40 CFR 79.33 - Motor vehicle diesel fuel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Designation of Fuels and Additives § 79.33 Motor vehicle...: (1) Mechanisms of action of each additive he reports; (2) Reactions between such additives and motor vehicle diesel fuel; (3) Identification and measurement of the emission products of such additives when...

75 FR 37733 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Modifications to Renewable Fuel Standard Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-30

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 80 [EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161; FRL-9169-9] RIN 2060-AQ31 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Modifications to Renewable Fuel Standard Program AGENCY...: June 24, 2010. Lisa P. Jackson, Administrator. PART 80--REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES 0...

78 FR 16498 - Proposed Information Collection Request; Comment Request; Registration of Fuels and Fuel...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-15

... fuel or additive, and certain technical, marketing, and health-effects information. The development of... Request; Comment Request; Registration of Fuels and Fuel Additives--Requirements for Manufacturers; EPA... Fuels and Fuel Additives--Requirements for Manufacturers'' (EPA ICR No. 0309.14, OMB Control No. 2060...

78 FR 12005 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2013 Renewable Fuel Standards; Public Hearing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-21

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 80 [EPA-HQ-OAR-2012-0546; FRL-9784-4] RIN 2060-AR43 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2013 Renewable Fuel Standards; Public Hearing AGENCY: Environmental... Additives: 2013 Renewable Fuel Standards,'' which was published separately in the Federal Register on...

40 CFR 80.521 - What are the standards and identification requirements for diesel fuel additives?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... identification requirements for diesel fuel additives? 80.521 Section 80.521 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES... requirements for diesel fuel additives? (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, any diesel...

40 CFR 80.521 - What are the standards and identification requirements for diesel fuel additives?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... identification requirements for diesel fuel additives? 80.521 Section 80.521 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES... requirements for diesel fuel additives? (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, any diesel...

40 CFR 80.521 - What are the standards and identification requirements for diesel fuel additives?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... identification requirements for diesel fuel additives? 80.521 Section 80.521 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES... requirements for diesel fuel additives? (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, any diesel...

40 CFR 80.521 - What are the standards and identification requirements for diesel fuel additives?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... identification requirements for diesel fuel additives? 80.521 Section 80.521 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES... requirements for diesel fuel additives? (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, any diesel...

40 CFR 80.521 - What are the standards and identification requirements for diesel fuel additives?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... identification requirements for diesel fuel additives? 80.521 Section 80.521 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES... requirements for diesel fuel additives? (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, any diesel...

78 FR 49411 - Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2013 Biomass...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-14

...-AR55 Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2013 Biomass... Fuel Additives: 2013 Biomass-Based Diesel Renewable Fuel Volume. DATES: EPA's denials of the petitions... requires that EPA determine the applicable volume of biomass-based diesel to be used in setting annual...

40 CFR 80.591 - What are the product transfer document requirements for additives to be used in diesel fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... requirements for additives to be used in diesel fuel? 80.591 Section 80.591 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES... additives to be used in diesel fuel? (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section, on...

40 CFR 80.591 - What are the product transfer document requirements for additives to be used in diesel fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... requirements for additives to be used in diesel fuel? 80.591 Section 80.591 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES... additives to be used in diesel fuel? (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section, on...

40 CFR 80.591 - What are the product transfer document requirements for additives to be used in diesel fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... requirements for additives to be used in diesel fuel? 80.591 Section 80.591 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES... additives to be used in diesel fuel? (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section, on...

40 CFR 80.591 - What are the product transfer document requirements for additives to be used in diesel fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... requirements for additives to be used in diesel fuel? 80.591 Section 80.591 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES... additives to be used in diesel fuel? (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section, on...

40 CFR 80.591 - What are the product transfer document requirements for additives to be used in diesel fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... requirements for additives to be used in diesel fuel? 80.591 Section 80.591 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES... additives to be used in diesel fuel? (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section, on...

78 FR 62462 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Modifications to Renewable Fuel Standard Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-22

... and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) to reduce the use of fossil fuels and encourage increased production... renewable fuel to replace or reduce the quantity of fossil fuel present in transportation fuel. Under EPA's... quantity of fossil fuel present in home heating oil or jet fuel.\\3\\ In essence, additional renewable fuel...

40 CFR 79.23 - Registration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.23 Registration. (a) If the... additive which includes all of the information and assurances required by § 79.21 and has satisfactorily... the fuel additive and notify the fuel manufacturer of such registration. (b) The Administrator shall...

40 CFR 79.23 - Registration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.23 Registration. (a) If the... additive which includes all of the information and assurances required by § 79.21 and has satisfactorily... the fuel additive and notify the fuel manufacturer of such registration. (b) The Administrator shall...

40 CFR 79.23 - Registration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.23 Registration. (a) If the... additive which includes all of the information and assurances required by § 79.21 and has satisfactorily... the fuel additive and notify the fuel manufacturer of such registration. (b) The Administrator shall...

40 CFR 79.23 - Registration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.23 Registration. (a) If the... additive which includes all of the information and assurances required by § 79.21 and has satisfactorily... the fuel additive and notify the fuel manufacturer of such registration. (b) The Administrator shall...

40 CFR 79.23 - Registration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.23 Registration. (a) If the... additive which includes all of the information and assurances required by § 79.21 and has satisfactorily... the fuel additive and notify the fuel manufacturer of such registration. (b) The Administrator shall...

Evaluation Tests of Select Fuel Additives for Potential Use in U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Diesel Engines

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-07-01

DOER) program, diesel fuel additives were tested to evaluate their potential for reducing diesel fuel consumption and cost. Four fuel additives were...tested to evaluate their potential for reducing diesel fuel consumption and cost: • An ethanol injection system • Envirofuels Diesel Fuel Catalyst...reduction in select operation conditions, only the ethanol injection system consistently showed potential to reduce diesel fuel consumption , which may be

40 CFR 79.22 - Determination of noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.22 Determination... fuel additive has failed to submit all of the information required by § 79.21, or determines within the... which is required prior to registration of the fuel additive by any provision of subpart F of this part...

40 CFR 79.22 - Determination of noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.22 Determination... fuel additive has failed to submit all of the information required by § 79.21, or determines within the... which is required prior to registration of the fuel additive by any provision of subpart F of this part...

40 CFR 79.22 - Determination of noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.22 Determination... fuel additive has failed to submit all of the information required by § 79.21, or determines within the... which is required prior to registration of the fuel additive by any provision of subpart F of this part...

40 CFR 79.22 - Determination of noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.22 Determination... fuel additive has failed to submit all of the information required by § 79.21, or determines within the... which is required prior to registration of the fuel additive by any provision of subpart F of this part...

40 CFR 79.22 - Determination of noncompliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.22 Determination... fuel additive has failed to submit all of the information required by § 79.21, or determines within the... which is required prior to registration of the fuel additive by any provision of subpart F of this part...

7 CFR 3201.13 - Diesel fuel additives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... biodiesel, also referred to as B100, when used as an additive. Diesel fuel additive does not mean neat biodiesel when used as a fuel or blended biodiesel fuel (e.g., B20). (b) Minimum biobased content. The...

7 CFR 3201.13 - Diesel fuel additives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... biodiesel, also referred to as B100, when used as an additive. Diesel fuel additive does not mean neat biodiesel when used as a fuel or blended biodiesel fuel (e.g., B20). (b) Minimum biobased content. The...

7 CFR 3201.13 - Diesel fuel additives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... biodiesel, also referred to as B100, when used as an additive. Diesel fuel additive does not mean neat biodiesel when used as a fuel or blended biodiesel fuel (e.g., B20). (b) Minimum biobased content. The...

Development of a Fuel Lubricity Haze Test (FLHT) for Naval Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-16

Protection Agency FLHT Fuel Lubricity Haze Tester FOA Fuel Oil Additive FSII Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (additive) FT Fisher Tropsch FY...Light Cycle Oil LSDF Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel MDFI Middle Distillate Flow Improver (additive) MIL-DTL Military Detail MSC Military Sealift...a chemical test for diesel fuel lubricity that included a base extraction, acidification, a back extraction, and analysis with gas chromatography

7 CFR 2902.13 - Diesel fuel additives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... vehicle's fuel system) and that is not intentionally removed prior to sale or use. (2) Neat biodiesel, also referred to as B100, when used as an additive. Diesel fuel additive does not mean neat biodiesel when used as a fuel or blended biodiesel fuel (e.g., B20). (b) Minimum biobased content. The minimum...

7 CFR 2902.13 - Diesel fuel additives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... vehicle's fuel system) and that is not intentionally removed prior to sale or use. (2) Neat biodiesel, also referred to as B100, when used as an additive. Diesel fuel additive does not mean neat biodiesel when used as a fuel or blended biodiesel fuel (e.g., B20). (b) Minimum biobased content. The minimum...

40 CFR 79.31 - Additives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Additives. 79.31 Section 79.31... OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Designation of Fuels and Additives § 79.31 Additives. (a) All additives... persons or property on a street or highway. For purposes of this registration, however, additives...

40 CFR 79.31 - Additives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Additives. 79.31 Section 79.31... OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Designation of Fuels and Additives § 79.31 Additives. (a) All additives... persons or property on a street or highway. For purposes of this registration, however, additives...

40 CFR 79.31 - Additives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Additives. 79.31 Section 79.31... OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Designation of Fuels and Additives § 79.31 Additives. (a) All additives... persons or property on a street or highway. For purposes of this registration, however, additives...

40 CFR 79.31 - Additives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Additives. 79.31 Section 79.31... OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Designation of Fuels and Additives § 79.31 Additives. (a) All additives... persons or property on a street or highway. For purposes of this registration, however, additives...

40 CFR 79.31 - Additives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Additives. 79.31 Section 79.31... OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Designation of Fuels and Additives § 79.31 Additives. (a) All additives... persons or property on a street or highway. For purposes of this registration, however, additives...

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY VERIFICATION REPORT: ENVIROFUELS DIESEL FUEL CATALYZER FUEL ADDITIVE

EPA Science Inventory

EPA's Environmental Technology Verification Program has tested EnviroFuels diesel fuel additive, called the Diesel Fuel Catalyzer. EnviroFuels has stated that heavy-duty on and off road diesel engines are the intended market for the catalyzer. Preliminary tests conducted indicate...

40 CFR 80.8 - Sampling methods for gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel additives, and renewable fuels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Sampling methods for gasoline, diesel... Provisions § 80.8 Sampling methods for gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel additives, and renewable fuels. The sampling methods specified in this section shall be used to collect samples of gasoline, diesel fuel...

Formulation and Testing of Paraffin-Based Solid Fuels Containing Energetic Additives for Hybrid Rockets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Larson, Daniel B.; Boyer, Eric; Wachs,Trevor; Kuo, Kenneth K.; Story, George

2012-01-01

Many approaches have been considered in an effort to improve the regression rate of solid fuels for hybrid rocket applications. One promising method is to use a fuel with a fast burning rate such as paraffin wax; however, additional performance increases to the fuel regression rate are necessary to make the fuel a viable candidate to replace current launch propulsion systems. The addition of energetic and/or nano-sized particles is one way to increase mass-burning rates of the solid fuels and increase the overall performance of the hybrid rocket motor.1,2 Several paraffin-based fuel grains with various energetic additives (e.g., lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) have been cast in an attempt to improve regression rates. There are two major advantages to introducing LiAlH4 additive into the solid fuel matrix: 1) the increased characteristic velocity, 2) decreased dependency of Isp on oxidizer-to-fuel ratio. The testing and characterization of these solid-fuel grains have shown that continued work is necessary to eliminate unburned/unreacted fuel in downstream sections of the test apparatus.3 Changes to the fuel matrix include higher melting point wax and smaller energetic additive particles. The reduction in particle size through various methods can result in more homogeneous grain structure. The higher melting point wax can serve to reduce the melt-layer thickness, allowing the LiAlH4 particles to react closer to the burning surface, thus increasing the heat feedback rate and fuel regression rate. In addition to the formulation of LiAlH4 and paraffin wax solid-fuel grains, liquid additives of triethylaluminum and diisobutylaluminum hydride will be included in this study. Another promising fuel formulation consideration is to incorporate a small percentage of RDX as an additive to paraffin. A novel casting technique will be used by dissolving RDX in a solvent to crystallize the energetic additive. After dissolving the RDX in a solvent chosen for its compatibility with both paraffin and RDX, the mixture will be combined with the melted paraffin. With the melting point of the paraffin far below the decomposition temperature of the RDX, the solvent will be boiled off, leaving the crystallized RDX embedded in the paraffin. At low percentages of RDX additive and with crystallized RDX surrounded by paraffin, the fuel grains will remain inert, maintaining a key benefit of hybrids in the safety of the solid fuel.

Effect of Fuel Additives on Spray Performance of Alternative Jet Fuels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kannaiyan, Kumaran; Sadr, Reza

2015-11-01

Role of alternative fuels on reducing the combustion pollutants is gaining momentum in both land and air transport. Recent studies have shown that addition of nanoscale metal particles as fuel additives to liquid fuels have a positive effect not only on their combustion performance but also in reducing the pollutant formation. However, most of those studies are still in the early stages of investigation with the addition of nanoparticles at low weight percentages. Such an addition can affect the hydrodynamic and thermo-physical properties of the fuel. In this study, the near nozzle spray performance of gas-to-liquid jet fuel with and without the addition of alumina nanoparticles are investigated at macro- and microscopic levels using optical diagnostic techniques. At macroscopic level, the addition of nanoparticles is seen to enhance the sheet breakup process when compared to that of the base fuel. Furthermore, the microscopic spray characteristics such as droplet size and velocity are also found to be affected. Although the addition of nanoscale metal particles at low weight percentages does not affect the bulk fluid properties, the atomization process is found to be affected in the near nozzle region. Funded by Qatar National Research Fund.

40 CFR 610.11 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... lubricant additive) which is designed to be installed in or on an automobile as an addition to, as a...) Any fuel additive which is to be added to the fuel supply of an automobile by means other than fuel... provide higher fuel economy than would have resulted with the automobile as originally equipped, as...

40 CFR 610.11 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... lubricant additive) which is designed to be installed in or on an automobile as an addition to, as a...) Any fuel additive which is to be added to the fuel supply of an automobile by means other than fuel... provide higher fuel economy than would have resulted with the automobile as originally equipped, as...

40 CFR 610.11 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... lubricant additive) which is designed to be installed in or on an automobile as an addition to, as a...) Any fuel additive which is to be added to the fuel supply of an automobile by means other than fuel... provide higher fuel economy than would have resulted with the automobile as originally equipped, as...

Predicting the Effects of Nano-Scale Cerium Additives in Diesel Fuel on Regional-Scale Air Quality

EPA Science Inventory

Diesel vehicles are a major source of air pollutant emissions. Fuel additives containing nanoparticulate cerium (nCe) are currently being used in some diesel vehicles to improve fuel efficiency. These fuel additives also reduce fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) emissio...

78 FR 56694 - Information Collection Request Submitted to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment Request...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-13

... additive and certain technical, marketing, and health-effects information. The development of health... Submitted to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment Request; Registration of Fuels and Fuel Additives...), Registration of Fuels and Fuel Additives--Requirements for Manufacturers (Renewal) (EPA ICR No. 0309.14, OMB...

Evaluation of Cetane Improver Additive in Alternative Jet Fuel Blends

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-07-01

diesel engines are sensitive to cetane values of fuel. Some fuels originating from nonpetroleum sources contain low cetane numbers that have trouble...Improver Additive, Diesel Fuel, JP-8, Kerosene, Aviation Fuel, Alternative Fuel 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: a. REPORT ,,b. ABSTRACT r· THIS...performance of a diesel fuel oil obtained by comparing it to reference fuels in a standardized engine test (1). The cetane number has an inverse

76 FR 65382 - Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives: Alternative Test Method for Olefins in Gasoline

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-21

... Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives: Alternative Test Method for Olefins in Gasoline AGENCY: Environmental... gasoline. This final rule will provide flexibility to the regulated community by allowing an additional... Method for Olefins in Gasoline III. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews A. Executive Order 12866...

Influence of polymethyl acrylate additive on the formation of particulate matter and NOX emission of a biodiesel-diesel-fueled engine.

PubMed

Monirul, Islam Mohammad; Masjuki, Haji Hassan; Kalam, Mohammad Abdul; Zulkifli, Nurin Wahidah Mohd; Shancita, Islam

2017-08-01

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the polymethyl acrylate (PMA) additive on the formation of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxide (NO X ) emission from a diesel coconut and/or Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel-fueled engine. The physicochemical properties of 20% of coconut and/or C. inophyllum biodiesel-diesel blend (B20), 0.03 wt% of PMA with B20 (B20P), and diesel fuel were measured and compared to ASTM D6751, D7467, and EN 14214 standard. The test results showed that the addition of PMA additive with B20 significantly improves the cold-flow properties such as pour point (PP), cloud point (CP), and cold filter plugging point (CFPP). The addition of PMA additives reduced the engine's brake-specific energy consumption of all tested fuels. Engine emission results showed that the additive-added fuel reduce PM concentration than B20 and diesel, whereas the PM size and NO X emission both increased than B20 fuel and baseline diesel fuel. Also, the effect of adding PMA into B20 reduced Carbon (C), Aluminum (Al), Potassium (K), and volatile materials in the soot, whereas it increased Oxygen (O), Fluorine (F), Zinc (Zn), Barium (Ba), Chlorine (Cl), Sodium (Na), and fixed carbon. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results for B20P showed the lower agglomeration than B20 and diesel fuel. Therefore, B20P fuel can be used as an alternative to diesel fuel in diesel engines to lower the harmful emissions without compromising the fuel quality.

40 CFR 80.165 - Certification test procedures and standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.165 Certification test... detergent additive is mixed in a test fuel meeting all relevant requirements of § 80.164, including the... for such records. (a) Fuel injector deposit control testing. (1) The required test fuel must produce...

40 CFR 80.165 - Certification test procedures and standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.165 Certification test... detergent additive is mixed in a test fuel meeting all relevant requirements of § 80.164, including the... for such records. (a) Fuel injector deposit control testing. (1) The required test fuel must produce...

Federal Gasoline Regulations

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The Clean Air Act requires EPA to regulate fuels and fuel additives for use in mobile sources if such fuel, fuel additive or any emission products causes or contributes to air or water pollution that may endanger the public health or welfare.

76 FR 18066 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Changes to Renewable Fuel Standard Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Changes to Renewable Fuel Standard Program CFR Correction In Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 72 to 80, revised as of July 1, 2010, on page 1160, in Sec. 80.1466, in paragraph (h)(1), the equation is...

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Idle Reduction

Science.gov Websites

Cities Annual Petroleum Savings Clean Cities Annual Petroleum Savings Incentive and Law Additions by Fuel /Technology Type Incentive and Law Additions by Fuel/Technology Type Incentive Additions by Policy Type Incentive Additions by Policy Type More Idle Reduction Data | All Maps & Data Case Studies Massachusetts

[Preparation of ethanol-diesel fuel blends and exhausts emission characteristics in diesel engine].

PubMed

Zhang, Runduo; He, Hong; Zhang, Changbin; Shi, Xiaoyan

2003-07-01

The technology that diesel oil is partly substituted by ethanol can reduce diesel engine exhausts emission, especially fuel soot. This research is concentrated on preparation of ethanol-diesel blend fuel and exhausts emission characteristics using diesel engine bench. Absolute ethanol can dissolve into diesel fuel at an arbitrary ratio. However, a trace of water (0.2%) addition can lead to the phase separation of blends. Organic additive synthesized during this research can develop the ability of resistance to water and maintain the stability of ethanol-diesel-trace amounts of water system. The effects of 10%, 20%, and 30% ethanol-diesel fuel blends on exhausts emission, were compared with that of diesel fuel in direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The optimum ethanol percentage for ethanol-diesel fuel blends was 20%. Using 20% ethanol-diesel fuel blend with 2% additive of the total volume, bench diesel engine showed a large amount decrease of exhaust gas, e.g. 55% of Bosch smoke number, 70% of HC emission, and 45% of CO emission at 13 kW and 1540 r/min. Without the addition of additive, the blend of ethanol produced new organic compounds such as ethanol and acetaldehyde in tail gas. However, the addition of additive obviously reduced the emission of ethanol and acetaldehyde.

76 FR 5319 - Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives: Alternative Test Method for Olefins in Gasoline

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-31

... Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives: Alternative Test Method for Olefins in Gasoline AGENCY: Environmental... proposing to allow refiners and laboratories to use an alternative test method for olefin content in... test method for compliance measurement while maintaining environmental benefits achieved from our fuels...

Engine Tests Using High-Sulfur Diesel Fuel

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-09-01

0.5 wt% sulfur because "too high a sulfur content results in excessive cylinder wear due to acid build-up in the lubricating oil" (Ref 1). Previous...that the addition of 0.3 vol% of an organo-zinc complex fuel additive (zinc naphthenate ) to high-sulfur diesel fuel was an effective means of...disulfide. Addition of 0.3 vol% zinc naphthenate to high- sulfur fuel increased the fuel ash to 0.035 wt% while the cetane number re- mained unchanged

Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2): Final Rule Additional Resources

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The final rule of fuels and fuel additives: renewable fuel standard program is published on March 26, 2010 and is effective on July 1, 2010. You will find the links to this final rule and technical amendments supporting this rule.

Renewable Fuel Standard Program (RFS1): Final Rule Additional Resources

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The final rule of fuels and fuel additives: renewable fuel standard program is published on May 1, 2007 and is effective on September 1, 2007. You will find the links to this final rule and technical amendments supporting this rule.

77 FR 462 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Identification of Additional Qualifying Renewable Fuel...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-05

... included in Table 1 for renewable diesel. Energy grasses: Based on our comparison of switchgrass and the..., representing at most a 6% change in the energy grass lifecycle impacts in comparison to the petroleum fuel... conversion of previously unfarmed land in other countries into cropland for energy grass-based renewable fuel...

77 FR 35677 - Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives; Modification to Octamix Waiver (TOLAD)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-14

... to the Texas Methanol Corporation (Texas Methanol) under the Clean Air Act on February 8, 1988. This... titled ``Fuel and Fuel Additives; Modification of a Fuel Waiver Granted to the Texas Methanol Corporation.'' Today's notice approves the use of an alternative corrosion inhibitor, TOLAD MFA-10A, in Texas Methanol...

Influence of nanodispersed modifications of magnetite powders on spray nozzle efficiency of diesel engine injector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saidov, M. A.; Perekrestov, A. P.

2017-10-01

The paper presents data on the impact of new environmental requirements relating to the quality of diesel fuel on the anti-wear properties of fuel. Anti-wear additive is proposed as a material for increasing the tribotechnical characteristics of diesel fuel. This additive consists of diesel fuel with micelles contained in it, formed on the basis of molecules of solid plasticity lubrication of iron oxide (Fe3O4) - magnetite, and with surrounding molecules of oleic acid (C18H34O2). The additive has low shear resistance and increased lubricity of diesel fuel when this additive is introduced into it.

Planar solid oxide fuel cell with staged indirect-internal air and fuel preheating and reformation

DOEpatents

Geisbrecht, Rodney A; Williams, Mark C

2003-10-21

A solid oxide fuel cell arrangement and method of use that provides internal preheating of both fuel and air in order to maintain the optimum operating temperature for the production of energy. The internal preheat passes are created by the addition of two plates, one on either side of the bipolar plate, such that these plates create additional passes through the fuel cell. This internal preheat fuel cell configuration and method reduce the requirements for external heat exchanger units and air compressors. Air or fuel may be added to the fuel cell as required to maintain the optimum operating temperature through a cathode control valve or an anode control valve, respectively. A control loop comprises a temperature sensing means within the preheat air and fuel passes, a means to compare the measured temperature to a set point temperature and a determination based on the comparison as to whether the control valves should allow additional air or fuel into the preheat or bypass manifolds of the fuel cell.

A review of the neurotoxicity risk of selected hydrocarbon fuels.

PubMed

Ritchie, G D; Still, K R; Alexander, W K; Nordholm, A F; Wilson, C L; Rossi, J; Mattie, D R

2001-01-01

Over 1.3 million civilian and military personnel are occupationally exposed to hydrocarbon fuels, emphasizing gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, or kerosene. These exposures may occur acutely or chronically to raw fuel, vapor, aerosol, or fuel combustion exhaust by dermal, respiratory inhalation, or oral ingestion routes, and commonly occur concurrently with exposure to other chemicals and stressors. Hydrocarbon fuels are complex mixtures of 150-260+ aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds containing varying concentrations of potential neurotoxicants including benzene, n-hexane, toluene, xylenes, naphthalene, and certain n-C9-C12 fractions (n-propylbenzene, trimethylbenzene isomers). Due to their natural petroleum base, the chemical composition of different hydrocarbon fuels is not defined, and the fuels are classified according to broad performance criteria such as flash and boiling points, complicating toxicological comparisons. While hydrocarbon fuel exposures occur typically at concentrations below permissible exposure limits for their constituent chemicals, it is unknown whether additive or synergistic interactions may result in unpredicted neurotoxicity. The inclusion of up to six performance additives in existing fuel formulations presents additional neurotoxicity challenge. Additionally, exposures to hydrocarbon fuels, typically with minimal respiratory or dermal protection, range from weekly fueling of personal automobiles to waist-deep immersion of personnel in raw fuel during maintenance of aircraft fuel tanks. Occupational exposures may occur on a near daily basis for from several months to over 20 yr. A number of published studies have reported acute or persisting neurotoxic effects from acute, subchronic, or chronic exposure of humans or animals to hydrocarbon fuels, or to certain constituent chemicals of these fuels. This review summarizes human and animal studies of hydrocarbon fuel-induced neurotoxicity and neurobehavioral consequences. It is hoped that this review will support ongoing attempts to review and possibly revise exposure standards for hydrocarbon fuels.

40 CFR 600.509-12 - Voluntary submission of additional data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for Determining Manufacturer's Average Fuel Economy and Manufacturer's Average Carbon-Related Exhaust Emissions... addition to the data required by the Administrator. (b) Additional fuel economy and carbon-related exhaust...

40 CFR 600.509-12 - Voluntary submission of additional data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for Determining Manufacturer's Average Fuel Economy and Manufacturer's Average Carbon-Related Exhaust Emissions... addition to the data required by the Administrator. (b) Additional fuel economy and carbon-related exhaust...

Impacts of a Nanosized Ceria Additive on Diesel Engine Emissions of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants

PubMed Central

Zhang, Junfeng; Nazarenko, Yevgen; Zhang, Lin; Calderon, Leonardo; Lee, Ki-Bum; Garfunkel, Eric; Schwander, Stephan; Tetley, Teresa D.; Chung, Kian Fan; Porter, Alexandra E.; Ryan, Mary; Kipen, Howard; Lioy, Paul J.; Mainelis, Gediminas

2014-01-01

Fuel additives incorporating nanosized ceria have been increasingly used in diesel engines as combustion promoters. However, few studies have assessed the impact of these nanotechnology-based additives on pollutant emissions. Here, we systematically compare emission rates of particulate and gaseous pollutants from a single-cylinder, four-cycle diesel engine using fuel mixes containing nanoceria of varying concentrations. The test fuels were made by adding different amounts of a commercial fuel additive Envirox into an ultralow-sulfur diesel fuel at 0 (base fuel), 0.1-, 1-, and 10-fold the manufacturer-recommended concentration of 0.5 mL Envirox per liter of fuel. The addition of Envirox resulted in ceria-concentration-dependent emission reductions of CO2, CO, total particulate mass, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These reductions at the manufacturer-recommended doping concentration, however, were accompanied by a substantial increase of certain other air pollutants, specifically the number of ultrafine particles (+32%), NOx (+9.3%), and the particle-phase benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalence quotient (+35%). Increasing fuel ceria concentrations also led to decreases in the size of emitted particles. Given health concerns related to ultrafine particles and NOx, our findings call for additional studies to further evaluate health risks associated with the use of nanoceria additives in various engines under various operating conditions. PMID:24144266

40 CFR 600.509-08 - Voluntary submission of additional data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for Determining Manufacturer's Average Fuel Economy and Manufacturer's Average Carbon-Related Exhaust Emissions... data in addition to the data required by the Administrator. (b) Additional fuel economy data may be...

40 CFR 600.509-08 - Voluntary submission of additional data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for Determining Manufacturer's Average Fuel Economy and Manufacturer's Average Carbon-Related Exhaust Emissions... data in addition to the data required by the Administrator. (b) Additional fuel economy data may be...

7 CFR 3201.103 - Gasoline fuel additives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 15 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Gasoline fuel additives. 3201.103 Section 3201.103... Designated Items § 3201.103 Gasoline fuel additives. (a) Definition. Chemical agents added to gasoline to increase octane levels, improve lubricity, and provide engine cleaning properties to gasoline-fired engines...

40 CFR 79.32 - Motor vehicle gasoline.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Motor vehicle gasoline. 79.32 Section...) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Designation of Fuels and Additives § 79.32 Motor vehicle gasoline. (a) The following fuels commonly or commercially known or sold as motor vehicle gasoline are hereby...

40 CFR 79.32 - Motor vehicle gasoline.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Motor vehicle gasoline. 79.32 Section...) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Designation of Fuels and Additives § 79.32 Motor vehicle gasoline. (a) The following fuels commonly or commercially known or sold as motor vehicle gasoline are hereby...

40 CFR 79.32 - Motor vehicle gasoline.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Motor vehicle gasoline. 79.32 Section...) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Designation of Fuels and Additives § 79.32 Motor vehicle gasoline. (a) The following fuels commonly or commercially known or sold as motor vehicle gasoline are hereby...

40 CFR 79.32 - Motor vehicle gasoline.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Motor vehicle gasoline. 79.32 Section...) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Designation of Fuels and Additives § 79.32 Motor vehicle gasoline. (a) The following fuels commonly or commercially known or sold as motor vehicle gasoline are hereby...

Composition and Chemical Stability of Motor Fuels,

DTIC Science & Technology

Fuels, *Hydrocarbons, Cycloalkanes, Chemical analysis, Gasoline, Diesel fuels, Fuel additives, Chemical reactions, Stability, Jet engine fuels...Aviation gasoline, Aviation fuels, Chemical composition, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Unsaturated hydrocarbons, Storage, USSR, Translations, Fuel systems, Alkanes

Health Effects Associated with Inhalation Exposure to Diesel Emission Generated with and without CeO2 Nano Fuel Additive

EPA Science Inventory

Diesel exhaust (DE) exposure induces adverse cardiopulmonary effects. Addition of nano cerium (Ce) oxide additive to diesel fuel (DECe) increases fuel burning efficiency resulting in altered emission characteristics and potentially altered health effects. We hypothesized that inh...

Turbulent Burning Velocities of Two-Component Fuel Mixtures of Methane, Propane and Hydrogen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kido, Hiroyuki; Nakahara, Masaya; Hashimoto, Jun; Barat, Dilmurat

In order to clarify the turbulent burning velocity of multi-component fuel mixtures, both lean and rich two-component fuel mixtures, in which methane, propane and hydrogen were used as fuels, were prepared while maintaining the laminar burning velocity approximately constant. A distinct difference in the measured turbulent burning velocity at the same turbulence intensity is observed for two-component fuel mixtures having different addition rates of fuel, even the laminar burning velocities are approximately the same. The burning velocities of lean mixtures change almost constantly as the rate of addition changes, whereas the burning velocities of the rich mixtures show no such tendency. This trend can be explained qualitatively based on the mean local burning velocity, which is estimated by taking into account the preferential diffusion effect for each fuel component. In addition, a model of turbulent burning velocity proposed for single-component fuel mixtures may be applied to two-component fuel mixtures by considering the estimated mean local burning velocity of each fuel.

JP-8+100: The development of high-thermal-stability jet fuel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Heneghan, S.P.; Zabarnick, S.; Ballal, D.R.

1996-09-01

Jet fuel requirements have evolved over the years as a balance of the demands placed by advanced aircraft performance (technological need), fuel cost (economic factors), and fuel availability (strategic factors). In a modern aircraft, the jet fuel not only provides the propulsive energy for flight, but also is the primary coolant for aircraft and engine subsystems. To meet the evolving challenge of improving the cooling potential of jet fuel while maintaining the current availability at a minimal price increase, the US Air Force, industry, and academia have teamed to develop an additive package for JP-8 fuels. This paper describes themore » development of an additive package for JP-8, to produce JP-8+100. This new fuel offers a 55 C increase in the bulk maximum temperature (from 325 F to 425 F) and improves the heat sink capability by 50%. Major advances made during the development JP-8 + 100 fuel include the development of several new quantitative fuel analysis tests, a free radical theory of autooxidation, adaptation of new chemistry models to computational fluid dynamics programs, and a nonparametric statistical analysis to evaluate thermal stability. Hundreds of additives were tested for effectiveness, and a package of additives was then formulated for JP-8 fuel. This package has been tested for fuel system materials compatibility and general fuel applicability. To date, the flight testing ha shown an improvement in thermal stability of JP-8 fuel. This improvement has resulted in a significant reduction in fuel-related maintenance costs and a threefold increase in mean time between fuel-related failures. In this manner, a novel high-thermal-stability jet fuel for the 21st century has been successfully developed.« less

76 FR 24478 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-02

... Activities; Submission to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment Request; Fuels and Fuel Additives: Gasoline...: Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Gasoline Volatility (Renewal). ICR numbers: EPA ICR No. 1367.09, OMB...: Gasoline volatility, as measured by Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) in pounds per square inch (psi), is...

40 CFR 80.165 - Certification test procedures and standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.165 Certification test... additive is mixed in a test fuel meeting all relevant requirements of § 80.164, including the deposit... control testing. The required test fuel must produce no more than 5% flow restriction in any one injector...

Low-Temperature Additive Performance in Jet A Fuels

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-01

coking issues for the U-2 aircraft while still retaining the required low temperature flow improvement. For the Global Hawk a lower optimum ...employ the additive at the lower concentration (2,000 mg/L), so the failure at 4,000 mg/L should not be a problem . Fuel POSF-3602 shows a JFTOT...combustor, may experience no problems due to the increased fuel viscosity caused by the additive. However, another fuel system that puts less heat into the

Influence of bio-additives on combustion of liquid fuels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patsch, Marek; Durčanský, Peter

2016-06-01

In this contribution there are analyses of the course of the pressure curves, which were measured in the diesel engine MD UR IV, which is often used in cogeneration units. The results of the analyses confront the properties and quality of fuels. The measuring was realized with a constant rotation speed of the engine and by using different fuels. The fuels were pure diesel fuels and diesel fuel with bio-additives of hydrogenate RO (rape oil), FAME, and bioethanol.

Postirradiation analysis of the latest high uranium density miniplate test: RERTR 8.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hofman, G. L.; Kim, Y. S.; Rest, J.

2008-01-01

Results of destructive examination of fuel miniplates irradiated in the RERTR-8 test are discussed. Metallographic features of dispersion fuel containing fuel particles of U-7wt%Mo with 1wt% Ti or 2wt% Zr are analyzed. It is hypothesized that Zr, either as alloy addition or fission product, may have a destabilizing effect on fission gas behavior. The purpose of miniplate test RERTR-8 was to obtain irradiation performance data on monolithic fuel plates fabricated by friction bonding (FB) and isostatic hot pressing (HIP), as well as dispersion fuel plates that contain U-7Mo fuel particles alloyed with small amounts of Zr or Ti (see Fig.more » 1). The results of the monolithic plates destructively examined to date were presented at the 2007 RERTR meeting in Prague. This paper presents the first results on the dispersion plates with Ti and Zr additions to U-7Mo. The effect of Ti and Zr additions to U-7wt%Mo on the extent of fuel-aluminum interdiffusion, although measureable, is small in absolute terms because of the overwhelming effect of the 5% Si addition to the Al matrix. Ti additions to the U-7wt%Mo have no discernable effect on swelling behavior of the fuel. However, there are indications that the addition of Zr may have a destabilizing effect on fission gas behavior at high burnup.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hayes, S. L.; Harp, J. M.; Chichester, H. J. M.

Research and development activities on metallic fuels in the US are focused on their potential use for actinide transmutation in future sodium fast reactors. As part of this application, there is a desire to demonstrate a multifold increase in burnup potential. A number of metallic fuel design innovations are under investigation with a view toward significantly increasing the burnup potential of metallic fuels, since higher discharge burnups equate to lower potential actinide losses during recycle. Promising innovations under investigation include: 1) lowering the fuel smeared density in order to accommodate the additional swelling expected as burnups increase, 2) utilizing anmore » annular fuel geometry for better geometrical stability at low smeared densities, as well as the potential to eliminate the need for a sodium bond, and 3) minor alloy additions to immobilize lanthanide fission products inside the metallic fuel matrix and prevent their transport to the cladding resulting in fuel-cladding chemical interaction. This paper presents results from these efforts to advance metallic fuel technology in support of high burnup and actinide transmutation objectives. Highlights include examples of fabrication of low smeared density annular metallic fuels, experiments to identify alloy additions effective in immobilizing lanthanide fission products, and early postirradiation examinations of annular metallic fuels having low smeared densities and palladium additions for fission product immobilization.« less

Results of industrial tests of carbonate additive to fuel oil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zvereva, E. R.; Dmitriev, A. V.; Shageev, M. F.; Akhmetvalieva, G. R.

2017-08-01

Fuel oil plays an important role in the energy balance of our country. The quality of fuel oil significantly affects the conditions of its transport, storage, and combustion; release of contaminants to atmosphere; and the operation of main and auxiliary facilities of HPPs. According to the Energy Strategy of Russia for the Period until 2030, the oil-refining ratio gradually increases; as a result, the fraction of straight-run fuel oil in heavy fuel oils consistently decreases, which leads to the worsening of performance characteristics of fuel oil. Consequently, the problem of the increase in the quality of residual fuel oil is quite topical. In this paper, it is suggested to treat fuel oil by additives during its combustion, which would provide the improvement of ecological and economic indicators of oil-fired HPPs. Advantages of this method include simplicity of implementation, low energy and capital expenses, and the possibility to use production waste as additives. In the paper, the results are presented of industrial tests of the combustion of fuel oil with the additive of dewatered carbonate sludge, which is formed during coagulation and lime treatment of environmental waters on HPPs. The design of a volume delivery device is developed for the steady additive input to the boiler air duct. The values are given for the main parameters of the condition of a TGM-84B boiler plant. The mechanism of action of dewatered carbonate sludge on sulfur oxides, which are formed during fuel oil combustion, is considered. Results of industrial tests indicate the decrease in the mass fraction of discharged sulfur oxides by 36.5%. Evaluation of the prevented damage from sulfur oxide discharged into atmospheric air shows that the combustion of the fuel oil of 100 brand using carbonate sludge as an additive (0.1 wt %) saves nearly 6 million rubles a year during environmental actions at the consumption of fuel oil of 138240 t/year.

Assessment of n-pentanol/Calophyllum inophyllum/diesel blends on the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a constant-speed variable compression ratio direct injection diesel engine.

PubMed

Ramakrishnan, Purnachandran; Kasimani, Ramesh; Peer, Mohamed Shameer; Rajamohan, Sakthivel

2018-05-01

Alcohol is used as an additive for a long time with the petroleum-based fuels. In this study, the higher alcohol, n-pentanol, was used as an additive to Calophyllum inophyllum (CI) biodiesel/diesel blends at 10, 15, and 20% by volume. In all blends, the ratio of CI was maintained at 20% by volume. The engine characteristics of the pentanol fuel blends were compared with the diesel and CI20 (Calophyllum inophyllum 20% and diesel 80%) biodiesel blend. The nitrogen oxide (NO) emission of the pentanol fuel blends showed an increased value than CI20 and neat diesel fuel. The carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) also increased with increase in pentanol addition with the fuel blends than CI20 fuel blend and diesel. The carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were decreased with increase in pentanol proportion in the blend than the CI20 fuel and diesel. The smoke emission was reduced and the combustion characteristics of the engine were also improved by using pentanol blended fuels. From this investigation, it is suggested that 20% pentanol addition with the biodiesel/diesel fuel is suitable for improved performance and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine without any engine modifications, whereas CO 2 and NO emissions increased with addition of pentanol due to effective combustion.

EAST ELEVATION OF HIGH BAY ADDITION OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

EAST ELEVATION OF HIGH BAY ADDITION OF FUEL STORAGE BUILDING (CPP-603). INL DRAWING NUMBER 200-0603-00-706-051286. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Effect of primary-zone equivalence ratio and hydrogen addition on exhaust emission in a hydrocarbon-fueled combustor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Norgren, C. T.; Ingebo, R. D.

1974-01-01

The effects of reducing the primary-zone equivalence ratio on the exhaust emission levels of oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbons in experimental hydrocarbon-fueled combustor segments at simulated supersonic cruise and idle conditions were investigated. In addition, the effects of the injection of hydrogen fuel (up to 4 percent of the total weight of fuel) on the stability of the hydrocarbon flame and exhaust emissions were studied and compared with results obtained without hydrogen addition.

Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options Catalog: FY16 Improvements and Additions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Price, Laura L.; Barela, Amanda Crystal; Schetnan, Richard Reed

2016-08-31

The United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy, Fuel Cycle Technology Program sponsors nuclear fuel cycle research and development. As part of its Fuel Cycle Options campaign, the DOE has established the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options Catalog. The catalog is intended for use by the Fuel Cycle Technologies Program in planning its research and development activities and disseminating information regarding nuclear energy to interested parties. The purpose of this report is to document the improvements and additions that have been made to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options Catalog in the 2016 fiscal year.

NOx formation from the combustion of monodisperse n-heptane sprays doped with fuel-nitrogen additives

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sarv, Hamid; Cernansky, Nicholas P.

1989-01-01

A series of experiments with simulated synthetic fuels were conducted in order to investigate the effect of droplet size on the conversion of fuel-nitrogen to NOx. Pyridine and pyrrole were added to n-heptane as nitrogen-containing additives and burned as monodisperse fuel droplets under various operating conditions in a spray combustion facility. The experimental results indicate that under stoichiometric and fuel-rich conditions, reducing the droplet size increases the efficiency of fuel-N conversion to NOx. This observation is associated with improved oxidation of the pyrolysis fragments of the additive by better oxygen penetration through the droplet flame zone. The dominant reactions by which fuel-N is transformed to NOx were also considered analytically by a premixed laminar flame code. The calculations are compared to the small droplet size results.

Performance Test on Compression Ignition Engine by Blending Ethanol and Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil with Cetane Additive

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Padmanabhan, S.; Ganesan, S.; Jeswin Arputhabalan, J.; Chithrala, Varun; Ganesh Bairavan, P.

2017-05-01

The demand for diesel fuel is higher than that of petrol throughout the world hence seeking alternative to mineral diesel is a natural choice. Alternative fuels should be easily available at lower cost, environment friendly and fulfill energy needs without modifying engine’s operational parameters. Waste to energy is the trend in the selection of alternate fuels. In this work, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis oil (WPPO), Ethanol, Diesel blend with Cetane additive has been attempted as an alternative fuel. A Twin cylinder, Direct Injection engine was used to assess the engine performance and emission characteristics of waste plastic pyrolysis oil with cetane additive. Experimental results of blended plastic fuel and diesel fuel were compared.

Development of fuel wear tests using the Cameron-Plint High-Frequency reciprocating machine. Interim report, March 1988-May 1989

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kanakia, M.D.; Cuellar, J.P.; Lestz, S.J.

The objectives of this program were to develop laboratory bench fuel-wear test methodology using JP-8 and to evaluate the effects of additives to improve load-carrying capacity of JP-8 for use in diesel-powered ground equipment. A laboratory test using the Cameron-Plint High-Frequency Reciprocating machine evaluated the effects of various chemical and physical parameters influencing the lubricity of the distillate fuels. The test conditions were determined sufficient to eliminate the effect of fluid physical properties such as viscosity. It was shown that the differences in the intrinsic lubricity of the fuels were due to small amounts of chemical additives. Under such conditions,more » the test can be used as a screening tool to find additives for enhancement of JP-8 lubricity. The test has potential to ascertain minimum lubricity level for diesel-powered ground equipment if these requirements are verified with field performance data and determined to be different from the Air Force JP-8 specifications. The dimensionless wear coefficients of Reference No. 2 diesel fuel were shown to be an order of magnitude lower than the jet fuels. In all cases, the wear rates of jet fuels and isoparaffinic solvents were improved by addition of a corrosion inhibitor or antiwear additive to match the lower wear rates of the diesel fuels. Although there was no measurable change in the viscosities of the jet fuel due to the additives, the wear rates changed by an order of magnitude.« less

40 CFR 79.24 - Termination of registration of additives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... additives. 79.24 Section 79.24 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.24 Termination of registration of additives. Registration may be terminated by the Administrator if the additive...

40 CFR 79.24 - Termination of registration of additives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... additives. 79.24 Section 79.24 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.24 Termination of registration of additives. Registration may be terminated by the Administrator if the additive...

40 CFR 79.24 - Termination of registration of additives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... additives. 79.24 Section 79.24 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.24 Termination of registration of additives. Registration may be terminated by the Administrator if the additive...

40 CFR 79.24 - Termination of registration of additives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... additives. 79.24 Section 79.24 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.24 Termination of registration of additives. Registration may be terminated by the Administrator if the additive...

40 CFR 79.24 - Termination of registration of additives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... additives. 79.24 Section 79.24 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.24 Termination of registration of additives. Registration may be terminated by the Administrator if the additive...

Evaluation of a biocidal turbine-fuel additive.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1967-08-01

Growth of microorganisms in water-contaminated, kerosene-type fuels is a widespread problem in aviation. One approach to the solution of this problem is the introduction into fuel of a chemical additive which could stop or retard growth of microbes. ...

Fuel additives and heat treatment effects on nanocrystalline zinc ferrite phase composition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Ping; Pan, De-an; Wang, Xin-feng; Tian, Jian-jun; Wang, Jian; Zhang, Shen-gen; Volinsky, Alex A.

2011-03-01

Nanocrystalline ZnFe 2O 4 powder was prepared by the auto-combustion method using citric acid, acetic acid, carbamide and acrylic acid as fuel additives. Pure spinel zinc ferrite with the crystallite size of about 15 nm can be obtained by using acrylic acid as fuel additive. Samples prepared using other fuel additives contain ZnO impurities. In order to eliminate ZnO impurities, the sample prepared with citric acid as fuel additive was annealed at different temperatures up to 1000 °C in air and in argon. Annealed powders have pure ZnFe 2O 4 phase when annealing temperature is higher than 650 °C in air. Sample annealed at 650 °C in air is paramagnetic. However, annealed powders become a mixture of Fe 3O 4 and FeO after annealing at 1000 °C in argon atmosphere due to Zn volatility and the reduction reaction.

Metal hydride and pyrophoric fuel additives for dicyclopentadiene based hybrid propellants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shark, Steven C.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of reactive energetic fuel additives that have the potential to increase the combustion performance of hybrid rocket propellants in terms of solid fuel regression rate and combustion efficiency. Additives that can augment the combustion flame zone in a hybrid rocket motor by means of increased energy feedback to the fuel grain surface are of great interest. Metal hydrides have large volumetric hydrogen densities, which gives these materials high performance potential as fuel additives in terms of specifc impulse. The excess hydrogen and corresponding base metal may also cause an increase in the hybrid rocket solid fuel regression rate. Pyrophoric additives also have potential to increase the solid fuel regression rate by reacting more readily near the burning fuel surface providing rapid energy feedback. An experimental performance evaluation of metal hydride fuel additives for hybrid rocket motor propulsion systems is examined in this study. Hypergolic ignition droplet tests and an accelerated aging study revealed the protection capabilities of Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) as a fuel binder, and the ability for unaided ignition. Static hybrid rocket motor experiments were conducted using DCPD as the fuel. Sodium borohydride (NabH4) and aluminum hydride (AlH3) were examined as fuel additives. Ninety percent rocket grade hydrogen peroxide (RGHP) was used as the oxidizer. In this study, the sensitivity of solid fuel regression rate and characteristic velocity (C*) efficiency to total fuel grain port mass flux and particle loading is examined. These results were compared to HTPB combustion performance as a baseline. Chamber pressure histories revealed steady motor operation in most tests, with reduced ignition delays when using NabH4 as a fuel additive. The addition of NabH4 and AlH3 produced up to a 47% and 85% increase in regression rate over neat DCPD, respectively. For all test conditions examined C* efficiency ranges between 80% and 90%. The regression rate and C* efficiency mass flux dependence indicate a shift towards a more diffusion controlled system with metal hydride particle addition. Although these types of energetic particles have potential as high performing fuel additives, they can be in low supply and expensive. An opposed flow burner was investigated as a means to screen and characterize hybrid rocket fuels prior to full scale rocket motor testing. Although this type of configuration has been investigated in the past, no comparison has been made to hybrid rocket motor operation in terms of mass flux. Polymeric fuels and low melt temperature fuels with and without additives were investigated via an opposed flow burner. The effects of laminar and turbulent flow regimes on the convective heat transfer in the opposed flow system was depicted in the regression rate trends of these fuels. Regression rate trends similar to hybrid rocket motor operation were depicted, including the entrainment mechanism for paran fuel. However, there was a shift in overall magnitude of these results. A decrease in regression rate occurred for HTPB loaded with passivated nano-aluminum, due to low resonance time in the reaction zone. Previous results have shown that pyrophoric additives can cause an increase in regression rate in the opposed flow burner configuration. It is proposed that the opposed burner is useful as a screening and characterization tool for some propellant combinations. Gaseous oxygen (GOX) was investigated as an oxidizer for similar fuels evaluated with RGHP. Specifically, combustion performance sensitivity to mass flux and MH particle size was investigated. Similar results to the RGHP experiments were observed for the regression rate tends of HTPB, DPCD, and NabH 4 addition. Kinetically limited regression rate dependence on mass flux was observed at the higher mass flux levels. No major increase in C* efficiency was observed for MH addition. The C* efficiency varied with equivalence ratio by approximately 10 percentage points, which was not observed in the RGHP experiments. A 10 percentage point decrease in C* efficiency was observed with increasing mass flux in the system. This was most likely due to poorly mixed fuel and oxidizer in center of the combustion chamber at the higher mass flux levels. Detailed measurements of the hybrid rocket combustion zone is useful for understanding the mechanisms governing performance, but can be difficult to obtain. Traditional slab burner configurations have proven useful but are operationally limited in pressure and mass flux ranges. A new optical cylindrical combustor (OCC) design is presented that allows surface and flame zone imaging and tracking during hybrid rocket motor operation at appreciable mass flux and pressure levels, > 100 kg/s/m2 and > 0.69 MPa. The flame height and regression rate sensitivity to mass flux and chamber pressure was examined for the same fuels examined in the GOX hybrid rocket motor, with the addition of DCPD fuel loaded with Al and unpassivated mechanically activated Al-PTFE. The regression rate trends were on the same order of magnitude of traditional hybrid rocket motor results. A flame height decrease was observed for increased mass flux. The flame height increased with NabH 4 addition, which is most likely a function of increased blowing at the surface. There was no appreciable flame height sensitivity to NabH4 particle size. There was no relative change in flame height or regression rate between the Al and AL-PTFE addition. The OCC allowed visualization of the hybrid rocket fuel flame zone at mass flux and pressure levels that are not known to be report for traditional slab burner configurations in literature. The OCC proved to be a new useful tool for investigated hybrid rocket propellant combustion characteristics.

40 CFR 79.20 - Application for registration by additive manufacturer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... additive manufacturer. 79.20 Section 79.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.20 Application for registration by additive manufacturer. Any manufacturer of a designated...

40 CFR 79.20 - Application for registration by additive manufacturer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... additive manufacturer. 79.20 Section 79.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.20 Application for registration by additive manufacturer. Any manufacturer of a designated...

40 CFR 79.20 - Application for registration by additive manufacturer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... additive manufacturer. 79.20 Section 79.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.20 Application for registration by additive manufacturer. Any manufacturer of a designated...

40 CFR 79.20 - Application for registration by additive manufacturer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... additive manufacturer. 79.20 Section 79.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.20 Application for registration by additive manufacturer. Any manufacturer of a designated...

40 CFR 79.20 - Application for registration by additive manufacturer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... additive manufacturer. 79.20 Section 79.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.20 Application for registration by additive manufacturer. Any manufacturer of a designated...

Emission Studies in CI Engine using LPG and Palm Kernel Methyl Ester as Fuels and Di-ethyl Ether as an Additive

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dora, Nagaraju; Jothi, T. J. Sarvoththama

2018-05-01

The present study investigates the effectiveness of using di-ethyl ether (DEE) as the fuel additive in engine performance and emissions. Experiments are carried out in a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine at constant speed. Two different fuels namely liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and palm kernel methyl ester (PKME) are used as primary fuels with DEE as the fuel additive. LPG flow rates of 0.6 and 0.8 kg/h are considered, and flow rate of DEE is varied to maintain the constant engine speed. In case of PKME fuel, it is blended with diesel in the latter to the former ratio of 80:20, and DEE is varied in the volumetric proportion of 1 and 2%. Results indicate that for the engine operating in LPG-DEE mode at 0.6 kg/h of LPG, the brake thermal efficiency is lowered by 26%; however, NOx is subsequently reduced by around 30% compared to the engine running with only diesel fuel at 70% load. Similarly, results of PKME blended fuel showed a drastic reduction in the NOx and CO emissions. In these two modes of operation, DEE is observed to be significant fuel additive regarding emissions reduction.

Preparation and emission characteristics of ethanol-diesel fuel blends.

PubMed

Zhang, Run-Duo; He, Hong; Shi, Xiao-Yan; Zhang, Chang-Bin; He, Bang-Quan; Wang, Jian-Xin

2004-01-01

The preparation of ethanol-diesel fuel blends and their emission characteristics were investigated. Results showed the absolute ethanol can dissolve in diesel fuel at an arbitrary ratio and a small quantity of water(0.2%) addition can lead to the phase separation of blends. An organic additive was synthesized and it can develop the ability of resistance to water and maintain the stability of ethanol-diesel-trace amounts of water system. The emission characteristics of 10%, 20%, and 30% ethanol-diesel fuel blends, with or without additives, were compared with those of diesel fuel in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The experimental results indicated that the blend of ethanol with diesel fuel significantly reduced the concentrations of smoke, hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) in exhaust gas. Using 20% ethanol-diesel fuel blend with the additive of 2% of the total volume, the optimum mixing ratio was achieved, at which the bench diesel engine testing showed a significant decrease in exhaust gas. Bosch smoke number was reduced by 55%, HC emission by 70%, and CO emission by 45%, at 13 kW/1540 r/min. However, ethanol-diesel fuel blends produced a few ppm acetaldehydes and more ethanol in exhaust gas.

40 CFR 80.581 - What are the batch testing and sample retention requirements for motor vehicle diesel fuel, NRLM...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... retention requirements for motor vehicle diesel fuel, NRLM diesel fuel, and ECA marine fuel? 80.581 Section...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel... requirements for motor vehicle diesel fuel, NRLM diesel fuel, and ECA marine fuel? (a) Beginning on June 1...

40 CFR 80.581 - What are the batch testing and sample retention requirements for motor vehicle diesel fuel, NRLM...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... retention requirements for motor vehicle diesel fuel, NRLM diesel fuel, and ECA marine fuel? 80.581 Section...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel... requirements for motor vehicle diesel fuel, NRLM diesel fuel, and ECA marine fuel? (a) Beginning on June 1...

Effect of Al(OH)3 on the sintering of UO2-Gd2O3 fuel pellets with addition of U3O8 from recycle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

dos Santos, Lauro Roberto; Durazzo, Michelangelo; Urano de Carvalho, Elita Fontenele; Riella, Humberto Gracher

2017-09-01

The incorporation of gadolinium as burnable poison directly into nuclear fuel is important for reactivity compensation, which enables longer fuel cycles. The function of the burnable poison fuel is to control the neutron population in the reactor core during its startup and the beginning of the fuel burning cycle to extend the use of the fuel. The implementation of UO2-Gd2O3 poisoned fuel in Brazil has been proposed according to the future requirements established for the Angra-2 nuclear power plant. The UO2 powder used is produced from the Ammonium Uranyl Carbonate (AUC). The incorporation of Gd2O3 powder directly into the AUC-derived UO2 powder by dry mechanical blending is the most attractive process, because of its simplicity. Nevertheless, processing by this method leads to difficulties while obtaining sintered pellets with the minimum required density. The cause of the low densities is the bad sintering behavior of the UO2-Gd2O3 mixed fuel, which shows a blockage in the sintering process that hinders the densification. This effect has been overcome by microdoping of the fuel with small quantities of aluminum. The process for manufacturing the fuel inevitably generates uranium-rich scraps from various sources. This residue is reincorporated into the production process in the form of U3O8 powder additions. The addition of U3O8 also hinders densification in sintering. This study was carried out to investigate the influence of both aluminum and U3O8 additives on the density of fuel pellets after sintering. As the effects of these additives are counterposed, this work studied the combined effect thereof, seeking to find an applicable composition for the production process. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of aluminum, in the form of Al(OH)3, as an additive to promote increase in the densification of the (U,Gd)O2 pellets during sintering, even with high additions of U3O8 recycled from the manufacturing process.

40 CFR 80.526 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel Standards and Requirements § 80.526 [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 80.523 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel Standards and Requirements § 80.523 [Reserved] ...

Fuels Registration, Reporting, and Compliance Help

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Information about the requirements for registration and health effects testing of new fuels or fuel additives and mandatory registration for fuels reporting and about mandatory reporting forms for parties regulated under EPA fuel programs.

40 CFR 600.113-08 - Fuel economy calculations for FTP, HFET, US06, SC03 and cold temperature FTP tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... paragraph (g) of this section. CH3OH = Grams/mile CH3OH (methanol) as obtained in paragraph (d) of this..., additionally for methanol-fueled automobiles, methanol (CH3OH) and formaldehyde (HCHO); and additionally for... for HC, CO and CO2; and, additionally for methanol-fueled automobiles, CH3OH and HCHO; and...

Acute toxicity evaluation of JP-8 jet fuel and JP-8 jet fuel containing additives. Final report, November 1995-February 1996

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wolfe, R.E.; Kinead, E.R.; Feldmann, M.L.

1996-11-01

To reduce fuel fouling in current U.S Navy and Air Force aircraft systems and to provide additional heat sink and thermal stability for future systems, the Air Force is developing an improved JP-8 jet fuel (JP-8 + 100). Two companies (Betz and Mobil) have developed additive packages that are currently being tested in aircraft systems. To determine if the additive packages will produce health effects for flightline personnel, acute testing was performed on JP-8 and the two JP-8 + 100 jet fuels. A single oral dose at 5 mg jet fuel/kg body weight to five male and five female F-344more » rats, and a single dermal application of 2 g jet fuel/kg body weight applied to five male and five female NZW rabbits resulted in no deaths. No signs of toxic stress were observed, and all animals gained weight over the 14-day observation periods. Single treatment of 0.5 mL neat jet fuel to rabbit skin produced negative results for skin irritation. Guinea pigs tailed to elicit a sensitization response following repeated applications of the jet fuels. Inhalation vapor exposure to JP-8, JP-8 + 100 (Betz), and JP-8 (Mobil) were determined to be >3.43, >3.52, and >3.57 mg/L, respectively. LD% values for aerosol exposure to JP-8, JP-8 + 100 (Betz), and JP-8 + 100 (Mobil) were >4.44, >4.39, and >4.54 mg/L, respectively. Under the conditions of these tests, the additive packages did not potentiate the acute effects normally associated with JP-8 jet fuel exposures.« less

40 CFR 80.603 - What are the pre-compliance reporting requirements for NRLM diesel fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... requirements for NRLM diesel fuel? 80.603 Section 80.603 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Recordkeeping and Reporting...

40 CFR 80.603 - What are the pre-compliance reporting requirements for NRLM diesel fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... requirements for NRLM diesel fuel? 80.603 Section 80.603 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Recordkeeping and Reporting...

40 CFR 80.610 - What acts are prohibited under the diesel fuel sulfur program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... diesel fuel sulfur program? 80.610 Section 80.610 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Violation Provisions § 80.610...

40 CFR 80.610 - What acts are prohibited under the diesel fuel sulfur program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... diesel fuel sulfur program? 80.610 Section 80.610 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Violation Provisions § 80.610...

40 CFR 80.534 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Temporary Compliance Option § 80.534 [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 79.21 - Information and assurances to be provided by the additive manufacturer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... provided by the additive manufacturer. 79.21 Section 79.21 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.21 Information and assurances to be provided by the additive manufacturer. Each...

40 CFR 79.21 - Information and assurances to be provided by the additive manufacturer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... provided by the additive manufacturer. 79.21 Section 79.21 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.21 Information and assurances to be provided by the additive manufacturer. Each...

40 CFR 79.21 - Information and assurances to be provided by the additive manufacturer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... provided by the additive manufacturer. 79.21 Section 79.21 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.21 Information and assurances to be provided by the additive manufacturer. Each...

40 CFR 79.21 - Information and assurances to be provided by the additive manufacturer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... provided by the additive manufacturer. 79.21 Section 79.21 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.21 Information and assurances to be provided by the additive manufacturer. Each...

40 CFR 79.21 - Information and assurances to be provided by the additive manufacturer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... provided by the additive manufacturer. 79.21 Section 79.21 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additive Registration Procedures § 79.21 Information and assurances to be provided by the additive manufacturer. Each...

Fuel-Air Injection Effects on Combustion in Cavity-Based Flameholders in a Supersonic Flow

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-03-01

both fuel and air provided additional capability to tune the cavity such that a more stable decentralized flame results. The addition of air...Mark Gruber of AFRL/PRAS and Mr. Mark Hsu of Innovative Scientific Solutions Inc. for both the support and latitude provided to me in this endeavor...addition of direct air injection to cavity combustion. Direct injection of both fuel and air provided additional capability to tune the cavity such that a

Blender for Antimisting Kerosene

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parikh, Pradip G.; Sarohia, Virendra; Yavrouian, Andre H.

1987-01-01

Blender continuously disperses controlled amount of flammability-reducing additive into stream of jet fuel. Resulting mixture consists of homogeneous suspension of additive polymer particles in fuel. Particles dissolve within 15 to 30 min, without agitation, forming airplane fuel known as antimisting kerosene which promises to reduce danger from fire in crashes.

40 CFR 80.550 - What is the definition of a motor vehicle diesel fuel small refiner or a NRLM diesel fuel small...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... vehicle diesel fuel small refiner or a NRLM diesel fuel small refiner under this subpart? 80.550 Section...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel... vehicle diesel fuel small refiner or a NRLM diesel fuel small refiner under this subpart? (a) A motor...

40 CFR 80.550 - What is the definition of a motor vehicle diesel fuel small refiner or a NRLM diesel fuel small...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... vehicle diesel fuel small refiner or a NRLM diesel fuel small refiner under this subpart? 80.550 Section...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel... vehicle diesel fuel small refiner or a NRLM diesel fuel small refiner under this subpart? (a) A motor...

Engine performance and exhaust emission analysis of a single cylinder diesel engine fuelled with water-diesel emulsion fuel blended with manganese metal additives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muhsin Ithnin, Ahmad; Jazair Yahya, Wira; Baun Fletcher, Jasmine; Kadir, Hasannuddin Abd

2017-10-01

Water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (W/D) is one of the alternative fuels that capable to reduce the exhaust emission of diesel engine significantly especially the nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). However, the usage of W/D emulsion fuels contributed to higher CO emissions. Supplementing metal additive into the fuel is the alternate way to reduce the CO emissions and improve performance. The present paper investigates the effect of using W/D blended with organic based manganese metal additives on the diesel engine performance and exhaust emission. The test were carried out by preparing and analysing the results observed from five different tested fuel which were D2, emulsion fuel (E10: 89% D2, 10% - water, 1% - surfactant), E10Mn100, E10Mn150, E10Mn200. Organic based Manganese (100ppm, 150ppm, 200ppm) used as the additive in the three samples of the experiments. E10Mn200 achieved the maximum reduction of BSFC up to 13.66% and has the highest exhaust gas temperature. Whereas, E10Mn150 achieved the highest reduction of CO by 14.67%, and slightly increased of NOx emissions as compared to other emulsion fuels. Organic based manganese which act as catalyst promotes improvement of the emulsion fuel performance and reduced the harmful emissions discharged.

High Energy Density Additives for Hybrid Fuel Rockets to Improve Performance and Enhance Safety

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jaffe, Richard L.

2014-01-01

We propose a conceptual study of prototype strained hydrocarbon molecules as high energy density additives for hybrid rocket fuels to boost the performance of these rockets without compromising safety and reliability. Use of these additives could extend the range of applications for which hybrid rockets become an attractive alternative to conventional solid or liquid fuel rockets. The objectives of the study were to confirm and quantify the high enthalpy of these strained molecules and to assess improvement in rocket performance that would be expected if these additives were blended with conventional fuels. We confirmed the chemical properties (including enthalpy) of these additives. However, the predicted improvement in rocket performance was too small to make this a useful strategy for boosting hybrid rocket performance.

40 CFR 80.583 - What alternative sampling and testing requirements apply to importers who transport motor vehicle...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... requirements apply to importers who transport motor vehicle diesel fuel, NRLM diesel fuel, or ECA marine fuel... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Sampling and Testing § 80.583 What...

40 CFR 80.528-80.529 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....528-80.529 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel Standards and Requirements §§ 80.528-80.529...

40 CFR 80.1504 - What acts are prohibited under this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additional Requirements for Gasoline-Ethanol..., cause or permit the sale or introduction of gasoline containing greater than 10.0 volume percent ethanol... 10.0 volume percent ethanol into any flex-fuel vehicle. (b) Sell, offer for sale, dispense, or...

40 CFR 80.1504 - What acts are prohibited under this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additional Requirements for Gasoline-Ethanol..., cause or permit the sale or introduction of gasoline containing greater than 10.0 volume percent ethanol... 10.0 volume percent ethanol into any flex-fuel vehicle. (b) Sell, offer for sale, dispense, or...

40 CFR 80.1504 - What acts are prohibited under this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additional Requirements for Gasoline-Ethanol..., cause or permit the sale or introduction of gasoline containing greater than 10.0 volume percent ethanol... 10.0 volume percent ethanol into any flex-fuel vehicle. (b) Sell, offer for sale, dispense, or...

Emission FTIR analyses of thin microscopic patches of jet fuel residues deposited on heated metal surfaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lauer, J. L.; Vogel, P.

1986-01-01

The relationship of fuel stability to fuel composition and the development of mechanisms for deposit formation were investigated. Fuel deposits reduce heat transfer efficiency and increase resistance to fuel flow and are highly detrimental to aircraft performance. Infrared emission Fourier transform spectroscopy was chosen as the primary method of analysis because it was sensitive enough to be used in-situ on tiny patches of monolayers or of only a few molecular layers of deposits which generally proved completely insoluble in any nondestructive solvents. Deposits of four base fuels were compared; dodecane, a dodecane/tetralin blend, commercial Jet A fuel, and a broadened-properties jet fuel particularly rich in polynuclear aromatics. Every fuel in turn was provided with and without small additions of such additives as thiophene, furan, pyrrole, and copper and iron naphthenates.

Ether oxygenate additives in gasoline reduce toxicity of exhausts.

PubMed

Westphal, G A; Krahl, J; Brüning, T; Hallier, E; Bünger, J

2010-02-09

Fuel additives can improve combustion and knock resistance of gasoline engines. Common additives in commercial fuels are "short-chain, oxygen containing hydrocarbons" such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE). Since these additives change the combustion characteristics, this may as well influence toxic effects of the resulting emissions. Therefore we compared toxicity and BTEX emissions of gasoline engine exhaust regarding addition of MTBE or ETBE. Non-reformulated gasoline served as basic fuel. This fuel was supplemented with 10%, 20%, 25% and 30% ETBE or 15% MTBE. The fuels were combusted in a gasoline engine at idling, part load and rated power. Condensates and particulate matter (PM) were collected and PM samples extracted with dichloromethane. Cytotoxic effects were investigated in murine fibroblasts (L929) using the neutral red uptake assay and mutagenicity using the bacterial reverse mutation assay. BTEX emissions were analyzed by gas chromatography. PM-extracts showed mutagenicity with and without metabolic activation. Mutagenicity was reduced by the addition of MTBE and ETBE, 10% ETBE being most effective. The condensates produced no significant mutagenic response. The cytotoxicity of the condensates from ETBE- and MTBE-reformulated fuels was reduced as well. The BTEX content in the exhaust was lowered by the addition of MTBE and ETBE. This effect was significantly related to the ETBE content at rated power and part load. Addition of MTBE and ETBE to fuels can improve combustion and leads to decreased toxicity and BTEX content of the exhaust. Reduction of mutagenicity in the PM-extracts is most probably caused by a lower content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 80.536 - How are NRLM diesel fuel credits used and transferred?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false How are NRLM diesel fuel credits used... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Temporary Compliance Option § 80.536 How...

40 CFR 80.536 - How are NRLM diesel fuel credits used and transferred?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How are NRLM diesel fuel credits used... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Temporary Compliance Option § 80.536 How...

40 CFR 80.535 - How are NRLM diesel fuel credits generated?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false How are NRLM diesel fuel credits... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Temporary Compliance Option § 80.535 How are NRLM diesel...

40 CFR 80.532 - How are motor vehicle diesel fuel credits used and transferred?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false How are motor vehicle diesel fuel... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Temporary Compliance Option § 80...

40 CFR 80.531 - How are motor vehicle diesel fuel credits generated?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How are motor vehicle diesel fuel... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Temporary Compliance Option § 80.531 How...

40 CFR 80.512 - May an importer treat diesel fuel as blendstock?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false May an importer treat diesel fuel as... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel General Information § 80.512 May an importer treat diesel...

40 CFR 80.535 - How are NRLM diesel fuel credits generated?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How are NRLM diesel fuel credits... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Temporary Compliance Option § 80.535 How are NRLM diesel...

40 CFR 80.512 - May an importer treat diesel fuel as blendstock?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false May an importer treat diesel fuel as... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel General Information § 80.512 May an importer treat diesel...

40 CFR 80.531 - How are motor vehicle diesel fuel credits generated?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false How are motor vehicle diesel fuel... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Temporary Compliance Option § 80.531 How...

40 CFR 80.532 - How are motor vehicle diesel fuel credits used and transferred?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How are motor vehicle diesel fuel... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Temporary Compliance Option § 80...

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to predict CI engine parameters fueled with nano-particles additive to diesel fuel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghanbari, M.; Najafi, G.; Ghobadian, B.; Mamat, R.; Noor, M. M.; Moosavian, A.

2015-12-01

This paper studies the use of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to predict the performance parameters and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine operating on nanodiesel blended fuels. In order to predict the engine parameters, the whole experimental data were randomly divided into training and testing data. For ANFIS modelling, Gaussian curve membership function (gaussmf) and 200 training epochs (iteration) were found to be optimum choices for training process. The results demonstrate that ANFIS is capable of predicting the diesel engine performance and emissions. In the experimental step, Carbon nano tubes (CNT) (40, 80 and 120 ppm) and nano silver particles (40, 80 and 120 ppm) with nanostructure were prepared and added as additive to the diesel fuel. Six cylinders, four-stroke diesel engine was fuelled with these new blended fuels and operated at different engine speeds. Experimental test results indicated the fact that adding nano particles to diesel fuel, increased diesel engine power and torque output. For nano-diesel it was found that the brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) was decreased compared to the net diesel fuel. The results proved that with increase of nano particles concentrations (from 40 ppm to 120 ppm) in diesel fuel, CO2 emission increased. CO emission in diesel fuel with nano-particles was lower significantly compared to pure diesel fuel. UHC emission with silver nano-diesel blended fuel decreased while with fuels that contains CNT nano particles increased. The trend of NOx emission was inverse compared to the UHC emission. With adding nano particles to the blended fuels, NOx increased compared to the net diesel fuel. The tests revealed that silver & CNT nano particles can be used as additive in diesel fuel to improve combustion of the fuel and reduce the exhaust emissions significantly.

Application of X-Ray Computer Tomography for Observing the Central Void Formations and the Fuel Pin Deformations of Irradiated FBR Fuel Assemblies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Katsuyama, Kozo; Nagamine, Tsuyoshi; Furuya, Hirotaka

2010-10-01

In order to observe the structural change in the interior of irradiated fuel assemblies, a non-destructive post-irradiation examination (PIE) technique using X-ray computer tomography (X-ray CT) was developed. This X-ray CT technique was applied to observe the central void formations and fuel pin deformations of fuel assemblies which had been irradiated at high linear heat rating. The central void sizes in all fuel pins were measured on five cross sections of the core fuel column as a parameter for evaluating fuel thermal performance. In addition, the fuel pin deformations were analyzed from X-ray CT images obtained along the axial direction of a fuel assembly at the same separation interval. A dependence of void size on the linear heat rating was seen in the fuel assembly irradiated at high linear heat rating. In addition, significant undulations of the fuel pin were observed along the axial direction, coinciding with the wrapping wire pitch in the core fuel column. Application of the developed technique should provide enhanced resolution of measurements and simplify fuel PIEs.

Fuel flexible fuel injector

DOEpatents

Tuthill, Richard S; Davis, Dustin W; Dai, Zhongtao

2015-02-03

A disclosed fuel injector provides mixing of fuel with airflow by surrounding a swirled fuel flow with first and second swirled airflows that ensures mixing prior to or upon entering the combustion chamber. Fuel tubes produce a central fuel flow along with a central airflow through a plurality of openings to generate the high velocity fuel/air mixture along the axis of the fuel injector in addition to the swirled fuel/air mixture.

Effects of experimental fuel additions on fire intensity and severity: unexpected carbon resilience of a neotropical forest.

PubMed

Brando, Paulo M; Oliveria-Santos, Claudinei; Rocha, Wanderley; Cury, Roberta; Coe, Michael T

2016-07-01

Global changes and associated droughts, heat waves, logging activities, and forest fragmentation may intensify fires in Amazonia by altering forest microclimate and fuel dynamics. To isolate the effects of fuel loads on fire behavior and fire-induced changes in forest carbon cycling, we manipulated fine fuel loads in a fire experiment located in southeast Amazonia. We predicted that a 50% increase in fine fuel loads would disproportionally increase fire intensity and severity (i.e., tree mortality and losses in carbon stocks) due to multiplicative effects of fine fuel loads on the rate of fire spread, fuel consumption, and burned area. The experiment followed a fully replicated randomized block design (N = 6) comprised of unburned control plots and burned plots that were treated with and without fine fuel additions. The fuel addition treatment significantly increased burned area (+22%) and consequently canopy openness (+10%), fine fuel combustion (+5%), and mortality of individuals ≥5 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh; +37%). Surprisingly, we observed nonsignificant effects of the fuel addition treatment on fireline intensity, and no significant differences among the three treatments for (i) mortality of large trees (≥30 cm dbh), (ii) aboveground forest carbon stocks, and (iii) soil respiration. It was also surprising that postfire tree growth and wood increment were higher in the burned plots treated with fuels than in the unburned control. These results suggest that (i) fine fuel load accumulation increases the likelihood of larger understory fires and (ii) single, low-intensity fires weakly influence carbon cycling of this primary neotropical forest, although delayed postfire mortality of large trees may lower carbon stocks over the long term. Overall, our findings indicate that increased fine fuel loads alone are unlikely to create threshold conditions for high-intensity, catastrophic fires during nondrought years. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Additional experiments on flowability improvements of aviation fuels at low temperatures, volume 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stockemer, F. J.; Deane, R. L.

1982-01-01

An investigation was performed to study flow improver additives and scale-model fuel heating systems for use with aviation hydrocarbon fuel at low temperatures. Test were performed in a facility that simulated the heat transfer and temperature profiles anticipated in wing fuel tanks during flight of long-range commercial aircraft. The results are presented of experiments conducted in a test tank simulating a section of an outer wing integral fuel tank approximately full-scale in height, chilled through heat exchange panels bonded to the upper and lower horizontal surfaces. A separate system heated lubricating oil externally by a controllable electric heater, to transfer heat to fuel pumped from the test tank through an oil-to-fuel heat exchanger, and to recirculate the heated fuel back to the test tank.

40 CFR 80.162 - Additive compositional data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Additive compositional data. 80.162... (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.162 Additive compositional data... gasoline detergency requirements of this subpart, the compositional data to be supplied to EPA by the...

40 CFR 80.162 - Additive compositional data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Additive compositional data. 80.162... (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.162 Additive compositional data... gasoline detergency requirements of this subpart, the compositional data to be supplied to EPA by the...

40 CFR 80.162 - Additive compositional data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Additive compositional data. 80.162... (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.162 Additive compositional data... gasoline detergency requirements of this subpart, the compositional data to be supplied to EPA by the...

40 CFR 80.162 - Additive compositional data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Additive compositional data. 80.162... (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.162 Additive compositional data... gasoline detergency requirements of this subpart, the compositional data to be supplied to EPA by the...

40 CFR 80.162 - Additive compositional data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Additive compositional data. 80.162... (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.162 Additive compositional data... gasoline detergency requirements of this subpart, the compositional data to be supplied to EPA by the...

40 CFR 80.524 - What sulfur content standard applies to motor vehicle diesel fuel downstream of the refinery or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... to motor vehicle diesel fuel downstream of the refinery or importer? 80.524 Section 80.524 Protection... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel Standards and Requirements § 80.524 What sulfur content standard...

40 CFR 80.524 - What sulfur content standard applies to motor vehicle diesel fuel downstream of the refinery or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... to motor vehicle diesel fuel downstream of the refinery or importer? 80.524 Section 80.524 Protection... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel Standards and Requirements § 80.524 What sulfur content standard...

A Comprehensive Review of Effect of Biodiesel Additives on Properties, Performance, and Emission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Madiwale, S.; Karthikeyan, A.; Bhojwani, V.

2017-05-01

Objectives:- To presents the literature review on effect of biodiesel additives on properties, performance and on emission. Method:-In the current paper reviews are taken from previous years paper which necessitates the need of addition of additives in the blends of biodiesel and studied the its effect on properties, performance and emissions. Emissions from the diesel powered vehicles mostly damaged the earth’s environment and also increased the overall earth’s temperature. This attracts the need of alternative fuels in the field of transportation sector. Past inventions and research showed that Biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel for the diesel engine. Biodiesel have good combustion characteristics because of their long chain hydrocarbon structure. However biodiesel possesses few disadvantages such as lower heating value, higher flow ability, much high density and not able to flow at low temperature. Higher rate of fuel consumption is identified and higher level of NOx emissions when biodiesel used in an engine as an alternative fuels. Findings:-Different additives such as antioxidants, improvers for cetane number, cold flow properties improver, etc were investigated by the many researcher and scientists and added in the different feedstock of biodiesel or blends of biodiesel with diesel in different proportions. Directly or indirectly fuel additives can improve the reduction in the emissions, improve the fuel economy, and reduce the dependency of the one’s nation on other. Performances of biodiesel vehicles were drastically improved because of additioninthe blends of biodiesel with diesel fuel in specific percentages to meet the international emission standards. Addition of additives in the biodiesel or in the blends of biodiesel basically changes the high temperature and low temperature flow properties of blends of biodiesel. Current paper finds and compares properties of different additives and its effect on blends of biodiesel properties, performance and on emissions from diesel engines. Improvement:-This paper presents the literature review on effect of biodiesel additives on properties, performance and on emission.

An Experimental Examination of Combustion of Isolated Liquid Fuel Droplets with Polymeric and Nanoparticle Additives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghamari, Mohsen

In spite of recent attention to renewable sources of energy, liquid hydrocarbon fuels are still the main source of energy for industrial and transportation systems. Manufactures and consumers are consistently looking for ways to optimize the efficiency of fuel combustion in terms of cost, emissions and consumer safety. In this regard, increasing burning rate of liquid fuels has been of special interest in both industrial and transportation systems. Recent studies have shown that adding combustible nano-particles could have promising effects on improving combustion performance of liquid fuels. Combustible nano-particles could enhance radiative and conductive heat transfer and also mixing within the droplet. Polymeric additive have also shown promising effect on improving fire safety by suppressing spreading behavior and splatter formation in case of crash scenario. Polymers are also known to have higher burning rate than regular hydrocarbon fuels. Therefore adding polymeric additive could have the potential to increase the burning rate. In this work, combustion dynamics of liquid fuel droplets with both polymeric and nanoparticle additives is studied in normal gravity. High speed photography is employed and the effect of additive concentration on droplet burning rate, burning time, extinction and soot morphology is investigated. Polymer added fuel was found to have a volatility controlled combustion with four distinct regimes. The first three zones are associated with combustion of base fuel while the polymer burns last and after a heating zone because of its higher boiling point. Polymer addition reduces the burning rate of the base fuel in the first zone by means of increasing viscosity and results in nucleate boiling and increased burning rates in the second and third stages. Overall, polymer addition resulted in a higher burning rate and shorter burning time in most of the scenarios. Colloidal suspensions of carbon-based nanomaterials in liquid fuels were also tested at different particle loadings. It was found that dispersing nanoparticles results in higher burning rate by means of enhanced radiative heat absorption and thermal conductivity. An optimum particle loading was found for each particle type at which the maximum burning rate was achieved. It was observed that the burning rate again starts to reduce after this optimum point most likely due to the formation of large aggregates that reduce thermal conductivity and suppress the diffusion of species.

Emission control devices, fuel additive, and fuel composition changes.

PubMed Central

Piver, W T

1977-01-01

Emission control devices are installed to meet the exhaust standards of the Clean Air Act for carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, and it is necessary to know, from a public health point of view, how exhaust emissions may be affected by changes in fuel additives and fuel composition. Since these topics are concerned with developing technologies, the available literature on exhaust emission characteristics and the limited information on health effects, is reviewed. PMID:71235

Performance of a peroxide-based cetane improvement additive in different diesel fuels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nandi, M.K.; Jacobs, D.C.; Liotta, F.J. Jr.

The implementation of stringent diesel engine emissions regulations is growing worldwide. The use of high cetane diesel fuels is a cost-effective option that can be used to reduce engine emissions. A direct comparison of heavy-duty diesel engine emissions for three different low sulfur diesel fuels treated with di-t-butyl peroxide and 2-ethylhexyl nitrate, at the same cetane level, was evaluated. Both the peroxide and the nitrate cetane improvement additive significantly reduced all regulated and unregulated emissions including the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission. Di-t-butyl peroxide shows a small advantage over ethylhexyl nitrate in reducing NOx in all the three fuels. Compatibilitymore » of the peroxide and the nitrate additives, when mixed in a fuel blend, has been demonstrated by cetane response and engine emissions for the fuel blend. 13 refs., 2 figs., 9 tabs.« less

Thermal Characterization and Flammability of Structural Epoxy Adhesive and Carbon/Epoxy Composite with Environmental and Chemical Degradation (Postprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

this study). TGA scans show the thermal degradation of carbon/ epoxy composite by fuel additive at room temperature. Through Microscale Combustion...concerns regarding the durability of structural epoxy adhesive contaminated by hydraulic fluid or fuel additive , under simplified test conditions (no...higher than room tem- perature) or fuel additive (at all temperatures of this study). TGA scans show the thermal degradation of carbon/ epoxy composite

40 CFR 79.5 - Periodic reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES General Provisions § 79.5 Periodic reporting requirements. (a) Fuel..., October through December) commencing after the date prescribed for a particular fuel in subpart D, fuel manufacturers shall submit to the Administrator a report for each registered fuel showing (i) the range of...

40 CFR 79.5 - Periodic reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES General Provisions § 79.5 Periodic reporting requirements. (a) Fuel..., October through December) commencing after the date prescribed for a particular fuel in subpart D, fuel manufacturers shall submit to the Administrator a report for each registered fuel showing (i) the range of...

40 CFR 80.1415 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... renewable fuel that came from renewable biomass, expressed as a fraction, on an energy basis. EC = Energy... renewable fuel? 80.1415 Section 80.1415 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1415 How...

40 CFR 80.1415 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... renewable fuel that came from renewable biomass, expressed as a fraction, on an energy basis. EC = Energy... renewable fuel? 80.1415 Section 80.1415 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1415 How...

40 CFR 80.1415 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... renewable fuel that came from renewable biomass, expressed as a fraction, on an energy basis. EC = Energy... renewable fuel? 80.1415 Section 80.1415 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1415 How...

40 CFR 80.1415 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... renewable fuel that came from renewable biomass, expressed as a fraction, on an energy basis. EC = Energy... renewable fuel? 80.1415 Section 80.1415 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1415 How...

40 CFR 80.1415 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... renewable fuel that came from renewable biomass, expressed as a fraction, on an energy basis. EC = Energy... renewable fuel? 80.1415 Section 80.1415 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1415 How...

40 CFR 80.503-80.509 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....503-80.509 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel General Information §§ 80.503-80.509 [Reserved] ...

Isoprenoid based alternative diesel fuel

DOEpatents

Lee, Taek Soon; Peralta-Yahya, Pamela; Keasling, Jay D.

2015-08-18

Fuel compositions are provided comprising a hydrogenation product of a monocyclic sesquiterpene (e.g., hydrogenated bisabolene) and a fuel additive. Methods of making and using the fuel compositions are also disclosed. ##STR00001##

Fuel characteristics pertinent to the design of aircraft fuel systems, Supplement I : additional information on MIL-F-7914(AER) grade JP-5 fuel and several fuel oils

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barnett, Henry C; Hibbard, Robert R

1953-01-01

Since the release of the first NACA publication on fuel characteristics pertinent to the design of aircraft fuel systems (NACA-RM-E53A21), additional information has become available on MIL-F7914(AER) grade JP-5 fuel and several of the current grades of fuel oils. In order to make this information available to fuel-system designers as quickly as possible, the present report has been prepared as a supplement to NACA-RM-E53A21. Although JP-5 fuel is of greater interest in current fuel-system problems than the fuel oils, the available data are not as extensive. It is believed, however, that the limited data on JP-5 are sufficient to indicate the variations in stocks that the designer must consider under a given fuel specification. The methods used in the preparation and extrapolation of data presented in the tables and figures of this supplement are the same as those used in NACA-RM-E53A21.

40 CFR 79.55 - Base fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... fuel's production or distribution and/or for the successful operation of the test vehicle/engine... the methanol, ethanol, methane, and propane base fuels in addition to any such additives included... chloride), wt%, max 0.0004 Copper, mg/L, max 0.07 Water, wt%, max 0.5 Sulfur, wt%, max 0.004 (f) Methane...

40 CFR 79.55 - Base fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... fuel's production or distribution and/or for the successful operation of the test vehicle/engine... the methanol, ethanol, methane, and propane base fuels in addition to any such additives included... chloride), wt%, max 0.0004 Copper, mg/L, max 0.07 Water, wt%, max 0.5 Sulfur, wt%, max 0.004 (f) Methane...

40 CFR 79.55 - Base fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... fuel's production or distribution and/or for the successful operation of the test vehicle/engine... the methanol, ethanol, methane, and propane base fuels in addition to any such additives included... chloride), wt%, max 0.0004 Copper, mg/L, max 0.07 Water, wt%, max 0.5 Sulfur, wt%, max 0.004 (f) Methane...

40 CFR 79.55 - Base fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... fuel's production or distribution and/or for the successful operation of the test vehicle/engine... the methanol, ethanol, methane, and propane base fuels in addition to any such additives included... chloride), wt%, max 0.0004 Copper, mg/L, max 0.07 Water, wt%, max 0.5 Sulfur, wt%, max 0.004 (f) Methane...

40 CFR 79.55 - Base fuel specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... fuel's production or distribution and/or for the successful operation of the test vehicle/engine... the methanol, ethanol, methane, and propane base fuels in addition to any such additives included... chloride), wt%, max 0.0004 Copper, mg/L, max 0.07 Water, wt%, max 0.5 Sulfur, wt%, max 0.004 (f) Methane...

76 FR 38843 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2012 Renewable Fuel Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-01

... Feedstocks To Produce 1.28 Billion Gallons Of Biodiesel 3. Production Capacity 4. Consumption Capacity 5... circumstances that came to light after the RFS2 program went into effect on July 1, 2010. Additionally, this... the factors specified in the statute, including a consideration of biodiesel production, consumption...

78 FR 14190 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Identification of Additional Qualifying Renewable Fuel...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-05

... section above. Outline of This Preamble I. Executive Summary A. Purpose of the Regulatory Action B... Supply, Distribution, or Use I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act J. Executive Order 12898.... Congressional Review Act V. Statutory Provisions and Legal Authority I. Executive Summary A. Purpose of This...

40 CFR 80.1460 - What acts are prohibited under the RFS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... with the RIN in an application other than for use as transportation fuel, jet fuel, or heating oil (as... associated with the RIN in an application other than for use as transportation fuel, jet fuel, or heating oil... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1460 What acts are...

40 CFR 80.1460 - What acts are prohibited under the RFS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... application other than for use as transportation fuel, jet fuel, or heating oil (as defined in § 80.1401). (3... in an application other than for use as transportation fuel, jet fuel, or heating oil (as defined in... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1460 What acts are...

40 CFR 80.1460 - What acts are prohibited under the RFS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... with the RIN in an application other than for use as transportation fuel, jet fuel, or heating oil (as... associated with the RIN in an application other than for use as transportation fuel, jet fuel, or heating oil... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1460 What acts are...

40 CFR 80.1460 - What acts are prohibited under the RFS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... application other than for use as transportation fuel, jet fuel, or heating oil (as defined in § 80.1401). (3... in an application other than for use as transportation fuel, jet fuel, or heating oil (as defined in... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1460 What acts are...

40 CFR 80.1460 - What acts are prohibited under the RFS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... application other than for use as transportation fuel, jet fuel, or heating oil (as defined in § 80.1401). (3... in an application other than for use as transportation fuel, jet fuel, or heating oil (as defined in... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1460 What acts are...

Certification of alternative aviation fuels and blend components

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wilson III, George R.; Edwards, Tim; Corporan, Edwin

2013-01-15

Aviation turbine engine fuel specifications are governed by ASTM International, formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International, and the British Ministry of Defence (MOD). ASTM D1655 Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels and MOD Defence Standard 91-91 are the guiding specifications for this fuel throughout most of the world. Both of these documents rely heavily on the vast amount of experience in production and use of turbine engine fuels from conventional sources, such as crude oil, natural gas condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil sands. Turbine engine fuel derived from these resources and meetingmore » the above specifications has properties that are generally considered acceptable for fuels to be used in turbine engines. Alternative and synthetic fuel components are approved for use to blend with conventional turbine engine fuels after considerable testing. ASTM has established a specification for fuels containing synthesized hydrocarbons under D7566, and the MOD has included additional requirements for fuels containing synthetic components under Annex D of DS91-91. New turbine engine fuel additives and blend components need to be evaluated using ASTM D4054, Standard Practice for Qualification and Approval of New Aviation Turbine Fuels and Fuel Additives. This paper discusses these specifications and testing requirements in light of recent literature claiming that some biomass-derived blend components, which have been used to blend in conventional aviation fuel, meet the requirements for aviation turbine fuels as specified by ASTM and the MOD. The 'Table 1' requirements listed in both D1655 and DS91-91 are predicated on the assumption that the feedstocks used to make fuels meeting these requirements are from approved sources. Recent papers have implied that commercial jet fuel can be blended with renewable components that are not hydrocarbons (such as fatty acid methyl esters). These are not allowed blend components for turbine engine fuels as discussed in this paper.« less

40 CFR 80.501 - What fuel is subject to the provisions of this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... for use as fuel in diesel motor vehicles or nonroad diesel engines or is blended with diesel fuel for use in diesel motor vehicles or nonroad diesel engines, including locomotive and marine diesel engines... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel...

40 CFR 80.501 - What fuel is subject to the provisions of this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... for use as fuel in diesel motor vehicles or nonroad diesel engines or is blended with diesel fuel for use in diesel motor vehicles or nonroad diesel engines, including locomotive and marine diesel engines... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel...

40 CFR 80.501 - What fuel is subject to the provisions of this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... for use as fuel in diesel motor vehicles or nonroad diesel engines or is blended with diesel fuel for use in diesel motor vehicles or nonroad diesel engines, including locomotive and marine diesel engines... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel...

40 CFR 80.501 - What fuel is subject to the provisions of this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... for use as fuel in diesel motor vehicles or nonroad diesel engines or is blended with diesel fuel for use in diesel motor vehicles or nonroad diesel engines, including locomotive and marine diesel engines... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel...

40 CFR 80.501 - What fuel is subject to the provisions of this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... for use as fuel in diesel motor vehicles or nonroad diesel engines or is blended with diesel fuel for use in diesel motor vehicles or nonroad diesel engines, including locomotive and marine diesel engines... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel...

Design and testing of digitally manufactured paraffin Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene hybrid rocket motors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCulley, Jonathan M.

This research investigates the application of additive manufacturing techniques for fabricating hybrid rocket fuel grains composed of porous Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene impregnated with paraffin wax. The digitally manufactured ABS substrate provides mechanical support for the paraffin fuel material and serves as an additional fuel component. The embedded paraffin provides an enhanced fuel regression rate while having no detrimental effect on the thermodynamic burn properties of the fuel grain. Multiple fuel grains with various ABS-to-Paraffin mass ratios were fabricated and burned with nitrous oxide. Analytical predictions for end-to-end motor performance and fuel regression are compared against static test results. Baseline fuel grain regression calculations use an enthalpy balance energy analysis with the material and thermodynamic properties based on the mean paraffin/ABS mass fractions within the fuel grain. In support of these analytical comparisons, a novel method for propagating the fuel port burn surface was developed. In this modeling approach the fuel cross section grid is modeled as an image with white pixels representing the fuel and black pixels representing empty or burned grid cells.

Experimental investigation of fuel regression rate in a HTPB based lab-scale hybrid rocket motor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xintian; Tian, Hui; Yu, Nanjia; Cai, Guobiao

2014-12-01

The fuel regression rate is an important parameter in the design process of the hybrid rocket motor. Additives in the solid fuel may have influences on the fuel regression rate, which will affect the internal ballistics of the motor. A series of firing experiments have been conducted on lab-scale hybrid rocket motors with 98% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidizer and hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based fuels in this paper. An innovative fuel regression rate analysis method is established to diminish the errors caused by start and tailing stages in a short time firing test. The effects of the metal Mg, Al, aromatic hydrocarbon anthracene (C14H10), and carbon black (C) on the fuel regression rate are investigated. The fuel regression rate formulas of different fuel components are fitted according to the experiment data. The results indicate that the influence of C14H10 on the fuel regression rate of HTPB is not evident. However, the metal additives in the HTPB fuel can increase the fuel regression rate significantly.

Transformation of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles from a Diesel Fuel Additive during Combustion in a Diesel Engine.

PubMed

Dale, James G; Cox, Steven S; Vance, Marina E; Marr, Linsey C; Hochella, Michael F

2017-02-21

Nanoscale cerium oxide is used as a diesel fuel additive to reduce particulate matter emissions and increase fuel economy, but its fate in the environment has not been established. Cerium oxide released as a result of the combustion of diesel fuel containing the additive Envirox, which utilizes suspended nanoscale cerium oxide to reduce particulate matter emissions and increase fuel economy, was captured from the exhaust stream of a diesel engine and was characterized using a combination of bulk analytical techniques and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The combustion process induced significant changes in the size and morphology of the particles; ∼15 nm aggregates consisting of 5-7 nm faceted crystals in the fuel additive became 50-300 nm, near-spherical, single crystals in the exhaust. Electron diffraction identified the original cerium oxide particles as cerium(IV) oxide (CeO 2 , standard FCC structure) with no detectable quantities of Ce(III), whereas in the exhaust the ceria particles had additional electron diffraction reflections indicative of a CeO 2 superstructure containing ordered oxygen vacancies. The surfactant coating present on the cerium oxide particles in the additive was lost during combustion, but in roughly 30% of the observed particles in the exhaust, a new surface coating formed, approximately 2-5 nm thick. The results of this study suggest that pristine, laboratory-produced, nanoscale cerium oxide is not a good substitute for the cerium oxide released from fuel-borne catalyst applications and that future toxicity experiments and modeling will require the use/consideration of more realistic materials.

Fuel saver based on electromagnetic induction for automotive engine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Siregar, Houtman P.; Sibarani, Maradu

2007-12-01

In the considered research is designed and analyzed the performance of the fuel saver which is based on electromagnetic induction for automotive diesel engine. The fuel saver which is based on permanent magnet has sold in market and its performance has tested. In comparison to the former fuel saver, in the proposed work is produced fuel saver which is based on electromagnetic induction. The considered research is the continuation of my former work. Performance of the produced fuel saver which is installed in the fuel line of internal combustion engine rig is compared to the performance of the standard internal combustion engine rig Speed of the engine, wire diameter of coil, and number of coil which is coiled in the winding of the the fuel saver are chosen as the testing variables. The considered research has succeeded to design the fuel saver which is based on electromagnetic induction for saving the automotive fuel consumption. Results of the research show that the addition of the fuel saver which is based on electromagnetic induction to the flow of the diesel fuel can significantly save the automative fuel consumption. In addition the designed fuel saver can reduce the opacity of the emission gas.

40 CFR 80.556-80.559 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....556-80.559 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Small Refiner Hardship Provisions §§ 80.556-80.559 [Reserved] Other...

40 CFR 80.514-80.519 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....514-80.519 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel General Information §§ 80.514-80.519 [Reserved] Motor Vehicle Diesel...

40 CFR 80.541-80.549 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....541-80.549 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Geographic Phase-in Provisions §§ 80.541-80.549 [Reserved] Small Refiner...

40 CFR 80.537-80.539 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....537-80.539 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Temporary Compliance Option §§ 80.537-80.539 [Reserved] Geographic Phase...

78 FR 41703 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Additional Qualifying Renewable Fuel Pathways Under the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-11

... Refineries. Industry 325193 2869 Ethyl alcohol manufacturing. Industry 325199 2869 Other basic organic... as fertilizer).\\2\\ Therefore in the final rule EPA concluded that since biofuel made from the... showed an average yield of 15 dry tons per acre with no nitrogen fertilizer applied after the first year...

76 FR 15855 - Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Changes to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-22

... reconsideration. SUMMARY: On May 24, 2010, the Clean Air Task Force (CATF), the National Wildlife Federation, the... the applicable land use restrictions. Additionally, the CATF alleged that EPA did not properly account... impacts of renewable fuel production and use. On February 17, 2011, the Administrator denied the petitions...

Evaluating the Environmental Performance of the U.S. Next Generation Air Transportation System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Graham, Michael; Augustine, Stephen; Ermatinger, Christopher; Difelici, John; Thompson, Terence R.; Marcolini, Michael A.; Creedon, Jeremiah F.

2009-01-01

The environmental impacts of several possible U.S. Next Generation Air Transportation scenarios have been quantitatively evaluated for noise, air-quality, fuel-efficiency, and CO2 impacts. Three principal findings have emerged. (1) 2025 traffic levels about 30% higher than 2006 are obtained by increasing traffic according to FAA projections while also limiting traffic at each airport using reasonable ratios of demand to capacity. NextGen operational capabilities alone enable attainment of an additional 10-15% more flights beyond that 2025 baseline level with negligible additional noise, air-quality, and fuel-efficiency impacts. (2) The addition of advanced engine and airframe technologies provides substantial additional reductions in noise and air-quality impacts, and further improves fuel efficiency. 2025 environmental goals based on projected system-wide improvement rates of about 1% per year for noise and fuel-efficiency (an air-quality goal is not yet formulated) are achieved using this new vehicle technology. (3) Overall air-transport "product", as measured by total flown distance or total payload distance, increases by about 50% relative to 2006, but total fuel consumption and CO2 production increase by only about 40% using NextGen operational capabilities. With the addition of advanced engine/airframe technologies, the increase in total fuel consumption and CO2 production can be reduced to about 30%.

Fuel and Fuel System Materials Compatibility Test Program for A JP-8+100 Fuel Additive. Volume 1: Thermal Stability Additive Package BetzDearborn Spec Aid(Registered) 8Q462

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-10-01

SAE Rings, Sealing, Butadiene-Acrylonitrile ( NBR ), Rubber Fuel and Low Temperature Resistant 60 - 70 MIL-R-83248C Rubber , Fluorocarbon...KAPTON/TEFLON (COMPOSITE) WIRE I.I.10 34 VI. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS Non-Metallics MIL-HDBK-149B Military Standardization Hand Book Rubber ...ASTM D-1414 Standard Test Methods for Rubber O-Rings ASTM D-412 Type II Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic

Lubricity of biobased diesel fuels and additives

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Modern diesel engines rely on the fuel itself to lubricate moving parts in the fuel and engine systems. Prior to the late 1990s, diesel fuel from petroleum provided sufficient lubricity to effectively reduce wear in injectors and fuel pumps. Increasingly stringent limitations on the sulfur content o...

76 FR 19684 - Automotive Fuel Ratings Certification and Posting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-08

... addition, the Commission declined to revise the Rule's provisions regarding fuels containing biodiesel and biomass-based diesel (collectively, ``biodiesel fuels'').\\4\\ \\1\\ Federal Trade Commission: Automotive Fuel... with 15 percent gasoline. 16 CFR 306.0(i)(2)(ii). \\4\\ Biodiesel fuels include pure biodiesel and...

Mechanical and Combustion Performance of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as an Additive to Paraffin-Based Solid Fuels for Hybrid Rockets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Larson, Daniel B.; Boyer, Eric; Wachs, Trevor; Kuo, Kenneth, K.; Koo, Joseph H.; Story, George

2012-01-01

Paraffin-based solid fuels for hybrid rocket motor applications are recognized as a fastburning alternative to other fuel binders such as HTPB, but efforts to further improve the burning rate and mechanical properties of paraffin are still necessary. One approach that is considered in this study is to use multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) as an additive to paraffin wax. Carbon nanotubes provide increased electrical and thermal conductivity to the solid-fuel grains to which they are added, which can improve the mass burning rate. Furthermore, the addition of ultra-fine aluminum particles to the paraffin/MWNT fuel grains can enhance regression rate of the solid fuel and the density impulse of the hybrid rocket. The multi-walled carbon nanotubes also present the possibility of greatly improving the mechanical properties (e.g., tensile strength) of the paraffin-based solid-fuel grains. For casting these solid-fuel grains, various percentages of MWNT and aluminum particles will be added to the paraffin wax. Previous work has been published about the dispersion and mixing of carbon nanotubes.1 Another manufacturing method has been used for mixing the MWNT with a phenolic resin for ablative applications, and the manufacturing and mixing processes are well-documented in the literature.2 The cost of MWNT is a small fraction of single-walled nanotubes. This is a scale-up advantage as future applications and projects will require low cost additives to maintain cost effectiveness. Testing of the solid-fuel grains will be conducted in several steps. Dog bone samples will be cast and prepared for tensile testing. The fuel samples will also be analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis and a high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM will allow for examination of the solid fuel grain for uniformity and consistency. The paraffin-based fuel grains will also be tested using two hybrid rocket test motors located at the Pennsylvania State University s High Pressure Combustion Lab.

77 FR 61281 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Modifications to Renewable Fuel Standard and Diesel...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-09

... fuel produced by transmix processors. These amendments will allow locomotive and marine diesel fuel produced by transmix processors to meet a maximum 500 parts per million (ppm) sulfur standard provided that... processors while having a neutral or net positive environmental impact. EPA is also amending the fuel marker...

40 CFR 80.530 - Under what conditions can 500 ppm motor vehicle diesel fuel be produced or imported after May 31...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Temporary Compliance Option § 80.530 Under what conditions can 500 ppm motor vehicle diesel...

The prospect of uranium nitride (UN) and mixed nitride fuel (UN-PuN) for pressurized water reactor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Syarifah, Ratna Dewi; Suud, Zaki

2015-09-01

Design study of small Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) core loaded with uranium nitride fuel (UN) and mixed nitride fuel (UN-PuN), Pa-231 as burnable poison, and Americium has been performed. Pa-231 known as actinide material, have large capture cross section and can be converted into fissile material that can be utilized to reduce excess reactivity. Americium is one of minor actinides with long half life. The objective of adding americium is to decrease nuclear spent fuel in the world. The neutronic analysis results show that mixed nitride fuel have k-inf greater than uranium nitride fuel. It is caused by the addition of Pu-239 in mixed nitride fuel. In fuel fraction analysis, for uranium nitride fuel, the optimum volume fractions are 45% fuel fraction, 10% cladding and 45% moderator. In case of UN-PuN fuel, the optimum volume fractions are 30% fuel fraction, 10% cladding and 60% coolant/ moderator. The addition of Pa-231 as burnable poison for UN fuel, enrichment U-235 5%, with Pa-231 1.6% has k-inf more than one and excess reactivity of 14.45%. And for mixed nitride fuel, the lowest value of reactivity swing is when enrichment (U-235+Pu) 8% with Pa-231 0.4%, the excess reactivity value 13,76%. The fuel pin analyze for the addition of Americium, the excess reactivity value is lower than before, because Americium absorb the neutron. For UN fuel, enrichment U-235 8%, Pa-231 1.6% and Am 0.5%, the excess reactivity is 4.86%. And for mixed nitride fuel, when enrichment (U-235+Pu) 13%, Pa-231 0.4% and Am 0.1%, the excess reactivity is 11.94%. For core configuration, it is better to use heterogeneous than homogeneous core configuration, because the radial power distribution is better.

Refining and blending of aviation turbine fuels.

PubMed

White, R D

1999-02-01

Aviation turbine fuels (jet fuels) are similar to other petroleum products that have a boiling range of approximately 300F to 550F. Kerosene and No.1 grades of fuel oil, diesel fuel, and gas turbine oil share many similar physical and chemical properties with jet fuel. The similarity among these products should allow toxicology data on one material to be extrapolated to the others. Refineries in the USA manufacture jet fuel to meet industry standard specifications. Civilian aircraft primarily use Jet A or Jet A-1 fuel as defined by ASTM D 1655. Military aircraft use JP-5 or JP-8 fuel as defined by MIL-T-5624R or MIL-T-83133D respectively. The freezing point and flash point are the principle differences between the finished fuels. Common refinery processes that produce jet fuel include distillation, caustic treatment, hydrotreating, and hydrocracking. Each of these refining processes may be the final step to produce jet fuel. Sometimes blending of two or more of these refinery process streams are needed to produce jet fuel that meets the desired specifications. Chemical additives allowed for use in jet fuel are also defined in the product specifications. In many cases, the customer rather than the refinery will put additives into the fuel to meet their specific storage or flight condition requirements.

40 CFR 80.167 - Confirmatory testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.167 Confirmatory testing. EPA may test a... entail a single vehicle test using the procedures detailed in § 80.165. The test fuel(s) used in... minimum levels specified in § 80.164, and will otherwise conform to the applicable certification test fuel...

40 CFR 80.167 - Confirmatory testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.167 Confirmatory testing. EPA may test a... national, PADD, or fuel-specific options will generally entail a single vehicle test using the procedures detailed in § 80.165. The test fuel(s) used in conducting confirmatory certification testing will contain...

40 CFR 80.167 - Confirmatory testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.167 Confirmatory testing. EPA may test a... national, PADD, or fuel-specific options will generally entail a single vehicle test using the procedures detailed in § 80.165. The test fuel(s) used in conducting confirmatory certification testing will contain...

40 CFR 80.167 - Confirmatory testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.167 Confirmatory testing. EPA may test a... national, PADD, or fuel-specific options will generally entail a single vehicle test using the procedures detailed in § 80.165. The test fuel(s) used in conducting confirmatory certification testing will contain...

40 CFR 80.167 - Confirmatory testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.167 Confirmatory testing. EPA may test a... national, PADD, or fuel-specific options will generally entail a single vehicle test using the procedures detailed in § 80.165. The test fuel(s) used in conducting confirmatory certification testing will contain...

40 CFR 610.42 - Fuel economy measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Fuel economy measurement. (a) Fuel consumption will be measured by: (1) The carbon balance method, or... in addition to the emissions measuring equipment. (b) The carbon balance procedure for measuring fuel consumption relates the carbon products in the exhaust to the amount of fuel burned during the test. This...

40 CFR 610.42 - Fuel economy measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Fuel economy measurement. (a) Fuel consumption will be measured by: (1) The carbon balance method, or... in addition to the emissions measuring equipment. (b) The carbon balance procedure for measuring fuel consumption relates the carbon products in the exhaust to the amount of fuel burned during the test. This...

40 CFR 610.42 - Fuel economy measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Fuel economy measurement. (a) Fuel consumption will be measured by: (1) The carbon balance method, or... in addition to the emissions measuring equipment. (b) The carbon balance procedure for measuring fuel consumption relates the carbon products in the exhaust to the amount of fuel burned during the test. This...

40 CFR 610.42 - Fuel economy measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Fuel economy measurement. (a) Fuel consumption will be measured by: (1) The carbon balance method, or... in addition to the emissions measuring equipment. (b) The carbon balance procedure for measuring fuel consumption relates the carbon products in the exhaust to the amount of fuel burned during the test. This...

76 FR 17037 - List of Approved Spent Fuel Storage Casks: HI-STORM Flood/Wind Addition

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-28

...-0007] RIN 3150-AI90 List of Approved Spent Fuel Storage Casks: HI-STORM Flood/Wind Addition AGENCY... or the Commission) is proposing to amend its spent fuel storage cask regulations to add the HI-STORM...: June 13, 2011. SAR Submitted by: Holtec International, Inc. SAR Title: Safety Analysis Report on the HI...

77 FR 699 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Identification of Additional Qualifying Renewable Fuel...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-05

...\\ For a similar discussion see page 46 of Stratton, R.W., Wong, H.M., Hileman, J.I. 2010. Lifecycle... submitting comments. Email: a-and-r[email protected] , Attention Air and Radiation Docket ID EPA-HQ-OAR-2011... protected through www.regulations.gov or email. The www.regulations.gov Web site is an ``anonymous access...

Analysis of Phenolic Antioxidants in Navy Mobility Fuels by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-19

8.0 LITERATURE CITED .........................................................................................14 APPENDIX A: Calibration Curves for...chromatogram from an F-76 diesel fuel containing 24 ppm of the AO-37 additive package, analyzed using single column GC-MS-SIM method...sulfur diesel fuel containing 6.25 ppm of the AO-37 additive package, analyzed using dual column Deans switch GC-MS-SIM method

Diesel fuel detergent additive performance and assessment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vincent, M.W.; Papachristos, M.J.; Williams, D.

Diesel fuel detergent additives are increasingly linked with high quality automotive diesel fuels. Both in Europe and in the USA, field problems associated with fuel injector coking or fouling have been experienced. In Europe indirect injection (IDI) light duty engines used in passenger cars were affected, while in the USA, a direct injection (DI) engine in heavy duty truck applications experienced field problems. In both cases, a fuel additive detergent performance test has evolved using an engine linked with the original field problem, although engine design modifications employed by the manufacturers have ensured improved operation in service. Increasing awareness ofmore » the potential for injector nozzle coking to cause deterioration in engine performance is coupled with a need to meet ever more stringent exhaust emissions legislation. These two requirements indicate that the use of detergency additives will continue to be associated with high quality diesel fuels. The paper examines detergency performance evaluated in a range of IDI and DI engines and correlates performance in the two most widely recognised test engines, namely the Peugeot 1.9 litre IDI, and Cummins L10 DI engines. 17 refs., 18 figs., 5 tabs.« less

78 FR 49793 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2013 Renewable Fuel Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-15

... produced in plants using waste materials to displace 90% or more of fossil fuel use under the then... made to our approach in evaluating the information that forms the basis for our projection of...

Organic fuel cell methods and apparatus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Narayanan, Sekharipuram R. (Inventor); Frank, Harvey A. (Inventor); Halpert, Gerald (Inventor); Surampudi, Subbarao (Inventor); Prakash, G. K. Surya (Inventor); Vamos, Eugene (Inventor); Olah, George A. (Inventor)

2001-01-01

A liquid organic fuel cell is provided which employs a solid electrolyte membrane. An organic fuel, such as a methanol/water mixture, is circulated past an anode of a cell while oxygen or air is circulated past a cathode of the cell. The cell solid electrolyte membrane is preferably fabricated from Nafion.TM.. Additionally, a method for improving the performance of carbon electrode structures for use in organic fuel cells is provided wherein a high surface-area carbon particle/Teflon.TM.-binder structure is immersed within a Nafion.TM./methanol bath to impregnate the electrode with Nafion.TM.. A method for fabricating an anode for use in a organic fuel cell is described wherein metal alloys are deposited onto the electrode in an electro-deposition solution containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. A fuel additive containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid for use with fuel cells employing a sulfuric acid electrolyte is also disclosed. New organic fuels, namely, trimethoxymethane, dimethoxymethane, and trioxane are also described for use with either conventional or improved fuel cells.

Organic fuel cell methods and apparatus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Surampudi, Subbarao (Inventor); Narayanan, Sekharipuram R. (Inventor); Vamos, Eugene (Inventor); Halpert, Gerald (Inventor); Olah, George A. (Inventor); Frank, Harvey A. (Inventor); Prakash, G. K. Surya (Inventor)

2004-01-01

A liquid organic, fuel cell is provided which employs a solid electrolyte membrane. An organic fuel, such as a methanol/water mixture, is circulated past an anode of a cell while oxygen or air is circulated past a cathode of the cell. The cell solid electrolyte membrane is preferably fabricated from Nafion.TM.. Additionally, a method for improving the performance of carbon electrode structures for use in organic fuel cells is provided wherein a high surface-area carbon particle/Teflon.TM.-binder structure is immersed within a Nafion.TM./methanol bath to impregnate the electrode with Nafion.TM.. A method for fabricating an anode for use in a organic fuel cell is described wherein metal alloys are deposited onto the electrode in an electro-deposition solution containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. A fuel additive containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid for use with fuel cells employing a sulfuric acid electrolyte is also disclosed. New organic fuels, namely, trimethoxymethane, dimethoxymethane, and trioxane are also described for use with either conventional or improved fuel cells.

Organic fuel cell methods and apparatus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Frank, Harvey A. (Inventor); Halpert, Gerald (Inventor); Surampudi, Subbarao (Inventor); Olah, George A. (Inventor); Vamos, Eugene (Inventor); Narayanan, Sekharipuram R. (Inventor); Prakash, G. K. Surya (Inventor)

2008-01-01

A liquid organic, fuel cell is provided which employs a solid electrolyte membrane. An organic fuel, such as a methanol/water mixture, is circulated past an anode of a cell while oxygen or air is circulated past a cathode of the cell. The cell solid electrolyte membrane is preferably fabricated from Nafion.TM.. Additionally, a method for improving the performance of carbon electrode structures for use in organic fuel cells is provided wherein a high surface-area carbon particle/Teflon.TM.-binder structure is immersed within a Nafion.TM./methanol bath to impregnate the electrode with Nafion.TM.. A method for fabricating an anode for use in a organic fuel cell is described wherein metal alloys are deposited onto the electrode in an electro-deposition solution containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. A fuel additive containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid for use with fuel cells employing a sulfuric acid electrolyte is also disclosed. New organic fuels, namely, trimethoxymethane, dimethoxymethane, and trioxane are also described for use with either conventional or improved fuel cells.

Aqueous liquid feed organic fuel cell using solid polymer electrolyte membrane

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Olah, George A. (Inventor); Surampudi, Subbarao (Inventor); Vamos, Eugene (Inventor); Halpert, Gerald (Inventor); Narayanan, Sekharipuram R. (Inventor); Frank, Harvey A. (Inventor); Prakash, G. K. Surya (Inventor)

1997-01-01

A liquid organic fuel cell is provided which employs a solid electrolyte membrane. An organic fuel, such as a methanol/water mixture, is circulated past an anode of a cell while oxygen or air is circulated past a cathode of the cell. The cell solid electrolyte membrane is preferably fabricated from Nafion.TM.. Additionally, a method for improving the performance of carbon electrode structures for use in organic fuel cells is provided wherein a high surface-area carbon particle/Teflon.TM.-binder structure is immersed within a Nafion.TM./methanol bath to impregnate the electrode with Nafion.TM.. A method for fabricating an anode for use in a organic fuel cell is described wherein metal alloys are deposited onto the electrode in an electro-deposition solution containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. A fuel additive containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid for use with fuel cells employing a sulfuric acid electrolyte is also disclosed. New organic fuels, namely, trimethoxymethane, dimethoxymethane, and trioxane are also described for use with either conventional or improved fuel cells.

Analysis on fuel breeding capability of FBR core region based on minor actinide recycling doping

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Permana, Sidik; Novitrian,; Waris, Abdul

Nuclear fuel breeding based on the capability of fuel conversion capability can be achieved by conversion ratio of some fertile materials into fissile materials during nuclear reaction processes such as main fissile materials of U-233, U-235, Pu-239 and Pu-241 and for fertile materials of Th-232, U-238, and Pu-240 as well as Pu-238. Minor actinide (MA) loading option which consists of neptunium, americium and curium will gives some additional contribution from converted MA into plutonium such as conversion Np-237 into Pu-238 and it's produced Pu-238 converts to Pu-239 via neutron capture. Increasing composition of Pu-238 can be used to produce fissilemore » material of Pu-239 as additional contribution. Trans-uranium (TRU) fuel (Mixed fuel loading of MOX (U-Pu) and MA composition) and mixed oxide (MOX) fuel compositions are analyzed for comparative analysis in order to show the effect of MA to the plutonium productions in core in term of reactor criticality condition and fuel breeding capability. In the present study, neptunium (Np) nuclide is used as a representative of MAin trans-uranium (TRU) fuel composition as Np-MOX fuel type. It was loaded into the core region gives significant contribution to reduce the excess reactivity in comparing to mixed oxide (MOX) fuel and in the same time it contributes to increase nuclear fuel breeding capability of the reactor. Neptunium fuel loading scheme in FBR core region gives significant production of Pu-238 as fertile material to absorp neutrons for reducing excess reactivity and additional contribution for fuel breeding.« less

Organic fuel cells and fuel cell conducting sheets

DOEpatents

Masel, Richard I.; Ha, Su; Adams, Brian

2007-10-16

A passive direct organic fuel cell includes an organic fuel solution and is operative to produce at least 15 mW/cm.sup.2 when operating at room temperature. In additional aspects of the invention, fuel cells can include a gas remover configured to promote circulation of an organic fuel solution when gas passes through the solution, a modified carbon cloth, one or more sealants, and a replaceable fuel cartridge.

Application of game theory in decision making strategy: Does gas fuel industry need to kill oil based fuel industry?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Azmi, Abdul Luky Shofi'ul; Prabandari, Dyah Lusiana; Hakim, Muhammad Lintang Islami

2017-03-01

Even though conversion of oil based fuel (Bahan Bakar Minyak) into gas fuel (Bahan Bakar Gas) for transportation (both land and sea) is one of the priority programs of the government of Indonesia, rules that have been established merely basic rules of gas fuel usage license for transportation, without discussing position of gas fuel related to oil based fuel in detail. This paper focus on possible strategic behavior of the key players in the oil-gas fuel conversion game, who will be impacted by the position of gas fuel as complement or substitution of oil based fuel. These players include industry of oil based fuel, industry of gas fuel, and the government. Modeling is made based on two different conditions: government plays a passive role and government plays an active role in legislating additional rules that may benefit industry of gas fuel. Results obtained under a passive government is that industry of oil based fuel need to accommodate the presence of industry of gas fuel, and industry of gas fuel does not kill/ eliminate the oil based fuel, or gas fuel serves as a complement. While in an active government, the industry of oil based fuel need to increase its negotiation spending in the first phase so that the additional rule that benefitting industry of gas fuel would not be legislated, while industry of gas fuel chooses to indifferent; however, in the last stage, gas fuel turned to be competitive or choose its role to be substitution.

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF FUEL OIL ADDITIVES FOR REDUCING EMISSIONS AND INCREASING EFFICIENCY OF BOILERS

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of an evaluation of the effectiveness of combustion-type fuel oil additives to reduce emissions and increase efficiency in a 50-bhp (500 kw) commercial oil-fired packaged boiler. Most additive evaluation runs were made during continuous firing, constant-l...

46 CFR 111.105-39 - Additional requirements for vessels carrying vehicles with fuel in their tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Additional requirements for vessels carrying vehicles... SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Hazardous Locations § 111.105-39 Additional requirements for vessels carrying vehicles with fuel in their tanks. Each vessel...

46 CFR 111.105-39 - Additional requirements for vessels carrying vehicles with fuel in their tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Additional requirements for vessels carrying vehicles... SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Hazardous Locations § 111.105-39 Additional requirements for vessels carrying vehicles with fuel in their tanks. Each vessel...

76 FR 37703 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2012 Renewable Fuel Standards; Public Hearing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-28

... standards for cellulosic biofuel, biomass-based diesel, advanced biofuel, and renewable fuels that would... volume of biomass- based diesel that would apply in 2013. DATES: The public hearing will be held on July...

Potential Fuel Economy Improvements from the Implementation of cEGR and CDA on an Atkinson Cycle Engine

EPA Science Inventory

Present the implementation of cEGR and CDA on an Atkinson engine and use steady state fuel consumption maps to estimate the technologies’ potential fuel economy improvements over the FTP and Highway tests. In addition to use fuel weighted modes to determine possible fuel economy...

40 CFR 79.56 - Fuel and fuel additive grouping system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... further testing under the provisions of Tier 3 or to support regulatory decisions affecting that fuel or... elements or classes of compounds other than those permitted in the base fuel for the respective fuel family... all of the following criteria: (1) Contain no elements other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen...

Effects of Fuel Composition on Combustion Stability and NO X Emissions for Traditional and Alternative Jet Fuels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vijlee, Shazib Z.

Synthetic jet fuels are studied to help understand their viability as alternatives to traditionally derived jet fuel. Two combustion parameters -- flame stability and NOX emissions -- are used to compare these fuels through experiments and models. At its core, this is a fuels study comparing how chemical makeup and behavior relate. Six 'real', complex fuels are studied in this work -- four are synthetic from alternative sources and two are traditional from petroleum sources. Two of the synthetic fuels are derived from natural gas and coal via the Fischer Tropsch catalytic process. The other two are derived from Camelina oil and tallow via hydroprocessing. The traditional military jet fuel, JP8, is used as a baseline as it is derived from petroleum. The sixth fuel is derived from petroleum and is used to study the effects of aromatic content on the synthetic fuels. The synthetic fuels lack aromatic compounds, which are an important class of hydrocarbons necessary for fuel handling systems to function properly. Several single-component fuels are studied (through models and/or experiments) to facilitate interpretation and understanding. The flame stability study first compares all the 'real', complex fuels for blowout. A toroidal stirred reactor is used to try and isolate temperature and chemical effects. The modeling study of blowout in the toroidal reactor is the key to understanding any fuel-based differences in blowout behavior. A detailed, reacting CFD model of methane is used to understand how the reactor stabilizes the flame and how that changes as the reactor approaches blowout. A 22 species reduced form of GRI 3.0 is used to model methane chemistry. The knowledge of the radical species role is utilized to investigate the differences between a highly aliphatic fuel (surrogated by iso-octane) and a highly aromatic fuel (surrogated by toluene). A perfectly stirred reactor model is used to study the chemical kinetic pathways for these fuels near blowout. The differences in flame stabilization can be attributed to the rate at which these fuels are attacked and destroyed by radical species. The slow disintegration of the aromatic rings reduces the radical pool available for chain-initiating and chain-branching, which ultimately leads to an earlier blowout. The NOX study compares JP8, the aromatic additive, the synthetic fuels with and without an aromatic additive, and an aromatic surrogate (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene). A jet stirred reactor is used to try and isolate temperature and chemical effects. The reactor has a volume of 15.8 mL and a residence time of approximately 2.5 ms. The fuel flow rate (hence equivalence ratio) is adjusted to achieve nominally consistent temperatures of 1800, 1850, and 1900K. Small oscillations in fuel flow rate cause the data to appear in bands, which facilitated Arrhenius-type NOX-temperature correlations for direct comparison between fuels. The fuel comparisons are somewhat inconsistent, especially when the aromatic fuel is blended into the synthetic fuels. In general, the aromatic surrogate (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) produces the most NOX, followed by JP8. The synthetic fuels (without aromatic additive) are always in the same ranking order for NOX production (HP Camelina > FT Coal > FT Natural Gas > HP Tallow). The aromatic additive ranks differently based on the temperature, which appears to indicate that some of the differences in NOX formation are due to the Zeldovich NOX formation pathway. The aromatic additive increases NOX for the HP Tallow and decreases NOX for the FT Coal. The aromatic additive causes increased NOX at low temperatures but decreases NOX at high temperatures for the HP Camelina and FT Natural Gas. A single perfectly stirred reactor model is used with several chemical kinetic mechanisms to study the effects of fuel (and fuel class) on NO X formation. The 27 unique NOX formation reactions from GRI 3.0 are added to published mechanisms for jet fuel surrogates. The investigation first looked at iso-octane and toluene and found that toluene produces more NOX because of a larger pool of O radical. The O radical concentration was lower for iso-octane because of an increased concentration of methyl (CH 3) radical that consumes O radical readily. Several surrogate fuels (iso-octane, toluene, propylcyclohexane, n-octane, and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) are modeled to look for differences in NOX production. The trend (increased CH3 → decreased O → decreased NOX) is consistently true for all surrogate fuels with multiple kinetic mechanisms. It appears that the manner in which the fuel disintegrates and creates methyl radical is an extremely important aspect of how much NOX a fuel will produce. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

Impact of oxygenated additives to diesel-biodiesel blends in the context of performance and emissions characteristics of a CI engine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mahmudul, H. M.; Hagos, Ftwi Y.; Mamat, Rizalman; Abdullah, Abdul A.

2016-11-01

Butanol is receiving huge interest in the area of alternative fuel in the compression ignition (CI) engines. In this work, butanol is used as an oxygenated additive to diesel and biodiesel blend fuels to evaluate the performance and emission of CI engine. The commercially available pure diesel fuel (D100) and 80% commercially available diesel- biodiesel bled (5% biodiesel and 95% by volume) and 20% butanol (BU20) fuels were investigated to evaluate the effects of the fuel blends on the performance and exhaust emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine. The experiment was conducted at fixed load of 75% with the five engine speeds (from 1200-2400 rpm with an interval of 300 rpm). The engine performance parameters such as power, torque, fuel consumption and thermal efficiency and exhaust gas emissions such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and exhaust gas temperature were analysed from the experimental data. The results shows that although butanol addition has caused a slight reduction in power and torque values (11.1% and 3.5%, respectively), the emission values of the engine were improved. With respect to the exhaust gas temperature, CO and NOx emissions, of BU20 is reported to have reduction by 17.7%, 20% and 3%, respectively than the B100. Therefore, butanol can be used as a fuel additive to diesel-biodiesel blends.

Plant for producing an oxygen-containing additive as an ecologically beneficial component for liquid motor fuels

DOEpatents

Siryk, Yury Paul; Balytski, Ivan Peter; Korolyov, Volodymyr George; Klishyn, Olexiy Nick; Lnianiy, Vitaly Nick; Lyakh, Yury Alex; Rogulin, Victor Valery

2013-04-30

A plant for producing an oxygen-containing additive for liquid motor fuels comprises an anaerobic fermentation vessel, a gasholder, a system for removal of sulphuretted hydrogen, and a hotwell. The plant further comprises an aerobic fermentation vessel, a device for liquid substance pumping, a device for liquid aeration with an oxygen-containing gas, a removal system of solid mass residue after fermentation, a gas distribution device; a device for heavy gases utilization; a device for ammonia adsorption by water; a liquid-gas mixer; a cavity mixer, a system that serves superficial active and dispersant matters and a cooler; all of these being connected to each other by pipelines. The technical result being the implementation of a process for producing an oxygen containing additive, which after being added to liquid motor fuels, provides an ecologically beneficial component for motor fuels by ensuring the stability of composition fuel properties during long-term storage.

High Temperature Hot Corrosion Control by Fuel Additives (Contaminated Fuels).

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-01

ABSTRACT The potential of fuel additives to minimize corrosion of blade material in gas turbine engines has been analyzed by the following series of steps...INTRODUCTION High chrome steels and superalloys, which are used extensively for high temperature boilers and gas turbine (GT) engines and related...combustion gases onto turbine blades and other hot components. Among the factors expected to affect the corrosion resis

Investigations into the low temperature behavior of jet fuels: Visualization, modeling, and viscosity studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Atkins, Daniel L.

Aircraft operation in arctic regions or at high altitudes exposes jet fuel to temperatures below freeze point temperature specifications. Fuel constituents may solidify and remain within tanks or block fuel system components. Military and scientific requirements have been met with costly, low freeze point specialty jet fuels. Commercial airline interest in polar routes and the use of high altitude unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has spurred interest in the effects of low temperatures and low-temperature additives on jet fuel. The solidification of jet fuel due to freezing is not well understood and limited visualization of fuel freezing existed prior to the research presented in this dissertation. Consequently, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling that simulates jet fuel freezing and model validation were incomplete prior to the present work. The ability to simulate jet fuel freezing is a necessary tool for fuel system designers. An additional impediment to the understanding and simulation of jet fuel freezing has been the absence of published low-temperature thermo-physical properties, including viscosity, which the present work addresses. The dissertation is subdivided into three major segments covering visualization, modeling and validation, and viscosity studies. In the first segment samples of jet fuel, JPTS, kerosene, Jet A and Jet A containing additives, were cooled below their freeze point temperatures in a rectangular, optical cell. Images and temperature data recorded during the solidification process provided information on crystal habit, crystallization behavior, and the influence of the buoyancy-driven flow on freezing. N-alkane composition of the samples was determined. The Jet A sample contained the least n-alkane mass. The cooling of JPTS resulted in the least wax formation while the cooling of kerosene yielded the greatest wax formation. The JPTS and kerosene samples exhibited similar crystallization behavior and crystal habits during cooling. Low-temperature additives modified the crystal habit of the Jet A fuel. Crystal shapes and sizes were recorded for use in future computational modeling. In the second segment, a computational fluid dynamics model was developed that simulates the solidification of jet fuel due to freezing in a buoyancy-driven flow. Flow resistance caused by porous crystal structures that exist in liquid-solid regions is simulated through the use of a momentum resistance source term. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

14 CFR 29.995 - Fuel valves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel valves. 29.995 Section 29.995 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System Components § 29.995 Fuel valves. In addition...

14 CFR 25.995 - Fuel valves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel valves. 25.995 Section 25.995 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System Components § 25.995 Fuel valves. In addition...

14 CFR 25.995 - Fuel valves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel valves. 25.995 Section 25.995 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System Components § 25.995 Fuel valves. In addition...

14 CFR 29.995 - Fuel valves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel valves. 29.995 Section 29.995 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System Components § 29.995 Fuel valves. In addition...

14 CFR 25.995 - Fuel valves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel valves. 25.995 Section 25.995 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System Components § 25.995 Fuel valves. In addition...

14 CFR 29.995 - Fuel valves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel valves. 29.995 Section 29.995 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System Components § 29.995 Fuel valves. In addition...

14 CFR 25.995 - Fuel valves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel valves. 25.995 Section 25.995 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System Components § 25.995 Fuel valves. In addition...

14 CFR 29.995 - Fuel valves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel valves. 29.995 Section 29.995 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System Components § 29.995 Fuel valves. In addition...

14 CFR 25.995 - Fuel valves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel valves. 25.995 Section 25.995 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System Components § 25.995 Fuel valves. In addition...

14 CFR 29.995 - Fuel valves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel valves. 29.995 Section 29.995 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System Components § 29.995 Fuel valves. In addition...

Butanol/Gasoline Test Plan

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

Differences between gasoline fuel and biobutanol fuel including the effects of temperature  Safety-related and health issues including safety...where engine-operating parameters such as fuel consumption , performance, and emissions are monitored under controlled conditions, with the addition...7 3.3 Power and Fuel Consumption

The EPA National Fuels Surveillance Network. I. Trace constituents in gasoline and commercial gasoline fuel additives.

PubMed Central

Jungers, R H; Lee, R E; von Lehmden, D J

1975-01-01

A National Fuels Surveillance Network has been established to collect gasoline and other fuels through the 10 regional offices of the Environmental Protection Agency. Physical, chemical, and trace element analytical determinations are made on the collected fuel samples to detect components which may present an air pollution hazard or poison exhaust catalytic control devices. A summary of trace elemental constituents in over 50 gasoline samples and 18 commercially marketed consumer purchased gasoline additives is presented. Quantities of Mn, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, Fe, Sb, B, Mg, Pb, and S were found in most regular and premium gasoline. Environmental implications of trace constituents in gasoline are discussed. PMID:1157783

40 CFR 80.169 - Liability for violations of the detergent certification program controls and prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES... violations caused solely by the addition of misadditized ethanol or other PRC to the gasoline. In any case in...(a) caused solely by another party's addition of misadditized ethanol or other PRC to the gasoline...

78 FR 23927 - Forms and Procedures for Submitting Attest Engagements Under Various Subparts

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-23

... gasoline, anti-dumping, gasoline sulfur, benzene content, and the renewable fuel standard. DATES: The... the reformulated gasoline, anti-dumping, gasoline sulfur, and benzene programs, and the renewable fuel...; Confidential business information; Diesel fuel; Fuel additives; Gasoline; Imports; Motor vehicle pollution...

Renewable Fuel Pathways II Final Rule to Identify Additional Fuel Pathways under Renewable Fuel Standard Program

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This final rule describes EPA’s evaluation of biofuels derived from biogas fuel pathways under the RFS program and other minor amendments related to survey requirements associated with ULSD program and misfueling mitigation regulations for E15.

40 CFR 94.108 - Test fuels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) instead of or in addition to distillate diesel fuel (e.g., natural gas, methanol, or nondistillate diesel... Category 1 or Category 2 engines without exhaust aftertreatment obtained using a diesel fuel containing... Category 2 engines without exhaust aftertreatment obtained using diesel fuel containing less than 0.03...

40 CFR 94.108 - Test fuels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) instead of or in addition to distillate diesel fuel (e.g., natural gas, methanol, or nondistillate diesel... Category 1 or Category 2 engines without exhaust aftertreatment obtained using a diesel fuel containing... Category 2 engines without exhaust aftertreatment obtained using diesel fuel containing less than 0.03...

77 FR 61313 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Modifications to Renewable Fuel Standard and Diesel...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-09

... consider your comment. Electronic files should avoid the use of special characters, any form of encryption... technical information and/or data that you used. If you estimate potential costs or burdens, explain how you... the quantity of fossil fuel present in transportation fuel. Under EPA's RFS program this is...

40 CFR 80.520 - What are the standards and dye requirements for motor vehicle diesel fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... exempted under § 80.607. (iii) For use in the U.S. Territories as provided under § 80.608. (iv) Jet fuel... requirements for motor vehicle diesel fuel? 80.520 Section 80.520 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle...

40 CFR 80.520 - What are the standards and dye requirements for motor vehicle diesel fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... exempted under § 80.607. (iii) For use in the U.S. Territories as provided under § 80.608. (iv) Jet fuel... requirements for motor vehicle diesel fuel? 80.520 Section 80.520 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle...

40 CFR 80.520 - What are the standards and dye requirements for motor vehicle diesel fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... exempted under § 80.607. (iii) For use in the U.S. Territories as provided under § 80.608. (iv) Jet fuel... requirements for motor vehicle diesel fuel? 80.520 Section 80.520 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle...

40 CFR 80.520 - What are the standards and dye requirements for motor vehicle diesel fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... exempted under § 80.607. (iii) For use in the U.S. Territories as provided under § 80.608. (iv) Jet fuel... requirements for motor vehicle diesel fuel? 80.520 Section 80.520 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle...

40 CFR 80.520 - What are the standards and dye requirements for motor vehicle diesel fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... exempted under § 80.607. (iii) For use in the U.S. Territories as provided under § 80.608. (iv) Jet fuel... requirements for motor vehicle diesel fuel? 80.520 Section 80.520 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle...

40 CFR 80.1453 - What are the product transfer document (PTD) requirements for the RFS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., other than ethanol, that is not registered as motor vehicle fuel under 40 CFR part 79, the PTD which is... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel... each occasion when any party transfers ownership of renewable fuels or separated RINs subject to this...

Fuel characteristics pertinent to the design of aircraft fuel systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barnett, Henry C; Hibbard, R R

1953-01-01

Because of the importance of fuel properties in design of aircraft fuel systems the present report has been prepared to provide information on the characteristics of current jet fuels. In addition to information on fuel properties, discussions are presented on fuel specifications, the variations among fuels supplied under a given specification, fuel composition, and the pertinence of fuel composition and physical properties to fuel system design. In some instances the influence of variables such as pressure and temperature on physical properties is indicated. References are cited to provide fuel system designers with sources of information containing more detail than is practicable in the present report.

Vapor intrusion risk of fuel ether oxygenates methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME) and ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE): A modeling study.

PubMed

Ma, Jie; Xiong, Desen; Li, Haiyan; Ding, Yi; Xia, Xiangcheng; Yang, Yongqi

2017-06-15

Vapor intrusion of synthetic fuel additives represents a critical yet still neglected problem at sites contaminated by petroleum fuel releases. This study used an advanced numerical model to investigate the vapor intrusion potential of fuel ether oxygenates methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME), and ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE). Simulated indoor air concentration of these compounds can exceed USEPA indoor air screening level for MTBE (110μg/m 3 ). Our results also reveal that MTBE has much higher chance to cause vapor intrusion problems than TAME and ETBE. This study supports the statements made by USEPA in the Petroleum Vapor Intrusion (PVI) Guidance that the vertical screening criteria for petroleum hydrocarbons may not provide sufficient protectiveness for fuel additives, and ether oxygenates in particular. In addition to adverse impacts on human health, ether oxygenate vapor intrusion may also cause aesthetic problems (i.e., odour and flavour). Overall, this study points out that ether oxygenates can cause vapor intrusion problems. We recommend that USEPA consider including the field measurement data of synthetic fuel additives in the existing PVI database and possibly revising the PVI Guidance as necessary. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Study of Compton suppression for use in spent nuclear fuel assay

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bender, Sarah

The focus of this study has been to assess Compton suppressed gamma-ray detection systems for the multivariate analysis of spent nuclear fuel. This objective has been achieved using direct measurement of samples of irradiated fuel elements in two geometrical configurations with Compton suppression systems. In order to address the objective to quantify the number of additionally resolvable photopeaks, direct Compton suppressed spectroscopic measurements of spent nuclear fuel in two configurations were performed: as intact fuel elements and as dissolved feed solutions. These measurements directly assessed and quantified the differences in measured gamma-ray spectrum from the application of Compton suppression. Several irradiated fuel elements of varying cooling time from the Penn State Breazeale Reactor spent fuel inventory were measured using three Compton suppression systems that utilized different primary detectors: HPGe, LaBr3, and NaI(Tl). The application of Compton suppression using a LaBr3 primary detector to the measurement of the current core fuel element, which presented the highest count rate, allowed four additional spectral features to be resolved. In comparison, the HPGe-CSS was able to resolve eight additional photopeaks as compared to the standalone HPGe measurement. Measurements with the NaI(Tl) primary detector were unable to resolve any additional peaks, due to its relatively low resolution. Samples of Approved Test Material (ATM) commercial fuel elements were obtained from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The samples had been processed using the beginning stages of the PUREX method and represented the unseparated feed solution from a reprocessing facility. Compton suppressed measurements of the ATM fuel samples were recorded inside the guard detector annulus, to simulate the siphoning of small quantities from the main process stream for long dwell measurement periods. Photopeak losses were observed in the measurements of the dissolved ATM fuel samples because the spectra was recorded from the source in very close proximity to the detector and surrounded by the guard annulus, so the detection probability is very high. Though this configuration is optimal for a Compton suppression system for the measurement of low count rate samples, measurement of high count rate samples in the enclosed arrangement leads to sum peaks in both the suppressed and unsuppressed spectra and losses to photopeak counts in the suppressed spectra. No additional photopeaks were detected using Compton suppression with this geometry. A detector model was constructed that can accurately simulate a Compton suppressed spectral measurement of radiation from spent nuclear fuel using HPGe or LaBr3 detectors. This is the first detector model capable of such an accomplishment. The model uses the Geant4 toolkit coupled with the RadSrc application and it accepts spent fuel composition data in list form. The model has been validated using dissolved ATM fuel samples in the standard, enclosed geometry of the PSU HPGe-CSS. The model showed generally good agreement with both the unsuppressed and suppressed measured fuel sample spectra, however the simulation is more appropriate for the generation of gamma-ray spectra in the beam source configuration. Photopeak losses due to cascade decay emissions in the Compton suppressed spectra were not appropriately managed by the simulation. Compton suppression would be a beneficial addition to NDA process monitoring systems if oriented such that the gamma-ray photons are collimated to impinge the primary detector face as a beam. The analysis has shown that peak losses through accidental coincidences are minimal and the reduction in the Compton continuum allows additional peaks to be resolved. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

40 CFR 80.1141 - Small refinery exemption.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1141 Small refinery exemption...)), is exempt from the renewable fuel standards of § 80.1105 and the requirements that apply to obligated... refinery application. The application must contain all of the elements required for small refinery...

40 CFR 79.50 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... mixture resulting when a fuel additive is added in specified proportion to the base fuel of the fuel... Procedure (FTP) means the body of exhaust and evaporative emissions test procedures described in 40 CFR 86...

40 CFR 79.50 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... mixture resulting when a fuel additive is added in specified proportion to the base fuel of the fuel... Procedure (FTP) means the body of exhaust and evaporative emissions test procedures described in 40 CFR 86...

40 CFR 79.50 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... mixture resulting when a fuel additive is added in specified proportion to the base fuel of the fuel... Procedure (FTP) means the body of exhaust and evaporative emissions test procedures described in 40 CFR 86...

40 CFR 79.56 - Fuel and fuel additive grouping system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...; mixed alkyl esters of plant and/or animal origin (biodiesel). For each such group, the representative to... following concentration: (A) For biodiesel groups, the representative shall be 100 percent biodiesel fuel...

40 CFR 79.56 - Fuel and fuel additive grouping system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...; mixed alkyl esters of plant and/or animal origin (biodiesel). For each such group, the representative to... following concentration: (A) For biodiesel groups, the representative shall be 100 percent biodiesel fuel...

40 CFR 79.56 - Fuel and fuel additive grouping system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...; mixed alkyl esters of plant and/or animal origin (biodiesel). For each such group, the representative to... following concentration: (A) For biodiesel groups, the representative shall be 100 percent biodiesel fuel...

40 CFR 79.56 - Fuel and fuel additive grouping system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...; mixed alkyl esters of plant and/or animal origin (biodiesel). For each such group, the representative to... following concentration: (A) For biodiesel groups, the representative shall be 100 percent biodiesel fuel...

Evaluation of fuel additives for reduction of material imcompatibilities in methanol-gasoline blends

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rodriguez, C. F.; Barbee, J. G.; Knutson, W. K.; Cuellar, J. P., Jr.

1983-01-01

Screening tests determined the efficacy of six commercially available additives as modifiers of methanol's corrosivity toward metals and its weakening of tensile properties of nonmetals in automotive fuel systems. From the screening phase, three additives which seemed to protect some of the metals were tested in higher concentrations and binary combinations in search of optimal application conditions. Results indicate that two of the additives have protective properties and combining them increases the protection of the metals corroded by methanol-gasoline blends. Half of the metals in the tests were not corroded. Testing at recommended concentrations and then at higher concentrations and in combinations shows that the additives would have no protective or harmful effects on the nonmetals. Two additives emerged as candidates for application to the protection of metals in automotive methanol-gasoline fuel systems. The additives tested were assigned letter codes to protect their proprietary nature.

Drag reduction - Jet breakup correlation with kerosene-based additives

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hoyt, J. W.; Altman, R. L.; Taylor, J. J.

1980-01-01

The drag-reduction effectiveness of a number of high-polymer additives dissolved in aircraft fuel has been measured in a turbulent-flow rheometer. These solutions were further subjected to high elongational stress and breakup forces in a jet discharging in air. The jet was photographed using a high-resolution camera with special lighting. The object of the work was to study the possible spray-suppression ability of high-polymer additives to aircraft fuel and to correlate this with the drag-reducing properties of the additives. It was found, in fact, that the rheometer results indicate the most effective spray-suppressing additives. Using as a measure the minimum polymer concentration to give a maximum friction-reducing effect, the order of effectiveness of eight different polymer additives as spray-suppressing agents was predicted. These results may find application in the development of antimisting additives for aircraft fuel which may increase fire safety in case of crash or accident.

Development of high performance hybrid rocket fuels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zaseck, Christopher R.

In this document I discuss paraffin fuel combustion and investigate the effects of additives on paraffin entrainment and regression. In general, hybrid rockets offer an economical and safe alternative to standard liquid and solid rockets. However, slow polymeric fuel regression and low combustion efficiency have limited the commercial use of hybrid rockets. Paraffin is a fast burning fuel that has received significant attention in the 2000's and 2010's as a replacement for standard fuels. Paraffin regresses three to four times faster than polymeric fuels due to the entrainment of a surface melt layer. However, further regression rate enhancement over the base paraffin fuel is necessary for widespread hybrid rocket adoption. I use a small scale opposed flow burner to investigate the effect of additives on the combustion of paraffin. Standard additives such as aluminum combust above the flame zone where sufficient oxidizer levels are present. As a result no heat is generated below the flame itself. In small scale opposed burner experiments the effect of limited heat feedback is apparent. Aluminum in particular does not improve the regression of paraffin in the opposed burner. The lack of heat feedback from additive combustion limits the applicability of the opposed burner. In turn, the results obtained in the opposed burner with metal additive loaded hybrid fuels do not match results from hybrid rocket experiments. In addition, nano-scale aluminum increases melt layer viscosity and greatly slows the regression of paraffin in the opposed flow burner. However, the reactive additives improve the regression rate of paraffin in the opposed burner where standard metals do not. At 5 wt.% mechanically activated titanium and carbon (Ti-C) improves the regression rate of paraffin by 47% in the opposed burner. The mechanically activated Ti C likely reacts in or near the melt layer and provides heat feedback below the flame region that results in faster opposed burner regression. In order to examine paraffin/additive combustion in a motor environment, I conducted experiments on well characterized aluminum based additives. In particular, I investigate the influence of aluminum, unpassivated aluminum, milled aluminum/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and aluminum hydride on the performance of paraffin fuels for hybrid rocket propulsion. I use an optically accessible combustor to examine the performance of the fuel mixtures in terms of characteristic velocity efficiency and regression rate. Each combustor test consumes a 12.7 cm long, 1.9 cm diameter fuel strand under 160 kg/m 2s of oxygen at up to 1.4 MPa. The experimental results indicate that the addition of 5 wt.% 30 mum or 80 nm aluminum to paraffin increases the regression rate by approximately 15% compared to neat paraffin grains. At higher aluminum concentrations and nano-scale particles sizes, the increased melt layer viscosity causes slower regression. Alane and Al/PTFE at 12.5 wt.% increase the regression of paraffin by 21% and 32% respectively. Finally, an aging study indicates that paraffin can protect air and moisture sensitive particles from oxidation. The opposed burner and aluminum/paraffin hybrid rocket experiments show that additives can alter bulk fuel properties, such as viscosity, that regulate entrainment. The general effect of melt layer properties on the entrainment and regression rate of paraffin is not well understood. Improved understanding of how solid additives affect the properties and regression of paraffin is essential to maximize performance. In this document I investigate the effect of melt layer properties on paraffin regression using inert additives. Tests are performed in the optical cylindrical combustor at ˜1 MPa under a gaseous oxygen mass flux of ˜160 kg/m2s. The experiments indicate that the regression rate is proportional to mu0.08rho 0.38kappa0.82. In addition, I explore how to predict fuel viscosity, thermal conductivity, and density prior to testing. Mechanically activated Ti-C and Al/PTFE are examined in the optical combustor. I examine the effect of the reactivity by altering the mill time for the Ti-C and Al/PTFE particles. Mechanical activation of both Ti-C and Al/PTFE improve the regression rate of paraffin more than the unmilled additives. At 12.5 wt.% Al/PTFE milled for 40 minutes regresses 12% faster than the unmilled fuel. Similarly, at 12.5 wt.% 7.5 minute milled Ti C regresses 7% faster than unmilled Ti-C. The reactive particles increase heat transfer to the fuel surface and improve regression. The composition of the combustion products are examined using a particle catcher system in conjunction with visible light and electron microscopy. The exhaust products indicate that the mechanical activation of the Al/PTFE particles cause microexplosions that reduce exhaust particle size. However, the composition of the mechanically activated Al/PTFE products do not indicate more complete combustion. In addition, the mechanically activated and unmilled Ti-C showed no difference in exhaust products.

77 FR 66074 - Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives: Modification to Octamix Waiver (TOLAD MFA-10A)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-01

... Texas Methanol's gasoline-alcohol fuel, OCTAMIX. This correction notice explains that TOLAD MFA-10A is... inhibitor, TOLAD TM MFA-10A, at a concentration of 42 mg/l, in the OCTAMIX gasoline-alcohol fuel blend which... corrosion inhibitor in Texas Methanol's gasoline- alcohol fuel, OCTAMIX.\\2\\ \\1\\ EPA-HQ-OAR-2011-0894-0001...

Role of fuel additives on reduction of NOX emission from a diesel engine powered by camphor oil biofuel.

PubMed

Subramanian, Thiyagarajan; Varuvel, Edwin Geo; Ganapathy, Saravanan; Vedharaj, S; Vallinayagam, R

2018-06-01

The present study intends to explore the effect of the addition of fuel additives with camphor oil (CMO) on the characteristics of a twin-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. The lower viscosity and boiling point of CMO when compared to diesel could improve the fuel atomization, evaporation, and air/fuel mixing process. However, the lower cetane index of CMO limits its use as a drop in fuel for diesel in CI engine. In general, NO X emission increases for less viscous and low cetane (LVLC) fuels due to pronounced premixed combustion phase. To improve the ignition characteristics and decrease NO X emissions, fuel additives such as diglyme (DGE)-a cetane enhancer, cumene (CU)-an antioxidant, and eugenol (EU) and acetone (A)-bio-additives, are added 10% by volume with CMO. The engine used for the experimentation is a twin-cylinder tractor engine that runs at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The engine was operated with diesel initially to attain warm-up condition, which facilitates the operation of neat CMO. At full load condition, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for CMO is higher (29.6%) than that of diesel (28.1%), while NO X emission is increased by 9.4%. With DGE10 (10% DGE + 90% CMO), the ignition characteristics of CMO are improved and BTE is increased to 31.7% at full load condition. With EU10 (10% EU + 90% CMO) and A10 (10% A + 90% CMO), NO X emission is decreased by 24.6 and 17.8% when compared to diesel, while BTE is comparable to diesel. While HC and CO emission decreased for DGE10 and CU10, they increased for EU10 and A10 when compared to baseline diesel and CMO.

Phase Partitioning from Theanol Blend Gasolines

EPA Science Inventory

In recent years, the use of ethanol and other alcohols as motor fuel additives has increased. Additionally, ethanol production has expanded due to the potential use of ethanol as a primary fuel source. Historical patterns of gasoline composition show strong dependency on regulato...

77 FR 72653 - Designation of Product Categories for Federal Procurement

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-05

... cleaners; automotive care products; engine crankcase oil; gasoline fuel additives; metal cleaners and... crankcase oil; gasoline fuel additives; metal cleaners and corrosion removers; microbial cleaning products... for biobased feed stock? Does manufacturing of products within this product category increase...

Proceedings of the 6. international conference on stability and handling of liquid fuels. Volume 2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Giles, H.N.

Volume 2 of these proceedings contain 42 papers arranged under the following topical sections: Fuel blending and compatibility; Middle distillates; Microbiology; Alternative fuels; General topics (analytical methods, tank remediation, fuel additives, storage stability); and Poster presentations (analysis methods, oxidation kinetics, health problems).

40 CFR 79.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... combustion or other chemical or physical reaction. (d) Fuel manufacturer means any person who, for sale or... the chemical composition of a bulk fuel, or the mixture of chemical compounds in a bulk fuel, by... fuel. (h) Chemical composition means the name and percentage by weight of each compound in an additive...

40 CFR 80.46 - Measurement of reformulated gasoline fuel parameters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Measurement of reformulated gasoline... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.46 Measurement of reformulated gasoline fuel parameters. (a) Sulfur. Sulfur content of gasoline and butane must...

40 CFR 80.46 - Measurement of reformulated gasoline fuel parameters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Measurement of reformulated gasoline... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.46 Measurement of reformulated gasoline fuel parameters. (a) Sulfur. Sulfur content of gasoline and butane must...

40 CFR 80.46 - Measurement of reformulated gasoline fuel parameters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Measurement of reformulated gasoline... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.46 Measurement of reformulated gasoline fuel parameters. (a) Sulfur. Sulfur content of gasoline and butane must...

EPA's Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Final Rule Establishing the 2013 Biomass-Based Diesel Volume Documents under the Renewable Fuel Standard Program

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA is denying two petitions for reconsideration of the final rule entitled Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2013 Biomass-Based Diesel Renewable Fuel Volume. Find the documents supporting this notice here.

75 FR 26049 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Modifications to Renewable Fuel Standard Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-10

... conducted by ``a licensed professional engineer or foreign equivalent who works in the chemical engineering... chemical engineering field. EPA views renewable fuel production to fall generally within the chemical... basic organic chemical manufacturers. Industry 424690 5169 Chemical and allied products merchant...

40 CFR 80.1452 - What are the requirements related to the EPA Moderated Transaction System (EMTS)?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... importer. (2) The EPA company registration number of the renewable fuel producer or foreign ethanol... facility registration number of the facility at which the renewable fuel producer or foreign ethanol... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES...

40 CFR 80.1452 - What are the requirements related to the EPA Moderated Transaction System (EMTS)?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... importer. (2) The EPA company registration number of the renewable fuel producer or foreign ethanol... facility registration number of the facility at which the renewable fuel producer or foreign ethanol... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES...

40 CFR 80.1452 - What are the requirements related to the EPA Moderated Transaction System (EMTS)?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... importer. (2) The EPA company registration number of the renewable fuel producer or foreign ethanol... facility registration number of the facility at which the renewable fuel producer or foreign ethanol... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES...

40 CFR 80.1441 - Small refinery exemption.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1441 Small refinery exemption... § 80.1465(a)), is exempt from January 1, 2010 through December 31, 2010 from the renewable fuel... effective upon approval, by EPA, of a small refinery application. The application must contain all of the...

Comparison of traditional nondestructive analysis of RERTR fuel plates with digital radiographic techniques

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Davidsmeier, T.; Koehl, R.; Lanham, R.

2008-07-15

The current design and fabrication process for RERTR fuel plates utilizes film radiography during the nondestructive testing and characterization. Digital radiographic methods offer a potential increases in efficiency and accuracy. The traditional and digital radiographic methods are described and demonstrated on a fuel plate constructed with and average of 51% by volume fuel using the dispersion method. Fuel loading data from each method is analyzed and compared to a third baseline method to assess accuracy. The new digital method is shown to be more accurate, save hours of work, and provide additional information not easily available in the traditional method.more » Additional possible improvements suggested by the new digital method are also raised. (author)« less

[Effects of oxygenated fuels on emissions and carbon composition of fine particles from diesel engine].

PubMed

Shi, Xiao-Yan; He, Ke-Bin; Zhang, Jie; Ge, Yun-Shan; Tan, Jian-Wei

2009-06-15

Acetal (1,1-diethoxyethane) is considered as an alternative to ethanol as bio-derived additive for diesel fuel, which is miscible in diesel fuel. Biodiesel can improve the oxygen content and flash point of the fuel blend of acetal and diesel fuel. Two oxygenated fuels were prepared: a blend of 10% acetal + 90% diesel fuel and 10% acetal + 10% biodiesel + 80% diesel fuel. The emissions of NO(x), HC and PM2.5 from oxygenated fuels were investigated on a diesel engine bench at five modes according to various loads at two steady speeds and compared with base diesel fuel. Additionally, the carbon compositions of PM2.5 were analyzed by DRI thermal/optical carbon analyzer. Oxygenated fuels have unconspicuous effect on NO(x) emission rate but HC emission rate is observed significantly increased at some modes. The emission rate of PM2.5 is decreased by using oxygenated fuels and it decreases with the increase of fuel oxygen content. The emission rates of TC (total carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) in PM2.5 are also decreased by oxygenated fuels. The emission rate of organic carbon (OC) is greatly decreased at modes of higher engine speed. The OC/EC ratios of PM2.5 from oxygenated fuels are higher than that from base diesel fuel at most modes. The carbon compositions fractions of PM2.5 from the three test fuels are similar, and OC1 and EC1 are contributed to the most fractions of OC and EC, respectively. Compared with base diesel fuel, oxygenated fuels decrease emission rate of PM2.5, and have more OC contribution to PM2.5 but have little effect on carbon composition fractions.

75 FR 42237 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2011 Renewable Fuel Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-20

... chemical manufacturing. Industry 424690 5169 Chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers. Industry...-chemical process to gasify separated MSW and other waste products and then use a catalyst to convert the...

78 FR 11869 - Proposed Information Collection Request; Comment Request; Registration of Fuels and Fuel...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-20

... biodiesel, water/diesel emulsions, several atypical additives, and renewable gasoline and diesel fuels. Tier... health effects. Tier 2 data have been submitted for baseline diesel, biodiesel, and water/diesel...

Fuel cell-gas turbine hybrid system design part II: Dynamics and control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McLarty, Dustin; Brouwer, Jack; Samuelsen, Scott

2014-05-01

Fuel cell gas turbine hybrid systems have achieved ultra-high efficiency and ultra-low emissions at small scales, but have yet to demonstrate effective dynamic responsiveness or base-load cost savings. Fuel cell systems and hybrid prototypes have not utilized controls to address thermal cycling during load following operation, and have thus been relegated to the less valuable base-load and peak shaving power market. Additionally, pressurized hybrid topping cycles have exhibited increased stall/surge characteristics particularly during off-design operation. This paper evaluates additional control actuators with simple control methods capable of mitigating spatial temperature variation and stall/surge risk during load following operation of hybrid fuel cell systems. The novel use of detailed, spatially resolved, physical fuel cell and turbine models in an integrated system simulation enables the development and evaluation of these additional control methods. It is shown that the hybrid system can achieve greater dynamic response over a larger operating envelope than either individual sub-system; the fuel cell or gas turbine. Results indicate that a combined feed-forward, P-I and cascade control strategy is capable of handling moderate perturbations and achieving a 2:1 (MCFC) or 4:1 (SOFC) turndown ratio while retaining >65% fuel-to-electricity efficiency, while maintaining an acceptable stack temperature profile and stall/surge margin.

The history, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of carbon-based fuels and their emissions. Part 3: diesel and gasoline.

PubMed

Claxton, Larry D

2015-01-01

Within this review the genotoxicity of diesel and gasoline fuels and emissions is placed in an historical context. New technologies have changed the composition of transportation methods considerably, reducing emissions of many of the components of health concern. The similarity of modern diesel and gasoline fuels and emissions to other carbonaceous fuels and emissions is striking. Recently an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Working Group concluded that there was sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of diesel exhaust (Group 1). In addition, the Working Group found that diesel exhaust has "a positive association (limited evidence) with an increased risk of bladder cancer." Like most other carbonaceous fuel emissions, diesel and gasoline exhausts contain toxic levels of respirable particles (PM <2.5μm) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. However, the level of toxic components in exhausts from diesel and gasoline emissions has declined in certain regions over time because of changes in engine design, the development of better aftertreatment devices (e.g., catalysts), increased fuel economy, changes in the fuels and additives used, and greater regulation. Additional research and better exposure assessments are needed so that decision makers and the public can decide to what extent diesel and gasoline engines should be replaced. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Monopropellant combustion system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Berg, Gerald R. (Inventor); Mueller, Donn C. (Inventor); Parish, Mark W. (Inventor)

2005-01-01

An apparatus and method are provided for decomposition of a propellant. The propellant includes an ionic salt and an additional fuel. Means are provided for decomposing a major portion of the ionic salt. Means are provided for combusting the additional fuel and decomposition products of the ionic salt.

A review of the performance and structural considerations of paraffin wax hybrid rocket fuels with additives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Veale, Kirsty; Adali, Sarp; Pitot, Jean; Brooks, Michael

2017-12-01

Paraffin wax as a hybrid rocket fuel has not been comprehensively characterised, especially regarding the structural feasibility of the material in launch applications. Preliminary structural testing has shown paraffin wax to be a brittle, low strength material, and at risk of failure under launch loading conditions. Structural enhancing additives have been identified, but their effect on motor performance has not always been considered, nor has any standard method of testing been identified between research institutes. A review of existing regression rate measurement techniques on paraffin wax based fuels and the results obtained with various additives are collated and discussed in this paper. The review includes 2D slab motors that enable visualisation of liquefying fuel droplet entrainment and the effect of an increased viscosity on the droplet entrainment mechanism, which can occur with the addition of structural enhancing polymers. An increased viscosity has been shown to reduce the regression rate of liquefying fuels. Viscosity increasing additives that have been tested include EVA and LDPE. Both these additives increase the structural properties of paraffin wax, where the elongation and UTS are improved. Other additives, such as metal hydrides, aluminium and boron generally offer improvements on the regression rate. However, very little consideration has been given to the structural effects these additives have on the wax grain. A 40% aluminised grain, for example, offers a slight increase in the UTS but reduces the elongation of paraffin wax. Geometrically accurate lab-scale motors have also been used to determine the regression rate properties of various additives in paraffin wax. A concise review of all available regression rate testing techniques and results on paraffin wax based hybrid propellants, as well as existing structural testing data, is presented in this paper.

Direct carbon fuel cell and stack designs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gorte, Raymond J.; Oh, Tae-Sik

Disclosed are novel configurations of Direct Carbon Fuel Cells (DCFCs), which optionally comprise a liquid anode. The liquid anode comprises a molten salt/metal, preferably Sb, and a fuel, which has significant elemental carbon content (coal, bio-mass, etc.). The supply of fuel is continuously replenished in the anode. In addition, a stack configuration is suggested where combining a large number of planar or tubular fuel elements.

International nuclear fuel cycle fact book. Revision 6

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Harmon, K.M.; Lakey, L.T.; Leigh, I.W.

1986-01-01

The International Fuel Cycle Fact Book has been compiled in an effort to provide (1) an overview of worldwide nuclear power and fuel cycle programs and (2) current data concerning fuel cycle and waste management facilities, R and D programs and key personnel. Additional information on each country's program is available in the International Source Book: Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research and Development, PNL-2478, Rev. 2.

Nonhumidified High-Temperature Membranes Developed for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kinder, James D.

2005-01-01

Fuel cells are being considered for a wide variety of aerospace applications. One of the most versatile types of fuel cells is the proton-exchange-membrane (PEM) fuel cell. PEM fuel cells can be easily scaled to meet the power and space requirements of a specific application. For example, small 100-W PEM fuel cells are being considered for personal power for extravehicular activity suit applications, whereas larger PEM fuel cells are being designed for primary power in airplanes and in uninhabited air vehicles. Typically, PEM fuel cells operate at temperatures up to 80 C. To increase the efficiency and power density of the fuel cell system, researchers are pursuing methods to extend the operating temperature of the PEM fuel cell to 180 C. The most widely used membranes in PEM fuel cells are Nafion 112 and Nafion 117--sulfonated perfluorinated polyethers that were developed by DuPont. In addition to their relatively high cost, the properties of these membranes limit their use in a PEM fuel cell to around 80 C. The proton conductivity of Nafion membranes significantly decreases above 80 C because the membrane dehydrates. The useful operating range of Nafion-based PEM fuel cells can be extended to over 100 C if ancillary equipment, such as compressors and humidifiers, is added to maintain moisture levels within the membrane. However, the addition of these components reduces the power density and increases the complexity of the fuel cell system.

Corrosion Evaluation of RERTR Uranium Molybdenum Fuel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

A K Wertsching

2012-09-01

As part of the National Nuclear Security Agency (NNSA) mandate to replace the use of highly enriched uranium (HEU) fuel for low enriched uranium (LEU) fuel, research into the development of LEU fuel for research reactors has been active since the late 1970’s. Originally referred to as the Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactor (RERTR) program the new effort named Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI) is nearing the goal of replacing the standard aluminum clad dispersion highly enriched uranium aluminide fuel with a new LEU fuel. The five domestic high performance research reactors undergoing this conversion are High Fluxmore » Isotope reactor (HFIR), Advanced Test Reactor (ATR), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Reactor, Missouri University Research Reactor (MURR) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Reactor II (MITR-II). The design of these reactors requires a higher neutron flux than other international research reactors, which to this point has posed unique challenges in the design and development of the new mandated LEU fuel. The new design utilizes a monolithic fuel configuration in order to obtain sufficient 235U within the LEU stoichoimetry to maintain the fission reaction within the domestic test reactors. The change from uranium aluminide dispersion fuel type to uranium molybdenum (UMo) monolithic configuration requires examination of possible corrosion issues associated with the new fuel meat. A focused analysis of the UMo fuel under potential corrosion conditions, within the ATR and under aqueous storage indicates a slow and predictable corrosion rate. Additional corrosion testing is recommended for the highest burn-up fuels to confirm observed corrosion rate trends. This corrosion analysis will focus only on the UMo fuel and will address corrosion of ancillary components such as cladding only in terms of how it affects the fuel. The calculations and corrosion scenarios are weighted with a conservative bias to provide additional confidence with the results. The actual corrosion rates of UMo fuel is very likely to be lower than assumed within this report which can be confirmed with additional testing.« less

Method for control of NOx emission from combustors using fuel dilution

DOEpatents

Schefer, Robert W [Alamo, CA; Keller, Jay O [Oakland, CA

2007-01-16

A method of controlling NOx emission from combustors. The method involves the controlled addition of a diluent such as nitrogen or water vapor, to a base fuel to reduce the flame temperature, thereby reducing NOx production. At the same time, a gas capable of enhancing flame stability and improving low temperature combustion characteristics, such as hydrogen, is added to the fuel mixture. The base fuel can be natural gas for use in industrial and power generation gas turbines and other burners. However, the method described herein is equally applicable to other common fuels such as coal gas, biomass-derived fuels and other common hydrocarbon fuels. The unique combustion characteristics associated with the use of hydrogen, particularly faster flame speed, higher reaction rates, and increased resistance to fluid-mechanical strain, alter the burner combustion characteristics sufficiently to allow operation at the desired lower temperature conditions resulting from diluent addition, without the onset of unstable combustion that can arise at lower combustor operating temperatures.

Bulk Fuel Pricing: DOD Needs to Take Additional Actions to Establish a More Reliable Methodology

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-11-19

Page 1 GAO-16-78R Bulk Fuel Pricing 441 G St. N.W. Washington, DC 20548 November 19, 2015 The Honorable Ashton Carter The Secretary of...Defense Bulk Fuel Pricing : DOD Needs to Take Additional Actions to Establish a More Reliable Methodology Dear Secretary Carter: Each fiscal...year, the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), in coordination with the Defense Logistics Agency, sets a standard price per barrel

75 FR 76789 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2011 Renewable Fuel Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-09

... have the potential to produce qualifying cellulosic biofuel volumes for consumption as transportation... oxygen content. KiOR currently has a small pilot facility capable of producing 10-15 barrels of bio-crude...

46 CFR 111.105-39 - Additional requirements for vessels carrying vehicles with fuel in their tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Additional requirements for vessels carrying vehicles with fuel in their tanks. 111.105-39 Section 111.105-39 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Hazardous Locations § 111.105-39 Additional requirements for vessels...

46 CFR 111.105-39 - Additional requirements for vessels carrying vehicles with fuel in their tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Additional requirements for vessels carrying vehicles with fuel in their tanks. 111.105-39 Section 111.105-39 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Hazardous Locations § 111.105-39 Additional requirements for vessels...

75 FR 26025 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Modifications to Renewable Fuel Standard Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-10

... information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such as copyrighted material, will be publicly available only in hard copy. Publicly available docket materials are available either... materials, as provided in 40 CFR part 2. IV. Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) Program Amendments EPA is taking...

33 CFR 149.418 - What fire protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... a helicopter fueling facility have? 149.418 Section 149.418 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST... protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have? In addition to the portable fire extinguishers required under table 149.409, each helicopter fueling facility must have a fire protection system complying...

33 CFR 149.418 - What fire protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... a helicopter fueling facility have? 149.418 Section 149.418 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST... protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have? In addition to the portable fire extinguishers required under table 149.409, each helicopter fueling facility must have a fire protection system complying...

33 CFR 149.418 - What fire protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... a helicopter fueling facility have? 149.418 Section 149.418 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST... protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have? In addition to the portable fire extinguishers required under Table 149.409 of this part, each helicopter fueling facility must have a fire protection...

33 CFR 149.418 - What fire protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... a helicopter fueling facility have? 149.418 Section 149.418 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST... protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have? In addition to the portable fire extinguishers required under Table 149.409 of this part, each helicopter fueling facility must have a fire protection...

33 CFR 149.418 - What fire protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... a helicopter fueling facility have? 149.418 Section 149.418 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST... protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have? In addition to the portable fire extinguishers required under table 149.409, each helicopter fueling facility must have a fire protection system complying...

40 CFR 80.42 - Simple emissions model.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (as measured under § 80.46) ETOH = Oxygen content of the fuel in question in the form of ethanol, in...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.42 Simple emissions model. (a) VOC... VOC emissions from the fuel in question, in grams per mile, for VOC control region 1 during the summer...

40 CFR 80.42 - Simple emissions model.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (as measured under § 80.46) ETOH = Oxygen content of the fuel in question in the form of ethanol, in...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.42 Simple emissions model. (a) VOC... VOC emissions from the fuel in question, in grams per mile, for VOC control region 1 during the summer...

40 CFR 80.42 - Simple emissions model.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (as measured under § 80.46) ETOH = Oxygen content of the fuel in question in the form of ethanol, in...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.42 Simple emissions model. (a) VOC... VOC emissions from the fuel in question, in grams per mile, for VOC control region 1 during the summer...

40 CFR 80.580 - What are the sampling and testing methods for sulfur?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel... (incorporated by reference, see paragraph (e) of this section). (2) For motor vehicle diesel fuel and diesel... (incorporated by reference, see paragraph (e) of this section). (3) Beginning August 30, 2004, for motor vehicle...

Lightweight aircraft engines, the potential and problems for use of automotive fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Patterson, D. J.

1983-01-01

A comprehensive data research and analysis for evaluating the use of automotive fuels as a substitute for aviation grade fuel by piston-type general aviation aircraft engines is presented. Historically known problems and potential problems with fuels were reviewed for possible impact relative to application to an aircraft operational environment. This report reviews areas such as: fuel specification requirements, combustion knock, preignition, vapor lock, spark plug fouling, additives for fuel and oil, and storage stability.

Ignitability of Diesel Fuel with an Inclusion of Ultrafine Carbon Particles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krivosheev, P. N.; Leshchevich, V. V.; Shimchenko, S. Yu.; Shushkov, S. V.; Penyazkov, O. G.

2017-11-01

Nanosize carbon fuel additions were synthesized by the action of an electric discharge on a diesel fuel. Depending on the discharge regime, variously shaped carbon particles, including planar graphitized ones, were formed in the fuel. Ignitability of the produced samples was assessed by the method of initiation of a foamed fuel sample by a lowcurrent electric arc. The modified fuel showed the improvement of the ignition characteristics in the presence of a nanodispersed solid phase.

Effect of Additional Incentives for Aviation Biofuels: Results from the Biomass Scenario Model

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vimmerstedt, Laura J; Newes, Emily K

2017-12-05

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory supported the Department of Energy, Bioenergy Technologies Office, with analysis of alternative jet fuels in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. Airlines for America requested additional exploratory scenarios within FAA analytic framework. Airlines for America requested additional analysis using the same analytic framework, the Biomass Scenario Model. The results were presented at a public working meeting of the California Air Resources Board on including alternative jet fuel in the Low Carbon Fuel Standard on March 17, 2017 (https://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs_meetings/lcfs_meetings.htm). This presentation clarifies and annotates the slides from the public working meeting, andmore » provides a link to the full data set. NREL does not advocate for or against the policies analyzed in this study.« less

Effect of Additional Incentives for Aviation Biofuels: Results from the Biomass Scenario Model

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vimmerstedt, Laura J; Newes, Emily K

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory supported the Department of Energy, Bioenergy Technologies Office, with analysis of alternative jet fuels in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. Airlines for America requested additional exploratory scenarios within FAA analytic framework. Airlines for America requested additional analysis using the same analytic framework, the Biomass Scenario Model. The results were presented at a public working meeting of the California Air Resources Board on including alternative jet fuel in the Low Carbon Fuel Standard on March 17, 2017 (https://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs_meetings/lcfs_meetings.htm). This presentation clarifies and annotates the slides from the public working meeting, andmore » provides a link to the full data set. NREL does not advocate for or against the policies analyzed in this study.« less

Antimisting kerosene: Low temperature degradation and blending

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yavrouian, A.; Parikh, P.; Sarohia, V.

1988-01-01

The inline filtration characteristics of freshly blended and degraded antimisting fuels (AMK) at low temperature are examined. A needle valve degrader was modified to include partial recirculation of degraded fuel and heat addition in the bypass loop. A pressure drop across the needle valve of up to 4,000 psi was used. The pressure drop across a 325 mesh filter screen placed inline with the degrader and directly downstream of the needle valve was measured as a function of time for different values of pressure drop across the needle valve. A volume flux of 1 gpm/sq in was employed based on the frontal area of the screen. It was found that, at ambient temperatures, freshly blended AMK fuel could be degraded using a single pass degradation at 4,000 psi pressure drop across the needle valve to give acceptable filterability performance. At fuel temperatures below -20 C, degradation becomes increasingly difficult and a single pass technique results in unacceptable filtration performance. Recirculation of a fraction of the degraded fuel and heat addition in the bypass loop improved low temperature degradation performance. The problem is addressed of blending the AMK additive with Jet A at various base fuel temperatures.

[FTIR detection of unregulated emissions from a diesel engine with biodiesel fuel].

PubMed

Tan, Pi-qiang; Hu, Zhi-yuan; Lou, Di-ming

2012-02-01

Biodiesel, as one of the most promising alternative fuels, has received more attention because of limited fossil fuels. A comparison of biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuel is discussed as regards engine unregulated exhaust emissions. A diesel fuel, a pure biodiesel fuel, and fuel with 20% V/V biodiesel blend ratio were tested without engine modification The present study examines six typical unregulated emissions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) method: formaldehyde (HCHO), acetaldehyde (C2 H4 O), acetone (C3 H6 O), toluene (C7 H8), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon dioxide (CO2). The results show addition of biodiesel fuel increases the formaldehyde emission, and B20 fuel has little change, but the formaldehyde emission of pure biodiesel shows a clear trend of addition. Compared with the pure diesel fuel, the acetaldehyde of B20 fuel has a distinct decrease, and the acetaldehyde emission of pure biodiesel is lower than that of the pure diesel fuel at low and middle engine loads, but higher at high engine load. The acetone emission is very low, and increases for B20 and pure biodiesel fuels as compared to diesel fuel. Compared with the diesel fuel, the toluene and sulfur dioxide values of the engine show a distinct decrease with biodiesel blend ratio increasing. It is clear that the biodiesel could reduce aromatic compounds and emissions of diesel engines. The carbon dioxide emission of pure biodiesel has a little lower value than diesel, showing that the biodiesel benefits control of greenhouse gas.

Biological and health effects of exposure to kerosene-based jet fuels and performance additives.

PubMed

Ritchie, Glenn; Still, Kenneth; Rossi, John; Bekkedal, Marni; Bobb, Andrew; Arfsten, Darryl

2003-01-01

Over 2 million military and civilian personnel per year (over 1 million in the United States) are occupationally exposed, respectively, to jet propulsion fuel-8 (JP-8), JP-8 +100 or JP-5, or to the civil aviation equivalents Jet A or Jet A-1. Approximately 60 billion gallon of these kerosene-based jet fuels are annually consumed worldwide (26 billion gallon in the United States), including over 5 billion gallon of JP-8 by the militaries of the United States and other NATO countries. JP-8, for example, represents the largest single chemical exposure in the U.S. military (2.53 billion gallon in 2000), while Jet A and A-1 are among the most common sources of nonmilitary occupational chemical exposure. Although more recent figures were not available, approximately 4.06 billion gallon of kerosene per se were consumed in the United States in 1990 (IARC, 1992). These exposures may occur repeatedly to raw fuel, vapor phase, aerosol phase, or fuel combustion exhaust by dermal absorption, pulmonary inhalation, or oral ingestion routes. Additionally, the public may be repeatedly exposed to lower levels of jet fuel vapor/aerosol or to fuel combustion products through atmospheric contamination, or to raw fuel constituents by contact with contaminated groundwater or soil. Kerosene-based hydrocarbon fuels are complex mixtures of up to 260+ aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (C(6) -C(17+); possibly 2000+ isomeric forms), including varying concentrations of potential toxicants such as benzene, n-hexane, toluene, xylenes, trimethylpentane, methoxyethanol, naphthalenes (including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs], and certain other C(9)-C(12) fractions (i.e., n-propylbenzene, trimethylbenzene isomers). While hydrocarbon fuel exposures occur typically at concentrations below current permissible exposure limits (PELs) for the parent fuel or its constituent chemicals, it is unknown whether additive or synergistic interactions among hydrocarbon constituents, up to six performance additives, and other environmental exposure factors may result in unpredicted toxicity. While there is little epidemiological evidence for fuel-induced death, cancer, or other serious organic disease in fuel-exposed workers, large numbers of self-reported health complaints in this cohort appear to justify study of more subtle health consequences. A number of recently published studies reported acute or persisting biological or health effects from acute, subchronic, or chronic exposure of humans or animals to kerosene-based hydrocarbon fuels, to constituent chemicals of these fuels, or to fuel combustion products. This review provides an in-depth summary of human, animal, and in vitro studies of biological or health effects from exposure to JP-8, JP-8 +100, JP-5, Jet A, Jet A-1, or kerosene.

Poly iron sulfate flocculant as an effective additive for improving the performance of microbial fuel cells.

PubMed

Miyahara, Morio; Sakamoto, Akihiro; Kouzuma, Atsushi; Watanabe, Kazuya

2016-12-01

Laboratory microbial fuel cells were supplied with artificial wastewater and used to examine how supplementation with poly iron sulfate, an inorganic polymer flocculant widely used in wastewater-treatment plants, affects electricity generation and anode microbiomes. It is shown that poly iron sulfate substantially increases electric outputs from microbial fuel cells. Microbiological analyses show that iron and sulfate separately affect anode microbiomes, and the increase in power output is associated with the increases in bacteria affiliated with the families Geobacteraceae and/or Desulfuromonadaceae. We suggest that poly iron sulfate is an effective additive for increasing the electric output from microbial fuel cells. Other utilities of poly iron sulfate in microbial fuel cells are also discussed. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 80.160 - Exemptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., automobile, engine, or component manufacturers for research, development, or test purposes, or any gasoline... such facility is associated with detergent, fuel, automotive, or engine research, development or... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.160 Exemptions. (a) Research, development, and testing...

40 CFR 80.160 - Exemptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., automobile, engine, or component manufacturers for research, development, or test purposes, or any gasoline... such facility is associated with detergent, fuel, automotive, or engine research, development or... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.160 Exemptions. (a) Research, development, and testing...

40 CFR 80.160 - Exemptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., automobile, engine, or component manufacturers for research, development, or test purposes, or any gasoline... such facility is associated with detergent, fuel, automotive, or engine research, development or... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.160 Exemptions. (a) Research, development, and testing...

40 CFR 80.173 - Exemptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., automobile, engine, or component manufacturers for research, development, or test purposes, or any gasoline... such facility is associated with detergent, fuel, automotive, or engine research, development or... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.173 Exemptions. (a) Research, development, and testing...

40 CFR 80.173 - Exemptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., automobile, engine, or component manufacturers for research, development, or test purposes, or any gasoline... such facility is associated with detergent, fuel, automotive, or engine research, development or... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.173 Exemptions. (a) Research, development, and testing...

40 CFR 80.173 - Exemptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., automobile, engine, or component manufacturers for research, development, or test purposes, or any gasoline... such facility is associated with detergent, fuel, automotive, or engine research, development or... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.173 Exemptions. (a) Research, development, and testing...

40 CFR 80.160 - Exemptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., automobile, engine, or component manufacturers for research, development, or test purposes, or any gasoline... such facility is associated with detergent, fuel, automotive, or engine research, development or... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.160 Exemptions. (a) Research, development, and testing...

40 CFR 80.160 - Exemptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., automobile, engine, or component manufacturers for research, development, or test purposes, or any gasoline... such facility is associated with detergent, fuel, automotive, or engine research, development or... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.160 Exemptions. (a) Research, development, and testing...

40 CFR 80.173 - Exemptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., automobile, engine, or component manufacturers for research, development, or test purposes, or any gasoline... such facility is associated with detergent, fuel, automotive, or engine research, development or... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.173 Exemptions. (a) Research, development, and testing...

40 CFR 80.173 - Exemptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., automobile, engine, or component manufacturers for research, development, or test purposes, or any gasoline... such facility is associated with detergent, fuel, automotive, or engine research, development or... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Detergent Gasoline § 80.173 Exemptions. (a) Research, development, and testing...

Distillate Fuel Trends: International Supply Variations and Alternate Fuel Properties

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-31

general trend toward a more uniform diesel around the world but the use of alternative fuels, such as biodiesel , has introduced additional variations...reduce sulfur; however, there are still areas with high sulfur, poor stability fuel. The primary source of alternate diesel fuel is Biodiesel , more...US FAME Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, aka Biodiesel FIA Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption FT SPK Fischer Tropsch derived Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene

Caloric Value of Some Forest Fuels of the Southern United States

Treesearch

Walter A. Hough

1969-01-01

The caloric value of a variety of southern forest fuels was determined in an oxygen bomb calorimeter. High heat values ranged between about 3,600 and 5,200 cal./g. for fuels as sampled and between 4,500 and 5,600 cal./g. for fuels on an ash-free basis. Additional tests of forest fuels from the Southern, Eastern, and North Central United States showed a...

Jet fuel instability mechanisms

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Daniel, S. R.

1985-01-01

The mechanisms of the formation of fuel-insoluble deposits were studied in several real fuels and in a model fuel consisting of tetralin in dodecane solution. The influence of addition to the fuels of small concentrations of various compounds on the quantities of deposits formed and on the formation and disappearance of oxygenated species in solution was assessed. The effect of temperature on deposit formation was also investigated over the range of 308-453 K.

Motor vehicle technology:Mobility for prosperity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1985-01-01

This book presents the papers given at a conference on internal combustion engines for vehicles. Topics considered at the conference included combustion chambers, the lubrication of turbocharged engines, oil filters, fuel consumption, traffic control, crashworthiness, brakes, acceleration, unleaded gasoline, methanol fuels, pressure drop, safety regulations, tire vibration, detergents, fuel economy, ceramics in engines, steels, catalytic converters, fuel additives, heat exchangers, pump systems, emissions control, fuel injection systems, noise pollution control, natural gas fuels, assembly plant productivity, aerodynamics, torsion, electronics, and automatic transmissions.

Storage Tanks and Dispensers for E85 and Bio-Diesel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Webster, Michael; Frederick, Justin

2014-02-10

Project objective is to improve the District's alternative fueling infrastructure by installing storage tanks and dispensers for E-85 and Bio-Diesel at the existing Blackwell Forest Preserve Alternative Fuel Station. The addition of E-85 and Bio-Diesel at this station will continue to reduce our dependency on foreign oil, while promoting the use of clean burning, domestically produced, renewable alternative fuels. In addition, this station will promote strong intergovernmental cooperation as other governmental agencies have expressed interest in utilizing this station.

76 FR 53315 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Model SA-365N and SA-365N1 Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

... of compliance. (d) The Joint Aircraft System/Component Code is 2897: Fuel System Wiring. (e) The... helicopters. This action requires you to disconnect the high level fuel switches in the fuel tanks on the affected helicopters. In addition, for helicopters without a crossfeed between the fuel filler necks, you...

40 CFR 80.50 - General test procedure requirements for augmentation of the emission models.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... § 80.45. (1) VOC, NOX, CO, and CO2 emissions must be measured for all fuel-vehicle combinations tested. (2) Toxics emissions must be measured when testing the extension fuels per the requirements of § 80... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated...

40 CFR 80.50 - General test procedure requirements for augmentation of the emission models.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... § 80.45. (1) VOC, NOX, CO, and CO2 emissions must be measured for all fuel-vehicle combinations tested. (2) Toxics emissions must be measured when testing the extension fuels per the requirements of § 80... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated...

40 CFR 80.50 - General test procedure requirements for augmentation of the emission models.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... § 80.45. (1) VOC, NOX, CO, and CO2 emissions must be measured for all fuel-vehicle combinations tested. (2) Toxics emissions must be measured when testing the extension fuels per the requirements of § 80... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated...

40 CFR 80.50 - General test procedure requirements for augmentation of the emission models.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... § 80.45. (1) VOC, NOX, CO, and CO2 emissions must be measured for all fuel-vehicle combinations tested. (2) Toxics emissions must be measured when testing the extension fuels per the requirements of § 80... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated...

40 CFR 80.612 - Who is liable for violations of this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Who is liable for violations of this subpart? 80.612 Section 80.612 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marin...

ORNL-GM: Development of Ionic Liquid-Additized, GF-5/6 Compatible Low-Viscosity Oils for Automotive Engine and Rear Axle Lubrication for 4% Improved Fuel Economy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Qu, Jun; Zhou, Yan; Luo, Huimin

The overall objective of this project are as follows: Further develop ionic liquid (IL)-additized lowviscosity engine oils meeting the GF-5/6 specifications and possessing superior lubricating characteristics; Expand the IL additive technology to rear axle lubricants; and Seek a combined improvement in the vehicle fuel economy

40 CFR 80.614 - What are the alternative defense requirements in lieu of § 80.613(a)(1)(vi)?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the additive package has been added, together with supporting data which includes one of the following... a MVNRLM diesel fuel additive package into MVNRLM diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standards... alternative to the defense element under § 80.613(a)(1)(vi): (a)(1) The blender of the additive package has a...

40 CFR 80.614 - What are the alternative defense requirements in lieu of § 80.613(a)(1)(vi)?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the additive package has been added, together with supporting data which includes one of the following... a MVNRLM diesel fuel additive package into MVNRLM diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standards... alternative to the defense element under § 80.613(a)(1)(vi): (a)(1) The blender of the additive package has a...

40 CFR 80.614 - What are the alternative defense requirements in lieu of § 80.613(a)(1)(vi)?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the additive package has been added, together with supporting data which includes one of the following... a MVNRLM diesel fuel additive package into MVNRLM diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standards... alternative to the defense element under § 80.613(a)(1)(vi): (a)(1) The blender of the additive package has a...

40 CFR 80.614 - What are the alternative defense requirements in lieu of § 80.613(a)(1)(vi)?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the additive package has been added, together with supporting data which includes one of the following... a MVNRLM diesel fuel additive package into MVNRLM diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standards... alternative to the defense element under § 80.613(a)(1)(vi): (a)(1) The blender of the additive package has a...

40 CFR 80.614 - What are the alternative defense requirements in lieu of § 80.613(a)(1)(vi)?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the additive package has been added, together with supporting data which includes one of the following... a MVNRLM diesel fuel additive package into MVNRLM diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standards... alternative to the defense element under § 80.613(a)(1)(vi): (a)(1) The blender of the additive package has a...

Suggestion on the safety classification of spent fuel dry storage in China’s pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Ting; Qu, Yunhuan; Meng, De; Zhang, Qiaoer; Lu, Xinhua

2018-01-01

China’s spent fuel storage in the pressurized water reactors(PWR) is stored with wet storage way. With the rapid development of nuclear power industry, China’s NPPs(NPPs) will not be able to meet the problem of the production of spent fuel. Currently the world’s major nuclear power countries use dry storage as a way of spent fuel storage, so in recent years, China study on additional spent fuel dry storage system mainly. Part of the PWR NPP is ready to apply for additional spent fuel dry storage system. It also need to safety classificate to spent fuel dry storage facilities in PWR, but there is no standard for safety classification of spent fuel dry storage facilities in China. Because the storage facilities of the spent fuel dry storage are not part of the NPP, the classification standard of China’s NPPs is not applicable. This paper proposes the safety classification suggestion of the spent fuel dry storage for China’s PWR NPP, through to the study on China’s safety classification principles of PWR NPP in “Classification for the items of pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants (GB/T 17569-2013)”, and safety classification about spent fuel dry storage system in NUREG/CR - 6407 in the United States.

Parametric Thermal Models of the Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bradley K. Heath

2014-03-01

This work supports the restart of transient testing in the United States using the Department of Energy’s Transient Reactor Test Facility at the Idaho National Laboratory. It also supports the Global Threat Reduction Initiative by reducing proliferation risk of high enriched uranium fuel. The work involves the creation of a nuclear fuel assembly model using the fuel performance code known as BISON. The model simulates the thermal behavior of a nuclear fuel assembly during steady state and transient operational modes. Additional models of the same geometry but differing material properties are created to perform parametric studies. The results show thatmore » fuel and cladding thermal conductivity have the greatest effect on fuel temperature under the steady state operational mode. Fuel density and fuel specific heat have the greatest effect for transient operational model. When considering a new fuel type it is recommended to use materials that decrease the specific heat of the fuel and the thermal conductivity of the fuel’s cladding in order to deal with higher density fuels that accompany the LEU conversion process. Data on the latest operating conditions of TREAT need to be attained in order to validate BISON’s results. BISON’s models for TREAT (material models, boundary convection models) are modest and need additional work to ensure accuracy and confidence in results.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Syarifah, Ratna Dewi, E-mail: syarifah.physics@gmail.com; Suud, Zaki, E-mail: szaki@fi.itb.ac.id

Design study of small Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) core loaded with uranium nitride fuel (UN) and mixed nitride fuel (UN-PuN), Pa-231 as burnable poison, and Americium has been performed. Pa-231 known as actinide material, have large capture cross section and can be converted into fissile material that can be utilized to reduce excess reactivity. Americium is one of minor actinides with long half life. The objective of adding americium is to decrease nuclear spent fuel in the world. The neutronic analysis results show that mixed nitride fuel have k-inf greater than uranium nitride fuel. It is caused by the additionmore » of Pu-239 in mixed nitride fuel. In fuel fraction analysis, for uranium nitride fuel, the optimum volume fractions are 45% fuel fraction, 10% cladding and 45% moderator. In case of UN-PuN fuel, the optimum volume fractions are 30% fuel fraction, 10% cladding and 60% coolant/ moderator. The addition of Pa-231 as burnable poison for UN fuel, enrichment U-235 5%, with Pa-231 1.6% has k-inf more than one and excess reactivity of 14.45%. And for mixed nitride fuel, the lowest value of reactivity swing is when enrichment (U-235+Pu) 8% with Pa-231 0.4%, the excess reactivity value 13,76%. The fuel pin analyze for the addition of Americium, the excess reactivity value is lower than before, because Americium absorb the neutron. For UN fuel, enrichment U-235 8%, Pa-231 1.6% and Am 0.5%, the excess reactivity is 4.86%. And for mixed nitride fuel, when enrichment (U-235+Pu) 13%, Pa-231 0.4% and Am 0.1%, the excess reactivity is 11.94%. For core configuration, it is better to use heterogeneous than homogeneous core configuration, because the radial power distribution is better.« less

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

Tax An excise tax rate of 9% of the average wholesale price on a per gallon basis applies to all . Additionally, a highway motor fuel tax of $0.02 per gallon applies to all special fuels. For taxation purposes

COMBUSTION OF HEAVY LIQUID FUELS

DTIC Science & Technology

characteristics of individual fuel droplets, as functions of the external conditions and fuel properties, the droplet combustion process in a flame ... length and the quality of atomization are examined. In addition, atomization quality is covered, and nozzle systems and the construction of nozzles are

Application of the Advanced Distillation Curve Method to the Comparison of Diesel Fuel Oxygenates: 2,5,7,10-Tetraoxaundecane (TOU), 2,4,7,9-Tetraoxadecane (TOD), and Ethanol/Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Mixtures.

PubMed

Burger, Jessica L; Lovestead, Tara M; LaFollette, Mark; Bruno, Thomas J

2017-08-17

Although they are amongst the most efficient engine types, compression-ignition engines have difficulties achieving acceptable particulate emission and NO x formation. Indeed, catalytic after-treatment of diesel exhaust has become common and current efforts to reformulate diesel fuels have concentrated on the incorporation of oxygenates into the fuel. One of the best ways to characterize changes to a fuel upon the addition of oxygenates is to examine the volatility of the fuel mixture. In this paper, we present the volatility, as measured by the advanced distillation curve method, of a prototype diesel fuel with novel diesel fuel oxygenates: 2,5,7,10-tetraoxaundecane (TOU), 2,4,7,9-tetraoxadecane (TOD), and ethanol/fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) mixtures. We present the results for the initial boiling behavior, the distillation curve temperatures, and track the oxygenates throughout the distillations. These diesel fuel blends have several interesting thermodynamic properties that have not been seen in our previous oxygenate studies. Ethanol reduces the temperatures observed early in the distillation (near ethanol's boiling temperature). After these early distillation points (once the ethanol has distilled out), B100 has the greatest impact on the remaining distillation curve and shifts the curve to higher temperatures than what is seen for diesel fuel/ethanol blends. In fact, for the 15% B100 mixture most of the distillation curve reaches temperatures higher than those seen diesel fuel alone. In addition, blends with TOU and TOD also exhibited uncommon characteristics. These additives are unusual because they distill over most the distillation curve (up to 70%). The effects of this can be seen both in histograms of oxygenate concentration in the distillate cuts and in the distillation curves. Our purpose for studying these oxygenate blends is consistent with our vision for replacing fit-for-purpose properties with fundamental properties to enable the development of equations of state that can describe the thermodynamic properties of complex mixtures, with specific attention paid to additives.

Zirconium-based alloys, nuclear fuel rods and nuclear reactors including such alloys, and related methods

DOEpatents

Mariani, Robert Dominick

2014-09-09

Zirconium-based metal alloy compositions comprise zirconium, a first additive in which the permeability of hydrogen decreases with increasing temperatures at least over a temperature range extending from 350.degree. C. to 750.degree. C., and a second additive having a solubility in zirconium over the temperature range extending from 350.degree. C. to 750.degree. C. At least one of a solubility of the first additive in the second additive over the temperature range extending from 350.degree. C. to 750.degree. C. and a solubility of the second additive in the first additive over the temperature range extending from 350.degree. C. to 750.degree. C. is higher than the solubility of the second additive in zirconium over the temperature range extending from 350.degree. C. to 750.degree. C. Nuclear fuel rods include a cladding material comprising such metal alloy compositions, and nuclear reactors include such fuel rods. Methods are used to fabricate such zirconium-based metal alloy compositions.

Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives: Refiner and Importer Quality Assurance Requirements for Downstream Oxygenate Blending and Requirements for Disposition of Pipeline Interfaces Additional Resources

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA has published a Direct Final Rule that addresses requirements for parties that handle pipeline interface as well as addresses downstream quality assurance requirements for refiners (EPA publication # EPA-420-F-06-039).

40 CFR 80.1500 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additional Requirements for Gasoline-Ethanol Blends § 80.1500 Definitions. The... ethanol. E10 means a gasoline-ethanol blend that contains at least 9.0 and no more than 10.0 volume percent ethanol. E15 means a gasoline-ethanol blend that contains greater than 10.0 volume percent ethanol...

40 CFR 80.1505 - Who is liable for violations of this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Who is liable for violations of this subpart? 80.1505 Section 80.1505 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additional Requirements for Gasoline-Ethanol...

40 CFR 80.1506 - What penalties apply under this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additional Requirements for Gasoline-Ethanol... pertains to the ethanol content of gasoline shall constitute a separate day of violation for each and every... that pertain to the ethanol content of gasoline. (2) For the purposes of this paragraph (b), the length...

40 CFR 80.1506 - What penalties apply under this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additional Requirements for Gasoline-Ethanol... pertains to the ethanol content of gasoline shall constitute a separate day of violation for each and every... that pertain to the ethanol content of gasoline. (2) For the purposes of this paragraph (b), the length...

40 CFR 80.1500 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additional Requirements for Gasoline-Ethanol Blends § 80.1500 Definitions. The... ethanol. E10 means a gasoline-ethanol blend that contains at least 9.0 and no more than 10.0 volume percent ethanol. E15 means a gasoline-ethanol blend that contains greater than 10.0 volume percent ethanol...

40 CFR 80.1505 - Who is liable for violations of this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Who is liable for violations of this subpart? 80.1505 Section 80.1505 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additional Requirements for Gasoline-Ethanol...

40 CFR 80.1505 - Who is liable for violations of this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Who is liable for violations of this subpart? 80.1505 Section 80.1505 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additional Requirements for Gasoline-Ethanol...

40 CFR 80.1506 - What penalties apply under this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additional Requirements for Gasoline-Ethanol... pertains to the ethanol content of gasoline shall constitute a separate day of violation for each and every... that pertain to the ethanol content of gasoline. (2) For the purposes of this paragraph (b), the length...

40 CFR 80.1500 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Additional Requirements for Gasoline-Ethanol Blends § 80.1500 Definitions. The... ethanol. E10 means a gasoline-ethanol blend that contains at least 9.0 and no more than 10.0 volume percent ethanol. E15 means a gasoline-ethanol blend that contains greater than 10.0 volume percent ethanol...

30 CFR 250.1629 - Additional production and fuel gas system requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... (4) Fire- and gas-detection system. (i) Fire (flame, heat, or smoke) sensors shall be installed in all enclosed classified areas. Gas sensors shall be installed in all inadequately ventilated, enclosed... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Additional production and fuel gas system...

30 CFR 250.1629 - Additional production and fuel gas system requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... structure. (4) Fire- and gas-detection system. (i) Fire (flame, heat, or smoke) sensors shall be installed in all enclosed classified areas. Gas sensors shall be installed in all inadequately ventilated... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Additional production and fuel gas system...

40 CFR Appendix 1 to Part 3 - Priority Reports

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Fuel Additive Registration and Health Effects Testing Registration of new fuels and additives, and the submission and certification of health effect data 79.10, 79.11, 79.20, 79.21, 79.51. Manufacture In-Use and... quarterly reports for NOX emissions 75.73. Certification Letters Recovery and Recycling Equipment, Motor...

40 CFR Appendix 1 to Part 3 - Priority Reports

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Fuel Additive Registration and Health Effects Testing Registration of new fuels and additives, and the submission and certification of health effect data 79.10, 79.11, 79.20, 79.21, 79.51. Manufacture In-Use and... quarterly reports for NOX emissions 75.73. Certification Letters Recovery and Recycling Equipment, Motor...

40 CFR Appendix 1 to Part 3 - Priority Reports

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Fuel Additive Registration and Health Effects Testing Registration of new fuels and additives, and the submission and certification of health effect data 79.10, 79.11, 79.20, 79.21, 79.51. Manufacture In-Use and... quarterly reports for NOX emissions 75.73. Certification Letters Recovery and Recycling Equipment, Motor...

Improved nuclear fuel assembly grid spacer

DOEpatents

Marshall, John; Kaplan, Samuel

1977-01-01

An improved fuel assembly grid spacer and method of retaining the basic fuel rod support elements in position within the fuel assembly containment channel. The improvement involves attachment of the grids to the hexagonal channel and of forming the basic fuel rod support element into a grid structure, which provides a design which is insensitive to potential channel distortion (ballooning) at high fluence levels. In addition the improved method eliminates problems associated with component fabrication and assembly.

Potential of hydrogen fuel for future air transportation systems.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Small, W. J.; Fetterman, D. E.; Bonner, T. F., Jr.

1973-01-01

Recent studies have shown that hydrogen fuel can yield spectacular improvements in aircraft performance in addition to its more widely discussed environmental advantages. The characteristics of subsonic, supersonic, and hypersonic transport aircraft using hydrogen fuel are discussed, and their performance and environmental impact are compared to that of similar aircraft using conventional fuel. The possibilities of developing hydrogen-fueled supersonic and hypersonic vehicles with sonic boom levels acceptable for overland flight are also explored.

Space power systems technology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Coulman, George A.

1994-01-01

Reported here is a series of studies which examine several potential catalysts and electrodes for some fuel cell systems, some materials for space applications, and mathematical modeling and performance predictions for some solid oxide fuel cells and electrolyzers. The fuel cell systems have a potential for terrestrial applications in addition to solar energy conversion in space applications. Catalysts and electrodes for phosphoric acid fuel cell systems and for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell and electrolyzer systems were examined.

Emissions from a Diesel Engine using Fe-based Fuel Additives and a Sintered Metal Filtration System.

PubMed

Bugarski, Aleksandar D; Hummer, Jon A; Stachulak, Jozef S; Miller, Arthur; Patts, Larry D; Cauda, Emanuele G

2016-03-01

A series of laboratory tests were conducted to assess the effects of Fe-containing fuel additives on aerosols emitted by a diesel engine retrofitted with a sintered metal filter (SMF) system. Emission measurements performed upstream and downstream of the SMF system were compared, for cases when the engine was fueled with neat ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD) and with ULSD treated with two formulations of additives containing Fe-based catalysts. The effects were assessed for four steady-state engine operating conditions and one transient cycle. The results showed that the SMF system reduced the average total number and surface area concentrations of aerosols by more than 100-fold. The total mass and elemental carbon results confirmed that the SMF system was indeed very effective in the removal of diesel aerosols. When added at the recommended concentrations (30 p.p.m. of iron), the tested additives had minor adverse impacts on the number, surface area, and mass concentrations of filter-out (FOut) aerosols. For one of the test cases, the additives may have contributed to measurable concentrations of engine-out (EOut) nucleation mode aerosols. The additives had only a minor impact on the concentration and size distribution of volatile and semi-volatile FOut aerosols. Metal analysis showed that the introduction of Fe with the additives substantially increased Fe concentration in the EOut, but the SMF system was effective in removal of Fe-containing aerosols. The FOut Fe concentrations for all three tested fuels were found to be much lower than the corresponding EOut Fe concentrations for the case of untreated ULSD fuel. The results support recommendations that these additives should not be used in diesel engines unless they are equipped with exhaust filtration systems. Since the tested SMF system was found to be very efficient in removing Fe introduced by the additives, the use of these additives should not result in a measurable increase in emissions of de novo generated Fe-containing aerosols. The findings from this study should promote a better understanding of the benefits and challenges of using sintered metal systems and fuel additives to control the exposure of underground miners and other workers to diesel aerosols and gases. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene Society 2015.

Emissions from a Diesel Engine using Fe-based Fuel Additives and a Sintered Metal Filtration System

PubMed Central

Bugarski, Aleksandar D.; Hummer, Jon A.; Stachulak, Jozef S.; Miller, Arthur; Patts, Larry D.; Cauda, Emanuele G.

2015-01-01

A series of laboratory tests were conducted to assess the effects of Fe-containing fuel additives on aerosols emitted by a diesel engine retrofitted with a sintered metal filter (SMF) system. Emission measurements performed upstream and downstream of the SMF system were compared, for cases when the engine was fueled with neat ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD) and with ULSD treated with two formulations of additives containing Fe-based catalysts. The effects were assessed for four steady-state engine operating conditions and one transient cycle. The results showed that the SMF system reduced the average total number and surface area concentrations of aerosols by more than 100-fold. The total mass and elemental carbon results confirmed that the SMF system was indeed very effective in the removal of diesel aerosols. When added at the recommended concentrations (30 p.p.m. of iron), the tested additives had minor adverse impacts on the number, surface area, and mass concentrations of filter-out (FOut) aerosols. For one of the test cases, the additives may have contributed to measurable concentrations of engine-out (EOut) nucleation mode aerosols. The additives had only a minor impact on the concentration and size distribution of volatile and semi-volatile FOut aerosols. Metal analysis showed that the introduction of Fe with the additives substantially increased Fe concentration in the EOut, but the SMF system was effective in removal of Fe-containing aerosols. The FOut Fe concentrations for all three tested fuels were found to be much lower than the corresponding EOut Fe concentrations for the case of untreated ULSD fuel. The results support recommendations that these additives should not be used in diesel engines unless they are equipped with exhaust filtration systems. Since the tested SMF system was found to be very efficient in removing Fe introduced by the additives, the use of these additives should not result in a measurable increase in emissions of de novo generated Fe-containing aerosols. The findings from this study should promote a better understanding of the benefits and challenges of using sintered metal systems and fuel additives to control the exposure of underground miners and other workers to diesel aerosols and gases. PMID:26424805

40 CFR 80.52 - Vehicle preconditioning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Vehicle preconditioning. 80.52 Section...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.52 Vehicle preconditioning. (a) Initial vehicle preconditioning and preconditioning between tests with different fuels shall be performed in...

40 CFR 80.52 - Vehicle preconditioning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Vehicle preconditioning. 80.52 Section...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.52 Vehicle preconditioning. (a) Initial vehicle preconditioning and preconditioning between tests with different fuels shall be performed in...

40 CFR 80.52 - Vehicle preconditioning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Vehicle preconditioning. 80.52 Section...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.52 Vehicle preconditioning. (a) Initial vehicle preconditioning and preconditioning between tests with different fuels shall be performed in...

40 CFR 80.52 - Vehicle preconditioning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Vehicle preconditioning. 80.52 Section...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.52 Vehicle preconditioning. (a) Initial vehicle preconditioning and preconditioning between tests with different fuels shall be performed in...

40 CFR 80.52 - Vehicle preconditioning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Vehicle preconditioning. 80.52 Section...) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Reformulated Gasoline § 80.52 Vehicle preconditioning. (a) Initial vehicle preconditioning and preconditioning between tests with different fuels shall be performed in...

Natural gas as a future fuel for heavy-duty vehicles

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2001-06-21

In addition to their significant environmental impacts, medium-duty and heavy-duty (HD) vehicles are high volume fuel users. Development of such vehicles, which include transit buses, refuse trucks, and HD Class 6-8 trucks, that are fueled with natur...

Lightweight cryogenic-compatible pressure vessels for vehicular fuel storage

DOEpatents

Aceves, Salvador; Berry, Gene; Weisberg, Andrew H.

2004-03-23

A lightweight, cryogenic-compatible pressure vessel for flexibly storing cryogenic liquid fuels or compressed gas fuels at cryogenic or ambient temperatures. The pressure vessel has an inner pressure container enclosing a fuel storage volume, an outer container surrounding the inner pressure container to form an evacuated space therebetween, and a thermal insulator surrounding the inner pressure container in the evacuated space to inhibit heat transfer. Additionally, vacuum loss from fuel permeation is substantially inhibited in the evacuated space by, for example, lining the container liner with a layer of fuel-impermeable material, capturing the permeated fuel in the evacuated space, or purging the permeated fuel from the evacuated space.

The biological effects of subacute inhalation of diesel exhaust following addition of cerium oxide nanoparticles in atherosclerosis-prone mice☆

PubMed Central

Cassee, Flemming R.; Campbell, Arezoo; Boere, A. John F.; McLean, Steven G.; Duffin, Rodger; Krystek, Petra; Gosens, Ilse; Miller, Mark R.

2012-01-01

Background Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles improve the burning efficiency of fuel, however, little is known about health impacts of altered emissions from the vehicles. Methods Atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE−/−) mice were exposed by inhalation to diluted exhaust (1.7 mg/m3, 20, 60 or 180 min, 5 day/week, for 4 weeks), from an engine using standard diesel fuel (DE) or the same diesel fuel containing 9 ppm cerium oxide nanoparticles (DCeE). Changes in hematological indices, clinical chemistry, atherosclerotic burden, tissue levels of inflammatory cytokines and pathology of the major organs were assessed. Results Addition of CeO2 to fuel resulted in a reduction of the number (30%) and surface area (10%) of the particles in the exhaust, whereas the gaseous co-pollutants were increased (6–8%). There was, however, a trend towards an increased size and complexity of the atherosclerotic plaques following DE exposure, which was not evident in the DCeE group. There were no clear signs of altered hematological or pathological changes induced by either treatment. However, levels of proinflammatory cytokines were modulated in a brain region and liver following DCeE exposure. Conclusions These results imply that addition of CeO2 nanoparticles to fuel decreases the number of particles in exhaust and may reduce atherosclerotic burden associated with exposure to standard diesel fuel. From the extensive assessment of biological parameters performed, the only concerning effect of cerium addition was a slightly raised level of cytokines in a region of the central nervous system. Overall, the use of cerium as a fuel additive may be a potentially useful way to limit the health effects of vehicle exhaust. However, further testing is required to ensure that such an approach is not associated with a chronic inflammatory response which may eventually cause long-term health effects. PMID:22507957

The biological effects of subacute inhalation of diesel exhaust following addition of cerium oxide nanoparticles in atherosclerosis-prone mice.

PubMed

Cassee, Flemming R; Campbell, Arezoo; Boere, A John F; McLean, Steven G; Duffin, Rodger; Krystek, Petra; Gosens, Ilse; Miller, Mark R

2012-05-01

Cerium oxide (CeO(2)) nanoparticles improve the burning efficiency of fuel, however, little is known about health impacts of altered emissions from the vehicles. Atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice were exposed by inhalation to diluted exhaust (1.7 mg/m(3), 20, 60 or 180 min, 5 day/week, for 4 weeks), from an engine using standard diesel fuel (DE) or the same diesel fuel containing 9 ppm cerium oxide nanoparticles (DCeE). Changes in hematological indices, clinical chemistry, atherosclerotic burden, tissue levels of inflammatory cytokines and pathology of the major organs were assessed. Addition of CeO(2) to fuel resulted in a reduction of the number (30%) and surface area (10%) of the particles in the exhaust, whereas the gaseous co-pollutants were increased (6-8%). There was, however, a trend towards an increased size and complexity of the atherosclerotic plaques following DE exposure, which was not evident in the DCeE group. There were no clear signs of altered hematological or pathological changes induced by either treatment. However, levels of proinflammatory cytokines were modulated in a brain region and liver following DCeE exposure. These results imply that addition of CeO(2) nanoparticles to fuel decreases the number of particles in exhaust and may reduce atherosclerotic burden associated with exposure to standard diesel fuel. From the extensive assessment of biological parameters performed, the only concerning effect of cerium addition was a slightly raised level of cytokines in a region of the central nervous system. Overall, the use of cerium as a fuel additive may be a potentially useful way to limit the health effects of vehicle exhaust. However, further testing is required to ensure that such an approach is not associated with a chronic inflammatory response which may eventually cause long-term health effects. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effect of alumina nano additives into biodiesel-diesel blends on the combustion performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation.

PubMed

Anchupogu, Praveen; Rao, Lakshmi Narayana; Banavathu, Balakrishna

2018-06-04

In the present study, the combined effect of alumina nanoparticles into the Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel blend and exhaust gas recirculation on the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a diesel engine was investigated. The alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles with the mass fraction of 40 ppm were dispersed into the C. inophyllum biodiesel blend (20% of C. inophyllum biodiesel + 80% of diesel (CIB20)) by the ultrasonication process. Further, the exhaust gas recirculation was adopted to control the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions of a diesel engine. The experiments were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine with the diesel, CIB20, 20% of C. inophyllum biodiesel + 80% of diesel + 40 ppm Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles (CIB20ANP40), CIB20 + 20% exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and CIB20ANP40 + 20% EGR fuel samples at different load conditions. The results reveal that brake thermal efficiency of CIB20ANP40 fuel increased by 5.04 and 7.71% compared to the CIB20 and CIB20ANP40 + 20% EGR fuels, respectively. The addition of alumina nanoparticles to the CIB20 fuel, CO, and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were was reduced compared to the CIB20 fuel. The smoke opacity was decreased with the addition of alumina nanoparticles to the CIB20 fuel by 7.3% compared to the CIB20 fuel. The NOx emissions for the CIB20ANP40 + 20% EGR fuel was decreased by 36.84, 31.53, and 17.67% compared to the CIB20, CIB20ANP40, and CIB20 + 20% EGR fuel samples at full load condition.

Gas turbine premixing systems

DOEpatents

Kraemer, Gilbert Otto; Varatharajan, Balachandar; Evulet, Andrei Tristan; Yilmaz, Ertan; Lacy, Benjamin Paul

2013-12-31

Methods and systems are provided for premixing combustion fuel and air within gas turbines. In one embodiment, a combustor includes an upstream mixing panel configured to direct compressed air and combustion fuel through premixing zone to form a fuel-air mixture. The combustor includes a downstream mixing panel configured to mix additional combustion fuel with the fule-air mixture to form a combustion mixture.

An Empirical Investigation of USAF Logistics Readiness Officer Mission Sets

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

parts, engine repair and 7 spare utilization, fuel cell and fuel system related repairs, heavy maintenance and inspection functions, and aircraft...provide additional mission sets. Fuels Management, Program Management, Acquisitions Management, and Depot Maintenance were suggested once each as...being mentioned by 2.5 percent ( Fuels Management, Program Management, Acquisitions Management, and Depot Maintenance) and 5 percent (Human Capital

Combustion Enhancement of Liquid Fuels via Nanoparticle Additions: Screening, Dispersion, and Characterization

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-04

These include but are not limited to aluminum, boron, boron carbide (B4C), carbon (graphene), titanium, and tungsten nano-sized particles. When...of plots displaying calculated values for aluminum, titanium, and tungsten additives are shown in Figure 1 to illustrate the potential benefits...of additive weight percent and oxidizer/fuel mixture ratio for aluminum, titanium, and tungsten . With recent improvements in the production and

Effects of a nanoceria fuel additive on the physicochemical properties of diesel exhaust particles.

PubMed

Zhang, Junfeng Jim; Lee, Ki-Bum; He, Linchen; Seiffert, Joanna; Subramaniam, Prasad; Yang, Letao; Chen, Shu; Maguire, Pierce; Mainelis, Gediminas; Schwander, Stephan; Tetley, Teresa; Porter, Alexandra; Ryan, Mary; Shaffer, Milo; Hu, Sheng; Gong, Jicheng; Chung, Kian Fan

2016-10-12

Nanoceria (i.e., CeO 2 nanoparticles) fuel additives have been used in Europe and elsewhere to improve fuel efficiency. Previously we have shown that the use of a commercial fuel additive Envirox™ in a diesel-powered electricity generator reduced emissions of diesel exhaust particle (DEP) mass and other pollutants. However, such additives are currently not permitted for use in on-road vehicles in North America, largely due to limited data on the potential health impact. In this study, we characterized a variety of physicochemical properties of DEPs emitted from the same engine. Our methods include novel techniques such as Raman spectrometry for analyzing particle surface structure and an assay for DEP oxidative potential. Results show that with increasing Envirox™ concentrations in the fuel (0×, 0.1×, 1×, and 10× of manufacturer recommended 0.5 mL Envirox™ per liter fuel), DEP sizes decreased from 194.6 ± 20.1 to 116.3 ± 14.8 nm; the zeta potential changed from -28.4 mV to -22.65 mV; DEP carbon content decreased from 91.8% to 79.4%; cerium and nitrogen contents increased from 0.3% to 6.5% and 0.2% to 0.6%, respectively; the ratio of organic carbon (OC) to elemental carbon (EC) increased from 22.9% to 38.7%; and the ratio of the disordered carbon structure to the ordered carbon structure (graphitized carbon) in DEPs decreased. Compared to DEPs emitted from 0×, 0.1×, and 1× fuels, DEPs from the 10× fuel had a lower oxidative potential likely due to the increased ceria content because pure ceria nanoparticles exhibited the lowest oxidative potential compared to all the DEPs. Since the physicochemical parameters tested here are among the determinants of particle toxicity, our findings imply that adding ceria nanoparticles into diesel may alter the toxicity of DEPs. The findings from the present study, hence, can help future studies that will examine the impact of nanoceria additives on DEP toxicities.

Effect of fuel nitrogen and hydrogen content on emissions in hydrocarbon combustion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bittker, D. A.; Wolfbrandt, G.

1981-01-01

How the emissions of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide are affected by: (1) the decreased hydrogen content and (2) the increased organic nitrogen content of coal derived fuels is investigated. Previous CRT experimental work in a two stage flame tube has shown the effectiveness of rich lean two stage combustion in reducing fuel nitrogen conversion to nitrogen oxides. Previous theoretical work gave preliminary indications that emissions trends from the flame tube experiment could be predicted by a two stage, well stirred reactor combustor model using a detailed chemical mechanism for propane oxidation and nitrogen oxide formation. Additional computations are reported and comparisons with experimental results for two additional fuels and a wide range of operating conditions are given. Fuels used in the modeling are pure propane, a propane toluene mixture and pure toluene. These give hydrogen contents 18, 11 and 9 percent by weight, respectively. Fuel bound nitrogen contents of 0.5 and 1.0 percent were used. Results are presented for oxides of nitrogen and also carbon monoxide concentrations as a function of primary equivalence ratio, hydrogen content and fuel bound nitrogen content.

Development of Innovative Accident Tolerant High Thermal Conductivity UO 2-Diamond Composite Fuel Pellets

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tulenko, James; Subhash, Ghatu

2016-01-01

The University of Florida (UF) evaluated a composite fuel consisting of UO 2 powder mixed with diamond micro particles as a candidate as an accident-tolerant fuel (ATF). The research group had previous extensive experience researching with diamond micro particles as an addition to reactor coolant for improved plant thermal performance. The purpose of this research work was to utilize diamond micro particles to develop UO 2-Diamond composite fuel pellets with significantly enhanced thermal properties, beyond that already being measured in the previous UF research projects of UO 2 – SiC and UO 2 – Carbon Nanotube fuel pins. UF ismore » proving with the current research results that the addition of diamond micro particles to UO 2 may greatly enhanced the thermal conductivity of the UO 2 pellets producing an accident-tolerant fuel. The Beginning of life benefits have been proven and fuel samples are being irradiated in the ATR reactor to confirm that the thermal conductivity improvements are still present under irradiation.« less

Approach for energy saving and pollution reducing by fueling diesel engines with emulsified biosolution/ biodiesel/diesel blends.

PubMed

Lin, Yuan-Chung; Lee, Wen-Jhy; Chao, How-Ran; Wang, Shu-Li; Tsou, Tsui-Chun; Chang-Chien, Guo-Ping; Tsai, Perng-Jy

2008-05-15

The developments of both biodiesel and emulsified diesel are being driven by the need for reducing emissions from diesel engines and saving energy. Artificial chemical additives are also being used in diesel engines for increasing their combustion efficiencies. But the effects associated with the use of emulsified additive/biodiesel/diesel blends in diesel engines have never been assessed. In this research, the premium diesel fuel (PDF) was used as the reference fuel. A soy-biodiesel was selected as the test biodiesel. A biosolution made of 96.5 wt % natural organic enzyme-7F (NOE-7F) and 3.5 wt % water (NOE-7F water) was used as the fuel additive. By adding additional 1 vol % of surfactant into the fuel blend, a nanotechnology was used to form emulsified biosolution/soy-biodiesel/PDF blends for fueling the diesel engine. We found that the emulsified biosolution/soy-biodiesel/PDF blends did not separate after being kept motionless for 30 days. The above stability suggests that the above combinations are suitable for diesel engines as alternative fuels. Particularly, we found that the emulsified biosolution/soy-biodiesel/PDF blends did have the advantage in saving energy and reducing the emissions of both particulate matters (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from diesel engines as compared with PDF, soy-biodiesel/PDF blends, and emulsified soy-biodiesel/ PDF blends. The results obtained from this study will provide useful approaches for reducing the petroleum reliance, pollution, and global warming. However, it should be noted that NO(x) emissions were not measured in the present study which warrants the need for future investigation.

Regulated and unregulated emissions from an internal combustion engine operating on ethanol-containing fuels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Poulopoulos, S. G.; Samaras, D. P.; Philippopoulos, C. J.

In the present work, the effect of ethanol addition to gasoline on regulated and unregulated emissions is studied. A 4-cylinder OPEL 1.6 L internal combustion engine equipped with a hydraulic brake dynamometer was used in all the experiments. For exhaust emissions treatment a typical three-way catalyst was used. Among the various compounds detected in exhaust emissions, the following ones were monitored at engine and catalyst outlet: methane, hexane, ethylene, acetaldehyde, acetone, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, acetic acid and ethanol. Addition of ethanol in the fuel up to 10% w/w had as a result an increase in the Reid vapour pressure of the fuel, which indicates indirectly increased evaporative emissions, while carbon monoxide tailpipe emissions were decreased. For ethanol-containing fuels, acetaldehyde emissions were appreciably increased (up to 100%), especially for fuel containing 3% w/w ethanol. In contrast, aromatics emissions were decreased by ethanol addition to gasoline. Methane and ethanol were the most resistant compounds to oxidation while ethylene was the most degradable compound over the catalyst. Ethylene, methane and acetaldehyde were the main compounds present at engine exhaust while methane, acetaldehyde and ethanol were the main compounds in tailpipe emissions for ethanol fuels after the catalyst operation.

Species Composition and Fire: Non-Additive Mixture Effects on Ground Fuel Flammability

PubMed Central

van Altena, Cassandra; van Logtestijn, Richard S. P.; Cornwell, William K.; Cornelissen, Johannes H. C.

2012-01-01

Diversity effects on many aspects of ecosystem function have been well documented. However, fire is an exception: fire experiments have mainly included single species, bulk litter, or vegetation, and, as such, the role of diversity as a determinant of flammability, a crucial aspect of ecosystem function, is poorly understood. This study is the first to experimentally test whether flammability characteristics of two-species mixtures are non-additive, i.e., differ from expected flammability based on the component species in monospecific fuel. In standardized fire experiments on ground fuels, including monospecific fuels and mixtures of five contrasting subarctic plant fuel types in a controlled laboratory environment, we measured flame speed, flame duration, and maximum temperature. Broadly half of the mixture combinations showed non-additive effects for these flammability indicators; these were mainly enhanced dominance effects for temporal dynamics – fire speed and duration. Fuel types with the more flammable value for a characteristic determined the rate of fire speed and duration of the whole mixture; in contrast, maximum temperature of the fire was determined by the biomass-weighted mean of the mixture. These results suggest that ecological invasions by highly flammable species may have effects on ground-fire dynamics well out of proportion to their biomass. PMID:22639656

Inhaled Diesel Emissions Generated with Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle Fuel Additive Induce Adverse Pulmonary and Systemic Effects

EPA Science Inventory

Diesel exhaust (DE) exposure induces adverse cardiopulmonary effects. Cerium oxide nanoparticles added to diesel fuel (DECe) increases fuel burning efficiency but leads to altered emission characteristics and potentially altered health effects. Here, we evaluated whether DECe res...

Assessment of Mexico's program to use ethanol as transportation fuel: impact of 6% ethanol-blended fuel on emissions of light-duty gasoline vehicles.

PubMed

Schifter, Isaac; Díaz, Luis; Rodríguez, Rene; Salazar, Lucia

2011-02-01

Recently, the Mexican government launched a national program encouraging the blending of renewable fuels in engine fuel. To aid the assessment of the environmental consequences of this move, the effect of gasoline fuel additives, ethanol and methyl tert-butyl ether, on the tailpipe and the evaporative emissions of Mexico sold cars was investigated. Regulated exhaust and evaporative emissions, such as carbon monoxide, non-methane hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides, and 15 unregulated emissions were measured under various conditions on a set of 2005-2008 model light-duty vehicles selected based on sales statistics for the Mexico City metropolitan area provided by car manufacturers. The selected car brands are also frequent in Canada, the USA, and other parts of the world. This paper provides details and results of the experiment that are essential for evaluation of changes in the emission inventory, originating in the low-blend ethanol addition in light vehicle fuel.

Electric Power Quarterly, July-September 1984

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1985-01-01

The Electric Power Quarterly (EPQ) provides electric utilities' plant-level information about the cost, quantity, and quality of fossil fuel receipts, net generation, fuel consumption, and fuel stocks. The EPQ contains monthly data and quarterly totals for the reporting quarter. In this report, data collected on Form EIA-759 regarding electric utilities' net generation, fuel consumption, and fuel stocks are presented on a plant-by-plant basis. In addition, quantity, cost, and quality of fossil fuel receipts collected on the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Form 423 are presented on a plant-by-plant basis.

Electric Power Quarterly, October-December 1984

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1985-04-01

The Electric Power Quarterly (EPQ) provides electric utilities' plant-level information about the cost, quantity, and quality of fossil fuel receipts, net generation, fuel consumption, and fuel stocks. The EPQ contains monthly data and quarterly totals for the reporting quarter. In this report, data collected on Form EIA-759 regarding electric utilities' net generation, fuel consumption, and fuel stocks are presented on a plant-by-plant basis. In addition, quantity, cost, and quality of fossil fuel receipts collected on the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Form 423 are presented on a plant-by-plant basis.

Feasibility of Technologies to Produce Coal-Based Fuels with Equal or Lower Greenhouse Gas Emissions than Petroleum Fuels

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-22

the commercial viability of CTL fuels depends on coal being significantly cheaper than crude oil on an energy basis. Additionally, current...1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 P ro d u ct S u p p li ed (M il li o n B a rr el s p er D a y ) Residual Fuel Oil Liquified Petroleum Gases Kerosene...Type Jet Fuel Finished Motor Gasoline Distillate Fuel Oil Aviation Gasoline 4 Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 2 effectively prohibits

Method and apparatus for close packing of nuclear fuel assemblies

DOEpatents

Newman, Darrell F.

1993-01-01

The apparatus of the present invention is a plate of neutron absorbing material. The plate may have a releasable locking feature permitting the plate to be secured within a nuclear fuel assembly between nuclear fuel rods during storage or transportation then removed for further use or destruction. The method of the present invention has the step of placing a plate of neutron absorbing material between nuclear fuel rods within a nuclear fuel assembly, preferably between the two outermost columns of nuclear fuel rods. Additionally, the plate may be releasably locked in place.

Method and apparatus for close packing of nuclear fuel assemblies

DOEpatents

Newman, D.F.

1993-03-30

The apparatus of the present invention is a plate of neutron absorbing material. The plate may have a releasable locking feature permitting the plate to be secured within a nuclear fuel assembly between nuclear fuel rods during storage or transportation then removed for further use or destruction. The method of the present invention has the step of placing a plate of neutron absorbing material between nuclear fuel rods within a nuclear fuel assembly, preferably between the two outermost columns of nuclear fuel rods. Additionally, the plate may be releasably locked in place.

Deposit formation and heat transfer in hydrocarbon rocket fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Giovanetti, A. J.; Spadaccini, L. J.; Szetela, E. J.

1983-01-01

An experimental research program was undertaken to investigate the thermal stability and heat transfer characteristics of several hydrocarbon fuels under conditions that simulate high-pressure, rocket engine cooling systems. The rates of carbon deposition in heated copper and nickel-plated copper tubes were determined for RP-1, propane, and natural gas using a continuous flow test apparatus which permitted independent variation and evaluation of the effect on deposit formation of wall temperature, fuel pressure, and fuel velocity. In addition, the effects of fuel additives and contaminants, cryogenic fuel temperatures, and extended duration testing with intermittent operation were examined. Parametric tests to map the thermal stability characteristics of RP-1, commercial-grade propane, and natural gas were conducted at pressures of 6.9 to 13.8 MPa, bulk fuel velocities of 30 to 90 m/s, and tube wall temperatures in the range of 230 to 810 K. Also, tests were run in which propane and natural gas fuels were chilled to 230 and 160 K, respectively. Corrosion of the copper tube surface was detected for all fuels tested. Plating the inside of the copper tubes with nickel reduced deposit formation and eliminated tube corrosion in most cases. The lowest rates of carbon deposition were obtained for natural gas, and the highest rates were obtained for propane. For all fuels tested, the forced-convection heat transfer film coefficients were satisfactorily correlated using a Nusselt-Reynolds-Prandtl number equation.

Exploring the Relationship Between Octane Sensitivity and Heat-of-Vaporization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sluder, C. Scott; Szybist, James P.; McCormick, Robert L.

2016-04-05

The latent heat-of-vaporization (HoV) of blends of biofuel and hydrocarbon components into gasolines has recently experienced expanded interest because of the potential for increased HoV to increase fuel knock resistance in direct-injection (DI) engines. Several studies have been conducted, with some studies identifying an additional anti-knock benefit from HoV and others failing to arrive at the same conclusion. Consideration of these studies holistically shows that they can be grouped according to the level of fuel octane sensitivity variation within their fuel matrices. When comparing fuels of different octane sensitivity significant additional anti-knock benefits associated with HoV are sometimes observed. Studiesmore » that fix the octane sensitivity find that HoV does not produce additional anti-knock benefit. New studies were performed at ORNL and NREL to further investigate the relationship between HoV and octane sensitivity. Three fuels were formulated for the ORNL study with matched RON and octane sensitivity, but with differing HoV. Experiments with these fuels in a 1.6-liter GTDI engine showed that the fuels exhibited very similar combustion phasing under knock-limited spark advance (KLSA) conditions. Fuels having a range of RON, octane sensitivity, and HoV were tested at NREL in a single-cylinder GDI engine under conditions where octane sensitivity has little effect on knock resistance. KLSA was found to be well correlated with RON. These results reinforce the concept that HoV anti-knock effects can be viewed as a contributor to octane sensitivity. From this viewpoint, HoV effects manifest themselves as increases in octane sensitivity.« less

Behaviour of conductivity improvers in jet fuel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dacre, B.; Hetherington, J.I.

1995-05-01

Dangerous accumulation of electrostatic charge can occur due to high speed pumping and microfiltration of fuel. This can be avoided by increasing the electrical conductivity of the fuel using conductivity improver additives. However, marked variations occur in the conductivity response of different fuels when doped to the same level with conductivity improver. This has been attributed to interactions of the conductivity improver with other fuel additives or fuel contaminants. The present work concentrates on the effects of fuel contaminants, in particular polar compounds, on the performance of the conductivity improver. Conductivity is the fuel property of prime interest. The conductivitymore » response of model systems of the conductivity improver STADIS 450 in dodecane has been measured and the effect on this conductivity of additions of model polar contaminants sodium naphthenate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate, and sodium phenate have been measured. The sodium salts have been found to have a complex effect on the performance of STADIS 450, reducing the conductivity at low concentrations to a minimum value and then increasing the conductivity at high concentrations of sodium salts. This work has focused on characterising this minimum in the conductivity values and on understanding the reason for its occurrence. The effects on the minimum conductivity value of the following parameters are investigated: (a) time, (b) STADIS 450 concentration, (c) sodium salt concentration, (d) mixed sodium salts, (e) experimental method, (f) a phenol, (g) individual components of STADIS 450. The complex conductivity response of the STADIS 450 to sodium salt impurities is discussed in terms of possible inter-molecular interactions.« less

Synthesis of biodiesel fuel additives from glycerol using green chemistry and supercritical fluids

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

For every 3 moles of fatty acid esters produced, 1 mole of glycerol remains, ~11% of the biodiesel volume. One new method of glycerol use could be as a biodiesel fuel additive/extender using eco-friendly heterogeneous catalysts and supercritical fluids (SFs). SFs have advantages such as greater diff...

40 CFR 80.1035 - What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline toxics compliance applicable to refiners...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... requirements for gasoline toxics compliance applicable to refiners and importers? 80.1035 Section 80.1035... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Toxics Attest Engagements § 80.1035 What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline toxics compliance applicable to refiners and importers? In addition to the...

40 CFR 80.415 - What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? 80.415 Section 80.415... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Attest Engagements § 80.415 What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? In addition to the...

40 CFR 80.415 - What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? 80.415 Section 80.415... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Attest Engagements § 80.415 What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? In addition to the...

40 CFR 80.1035 - What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline toxics compliance applicable to refiners...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... requirements for gasoline toxics compliance applicable to refiners and importers? 80.1035 Section 80.1035... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Toxics Attest Engagements § 80.1035 What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline toxics compliance applicable to refiners and importers? In addition to the...

40 CFR 80.415 - What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? 80.415 Section 80.415... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Attest Engagements § 80.415 What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? In addition to the...

40 CFR 80.415 - What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? 80.415 Section 80.415... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Attest Engagements § 80.415 What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? In addition to the...

40 CFR 80.415 - What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? 80.415 Section 80.415... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Attest Engagements § 80.415 What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline sulfur compliance applicable to refiners and importers? In addition to the...

40 CFR 80.1035 - What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline toxics compliance applicable to refiners...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... requirements for gasoline toxics compliance applicable to refiners and importers? 80.1035 Section 80.1035... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Toxics Attest Engagements § 80.1035 What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline toxics compliance applicable to refiners and importers? In addition to the...

40 CFR 80.1035 - What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline toxics compliance applicable to refiners...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... requirements for gasoline toxics compliance applicable to refiners and importers? 80.1035 Section 80.1035... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Toxics Attest Engagements § 80.1035 What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline toxics compliance applicable to refiners and importers? In addition to the...

40 CFR 80.1035 - What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline toxics compliance applicable to refiners...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... requirements for gasoline toxics compliance applicable to refiners and importers? 80.1035 Section 80.1035... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Toxics Attest Engagements § 80.1035 What are the attest engagement requirements for gasoline toxics compliance applicable to refiners and importers? In addition to the...

Effect of Oxygen addition on altitude blowout and relight of an experimental combustor segment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Norgren, C. T.; Ingebo, R. D.

1974-01-01

The effect of oxygen addition on the low pressure altitude blowout limits of an experimental combustor segment was investigated. Data were obtained for two inlet-air temperatures, two inlet-airflow rates, and a constant fuel-air ratio of 0.020 with Jet A fuel. It was shown that the pressure at blowout could be reduced to correspond to an increase in altitude of 4.6 kilometers with oxygen flow rates of 8 to 16 percent by weight of the total fuel flow.

Acute Dermal Irritation Study In New Zealand White Rabbits: Four Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK) Alternative Jet Fuels Compared With Petroleum-Derived JP-8

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-09-19

Biofuels AB; the original formula (SB ATJ SPK (old)) and the current version (SB ATJ SPK (new)) were both tested. A score of moderately irritating, as...10021 with additives). The remaining two ATJ SPK fuels were produced by Swedish Biofuels AB (Stockholm); the original formula (SB ATJ SPK (old), POSF...original formula , SB ATJ SPK (old) (POSF 5668 (alone); 10234 with additives) was provided for testing in 2010. The aromatic content of this fuel consists

Combustion and Heat Transfer Studies Utilizing Advanced Diagnostics: Fuels Research

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-11-01

octanol ), through the addition of additives to typical JP-8. Fuel and ketone (2- octanone ) were added to the fuel, and the Pri~F-2827 is a non-hydx-o-treated...40.97 propylbenzene 59. 41.30 propynylbenzene 60. 42.02 3,4-dimethyl2,5-furnandione 61. 42.43 1- octanol ? 62. 42.69 I-phenylethanone 63. 42.76 ? 64...23. 17.47 3-methylcyclopentanone 24. 19.51 2-heptanone 25. 19.86 cyclohexanone 26. 20.56 Incomplete MS, pentyl acetate? 27. 22.43 2- octanone 11 0 CD

Alternate-Fueled Flight: Halophytes, Algae, Bio-, and Synthetic Fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hendricks, R. C.

2012-01-01

Synthetic and biomass fueling are now considered to be near-term aviation alternate fueling. The major impediment is a secure sustainable supply of these fuels at reasonable cost. However, biomass fueling raises major concerns related to uses of common food crops and grasses (some also called "weeds") for processing into aviation fuels. These issues are addressed, and then halophytes and algae are shown to be better suited as sources of aerospace fuels and transportation fueling in general. Some of the history related to alternate fuels use is provided as a guideline for current and planned alternate fuels testing (ground and flight) with emphasis on biofuel blends. It is also noted that lessons learned from terrestrial fueling are applicable to space missions. These materials represent an update (to 2009) and additions to the Workshop on Alternate Fueling Sustainable Supply and Halophyte Summit at Twinsburg, Ohio, October 17 to 18, 2007.

Alternate-Fueled Flight: Halophytes, Algae, Bio-, and Synthetic Fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hendricks, R. C.

2007-01-01

Synthetic and biomass fueling are now considered to be near-term aviation alternate fueling. The major impediment is a secure sustainable supply of these fuels at reasonable cost. However, biomass fueling raises major concerns related to uses of common food crops and grasses (some also called "weeds") for processing into aviation fuels. These issues are addressed, and then halophytes and algae are shown to be better suited as sources of aerospace fuels and transportation fueling in general. Some of the history related to alternate fuels use is provided as a guideline for current and planned alternate fuels testing (ground and flight) with emphasis on biofuel blends. It is also noted that lessons learned from terrestrial fueling are applicable to space missions. These materials represent an update and additions to the Workshop on Alternate Fueling Sustainable Supply and Halophyte Summit at Twinsburg, OH, Oct. 17 to 18, 2007 (ref. 1).

Influences of Fuel Additive, Crude Palm and Waste Cooking Oil on Emission Characteristics of Small Diesel Engine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khalid, Amir; Jaat, Norrizam; Manshoor, Bukhari; Zaman, Izzuddin; Sapit, Azwan; Razali, Azahari; Basharie, Mariam

2017-08-01

Major research has been conducted on the use of input products, such as rapeseed, canola, soybean, sunflower oil, waste cooking oil (WCO), crude palm oil (CPO) and crude jatropha oil as alternative fuels. Biodiesel is renewable, biodegradable and oxygenated, where it can be easily adopted by current existing conventional diesel engine without any major modification of the engine. To meet the future performance and emission regulations, is urged to improve the performance and exhaust emissions from biodiesel fuels. Hence, further investigation have been carried out on the emission characteristics of small diesel engine that fuelled by variant blending ratio of WCO and CPO with booster additive. For each of the biodiesel blends ratio from 5 to 15 percent volume which are WCO5, WCO10 and WCO15 for WCO biodiesel and CPO5, CPO10 and CPO15 for CPO biodiesel. The exhaust emissions were measured at engine speeds varied at 2000 rpm and 2500 rpm with different booster additive volume DRA (biodiesel without additive), DRB (0.2 ml) and DRC (0.4 ml). Emissions characteristics that had been measured were Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), and smoke opacity. The results showed that increased of blending ratio with booster additive volume significantly decreased the CO emission, while increased in NOx and CO2 due to changes of fuel characteristics in biodiesel fuel blends.

40 CFR 80.92 - Baseline auditor requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Baseline auditor requirements. 80.92... (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Anti-Dumping § 80.92 Baseline auditor requirements. (a... determination methodology, resulting baseline fuel parameter, volume and emissions values verified by an auditor...

40 CFR 600.507-08 - Running change data requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for Determining Manufacturer's Average Fuel Economy and Manufacturer's Average Carbon-Related Exhaust Emissions § 600.507-08... manufacturer shall submit additional running change fuel economy data as specified in paragraph (b) of this...

40 CFR 79.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... combustion or other chemical or physical reaction. (d) Fuel manufacturer means any person who, for sale or... the chemical composition of a bulk fuel, or the mixture of chemical compounds in a bulk fuel, by... the highest concentration, the lowest concentration, and the average concentration of an additive in a...

40 CFR 79.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... combustion or other chemical or physical reaction. (d) Fuel manufacturer means any person who, for sale or... the chemical composition of a bulk fuel, or the mixture of chemical compounds in a bulk fuel, by... the highest concentration, the lowest concentration, and the average concentration of an additive in a...

40 CFR 79.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... combustion or other chemical or physical reaction. (d) Fuel manufacturer means any person who, for sale or... the chemical composition of a bulk fuel, or the mixture of chemical compounds in a bulk fuel, by... the highest concentration, the lowest concentration, and the average concentration of an additive in a...

77 FR 1319 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2012 Renewable Fuel Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-09

... of the Domestic Aggregate Compliance Approach E. Assessment of the Canadian Aggregate Compliance Approach II. Projection of Cellulosic Volume and Assessment of Biomass-Based Diesel and Advanced Biofuel... Price for Cellulosic Biofuel Waiver Credits B. Assessment of the Domestic Aggregate Compliance Approach...

Request for Correction 12001 Analyses Associated with the Impact of Biofuels

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Request for Correction #11001 by the Competitive Enterprise Institute and ActionAid USA regarding the impacts of biofuel mandates on global hunger and mortality in the EPA's Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Changes to Renewable Fuel Standard Program, 40 CFR Part 80.

GENERIC VERIFICATION PROTOCOL FOR DETERMINATION OF EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS OBTAINED BY USE OF ALTERNATIVE OR REFORMULATED LIQUID FUELS, FUEL ADDITIVES, FUEL EMULSIONS AND LUBRICANTS FOR HIGHWAY AND NONROAD USE DISEL ENGINES AND LIGHT DUTY GASOLINE ENGINES AND VEHICLES

EPA Science Inventory

This report sets standards by which the emissions reduction provided by fuel and lubricant technologies can be tested and be tested in a comparable way. It is a generic protocol under the Environmental Technology Verification program.

EXFILE: A program for compiling irradiation data on UN and UC fuel pins

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mayer, J. T.; Smith, R. L.; Weinstein, M. B.; Davison, H. W.

1973-01-01

A FORTRAN-4 computer program for handling fuel pin data is described. Its main features include standardized output, easy access for data manipulation, and tabulation of important material property data. An additional feature allows simplified preparation of input decks for a fuel swelling computer code (CYGRO-2). Data from over 300 high temperature nitride and carbide based fuel pin irradiations are listed.

Fuel Tank Technology

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-11-01

the high risk of fuel cells damaging as a consequence of the unfolding and refolding operations. - Difficulties to perform acceptance inspection tests...corners sometimes present in the structures. (See FIG. 6, 7, 8). - Additional installation costs and risk of damaging due to fuel cells anchoring...performed manually by very complex tying operations. (See. FIG. 9). - Risk of damaging of the thicker reinforced zones of the flexible fuel cells where

Swelling-resistant nuclear fuel

DOEpatents

Arsenlis, Athanasios [Hayward, CA; Satcher, Jr., Joe; Kucheyev, Sergei O [Oakland, CA

2011-12-27

A nuclear fuel according to one embodiment includes an assembly of nuclear fuel particles; and continuous open channels defined between at least some of the nuclear fuel particles, wherein the channels are characterized as allowing fission gasses produced in an interior of the assembly to escape from the interior of the assembly to an exterior thereof without causing significant swelling of the assembly. Additional embodiments, including methods, are also presented.

Micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cells for micro-combined heat and power systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Milcarek, Ryan J.; Wang, Kang; Falkenstein-Smith, Ryan L.; Ahn, Jeongmin

2016-02-01

Currently the role of fuel cells in future power generation is being examined, tested and discussed. However, implementing systems is more difficult because of sealing challenges, slow start-up and complex thermal management and fuel processing. A novel furnace system with a flame-assisted fuel cell is proposed that combines the thermal management and fuel processing systems by utilizing fuel-rich combustion. In addition, the flame-assisted fuel cell furnace is a micro-combined heat and power system, which can produce electricity for homes or businesses, providing resilience during power disruption while still providing heat. A micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cell achieves a significant performance of 430 mW cm-2 operating in a model fuel-rich exhaust stream.

Effect [of] co-combustion of sewage sludge and biomass on combustion behavior and emissions in pulverized fuel systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Spliethoff, H.; Hein, K.R.G.

1999-07-01

Biomass not only has a considerable potential as an additional fuel source but also shows a reasonable cost level in comparison to other renewable energies. The practicable fuel types are both residual material from forestry and agriculture, such as wood or straw, and especially cultivated reproducible feedstock such as Miscanthus Sinensis, whole cereal plants, poplars, or willows. Besides as single fuel, it is also considered to be sensible to utilize biomass in co-combustion in existing firing systems, such as pc-fired power stations. Biomass or sewage sludge utilized as additional fuel in coal combustion systems has consequences on combustion behavior, emissions,more » corrosion and residual matter. The effects of burning sewage sludge and agricultural residuals such as straw and manure as well as specially grown energy plants in combination with coal were studied in a 0.5 MW pulverized fuel test facility and a 20 kW electrically heated combustor. A major aspect of the investigations had been the required preparation and milling of the additional fuels. The investigations showed that in co-combustion of straw with coal, a grinding of 6 mm and finer is sufficient. The definitely coarser milling degree of biomass delays combustion and is observable by in-flame measurements. The investigations reveal that biomass addition has a positive effect on emissions. Since biomass in most cases contains considerably less sulphur than coal, an increasing biomass share in the thermal output makes the SO{sub 2} emissions decrease proportionally. In addition, SO{sub 2} can partly be captured in the ash by the alkaline-earth fractions of the biomass ash. As for sewage sludge, the emissions of SO{sub 2} correlate with the sulphur content of the fuel and, hence, rise with an increasing share of this biomass. Independently from the type, biomass shows a considerably stronger release of volatile matter. This latter fact may have a positive impact on NOx emissions when NOx-reducing techniques are applied. Within the framework of these investigations the following configurations were used: (1) unstaged combustion with preblending of coal and biomass, (2) air-staged combustion with preblending of coal and biomass, (3) reburning with biomass as reduction fuel, and (4) various burner configurations. The results show that the burner design and operation mode have a great influence on the NOx emissions of combined flames. Air staging and reburning are effective measures to reduce the NOx emissions of combined fuels. NOx emissions smaller than 300 mg/m at 6% O{sub 2} can be reached with all fuels.« less

Electric power quarterly, April-June 1987

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1987-10-13

The EPQ presents monthly summaries of electric utility statistics at the national, divisional, state, company, and plant levels on the following subjects: quantity of fuel, cost of fuel, quality of fuel, net generation, fuel consumption, fuel stocks. In addition, the EPQ presents a quarterly summary of reported major disturbances and unusual occurrences. These data are collected on the Form IE-417R. Every electric utility engaged in the generation, transmission, or distribution of electric energy must file a report with DOE if it experiences a major power system emergency.

Electric power quarterly, July-September 1987

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1988-01-22

The EPQ presents monthly summaries of electric utility statistics at the national, divisional, state, company, and plant levels on the following subjects: quantity of fuel, cost of fuel, quality of fuel, net generation, fuel consumption, fuel stocks. In addition, the EPQ presents a quarterly summary of reported major disturbances and unusual occurrences. These data are collected on the Form IE-417R. Every electric utility engaged in the generation, transmission, or distribution of electric energy must file a report with DOE if it experiences a major power system emergency.

Combustor oscillation attenuation via the control of fuel-supply line dynamics

DOEpatents

Richards, George A.; Gemmen, Randall S.

1998-01-01

Combustion oscillation control in combustion systems using hydrocarbon fuels is provided by acoustically tuning a fuel-delivery line to a desired phase of the combustion oscillations for providing a pulse of a fuel-rich region at the oscillating flame front at each time when the oscillation produced pressure in the combustion chamber is in a low pressure phase. The additional heat release produced by burning such fuel-rich regions during low combustion chamber pressure effectively attenuates the combustion oscillations to a selected value.

Comparison of advanced turboprop and turbofan airplanes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, V. S.

1983-01-01

Results of a parametric study to determine the effects of design variables and penalties on the fuel efficiency of Mach 0.8, 125-passenger, advanced turboprop airplanes show that propeller-wing interference penalty has a major effect. Propeller tip speed has a minor effect, and could be decreased to alleviate the noise problem without significant effects on fuel efficiency. The anticipated noise levels produced by the propfan will require additional acoustical treatment for the fuselage; this additional weight can have a significant effect on fuel efficiency. The propfan advantage over an equivalent technology turbofan is strongly dependent on the interference penalty and acoustical treatment weight. Lowering the cruise Mach number to around 0.73 would result in greatly increased fuel efficiency.

Connections for solid oxide fuel cells

DOEpatents

Collie, Jeffrey C.

1999-01-01

A connection for fuel cell assemblies is disclosed. The connection includes compliant members connected to individual fuel cells and a rigid member connected to the compliant members. Adjacent bundles or modules of fuel cells are connected together by mechanically joining their rigid members. The compliant/rigid connection permits construction of generator fuel cell stacks from basic modular groups of cells of any desired size. The connections can be made prior to installation of the fuel cells in a generator, thereby eliminating the need for in-situ completion of the connections. In addition to allowing pre-fabrication, the compliant/rigid connections also simplify removal and replacement of sections of a generator fuel cell stack.

Oil cooling system for a gas turbine engine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Coffinberry, G. A.; Kast, H. B. (Inventor)

1977-01-01

A gas turbine engine fuel delivery and control system is provided with means to recirculate all fuel in excess fuel control requirements back to the aircraft fuel tank. This increases the fuel pump heat sink and decreases the pump temperature rise without the addition of valving other than normally employed. A fuel/oil heat exchanger and associated circuitry is provided to maintain the hot engine oil in heat exchange relationship with the cool engine fuel. Where anti-icing of the fuel filter is required, means are provided to maintain the fuel temperature entering the filter at or above a minimum level to prevent freezing thereof. In one embodiment, a divider valve is provided to take all excess fuel from either upstream or downstream of the fuel filter and route it back to the tanks, the ratio of upstream to downstream extraction being a function of fuel pump discharge pressure.

Multi-stage fuel cell system method and apparatus

DOEpatents

George, Thomas J.; Smith, William C.

2000-01-01

A high efficiency, multi-stage fuel cell system method and apparatus is provided. The fuel cell system is comprised of multiple fuel cell stages, whereby the temperatures of the fuel and oxidant gas streams and the percentage of fuel consumed in each stage are controlled to optimize fuel cell system efficiency. The stages are connected in a serial, flow-through arrangement such that the oxidant gas and fuel gas flowing through an upstream stage is conducted directly into the next adjacent downstream stage. The fuel cell stages are further arranged such that unspent fuel and oxidant laden gases too hot to continue within an upstream stage because of material constraints are conducted into a subsequent downstream stage which comprises a similar cell configuration, however, which is constructed from materials having a higher heat tolerance and designed to meet higher thermal demands. In addition, fuel is underutilized in each stage, resulting in a higher overall fuel cell system efficiency.

40 CFR 86.1829-15 - Durability and emission testing requirements; waivers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...). (f) For electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles, manufacturers may provide a statement in the...) Manufacturers may omit PM measurements for fuel economy and GHG testing conducted in addition to the testing... the application for certification that vehicles comply with the fuel dispensing spitback standard...

Fuel Cells | Climate Neutral Research Campuses | NREL

Science.gov Websites

to develop fuel cells on campus. Does your campus support telecommunications networks where there is captures waste heat to generate hot water. Additionally, the exhaust carbon dioxide is routed to an energy conversion calculation methodologies. U.S. Department of Energy - Fuel Cell Animation: Provides an

40 CFR 79.5 - Periodic reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Periodic reporting requirements. 79.5...) REGISTRATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES General Provisions § 79.5 Periodic reporting requirements. (a) Fuel... table: Table 1 to § 79.5—Quarterly Reporting Deadlines Calendar quarter Time period covered Quartely...

40 CFR 69.52 - Non-motor vehicle diesel fuel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... heating oil shall include the language specified in 40 CFR 80.590(a) applicable to undyed diesel fuel for the appropriate sulfur level, and the following additional language as applicable: (1) For exempt NRLM... motor vehicle diesel fuel shall contain the following language for the applicable sulfur level and time...

Safety and Regulatory Issues of the Thorium Fuel Cycle

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ade, Brian; Worrall, Andrew; Powers, Jeffrey

2014-02-01

Thorium has been widely considered an alternative to uranium fuel because of its relatively large natural abundance and its ability to breed fissile fuel (233U) from natural thorium (232Th). Possible scenarios for using thorium in the nuclear fuel cycle include use in different nuclear reactor types (light water, high temperature gas cooled, fast spectrum sodium, molten salt, etc.), advanced accelerator-driven systems, or even fission-fusion hybrid systems. The most likely near-term application of thorium in the United States is in currently operating light water reactors (LWRs). This use is primarily based on concepts that mix thorium with uranium (UO2 + ThO2),more » add fertile thorium (ThO2) fuel pins to LWR fuel assemblies, or use mixed plutonium and thorium (PuO2 + ThO2) fuel assemblies. The addition of thorium to currently operating LWRs would result in a number of different phenomenological impacts on the nuclear fuel. Thorium and its irradiation products have nuclear characteristics that are different from those of uranium. In addition, ThO2, alone or mixed with UO2 fuel, leads to different chemical and physical properties of the fuel. These aspects are key to reactor safety-related issues. The primary objectives of this report are to summarize historical, current, and proposed uses of thorium in nuclear reactors; provide some important properties of thorium fuel; perform qualitative and quantitative evaluations of both in-reactor and out-of-reactor safety issues and requirements specific to a thorium-based fuel cycle for current LWR reactor designs; and identify key knowledge gaps and technical issues that need to be addressed for the licensing of thorium LWR fuel in the United States.« less

76 FR 17019 - List of Approved Spent Fuel Storage Casks: HI-STORM Flood/Wind Addition

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-28

... Storage Casks: HI-STORM Flood/Wind Addition AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ACTION: Direct final... regulations to add the HI-STORM Flood/Wind cask system to the ``List of Approved Spent Fuel Storage Casks... cask designs. Discussion This rule will add the Holtec HI-STORM Flood/Wind (FW) cask system to the list...

76 FR 20501 - Airworthiness Directives; Fokker Services B.V. Model F.27 Mark 050 Airplanes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-13

... regulations revealed that, if chafing occurs between the Fuel Quantity Probe (FQP) and the probe wiring, with..., if chafing occurs between the Fuel Quantity Probe (FQP) and the probe wiring, with additional factors... Quantity Probe (FQP) and the probe wiring, with additional factors, this may result in an ignition source...

Proposed Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Federal Volatility Control Program in the Denver-Boulder-Greeley-Ft. Collins-Loveland, Colorado, 1997 8-Hour Ozone Nonattainment Area Additional Resources

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Federal Register and fact sheet for EPA's proposed rule which would extend the federal summertime low volatility requirements to those portions of the Denver-Boulder-Greeley-Fort Collins-Loveland, Colorado, 1997 8-hour Ozone Nonattainment area are here.

Application of bicyclic and cage compounds

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Clark, R. D.; Archuleta, B. S.

1976-01-01

The results of a literature survey of the field of bicyclic and cage compounds were presented, with the objective of identifying those types of compounds with unusual physical and chemical stability, and determining what practical applications have been found for these compounds. Major applications have been as polymers, polymer additives, medicinals, and pesticides. Lesser applications have included fuels, fuel additives, lubricants, lubricant additives, and perfumes. Several areas where further work might be useful were also outlined; these are primarily in the areas of polymers, polymer additives, medicinals, and synthetic lubricants.

To Recycle or Not to Recycle? An Intergenerational Approach to Nuclear Fuel Cycles

PubMed Central

Kloosterman, Jan Leen

2007-01-01

This paper approaches the choice between the open and closed nuclear fuel cycles as a matter of intergenerational justice, by revealing the value conflicts in the production of nuclear energy. The closed fuel cycle improve sustainability in terms of the supply certainty of uranium and involves less long-term radiological risks and proliferation concerns. However, it compromises short-term public health and safety and security, due to the separation of plutonium. The trade-offs in nuclear energy are reducible to a chief trade-off between the present and the future. To what extent should we take care of our produced nuclear waste and to what extent should we accept additional risks to the present generation, in order to diminish the exposure of future generation to those risks? The advocates of the open fuel cycle should explain why they are willing to transfer all the risks for a very long period of time (200,000 years) to future generations. In addition, supporters of the closed fuel cycle should underpin their acceptance of additional risks to the present generation and make the actual reduction of risk to the future plausible. PMID:18075732

To recycle or not to recycle? An intergenerational approach to nuclear fuel cycles.

PubMed

Taebi, Behnam; Kloosterman, Jan Leen

2008-06-01

This paper approaches the choice between the open and closed nuclear fuel cycles as a matter of intergenerational justice, by revealing the value conflicts in the production of nuclear energy. The closed fuel cycle improve sustainability in terms of the supply certainty of uranium and involves less long-term radiological risks and proliferation concerns. However, it compromises short-term public health and safety and security, due to the separation of plutonium. The trade-offs in nuclear energy are reducible to a chief trade-off between the present and the future. To what extent should we take care of our produced nuclear waste and to what extent should we accept additional risks to the present generation, in order to diminish the exposure of future generation to those risks? The advocates of the open fuel cycle should explain why they are willing to transfer all the risks for a very long period of time (200,000 years) to future generations. In addition, supporters of the closed fuel cycle should underpin their acceptance of additional risks to the present generation and make the actual reduction of risk to the future plausible.

Electric Power Quarterly, October-December 1985. [Glossary

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1986-05-05

The Electric Power Quarterly (EPQ) provides information on electric utilities at the plant level. The information concerns the following: cost, quantity, and quality of fossil fuel receipts; net generation; fuel consumption; and fuel stocks. The EPQ contains monthly data and quarterly totals for the reporting quarter. Data collected on Form EIA-759 regarding electric utilities' net generation, fuel consumption, and fuel stocks are presented on a plant-by-plant basis. In addition, quantity, cost, and quality of fossil fuel receipts collected on the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Form 423 are presented on a plant-by-plant basis.

Electric Power Quarterly, January-March 1986

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1986-07-21

The ''Electric Power Quarterly (EPQ)'' provides information on electric utilities at the plant level. The information concerns the following: cost, quantity, and quality of fossil fuel receipts; net generation; fuel consumption; and fuel stocks. The ''EPQ'' contains monthly data and quarterly totals for the reporting quarter. In this report, data collected on Form EIA-759 regarding electric utilities' net generation, fuel consumption, and fuel stocks are presented on a plant-by-plant basis. In addition, quantity, cost, and quality of fossil fuel receipts collected on the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Form 423 are presented on a plant-by-plant basis.

Between-cycle laser system for depressurization and resealing of modified design nuclear fuel assemblies

DOEpatents

Bradley, John G.

1982-01-01

A laser beam is used to puncture fuel cladding for release of contained pressurized fission gas from plenum sections or irradiated fuel pins. Exhausted fission gases are collected and trapped for safe disposal. The laser beam, adjusted to welding mode, is subsequently used to reseal the puncture holes. The fuel assembly is returned to additional irradiation or, if at end of reactivity lifetime, is routed to reprocess. The fuel assembly design provides graded cladding lengths, by rows or arrays, such that the cladding of each component fuel element of the assembly is accessible to laser beam reception.

DEMONSTRATION OF LONG-TERM STORAGE CAPABILITY FOR SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL IN L BASIN

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sindelar, R.; Deible, R.

2011-04-27

The U.S. Department of Energy decisions for the ultimate disposition of its inventory of used nuclear fuel presently in, and to be received and stored in, the L Basin at the Savannah River Site, and schedule for project execution have not been established. A logical decision timeframe for the DOE is following the review of the overall options for fuel management and disposition by the Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future (BRC). The focus of the BRC review is commercial fuel; however, the BRC has included the DOE fuel inventory in their review. Even though the final report bymore » the BRC to the U.S. Department of Energy is expected in January 2012, no timetable has been established for decisions by the U.S. Department of Energy on alternatives selection. Furthermore, with the imminent lay-up and potential closure of H-canyon, no ready path for fuel disposition would be available, and new technologies and/or facilities would need to be established. The fuel inventory in wet storage in the 3.375 million gallon L Basin is primarily aluminum-clad, aluminum-based fuel of the Materials Test Reactor equivalent design. An inventory of non-aluminum-clad fuel of various designs is also stored in L Basin. Safe storage of fuel in wet storage mandates several high-level 'safety functions' that would be provided by the Structures, Systems, and Components (SSCs) of the storage system. A large inventory of aluminum-clad, aluminum-based spent nuclear fuel, and other nonaluminum fuel owned by the U.S. Department of Energy is in wet storage in L Basin at the Savannah River Site. An evaluation of the present condition of the fuel, and the Structures, Systems, or Components (SSCs) necessary for its wet storage, and the present programs and storage practices for fuel management have been performed. Activities necessary to validate the technical bases for, and verify the condition of the fuel and the SSCs under long-term wet storage have also been identified. The overall conclusion is that the fuel can be stored in L Basin, meeting general safety functions for fuel storage, for an additional 50 years and possibly beyond contingent upon continuation of existing fuel management activities and several augmented program activities. It is concluded that the technical bases and well-founded technologies have been established to store spent nuclear fuel in the L Basin. Methodologies to evaluate the fuel condition and characteristics, and systems to prepare fuel, isolate damaged fuel, and maintain water quality storage conditions have been established. Basin structural analyses have been performed against present NPH criteria. The aluminum fuel storage experience to date, supported by the understanding of the effects of environmental variables on materials performance, demonstrates that storage systems that minimize degradation and provide full retrievability of the fuel up to and greater than 50 additional years will require maintaining the present management programs, and with the recommended augmented/additional activities in this report.« less

Enhanced catalyst for converting synthesis gas to liquid motor fuels

DOEpatents

Coughlin, Peter K.

1986-01-01

The conversion of synthesis gas to liquid molar fuels by means of a cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalyst composition is enhanced by the addition of molybdenum, tungsten or a combination thereof as an additional component of said composition. The presence of the additive component increases the olefinic content of the hydrocarbon products produced. The catalyst composition can advantageously include a support component, such as a molecular sieve, co-catalyst/support component or a combination of such support components.

Binder Jetting: A Novel Solid Oxide Fuel-Cell Fabrication Process and Evaluation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Manogharan, Guha; Kioko, Meshack; Linkous, Clovis

2015-03-01

With an ever-growing concern to find a more efficient and less polluting means of producing electricity, fuel cells have constantly been of great interest. Fuel cells electrochemically convert chemical energy directly into electricity and heat without resorting to combustion/mechanical cycling. This article studies the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), which is a high-temperature (100°C to 1000°C) ceramic cell made from all solid-state components and can operate under a wide range of fuel sources such as hydrogen, methanol, gasoline, diesel, and gasified coal. Traditionally, SOFCs are fabricated using processes such as tape casting, calendaring, extrusion, and warm pressing for substrate support, followed by screen printing, slurry coating, spray techniques, vapor deposition, and sputter techniques, which have limited control in substrate microstructure. In this article, the feasibility of engineering the porosity and configuration of an SOFC via an additive manufacturing (AM) method known as binder jet printing was explored. The anode, cathode and oxygen ion-conducting electrolyte layers were fabricated through AM sequentially as a complete fuel cell unit. The cell performance was measured in two modes: (I) as an electrolytic oxygen pump and (II) as a galvanic electricity generator using hydrogen gas as the fuel. An analysis on influence of porosity was performed through SEM studies and permeability testing. An additional study on fuel cell material composition was conducted to verify the effects of binder jetting through SEM-EDS. Electrical discharge of the AM fabricated SOFC and nonlinearity of permeability tests show that, with additional work, the porosity of the cell can be modified for optimal performance at operating flow and temperature conditions.

Standardized verification of fuel cycle modeling

DOE PAGES

Feng, B.; Dixon, B.; Sunny, E.; ...

2016-04-05

A nuclear fuel cycle systems modeling and code-to-code comparison effort was coordinated across multiple national laboratories to verify the tools needed to perform fuel cycle analyses of the transition from a once-through nuclear fuel cycle to a sustainable potential future fuel cycle. For this verification study, a simplified example transition scenario was developed to serve as a test case for the four systems codes involved (DYMOND, VISION, ORION, and MARKAL), each used by a different laboratory participant. In addition, all participants produced spreadsheet solutions for the test case to check all the mass flows and reactor/facility profiles on a year-by-yearmore » basis throughout the simulation period. The test case specifications describe a transition from the current US fleet of light water reactors to a future fleet of sodium-cooled fast reactors that continuously recycle transuranic elements as fuel. After several initial coordinated modeling and calculation attempts, it was revealed that most of the differences in code results were not due to different code algorithms or calculation approaches, but due to different interpretations of the input specifications among the analysts. Therefore, the specifications for the test case itself were iteratively updated to remove ambiguity and to help calibrate interpretations. In addition, a few corrections and modifications were made to the codes as well, which led to excellent agreement between all codes and spreadsheets for this test case. Although no fuel cycle transition analysis codes matched the spreadsheet results exactly, all remaining differences in the results were due to fundamental differences in code structure and/or were thoroughly explained. As a result, the specifications and example results are provided so that they can be used to verify additional codes in the future for such fuel cycle transition scenarios.« less

Predicting the effects of nanoscale cerium additives in diesel fuel on regional-scale air quality.

PubMed

Erdakos, Garnet B; Bhave, Prakash V; Pouliot, George A; Simon, Heather; Mathur, Rohit

2014-11-04

Diesel vehicles are a major source of air pollutant emissions. Fuel additives containing nanoparticulate cerium (nCe) are currently being used in some diesel vehicles to improve fuel efficiency. These fuel additives also reduce fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions and alter the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and hydrocarbon (HC) species, including several hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). To predict their net effect on regional air quality, we review the emissions literature and develop a multipollutant inventory for a hypothetical scenario in which nCe additives are used in all on-road and nonroad diesel vehicles. We apply the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to a domain covering the eastern U.S. for a summer and a winter period. Model calculations suggest modest decreases of average PM2.5 concentrations and relatively larger decreases in particulate elemental carbon. The nCe additives also have an effect on 8 h maximum ozone in summer. Variable effects on HAPs are predicted. The total U.S. emissions of fine-particulate cerium are estimated to increase 25-fold and result in elevated levels of airborne cerium (up to 22 ng/m3), which might adversely impact human health and the environment.

Combustion performance and exhaust emissions fuelled with non-surfactant water-in-diesel emulsion fuel made from different water sources.

PubMed

Ahmad, Mohamad Azrin; Yahya, Wira Jazair; Ithnin, Ahmad Muhsin; Hasannuddin, A K; Bakar, Muhammad Aiman Abu; Fatah, Abdul Yasser Abd; Sidik, Nor Azwadi Che; Noge, Hirofumi

2018-06-14

Non-surfactant water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (NWD) is an alternative fuel that has the potential to reduce major exhaust emissions while simultaneously improving the combustion performance of a diesel engine. NWD comprises of diesel fuel and water (about 5% in volume) without any additional surfactants. This emulsion fuel is produced through an in-line mixing system that is installed very close to the diesel engine. This study focuses mainly on the performance and emission of diesel engine fuelled with NWD made from different water sources. The engine used in this study is a direct injection diesel engine with loads varying from 1 to 4 kW. The result shows that NWD made from tap water helps the engine to reduce nitrogen oxide (NO x ) by 32%. Rainwater reduced it by 29% and seawater by 19%. In addition, all NWDs show significant improvements in engine performance as compared to diesel fuel, especially in the specific fuel consumption that indicates an average reduction of 6%. It is observed that all NWDs show compelling positive effects on engine performance, which is caused by the optimum water droplet size inside NWD.

Size distribution, chemical composition, and hygroscopicity of fine particles emitted from an oil-fired heating plant.

PubMed

Happonen, Matti; Mylläri, Fanni; Karjalainen, Panu; Frey, Anna; Saarikoski, Sanna; Carbone, Samara; Hillamo, Risto; Pirjola, Liisa; Häyrinen, Anna; Kytömäki, Jorma; Niemi, Jarkko V; Keskinen, Jorma; Rönkkö, Topi

2013-12-17

Heavy fuel oil (HFO) is a commonly used fuel in industrial heating and power generation and for large marine vessels. In this study, the fine particle emissions of a 47 MW oil-fired boiler were studied at 30 MW power and with three different fuels. The studied fuels were HFO, water emulsion of HFO, and water emulsion of HFO mixed with light fuel oil (LFO). With all the fuels, the boiler emitted considerable amounts of particles smaller than 200 nm in diameter. Further, these small particles were quite hygroscopic even as fresh and, in the case of HFO+LFO emulsion, the hygroscopic growth of the particles was dependent on particle size. The use of emulsions and the addition of LFO to the fuel had a reducing effect on the hygroscopic growth of particles. The use of emulsions lowered the sulfate content of the smallest particles but did not affect significantly the sulfate content of particles larger than 42 nm and, further, the addition of LFO considerably increased the black carbon content of particulate matter. The results indicate that even the fine particles emitted from HFO based combustion can have a significant effect on cloud formation, visibility, and air quality.

Oil cooling system for a gas turbine engine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Coffinberry, G. A.; Kast, H. B. (Inventor)

1977-01-01

A gas turbine engine fuel delivery and control system is provided with means to recirculate all fuel in excess of fuel control requirements back to aircraft fuel tank, thereby increasing the fuel pump heat sink and decreasing the pump temperature rise without the addition of valving other than that normally employed. A fuel/oil heat exchanger and associated circuitry is provided to maintain the hot engine oil in heat exchange relationship with the cool engine fuel. Where anti-icing of the fuel filter is required, means are provided to maintain the fuel temperature entering the filter at or above a minimum level to prevent freezing thereof. Fluid circuitry is provided to route hot engine oil through a plurality of heat exchangers disposed within the system to provide for selective cooling of the oil.

Spray combustion modeling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bellan, J.

1997-01-01

Concern over the future availability of high quality liquid fuels or use in furnaces and boilers prompted the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) to consider alternate fuels as replacements for the high grade liquid fuels used in the 1970's and 1980's. Alternate fuels were defined to be combinations of a large percentage of viscous, low volatility fuels resulting from the low end of distillation mixed with a small percentage of relatively low viscosity, high volatility fuels yielded by the high end of distillation. The addition of high volatility fuels was meant to promote desirable characteristics to a fuel that would otherwise be difficult to atomize and burn and whose combustion would yield a high amount of pollutants. Several questions thus needed to be answered before alternate fuels became commercially viable. These questions were related to fuel atomization, evaporation, ignition, combustion and pollutant formation. This final report describes the results of the most significant studies on ignition and combustion of alternative fuels.

Grove Medal Address - investing in the fuel cell business

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rasul, Firoz

Successful commercialization of fuel cells will require significant investment. To attract this funding, the objective must be commercially driven and the financing will have to be viewed as an investment in the business of fuel cells rather than just the funding of technology development. With the recent advancements in fuel cells and demonstrations of fuel cell power systems in stationary and transport applications, an industry has begun to emerge and it is attracting the attention of institutional and corporate investors, in addition to the traditional government funding. Although, the strategic importance of fuel cells as a versatile, efficient and cleaner power source of the future as well as an `engine' for economic growth and job creation has now been understood by several governments, major corporations have just begun to recognize the enormous potential of the fuel cell for it to become as ubiquitous for electrical power as the microprocessor has become for computing power. Viewed as a business, fuel cells must meet the commercial requirements of price competitiveness, productivity enhancement, performance and reliability, in addition to environmental friendliness. As fuel cell-based products exhibit commercial advantages over conventional power sources, the potential for higher profits and superior returns will attract the magnitude of investment needed to finance the development of products for the varied applications, the establishment of high volume manufacturing capabilities, and the creation of appropriate fuel and service infrastructures for these new products based on a revolutionary technology. Today, the fuel cell industry is well-positioned to offer the investing public opportunities to reap substantial returns through their participation at this early stage of growth of the industry.

Pyroprocessing of Light Water Reactor Spent Fuels Based on an Electrochemical Reduction Technology

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ohta, Hirokazu; Inoue, Tadashi; Sakamura, Yoshiharu

A concept of pyroprocessing light water reactor (LWR) spent fuels based on an electrochemical reduction technology is proposed, and the material balance of the processing of mixed oxide (MOX) or high-burnup uranium oxide (UO{sub 2}) spent fuel is evaluated. Furthermore, a burnup analysis for metal fuel fast breeder reactors (FBRs) is conducted on low-decontamination materials recovered by pyroprocessing. In the case of processing MOX spent fuel (40 GWd/t), UO{sub 2} is separately collected for {approx}60 wt% of the spent fuel in advance of the electrochemical reduction step, and the product recovered through the rare earth (RE) removal step, which hasmore » the composition uranium:plutonium:minor actinides:fission products (FPs) = 76.4:18.4:1.7:3.5, can be applied as an ingredient of FBR metal fuel without a further decontamination process. On the other hand, the electroreduced alloy of high-burnup UO{sub 2} spent fuel (48 GWd/t) requires further decontamination of residual FPs by an additional process such as electrorefining even if RE FPs are removed from the alloy because the recovered plutonium (Pu) is accompanied by almost the same amount of FPs in addition to RE. However, the amount of treated materials in the electrorefining step is reduced to {approx}10 wt% of the total spent fuel owing to the prior UO{sub 2} recovery step. These results reveal that the application of electrochemical reduction technology to LWR spent oxide fuel is a promising concept for providing FBR metal fuel by a rationalized process.« less

Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: A Systematic Approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Passerini, Stefano

For decades, nuclear energy development was based on the expectation that recycling of the fissionable materials in the used fuel from today's light water reactors into advanced (fast) reactors would be implemented as soon as technically feasible in order to extend the nuclear fuel resources. More recently, arguments have been made for deployment of fast reactors in order to reduce the amount of higher actinides, hence the longevity of radioactivity, in the materials destined to a geologic repository. The cost of the fast reactors, together with concerns about the proliferation of the technology of extraction of plutonium from used LWR fuel as well as the large investments in construction of reprocessing facilities have been the basis for arguments to defer the introduction of recycling technologies in many countries including the US. In this thesis, the impacts of alternative reactor technologies on the fuel cycle are assessed. Additionally, metrics to characterize the fuel cycles and systematic approaches to using them to optimize the fuel cycle are presented. The fuel cycle options of the 2010 MIT fuel cycle study are re-examined in light of the expected slower rate of growth in nuclear energy today, using the CAFCA (Code for Advanced Fuel Cycle Analysis). The Once Through Cycle (OTC) is considered as the base-line case, while advanced technologies with fuel recycling characterize the alternative fuel cycle options available in the future. The options include limited recycling in L WRs and full recycling in fast reactors and in high conversion LWRs. Fast reactor technologies studied include both oxide and metal fueled reactors. Additional fuel cycle scenarios presented for the first time in this work assume the deployment of innovative recycling reactor technologies such as the Reduced Moderation Boiling Water Reactors and Uranium-235 initiated Fast Reactors. A sensitivity study focused on system and technology parameters of interest has been conducted to test the robustness of the conclusions presented in the MIT Fuel Cycle Study. These conclusions are found to still hold, even when considering alternative technologies and different sets of simulation assumptions. Additionally, a first of a kind optimization scheme for the nuclear fuel cycle analysis is proposed and the applications of such an optimization are discussed. Optimization metrics of interest for different stakeholders in the fuel cycle (economics, fuel resource utilization, high level waste, transuranics/proliferation management, and environmental impact) are utilized for two different optimization techniques: a linear one and a stochastic one. Stakeholder elicitation provided sets of relative weights for the identified metrics appropriate to each stakeholder group, which were then successfully used to arrive at optimum fuel cycle configurations for recycling technologies. The stochastic optimization tool, based on a genetic algorithm, was used to identify non-inferior solutions according to Pareto's dominance approach to optimization. The main tradeoff for fuel cycle optimization was found to be between economics and most of the other identified metrics. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, libraries.mit.edu/docs - docs mit.edu)

Analysis and optimization of chlorocarbon incineration through use of a detailed reaction mechanism

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ho, W.; Booty, M.R.; Magee, R.S.

1995-12-01

Chemical species profiles are calculated by using a detailed reaction mechanism and a reactor code that simulates a well-mixed, three-zone incineration process. The chemical systems include CH{sub 3}Cl/CH{sub 4} and CH{sub 2}Cl{sub 2}/CH{sub 4} oxidation in air at fuel equivalence ratios {phi} from 0.8 to 1.1, with additives injected at downstream positions. Combustion is characterized for temperature, principal organic hazardous constituent (POHC), and product of incomplete combustion (PIC) levels. Major PICs comprise Cl, CL{sub 2}, CO, HOCl, and COCl{sub 2} and are calculated versus time, temperature, fuel equivalence ratio, and feed conditions. Steam, H{sub 2}O{sub 2}, O{sub 2}, air, andmore » other species are injected as additives in the burnout region to discern changes i the combustion chemistry. Steam addition improves or decreases the CO/CO{sub 2} ratio at an additive mole fraction of 0.1. Atomic Cl is the active radical species of highest concentration in the initial high-temperature reaction zone when CH{sub 3}Cl is the POHC at a feed concentration above 1,200 ppm and {phi} {le} 1. Cl{sub 2} is found to be a major PIC under fuel-lean and stoichiometric conditions, while CO is a major PIC under fuel-rich conditions. Reduction of combined CO and Cl{sub 2} levels in the incinerator stack effluent is achieved by operation at stoichiometric conditions or slightly fuel-lean with the controlled addition of high-temperature steam.« less