight counterparts; however, few studies investigated the association between obesity-related behaviors including physical activity and sedentary behaviors and HRQOL in adolescents. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between physical activity, sedentary behaviors, sleep duration and body mass index-for-age (BMI-for-age) and HRQOL among high school Tehranian students. A total of 465 high school students (48.8 % girls) were recruited from three different socio-economic zones in Tehran. The BMI-for-age was determined and physical activity and HRQOL were assessed using validated questionnaires including Quantification de l'Activite Physique en Altitude Chez les Enfants (QAPACE) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) respectively. Over one third of students (38.5 %) were either overweight or obese. The means of all self- and parent-reported HRQOL scores were significantly lower in girls, compared to boys, except for the parent-reported social functioning subscale. Mean hours of daily sleeping were significantly higher in girls, compared to boys (8.16 ± 1.27 vs. 7.73 ± 1.22 respectively; p < 0.05). Both girls and boys spent more time on sedentary activities than engaging in sport activities. During school and vacation periods, boys had significantly higher daily energy expenditure (DEE) compared to girls (p < 0.05). Only DEE during school period had a significant inverse correlation with BMI-for-age in boys but not girls (r = -0.14, p < 0.05). In addition, self-reported HRQOL scores were significantly associated with weekly hours adolescents spent on videogames/internet, listening to music and reading, watching TV, sports as well as DEE through sex-specific patterns. However according to parents' perspective only weekly hours spent on listening to music and readings and sport activities were significantly associated with their children HRQOL scores. In summary, time spent on physical and sedentary activities were not associated with BMI-for-age, although both of these were associated with the HRQOL of high school students. The potential role of sedentary activities and physical activity should be considered in future interventions aimed at improving HRQOL in adolescents.

Diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer risks - evaluation of the meta-analysis by Vermeulen et al. 2014.

PubMed

Morfeld, Peter; Spallek, Michael

2015-01-01

Vermeulen et al. 2014 published a meta-regression analysis of three relevant epidemiological US studies (Steenland et al. 1998, Garshick et al. 2012, Silverman et al. 2012) that estimated the association between occupational diesel engine exhaust (DEE) exposure and lung cancer mortality. The DEE exposure was measured as cumulative exposure to estimated respirable elemental carbon in μg/m(3)-years. Vermeulen et al. 2014 found a statistically significant dose-response association and described elevated lung cancer risks even at very low exposures. We performed an extended re-analysis using different modelling approaches (fixed and random effects regression analyses, Greenland/Longnecker method) and explored the impact of varying input data (modified coefficients of Garshick et al. 2012, results from Crump et al. 2015 replacing Silverman et al. 2012, modified analysis of Moehner et al. 2013). We reproduced the individual and main meta-analytical results of Vermeulen et al. 2014. However, our analysis demonstrated a heterogeneity of the baseline relative risk levels between the three studies. This heterogeneity was reduced after the coefficients of Garshick et al. 2012 were modified while the dose coefficient dropped by an order of magnitude for this study and was far from being significant (P = 0.6). A (non-significant) threshold estimate for the cumulative DEE exposure was found at 150 μg/m(3)-years when extending the meta-analyses of the three studies by hockey-stick regression modelling (including the modified coefficients for Garshick et al. 2012). The data used by Vermeulen and colleagues led to the highest relative risk estimate across all sensitivity analyses performed. The lowest relative risk estimate was found after exclusion of the explorative study by Steenland et al. 1998 in a meta-regression analysis of Garshick et al. 2012 (modified), Silverman et al. 2012 (modified according to Crump et al. 2015) and Möhner et al. 2013. The meta-coefficient was estimated to be about 10-20 % of the main effect estimate in Vermeulen et al. 2014 in this analysis. The findings of Vermeulen et al. 2014 should not be used without reservations in any risk assessments. This is particularly true for the low end of the exposure scale.

Strategic Stability Through the Strategic Defense Initiative

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-03-09

Alliance, pp. 35-36. 23. Ibid. 24. Ibid., p. 37. 25. Steven P. Adragna , On Guard for Victory: Military Doctrine and Ballistic Missile Defense in the USSR...their fundamental policy of survival of the motherland. ENDNOTES 1. Steven P. Adragna , On Guard for Victory: Military Doctrine and Ballistic Missile...Approach to Nuclear Arms Control," Survival, Nov/Dee 1987, p. 494. 5. Adragna , p. 59. 6. Rivkin, p. 495. 7. Johnson, p. 184. 8. Senator Malcomb Wallop

Calculations of the Auger deexcitation rate of dtμ within the muonic quasimolecule (dtμ)dee

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Armour, E. A. G.; Lewis, D. M.; Hara, S.

1992-12-01

A key process in muon-catalyzed fusion is the deexcitation of dtμ within the resonant muonic quasimolecule (dtμ)dee, by emission of an Auger electron. The dtμ in the quasimolecule is initially in a weakly bound excited state with J=1 and v=1. Calculations are carried out of the rate of the dominant transition to the state with J=0 and v=1. Use is made of the dipole matrix element obtained for this transition by Scrinzi and Szalewicz [Phys. Rev. A 39, 2855 (1989)]. Full account is taken of the molecular nature of the quasimolecule. The continuum electronic wave functions for the Auger electron for all four contributing symmetries, i.e., Σ+g, Σ+u, Πu, and Πg, are first obtained by a two-center Coulomb calculation and a static-exchange calculation, extended to include dipole polarization. Comparison is then made with the results of a calculation in which the Σ+μ and Πu wave functions are obtained as in a previous paper by Armour and Lewis [J. Phys. B 23, L25 (1990)] and the Σ+g and Πg wave functions are obtained by the Kohn method. There are significant differences between the contributions from the individual symmetries, but the overall values for the deexcitation rate are all of the same order of magnitude as the results of earlier calculations.

Experimental investigation on the availability, performance, combustion and emission distinctiveness of bael oil/ diesel/ diethyl ether blends powered in a variable compression ratio diesel engine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krishnamoorthi, M.; Malayalamurthi, R.

2018-02-01

The present work aims at experimental investigation on the combined effect of injection timing (IT) and injection pressure (IP) on the performance and emissions characteristics, and exergy analysis of a compression-ignition (CI) engine powered with bael oil blends. The tests were conducted using ternary blends of bael oil, diethyl ether (DEE) and neat diesel (D) at various engine loads at a constant engine speed (1500 rpm). With B2 (60%D + 30%bael oil+10%DEE) fuel, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of the engine is augmented by 3.5%, reduction of 4.7% of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission has been observed at 100% engine load with 250 bar IP. B2 fuel exhibits 7% lower scale of HC emissions compared to that of diesel fuel at 100% engine load in 23 °bTDC IT. The increment in both cooling water and exhaust gas availabilities lead to increasing exergy efficiency with increasing load. The exergy efficiency of about 62.17% has been recorded by B2 fuel at an injection pressure of 230 IP bar with 100% load. On the whole, B2 fuel displays the best performance and combustion characteristics. It also exhibits better characteristics of emissions level in terms of lower HC, smoke opacity and NOx.

Core-shell alginate-ghatti gum modified montmorillonite composite matrices for stomach-specific flurbiprofen delivery.

PubMed

Bera, Hriday; Ippagunta, Sohitha Reddy; Kumar, Sanoj; Vangala, Pavani

2017-07-01

Novel alginate-arabic gum (AG) gel membrane coated alginate-ghatti gum (GG) modified montmorillonite (MMT) composite matrices were developed for intragastric flurbiprofen (FLU) delivery by combining floating and mucoadhesion mechanisms. The clay-biopolymer composite matrices containing FLU as core were accomplished by ionic-gelation technique. Effects of polymer-blend (alginate:GG) ratios and crosslinker (CaCl 2 ) concentrations on drug entrapment efficiency (DEE, %) and cumulative drug release after 8h (Q 8h , %) were studied to optimize the core matrices by a 3 2 factorial design. The optimized matrices (F-O) demonstrated DEE of 91.69±1.43% and Q 8h of 74.96±1.56% with minimum errors in prediction. The alginate-AG gel membrane enveloped optimized matrices (F-O, coated) exhibited superior buoyancy, better ex vivo mucoadhesion and slower drug release rate. The drug release profile of FLU-loaded uncoated and coated optimized matrices was best fitted in Korsmeyer-Peppas model with anomalous diffusion and case-II transport driven mechanism, respectively. The uncoated and coated matrices containing FLU were also characterized for drug-excipients compatibility, drug crystallinity, thermal behaviour and surface morphology. Thus, the newly developed alginate-AG gel membrane coated alginate-GG modified MMT composite matrices are appropriate for intragastric delivery of FLU over an extended period of time with improved therapeutic benefits. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Light ray tracing through a leaf cross section

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kumar, R.; Silva, L. F.

1973-01-01

A light ray, incident at about 5 deg to the normal, is geometrically plotted through the drawing of the cross section of a soybean leaf using Fresnel's equations and Snell's law. The optical mediums of the leaf considered for ray tracing are: air, cell sap, chloroplast, and cell wall. The ray is also drawn through the same leaf cross section with cell wall and air as the only optical mediums. The values of the reflection and transmission found from the ray tracing tests agree closely with the experimental results obtained using a Beckman Dk-2A Spectroreflector.

Refraction corrections for surveying

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lear, W. M.

1979-01-01

Optical measurements of range and elevation angle are distorted by the earth's atmosphere. High precision refraction correction equations are presented which are ideally suited for surveying because their inputs are optically measured range and optically measured elevation angle. The outputs are true straight line range and true geometric elevation angle. The 'short distances' used in surveying allow the calculations of true range and true elevation angle to be quickly made using a programmable pocket calculator. Topics covered include the spherical form of Snell's Law; ray path equations; and integrating the equations. Short-, medium-, and long-range refraction corrections are presented in tables.

Design of electromagnetic refractor and phase transformer using coordinate transformation theory.

PubMed

Lin, Lan; Wang, Wei; Cui, Jianhua; Du, Chunlei; Luo, Xiangang

2008-05-12

We designed an electromagnetic refractor and a phase transformer using form-invariant coordinate transformation of Maxwell's equations. The propagation direction of electromagnetic energy in these devices can be modulated as desired. Unlike the conventional dielectric refractor, electromagnetic fields at our refraction boundary do not conform to the Snell's law in isotropic materials and the impedance at this boundary is matched which makes the reflection extremely low; and the transformation of the wave front from cylindrical to plane can be realized in the phase transformer with a slab structure. Two dimensional finite-element simulations were performed to confirm the theoretical results.

A Generalization of Snell’s Law

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-01

Weinstock [Ref. 2:pp. 20-22]. We know that f(x+h) - f(x) = f’(x)h + higher order terms in h. We apply this to our simplest variational problem by considering...higher order terms . We also define 6J[h] to be the first variation : 8J[h] =f’b (Fy h + Fyh ’)& Setting the first variation equal to zero, and integrating...tC.’~.’’ 82 16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION o r-’ ~ A I~ ~rt~i ra -Ir C’t t.t ) o 17, COSATI CODES 18, SyBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary

Right-Rapid-Rough

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lawrence, Craig

2003-01-01

IDEO (pronounced 'eye-dee-oh') is an international design, engineering, and innovation firm that has developed thousands of products and services for clients across a wide range of industries. Its process and culture attracted the attention of academics, businesses, and journalists around the world, and are the subject of a bestselling book, The Art of Innovation by Tom Kelley. One of the keys to IDEO's success is its use of prototyping as a tool for rapid innovation. This story covers some of IDEO's projects, and gives reasons for why they were successful.

Comparison Test of the Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT), M978 Tanker

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-02-01

transmission shall include the following (MIL-T-PD-977, para 3.4.5.1): (1) A downshift inhibitor system that prevents driver shift control action from...DIRECTION HI 8 Peg. WIND SPEED: 9 KNOTS TAPE RECORDER: B&K 7006 IOCTAVE ANALYZER I BtK ?ni SOUND LEVEL METER: MICROPHONE: BUK ItISS...ISKY COVER: I CLEAR TAPE RECORDER: B&K 7006 IOCTAVE ANALYZER: I BtK 2131 WIND DIRECTION I ?18 Dee . SOUND LEVEL METER STATIONARY

Electromagnetic Field Control and Optimization Using Metamaterials

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-01

Popović, and K. Hingerl. “Imperfect cloak- ing devices based on metamaterials,” Acta Physica Polonica A , 112(5):1083– 1088, 2007. 148 44. Jiang, Wei X...f. Jcpq Date Accepted: ... M ( A T~ 󈧢 S’t’P 2 GCt:f M. U. Thomas Date Dean, Graduate School of Engineering and Management APIT/DEE/ENG/09-13...dictated by the theory are inhomogeneous, anisotropic, and, in some instances, singular at various locations. In order for a cloak to be practically

Measurement of axial injection displacement with trim coil current unbalance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Covo, Michel Kireeff, E-mail: mkireeffcovo@lbl.gov

The Dee probe used for measuring internal radial beam intensity shows large losses inside the radius of 20 cm of the 88 in. cyclotron. The current of the top and bottom innermost trim coil 1 is unbalanced to study effects of the axial injection displacement. A beam profile monitor images the ion beam bunches, turn by turn. The experimental bunch center of mass position is compared with calculations of the magnetic mirror effect displacement and shows good agreement.

The Maritime Environment, International Conference and Exhibition "Waste Water Treatment Technologies for Ships"

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-01-01

PEN 00 IJJ0 * PO PCg 0 M1 PM10 0M PON 0 PON *-4-) *% z * FIN* 0 -m PENA wo roe PORN OPW Ina 0 POO 0 Poo u U 0 ; 4-o sow 0P.4 P.4 OPM40 Poo Pssm-+NaPMO...than trying to guarantee, that even our children’s children can still enjoy beaches like this DEE -SYSE - MCL ’ESTPASSEGSA D-26120LZOEN I-RC ST eeon

A novel pH-dependant and double crosslinked polymethacrylate-based polysphere matrix for enteric delivery of isoniazid.

PubMed

Cooppan, Shivaan; Choonara, Yahya E; du Toit, Lisa C; Ndesendo, Valence M K; Kumar, Pradeep; Pillay, Viness

2013-01-01

This study aimed at developing double crosslinked isoniazid (INH)-loaded polymethyl-methacrylate-ethylcellulose (PMMA-EC) polyspheres for rate-controlled enteric drug delivery. A PMMA solution was manipulated with the addition of EC to produce polyspheres by drop-wise extrusion into a primary crosslinking solution of AlCl3 (25% w/v), before adding a second crosslinking solution of either 30% w/v BaCl2 (polysphere Batch A) or 30% w/v MgCl2 (polysphere Batch B). The polyspheres were then subjected to FTIR spectroscopic analysis, in vitro drug release studies, drug entrapment efficiency (DEE) determination as well as surface area and porositometric investigations. Molecular Mechanics (MM) simulations elucidated the interaction between the cations and the PMMA-EC combination. FTIR spectra revealed an affinity of PMMA for Ba(2+), Mg(2+) and Al(3+). SEM showed smooth robust polyspheres ranging between 4-6 mm. Porositometric analysis established that polysphere Batch A had larger pores (315.314 Åabs) than Batch B (234.603 Åabs). Drug release profiles from polysphere Batch A displayed burst release with 50% INH released within 2 h (N = 3) that was attributable to the larger ionic radius of the second crosslinker Ba(2+) compared Mg(2+) which was employed for polysphere Batch B. The latter produced polyspheres with superior control in INH release (<25% within 2 h) (N = 3) and a higher DEE with minimal pore formation. The experimental findings were well corroborated by the MM simulations.

The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives

PubMed Central

Garland, Theodore; Schutz, Heidi; Chappell, Mark A.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Meek, Thomas H.; Copes, Lynn E.; Acosta, Wendy; Drenowatz, Clemens; Maciel, Robert C.; van Dijk, Gertjan; Kotz, Catherine M.; Eisenmann, Joey C.

2011-01-01

Mammals expend energy in many ways, including basic cellular maintenance and repair, digestion, thermoregulation, locomotion, growth and reproduction. These processes can vary tremendously among species and individuals, potentially leading to large variation in daily energy expenditure (DEE). Locomotor energy costs can be substantial for large-bodied species and those with high-activity lifestyles. For humans in industrialized societies, locomotion necessary for daily activities is often relatively low, so it has been presumed that activity energy expenditure and DEE are lower than in our ancestors. Whether this is true and has contributed to a rise in obesity is controversial. In humans, much attention has centered on spontaneous physical activity (SPA) or non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), the latter sometimes defined so broadly as to include all energy expended due to activity, exclusive of volitional exercise. Given that most people in Western societies engage in little voluntary exercise, increasing NEAT may be an effective way to maintain DEE and combat overweight and obesity. One way to promote NEAT is to decrease the amount of time spent on sedentary behaviours (e.g. watching television). The effects of voluntary exercise on other components of physical activity are highly variable in humans, partly as a function of age, and have rarely been studied in rodents. However, most rodent studies indicate that food consumption increases in the presence of wheels; therefore, other aspects of physical activity are not reduced enough to compensate for the energetic cost of wheel running. Most rodent studies also show negative effects of wheel access on body fat, especially in males. Sedentary behaviours per se have not been studied in rodents in relation to obesity. Several lines of evidence demonstrate the important role of dopamine, in addition to other neural signaling networks (e.g. the endocannabinoid system), in the control of voluntary exercise. A largely separate literature points to a key role for orexins in SPA and NEAT. Brain reward centers are involved in both types of physical activities and eating behaviours, likely leading to complex interactions. Moreover, voluntary exercise and, possibly, eating can be addictive. A growing body of research considers the relationships between personality traits and physical activity, appetite, obesity and other aspects of physical and mental health. Future studies should explore the neurobiology, endocrinology and genetics of physical activity and sedentary behaviour by examining key brain areas, neurotransmitters and hormones involved in motivation, reward and/or the regulation of energy balance. PMID:21177942

One-way acoustic mirror based on anisotropic zero-index media

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gu, Zhong-ming; Liang, Bin, E-mail: liangbin@nju.edu.cn, E-mail: jccheng@nju.edu.cn; Yang, Jing

2015-11-23

We have designed a one-way acoustic mirror comprising anisotropic zero-index media. For acoustic beam incident at a particular angle, the designed structure behaves like a high-efficient mirror that redirects almost all the incident energy into another direction predicted by the Snell's law, while becoming virtually transparent to beams propagating reversely along this output path. Furthermore, the mirror can be tailored to work at arbitrary incident angle by simply adjusting its geometry. Our design, with undirectional reflection functionality and flexible working angle, may offer possibilities in space isolations and have deep implication in various scenarios like ultrasound imaging or noise control.

Broadband manipulation of acoustic wavefronts by pentamode metasurface

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tian, Ye; Wei, Qi, E-mail: weiqi@nju.edu.cn; Cheng, Ying

2015-11-30

An acoustic metasurface with a sub-wavelength thickness can manipulate acoustic wavefronts freely by the introduction of abrupt phase variation. However, the existence of a narrow bandwidth and a low transmittance limits further applications. Here, we present a broadband and highly transparent acoustic metasurface based on a frequency-independent generalized acoustic Snell's law and pentamode metamaterials. The proposal employs a gradient velocity to redirect refracted waves and pentamode metamaterials to improve impedance matching between the metasurface and the background medium. Excellent wavefront manipulation based on the metasurface is further demonstrated by anomalous refraction, generation of non-diffracting Bessel beam, and sub-wavelength flat focusing.

On the Form of the Collective Bremsstrahlung Recoil Force in a Nonequilibrium Relativistic Beam-Plasma System.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-01-01

RD-RI39 895 ON THE FORM OF THE COLLECTIVE BREMSSTRRHLUNG RECOIL i / i FORCE IN A NONEQUILIBRIUM RELATIVISTIC BEAM-PLASMA SYSTEM(U) HARRY DIAMOND LABS...A A O- I I .. . .:. .~ . ." . .- . . . AD Al 39895 H DL-TR-2026 .- 2 ,January 1984 ’ On the Form of the Collective Bremsstrahlung Recoil:O Kodf...Nonequillbrium Relativistic Beam-Plasma System; by Howard It. Brandt A and -t 4 C.. 4 :;x.. 4 4~ . Approw for *4444 𔃿 . U.S.~ Arm Lad Dee ,7 , .1 I . A L

Ethnoarchaeological Investigations of the Mountain Creek Area, North Central Texas. Volume 2. Historic Farming on the Hogwallow Prairies

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-05-01

Engineers, Publishing Co., Dallas. Fort Worth District. Durkheim , Emile 1982 Part II: Historical Archaeology. In 1933 On the Division of Labor in...Holveck Dee Ella Ho/Yard 3-4-1905 John Emil 6.11-1895/6-29-1972 232 Architectural Trends Table 18-2 MORTUARY ARCHITECTURE: STONE SHAPES Tablet Pulpit...CEMETERY LISTINGS Map Name Birth/Death Commemoration Stone Type Pleasant Valley 2 John Emil Holveck 6-11-1895/6-29-1972 Texas Pvt. US Army WWI Flat Granite

Demonstration of Ice-Free Cathodic Protection Systems for Water Storage Tanks at Fort Drum: Final Report on Project AR-F-318 for FY05

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

and immovable with fingers. Body side rivet base and outside rivet burr should be flat against the material. Bent rivets will fail under stress ...such as using knots, tying around sharp edges, etc.) and maximum permitted free fall distance. Also, to be stressed are the importance of inspections...limitations; e. Application limits; f. Proper hook -up, anchoring and tie-off techniques, including the proper dee-ring or other attachment point to use on

Data Assimilation in the Presence of Forecast Bias: The GEOS Moisture Analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dee, Dick P.; Todling, Ricardo

1999-01-01

We describe the application of the unbiased sequential analysis algorithm developed by Dee and da Silva (1998) to the GEOS DAS moisture analysis. The algorithm estimates the persistent component of model error using rawinsonde observations and adjusts the first-guess moisture field accordingly. Results of two seasonal data assimilation cycles show that moisture analysis bias is almost completely eliminated in all observed regions. The improved analyses cause a sizable reduction in the 6h-forecast bias and a marginal improvement in the error standard deviations.

Propagation Limitations of Navigation and Positioning Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-02-01

a aophiatiqutf, tel que . le proJet NAUSTAR andrlcain aatie- faltait aane doute la plupart dee beaoina. Si on prend en compta le facteur coöt, on ...rement "lu modal« gausaien, at c’ast da cette fasjon que le precision eat courammant ddflnie, (Ob- sarvona dka h prtfa«nt qu« 1’ on ne seralt paa...pour memoire un cartain nombre da raraeterletiquas aacondeitsa ’cnt •■■:■.-■■:* qual- ques unea t - le •ystteo eat-il paaaif ( l *installation da bord

Occupational exposures to leaded and unleaded gasoline engine emissions and lung cancer risk.

PubMed

Xu, Mengting; Siemiatycki, Jack; Lavoué, Jérôme; Pasquet, Romain; Pintos, Javier; Rousseau, Marie-Claude; Richardson, Lesley; Ho, Vikki

2018-04-01

To determine whether occupational exposure to gasoline engine emissions (GEE) increased the risk of lung cancer and more specifically whether leaded or unleaded GEE increased the risk. Two population-based case-control studies were conducted in Montreal, Canada. The first was conducted in the early 1980s and included many types of cancer including lung cancer. The second was conducted in the late 1990s and focused on lung cancer. Population controls were used in both studies. Altogether, there were 1595 cases and 1432 population controls. A comprehensive expert-based exposure assessment procedure was implemented and exposure was assessed for 294 agents, including unleaded GEE, leaded GEE and diesel engine emissions (DEE). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate ORs between various metrics of GEE exposure and lung cancer, adjusting for smoking, DEE and other potential confounders. About half of all controls were occupationally exposed to GEE. Irrespective of the metrics of exposure (any exposure, duration of exposure and cumulative exposure) and the type of lung cancer, and the covariates included in models, none of the point estimates of the ORs between occupational exposure to leaded or unleaded GEE and lung cancer were above 1.0. Pooling two studies, the OR for any exposure to leaded GEE was 0.82 (0.68-1.00). Our results do not support the hypothesis that occupational exposure to GEE increases the risk of lung cancer. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

Experimental and theoretical study of skylight polarization transmitted through Snell's window of a flat water surface.

PubMed

Sabbah, Shai; Barta, András; Gál, József; Horváth, Gábor; Shashar, Nadav

2006-08-01

The celestial polarization pattern may be scrambled by refraction at the air-water interface. This polarization pattern was examined in shallow waters with a submersible polarimeter, and it was calculated by using land measurements ('semiempirical predictions') and models of the skylight polarization. Semiempirically predicted and measured e-vector orientations were significantly similar. Conversely, predicted percent polarization was correlated but lower than measurements. Percent polarization depended on wavelength, where at high sun altitudes maximal percent polarization generally appeared in the UV and red spectral regions. The wavelength dependency of polarization may lead to differential spectral sensitivity in polarization-sensitive animals according to time and type of activity.

Simulation and visualization of fundamental optics phenomenon by LabVIEW

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lyu, Bohan

2017-08-01

Most instructors teach complex phenomenon by equation and static illustration without interactive multimedia. Students usually memorize phenomenon by taking note. However, only note or complex formula can not make user visualize the phenomenon of the photonics system. LabVIEW is a good tool for in automatic measurement. However, the simplicity of coding in LabVIEW makes it not only suit for automatic measurement, but also suitable for simulation and visualization of fundamental optics phenomenon. In this paper, five simple optics phenomenon will be discuss and simulation with LabVIEW. They are Snell's Law, Hermite-Gaussian beam transverse mode, square and circular aperture diffraction, polarization wave and Poincare sphere, and finally Fabry-Perrot etalon in spectrum domain.

Lg and Other Regional Phases in South America

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-09-01

L-StLdi’: del sistema crtoza -- mantc’ super io:r; entre eil’:’s s!:, puioden men’: ir-nar lo:s sig~uientest Mt:dc’s Sismi’:os, ciravime-tr icc’s...difarentes prc’piedades fisi’:ez. Este rn~ toc utiliza las leyes de Snell y de las velcidades aparuntes (Dcubrin y Olhc’vich, 1959). Con la api icaci~’I de...2.97 45 3.0 4.45 3.30 4t 8.0 4.40 3.32 140 S . 5 .50 3.35 100 TCC-CUS ( tabla * 2 ) El per fil Toc -onc:e-Cuzco (fig.2) est6 reduc.ido casi

Black and gray Helmholtz-Kerr soliton refraction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanchez-Curto, Julio; Chamorro-Posada, Pedro; McDonald, Graham S.

Refraction of black and gray solitons at boundaries separating different defocusing Kerr media is analyzed within a Helmholtz framework. A universal nonlinear Snell's law is derived that describes gray soliton refraction, in addition to capturing the behavior of bright and black Kerr solitons at interfaces. Key regimes, defined by beam and interface characteristics, are identified, and predictions are verified by full numerical simulations. The existence of a unique total nonrefraction angle for gray solitons is reported; both internal and external refraction at a single interface is shown possible (dependent only on incidence angle). This, in turn, leads to the proposalmore » of positive or negative lensing operations on soliton arrays at planar boundaries.« less

Supplemental Environmental Assessment for the Nuclear and Space Security Tactics Training Center Project AFSPC053012 for Air Force Security Forces at Camp Guernsey, Wyoming

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-02-01

8217Ŕ IPACE: lfCUNTY TACTlet lRAINIIIG CI! NT1 !IIt (NIITTC) /lllfll!tA DI!W!l.OPI&I!NT JI\\AH c co -c._ -.; Q) ~::: Ill~ +-’ ~~ ·- ~~ (f) ti li LA N...Manager WMD- CFMO 3919 Central Ave. Cheyenne, WY 82001 (307) 772-5066 (o) (307) 274-0844 ( cell ) --- - -Original Message----- From: Lloyd, Dee W Mr...772-5066 (o) (307) 274-0844 ( cell ) -----Original Message----- From: Pesenti, Cathryn M Civ USAF AFGSC 90 CES/CEV [mailto:Cathryn.Pesenti@warren

Comments on D/H ratios in chondritic organic matter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, J. W.; Rigby, D.

1981-06-01

D/H ratios in chondritic organic matter are investigated. Demineralized organic residues obtained from previous experiments were dried in a quartz reaction vessel under vacuum for 60 minutes at 250-300 C and then combusted in oxygen for 20 minutes at 850 C. The apparatus is described and the results of the experiments such as D/H ratios in water and measurements on total carbon dioxide are given. Atomic H/C ratios calculated directly from the quantities of carbon dioxide and water recovered, are reported according to Standard Mean Ocean Water and Pee Dee Belemnite, using the customary notation.

Dependence of ripple dimensions on cohesive and non-cohesive bed properties in the intertidal Dee Estuary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lichtman, Ian; Thorne, Peter; Baas, Jacobus; O'Boyle, Louise; Cooke, Richard; Amoudry, Laurent; Bell, Paul; Aspden, Rebecca; Bass, Sarah; Davies, Alan; Hope, Julie; Malarkey, Jonathan; Manning, Andrew; Parsons, Daniel; Paterson, David; Peakall, Jeffrey; Schindler, Robert; Ye, Leiping

2014-05-01

There is a need to better understand the effects of cohesive and mixed sediments on coastal processes, to improve sediment transport models for the management of coastal erosion, siltation of navigation channels and habitat change. Although reasonable sediment transport predictors are available for pure sands, it still is not the case for mixed cohesive and non-cohesive sediments. Existing predictors mostly relate ripple dimensions to hydrodynamic conditions and median sediment grain diameter, assuming a narrow unimodal particle size distribution. Properties typical of mixed conditions, such as composition and cohesion for example, are not usually taken into account. This presents severe shortcomings to predictors' abilities. Indeed, laboratory experiments using mixed cohesive sediments have shown that bedform dimensions decrease with increasing bed mud content. In the field, one may expect current predictors to match data for well-sorted sands closely, but poorly for mixed sediments. Our work is part of the COHBED project and aims to: (1) examine, in field conditions, if ripple dimensions are significantly different for mixed cohesive sediment beds compared to beds with pure sand; (2) compare the field data with laboratory results that showed reduced ripple length due to cohesive mud content; and (3) assess the performance of a selection of ripple predictors for mixed sediment data. The COHBED project was set up to undertake laboratory experiments and fieldwork to study how physical and biological processes influence bedform development in a mixed cohesive-cohesionless sediment environment. As part of COHBED, a suite of instruments was deployed on tidal flats in the Dee Estuary (on the NW coast of England), collecting co-located measurements of the hydrodynamics, suspended sediment properties and bed morphology. The instruments occupied three sites collecting data over different bed compositions during a two week period (21 May to 4 June 2013). One site was located above a sandy bed, and the two others were above mixed beds of different mud content. The tide covered a full cycle from neaps to neaps and the weather provided onshore and offshore winds of varying strength. Bedform measurements were taken every half an hour using an Acoustic Ripple Profiler (ARP) that covered an area of about two square metres. Dynamic measurements of tides and waves were made using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) at 8 Hz. Bed samples were taken when the tidal flats dried out at low tide and a sediment trap collected suspended load near the bed. In the presentation, comparisons of the sites will be made from measurements of the proportion of mud and biological sediment binders at each site and the ripple dimensions for different hydrodynamic conditions. Key words: bed morphology, current ripple, mixed sediment, cohesion, hydrodynamics, observations, tidal flat, estuary, Dee

Sympathetic Innervation of Cold-Activated Brown and White Fat in Lean Young Adults

PubMed Central

Mangner, Tom J.; Leonard, William R.; Kumar, Ajay; Granneman, James G.

2017-01-01

Recent work in rodents has demonstrated that basal activity of the local sympathetic nervous system is critical for maintaining brown adipocyte phenotypes in classic brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT). Accordingly, we sought to assess the relationship between sympathetic innervation and cold-induced activation of BAT and WAT in lean young adults. Methods: Twenty adult lean normal subjects (10 women and 10 men; mean age ± SD, 23.3 ± 3.8 y; body mass index, 23.7 ± 2.5 kg/m2) underwent 11C-meta-hydroxyephedrin (11C-HED) and 15O-water PET imaging at rest and after exposure to mild cold (16°C) temperature. In addition, 18F-FDG images were obtained during the cold stress condition to assess cold-activated BAT mass. Subjects were divided into 2 groups (high BAT and low BAT) based on the presence of 18F-FDG tracer uptake. Blood flow and 11C-HED retention index (RI, an indirect measure of sympathetic innervation) were calculated from dynamic PET scans at the location of BAT and WAT. Whole-body daily energy expenditure (DEE) during rest and cold stress was measured by indirect calorimetry. Tissue level oxygen consumption (MRO2) was determined and used to calculate the contribution of cold-activated BAT and WAT to daily DEE. Results: 18F-FDG uptake identified subjects with high and low levels of cold-activated BAT mass (high BAT, 96 ± 37 g; low-BAT, 16 ± 4 g). 11C-HED RI under thermoneutral conditions significantly predicted 18F-FDG uptake during cold stress (R2 = 0.68, P < 0.01). In contrast to the significant increase of 11C-HED RI during cold in BAT (2.42 ± 0.85 vs. 3.43 ± 0.93, P = 0.02), cold exposure decreased the 11C-HED RI in WAT (0.44 ± 0.22 vs. 0.41 ± 0.18) as a consequence of decreased perfusion (1.22 ± 0.20 vs. 1.12 ± 0.16 mL/100 g/min). The contribution of WAT to whole-body DEE was approximately 150 kcal/d at rest (149 ± 52 kcal/d), which decreased to approximately 100 kcal/d during cold (102 ± 47 kcal/d). Conclusion: The level of sympathetic innervation, as determined by 11C-HED RI, can predict levels of functional BAT. Overall, blood flow is the best independent predictor of 11C-HED RI and 18F-FDG uptake across thermoneutral and cold conditions. In contrast to BAT, cold stress reduces blood flow and 18F-FDG uptake in subcutaneous WAT, indicating that the physiologic response is to reduce heat loss rather than to generate heat. PMID:27789721

Suspended-sediment concentrations, bedload, particle sizes, surrogate measurements, and annual sediment loads for selected sites in the lower Minnesota River Basin, water years 2011 through 2016

USGS Publications Warehouse

Groten, Joel T.; Ellison, Christopher A.; Hendrickson, Jon S.

2016-12-20

Accurate measurements of fluvial sediment are important for assessing stream ecological health, calculating flood levels, computing sediment budgets, and managing and protecting water resources. Sediment-enriched rivers in Minnesota are a concern among Federal, State, and local governments because turbidity and sediment-laden waters are the leading impairments and affect more than 6,000 miles of rivers in Minnesota. The suspended sediment in the lower Minnesota River is deleterious, contributing about 75 to 90 percent of the suspended sediment being deposited into Lake Pepin. The Saint Paul District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Lower Minnesota River Watershed District collaborate to maintain a navigation channel on the lower 14.7 miles of the Minnesota River through scheduled dredging operations. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency has adopted a sediment-reduction strategy to reduce sediment in the Minnesota River by 90 percent by 2040.The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, and the Lower Minnesota River Watershed District, collected suspended-sediment, bedload, and particle-size samples at five sites in the lower Minnesota River Basin during water years 2011 through 2014 and surrogate measurements of acoustic backscatter at one of these sites on the lower Minnesota River during water years 2012 through 2016 to quantify sediment loads and improve understanding of sediment-transport relations. Annual sediment loads were computed for calendar years 2011 through 2014.Data collected from water years 2011 through 2014 indicated that two tributaries, Le Sueur River and High Island Creek, had the highest sediment yield and concentrations of suspended sediment. These tributaries also had greater stream gradients than the sites on the Minnesota River. Suspended fines were greater than suspended sand at all sites in the study area. The range of median particle sizes matched the range for stream gradients from greatest to smallest. Bedload ranged from 3 to 20 percent of the total load at the Le Sueur River, Minnesota River at Mankato, and High Island Creek and was less than 1 percent of the total load at the Minnesota River near Jordan and at Fort Snelling State Park. The reach of the Minnesota River between Mankato and Jordan is a major source of sediment, with the sediment yield at Jordan being two and a half times greater than at Mankato. Between Jordan and Fort Snelling, the sediment yield decreases substantially, which indicates that the Minnesota River in this reach is a sink for sediment. Surrogate measurements (acoustic backscatter) collected with suspended-sediment concentration data from water years 2012 through 2016 from the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling State Park indicated strong relations between the acoustic backscatter and suspended-sediment concentrations. These results point to the dynamic nature of sediment aggradation, degradation, and transport in the Minnesota River Basin. The analyses described in this report will improve the understanding of sediment-transport relations and sediment budgets in the Minnesota River Basin.

Epitope mapping of monoclonal antibody HPT-101: a study combining dynamic force spectroscopy, ELISA and molecular dynamics simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stangner, Tim; Angioletti-Uberti, Stefano; Knappe, Daniel; Singer, David; Wagner, Carolin; Hoffmann, Ralf; Kremer, Friedrich

2015-12-01

By combining enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and optical tweezers-assisted dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS), we identify for the first time the binding epitope of the phosphorylation-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) HPT-101 to the Alzheimer's disease relevant peptide tau[pThr231/pSer235] on the level of single amino acids. In particular, seven tau isoforms are synthesized by replacing binding relevant amino acids by a neutral alanine (alanine scanning). From the binding between mAb HPT-101 and the alanine-scan derivatives, we extract specific binding parameters such as bond lifetime {τ }0, binding length {x}{ts}, free energy of activation {{Δ }}G (DFS) and affinity constant {K}{{a}} (ELISA, DFS). Based on these quantities, we propose criteria to identify essential, secondary and non-essential amino acids, being representative of the antibody binding epitope. The obtained results are found to be in full accord for both experimental techniques. In order to elucidate the microscopic origin of the change in binding parameters, we perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the free epitope in solution for both its parent and modified form. By taking the end-to-end distance {d}{{E}-{{E}}} and the distance between the α-carbons {d}{{C}-{{C}}} of the phosphorylated residues as gauging parameters, we measure how the structure of the epitope depends on the type of substitution. In particular, whereas {d}{{C}-{{C}}} is sometimes conserved between the parent and modified form, {d}{{E}-{{E}}} strongly changes depending on the type of substitution, correlating well with the experimental data. These results are highly significant, offering a detailed microscopic picture of molecular recognition.

Basic auditory processing and sensitivity to prosodic structure in children with specific language impairments: a new look at a perceptual hypothesis

PubMed Central

Cumming, Ruth; Wilson, Angela; Goswami, Usha

2015-01-01

Children with specific language impairments (SLIs) show impaired perception and production of spoken language, and can also present with motor, auditory, and phonological difficulties. Recent auditory studies have shown impaired sensitivity to amplitude rise time (ART) in children with SLIs, along with non-speech rhythmic timing difficulties. Linguistically, these perceptual impairments should affect sensitivity to speech prosody and syllable stress. Here we used two tasks requiring sensitivity to prosodic structure, the DeeDee task and a stress misperception task, to investigate this hypothesis. We also measured auditory processing of ART, rising pitch and sound duration, in both speech (“ba”) and non-speech (tone) stimuli. Participants were 45 children with SLI aged on average 9 years and 50 age-matched controls. We report data for all the SLI children (N = 45, IQ varying), as well as for two independent SLI subgroupings with intact IQ. One subgroup, “Pure SLI,” had intact phonology and reading (N = 16), the other, “SLI PPR” (N = 15), had impaired phonology and reading. Problems with syllable stress and prosodic structure were found for all the group comparisons. Both sub-groups with intact IQ showed reduced sensitivity to ART in speech stimuli, but the PPR subgroup also showed reduced sensitivity to sound duration in speech stimuli. Individual differences in processing syllable stress were associated with auditory processing. These data support a new hypothesis, the “prosodic phrasing” hypothesis, which proposes that grammatical difficulties in SLI may reflect perceptual difficulties with global prosodic structure related to auditory impairments in processing amplitude rise time and duration. PMID:26217286

Local Arterial Therapies in the Management of Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

PubMed

Mouli, Samdeep K; Goff, Laura W

2017-10-27

Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma present with intermediate to advanced disease, where curative therapies are no longer an option. These patients with intermediate to advanced disease represent a heterogeneous population with regard to tumor burden, liver function, and performance status. While the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system offers guidelines for the management of these patients, strict adherence to these guidelines may limit treatment options for these patients. Several locoregional therapies exist for these patients, including conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE), transarterial embolization (TAE), drug-eluting embolization (DEE), and radioembolization. Evidence is also emerging for the role of radiation therapy including most notably stereotactic body radiation therapy and proton therapy, although at the current time, clinical trial participation is encouraged. While cTACE is traditionally recommended for BCLC B disease, both cTACE and radioembolization are increasingly used for patients with intermediate disease, as well as in select patients with BCLC A and C disease. TAE and DEE are limited in their use currently, due to lack of clear survival benefits or clinical advantages over cTACE. While several studies have demonstrated similar OS between cTACE and radioembolization, radioembolization provides a longer time to progression and fewer toxicities compared to cTACE. This is particularly relevant in the setting of advanced BCLC B and early BCLC C disease, where patients may have limited reserve. Radioembolization also has additional roles as an alternative to ablation, inducing liver hypertrophy, treating patients with PVT, and downstaging lesions to transplant. Ongoing studies will further define the role of locoregional treatment potentially in combination with and in light of developments in systemic therapy.

High-temperature MIRAGE XL (LFRA) IRSP system development

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McHugh, Steve; Franks, Greg; LaVeigne, Joe

2017-05-01

The development of very-large format infrared detector arrays has challenged the IR scene projector community to develop larger-format infrared emitter arrays. Many scene projector applications also require much higher simulated temperatures than can be generated with current technology. This paper will present an overview of resistive emitterbased (broadband) IR scene projector system development, as well as describe recent progress in emitter materials and pixel designs applicable for legacy MIRAGE XL Systems to achieve apparent temperatures >1000K in the MWIR. These new high temperature MIRAGE XL (LFRA) Digital Emitter Engines (DEE) will be "plug and play" equivalent with legacy MIRAGE XL DEEs, the rest of the system is reusable. Under the High Temperature Dynamic Resistive Array (HDRA) development program, Santa Barbara Infrared Inc. (SBIR) is developing a new infrared scene projector architecture capable of producing both very large format (>2k x 2k) resistive emitter arrays and improved emitter pixel technology capable of simulating very high apparent temperatures. During earlier phases of the program, SBIR demonstrated materials with MWIR apparent temperatures in excess of 1500 K. These new emitter materials can be utilized with legacy RIICs to produce pixels that can achieve 7X the radiance of the legacy systems with low cost and low risk. A 'scalable' Read-In Integrated Circuit (RIIC) is also being developed under the same HDRA program to drive the high temperature pixels. This RIIC will utilize through-silicon via (TSV) and Quilt Packaging (QP) technologies to allow seamless tiling of multiple chips to fabricate very large arrays, and thus overcome the yield limitations inherent in large-scale integrated circuits. These quilted arrays can be fabricated in any N x M size in 512 steps.

Spatiotemporal Association of Real-Time Concentrations of Black Carbon (BC) with Fine Particulate Matters (PM2.5) in Urban Hotspots of South Korea.

PubMed

Kim, Sungroul; Yu, Sol; Yun, Dongmin

2017-11-06

We evaluated the spatiotemporal distributions of black carbon (BC) and particulate matters with aerodynamic diameters of less than 2.5 m (PM 2.5 ) concentrations at urban diesel engine emission (DEE) hotspots of South Korea. Concentrations of BC and PM 2.5 were measured at the entrance gate of two diesel bus terminals and a train station, in 2014. Measurements were conducted simultaneously at the hotspot (Site 1) and at its adjacent, randomly selected, residential areas, apartment complex near major roadways, located with the same direction of 300 m (Site 2) and 500 m (Site 3) away from Site 1 on 4 different days over the season, thrice per day; morning ( n = 120 measurements for each day and site), evening ( n = 120), and noon ( n = 120). The median (interquartile range) PM 2.5 ranged from 12.6 (11.3-14.3) to 60.1 (47.0-76.0) μg/m³ while those of BC concentrations ranged from 2.6 (1.9-3.7) to 6.3 (4.2-10.3) μg/m³. We observed a strong relationship of PM 2.5 concentrations between sites (slopes 0.89-0.9, the coefficient of determination 0.89-0.96) while the relationship for BC concentrations between sites was relatively weak (slopes 0.76-0.85, the coefficient of determination 0.54-0.72). PM 2.5 concentrations were changed from 4% to 140% by unit increase of BC concentration, depending on site and time while likely supporting the necessity of monitoring of BC as well as PM 2.5 , especially at urban DEE related hotspot areas.

Fission of actinide nuclei using multi-nucleon transfer reactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Léguillon, Romain; Nishio, Katsuhisa; Hirose, Kentaro; Orlandi, Riccardo; Makii, Hiroyuki; Nishinaka, Ichiro; Ishii, Tetsuro; Tsukada, Kazuaki; Asai, Masato; Chiba, Satoshi; Ohtsuki, Tsutomu; Araki, Shohei; Watanabe, Yukinobu; Tatsuzawa, Ryotaro; Takaki, Naoyuki

2014-09-01

We are promoting a campaign to measure fission-fragment mass distributions for neutron-rich actinide nuclei populated by transfer reactions from their ground state up to an excitation energy of several tens MeV. We thus obtain the excitation energy dependence of the mass distribution. The experiment was carried out at the 20 MV JAEA tandem facility at Tokai. We report on the data obtained in the direct reaction 18 O + 232 Th . Transfer-channels and excitation energies of the fissioning nuclei were identified using silicon dE-E detectors located at forward angle. Two fission fragments were detected in coincidence using multi-wire proportional counters. Fission fragment masses were determined by kinematic consideration. We obtained the fission fragment mass distributions for 13 nuclei from actinium to uranium and some fission barrier heights. We are promoting a campaign to measure fission-fragment mass distributions for neutron-rich actinide nuclei populated by transfer reactions from their ground state up to an excitation energy of several tens MeV. We thus obtain the excitation energy dependence of the mass distribution. The experiment was carried out at the 20 MV JAEA tandem facility at Tokai. We report on the data obtained in the direct reaction 18 O + 232 Th . Transfer-channels and excitation energies of the fissioning nuclei were identified using silicon dE-E detectors located at forward angle. Two fission fragments were detected in coincidence using multi-wire proportional counters. Fission fragment masses were determined by kinematic consideration. We obtained the fission fragment mass distributions for 13 nuclei from actinium to uranium and some fission barrier heights. Present study is supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.

Identification of American shad spawning sites and habitat use in the Pee Dee River, North Carolina and South Carolina

USGS Publications Warehouse

Harris, Julianne E.; Hightower, Joseph E.

2011-01-01

We examined spawning site selection and habitat use by American shad Alosa sapidissima in the Pee Dee River, North Carolina and South Carolina, to inform future management in this flow-regulated river. American shad eggs were collected in plankton tows, and the origin (spawning site) of each egg was estimated; relocations of radio-tagged adults on spawning grounds illustrated habitat use and movement in relation to changes in water discharge rates. Most spawning was estimated to occur in the Piedmont physiographic region within a 25-river-kilometer (rkm) section just below the lowermost dam in the system; however, some spawning also occurred downstream in the Coastal Plain. The Piedmont region has a higher gradient and is predicted to have slightly higher current velocities and shallower depths, on average, than the Coastal Plain. The Piedmont region is dominated by large substrates (e.g., boulders and gravel), whereas the Coastal Plain is dominated by sand. Sampling at night (the primary spawning period) resulted in the collection of young eggs (≤1.5 h old) that more precisely identified the spawning sites. In the Piedmont region, most radio-tagged American shad remained in discrete areas (average linear range = 3.6 rkm) during the spawning season and generally occupied water velocities between 0.20 and 0.69 m/s, depths between 1.0 and 2.9 m, and substrates dominated by boulder or bedrock and gravel. Tagged adults made only small-scale movements with changes in water discharge rates. Our results demonstrate that the upstream extent of migration and an area of concentrated spawning occur just below the lowermost dam. If upstream areas have similar habitat, facilitating upstream access for American shad could increase the spawning habitat available and increase the population's size.

Parallel Computational Protein Design.

PubMed

Zhou, Yichao; Donald, Bruce R; Zeng, Jianyang

2017-01-01

Computational structure-based protein design (CSPD) is an important problem in computational biology, which aims to design or improve a prescribed protein function based on a protein structure template. It provides a practical tool for real-world protein engineering applications. A popular CSPD method that guarantees to find the global minimum energy solution (GMEC) is to combine both dead-end elimination (DEE) and A* tree search algorithms. However, in this framework, the A* search algorithm can run in exponential time in the worst case, which may become the computation bottleneck of large-scale computational protein design process. To address this issue, we extend and add a new module to the OSPREY program that was previously developed in the Donald lab (Gainza et al., Methods Enzymol 523:87, 2013) to implement a GPU-based massively parallel A* algorithm for improving protein design pipeline. By exploiting the modern GPU computational framework and optimizing the computation of the heuristic function for A* search, our new program, called gOSPREY, can provide up to four orders of magnitude speedups in large protein design cases with a small memory overhead comparing to the traditional A* search algorithm implementation, while still guaranteeing the optimality. In addition, gOSPREY can be configured to run in a bounded-memory mode to tackle the problems in which the conformation space is too large and the global optimal solution cannot be computed previously. Furthermore, the GPU-based A* algorithm implemented in the gOSPREY program can be combined with the state-of-the-art rotamer pruning algorithms such as iMinDEE (Gainza et al., PLoS Comput Biol 8:e1002335, 2012) and DEEPer (Hallen et al., Proteins 81:18-39, 2013) to also consider continuous backbone and side-chain flexibility.

Characterization of Inductive loop coupling in a Cyclotron Dee Structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carroll, Lewis

Many of today's low to medium-energy cyclotrons apply RF power to the resonator structure (the dees) by inductive loop coupling through a feed-line driven by an RF transmitter employing a triode or tetrode power tube. The transmitter's output network transforms the tube's optimum load line (typically a few thousand ohms) down to Z0, typically 50 ohms. But the load-line is not a physical resistance, so one would not expect to see 50 ohms when looking back toward the transmitter. Moreover, if both the resonator's input and the transmitter's output are matched to Z0, then the coupled or working Q of the resonator is reduced to half that of the uncoupled Q, implying that half the power is being dissipated in the transmitter's output resistance- an inefficient and expensive solution for a high power RF application. More power is available if the transmitter's reverse-impedance is not matched to Z0, but this may result in misalignment between the frequency for correct forward match at the loop, versus the frequency for maximum power in the resonator. The misalignment can be eliminated, and the working Q maximized, by choosing the appropriate length of feed-line between the non-matched transmitter output and the matched resonator's input. In addition, the transmitter's output impedance may be complex, comprising resistance plus reactance, requiring a further process and means of measuring the output impedance so that an additional compensating length of feed-line can be incorporated. But a wrong choice of overall feed-line length- even though correctly load-matched at the resonator's operating frequency- can result in a curious degenerate condition, where the resonator's working Q appears to collapse, and the potential for transmitter overload increases substantially: a condition to be avoided!

Religion and the Foster Home. Fostering Families. A Specialized Training Program Designed for Foster Care Workers & Foster Care Parents.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schatz, Mona Struhsaker; Horejsi, Charles R.

This module is part of a training program for foster parents and foster care workers offered at Colorado State University. The module examines religious practices in foster homes. The module's learning objectives address: (1) the religious background of a foster child's birth family; (2) the rights of a foster child's birth parents concerning the…

Reflective Optics Design for an LED High Beam Headlamp of Motorbikes

PubMed Central

Ge, Peng; Wang, Xiang; Li, Yang; Wang, Hong

2015-01-01

We propose a reflective optics design for an LED motorbike high beam lamp. We set the measuring screen as an elliptical zone and divide it into many small lattices and divide the spatial angle of the LED source into many parts and make relationships between them. According to the conservation law of energy and the Snell's law, the reflector is generated by freeform optics design method. Then the optical system is simulated by Monte Carlo method using ASAP software. Light pattern of simulation could meet the standard. The high beam headlamp is finally fabricated and assembled into a physical object. Experiment results can fully comply with United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) vehicle regulations R113 revision 2 (Class C). PMID:25961073

Integral Equation Method for Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Stratified Anisotropic Dielectric-Magnetic Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shu, Wei-Xing; Fu, Na; Lü, Xiao-Fang; Luo, Hai-Lu; Wen, Shuang-Chun; Fan, Dian-Yuan

2010-11-01

We investigate the propagation of electromagnetic waves in stratified anisotropic dielectric-magnetic materials using the integral equation method (IEM). Based on the superposition principle, we use Hertz vector formulations of radiated fields to study the interaction of wave with matter. We derive in a new way the dispersion relation, Snell's law and reflection/transmission coefficients by self-consistent analyses. Moreover, we find two new forms of the generalized extinction theorem. Applying the IEM, we investigate the wave propagation through a slab and disclose the underlying physics, which are further verified by numerical simulations. The results lead to a unified framework of the IEM for the propagation of wave incident either from a medium or vacuum in stratified dielectric-magnetic materials.

A GPU-based mipmapping method for water surface visualization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Hua; Quan, Wei; Xu, Chao; Wu, Yan

2018-03-01

Visualization of water surface is a hot topic in computer graphics. In this paper, we presented a fast method to generate wide range of water surface with good image quality both near and far from the viewpoint. This method utilized uniform mesh and Fractal Perlin noise to model water surface. Mipmapping technology was enforced to the surface textures, which adjust the resolution with respect to the distance from the viewpoint and reduce the computing cost. Lighting effect was computed based on shadow mapping technology, Snell's law and Fresnel term. The render pipeline utilizes a CPU-GPU shared memory structure, which improves the rendering efficiency. Experiment results show that our approach visualizes water surface with good image quality at real-time frame rates performance.

Pointing error analysis of Risley-prism-based beam steering system.

PubMed

Zhou, Yuan; Lu, Yafei; Hei, Mo; Liu, Guangcan; Fan, Dapeng

2014-09-01

Based on the vector form Snell's law, ray tracing is performed to quantify the pointing errors of Risley-prism-based beam steering systems, induced by component errors, prism orientation errors, and assembly errors. Case examples are given to elucidate the pointing error distributions in the field of regard and evaluate the allowances of the error sources for a given pointing accuracy. It is found that the assembly errors of the second prism will result in more remarkable pointing errors in contrast with the first one. The pointing errors induced by prism tilt depend on the tilt direction. The allowances of bearing tilt and prism tilt are almost identical if the same pointing accuracy is planned. All conclusions can provide a theoretical foundation for practical works.

Angularly symmetric splitting of a light beam upon reflection and refraction at an air-dielectric plane boundary.

PubMed

Azzam, R M A

2015-12-01

Conditions for achieving equal and opposite angular deflections of a light beam by reflection and refraction at an air-dielectric boundary are determined. Such angularly symmetric beam splitting (ASBS) is possible only if the angle of incidence is >60° by exactly one third of the angle of refraction. This simple law, plus Snell's law, leads to several analytical results that clarify all aspects of this phenomenon. In particular, it is shown that the intensities of the two symmetrically deflected beams can be equalized by proper choice of the prism refractive index and the azimuth of incident linearly polarized light. ASBS enables a geometrically attractive layout of optical systems that employ multiple prism beam splitters.

Maupertuis, Leibniz, Least Action and Design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simmons, James K.

2006-12-01

In current controversies regarding Intelligent Design (ID), critics of ID often claim that naturalisitc science (i.e., science that attempts to explain natural phenomena in terms of strictly non-supernatural processes) has such a good track record that there is no need to introduce supernatural design hypotheses into our thinking. Since ID is not a new idea, we can search through the history of science and look also at ID's track record. In this talk, we focus on the ID thinking of Maupertuis and Leibniz when the former developed the Principle of Least Action and when both of them applied the principle to Snell's law of refraction. In this case, we find that ID did no harm and made no lasting contribution.

Comparison of matrix method and ray tracing in the study of complex optical systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anterrieu, Eric; Perez, Jose-Philippe

2000-06-01

In the context of the classical study of optical systems within the geometrical Gauss approximation, the cardinal elements are efficiently obtained with the aid of the transfer matrix between the input and output planes of the system. In order to take into account the geometrical aberrations, a ray tracing approach, using the Snell- Descartes laws, has been implemented in an interactive software. Both methods are applied for measuring the correction to be done to a human eye suffering from ametropia. This software may be used by optometrists and ophthalmologists for solving the problems encountered when considering this pathology. The ray tracing approach gives a significant improvement and could be very helpful for a better understanding of an eventual surgical act.

Manipulating Acoustic Wavefront by Inhomogeneous Impedance and Steerable Extraordinary Reflection

PubMed Central

Zhao, Jiajun; Li, Baowen; Chen, Zhining; Qiu, Cheng-Wei

2013-01-01

We unveil the connection between the acoustic impedance along a flat surface and the reflected acoustic wavefront, in order to empower a wide wariety of novel applications in acoustic community. Our designed flat surface can generate double reflections: the ordinary reflection and the extraordinary one whose wavefront is manipulated by the proposed impedance-governed generalized Snell's law of reflection (IGSL). IGSL is based on Green's function and integral equation, instead of Fermat's principle for optical wavefront manipulation. Remarkably, via the adjustment of the designed specific acoustic impedance, extraordinary reflection can be steered for unprecedented acoustic wavefront while that ordinary reflection can be surprisingly switched on or off. The realization of the complex discontinuity of the impedance surface has been proposed using Helmholtz resonators. PMID:23985717

Reflective optics design for an LED high beam headlamp of motorbikes.

PubMed

Ge, Peng; Wang, Xiang; Li, Yang; Wang, Hong

2015-01-01

We propose a reflective optics design for an LED motorbike high beam lamp. We set the measuring screen as an elliptical zone and divide it into many small lattices and divide the spatial angle of the LED source into many parts and make relationships between them. According to the conservation law of energy and the Snell's law, the reflector is generated by freeform optics design method. Then the optical system is simulated by Monte Carlo method using ASAP software. Light pattern of simulation could meet the standard. The high beam headlamp is finally fabricated and assembled into a physical object. Experiment results can fully comply with United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) vehicle regulations R113 revision 2 (Class C).

A reflection polarizations zoom metasurfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Fulong; Wang, Xiaoyan

2017-02-01

Based on generalized Snell's law, we propose a dual-polarity zoom metasurfaces operating electromagnetic wave in the reflection geometry. The metasurfaces is constructed by two identical ultrathin metal-backed dielectric slabs with metallic Jerusalem cross patterns on the other sides to form a triangular region. The normally incident waves are totally reflected, but the reflection phases of both x- and y-polarized waves are controlled independently. According to the classical theory of optical imaging, the reflection electromagnetic wave phases were obtained in the different polarizations and focus. Each subwavelength units size were determined with the reflection coefficient of the basic unit, the polarizations zoom metasurfaces was designed in the way. The full-wave simulations are in good agreement with theoretical analysis in microwave lengths.

Babinet's principle in double-refraction systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ropars, Guy; Le Floch, Albert

2014-06-01

Babinet's principle applied to systems with double refraction is shown to involve spatial interchanges between the ordinary and extraordinary patterns observed through two complementary screens. As in the case of metamaterials, the extraordinary beam does not follow the Snell-Descartes refraction law, the superposition principle has to be applied simultaneously at two points. Surprisingly, by contrast to the intuitive impression, in the presence of the screen with an opaque region, we observe that the emerging extraordinary photon pattern, which however has undergone a deviation, remains fixed when a natural birefringent crystal is rotated while the ordinary one rotates with the crystal. The twofold application of Babinet's principle implies intensity and polarization interchanges but also spatial and dynamic interchanges which should occur in birefringent metamaterials.

Behavior problems of children in foster care: Associations with foster mothers' representations, commitment, and the quality of mother-child interaction.

PubMed

Dubois-Comtois, Karine; Bernier, Annie; Tarabulsy, George M; Cyr, Chantal; St-Laurent, Diane; Lanctôt, Anne-Sophie; St-Onge, Janie; Moss, Ellen; Béliveau, Marie-Julie

2015-10-01

This study investigated different environmental and contextual factors associated with maltreated children's adjustment in foster care. Participants included 83 children (52 boys), ages 1-7 years, and their foster caregivers. Quality of interaction with the foster caregiver was assessed from direct observation of a free-play situation; foster caregiver attachment state of mind and commitment toward the child were assessed using two interviews; disruptive behavior symptoms were reported by foster caregivers. Results showed that quality of interaction between foster caregivers and children were associated with behavior problems, such that higher-quality interactions were related to fewer externalizing and internalizing problems. Foster caregivers' state of mind and commitment were interrelated but not directly associated with behavior problems of foster children. Type of placement moderated the association between foster caregiver commitment and foster child behavior problems. Whereas greater foster caregiver commitment was associated with higher levels of adjustment for children in foster families (kin and non-kin), this was not the case in foster-to-adopt families. Finally, the associations between foster child behavior problems and history of maltreatment and placement related-risk conditions fell below significance after considering child age and quality of interaction with the foster caregiver. Findings underscore the crucial contribution of the foster caregiver-child relationship to fostering child adjustment and, thereby, have important implications for clinical services offered to this population. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foster Parents Speak: Preferred Characteristics of Foster Children and Experiences in the Role of Foster Parent

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rosenwald, Mitchell; Bronstein, Laura

2008-01-01

Foster parents play a pivotal role in the child welfare system. A study that employed focus groups with foster parents was conducted at a private foster care agency with the initial purpose of understanding the characteristics of foster children that foster parents both preferred and not preferred. In the qualitative research tradition, their…

Reflection of Foster Parents on Caring for Foster and Adopted Children and Their Suggestions to Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nowak-Fabrykowski, Krystyna; Helinski, Monica; Buchstein, Fred

2009-01-01

In this research project we investigated the process of adoption of foster children by foster parents and the foster parents' ideas of how to help foster children going through the process of adoption or those who have been adopted. We sent questionnaires to 200 foster parents living in the Cleveland area, but just 23 foster parents replied.…

Theory of Semiconducting Superlattices and Microstructures

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-03-01

A)dee on ZnSc layer thic~ness V (number of ZnSe molecules thick) It is Ga ashallowit h do o nu io and s e x de trap (mak.i for N X 10 ZnSe/ZnO,$MnO...ZnSe (which can be easily doped n-type r but not p-type) and ZnTe (which can be doped 15 p-type): de ~ep levels that lie in the gap of ZnSe and btrap...1101 SX. Ren. 3.D. Dow and S. Klemmn. J. Appl. Vh’.-s. in press,search. the Army Research Office, and the De . 111) 3.D. Dow. Run-Di Hong. S, Klemm

Psychological Parenting: The Foster Care Process. Fostering Families.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schatz, Mona Struhsaker; And Others

This module is part of a training program for foster parents and foster care workers offered at Colorado State University. The module's learning objectives address: (1) the position of the foster child as an outsider in the foster family; (2) foster parenting experiences with children from birth to 18 years of age; and (3) the process of…

Psychosocial functioning in Dutch foster children: The relationship with child, family, and placement characteristics.

PubMed

Goemans, Anouk; van Geel, Mitch; Vedder, Paul

2016-06-01

Foster care is the preferred alternative for out-of-home care, but not necessarily beneficial for foster children's psychosocial functioning. This dilemma leaves researchers with a challenge to find out more about the factors related to foster children's social and emotional functioning. In a sample of 446 Dutch foster children we examined the extent to which three clusters of characteristics, those akin to the foster child, the foster family, or foster placement, were related to foster children's functioning at the time of research. Multivariate three-step hierarchical regression analyses were performed for three outcome variables: externalizing problems, internalizing problems, and prosocial behavior. We found that all three clusters of foster care characteristics were significantly related to foster children's functioning. Foster placement characteristics, in particular interventions aimed at foster children, explained the largest amount of variance in behavior problems. Children receiving interventions had more externalizing and internalizing problems. A possible explanation is that interventions are indicated for those foster children who are in the highest need of additional support. Prosocial behavior was particularly related to foster family characteristics. The results were mostly in line with international research. Careful screening and monitoring of the social and emotional functioning of foster children may help to identify problems at an early stage. In addition (preventive) support should be offered to those foster children and families who are in need of it. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Locomotion, Energetics, Performance, and Behavior: A Mammalian Perspective on Lizards, and Vice Versa.

PubMed

Garland, Theodore; Albuquerque, Ralph L

2017-08-01

Animals are constrained by their abilities and by interactions with environmental factors, such as low ambient temperatures. These constraints range from physical impossibilities to energetic inefficiencies, and may entail trade-offs. Some of the constraints related to locomotion and activity metabolism can be illustrated through allometric comparisons of mammals and lizards, as representative terrestrial vertebrate endotherms and ectotherms, respectively, because these lineages differ greatly in aerobic metabolic capacities, resting energetic costs, and thermoregulatory patterns. Allometric comparisons are both useful and unavoidable, but "outlier" species (unusual for their clade) can also inform evolutionary scenarios, as they help indicate extremes of possible adaptation within mammalian and saurian levels of organization. We compared mammals and lizards for standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximal oxygen consumption during forced exercise (VO2max), net (incremental) cost of transport (NCT), maximal aerobic speed (MAS), daily movement distance (DMD), daily energy expenditure (DEE) during the active season, and the ecological cost of transport (ECT = percentage of DEE attributable to locomotion). (Snakes were excluded because their limbless locomotion has no counterpart in terrestrial mammals.) We only considered lizard SMR, VO2max, NCT, MAS, and sprint speed data if measured at 35-40 °C. On average, MAS is ∼7.4-fold higher in mammals, whereas SMR and VO2max are ∼6-fold greater, but values for all three of these traits overlap (or almost overlap) between mammals and lizards, a fact that has not previously been appreciated. Previous studies show that sprint speeds are similar for smaller mammals and lizards, but at larger sizes lizards are not as fast as some mammals. Mammals move ∼6-fold further each day than lizards, and DMD is by far the most variable trait considered here, but their NCT is similar. Mammals exceed lizards by ∼11.4-fold for DEE. On average for both lineages, the ECT is surprisingly low, somewhat higher for lizards, and positively allometric. If a lizard and mammal of 100 g body mass were both to move their entire DMD at their MAS, they could do so in ∼21 and 17 min, respectively, thus de-emphasizing the possible importance of time constraints. We conclude that ecological-energetic constraints related to locomotion are relatively more likely to occur in large, carnivorous lizards. Overall, our comparisons support the idea that the (gradual) evolution of mammalian endothermy did not necessarily require major changes in locomotor energetics, performance, or associated behaviors. Instead, we speculate that the evolution of thermoregulatory responses to low temperatures (e.g., shivering) may have been a key and "difficult" step in this transition. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Sympathetic Innervation of Cold-Activated Brown and White Fat in Lean Young Adults.

PubMed

Muzik, Otto; Mangner, Tom J; Leonard, William R; Kumar, Ajay; Granneman, James G

2017-05-01

Recent work in rodents has demonstrated that basal activity of the local sympathetic nervous system is critical for maintaining brown adipocyte phenotypes in classic brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT). Accordingly, we sought to assess the relationship between sympathetic innervation and cold-induced activation of BAT and WAT in lean young adults. Methods: Twenty adult lean normal subjects (10 women and 10 men; mean age ± SD, 23.3 ± 3.8 y; body mass index, 23.7 ± 2.5 kg/m 2 ) underwent 11 C-meta-hydroxyephedrin ( 11 C-HED) and 15 O-water PET imaging at rest and after exposure to mild cold (16°C) temperature. In addition, 18 F-FDG images were obtained during the cold stress condition to assess cold-activated BAT mass. Subjects were divided into 2 groups (high BAT and low BAT) based on the presence of 18 F-FDG tracer uptake. Blood flow and 11 C-HED retention index (RI, an indirect measure of sympathetic innervation) were calculated from dynamic PET scans at the location of BAT and WAT. Whole-body daily energy expenditure (DEE) during rest and cold stress was measured by indirect calorimetry. Tissue level oxygen consumption (MRO 2 ) was determined and used to calculate the contribution of cold-activated BAT and WAT to daily DEE. Results: 18 F-FDG uptake identified subjects with high and low levels of cold-activated BAT mass (high BAT, 96 ± 37 g; low-BAT, 16 ± 4 g). 11 C-HED RI under thermoneutral conditions significantly predicted 18 F-FDG uptake during cold stress ( R 2 = 0.68, P < 0.01). In contrast to the significant increase of 11 C-HED RI during cold in BAT (2.42 ± 0.85 vs. 3.43 ± 0.93, P = 0.02), cold exposure decreased the 11 C-HED RI in WAT (0.44 ± 0.22 vs. 0.41 ± 0.18) as a consequence of decreased perfusion (1.22 ± 0.20 vs. 1.12 ± 0.16 mL/100 g/min). The contribution of WAT to whole-body DEE was approximately 150 kcal/d at rest (149 ± 52 kcal/d), which decreased to approximately 100 kcal/d during cold (102 ± 47 kcal/d). Conclusion: The level of sympathetic innervation, as determined by 11 C-HED RI, can predict levels of functional BAT. Overall, blood flow is the best independent predictor of 11 C-HED RI and 18 F-FDG uptake across thermoneutral and cold conditions. In contrast to BAT, cold stress reduces blood flow and 18 F-FDG uptake in subcutaneous WAT, indicating that the physiologic response is to reduce heat loss rather than to generate heat. © 2017 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.

Validating Experimental Bedform Dynamics on Cohesive Sand-Mud Beds in the Dee Estuary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baas, Jaco H.; Baker, Megan; Hope, Julie; Malarkey, Jonathan; Rocha, Renata

2014-05-01

Recent laboratory experiments and field measurements have shown that small quantities of cohesive clay, and in particular 'sticky' biological polymers, within a sandy substrate dramatically reduce the development rate of sedimentary bedforms, with major implications for sediment transport rate calculations and process interpretations from the sedimentary record. FURTHER INFORMATION Flow and sediment transport predictions from sedimentary structures found in modern estuaries and within estuarine geological systems are impeded by an almost complete lack of process-based knowledge of the behaviour of natural sediments that consist of mixtures of cohesionless sand and biologically-active cohesive mud. Indeed, existing predictive models are largely based on non-organic cohesionless sands, despite the fact that mud, in pure form or mixed with sand, is the most common sediment on Earth and also the most biologically active interface across a range of Earth-surface environments, including rivers and shallow seas. The multidisciplinary COHBED project uses state-of-the-art laboratory and field technologies to measure the erosional properties of mixed cohesive sediment beds and the formation and stability of sedimentary bedforms on these beds, integrating the key physical and biological processes that govern bed evolution. The development of current ripples on cohesive mixed sediment beds was investigated as a function of physical control on bed cohesion versus biological control on bed cohesion. These investigations included laboratory flume experiments in the Hydrodynamics Laboratory (Bangor University) and field experiments in the Dee estuary (at West Kirby near Liverpool). The flume experiments showed that winnowing of fine-grained cohesive sediment, including biological stabilisers, is an important process affecting the development rate, size and shape of the cohesive bedforms. The ripples developed progressively slower as the kaolin clay fraction in the sandy substrate bed was increased. The same result was obtained for xanthan gum, which is a proxy for biological polymers produced by microphytobenthos. Yet, the xanthan gum was several orders more effective in slowing down ripple development than kaolin clay, suggesting that the cohesive forces for biological polymers are much higher than for clay minerals, and that sedimentological process models should refocus on biostabilisation processes. The first results of the field experiments show that the winnowing of fines from developing ripples and the slowing down of current ripple development in mixed cohesive sediment is mimicked on intertidal flats in the Dee estuary. In particular, these field data revealed that current ripples in cohesive sediment are smaller with more two-dimensional crestlines than in non-cohesive sand. The wider implications of these findings will be discussed. COHBED Project Team (NERC): Alan Davies (Bangor University); Daniel Parsons, Leiping Ye (University of Hull); Jeffrey Peakall (University of Leeds); Dougal Lichtman, Louise O'Boyle, Peter Thorne (NOC Liverpool); Sarah Bass, Andrew Manning, Robert Schindler (University of Plymouth); Rebecca Aspden, Emma Defew, Julie Hope, David Paterson (University of St Andrews)

Foster Parents' Rights to Share in Decision-Making for the Foster Child: Some Issues That Foster Parents Should Be Aware Of.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hardin, Mark; Tazzara, Patricia

This brief paper is intended, not to provide legal advice, but to alert foster parents to some of the key legal issues affecting their role in decision-making for the foster child. Contents discuss foster parents' access to adequate information concerning their foster children and their right to pursue grievances, resist agency decisions to remove…

Underserved parents, underserved youth: Considering foster parent willingness to foster substance-using adolescents

PubMed Central

Meyers, Kathleen; Kaynak, Övgü; Clements, Irene; Bresani, Elena; White, Tammy

2014-01-01

Adolescents involved with foster care are five times more likely to receive a drug dependence diagnosis when compared to adolescents in the general population. Prior research has shown that substance use is often hidden from providers, negating any chance for treatment and almost guaranteeing poor post-foster care outcomes. There are virtually no studies that examine the willingness (and its determinants) to foster youth with substance abuse problems. The current study conducted a nationally-distributed survey of 752 currently licensed foster care parents that assessed willingness to foster youth overall and by type of drug used, and possible correlates of this decision (e.g., home factors, system factors, and individual foster parent factors such as ratings of perceived difficulty in fostering this population). Overall, willingness to foster a youth involved with alcohol and other drugs (AOD) was contingent upon the types of drugs used. The odds that a parent would foster an AOD-involved youth were significantly increased by being licensed as a treatment foster home, having fostered an AOD-involved youth in the past, having AOD-specific training and past agency-support when needed, and self-efficacy with respect to positive impact. Surprisingly, when religion played a large part in the decision to foster any child, the odds of willingness to foster an AOD-involved youth dropped significantly. These results suggest that a large proportion of AOD-involved youth who find themselves in the foster care system will not have foster families willing to parent them, thereby forcing placement into a variety of congregate care facilities (e.g., residential treatment facilities, group homes). Specific ways in which the system can address these issues to improve placement and permanency efforts is provided. PMID:25878368

Reflectance model of a plant leaf

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kumar, R.; Silva, L.

1973-01-01

A light ray, incident at 5 deg to the normal, is geometrically plotted through the drawing of the cross section of a soybean leaf using Fresnel's Equations and Snell's Law. The optical mediums of the leaf considered for ray tracing are: air, cell sap, chloroplast, and cell wall. The above ray is also drawn through the same leaf cross section considering cell wall and air as the only optical mediums. The values of the reflection and transmission found from ray tracing agree closely with the experimental results obtained using a Beckman DK-2A Spectroreflectometer. Similarly a light ray, incident at about 60 deg to the normal, is drawn through the palisade cells of a soybean leaf to illustrate the pathway of light, incident at an oblique angle, through the palisade cells.

A perfect Fresnel acoustic reflector implemented by a Fano-resonant metascreen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amin, M.; Siddiqui, O.; Farhat, M.; Khelif, A.

2018-04-01

We propose a perfectly reflecting acoustic metasurface which is designed by replacing the curved segments of the traditional Fresnel reflector by flat Fano-resonant sub-wavelength unit cells. To preserve the original Fresnel focusing mechanism, the unit cell phase follows a specific phase profile which is obtained by applying the generalized Snell's law and Fermat's principle. The reflected curved phase fronts are thus created at the air-metasurface boundary by tailoring the metasurface dispersion as dictated by Huygens' principle. Since the unit cells are implemented by sub-wavelength double slit-shaped cavity resonators, the impinging sound waves are perfectly reflected producing acoustic focusing with negligible absorption. We use plane-wave solution and full-wave simulations to demonstrate the focusing effects. The simulation results closely follow the analytical predictions.

Experiences of Sex Education and Sexual Awareness in Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

PubMed

Hannah, Laura A; Stagg, Steven D

2016-12-01

The research investigated feelings towards sex education and sexual awareness in young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Data were generated from the sexual knowledge, experiences, feelings and needs questionnaire (McCabe et al. 1999), the sexual awareness questionnaire (Snell et al. 1991) and semi-structured interviews. Twenty typically developing and 20 ASD individuals participated. Feelings toward sex education did not differ between the groups, but the groups differed significantly on measures of sexual awareness. Negative experiences of sex education and issues of vulnerability, social anxiety, and confused sexuality were prominent features of the qualitative interviews. This report suggest that mainstream sex and relationship education is not sufficient for people with ASD, specific methods and curricular are necessary to match their needs.

Positive phase evolution of waves propagating along a photonic crystal with negative index of refraction.

PubMed

Martínez, Alejandro; Martí, Javier

2006-10-16

We analyze propagation of electromagnetic waves in a photonic crystal at frequencies at which it behaves as an effective medium with a negative index in terms of refraction at its interface with free space. We show that the phase evolution along the propagation direction is positive, despite the fact that the photonic crystal displays negative refraction following Snell's law, and explain it in terms of the Fourier components of the Bloch wave. Two distinct behaviors are found at frequencies far and close to the band edge of the negative-index photonic band. These findings contrast with the negative phase evolution that occurs in left-handed materials, so care has to be taken when applying the term left-handed to photonic crystals.

Frequency modulation at a moving material interface and a conservation law for wave number. [acoustic wave reflection and transmission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kleinstein, G. G.; Gunzburger, M. D.

1976-01-01

An integral conservation law for wave numbers is considered. In order to test the validity of the proposed conservation law, a complete solution for the reflection and transmission of an acoustic wave impinging normally on a material interface moving at a constant speed is derived. The agreement between the frequency condition thus deduced from the dynamic equations of motion and the frequency condition derived from the jump condition associated with the integral equation supports the proposed law as a true conservation law. Additional comparisons such as amplitude discontinuities and Snells' law in a moving media further confirm the stated proposition. Results are stated concerning frequency and wave number relations across a shock front as predicted by the proposed conservation law.

Near infrared leaf reflectance modeling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parrish, J. B.

1985-01-01

Near infrared leaf reflectance modeling using Fresnel's equation (Kumar and Silva, 1973) and Snell's Law successfully approximated the spectral curve for a 0.25-mm turgid oak leaf lying on a Halon background. Calculations were made for ten interfaces, air-wax, wax-cellulose, cellulose-water, cellulose-air, air-water, and their inverses. A water path of 0.5 mm yielded acceptable results, and it was found that assignment of more weight to those interfaces involving air versus water or cellulose, and less to those involving wax, decreased the standard deviation of the error for all wavelengths. Data suggest that the air-cell interface is not the only important contributor to the overall reflectance of a leaf. Results also argue against the assertion that the near infrared plateau is a function of cell structure within the leaf.

[The Relationship Between Attachment Representations of Foster Parents and Foster Children and the Role of the Child's Sex].

PubMed

Nowacki, Katja; Kliewer-Neumann, Josephine; Bovenschen, Ina; Lang, Katrin; Zimmermann, Janin; Spangler, Gottfried

2015-01-01

Children who have been placed in foster care after having experienced difficult family situations need to experience secure relationships. The development of a secure attachment model is regarded as a key protective factor for a healthy development. The present study examines predictors of attachment representations in a sample of 37 foster children aged three to eight years. Children's attachment representations were assessed using the Attachment Story Completion Task, and foster parents' attachment representations with the Adult Attachment Interview. Female foster children scored higher in secure attachment representations than males. Attachment representations of male foster children were positively influenced by a secure attachment representation of their primary foster parent and slightly by the duration of placement in the foster family as well as their age of placement but differently than expected. These results suggest that male foster children may be more vulnerable in their development of attachment representations and that foster parents' state of mind regarding attachment as well as the duration of the placement seem to have an impact on the development of attachment patterns in their foster children. This should be considered in the choice and counseling of foster parents.

Behavior problems, foster home integration, and evidence-based behavioral interventions: What predicts adoption of foster children?

PubMed

Leathers, Sonya J; Spielfogel, Jill E; Gleeson, James P; Rolock, Nancy

2012-05-01

Adoption is particularly important for foster children with special mental health needs who are unable to return home, as adoption increases parental support often critically needed by youth with mental health issues. Unfortunately, significant behavior problems frequently inhibit foster parents from adopting, and little is known about factors that predict adoption when a child has behavior problems. Previous research suggests that foster parent behavioral training could potentially increase rates of successful adoptions for pre-school-aged foster children with behavior problems (Fisher, Kim, & Pears, 2009), but this has not been previously tested in older samples. In older children, effective treatment of behavior problems might also increase adoption by reducing the interference of behavior problems and strengthening the child's foster home integration. This pilot study focused on this question by testing associations between behavior problems, foster home integration, an evidence-based foster parent intervention, and adoption likelihood. This study used an intent-to-treat design to compare foster home integration and adoption likelihood for 31 foster children with histories of abuse and neglect whose foster parents received a foster behavioral parenting intervention (see Chamberlain, 2003) or usual services. Random effect regression analyses were used to estimate outcomes across four time points. As expected, externalizing behavior problems had a negative effect on both integration and adoption, and foster home integration had an independent positive effect on adoption. Internalizing behavior problems (e.g., depression/anxiety) were not related to adoption or integration. However, the intervention did not have a direct effect on either foster home integration or adoption despite its positive effect on behavior problems. Results from this preliminary study provide further evidence of the negative effect of externalizing behavior problems on adoption. Its findings also suggest that foster home integration is an important dimension of foster home adaptation that appears particularly relevant to chances for adoption. While behavior problems appear to weaken foster home integration, integration is also an independent predictor of adoption likelihood. If these results are replicated in a larger study, consideration of foster home integration in case planning and future intervention studies focused on increasing permanency could potentially improve outcomes for foster children with behavior problems.

Foster Mother-Infant Bonding: Associations Between Foster Mothers’ Oxytocin Production, Electrophysiological Brain Activity, Feelings of Commitment, and Caregiving Quality

PubMed Central

Bick, Johanna; Dozier, Mary; Bernard, Kristin; Simons, Robert; Grasso, Damion

2012-01-01

This study examined the biological processes associated with foster mother-infant bonding. In an examination of foster mother-infant dyads (N = 41, mean infant age = 8.5 months), foster mothers’ oxytocin production was associated with their expressions of behavioral delight toward their foster infant and their average P3 response to images of all infant faces in the first two months of the relationship. Three months later, foster mothers’ oxytocin production was still associated with delight toward their foster infant and was also specifically associated with their P3 response to an image of their foster infant. Similar to biologically-related mothers and infants, oxytocin appears to be associated with foster mothers’ brain activity and caregiving behavior, with patterns suggestive of bond formation. PMID:23163703

Impact of the parenting style of foster parents on the behaviour problems of foster children.

PubMed

Fuentes, M J; Salas, M D; Bernedo, I M; García-Martín, M A

2015-09-01

Few studies have analysed the effects of the parenting style used by foster carers on children's behaviour problems. This study examines the role played by the quality of the emotional relationship with foster carers and the kind of discipline they use as regard internalizing and externalizing problems among foster children. Participants were 104 foster children (56 boys and 48 girls) and their respective foster families. The Child Behaviour Checklist, the Affect and Communication Scale, and the Rules and Demands Scale were completed by foster parents. A series of linear regression analyses were performed using the stepwise method. The main findings were as follows: an authoritarian parenting style explained the internalizing problems presented by foster children (11% of the variance); criticism/rejection, authoritarian parenting and permissive parenting explained externalizing problems (37% of the variance); and criticism/rejection and authoritarian parenting explained total problems (29% of the variance). These results indicate that criticism/rejection on the part of foster parents, as well as the use of inappropriate parenting styles (authoritarian and permissive), has an important effect in relation to the behaviour problems of foster children. This highlights the key role that foster carers play in terms of tackling the behaviour problems that foster children present. The findings also suggest that preparation for fostering should focus especially on ways of helping foster parents both to acquire positive parenting strategies and to avoid authoritarian and permissive parenting. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

15O PET Measurement of Blood Flow and Oxygen Consumption in Cold-Activated Human Brown Fat

PubMed Central

Muzik, Otto; Mangner, Thomas J.; Leonard, William R.; Kumar, Ajay; Janisse, James; Granneman, James G.

2013-01-01

Although it has been believed that brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots disappear shortly after the perinatal period in humans, PET imaging using the glucose analog 18F-FDG has shown unequivocally the existence of functional BAT in adult humans, suggesting that many humans retain some functional BAT past infancy. The objective of this study was to determine to what extent BAT thermogenesis is activated in adults during cold stress and to establish the relationship between BAT oxidative metabolism and 18F-FDG tracer uptake. Methods Twenty-five healthy adults (15 women and 10 men; mean age ± SD, 30 ± 7 y) underwent triple-oxygen scans (H215O, C15O, and 15O2) as well as measurements of daily energy expenditure (DEE; kcal/d) both at rest and after exposure to mild cold (15.5°C [60°F]) using indirect calorimetry. The subjects were divided into 2 groups (high BAT and low BAT) based on the presence or absence of 18F-FDG tracer uptake (standardized uptake value [SUV] > 2) in cervical–supraclavicular BAT. Blood flow and oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) were calculated from dynamic PET scans at the location of BAT, muscle, and white adipose tissue. Regional blood oxygen saturation was determined by near-infrared spectroscopy. The total energy expenditure during rest and mild cold stress was measured by indirect calorimetry. Tissue-level metabolic rate of oxygen (MRO2) in BAT was determined and used to calculate the contribution of activated BAT to DEE. Results The mass of activated BAT was 59.1 ± 17.5 g (range, 32–85 g) in the high-BAT group (8 women and 1 man; mean age, 29.6 ± 5.5 y) and 2.2 ± 3.6 g (range, 0–9.3 g) in the low-BAT group (9 men and 7 women; mean age, 31.4 ± 10 y). Corresponding maximal SUVs were significantly higher in the high-BAT group than in the low-BAT group (10.7 ± 3.9 vs. 2.1 ± 0.7, P = 0.01). Blood flow values were significantly higher in the high-BAT group than in the low-BAT group for BAT (12.9 ± 4.1 vs. 5.9 ± 2.2 mL/100 g/min, P = 0.03) and white adipose tissue (7.2 ± 3.4 vs. 5.7 ± 2.3 mL/100 g/min, P = 0.03) but were similar for muscle (4.4 ± 1.9 vs. 3.9 ± 1.7 mL/100 g/min). Moreover, OEF in BAT was similar in the 2 groups (0.51 ± 0.17 in high-BAT group vs. 0.47 ± 0.18 in low-BAT group, P = 0.39). During mild cold stress, calculated MRO2 values in BAT increased from 0.97 ± 0.53 to 1.42 ± 0.68 mL/100 g/min (P = 0.04) in the high-BAT group and were significantly higher than those determined in the low-BAT group (0.40 ± 0.28 vs. 0.51 ± 0.23, P = 0.67). The increase in DEE associated with BAT oxidative metabolism was highly variable in the high-BAT group, with an average of 3.2 ± 2.4 kcal/d (range, 1.9–4.6 kcal/d) at rest, and increased to 6.3 ± 3.5 kcal/d (range, 4.0–9.9 kcal/d) during exposure to mild cold. Although BAT accounted for only a small fraction of the cold-induced increase in DEE, such increases were not observed in subjects lacking BAT. Conclusion Mild cold-induced thermogenesis in BAT accounts for 15–25 kcal/d in subjects with relatively large BAT depots. Thus, although the presence of active BAT is correlated with cold-induced energy expenditure, direct measurement of MRO2 indicates that BAT is a minor source of thermogenesis in humans. PMID:23362317

Depression among Alumni of Foster Care: Decreasing Rates through Improvement of Experiences in Care

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

White, Catherine Roller; O'Brien, Kirk; Pecora, Peter J.; English, Diana; Williams, Jason R.; Phillips, Chereese M.

2009-01-01

The Northwest Foster Care Alumni Study examined the relation between experiences in foster care and depression among young adults who spent at least a year in foster care as adolescents. Results indicate that preparation for leaving foster care, nurturing supports from the foster family, school stability, access to tutoring, access to therapeutic…

Somebody’s Children or Nobody’s Children? How the Sociological Perspective Could Enliven Research on Foster Care

PubMed Central

Wildeman, Christopher; Waldfogel, Jane

2014-01-01

Social scientists have long been concerned about how the fortunes of parents affect their children, with acute interest in the most marginalized children. Yet little sociological research considers children in foster care. In this review, we take a three-pronged approach to show why this inattention is problematic. First, we provide overviews of the history of the foster care system and how children end up in foster care, as well as an estimate of how many children ever enter foster care. Second, we review research on the factors that shape the risk of foster care placement and foster care caseloads and how foster care affects children. We close by discussing how a sociological perspective and methodological orientation—ranging from ethnographic observation to longitudinal mixed methods research, demographic methods, and experimental studies—can foster new knowledge around the foster care system and the families it affects. PMID:25431518

Predictors of treatment use among foster mothers in an attachment-based intervention program.

PubMed

Bick, Johanna; Dozier, Mary; Moore, Shannon

2012-01-01

The current study examined predictors of treatment use among 56 foster mothers who participated in an attachment-based intervention program for foster infants. Foster mothers' levels of treatment use were coded at early, middle, and late phases of the intervention program. Foster mothers' states of mind with regard to attachment predicted their understanding of the intervention session concepts. Specifically, autonomous foster mothers showed higher levels of understanding at the start of the intervention program, when compared with non-autonomous foster mothers. State of mind with regard to attachment also predicted foster mothers' levels of reflective functioning during the intervention sessions. Autonomous foster mothers showed higher levels of reflective functioning at early, middle, and late stages of the intervention program, when compared with non-autonomous foster mothers. The relevance of these findings for both treatment effectiveness and treatment delivery is discussed.

Nuthatches eavesdrop on variations in heterospecific chickadee mobbing alarm calls.

PubMed

Templeton, Christopher N; Greene, Erick

2007-03-27

Many animals recognize the alarm calls produced by other species, but the amount of information they glean from these eavesdropped signals is unknown. We previously showed that black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) have a sophisticated alarm call system in which they encode complex information about the size and risk of potential predators in variations of a single type of mobbing alarm call. Here we show experimentally that red-breasted nuthatches (Sitta canadensis) respond appropriately to subtle variations of these heterospecific "chick-a-dee" alarm calls, thereby evidencing that they have gained important information about potential predators in their environment. This study demonstrates a previously unsuspected level of discrimination in intertaxon eavesdropping.

National Dam Safety Program. Larchwood Lake Dam (Inventory Number NY 727), Susquehanna River Basin, Otsego County, New York. Phase I Inspection Report,

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-08-04

8217 IELT OR BASE FLOw. USE VALUE i9?OF’ N. Y STATE NAMP - MINI/tM W’ RUNOFF (1ANm~s/DAy) FOR DEE,4-,/w,6 7W P-S/ r’ Pslic 2/6 t US5E 0. (/1IAy D-9...RESOURCES COMMISSION CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT ALBANY, N.Y. 12226 Do Not Write in This Box AppI. No. _____411_____V/ Darn No. __ __ __ __ Permit No. Watershed...extent and in such time and manner also notify him promptly in writing of the completion of the as the Water Resources Commission may require, remove

Evaluation of Soil Suction from Filter Paper.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-01

JOHNSON UNCLASSIFIED wES/MP/GL-80- ENOMOEEEI !MlEEEEEEEmlEE~llEEEllEI ElllEllEEEEII IIEu....II 11111 1,11162 2 M ( A- P, I(J -P I 01M 1(N I I ’, IHART...COTIUIMSAEET (of diie Repet) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 7. D IS T R IU U T IO N S T A T E M E N T ( 1 1 h a b et r s et ntw...d in 8Bl o c k 2 0 f d if e e n t ilro, R p o ff ) DTE I T ~ Is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 19. KEgY WORS (Centb... m rDee side if nesoewv mid Identify by

A Revision of the Argyritarsis Section of the Subgenus Nyssorhynchus of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-01

specimens: lM, 1M gen). Cayo: Cayo, BHL 40, lM, 1M gen. BOLIVIA (37 specimens: 21M, 1M gen, 15F). La Paz: Apolo, 15 Jan 1946, S. Blatman, 3M, 3F. Chulumani... La 152 Dorada, 25 Jun 1943, KO 112-6, lM, 1F. Meta: Cumaral, COB 45, IlpF, llpM, 1M gen. Pt. Lopez, COM 547, 1F. Restrepo, 21 Aug 1935, W. H. Kemp...and collector, 16 Feb 1927, La Ese, CR 32, 41pF, lpF, 21p, 2F. Orotina, 20 Dee 1920, A. Alfaro, 3F. Rio Tiribi, 1921, A. Alfaro, 2M, 1F. San Isidro

Development of an Intervention for Foster Parents of Young Foster Children with Externalizing Behavior: Theoretical Basis and Program Description

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vanschoonlandt, Femke; Vanderfaeillie, Johan; Van Holen, Frank; De Maeyer, Skrallan

2012-01-01

Foster parents are often faced with serious externalizing behaviors of their foster child. These behavioral problems may induce family stress and are related to less effective parenting and often increase. Foster children with behavioral problems are also more at risk of placement breakdown. An intervention to support foster parents of young…

The Available Time Scale: Measuring Foster Parents' Available Time to Foster

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cherry, Donna J.; Orme, John G.; Rhodes, Kathryn W.

2009-01-01

This article presents a new measure of available time specific to fostering, the Available Time Scale (ATS). It was tested with a national sample of 304 foster mothers and is designed to measure the amount of time foster parents are able to devote to fostering activities. The ATS has excellent reliability, and good support exists for its validity.…

Behavior problems, foster home integration, and evidence-based behavioral interventions: What predicts adoption of foster children?

PubMed Central

Leathers, Sonya J.; Spielfogel, Jill E.; Gleeson, James P.; Rolock, Nancy

2015-01-01

Objectives Adoption is particularly important for foster children with special mental health needs who are unable to return home, as adoption increases parental support often critically needed by youth with mental health issues. Unfortunately, significant behavior problems frequently inhibit foster parents from adopting, and little is known about factors that predict adoption when a child has behavior problems. Previous research suggests that foster parent behavioral training could potentially increase rates of successful adoptions for pre-school-aged foster children with behavior problems (Fisher, Kim, & Pears, 2009), but this has not been previously tested in older samples. In older children, effective treatment of behavior problems might also increase adoption by reducing the interference of behavior problems and strengthening the child’s foster home integration. This pilot study focused on this question by testing associations between behavior problems, foster home integration, an evidence-based foster parent intervention, and adoption likelihood. Methods This study used an intent-to-treat design to compare foster home integration and adoption likelihood for 31 foster children with histories of abuse and neglect whose foster parents received a foster behavioral parenting intervention (see Chamberlain, 2003) or usual services. Random effect regression analyses were used to estimate outcomes across four time points. Results As expected, externalizing behavior problems had a negative effect on both integration and adoption, and foster home integration had an independent positive effect on adoption. Internalizing behavior problems (e.g., depression/anxiety) were not related to adoption or integration. However, the intervention did not have a direct effect on either foster home integration or adoption despite its positive effect on behavior problems. Conclusions Results from this preliminary study provide further evidence of the negative effect of externalizing behavior problems on adoption. Its findings also suggest that foster home integration is an important dimension of foster home adaptation that appears particularly relevant to chances for adoption. While behavior problems appear to weaken foster home integration, integration is also an independent predictor of adoption likelihood. If these results are replicated in a larger study, consideration of foster home integration in case planning and future intervention studies focused on increasing permanency could potentially improve outcomes for foster children with behavior problems. PMID:26617425

Foster Mother-Infant Bonding: Associations between Foster Mothers' Oxytocin Production, Electrophysiological Brain Activity, Feelings of Commitment, and Caregiving Quality

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bick, Johanna; Dozier, Mary; Bernard, Kristin; Grasso, Damion; Simons, Robert

2013-01-01

This study examined the biological processes associated with foster mother-infant bonding. In an examination of foster mother-infant dyads ("N" = 41, mean infant age = 8.5 months), foster mothers' oxytocin production was associated with their expressions of behavioral delight toward their foster infant and their average P3 response to…

They are not always a burden: Older people and child fostering in Uganda during the HIV epidemic

PubMed Central

Kasedde, Susan; Doyle, Aoife M.; Seeley, Janet A.; Ross, David A.

2014-01-01

This qualitative study examines the role of older people (60 years and above) in fostering decisions for orphans and non-orphans within extended families in a rural Ugandan community heavily affected by HIV. Fieldwork conducted in 2006 provided information on the influence of HIV on fostering decisions through 48 individual in-depth interviews and two group interviews with foster-children and family members to develop detailed case studies related to 13 fostered adolescents. The adolescents included five non-orphans and eight orphans (five were double orphans because they had lost both parents). Older people play a very important role in fostering decisions as potential foster-parents, advisers, mediators and gatekeepers. They have a high level of authority over the foster-children, who are regarded as important resources within the extended family. With fewer potential caregivers available because of HIV-related deaths, the responsibility for fostering orphans has often fallen to surviving older people. Fostering is used by older people and the child's extended family as a strategy to ensure the welfare of the foster-child. When the foster-parent is an older person, it is also used to ensure physical and emotional support for the older person themselves. Support from the extended family towards foster households is widely reported to have been reduced by HIV by diminishing resources that would otherwise have been made available to support foster care. New initiatives and investment are required to complement community and family resources within well-managed social protection and welfare programmes. To be effective, such programmes will require adequate investment in administrative capacity and monitoring. They must aim to strengthen families and, recognizing that resources are limited, should prioritize the community's poorest households, rather than specifically targeting households with orphans or other foster-children. PMID:24880658

Conceptualizing the Step-Down for Foster Youth Approaching Adulthood: Perceptions of Service Providers, Caseworkers, and Foster Parents

PubMed Central

Havlicek, Judy; McMillen, J. Curtis; Fedoravicius, Nicole; McNelly, David; Robinson, Debra

2012-01-01

Studies find considerable movement between residential treatment and less restrictive foster home settings, with approximately half of foster youth who are stepped down eventually returning to a higher level of care. Very little is known about the step down for foster youth who are approaching adulthood in locked residential facilities. A qualitative study of stepping down a small sample of foster youth, as perceived by team members delivering a model of treatment foster care, is presented. These findings reveal the dimensions of stepping down foster youth at the onset of adulthood, and highlight the importance of providing foster youth with developmental opportunities to engage in the social roles and tasks of late adolescence and/or early adulthood. Implications for further refining the concept of stepping down from a developmental perspective are discussed. PMID:23878410

Mental Health of Children Living in Foster Families in Rural Rwanda: The Role of HIV and the Family Environment.

PubMed

Nduwimana, Estella; Mukunzi, Sylvere; Ng, Lauren C; Kirk, Catherine M; Bizimana, Justin I; Betancourt, Theresa S

2017-06-01

Fostering children is common in sub-Saharan Africa, but few studies examine these children's mental health needs. This study investigated the impact of living in a foster family on the mental health of HIV-positive, HIV-affected and HIV-unaffected children (n = 681 aged 10-17) in rural Rwanda. Regression analyses assessed the impact of living in a foster family on mental health, parenting, and daily hardships; multiple mediation analyses assessed whether family factors mediated the association between foster status and mental health. HIV-positive children were eight times more likely to live in foster families than HIV-unaffected children. Being HIV-affected was predictive of depression and irritability symptoms after controlling for family factors. Controlling for HIV-status, foster children had more symptoms of depression, anxiety, and irritability than non-fostered children. Positive parenting fully mediated the association between foster status and mental health. Mental health and parenting interventions for foster children and HIV-affected children may improve child outcomes.

Supporting Resilience in Foster Families: A Model for Program Design that Supports Recruitment, Retention, and Satisfaction of Foster Families Who Care for Infants with Prenatal Substance Exposure

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marcellus, Lenora

2010-01-01

As the health, social, and developmental needs of infants in foster care become more complex, foster families are challenged to develop specialized knowledge to effectively address these needs. The goal of this qualitative research study was to identify the process of becoming a foster family and providing family foster caregiving within the…

38 CFR 17.73 - Medical foster homes-general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Medical foster homes... MEDICAL Community Residential Care § 17.73 Medical foster homes—general. (a) Purpose. Through the medical foster home program, VA recognizes and approves certain medical foster homes for the placement of...

38 CFR 17.73 - Medical foster homes-general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Medical foster homes... MEDICAL Community Residential Care § 17.73 Medical foster homes—general. (a) Purpose. Through the medical foster home program, VA recognizes and approves certain medical foster homes for the placement of...

38 CFR 17.73 - Medical foster homes-general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Medical foster homes... MEDICAL Community Residential Care § 17.73 Medical foster homes—general. (a) Purpose. Through the medical foster home program, VA recognizes and approves certain medical foster homes for the placement of...

We Care for Kids: A Handbook for Foster Parents.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Illinois State Dept. of Children and Family Services, Springfield.

This handbook outlines essential information for foster parents under these basic headings: (1) legal rights and responsibilities of children, parents and foster parents; (2) recruitment, licensing, training, and evaluation of foster homes; (3) placement and removal of foster children; (4) payments and expenses; (5) medical care; (6)…

45 CFR 2552.71 - What requirements govern the assignment of Foster Grandparents?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) CORPORATION FOR NATIONAL AND COMMUNITY SERVICE FOSTER GRANDPARENT PROGRAM Foster Grandparent Placements and... assignments shall: (a) Provide for Foster Grandparents to give direct services to one or more eligible... child served. (d) Be meaningful to the Foster Grandparent. (e) Be supported by appropriate orientation...

Fostering the Teenager. Instructor's Manual.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Loppnow, Donald M.

One of a series of manuals for the Foster Parent Training Project, this workbook has been developed at Eastern Michigan University to assist instructors in presenting to foster parent trainees information concerning problems of living with adolescent foster children. In 10 sessions foster parents are encouraged to (1) increase their understanding…

The Legal Aspects of Foster Care. Instructor's Manual.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Findling, Joseph

One of a series of manuals for the Foster Parent Training Project, this workbook has been developed at Eastern Michigan University to assist instructors in presenting to foster parent trainees information concerning foster parents involvement with courts, legal proceedings, and public and private agencies. In eight sessions foster parents are…

Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Preschool Children in Foster Care: The Influence of Placement and Foster Family Environment.

PubMed

Vasileva, Mira; Petermann, Franz

2017-10-01

Children in foster care often experience traumatic events which increase their risk for posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Until now, no research has investigated the developmentally sensitive PTSS criteria for preschoolers among children in foster care. The current study estimated the prevalence of potentially traumatic experiences and clinical PTSS in German foster care children aged 3 to 7 years. The foster parents of 324 children completed questionnaires about children's PTSS, foster parental stress, parenting, and family functioning. Linear regression models tested trauma-related variables, placement history, and foster family characteristics as predictors of PTSS. Approximately 45.4% of the foster children had experienced at least one traumatic event and 15.4% had clinical PTSS. Physical abuse, β = .34, p < .001; hospitalization, β = -.17, p = .026; witnessing someone being hurt, β = -.15, p = .047; and parental stress, β = .43, p < .001, were significantly associated with PTSS. Results demonstrate the impact the foster family has on children who are coping with trauma, and suggest the necessity of trauma-sensitive trainings for foster parents, with stress management as an important component. Copyright © 2017 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.

Foster carer experience in Spain: Analysis of the vulnerabilities of a permanent model.

PubMed

López López, Mónica; Del Valle, Jorge F

2016-05-01

The voice of foster families is a valuable tool in the development and improvement of foster family services. Regularly evaluating the satisfaction of foster carers can facilitate the early identification of a range of problems that might pose a risk to the placement. This article reports the experience of 200 Spanish foster families (kinship and non-kinship) with foster services in relation to motivation for becoming foster carers, sources of stress and reward, satisfaction with the services and needs. Semi-structured interviews were performed. The aims of the research are principally of a descriptive character, so each group of variables was examined using frequency analysis. The foster carers interviewed demonstrated a high degree of satisfaction with the foster programs, although some areas seem more problematic, such as financial compensation, information provided about the fostered child, contact with the birth family and the sensitivity of professionals. This study reveals several differences with regard to international literature, that are related to particularities of the Spanish child care system. The results may be extremely useful for the implementation of policy changes which could contribute to raised levels of satisfaction for the foster carers, and increased effectiveness of the programs.

Radon-induced lung cancer deaths may be overestimated due to failure to account for confounding by exposure to diesel engine exhaust in BEIR VI miner studies.

PubMed

Cao, Xiaodong; MacNaughton, Piers; Laurent, Jose Cedeno; Allen, Joseph G

2017-01-01

EPA reported that radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States, killing 21,100 people per year. EPA relies on the BEIR VI models, based on an evaluation of radon exposure and lung cancer risk in studies of miners. But these models did not account for co-exposure to diesel exhaust, a known human carcinogen recently classified by IARC. It is probable then that a portion of the lung cancer deaths in the miner cohorts are originally attributable to the exposure to diesel rather than radon. To re-evaluate EPA's radon attributable lung cancer estimates accounting for diesel exposure information in the miner cohorts. We used estimates of historical diesel concentrations, combined with diesel exposure-response functions, to estimate the risks of lung cancer attributable to diesel engine exhaust (DEE) exposure in the miner studies. We re-calculated the fatal lung cancer risk attributable to radon after accounting for risk from diesel and re-estimated the number of U.S. deaths associated with radon in the U.S. using EPA's methodology. Considering the probable confounding with DEE exposure and using the same estimate of baseline mortality from 1989-91 that the EPA currently uses in their calculations, we estimate that radon-induced lung cancer deaths per year are 15,600 (95% CI: 14,300, 17,000)- 19,300 (95% CI: 18,800, 20,000) in the U.S. population, a reduction of 9%-26%. The death estimates would be 12,900-15,900 using 2014 baseline vital statistics. We recommend further research on re-evaluating the health effects of exposure to radon that accounts for new information on diesel exhaust carcinogenicity in BEIR VI models, up-to-date vital statistics and new epidemiological evidence from residential studies.

Radon-induced lung cancer deaths may be overestimated due to failure to account for confounding by exposure to diesel engine exhaust in BEIR VI miner studies

PubMed Central

MacNaughton, Piers; Laurent, Jose Cedeno; Allen, Joseph G.

2017-01-01

Background EPA reported that radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States, killing 21,100 people per year. EPA relies on the BEIR VI models, based on an evaluation of radon exposure and lung cancer risk in studies of miners. But these models did not account for co-exposure to diesel exhaust, a known human carcinogen recently classified by IARC. It is probable then that a portion of the lung cancer deaths in the miner cohorts are originally attributable to the exposure to diesel rather than radon. Objective To re-evaluate EPA’s radon attributable lung cancer estimates accounting for diesel exposure information in the miner cohorts. Methods We used estimates of historical diesel concentrations, combined with diesel exposure-response functions, to estimate the risks of lung cancer attributable to diesel engine exhaust (DEE) exposure in the miner studies. We re-calculated the fatal lung cancer risk attributable to radon after accounting for risk from diesel and re-estimated the number of U.S. deaths associated with radon in the U.S. using EPA’s methodology. Results Considering the probable confounding with DEE exposure and using the same estimate of baseline mortality from 1989–91 that the EPA currently uses in their calculations, we estimate that radon-induced lung cancer deaths per year are 15,600 (95% CI: 14,300, 17,000)– 19,300 (95% CI: 18,800, 20,000) in the U.S. population, a reduction of 9%–26%. The death estimates would be 12,900–15,900 using 2014 baseline vital statistics. Conclusions We recommend further research on re-evaluating the health effects of exposure to radon that accounts for new information on diesel exhaust carcinogenicity in BEIR VI models, up-to-date vital statistics and new epidemiological evidence from residential studies. PMID:28886109

Potential hazards associated with combustion of bio-derived versus petroleum-derived diesel fuel.

PubMed

Bünger, Jürgen; Krahl, Jürgen; Schröder, Olaf; Schmidt, Lasse; Westphal, Götz A

2012-10-01

Fuels from renewable resources have gained worldwide interest due to limited fossil oil sources and the possible reduction of atmospheric greenhouse gas. One of these fuels is so called biodiesel produced from vegetable oil by transesterification into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). To get a first insight into changes of health hazards from diesel engine emissions (DEE) by use of biodiesel scientific studies were reviewed which compared the combustion of FAME with common diesel fuel (DF) for legally regulated and non-regulated emissions as well as for toxic effects. A total number of 62 publications on chemical analyses of DEE and 18 toxicological in vitro studies were identified meeting the criteria. In addition, a very small number of human studies and animal experiments were available. In most studies, combustion of biodiesel reduces legally regulated emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. Nitrogen oxides are regularly increased. Among the non-regulated emissions aldehydes are increased, while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are lowered. Most biological in vitro assays show a stronger cytotoxicity of biodiesel exhaust and the animal experiments reveal stronger irritant effects. Both findings are possibly caused by the higher content of nitrogen oxides and aldehydes in biodiesel exhaust. The lower content of PAH is reflected by a weaker mutagenicity compared to DF exhaust. However, recent studies show a very low mutagenicity of DF exhaust as well, probably caused by elimination of sulfur in present DF qualities and the use of new technology diesel engines. Combustion of vegetable oil (VO) in common diesel engines causes a strongly enhanced mutagenicity of the exhaust despite nearly unchanged regulated emissions. The newly developed fuel "hydrotreated vegetable oil" (HVO) seems to be promising. HVO has physical and chemical advantages compared to FAME. Preliminary results show lower regulated and non-regulated emissions and a decreased mutagenicity.

Potential hazards associated with combustion of bio-derived versus petroleum-derived diesel fuel

PubMed Central

Bünger, Jürgen; Krahl, Jürgen; Schröder, Olaf; Schmidt, Lasse; Westphal, Götz A.

2012-01-01

Fuels from renewable resources have gained worldwide interest due to limited fossil oil sources and the possible reduction of atmospheric greenhouse gas. One of these fuels is so called biodiesel produced from vegetable oil by transesterification into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). To get a first insight into changes of health hazards from diesel engine emissions (DEE) by use of biodiesel scientific studies were reviewed which compared the combustion of FAME with common diesel fuel (DF) for legally regulated and non-regulated emissions as well as for toxic effects. A total number of 62 publications on chemical analyses of DEE and 18 toxicological in vitro studies were identified meeting the criteria. In addition, a very small number of human studies and animal experiments were available. In most studies, combustion of biodiesel reduces legally regulated emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. Nitrogen oxides are regularly increased. Among the non-regulated emissions aldehydes are increased, while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are lowered. Most biological in vitro assays show a stronger cytotoxicity of biodiesel exhaust and the animal experiments reveal stronger irritant effects. Both findings are possibly caused by the higher content of nitrogen oxides and aldehydes in biodiesel exhaust. The lower content of PAH is reflected by a weaker mutagenicity compared to DF exhaust. However, recent studies show a very low mutagenicity of DF exhaust as well, probably caused by elimination of sulfur in present DF qualities and the use of new technology diesel engines. Combustion of vegetable oil (VO) in common diesel engines causes a strongly enhanced mutagenicity of the exhaust despite nearly unchanged regulated emissions. The newly developed fuel “hydrotreated vegetable oil” (HVO) seems to be promising. HVO has physical and chemical advantages compared to FAME. Preliminary results show lower regulated and non-regulated emissions and a decreased mutagenicity. PMID:22871157

Living with a large reduction in permited loading by using a hydrograph-controlled release scheme

USGS Publications Warehouse

Conrads, P.A.; Martello, W.P.; Sullins, N.R.

2003-01-01

The Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for ammonia and biochemical oxygen demand for the Pee Dee, Waccamaw, and Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway system near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, mandated a 60-percent reduction in point-source loading. For waters with a naturally low background dissolved-oxygen concentrations, South Carolina anti-degradation rules in the water-quality regulations allows a permitted discharger a reduction of dissolved oxygen of 0.1 milligrams per liter (mg/L). This is known as the "0.1 rule." Permitted dischargers within this region of the State operate under the "0.1 rule" and cannot cause a cumulative impact greater than 0.1 mg/L on dissolved-oxygen concentrations. For municipal water-reclamation facilities to serve the rapidly growing resort and retirement community near Myrtle Beach, a variable loading scheme was developed to allow dischargers to utilize increased assimilative capacity during higher streamflow conditions while still meeting the requirements of a recently established TMDL. As part of the TMDL development, an extensive real-time data-collection network was established in the lower Waccamaw and Pee Dee River watershed where continuous measurements of streamflow, water level, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and specific conductance are collected. In addition, the dynamic BRANCH/BLTM models were calibrated and validated to simulate the water quality and tidal dynamics of the system. The assimilative capacities for various streamflows were also analyzed. The variable-loading scheme established total loadings for three streamflow levels. Model simulations show the results from the additional loading to be less than a 0.1 mg/L reduction in dissolved oxygen. As part of the loading scheme, the real-time network was redesigned to monitor streamflow entering the study area and water-quality conditions in the location of dissolved-oxygen "sags." The study reveals how one group of permit holders used a variable-loading scheme to implement restrictive permit limits without experiencing prohibitive capital expenditures or initiating a lengthy appeals process.

Metrology for stable isotope reference materials: 13C/12C and 18O/16O isotope ratio value assignment of pure carbon dioxide gas samples on the Vienna PeeDee Belemnite-CO2 scale using dual-inlet mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Srivastava, Abneesh; Michael Verkouteren, R

2018-07-01

Isotope ratio measurements have been conducted on a series of isotopically distinct pure CO 2 gas samples using the technique of dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry (DI-IRMS). The influence of instrumental parameters, data normalization schemes on the metrological traceability and uncertainty of the sample isotope composition have been characterized. Traceability to the Vienna PeeDee Belemnite(VPDB)-CO 2 scale was realized using the pure CO 2 isotope reference materials(IRMs) 8562, 8563, and 8564. The uncertainty analyses include contributions associated with the values of iRMs and the repeatability and reproducibility of our measurements. Our DI-IRMS measurement system is demonstrated to have high long-term stability, approaching a precision of 0.001 parts-per-thousand for the 45/44 and 46/44 ion signal ratios. The single- and two-point normalization bias for the iRMs were found to be within their published standard uncertainty values. The values of 13 C/ 12 C and 18 O/ 16 O isotope ratios are expressed relative to VPDB-CO 2 using the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] notation, respectively, in parts-per-thousand (‰ or per mil). For the samples, value assignments between (-25 to +2) ‰ and (-33 to -1) ‰ with nominal combined standard uncertainties of (0.05, 0.3) ‰ for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively were obtained. These samples are used as laboratory reference to provide anchor points for value assignment of isotope ratios (with VPDB traceability) to pure CO 2 samples. Additionally, they serve as potential parent isotopic source material required for the development of gravimetric based iRMs of CO 2 in CO 2 -free dry air in high pressure gas cylinder packages at desired abundance levels and isotopic composition values. Graphical abstract CO 2 gas isotope ratio metrology.

Partial differential equation transform — Variational formulation and Fourier analysis

PubMed Central

Wang, Yang; Wei, Guo-Wei; Yang, Siyang

2011-01-01

Nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) models are established approaches for image/signal processing, data analysis and surface construction. Most previous geometric PDEs are utilized as low-pass filters which give rise to image trend information. In an earlier work, we introduced mode decomposition evolution equations (MoDEEs), which behave like high-pass filters and are able to systematically provide intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) of signals and images. Due to their tunable time-frequency localization and perfect reconstruction, the operation of MoDEEs is called a PDE transform. By appropriate selection of PDE transform parameters, we can tune IMFs into trends, edges, textures, noise etc., which can be further utilized in the secondary processing for various purposes. This work introduces the variational formulation, performs the Fourier analysis, and conducts biomedical and biological applications of the proposed PDE transform. The variational formulation offers an algorithm to incorporate two image functions and two sets of low-pass PDE operators in the total energy functional. Two low-pass PDE operators have different signs, leading to energy disparity, while a coupling term, acting as a relative fidelity of two image functions, is introduced to reduce the disparity of two energy components. We construct variational PDE transforms by using Euler-Lagrange equation and artificial time propagation. Fourier analysis of a simplified PDE transform is presented to shed light on the filter properties of high order PDE transforms. Such an analysis also offers insight on the parameter selection of the PDE transform. The proposed PDE transform algorithm is validated by numerous benchmark tests. In one selected challenging example, we illustrate the ability of PDE transform to separate two adjacent frequencies of sin(x) and sin(1.1x). Such an ability is due to PDE transform’s controllable frequency localization obtained by adjusting the order of PDEs. The frequency selection is achieved either by diffusion coefficients or by propagation time. Finally, we explore a large number of practical applications to further demonstrate the utility of proposed PDE transform. PMID:22207904

Adoption & Foster Care

MedlinePlus

... Family Life > Family Dynamics > Adoption & Foster Care Adoption & Foster Care Article Body ​Each year, many children join families through adoption and foster care. These families may face unique challenges. The ...

25 CFR 20.507 - What requirements must foster care providers meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... ASSISTANCE AND SOCIAL SERVICES PROGRAMS Child Assistance Foster Care § 20.507 What requirements must foster care providers meet? If a child needs foster care, the social services worker must select care that... contain an approved current home study. (c) An off-reservation foster home, or residential care facility...

25 CFR 20.507 - What requirements must foster care providers meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... ASSISTANCE AND SOCIAL SERVICES PROGRAMS Child Assistance Foster Care § 20.507 What requirements must foster care providers meet? If a child needs foster care, the social services worker must select care that... contain an approved current home study. (c) An off-reservation foster home, or residential care facility...

25 CFR 20.507 - What requirements must foster care providers meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... ASSISTANCE AND SOCIAL SERVICES PROGRAMS Child Assistance Foster Care § 20.507 What requirements must foster care providers meet? If a child needs foster care, the social services worker must select care that... contain an approved current home study. (c) An off-reservation foster home, or residential care facility...

25 CFR 20.507 - What requirements must foster care providers meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... ASSISTANCE AND SOCIAL SERVICES PROGRAMS Child Assistance Foster Care § 20.507 What requirements must foster care providers meet? If a child needs foster care, the social services worker must select care that... contain an approved current home study. (c) An off-reservation foster home, or residential care facility...

25 CFR 20.507 - What requirements must foster care providers meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... ASSISTANCE AND SOCIAL SERVICES PROGRAMS Child Assistance Foster Care § 20.507 What requirements must foster care providers meet? If a child needs foster care, the social services worker must select care that... contain an approved current home study. (c) An off-reservation foster home, or residential care facility...

Strengthening Foster Parent-Adolescent Relationships through Filial Therapy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Capps, Jennifer E.

2012-01-01

The purpose of this article is to explore the application of filial therapy as a means of strengthening relationships between foster parents and adolescent foster children. Adolescents in foster care experience a number of placement disruptions and while a number of therapeutic interventions are implemented to assist adolescents in foster care,…

Prospect of Foster Family by Foster Children with Disabilities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aslamazova, Liliya Arturovna; Yurina, Alla Anatolievna; Kochenkova, Lyubov Pavlovna; Krasnova, Ludmila Vyacheslavovna

2016-01-01

This article deals with child-parent relationships in foster families, who bring up foster children with disabilities. The research was conducted in Republic of Adygheya (the Russian Federation). We have found out that, according to a child's view, interfamily relationships can be very ambivalent. On the one hand, foster children say that they…

A Critical Reflection: Foster Care Youth Experiences at a Four Year Postsecondary Institution

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greer, Renada D.

2016-01-01

Foster care youth face significant challenges to postsecondary educational success, especially while enrolled at four-year institutions. Foster care youth are absent of family support that their non-foster peers receive throughout the college experience. Without family support, foster care youth encounter greater challenges to persevere through…

Foster Parents Handbook.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

North Dakota State Board of Social Service, Bismarck.

A wide range of information pertaining to foster care and the role of foster parents is presented in this handbook. The nature of and the need for foster care are discussed briefly. Specific information is presented on the relationship of foster children to their parents, the court, their custodian and their guardian, and the process of becoming a…

Fostering Discipline: Instructor's Manual.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ryan, Patricia

"Fostering Discipline" is a manual to be used in education for families who provide service to foster children. It assumes that the participants in the class have had prior instruction in their roles as foster parents, the purposes of foster care, the reasons why children are in care and their relationship with the agency. This instructor's…

An experimental study of transmission, reflection and scattering of sound in a free-jet flight simulation facility and comparison with theory

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ahuja, K. K.; Tester, B. J.; Tanna, H. K.; Searle, N.

1977-01-01

Acoustic time delays across a free-jet shear layer are measured and compared with predictions based on (1) ray paths refracted abruptly across a cylindrical vortex sheet and (2) ray paths traced through a more realistic diverging flow model. The close agreement between measurement and theory confirms that Snell's law provides an accurate prediction of wavefront refraction or angle changes across a diverging shear layer. Microphones are placed on calculated ray paths to determine the coherent transmission and internal reflection characteristics of the shear layer and also the scattering of sound by the shear-layer turbulence. The transmission data essentially verify the proposed, theoretical calibration factor which forms part of a computational procedure that is being developed to convert model jet data from a free-jet facility to inflight conditions.

Fully interferometric controllable anomalous refraction efficiency using cross modulation with plasmonic metasurfaces.

PubMed

Liu, Zhaocheng; Chen, Shuqi; Li, Jianxiong; Cheng, Hua; Li, Zhancheng; Liu, Wenwei; Yu, Ping; Xia, Ji; Tian, Jianguo

2014-12-01

We present a method of fully interferometric, controllable anomalous refraction efficiency by introducing cross-modulated incident light based on plasmonic metasurfaces. Theoretical analyses and numerical simulations indicate that the anomalous and ordinary refracted beams generated from two opposite-helicity incident beams and following the generalized Snell's law will have a superposition for certain incident angles, and the anomalous refraction efficiency can be dynamically controlled by changing the relative phase of the incident sources. As the incident wavelength nears the resonant wavelength of the plasmonic metasurfaces, two equal-amplitude incident beams with opposite helicity can be used to control the anomalous refraction efficiency. Otherwise, two unequal-amplitude incident beams with opposite helicity can be used to fully control the anomalous refraction efficiency. This Letter may offer a further step in the development of controllable anomalous refraction.

Lens design of LED searchlight of high brightness and distant spot.

PubMed

Zhao, Shuang; Wang, Kai; Chen, Fei; Wu, Dan; Liu, Sheng

2011-05-01

The study related in this paper is the design of a ship-mounted LED of high brightness and distant spot. The freeform lens design obeying the edge ray principle and Snell's law is presented first. Then, to fit the illumination requirement of the searchlight, we designed a freeform lens to collimate all the light rays coming from the LED. However, theoretical analysis proves that there is a critical angle for incident rays beyond which the rays cannot be collimated, and 55% is the light-efficiency limit for polymethyl methacrylate freeform lens. We then designed a combination of a freeform lens-coupled parabolic reflector that improved light efficiency to 70%. In this paper, the design of the freeform lens-coupled parabolic reflector is given in detail. In addition, tolerance analysis and the effect of manufacturing defect are presented.

Optical device for thermal diffusivity determination in liquids by reflection of a thermal wave

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sánchez-Pérez, C.; De León-Hernández, A.; García-Cadena, C.

2017-08-01

In this work, we present a device for determination of the thermal diffusivity using the oblique reflection of a thermal wave within a solid slab that is in contact with the medium to be characterized. By using the reflection near a critical angle under the assumption that thermal waves obey Snell's law of refraction with the square root of the thermal diffusivities, the unknown thermal diffusivity is obtained by simple formulae. Experimentally, the sensor response is measured using the photothermal beam deflection technique within a slab that results in a compact device with no contact of the laser probing beam with the sample. We describe the theoretical basis and provide experimental results to validate the proposed method. We determine the thermal diffusivity of tridistilled water and glycerin solutions with an error of less than 0.5%.

Quantitative flaw characterization with scanning laser acoustic microscopy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Generazio, E. R.; Roth, D. J.

1986-01-01

Surface roughness and diffraction are two factors that have been observed to affect the accuracy of flaw characterization with scanning laser acoustic microscopy. In accuracies can arise when the surface of the test sample is acoustically rough. It is shown that, in this case, Snell's law is no longer valid for determining the direction of sound propagation within the sample. The relationship between the direction of sound propagation within the sample, the apparent flaw depth, and the sample's surface roughness is investigated. Diffraction effects can mask the acoustic images of minute flaws and make it difficult to establish their size, depth, and other characteristics. It is shown that for Fraunhofer diffraction conditions the acoustic image of a subsurface defect corresponds to a two-dimensional Fourier transform. Transforms based on simulated flaws are used to infer the size and shape of the actual flaw.

Perish, then publish: Thomas Harriot and the sine law of refraction.

PubMed

Fishman, R S

2000-03-01

A talented young scientist, Thomas Harriot, wrote the first English account of the New World, "A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia," distinguished by its serious effort to describe and understand the American Indian. Harriot went on to make innovations in mathematics and was one of the first astronomers to use the telescope. His largely unappreciated contribution to the history of ophthalmology was the first formulation of the sine law of refraction of light, found in his unpublished papers long after his death in 1621. Willebrord Snell discovered the sine law in Holland in 1621 but also died without formally publishing it. Rene Descartes first published the sine law in 1637. The sine law of refraction became not only the prime law of all lens systems but ushered in a new world of physical laws.

Broadband giant-refractive-index material based on mesoscopic space-filling curves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chang, Taeyong; Kim, Jong Uk; Kang, Seung Kyu; Kim, Hyowook; Kim, Do Kyung; Lee, Yong-Hee; Shin, Jonghwa

2016-08-01

The refractive index is the fundamental property of all optical materials and dictates Snell's law, propagation speed, wavelength, diffraction, energy density, absorption and emission of light in materials. Experimentally realized broadband refractive indices remain <40, even with intricately designed artificial media. Herein, we demonstrate a measured index >1,800 resulting from a mesoscopic crystal with a dielectric constant greater than three million. This gigantic enhancement effect originates from the space-filling curve concept from mathematics. The principle is inherently very broad band, the enhancement being nearly constant from zero up to the frequency of interest. This broadband giant-refractive-index medium promises not only enhanced resolution in imaging and raised fundamental absorption limits in solar energy devices, but also compact, power-efficient components for optical communication and increased performance in many other applications.

A ray tracing model for leaf bidirectional scattering studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brakke, T. W.; Smith, J. A.

1987-01-01

A leaf is modeled as a deterministic two-dimensional structure consisting of a network of circular arcs designed to represent the internal morphology of major species. The path of an individual ray through the leaf is computed using geometric optics. At each intersection of the ray with an arc, the specular reflected and transmitted rays are calculated according to the Snell and Fresnel equations. Diffuse scattering is treated according to Lambert's law. Absorption is also permitted but requires a detailed knowledge of the spectral attenuation coefficients. An ensemble of initial rays are chosen for each incident direction with the initial intersection points on the leaf surface selected randomly. The final equilibrium state after all interactions then yields the leaf bidirectional reflectance and transmittance distributions. The model also yields the internal two dimensional light gradient profile of the leaf.

Time well spent: the duration of foster care and early adult labor market, educational, and health outcomes.

PubMed

Fallesen, Peter

2013-12-01

Individuals who spent time in foster care as children fare on average worse than non-placed peers in early adult life. Recent research on the effect of foster care placement on early adult life outcomes provides mixed evidence. Some studies suggest negative effects of foster care placement on early adult outcomes, others find null effects. This study shows that differences in the average duration of foster care stays explain parts of these discordant findings and then test how foster care duration shapes later life outcomes using administrative data on 7220 children. The children experienced different average durations of foster care because of differences in exposure to a reform. Later born cohorts spent on average 3 months longer in foster care than earlier born cohorts. Isolating exogenous variation in duration of foster care, the study finds positive effects of increased duration of foster care on income and labor market participation. Copyright © 2013 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mental Health of Children Living in Foster Families in Rural Rwanda: The Role of HIV and the Family Environment

PubMed Central

Nduwimana, Estella; Mukunzi, Sylvere; Ng, Lauren C.; Kirk, Catherine M.; Bizimana, Justin I.; Betancourt, Theresa S.

2016-01-01

Fostering children is common in sub-Saharan Africa, but few studies examine these children’s mental health needs. This study investigated the impact of living in a foster family on the mental health of HIV-positive, HIV-affected and HIV-unaffected children (n = 681 aged 10–17) in rural Rwanda. Regression analyses assessed the impact of living in a foster family on mental health, parenting, and daily hardships; multiple mediation analyses assessed whether family factors mediated the association between foster status and mental health. HIV-positive children were eight times more likely to live in foster families than HIV-unaffected children. Being HIV-affected was predictive of depression and irritability symptoms after controlling for family factors. Controlling for HIV-status, foster children had more symptoms of depression, anxiety, and irritability than non-fostered children. Positive parenting fully mediated the association between foster status and mental health. Mental health and parenting interventions for foster children and HIV-affected children may improve child outcomes. PMID:27578000

Mental and Physical Health of Children in Foster Care.

PubMed

Turney, Kristin; Wildeman, Christopher

2016-11-01

Each year, nearly 1% of US children spend time in foster care, with 6% of US children placed in foster care at least once between their birth and 18th birthday. Although a large literature considers the consequences of foster care placement for children's wellbeing, no study has used a nationally representative sample of US children to compare the mental and physical health of children placed in foster care to the health of children not placed in foster care. We used data from the 2011-2012 National Survey of Children's Health, a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized children in the United States, and logistic regression models to compare parent-reported mental and physical health outcomes of children placed in foster care to outcomes of children not placed in foster care, children adopted from foster care, children across specific family types (eg, single-mother households), and children in economically disadvantaged families. We find that children in foster care are in poor mental and physical health relative to children in the general population, children across specific family types, and children in economically disadvantaged families. Some differences are explained by adjusting for children's demographic characteristics, and nearly all differences are explained by also adjusting for the current home environment. Additionally, children adopted from foster care, compared with children in foster care, have significantly higher odds of having some health problems. Children in foster care are a vulnerable population in poor health, partially as a result of their early life circumstances. Copyright © 2016 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

A sampling bias in identifying children in foster care using Medicaid data.

PubMed

Rubin, David M; Pati, Susmita; Luan, Xianqun; Alessandrini, Evaline A

2005-01-01

Prior research identified foster care children using Medicaid eligibility codes specific to foster care, but it is unknown whether these codes capture all foster care children. To describe the sampling bias in relying on Medicaid eligibility codes to identify foster care children. Using foster care administrative files linked to Medicaid data, we describe the proportion of children whose Medicaid eligibility was correctly encoded as foster child during a 1-year follow-up period following a new episode of foster care. Sampling bias is described by comparing claims in mental health, emergency department (ED), and other ambulatory settings among correctly and incorrectly classified foster care children. Twenty-eight percent of the 5683 sampled children were incorrectly classified in Medicaid eligibility files. In a multivariate logistic regression model, correct classification was associated with duration of foster care (>9 vs <2 months, odds ratio [OR] 7.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.17-7.97), number of placements (>3 vs 1 placement, OR 4.20, 95% CI 3.14-5.64), and placement in a group home among adjudicated dependent children (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.33-2.63). Compared with incorrectly classified children, correctly classified foster care children were 3 times more likely to use any services, 2 times more likely to visit the ED, 3 times more likely to make ambulatory visits, and 4 times more likely to use mental health care services (P < .001 for all comparisons). Identifying children in foster care using Medicaid eligibility files is prone to sampling bias that over-represents children in foster care who use more services.

A Way of Caring: The Parents' Guide to Foster Family Care.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rutter, Barbara A.

This booklet presents guidelines for parents of children placed in foster care on how to continue or strengthen their relationship with their children while the children are living in foster homes. Chapters are included on the following topics: (1) things parents should know about foster care; (2) preparing the child for foster care; (3) the first…

Foster Youth Evaluate the Performance of Group Home Services in California

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Green, Rex S.; Ellis, Peter T.

2008-01-01

In 2003 foster youth employed by a foster youth advocacy organization suggested that an evaluation of group home services to foster youth be conducted in Alameda County, California. This report presents the development and conduct of this evaluation study; how funding was obtained; and how foster youth were hired, trained, and employed to produce…

Measuring Foster Parent Potential: Casey Foster Parent Inventory-Applicant Version

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Orme, John G.; Cuddeback, Gary S.; Buehler, Cheryl; Cox, Mary Ellen; Le Prohn, Nicole S.

2007-01-01

Objective: The Casey Foster Applicant Inventory-Applicant Version (CFAI-A) is a new standardized self-report measure designed to assess the potential to foster parent successfully. The CFAI-A is described, and results concerning its psychometric properties are presented. Method: Data from a sample of 304 foster mothers from 35 states are analyzed.…

Supply and Demand for Child Foster Family Care in the Southeast.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thomas, George; And Others

Described is a study of foster care services for 31,911 children in eight southeastern states. It is explained that questionnaires were completed by state and county foster care officials and by foster families. Results are reported to indicate that the foster child sample was largely white preteens, evenly divided between the sexes. The effects…

Foster children's attachment behavior and representation: Influence of children's pre-placement experiences and foster caregiver's sensitivity.

PubMed

Bovenschen, Ina; Lang, Katrin; Zimmermann, Janin; Förthner, Judith; Nowacki, Katja; Roland, Inga; Spangler, Gottfried

2016-01-01

Although the majority of foster children have been exposed to early adversity in their biological families and have experienced one or more disruptions of attachment relationships, most studies surprisingly found foster children to be as securely attached as children in low-risk samples. However, attention has been paid almost exclusively to attachment formation in young children up to two years of age, and the majority of studies solely investigated attachment behavior whereas few is known about foster children's representations about attachment relationships. To extend findings on attachment in foster children and its predictors, our study examined both attachment behavior and representations in foster children aged between 3 and 8 years. Diverse potential predictors including child variables, birth parents' variables, pre-placement experiences, and foster caregiver's behavior were included in the analyses. Results revealed that foster children showed both lower attachment security and higher disorganization scores than children in low-risk samples. Attachment behavior and representation were found to be widely independent from each other. Different factors contributed to attachment behavior and representation: whereas foster children's attachment behavior was mainly influenced by foster parents' behavior, pre-placement experiences did predict hyperactivation and disorganization on the representational level. The results indicate that, when intervening with foster families, it seems crucial to focus not exclusively on the promotion of secure attachment behavior but also to develop interventions enhancing secure and organized attachment representations. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Role Perceptions of Foster Care in African American Kinship and Nonkinship Foster Parents: A Quantitative Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Warde, Bryan

2008-01-01

This article reports on a study that examined a cohort of African American kinship (n = 57) and nonkinship (n = 53) foster parents' perceptions of their role responsibilities as a foster care provider. The Foster Parent Role Perception (FPRP) scale was used to measure perceived role responsibility. Results indicated that both the kinship and…

An Analysis of the Fragmented Foster Care System with a View toward Systemic Reconstruction: A Review of the Literature.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leach, John William

Relevant research analyzing the major components of the foster care system is reviewed and critiqued. The research suggests that children are entering the foster care system with a greater severity of psychosocial disorders than in previous years. Regardless of the problems of foster children, empathic and flexible foster parents have a greater…

School Stability: Improving Academic Achievement for NJ Foster Children. Policy Brief

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bernard-Rance, Kourtney; Parello, Nancy

2014-01-01

Children in New Jersey's foster care system are more likely to remain in their home school when they enter foster care, thanks to a law passed in 2010, giving these fragile children improved educational stability. The law allows children to remain in their "school of origin" when they are placed in foster care, even if the foster home is…

"Couch Surfing" of Latino Foster Care Alumni: Reliance on Peers as Social Capital

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perez, Beatrix F.; Romo, Harriett D.

2011-01-01

Youth exiting foster care often experience difficulties transitioning into adulthood. This paper focuses on Latino foster care youth in a major southwestern U.S. city and addresses the importance of peer networks as a crucial form of social capital as youth leave foster care. Case studies illustrate experiences of foster care alumni ranging in age…

Resiliency in Children and Youth in Kinship Care and Family Foster Care

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Metzger, Jed

2008-01-01

This study examined self-concept, resiliency and social support in 107 children and youth placed in foster care in New York City. Of the children and youth, 55 were placed in family foster care, while the remaining 52 children and youth were placed in a kinship foster home. Significantly more of mothers of the kinship foster care children and…

City Kids in the Wilderness: A Pilot-Test of Outward Bound for Foster Care Group Home Youth.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fischer, Robert L.; Attah, E. B.

2001-01-01

A study examined perceptions of a 7-day Outward Bound program among 23 urban youths, foster parents, and foster care workers from group homes in Atlanta (Georgia). Foster parents reported improved self-esteem and behavior among the teens, but foster care workers reported worse behavior. Negative program impressions lessened among male youths but…

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Foster Care Alumni: The Role of Race, Gender, and Foster Care Context

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jackson, Lovie J.; O'Brien, Kirk; Pecora, Peter J.

2011-01-01

Little is known about the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adult alumni of foster care and its demographic and contextual correlates. This is one of the first studies to report on racial/ethnic and gender differences and the influence of foster care experiences (i.e., revictimization during foster care, placement change rate,…

In search of connection: The foster youth and caregiver relationship

PubMed Central

Storer, Heather L.; Barkan, Susan E.; Stenhouse, Linnea L.; Eichenlaub, Caroline; Mallillin, Anastasia; Haggerty, Kevin P.

2015-01-01

Placement instability is an ongoing challenge for the 125,000 foster youth aged 14 – 18 that are living in foster care, with youth living in approximately 3 placements before aging out of the system. Despite the importance caring adult relationships can play in promoting positive youth development and resiliency, there has been limited inquiry into the characteristics of the foster youth and caregiver relationship. The goal of this paper is to provide a descriptive account of the foster youth and caregiver relationship, and explore what qualities and experiences foster youth desire from their caregivers. Qualitative data were gathered from 9 focus groups. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis approaches. Foster youth, caregivers, and child welfare staff described relationships lacking in formative bonds and connection, where youth didn’t “fit in”, and chaotic homes marked by reactivity and judgment. Characteristics of supportive foster homes include a sense of belonging, structure, guidance, and consistency. This research underscores the important role positive relationships can play in foster youth’s feelings of well-being and points to the need for foster parent training to include tangible strategies to develop stronger bonds. PMID:26052173

BEST medical radioisotope production cyclotrons

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sabaiduc, Vasile; Milton, Bruce; Suthanthiran, Krishnan

2013-04-19

Best Cyclotron Systems Inc (BCSI) is currently developing 14 MeV, 25 MeV, 35MeV and 70MeV cyclotrons for radioisotope production and research applications as well as the entire spectrum of targets and nuclear synthesis modules for the production of Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and radiation therapy isotopes. The company is a subsidiary of Best Medical International, renowned in the field of medical instrumentation and radiation therapy. All cyclotrons have external negative hydrogen ion sources, four radial sectors with two dees in opposite valleys, cryogenic vacuum system and simultaneous beam extraction on opposite lines. The beammore » intensity ranges from 400 {mu}A to 1000 {mu}A, depending on the cyclotron energy and application.« less

Immune-Mediated Eradication of Cancer Stem Cells via Polyspherex Microsphere-based Vaccination

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-01

EEE !%-4&,1!GHG!34-/!󈨇!8*5,6!,:.,4*/,6&?! 1,%.*&,!&+,!3𔃺&!&+’&!A,!A,4,!2%*68!)󈧴,?!1𔄁!"[!=>"!&2/-4%!.--),1!34-/!"TC#E! *61*5*12’)!/*0...4!,:.,4*/,6&9!!L3&,4!D!/-6&+%!-3!%-4&C.24*3*0’&*-6?!A,!+𔃻! 0-)),0&,1!)7%’&,%!34-/!\\!DEE? EEE !%-4&,1!GHG?!A+*0+!7*,)1,1!𔄀!*6%233*0*,6&!’/-26&!-3! .4...2/-4!0,))%!’%!’!%-240,!-3!𔄀&*8,6B%F!*6!1,614*&*0!0,))C(’%,1! *//26*R’&*-69!9*+$𔃺):’(!T&?!["ETC["Ef!B# EE "F9! =9!

Compendium of Shock Wave Data. Volume 3. Section C. Organic Compounds Excluding Hydrocarbons. Section D. Mixtures. Section E. Mixtures and Solutions Without Chemical Characterization. Compendium Index

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-06-01

THAN THE ABOVE. 23-2-1(5-8-2) --- I2 AND 15 LESS COMPRESSIBLE THAN THE ABOVY FITS 23-2-1(5-9-2)---9 QUITE SOFT COMPARED TO THE AMERICAN PRODUCTS •3o8... PRODUCTS REMA I NDER TO - 17-36 DEe. C CO 0.93 KIQSEC VO a 0.356- 0.348 CC/O "IN THE TABLE, TEMPERATURE (T) IS OIVEN IN DEGREES CENTirRA1. DE14NSITY IN G...34 I " U IS THE BULLET VELOCITY. NO WAVE ATTENUATION HAS OBSERVED, UNLIKE IN PLEXIGLAS 4) THIS POLYMER IS A CONDENSATION PRODUCT OF GISPHENOL-A AND

BEST medical radioisotope production cyclotrons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sabaiduc, Vasile; Milton, Bruce; Suthanthiran, Krishnan; Gelbart, W. Z.; Johnson, Richard R.

2013-04-01

Best Cyclotron Systems Inc (BCSI) is currently developing 14 MeV, 25 MeV, 35MeV and 70MeV cyclotrons for radioisotope production and research applications as well as the entire spectrum of targets and nuclear synthesis modules for the production of Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and radiation therapy isotopes. The company is a subsidiary of Best Medical International, renowned in the field of medical instrumentation and radiation therapy. All cyclotrons have external negative hydrogen ion sources, four radial sectors with two dees in opposite valleys, cryogenic vacuum system and simultaneous beam extraction on opposite lines. The beam intensity ranges from 400 μA to 1000 μA, depending on the cyclotron energy and application [1].

Turbine Engine Variable Cycle Selection Program Summary.

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-04-01

en Dee. Entered) 1 , ~~~~~~~~ DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING F 4~ 4 I. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2 . GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3- ~$ 1 .~~IENT ’S CATALOG...CONT ENTS SECTION PAGE 1 . INTRODUCTION 1 2 . PROGRAM APPROACH 2 3. FIGHTER ENGINE/AIRFRAME EVALUATION PROCEDURE 8 3.1 Input 9 3.2 Computation 9 3.3...Range of !‘:!~ nme t ric Mission ~)ash V a 1 ~1es 7 28 T5 ar a ~n ct r ic Eng ine C’ 1 — L r a c t o r i s t i c s 28 2 9 Thrust Lapse Comparisons 2

Strategies for fostering basic psychological needs support in high quality youth leadership programs.

PubMed

Bean, Corliss; Harlow, Meghan; Kendellen, Kelsey

2017-04-01

Youth leadership programming has become an increasingly common context to foster basic psychological needs and promote youth development. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore strategies involved in fostering youth needs support within six leadership programs. Two leaders and 30 youth participated in semi-structured interviews to better understand the strategies used to foster needs support. Findings revealed that leaders were able to foster a sense of relatedness among youth through building trusting adult-youth relationships and nurturing an inclusive environment. Maximizing choice and negotiating youth voice helped to foster youth's autonomy. Finally, creating a task-oriented climate and providing intentional opportunities for skill-building helped to foster youth's competence. Findings suggest that training for leaders is critical in understanding what, and how strategies should be employed to help foster youth needs support in leadership programming. Limitations and future directions are outlined. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Preventing re-entry to foster care.

PubMed

Carnochan, Sarah; Rizik-Baer, Daniel; Austin, Michael J

2013-01-01

Re-entry to foster care generally refers to circumstances in which children who have been discharged from foster care to be reunified with their family of origin, adopted, or provided kinship guardianship are returned to foster care. In the context of the federal performance measurement system, re-entry refers specifically to a return to foster care following an unsuccessful reunification. The federal Children and Family Services Review measures re-entry to foster care with a single indicator, called the permanency of reunification indicator, one of four indicators comprising the reunification composite measure. This review focuses on research related to the re-entry indicator, including the characteristics of children, caregivers and families, as well as case and child welfare services that are associated with a higher or lower risk of re-entry to foster care. Promising post-reunification services designed to prevent re-entry to foster care are described.

Improving Foster Parent Engagement: Using Qualitative Methods to Guide Tailoring of Evidence-based Engagement Strategies

PubMed Central

Conover, Kate L.; Cox, Julia Revillion

2014-01-01

Objective This qualitative study examined applicability and need for tailoring of an evidence-based engagement intervention, combined with Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, for foster parents. Method Qualitative methods were used, including individual interviews with participating foster parents (N = 7), review of interview findings with an independent group of foster parents (N = 5), and review of the combined foster parent findings by child welfare caseworkers (N = 5), an important stakeholder group. Results The engagement intervention, with its primary focus on perceptual barriers (e.g., past experiences with mental health), was relevant for the foster care population. However, the study identified areas for tailoring to better recognize and address the unique needs and situation of foster parents as substitute caregivers. Conclusions Perceptually-focused engagement interventions may have broad applicability to a range of populations, including foster parents, with the potential for improving caregiver participation in children’s mental health services. PMID:24611600

Foster care history and HIV infection among drug-using African American female sex workers.

PubMed

Surratt, Hilary L; Kurtz, Steven P

2012-05-01

Foster care has been associated with increased HIV risk behaviors among youth, yet long-term association with HIV infection has not been examined. This study explored the associations between foster placement, victimization, mental health, onset of sex work and HIV infection among highly vulnerable female sex workers. 562 drug-involved African American women were enrolled into an intervention study to increase health services utilization and reduce HIV risk. Seventeen percent reported a history of foster placement. Foster history was associated with significantly lower educational attainment, higher victimization, and more severe mental health problems. Women with foster histories reported significantly earlier entry into paid sex work, with some 62% active in the sex trade before age 18. Multivariate analyses found that foster care was independently associated with HIV seropositivity, and that early sex work partially mediated this association. The potential long-term health vulnerabilities associated with foster placement are understudied and warrant additional research.

Drinking, Drugs & Youth: Use and Abuse. Fostering Families. A Specialized Training Program Designed for Foster Care Workers & Foster Care Parents.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schatz, Mona Struhsaker; And Others

This module is part of a training program for foster parents and foster care workers offered at Colorado State University. The module examines substance abuse by children aged 10 years and above. The module's learning objectives address: (1) family rules and coping mechanisms relevant to substance-abusing youth; (2) characteristics of adolescent…

Youth Who "Age Out" of Foster Care: Troubled Lives, Troubling Prospects. Child Trends Research Brief.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wertheimer, Richard

Noting that the population of foster children who "age out" of the foster care system may be even more at risk than other foster children, this research brief summarizes a longer report examining trends in foster care in the United States, the number and needs of those aging out of the system, and public policy implications. The brief indicates…

Breaking Down Difficult Family Patterns. Fostering Families. A Specialized Training Program Designed for Foster Care Workers & Foster Care Parents.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schatz, Mona Struhsaker; And Others

This module is part of a training program for foster parents and foster care workers offered at Colorado State University. The module examines the functioning of families with addictive and dependent members. The module's learning objectives address: (1) indicators of addiction problems in families, and cycles of substance use and abuse; (2) roles…

The Power of Community: How Foster Parents, Teachers, and Community Members Support Academic Achievement for Foster Youth

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morton, Brenda M.

2016-01-01

Foster children have been identified as one of the most high-risk groups for academic failure in schools today. However, a small number of foster youth are beating the odds by achieving academically. How are they able to overcome tremendous barriers and succeed? This phenomenological study reports the findings of former foster youth and their P-12…

Getting Foster Youth to and through College: Successes and Challenges of the New Jersey Foster Care Scholars Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davis, Maia; Losey, Elizabeth

2008-01-01

The popularity of the New Jersey Foster Care Scholars program is a testament to its importance. Typical college students rely on parents for financial assistance and emotional support. Youth aging out of foster care often are on their own. The scholarship program offers an opportunity for higher education that many foster youth thought they would…

Antipsychotic treatment among youth in foster care.

PubMed

Dosreis, Susan; Yoon, Yesel; Rubin, David M; Riddle, Mark A; Noll, Elizabeth; Rothbard, Aileen

2011-12-01

Despite national concerns over high rates of antipsychotic medication use among youth in foster care, concomitant antipsychotic use has not been examined. In this study, concomitant antipsychotic use among Medicaid-enrolled youth in foster care was compared with disabled or low-income Medicaid-enrolled youth. The sample included 16 969 youths younger than 20 years who were continuously enrolled in a Mid-Atlantic state Medicaid program and had ≥1 claim with a psychiatric diagnosis and ≥1 antipsychotic claim in 2003. Antipsychotic treatment was characterized by days of any use and concomitant use with ≥2 overlapping antipsychotics for >30 days. Medicaid program categories were foster care, disabled (Supplemental Security Income), and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Multicategory involvement for youths in foster care was classified as foster care/Supplemental Security Income, foster care/TANF, and foster care/adoption. We used multivariate analyses, adjusting for demographics, psychiatric comorbidities, and other psychotropic use, to assess associations between Medicaid program category and concomitant antipsychotic use. Average antipsychotic use ranged from 222 ± 110 days in foster care to only 135 ± 101 days in TANF (P < .001). Concomitant use for ≥180 days was 19% in foster care only and 24% in foster care/adoption compared with <15% in the other categories. Conduct disorder and antidepressant or mood-stabilizer use was associated with a higher likelihood of concomitant antipsychotic use (P < .0001). Additional study is needed to assess the clinical rationale, safety, and outcomes of concomitant antipsychotic use and to inform statewide policies for monitoring and oversight of antipsychotic use among youths in the foster care system.

[A comparative study on psychological and behavioral development in children aged 1 to 3 years fostered by grandparents and by parents].

PubMed

Wang, Ping; Song, Pu; Chen, Cai-Ping; Liang, Juan; Jian, Fang-Fang; Zhang, Jin-Bao

2009-12-01

To investigate the differences of psychological and behavioral development between children aged 1 to 3 years fostered by grandparents and those by parents. Psychological and behavioral development of 443 children aged 1 to 3 years fostered by their grandparents and of aged-matched 443 children fostered by their parents were assessed with DST, an intellectual developmental screening test developed by Pediatric Hospital of Fudan University in Shanghai. The abilities of social adaptation and intelligence development in children fostered by their grandparents were obviously retarded as compared with those in children fostered by their parents. There are shortcomings in psychological and behavioral development in children aged 1 to 3 years fostered by grandparents.

Support and Conflict in the Foster Family and Children's Well-Being: A Comparison between Foster and Birth Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Denuwelaere, Mieke; Bracke, Piet

2007-01-01

Data on 96 foster families with a foster child and a birth child between the ages of 10 and 21 years were used to analyze the association between support and conflict processes within the foster family and youths' reports on four indexes of well-being: self-esteem, self-efficacy, emotional problems, and behavioral problems. The self-esteem of…

Cross-fostering in gray wolves (Canis lupus lupus).

PubMed

Scharis, Inger; Amundin, Mats

2015-01-01

Cross-fostering in canids, with captive-bred pups introduced into endangered wild populations, might aid conservation efforts by increasing genetic diversity and lowering the risk of inbreeding depression. The gray wolf (Canis lupus lupus) population in Scandinavia suffers from severe inbreeding due to a narrow genetic base and geographical isolation. This study aimed at evaluating the method to cross-foster wolf pups from zoo-born to zoo-born litters. The following was assessed: female initial acceptance of foster pups, growth rate in relation to age difference between foster pups and pups in recipient litters and survival over the first 33 weeks. The study included four litters added by two foster pups in each. The age differences between the foster pups and the recipient litters were 2-8 days. After augmentation, all four females accepted the foster pups, demonstrated by her moving the entire litter to a new den site. Growth rate was dependent on the age difference of the pups in the foster litters, with a considerably slower growth rate in the 8 days younger pups. However, these pups later appeared to be at no disadvantage. Foster pups had a higher survival rate than females' pups, however, the causes of death were probably not kin or non-kin related. The results indicate that cross-fostering works in gray wolves and that this might be a plausible way to increase genetic variation in the wild population. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Incremental Net Benefit of Early Intervention for Preschool-Aged Children with Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Foster Care.

PubMed

Lynch, Frances L; Dickerson, John F; Saldana, Lisa; Fisher, Phillip A

2014-01-01

Of 1 million cases of child maltreatment identified every year in the United States, one-fifth result in foster care. Many of these children suffer from significant emotional and behavioral conditions. Decision-makers must allocate highly constrained budgets to serve these children. Recent evidence suggests that Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Preschoolers can reduce negative outcomes for these children, but the relative benefits and costs of the program have not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to assess net benefit, over 24 months, of Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Preschoolers compared to regular foster care. Data were from a randomized controlled trial of 117 young children entering a new foster placement. A subsample exhibited placement instability (n = 52). Intervention services including parent training, lasted 9-12 months. Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Preschoolers significantly increased permanent placements for the placement instability sample. Average total cost for the new intervention sample was significantly less than for regular foster care (full sample: $27,204 vs. $30,090; P = .004; placement instability sample: $29,595 vs. $36,061; P = .045). Incremental average net benefit was positive at all levels of willingness to pay of zero or greater, indicating that the value of benefits exceeded costs. Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Preschoolers has significant benefit for preschool children in foster care with emotional and behavioral disorders compared to regular foster care services. At even modest levels of willingness to pay, benefits exceed costs indicating a strong likeliness that this program is an efficient choice for improving outcomes for young children with emotional and behavioral disorders in foster care.

Incremental Net Benefit of Early Intervention for Preschool-Aged Children with Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Foster Care

PubMed Central

Lynch, Frances L.; Dickerson, John F.; Saldana, Lisa; Fisher, Phillip A.

2017-01-01

Of 1 million cases of child maltreatment identified every year in the United States, one-fifth result in foster care. Many of these children suffer from significant emotional and behavioral conditions. Decision-makers must allocate highly constrained budgets to serve these children. Recent evidence suggests that Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Preschoolers can reduce negative outcomes for these children, but the relative benefits and costs of the program have not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to assess net benefit, over 24 months, of Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Preschoolers compared to regular foster care. Data were from a randomized controlled trial of 117 young children entering a new foster placement. A subsample exhibited placement instability (n = 52). Intervention services including parent training, lasted 9–12 months. Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Preschoolers significantly increased permanent placements for the placement instability sample. Average total cost for the new intervention sample was significantly less than for regular foster care (full sample: $27,204 vs. $30,090; P = .004; placement instability sample: $29,595 vs. $36,061; P = .045). Incremental average net benefit was positive at all levels of willingness to pay of zero or greater, indicating that the value of benefits exceeded costs. Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Preschoolers has significant benefit for preschool children in foster care with emotional and behavioral disorders compared to regular foster care services. At even modest levels of willingness to pay, benefits exceed costs indicating a strong likeliness that this program is an efficient choice for improving outcomes for young children with emotional and behavioral disorders in foster care. PMID:29097828

Antipsychotic Treatment Among Youth in Foster Care

PubMed Central

Yoon, Yesel; Rubin, David M.; Riddle, Mark A.; Noll, Elizabeth; Rothbard, Aileen

2011-01-01

OBJECTIVE: Despite national concerns over high rates of antipsychotic medication use among youth in foster care, concomitant antipsychotic use has not been examined. In this study, concomitant antipsychotic use among Medicaid-enrolled youth in foster care was compared with disabled or low-income Medicaid-enrolled youth. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The sample included 16 969 youths younger than 20 years who were continuously enrolled in a Mid-Atlantic state Medicaid program and had ≥1 claim with a psychiatric diagnosis and ≥1 antipsychotic claim in 2003. Antipsychotic treatment was characterized by days of any use and concomitant use with ≥2 overlapping antipsychotics for >30 days. Medicaid program categories were foster care, disabled (Supplemental Security Income), and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Multicategory involvement for youths in foster care was classified as foster care/Supplemental Security Income, foster care/TANF, and foster care/adoption. We used multivariate analyses, adjusting for demographics, psychiatric comorbidities, and other psychotropic use, to assess associations between Medicaid program category and concomitant antipsychotic use. RESULTS: Average antipsychotic use ranged from 222 ± 110 days in foster care to only 135 ± 101 days in TANF (P < .001). Concomitant use for ≥180 days was 19% in foster care only and 24% in foster care/adoption compared with <15% in the other categories. Conduct disorder and antidepressant or mood-stabilizer use was associated with a higher likelihood of concomitant antipsychotic use (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Additional study is needed to assess the clinical rationale, safety, and outcomes of concomitant antipsychotic use and to inform statewide policies for monitoring and oversight of antipsychotic use among youths in the foster care system. PMID:22106072

Effects of enhanced foster care on the long-term physical and mental health of foster care alumni.

PubMed

Kessler, Ronald C; Pecora, Peter J; Williams, Jason; Hiripi, Eva; O'Brien, Kirk; English, Diana; White, James; Zerbe, Richard; Downs, A Chris; Plotnick, Robert; Hwang, Irving; Sampson, Nancy A

2008-06-01

Child maltreatment is a significant risk factor for adult mental disorders and physical illnesses. Although the child welfare system routinely places severely abused and/or neglected children in foster care, no controlled studies exist to determine the effectiveness of this intervention in improving the long-term health of maltreated youth. To present results of the first quasi-experimental study, to our knowledge, to evaluate the effects of expanded foster care treatment on the mental and physical health of adult foster care alumni. We used a quasi-experimental design to compare adult outcomes of alumni of a model private foster care program and 2 public programs. The latter alumni were eligible for but not selected by the private program because of limited openings. Propensity score weights based on intake records were adjusted for preplacement between-sample differences. Personal interviews administered 1 to 13 years after leaving foster care assessed the mental and physical health of alumni. A representative sample of 479 adult foster care alumni who were placed in foster care as adolescents (14-18 years of age) between January 1, 1989, and September 30, 1998, in private (n = 111) or public (n = 368) foster care programs in Oregon and Washington. More than 80% of alumni were traced, and 92.2% of those traced were interviewed. Caseworkers in the model program had higher levels of education and salaries, lower caseloads, and access to a wider range of ancillary services (eg, mental health counseling, tutoring, and summer camps) than caseworkers in the public programs. Youth in the model program were in foster care more than 2 years longer than those in the public programs. Private program alumni had significantly fewer mental disorders (major depression, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders), ulcers, and cardiometabolic disorders, but more respiratory disorders, than did public program alumni. Public sector investment in higher-quality foster care services could substantially improve the long-term mental and physical health of foster care alumni.

Effects of PMTO in Foster Families with Children with Behavior Problems: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PubMed

Maaskant, Anne M; van Rooij, Floor B; Overbeek, Geertjan J; Oort, Frans J; Arntz, Maureen; Hermanns, Jo M A

2017-01-01

The present randomized controlled trial examined the effectiveness of Parent Management Training Oregon for foster parents with foster children (aged 4-12) with severe externalizing behavior problems in long-term foster care arrangements. Foster children's behavior problems are challenging for foster parents and increase the risk of placement breakdown. There is little evidence for the effectiveness of established interventions to improve child and parent functioning in foster families. The goal of Parent Management Training Oregon, a relatively long and intensive (6-9 months, with weekly sessions) parent management training, is to reduce children's problem behavior through improvement of parenting practices. We specifically investigated whether Parent Management Training Oregon is effective to reduce foster parenting stress. A significant effect of Parent Management Training Oregon, compared to Care as Usual was expected on reduced parenting stress improved parenting practices, and on reduced child behavior problems. Multi-informant (foster mothers, foster fathers, and teachers) data were used from 86 foster families (46 Parent Management Training Oregon, 40 Care as Usual) using a pre-posttest design. Multilevel analyses based on the intention to treat principle (retention rate 73 %) showed that Parent Management Training Oregon, compared to Care as Usual, reduced general levels of parenting stress as well as child related stress and parent-related stress (small to medium effect sizes). The clinical significance of this effect was, however, limited. Compared to a decrease in the Care as Usual group, Parent Management Training Oregon helped foster mothers to maintain parental warmth (small effect size). There were no other effects of Parent Management Training Oregon on self-reported parenting behaviors. Child behavior problems were reduced in both conditions, indicating no additive effects of Parent Management Training Oregon to Care as Usual on child functioning. The potential implication of reduced foster parenting stress for placement stability is discussed.

[Mental health of preschool foster care children: How do foster families influence the way children cope with trauma?].

PubMed

Vasileva, Mira; Petermann, Franz

2017-08-15

Parents and other significant persons have an important role when preschool children develop or cope with psychological symptoms following traumatic experiences. The underlying mechanisms of the interaction between traumatic experiences and influences of the foster family are still unclear. This study investigates foster parents’ stress levels and parenting styles as moderators or mediators in the context of traumatic experiences. Foster parents of 286 children between three and seven years participated in an online or paper-and-pencil survey. The results suggest a connection between the traumatic experiences of foster children and the stress levels as well as the parenting styles of their foster parents. While verbosity and laxness as parenting styles moderated the impact of traumatic experiences on externalising symptoms, stress levels mediated the impact of traumatic experiences on children’s internalising and externalising symptoms. The results underscore the necessity of standardized preparation of and support for foster parents in order to avoid deterioration of psychological symptoms following traumatic Events.

The influence of ozone and aerosols on the brightness and color of the twilight sky

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Adams, C. N.; Plass, G. N.; Kattawar, G. W.

1974-01-01

The radiance and color of the twilight sky are calculated for single scattered radiation with the use of spherically symmetric models of the earth's atmosphere. Spherical geometry is used throughout the calculations with no plane-parallel approximations. Refraction effects are taken into account through fine subdivision of the atmosphere into spherical shells of fixed index of refraction. Snell's law of refraction is used to calculate a new direction of travel each time that a photon traverses the interface between layers. Five different models of the atmosphere were used: a pure molecular scattering atmosphere; molecular atmosphere plus ozone absorption; and three models with aerosol concentrations of one, three, and ten times normal together with molecular scattering and ozone absorption. The results of the calculations are shown for various observation positions and local viewing angles in the solar plane for wavelengths in the range from 0.40 to 0.75 micron.

Subwavelength nonlinear phase control and anomalous phase matching in plasmonic metasurfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Almeida, Euclides; Shalem, Guy; Prior, Yehiam

2016-01-01

Metasurfaces, and in particular those containing plasmonic-based metallic elements, constitute an attractive set of materials with a potential for replacing standard bulky optical elements. In recent years, increasing attention has been focused on their nonlinear optical properties, particularly in the context of second and third harmonic generation and beam steering by phase gratings. Here, we harness the full phase control enabled by subwavelength plasmonic elements to demonstrate a unique metasurface phase matching that is required for efficient nonlinear processes. We discuss the difference between scattering by a grating and by subwavelength phase-gradient elements. We show that for such interfaces an anomalous phase-matching condition prevails, which is the nonlinear analogue of the generalized Snell's law. The subwavelength phase control of optical nonlinearities paves the way for the design of ultrathin, flat nonlinear optical elements. We demonstrate nonlinear metasurface lenses, which act both as generators and as manipulators of the frequency-converted signal.

Design of optical transmitting antenna with enhance performance in visible light communication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuang, Dang; Wang, Jianping; Lu, Huimin

2016-10-01

An optical transmitting antenna for visible light communication(VLC) is designed in this work, in which the antenna is positioned before the light-emitting diodes (LED) source to change the lighting distribution, in order to achieve uniform received power effect. The method to design antenna is introduced into physical optical lens principle. According to the energy conservation law and Snell law, the antenna is designed via establishing energy mapping between the luminous flux emitted by a LED source with Lambertian distribution and the target plane. The coordinates of the antenna model are obtained under matrix laboratory (MATLAB). The antenna model entity is generated through three dimensional (3D) composition software AutoCAD with the coordinates of antenna. Ray-tracing software Tracepro is used to trace the ray which through antenna, and validate the irradiance maps. The uniformity of illumination and received power of the designed VLC is improved from approximately 35% to over 83%.

New records and range extensions of several species of native bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Mississippi

PubMed Central

Griswold, Terry; Ikerd, Harold W; Orr, Michael Christopher

2018-01-01

Abstract Background The native bee fauna of Mississippi, USA has been historically poorly sampled, but is of particular relevance to determine range limits for species that occur in the southern United States. Currently published literature includes 184 species of bees that occur within the state of Mississippi. Additions to the list of native bees known for Mississippi are reported with notes on range, ecology and resources for identification. New information The geographic ranges of seven additional species are extended into the state of Mississippi: Andrena (Melandrena) obscuripennis Smith, 1853, Anthemurgus passiflorae Robertson, 1902, Dieunomia bolliana (Cockerell 1910), Diadasia (Diadasia) enavata (Cresson 1872), Peponapis crassidentata (Cockerell 1949), Triepeolus subnitens Cockerell and Timberlake, 1929 and Brachynomada nimia (Snelling and Rozen 1987). These records raise the total number of published species known from the state to 191. Anthemurgus and Brachynomada are also genera new to Mississippi. PMID:29853776

A novel solution for LED wall lamp design and simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ge, Rui; Hong, Weibin; Li, Kuangqi; Liang, Pengxiang; Zhao, Fuli

2014-11-01

The model of the wall washer lamp and the practical illumination application have been established with a new design of the lens to meet the uniform illumination demand for wall washer lamp based on the Lambertian light sources. Our secondary optical design of freeform surface lens to LED wall washer lamp based on the conservation law of energy and Snell's law can improve the lighting effects as a uniform illumination. With the relationship between the surface of the lens and the surface of the target, a great number of discrete points of the freeform profile curve were obtained through the iterative method. After importing the data into our modeling program, the optical entity was obtained. Finally, to verify the feasibility of the algorithm, the model was simulated by specialized software, with both the LED Lambertian point source and LED panel source model.

Three-dimensional ray-tracing model for the study of advanced refractive errors in keratoconus.

PubMed

Schedin, Staffan; Hallberg, Per; Behndig, Anders

2016-01-20

We propose a numerical three-dimensional (3D) ray-tracing model for the analysis of advanced corneal refractive errors. The 3D modeling was based on measured corneal elevation data by means of Scheimpflug photography. A mathematical description of the measured corneal surfaces from a keratoconus (KC) patient was used for the 3D ray tracing, based on Snell's law of refraction. A model of a commercial intraocular lens (IOL) was included in the analysis. By modifying the posterior IOL surface, it was shown that the imaging quality could be significantly improved. The RMS values were reduced by approximately 50% close to the retina, both for on- and off-axis geometries. The 3D ray-tracing model can constitute a basis for simulation of customized IOLs that are able to correct the advanced, irregular refractive errors in KC.

New records and range extensions of several species of native bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Mississippi.

PubMed

Parys, Katherine; Griswold, Terry; Ikerd, Harold W; Orr, Michael Christopher

2018-01-01

The native bee fauna of Mississippi, USA has been historically poorly sampled, but is of particular relevance to determine range limits for species that occur in the southern United States. Currently published literature includes 184 species of bees that occur within the state of Mississippi. Additions to the list of native bees known for Mississippi are reported with notes on range, ecology and resources for identification. The geographic ranges of seven additional species are extended into the state of Mississippi: Andrena (Melandrena) obscuripennis Smith, 1853, Anthemurgus passiflorae Robertson, 1902, Dieunomia bolliana (Cockerell 1910), Diadasia (Diadasia) enavata (Cresson 1872), Peponapis crassidentata (Cockerell 1949), Triepeolus subnitens Cockerell and Timberlake, 1929 and Brachynomada nimia (Snelling and Rozen 1987). These records raise the total number of published species known from the state to 191. Anthemurgus and Brachynomada are also genera new to Mississippi.

Wavefront modulation and subwavelength diffractive acoustics with an acoustic metasurface.

PubMed

Xie, Yangbo; Wang, Wenqi; Chen, Huanyang; Konneker, Adam; Popa, Bogdan-Ioan; Cummer, Steven A

2014-11-24

Metasurfaces are a family of novel wavefront-shaping devices with planar profile and subwavelength thickness. Acoustic metasurfaces with ultralow profile yet extraordinary wave manipulating properties would be highly desirable for improving the performance of many acoustic wave-based applications. However, designing acoustic metasurfaces with similar functionality to their electromagnetic counterparts remains challenging with traditional metamaterial design approaches. Here we present a design and realization of an acoustic metasurface based on tapered labyrinthine metamaterials. The demonstrated metasurface can not only steer an acoustic beam as expected from the generalized Snell's law, but also exhibits various unique properties such as conversion from propagating wave to surface mode, extraordinary beam-steering and apparent negative refraction through higher-order diffraction. Such designer acoustic metasurfaces provide a new design methodology for acoustic signal modulation devices and may be useful for applications such as acoustic imaging, beam steering, ultrasound lens design and acoustic surface wave-based applications.

Transmission and reflection of strongly nonlinear solitary waves at granular interfaces.

PubMed

Tichler, A M; Gómez, L R; Upadhyaya, N; Campman, X; Nesterenko, V F; Vitelli, V

2013-07-26

The interaction of a solitary wave with an interface formed by two strongly nonlinear noncohesive granular lattices displays rich behavior, characterized by the breakdown of continuum equations of motion in the vicinity of the interface. By treating the solitary wave as a quasiparticle with an effective mass, we construct an intuitive (energy- and linear-momentum-conserving) discrete model to predict the amplitudes of the transmitted solitary waves generated when an incident solitary-wave front, parallel to the interface, moves from a denser to a lighter granular hexagonal lattice. Our findings are corroborated with simulations. We then successfully extend this model to oblique interfaces, where we find that the angle of refraction and reflection of a solitary wave follows, below a critical value, an analogue of Snell's law in which the solitary-wave speed replaces the speed of sound, which is zero in the sonic vacuum.

A method of determining the refractive index of a prismatic lens.

PubMed

Buckley, John G

2010-01-01

A new method of measuring lens refractive index requiring immersion in solution and measuring lens power in air and in solution is extended. Prompted by a clinical need, the new method using lens power can be extended by applying it to prismatic power as well. This article provides a theoretical basis explaining why this can be done. The prismatic power of a prism is derived from first principles. Snell's Law and geometrical optics provide the framework for demonstrating the validity of the resulting formula. The sameness in formula derived using lens power or prism is shown, both from a paraxial and non-paraxial optics perspective. The effect of varying lens material and amount of prism is considered. The prismatic method described provides a useful alternative method of determining the refractive index of any lens. In some cases, it may be the only method available. Practitioners should consider when each method will provide optimal results.

Pharmacokinetics of 2,4-di(alpha-methoxyethyl)deuteroporphyrin-IX (dimehin) and its complex with chitosan in mice with tumors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ivanov, Andrei V.; Gradyushko, A. T.; Laptev, V. P.; Panferova, N. G.; Varlamov, V. P.; Klyashchitsky, B. A.; Reshetnickov, Andrei V.; Ponomarev, Gelii V.

1996-01-01

The kinetics of photosensitizer distribution and elimination have been studied using fluorescent methods in organs and tumors of A/Snell mice with embriocarcinoma inoculated into their thigh muscles for the porphyrin compound 2,4-di((alpha) -methoxyethyl)deuteroporphyrin-- IX (DMH, `Dimehin') and its complex with polysaccharide chitosan. DMH fluorescence differs in samples of liver and faeces which follows from the spectra comparison. DMH is metabolizable upon passing through liver into a form eliminated by the gastrointestinal tract as our pharmacokinetic data have shown. DMH has been found to be a short-term highly photodynamically efficient photosensitizer judging by combined analysis of our toxicological, pharmacokinetic and photodynamic research data. DMH-chitosan uptake and distribution studies have shown the complex's long-term persistence in blood circulation, high level accumulation in spleen and lungs, whereas there was no complex registered in tumors and other tissues following i.v. administration.

Optics and Light Activities for Teachers of all Grade Levels from Easily Obtainable Supplies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lindgren, Richard; Hendricks, Curtis; Lucatorto, Lynn; McNeilus, Thomas; Thornton, Stephen

2010-02-01

Several hands-on activities in light and optics covering selected topics will be discussed in the context of home labs and how such activities can be incorporated into a distance-learning or online web-based course utilizing the latest communication technologies and the Internet. The presentation will focus on activities that can be constructed from easy to obtain supplies as well as a commercially available kit that we are having made available. Activities for teachers at the elementary level will focus on understanding light rays, shadows, and reflection from plane surfaces; at the middle school level will focus on curved mirrors and lenses, dispersion, and drawing ray diagrams; at the high school level will focus on Snell's law, the lens equation, wave interference, polarization, Young's experiment, and diffraction. A distance-learning, web-based course based on these home labs will be described. )

Parental Book Reading and Social-Emotional Outcomes for Head Start Children in Foster Care.

PubMed

Lee, Kyunghee; Lee, Jung-Sook

2016-01-01

This study examines the associations between parental book reading and social-emotional outcomes for Head Start children in foster care. Despite no main Head Start impact on parental book reading, subgroup effects were found. Foster parents in Head Start provided more book reading for children with disabilities but less for children with low preacademic scores. Head Start enhanced social-emotional outcomes for children in foster care. The positive impacts of Head Start on children's social-emotional outcomes were greater when parents read books frequently. Head Start should include more foster families and provided parenting skills to enhance social-emotional outcomes for children in foster care.

Fostering secure attachment: experiences of animal companions in the foster home.

PubMed

Carr, Sam; Rockett, Ben

2017-06-01

This study sought to use attachment theory as a lens through which to explore children's relationships with animal companions in the context of long-term foster care. Inductive and deductive thematic analyses of longitudinal case study data from eight children and their foster families suggested (a) that children's relationships with animal companions satisfied attachment-related functions in their own right and (b) that animal companions also helped to soften perceptions of foster caregivers, facilitating opportunities for the development of closeness. Animals in the foster home may therefore play an important part in helping children to find and develop secure, warm, and loving relationships.

Foster Care and Child Health.

PubMed

McDavid, Lolita M

2015-10-01

Children in foster care need more from health providers than routine well-child care. The changes in legislation that were designed to prevent children from languishing in foster care also necessitate a plan that works with the child, the biological family, and the foster family in ensuring the best outcome for the child. This approach acknowledges that most foster children will return to the biological family. Recent research on the effect of adverse childhood experiences across all socioeconomic categories points to the need for specifically designed, focused, and coordinated health and mental health services for children in foster care. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cumulative risks of foster care placement by age 18 for U.S. children, 2000-2011.

PubMed

Wildeman, Christopher; Emanuel, Natalia

2014-01-01

Foster care placement is among the most tragic events a child can experience because it more often than not implies that a child has experienced or is at very high risk of experiencing abuse or neglect serious enough to warrant state intervention. Yet it is unclear how many children will experience foster care placement at some point between birth and age 18. Using synthetic cohort life tables and data from the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS), we estimated how many U.S. children were placed in foster care between birth and age 18, finding support for three conclusions. First, up to 5.91% of all U.S. children were ever placed in foster care between their birth and age 18. Second, Native American (up to 15.44%) and Black (up to 11.53%) children were at far higher risk of placement. Foster care is thus quite common in the U.S., especially for historically disadvantaged racial/ethnic groups. Third, differences in foster care placement were minimal between the sexes, indicating that the high risks of foster care placement are shared almost equally by boys and girls.

Health Service Utilization of Children in Delaware Foster Care, 2013-2014.

PubMed

Knight, Erin K; McDuffie, May Joan; Gifford, Katie; Zorc, Catherine

2016-02-01

Children in foster care represent some of the most vulnerable children in the U.S. Their higher prevalence of a range of physical and behavioral health problems can lead to greater health care utilization and higher costs. However, many children in foster care have undiagnosed conditions and unmet needs. The purpose of this study was to provide a description of health services accessed by children in foster care in Delaware. The data serves as a baseline and informs current efforts to improve the health care of children in foster care. We analyzed rates of emergency room visits, behavioral health visits, hospitalizations, and costs of care for children in foster care and made comparisons with other children participating in Medicaid. We also looked at utilization before and after entry into care and assessed rates of appropriate medical screening for children on entering foster care. This study was conducted as part of a larger analysis guided by the Delaware Task Force on the Health of Children in Foster Care with funding appropriated by the Delaware General Assembly. Using a unique identification number, we linked Medicaid claims data with demographic information and characteristics associated with foster care from the Delaware Department of Services for Children, Youth and Their Families. We examined diagnoses, patterns of utilization, and costs for children in foster care (n = 1,458) and a comparable cohort of other children in Medicaid (n = 124,667) during fiscal years 2013 and 2014. Compared with other children in Medicaid, children in foster care had similar rates of emergency department utilization, but relatively high rates of outpatient behavioral health visits. Similarly, compared with other children in Medicaid, those in foster care had particularly high rates of psychotropic drug utilization. Entry into foster care was associated with increased utilization of overall health care services, including receipt of well-child care. However, just 31 percent of those new to foster care met the recommended guidelines for a preventive screening in their first 30 days. Because of the challenges in meeting screening policies for children entering foster care, collaboration among providers, state administrators, and policymakers is essential to guide improvement. Specifically, stakeholders should look for ways to improve the timeliness of preventive screenings and coordination of care. The high rate of behavioral health visits suggests the need to improve integration of behavioral health care into primary care.

Comparisons of substance abuse, high-risk sexual behavior and depressive symptoms among homeless youth with and without a history of foster care placement.

PubMed

Hudson, Angela L; Nandy, Karabi

2012-10-01

The purpose of this study was to compare prevalence of substance use, high-risk sexual behaviors, and depression symptoms between homeless youth with and without a history of foster care placement. Approximately 26,000 young persons exit foster care annually in the United States. Once they 'age out' of foster care, however, many young persons do not have access to comprehensive health care. They also are at risk for substance abuse, homelessness, or mental illness. Because persons with a history of foster care are at risk for negative psycho-social outcomes, it is unclear if these young people might be different than homeless youth without this history. The design is descriptive and cross-sectional. A total of 156 homeless young persons, of whom 44 had a history of foster care placement, were recruited from a drop-in center that caters to homeless youth and young adults. The sample was majority male and white; ages were 16-25. Significantly higher proportion of homeless former foster youth used methamphetamine within the last six months compared to non-fostered homeless youth p = 0.03). Homeless former foster youth were significantly older (p = 0.02) and less educated (p = 0.02) than their homeless counterparts without a history of foster care placement. Prevalence of using tobacco, marijuana, alcohol, crack cocaine, and powder cocaine were similar for both groups. Although not significant, a higher proportion of homeless former foster youth reported trading sex for money or drugs compared to non-fostered, homeless youth (19% versus 12% [trading sex for money], and 26% versus 14% [trading sex for drugs], respectively. Findings from this study show that, in general, homelessness is a negative outcome, irrespective of having a foster care history. However, those with that history need continued support when transitioning to independent living, such as access to health care, and encouragement to further their education. It is important that nurses, who serve homeless youth populations, conduct a risk assessment profile, in order to ascertain a history of foster care placement, link former foster youth to social service agencies that provide risk reduction/health promotion education, and advocate for stable housing.