EPA Finalizes Voluntary Quality Assurance Plan for Renewable Fuel Standard Program

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The rule finalizes a voluntary third-party quality assurance program option for RINs that regulated parties may exercise as a supplement to the “buyer beware” liability as prescribed under existing regulations.

NREL Engineer Robert McCormick Named SAE Fellow | News | NREL

Science.gov Websites

standards. His research has included studies on biodiesel chemistry effects that led to the development of ASTM fuel quality standards and research into oxygenate chemical structure effects on gasoline

Forty years of improvements in European air quality: the role of EU policy-industry interplay

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crippa, M.; Janssens-Maenhout, G.; Dentener, F.; Guizzardi, D.; Sindelarova, K.; Muntean, M.; Van Dingenen, R.; Granier, C.

2015-07-01

The EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) v4.3 global anthropogenic emissions inventory of several gaseous (SO2, NOx, CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and NH3) and particulate (PM10, PM2.5, black and organic carbon (BC and OC)) air pollutants for the period 1970-2010 is used to develop retrospective air pollution emission scenarios to quantify the roles and contributions of changes in fuels consumption, technology, end-of-pipe emission reduction measures and their resulting impact on health and crop yields. This database presents changes in activity data, fuels and air pollution abatement technology for the past 4 decades, using international statistics and following guidelines for bottom-up emission inventory at the Tier 1 and Tier 2 levels with region-specific default values. With two further retrospective scenarios we assess (1) the impact of the technology and end-of-pipe (EOP) reduction measures in the European Union (EU) by considering a stagnation of technology with constant emission factors from 1970 and with no further abatement measures and improvement in European emissions standards, but fuel consumption occurring at historical pace, and (2) the impact of increased fuel consumption by considering unchanged energy use with constant fuel consumption since 1970, but technological development and end-of-pipe reductions. Our scenario analysis focuses on the three most important and most regulated sectors (power generation, the manufacturing industry and road transport), which are subject of multi-pollutant EU Air Quality regulations. If technology and European EOP reduction measures had stagnated at 1970 levels, EU air quality in 2010 would have suffered from 129 % higher SO2, 71 % higher NOx and 69 % higher PM2.5 emissions, demonstrating the large role of technology in reducing emissions in 2010. However, if fuel consumption had remained constant starting in 1970, the EU would have benefited from current technology and emission control standards, with reductions in NOx by even 13 % more. Such further savings are not observed for SO2 and PM2.5. If the EU consumed the same amount of fuels as in 1970 but with the current technology and emission control standards, then the emissions of SO2 and PM2.5 would be 42 % respectively 10 % higher. This scenario shows the importance for air quality of abandoning heavy residual fuel oil and shifting fuel types (from, e.g., coal to gas) in the EU. A reduced-form TM5-FASST (Fast Screening Scenario Tool based on the global chemical Transport Model 5) is applied to calculate regional and global levels of aerosol and ozone concentrations and to assess the impact of air quality improvements on human health and crop yield loss, showing substantial impacts of export of EU technologies and standards to other world regions.

Harmonisation of microbial sampling and testing methods for distillate fuels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hill, G.C.; Hill, E.C.

1995-05-01

Increased incidence of microbial infection in distillate fuels has led to a demand for organisations such as the Institute of Petroleum to propose standards for microbiological quality, based on numbers of viable microbial colony forming units. Variations in quality requirements, and in the spoilage significance of contaminating microbes plus a tendency for temporal and spatial changes in the distribution of microbes, makes such standards difficult to implement. The problem is compounded by a diversity in the procedures employed for sampling and testing for microbial contamination and in the interpretation of the data obtained. The following paper reviews these problems andmore » describes the efforts of The Institute of Petroleum Microbiology Fuels Group to address these issues and in particular to bring about harmonisation of sampling and testing methods. The benefits and drawbacks of available test methods, both laboratory based and on-site, are discussed.« less

Modeling of lead air pollution. [Baton Rouge, Louisiana

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Monteith, C.S.; Henry, J.M.

1982-05-01

A study was performed to determine whether vehicular emissions should be included with industrial emissions when demonstrating attainment of the ambient air quality standard for lead. The impact on ambient lead concentrations of the phaseout of leaded gasoline and improved automobile fuel economy was examined by modeling vehicular emissions for 1972 and 1978. Results show that while automobiles in the Baton Rouge area were a significant source of lead in 1972, the phaseout of leaded gasoline and the increase in fuel economy have resulted in a lower contribution (0.20 ..mu..g/m/sup 3/) by automobiles to the ambient lead concentration in 1978.more » The areas having the greatest potential for exceeding the ambient air quality standard can be identified using CDM (EPA's Climatological Dispersion Model). This information can be used to determine the optimal location for an ambient air monitor to demonstrate compliance with the ambient air quality standard. 9 references, 4 figures, 5 tables. (JMT)« less

Investigation of Physical and Chemical Delay Periods of Different Fuels in the Ignition Quality Tester (IQT)

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-11-03

International Standard, “ Diesel engines ------ Calibrating nozzle, delay pintle type”. ISO 4010: 1998 (E). (1998). [29] Bogin, G., Dean, A. M., G...tested were ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD), jet propellant-8 (JP-8), two synthetic fuels of Sasol IPK and F-T SPK (S-8). A comparison was made between...1. Introduction The autoignition of fuel-air mixtures in diesel engines has a strong impact on combustion, performance, fuel economy and

Quality Assurance Plans under the Renewable Fuel Standard Program

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Quality Assurance Plan or (QAP) is a voluntary program where independent third-parties may audit and verify that RINs have been properly generated and are valid for compliance purposes. RINs verified under a QAP may be purchased by regulated parties.

AIR STRIPPING AND OFF-GAS ADSORPTION FOR THE REMOVAL OF MTBE FROM DRINKING WATER

EPA Science Inventory

Methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is a synthetic organic chemical, primarily used for oxgenating fuel. The 1990 Federal Clean Air Act Amendments mandated the use of fuel oxgenates in areas where air quality did not meet national standards, which led to widespread use of MTBE in...

Progress Toward Quality Assurance Standards for Advanced Hydrocarbon Fuels Based on Thermal Performance Testing and Chemometric Modeling

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-15

axial direction; v – fluid velocity; Twc – wall temperature; Tb – fuel bulk temperature; q″ – heat flux ; ρ – fluid density. INTRODUCTION In...and cyclic paraffins ] and distribution are not. Chromatograms demonstrating RP compositional variability are shown in Fig. 2 alongside aviation

Water quality assessment of bioenergy production

Treesearch

Rocio Diaz-Chavez; Goran Berndes; Dan Neary; Andre Elia Neto; Mamadou Fall

2011-01-01

Water quality is a measurement of the biological, chemical, and physical characteristics of water against certain standards set to ensure ecological and/or human health. Biomass production and conversion to fuels and electricity can impact water quality in lakes, rivers, and aquifers with consequences for aquatic ecosystem health and also human water uses. Depending on...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The first part covers standards for gaseous fuels. The standard part covers standards on coal and coke including the classification of coals, determination of major elements in coal ash and trace elements in coal, metallurgical properties of coal and coke, methods of analysis of coal and coke, petrographic analysis of coal and coke, physical characteristics of coal, quality assurance and sampling.

40 CFR 80.1611 - Standards and requirements for certified ethanol denaturant.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... certified ethanol denaturant. 80.1611 Section 80.1611 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION....1611 Standards and requirements for certified ethanol denaturant. Producers and importers of ethanol denaturant that is suitable for the manufacture of denatured fuel ethanol (DFE) meeting federal quality...

75 FR 26121 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Alternative Affirmative Defense Requirements for Ultra...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-11

...EPA is issuing a direct final rule to amend the diesel sulfur regulations to allow refiners, importers, distributors, and retailers of highway diesel fuel the option to use an alternative affirmative defense if the Agency finds highway diesel fuel samples above the specified sulfur standard at retail facilities. This alternative defense consists of a comprehensive program of quality assurance sampling and testing that would cover all participating companies that produce and/or distribute highway diesel fuel if certain other conditions are met. The sampling and testing program would be carried out by an independent surveyor. The program would be conducted pursuant to a survey plan approved by EPA that is designed to achieve the same objectives as the current regulatory quality assurance requirement. This rule also amends the gasoline benzene regulations to allow disqualified small refiners the same opportunity to generate gasoline benzene credits as that afforded to non-small refiners.

77 FR 3681 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Minnesota; Regional Haze

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-25

... approach in the BART Guidelines in making a BART determination for a fossil fuel-fired EGU with total... ammonia (NH 3 ), and volatile organic compound (VOCs). Fine particle precursors react in the atmosphere to... standards, low sulfur fuel, and non-road mobile source control programs. The fourth step is to determine...

Environmental and Sustainable Technology Evaluations (ESTE): Verification of Fuel Characteristics and Emissions from Biomass-fired Boilers 09/2008

EPA Science Inventory

This is an ESTE project summary brief. With increasing concern about climate change and fossil fuel energy supplies, there continues to be an interest in biomass as a renewable and sustainable energy source. EPA’s Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards has expressed an int...

76 FR 10249 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Texas; Revisions To Control...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-24

... Container rule as an ozone control strategy from the Texas SIP for the Control of Ozone Air Pollution. In the submittal, Texas demonstrates that Federal portable fuel container standards promulgated by EPA in... Portable Fuel Container Regulations IV. What is the effect of this action? V. Final Action VI. Statutory...

Enhancing the properties of Fischer-Tropsch fuel produced from syngas over Co/SiO2 catalyst: Lubricity and Calorific Value

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Doustdar, O.; Wyszynski, M. L.; Mahmoudi, H.; Tsolakis, A.

2016-09-01

Bio-fuel produced from renewable sources is considered the most viable alternatives for the replacement of mineral diesel fuel in compression ignition engines. There are several options for biomass derived fuels production involving chemical, biological and thermochemical processes. One of the best options is Fischer Tropsch Synthesis, which has an extensive history of gasoline and diesel production from coal and natural gas. FTS fuel could be one of the best solutions to the fuel emission due to its high quality. FTS experiments were carried out in 16 different operation conditions. Mini structured vertical downdraft fixed bed reactor was used for the FTS. Instead of Biomass gasification, a simulated N2 -rich syngas cylinder of, 33% H2 and 50% N2 was used. FT fuels products were analyzed in GCMS to find the hydrocarbon distributions of FT fuel. Calorific value and lubricity of liquid FT product were measured and compared with commercial diesel fuel. Lubricity has become an important quality, particularly for biodiesel, due to higher pressures in new diesel fuel injection (DFI) technology which demands better lubrication from the fuel and calorific value which is amount of energy released in combustion paly very important role in CI engines. Results show that prepared FT fuel has desirable properties and it complies with standard values. FT samples lubricities as measured by ASTM D6079 standard vary from 286μm (HFRR scar diameter) to 417μm which are less than limit of 520μm. Net Calorific value for FT fuels vary from 9.89 MJ/kg to 43.29 MJ/kg, with six of the samples less than EN 14213 limit of 35MJ/kg. Effect of reaction condition on FT fuel properties was investigated which illustrates that in higher pressure Fischer-Tropsch reaction condition liquid product has better properties.

Data Mining Methods Applied to Flight Operations Quality Assurance Data: A Comparison to Standard Statistical Methods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stolzer, Alan J.; Halford, Carl

2007-01-01

In a previous study, multiple regression techniques were applied to Flight Operations Quality Assurance-derived data to develop parsimonious model(s) for fuel consumption on the Boeing 757 airplane. The present study examined several data mining algorithms, including neural networks, on the fuel consumption problem and compared them to the multiple regression results obtained earlier. Using regression methods, parsimonious models were obtained that explained approximately 85% of the variation in fuel flow. In general data mining methods were more effective in predicting fuel consumption. Classification and Regression Tree methods reported correlation coefficients of .91 to .92, and General Linear Models and Multilayer Perceptron neural networks reported correlation coefficients of about .99. These data mining models show great promise for use in further examining large FOQA databases for operational and safety improvements.

Tailoring fiber grating sensors for assessment of highly refractive fuels.

PubMed

Kawano, Marianne Sumie; Heidemann, Bárbara Rutyna; Cardoso, Tárik Kaiel Machado; Possetti, Gustavo Rafael Collere; Kamikawachi, Ricardo Canute; Muller, Marcia; Fabris, José Luís

2012-04-20

Three approaches that allow the tailoring of long period gratings based refractometric sensors for concentration measurement in fuel blends are employed to assess the fuel quality in biodiesel and biodiesel-petrodiesel blend. To allow the analysis of fuel samples with refractive index higher than fiber cladding one, the samples refractive indices were changed by thermo-optic effect and by dilution in a standard substance with low refractive index. The obtained results show the sensor can detect oil concentration in biodiesel samples with resolution as better as 0.07% and biodiesel concentration in biodiesel-petrodiesel samples with average resolution of 0.09%.

Air Quality Impacts of Increased Use of Ethanol under the United States' Energy Independence and Security Act

EPA Science Inventory

Increased use of ethanol in the United States fuel supply will impact emissions and ambient concentrations of greenhouse gases, “criteria” pollutants for which the U. S. EPA sets ambient air quality standards, and a variety of air toxic compounds. This paper focuses on impacts of...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The first part covers standards for gaseous fuels. The second part covers standards on coal and coke including the classification of coals, determination of major elements in coal ash and trace elements in coal, metallurgical properties of coal and coke, methods of analysis of coal and coke, petrogrpahic analysis of coal and coke, physical characteristics of coal, quality assurance and sampling.

European emission, fuel quality regs tighten--

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1989-12-18

Emission regulations and fuel quality requirements will tighten as Europe enters the 1990s. The stiffer emission regulations, particularly in those nations in the European Economic Community (EEC), will more closely resemble those already in effect in the U.S. and Japan. Nations not in the EEC, particularly Austria, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, and Finland, are also formulating rules that adopt the 1983 U.S. emission standards. Rules and tax incentives have also been introduced to encourage the use of unleaded gasoline in EEC member countries. Details of some of the emission rules for both EEC member and non-member countries are discussed.

Production of bio-jet fuel from microalgae

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elmoraghy, Marian

The increase in petroleum-based aviation fuel consumption, the decrease in petroleum resources, the fluctuation of the crude oil price, the increase in greenhouse gas emission and the need for energy security are motivating the development of an alternate jet fuel. Bio-jet fuel has to be a drop in fuel, technically and economically feasible, environmentally friendly, greener than jet fuel, produced locally and low gallon per Btu. Bic jet fuel has been produced by blending petro-based jet fuel with microalgae biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, or simply FAME). Indoor microalgae growth, lipids extraction and transetrification to biodiesel are energy and fresh water intensive and time consuming. In addition, the quality of the biodiesel product and the physical properties of the bio-jet fuel blends are unknown. This work addressed these challenges. Minimizing the energy requirements and making microalgae growth process greener were accomplished by replacing fluorescent lights with light emitting diodes (LEDs). Reducing fresh water footprint in algae growth was accomplished by waste water use. Microalgae biodiesel production time was reduced using the one-step (in-situ transestrification) process. Yields up to 56.82 mg FAME/g dry algae were obtained. Predicted physical properties of in-situ FAME satisfied European and American standards confirming its quality. Lipid triggering by nitrogen deprivation was accomplished in order to increase the FAME production. Bio-jet fuel freezing points and heating values were measured for different jet fuel to biodiesel blend ratios.

Biodiesel Fuel Quality and the ASTM Biodiesel Standard

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Biodiesel is usually produced from vegetable oils, animal fats and used cooking oils with alternative feedstocks such as algae receiving increasing interest. The transesterification reaction which produces biodiesel also produces glycerol and proceeds stepwise via mono- and diacylglycerol intermedi...

Biodiesel Fuel Quality and the ASTM Standard

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Biodiesel is usually produced from vegetable oils, animal fats and used cooking oils with alternative feedstocks such as algae receiving increasing interest. The transesterification reaction which produces biodiesel also produces glycerol and proceeds stepwise via mono- and diacylglycerol intermedia...

Environmental Assessment of Biofuel Options

EPA Science Inventory

The EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality is responsible for administering the Second Renewable Fuels Standard under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. The progress of these efforts and the associated environmental impacts are assessed in the Triennial Biof...

Evaluation of fuel injection configurations to control carbon and soot formation in small GT combustors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rosfjord, T. J.; Briehl, D.

1982-01-01

An experimental program to investigate hardware configurations which attempt to minimize carbon formation and soot production without sacrificing performance in small gas turbine combustors has been conducted at the United Technologies Research Center. Four fuel injectors, embodying either airblast atomization, pressure atomization, or fuel vaporization techniques, were combined with nozzle air swirlers and injector sheaths, and evaluated at test conditions which included and extended beyond standard small gas turbine combustor operation. Extensive testing was accomplished with configurations embodying either a spill return or a T-vaporizer injector. Minimal carbon deposits were observed on the spill return nozzle for tests using either Jet A or ERBS test fuel. A more extensive film of soft carbon was observed on the vaporizer after operation at standard engine conditions, with large carbonaceous growths forming on the device during off-design operation at low combustor inlet temperature. Test results indicated that smoke emission levels depended on the combustor fluid mechanics (especially the mixing rates near the injector), the atomization quality of the injector and the fuel hydrogen content.

The characteristics of performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using a biodiesel with antioxidants.

PubMed

Ryu, Kyunghyun

2010-01-01

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of antioxidants on the oxidation stability of biodiesel fuel, the engine performance and the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine. Biodiesel fuel used in the study was derived from soybean oil. The results show that the efficiency of antioxidants is in the order TBHQ>PrG>BHA>BHT>alpha-tocopherol. The oxidative stability of biodiesel fuel attained the 6-h quality standard with 100 ppm TBHQ and with 300 ppm PrG in biodiesel fuel. Combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in diesel engine were not influenced by the addition of antioxidants in biodiesel fuel. The BSFC of biodiesel fuel with antioxidants decreased more than that of biodiesel fuel without antioxidants, but no trends were observed according to the type or amount of antioxidant. Antioxidants had few effects on the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine running on biodiesel.

Anaerobic biodegradation of diesel fuel-contaminated wastewater in a fluidized bed reactor.

PubMed

Cuenca, M Alvarez; Vezuli, J; Lohi, A; Upreti, S R

2006-06-01

Diesel fuel spills have a major impact on the quality of groundwater. In this work, the performance of an Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor (AFBR) treating synthetic wastewater is experimentally evaluated. The wastewater comprises tap water containing 100, 200 and 300 mg/L of diesel fuel and nutrients. Granular, inert, activated carbon particles are employed to provide support for biomass inside the reactor where diesel fuel is the sole source of carbon for anaerobic microorganisms. For different rates of organic loading, the AFBR performance is evaluated in terms of the removal of diesel fuel as well as chemical oxygen demand (COD) from wastewater. For the aforementioned diesel fuel concentrations and a wastewater flow rate of 1,200 L/day, the COD removal ranges between 61.9 and 84.1%. The concentration of diesel fuel in the effluent is less than 50 mg/L, and meets the Level II groundwater standards of the MUST guidelines of Alberta.

Best Technical Approach for the Petroleum Quality Analysis (PQA) System

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-08-01

two test methods for determination of water content in a fuel. The Karl Fischer titration method (ASTM D 1744) measures for total water, both...difficult to automate. ASTM D 664, "Standard Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration," is simple to automate...release. distribution unlimnied 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 2C3 words) Recent U.S. militar-y operations have identified a need for improved methods of fuel and

Impact of policy on greenhouse gas emissions and economics of biodiesel production.

PubMed

Olivetti, Elsa; Gülşen, Ece; Malça, João; Castanheira, Erica; Freire, Fausto; Dias, Luis; Kirchain, Randolph

2014-07-01

As an alternative transportation fuel to petrodiesel, biodiesel has been promoted within national energy portfolio targets across the world. Early estimations of low lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of biodiesel were a driver behind extensive government support in the form of financial incentives for the industry. However, studies consistently report a high degree of uncertainty in these emissions estimates, raising questions concerning the carbon benefits of biodiesel. Furthermore, the implications of feedstock blending on GHG emissions uncertainty have not been explicitly addressed despite broad practice by the industry to meet fuel quality standards and to control costs. This work investigated the impact of feedstock blending on the characteristics of biodiesel by using a chance-constrained (CC) blend optimization method. The objective of the optimization is minimization of feedstock costs subject to fuel standards and emissions constraints. Results indicate that blending can be used to manage GHG emissions uncertainty characteristics of biodiesel, and to achieve cost reductions through feedstock diversification. Simulations suggest that emissions control policies that restrict the use of certain feedstocks based on their GHG estimates overlook blending practices and benefits, increasing the cost of biodiesel. In contrast, emissions control policies which recognize the multifeedstock nature of biodiesel provide producers with feedstock selection flexibility, enabling them to manage their blend portfolios cost effectively, potentially without compromising fuel quality or emissions reductions.

Development of alternative sulfur dioxide control strategies for a metropolitan area and its environs, utilizing a modified climatological dispersion model

Treesearch

K. J. Skipka; D. B. Smith

1977-01-01

Alternative control strategies were developed for achieving compliance with ambient air quality standards in Portland, Maine, and its environs, using a modified climatological dispersion model (CDM) and manipulating the sulfur content of the fuel oil consumed in four concentric zones. Strategies were evaluated for their impact on ambient air quality, economics, and...

Alternative Renewable Biomass Tracking Program Document under the Renewable Fuel Standard Program

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The approval letters that EPA approves a company's biomass tracking program meeting all the requirements outlined in 40 CFR part 80.1454, including elements determined necessary to achieve the level of quality assurance required under the regulation list.

Economics of power plant siting in southeastern New England. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gates, J.M.; Meade, N.F.; Sutinen, J.G.

1974-06-01

The four major topics are discussed, i.e. demand and supply of electrical energy in the SENE region; the economics of expanding supply of and managing demand for electrical energy in SENE; the economics of locating power plants; and the economic implications of fifteen alternative power plant sites. The major sources of demand in the SENE region are Boston and Providence. Fossil fuel expansions in these areas will have to contend with higher fuel prices in the future and strict air quality standards. This will create incentives for fossil fuel facilities in outlying communities and for coastal nuclear plants where adequatemore » cooling water exists. Considerations affecting the choice of sites are: public health and safety; environmental quality and zero emissions; resistance on the part of land owners to sell sites for power plants; and local regulations on transmission lines.« less

Recent progress on biomass co-pyrolysis conversion into high-quality bio-oil.

PubMed

Hassan, H; Lim, J K; Hameed, B H

2016-12-01

Co-pyrolysis of biomass with abundantly available materials could be an economical method for production of bio-fuels. However, elimination of oxygenated compounds poses a considerable challenge. Catalytic co-pyrolysis is another potential technique for upgrading bio-oils for application as liquid fuels in standard engines. This technique promotes the production of high-quality bio-oil through acid catalyzed reduction of oxygenated compounds and mutagenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons. This work aims to review and summarize research progress on co-pyrolysis and catalytic co-pyrolysis, as well as their benefits on enhancement of bio-oils derived from biomass. This review focuses on the potential of plastic wastes and coal materials as co-feed in co-pyrolysis to produce valuable liquid fuel. This paper also proposes future directions for using this technique to obtain high yields of bio-oils. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Findings and Recommendations from the NIST Workshop on Alternative Fuels and Materials: Biocorrosion

PubMed Central

Mansfield, Elisabeth; Sowards, Jeffrey W.; Crookes-Goodson, Wendy J.

2015-01-01

In 2013, the Applied Chemicals and Materials Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) hosted a workshop to identify and prioritize research needs in the area of biocorrosion. Materials used to store and distribute alternative fuels have experienced an increase in corrosion due to the unique conditions caused by the presence of microbes and the chemistry of biofuels and biofuel precursors. Participants in this workshop, including experts from the microbiological, fuel, and materials communities, delved into the unique materials and chemical challenges that occur with production, transport, and storage of alternative fuels. Discussions focused on specific problems including: a) the changing composition of “drop-in” fuels and the impact of that composition on materials; b) the influence of microbial populations on corrosion and fuel quality; and c) state-of-the-art measurement technologies for monitoring material degradation and biofilm formation. PMID:26958436

75 FR 26653 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Reformulated Gasoline and Diesel...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-12

...This final rule approves state implementation plan (SIP) revisions submitted by the State of California on June 15, 2004 and February 3, 2009, relating to reformulated gasoline (RFG) and diesel fuel sold or supplied as motor vehicle fuels in California. The revisions relating to RFG include California Phase 3 RFG (CaRFG3) regulations, correction of errors and streamlined requirements for compliance with and enforcement of the CaRFG3 standards, and an update to the State's predictive model to mitigate permeation emissions associated with the use of ethanol as a fuel additive. The revisions relating to diesel fuel include test methods for determining the aromatic hydrocarbon content in diesel fuel and reductions in the maximum allowable sulfur content for motor vehicle diesel fuel. The effect of today's action is to make these revisions federally enforceable as part of the California SIP.

Findings and Recommendations from the NIST Workshop on Alternative Fuels and Materials: Biocorrosion.

PubMed

Mansfield, Elisabeth; Sowards, Jeffrey W; Crookes-Goodson, Wendy J

2015-01-01

In 2013, the Applied Chemicals and Materials Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) hosted a workshop to identify and prioritize research needs in the area of biocorrosion. Materials used to store and distribute alternative fuels have experienced an increase in corrosion due to the unique conditions caused by the presence of microbes and the chemistry of biofuels and biofuel precursors. Participants in this workshop, including experts from the microbiological, fuel, and materials communities, delved into the unique materials and chemical challenges that occur with production, transport, and storage of alternative fuels. Discussions focused on specific problems including: a) the changing composition of "drop-in" fuels and the impact of that composition on materials; b) the influence of microbial populations on corrosion and fuel quality; and c) state-of-the-art measurement technologies for monitoring material degradation and biofilm formation.

76 FR 69214 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Virginia; Consumer and Commercial...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-08

... portable fuel containers, consumer products, architectural and industrial (AIM) coatings, adhesives and... the control technology, testing, monitoring, administrative, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements... and products subject to the standards subject to the provisions of Chapter 45, specify monitoring...

Toxicology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Macewen, J. W.

1973-01-01

Oxygen toxicity is examined, including the effects of oxygen partial pressure variations on toxicity and oxygen effects on ozone and nitrogen dioxide toxicity. Toxicity of fuels and oxidizers, such as hydrazines, are reported. Carbon monoxide, spacecraft threshold limit values, emergency exposure limits, spacecraft contaminants, and water quality standards for space missions are briefly summarized.

77 FR 3928 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Virginia; Consumer and Commercial...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-26

... containers, consumer products, architectural and industrial (AIM) coatings, adhesives and sealants, and... commercial products; (3) adds special provisions in Chapter 45 that specify monitoring, compliance... fuel containers for products manufactured before and after August 1, 2010; (5) establishes standards...

Comparison of PM emissions from a commercial jet engine burning conventional, biomass, and Fischer-Tropsch fuels.

PubMed

Lobo, Prem; Hagen, Donald E; Whitefield, Philip D

2011-12-15

Rising fuel costs, an increasing desire to enhance security of energy supply, and potential environmental benefits have driven research into alternative renewable fuels for commercial aviation applications. This paper reports the results of the first measurements of particulate matter (PM) emissions from a CFM56-7B commercial jet engine burning conventional and alternative biomass- and, Fischer-Tropsch (F-T)-based fuels. PM emissions reductions are observed with all fuels and blends when compared to the emissions from a reference conventional fuel, Jet A1, and are attributed to fuel properties associated with the fuels and blends studied. Although the alternative fuel candidates studied in this campaign offer the potential for large PM emissions reductions, with the exception of the 50% blend of F-T fuel, they do not meet current standards for aviation fuel and thus cannot be considered as certified replacement fuels. Over the ICAO Landing Takeoff Cycle, which is intended to simulate aircraft engine operations that affect local air quality, the overall PM number-based emissions for the 50% blend of F-T fuel were reduced by 34 ± 7%, and the mass-based emissions were reduced by 39 ± 7%.

Particulate matter emissions from combustion of wood in district heating applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ghafghazi, S.; Sowlati, T.; Sokhansanj, Shahabaddine

2011-01-01

The utilization of wood biomass to generate district heat and power in communities that have access to this energy source is increasing. In this paper the effect of wood fuel properties, combustion condition, and flue gas cleaning system on variation in the amount and formation of particles in the flue gas of typical district heating wood boilers are discussed based on the literature survey. Direct measurements of particulate matter (PM) emissions from wood boilers with district heating applications are reviewed and presented. Finally, recommendations are given regarding the selection of wood fuel, combustion system condition, and flue gas cleaning systemmore » in district heating systems in order to meet stringent air quality standards. It is concluded that utilization of high quality wood fuel, such as wood pellets produced from natural, uncontaminated stem wood, would generate the least PM emissions compared to other wood fuel types. Particulate matter emissions from grate burners equipped with electrostatic precipitators when using wood pellets can be well below stringent regulatory emission limit such as particulate emission limit of Metro Vancouver, Canada.« less

Conversion from film to image plates for transfer method neutron radiography of nuclear fuel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Craft, Aaron E.; Papaioannou, Glen C.; Chichester, David L.

This paper summarizes efforts to characterize and qualify a computed radiography (CR) system for neutron radiography of irradiated nuclear fuel at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). INL has multiple programs that are actively developing, testing, and evaluating new nuclear fuels. Irradiated fuel experiments are subjected to a number of sequential post-irradiation examination techniques that provide insight into the overall behavior and performance of the fuel. One of the first and most important of these exams is neutron radiography, which provides more comprehensive information about the internal condition of irradiated nuclear fuel than any other non-destructive technique to date. Results from neutronmore » radiography are often the driver for subsequent examinations of the PIE program. Features of interest that can be evaluated using neutron radiography include irradiation-induced swelling, isotopic and fuel-fragment redistribution, plate deformations, and fuel fracturing. The NRAD currently uses the foil-film transfer technique with film for imaging fuel. INL is pursuing multiple efforts to advance its neutron imaging capabilities for evaluating irradiated fuel and other applications, including conversion from film to CR image plates. Neutron CR is the current state-of-the-art for neutron imaging of highly-radioactive objects. Initial neutron radiographs of various types of nuclear fuel indicate that radiographs can be obtained of comparable image quality currently obtained using film. This paper provides neutron radiographs of representative irradiated fuel pins along with neutron radiographs of standards that informed the qualification of the neutron CR system for routine use. Additionally, this paper includes evaluations of some of the CR scanner parameters and their effects on image quality.« less

Diversifying bio-petro fuel sources for future energy sustainability and its challenges

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Othman, M. R.; Helwani, Z.; Idris, I.

2018-04-01

Petroleum has been important in the energy industry since 19th century when the refining of paraffin from crude oil began. The industry recently appears to be in a downtown and fragile moment despite the price of oil is slowly rising. Renewable alternatives such as biofuels have gained increasing traction while petroleum fuel seemingly concedes to bio-fuels due to the rising public concern on the environment and stricter emission regulations. To be a strategic fuel in the energy security matrix, both fossil and bio-fuels options should be considered. However, the use of bio-fuels to achieve a degree of carbon neutrality is not without challenges. Among the challenges are land development and socio-political issue, carbon neutrality due to ILUC, high 2G bio-fuel feedstock and production cost, competing technology from electric vehicles and the impending fourth industrial revolution, NOx emissions and variation in biodiesel quality. This paper briefly reviews the potential of fuels source diversification and the challenges and how they can raise up to the challenges in order to be sustainable and attractive. In order to achieve this objective, first carbon credit through carbon trading needs to continue to stabilize the energy price. Second, 1G bio-fuel needs to forgo the use of natural, peat forest, rubber estate since these are an effective carbon sink and oxygen source. Third, advanced bio-fuels with high yield, process economics and sustainability need to be innovated. Fourth, the quality and standard bio-fuel that reduces NOx emission need to be improved. Finally and most importantly, carbon capture technology needs to be deployed immediately in fossil fuel power plants.

Environmental implications of alternative-fueled automobiles: Air quality and greenhouse gas tradeoffs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

MaClean, H.L.; Lave, L.B.

The authors analyze alternative fuel-powerstrain options for internal combustion engine automobiles. Fuel/engine efficiency, energy use, pollutant discharges, and greenhouse gas emissions are estimated for spark and compression ignited, direct injected (DI), and indirect injected (II) engines fueled by conventional and reformulated gasoline, reformulated diesel, compressed natural gas (CNG), and alcohols. Since comparisons of fuels and technologies in dissimilar vehicles are misleading, the authors hold emissions level, range, vehicle size class, and style constant. At present, CNG vehicles have the best exhaust emissions performance while DI diesels have the worst. Compared to a conventional gasoline fueled II automobile, greenhouse gases couldmore » be reduced by 40% by a DI CNG automobile and by 25% by a DI diesel. Gasoline- and diesel-fueled automobiles are able to attain long ranges with little weight or fuel economy penalty. CNG vehicles have the highest penalty for increasing range, due to their heavy fuel storage systems, but are the most attractive for a 160-km range. DI engines, particularly diesels, may not be able to meet strict emissions standards, at least not without lowering efficiency.« less

Influence of fossil-fuel power plant emissions on the surface fine particulate matter in the Seoul Capital Area, South Korea.

PubMed

Kim, Byeong-Uk; Kim, Okgil; Kim, Hyun Cheol; Kim, Soontae

2016-09-01

The South Korean government plans to reduce region-wide annual PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) concentrations in the Seoul Capital Area (SCA) from 2010 levels of 27 µg/m(3) to 20 µg/m(3) by 2024. At the same time, it is inevitable that emissions from fossil-fuel power plants will continue to increase if electricity generation expands and the generation portfolio remains the same in the future. To estimate incremental PM2.5 contributions due to projected electricity generation growth in South Korea, we utilized an ensemble forecasting member of the Integrated Multidimensional Air Quality System for Korea based on the Community Multi-scale Air Quality model. We performed sensitivity runs with across-the-board emission reductions for all fossil-fuel power plants in South Korea to estimate the contribution of PM2.5 from domestic fossil-fuel power plants. We estimated that fossil-fuel power plants are responsible for 2.4% of the annual PM2.5 national ambient air quality standard in the SCA as of 2010. Based on the electricity generation and the annual contribution of fossil-fuel power plants in 2010, we estimated that annual PM2.5 concentrations may increase by 0.2 µg/m(3) per 100 TWhr due to additional electricity generation. With currently available information on future electricity demands, we estimated that the total future contribution of fossil-fuel power plants would be 0.87 µg/m(3), which is 12.4% of the target reduction amount of the annual PM2.5 concentration by 2024. We also approximated that the number of premature deaths caused by existing fossil-fuel power plants would be 736 in 2024. Since the proximity of power plants to the SCA and the types of fuel used significantly impact this estimation, further studies are warranted on the impact of physical parameters of plants, such as location and stack height, on PM2.5 concentrations in the SCA due to each precursor. Improving air quality by reducing fine particle pollution is challenging when fossil-fuel-based electricity production is increasing. We show that an air quality forecasting system based on a photochemical model can be utilized to efficiently estimate PM2.5 contributions from and health impacts of domestic power plants. We derived PM2.5 concentrations per unit amount of electricity production from existing fossil-fuel power plants in South Korea. We assessed the health impacts of existing fossil-fuel power plants and the PM2.5 concentrations per unit electricity production to quantify the significance of existing and future fossil-fuel power plants with respect to the planned PM2.5 reduction target.

Comparative tests of bench equipment for fuel control system testing of gas-turbine engine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shendaleva, E. V.

2018-04-01

The relevance of interlaboratory comparative researches is confirmed by attention of world metrological community to this field of activity. Use of the interlaboratory comparative research methodology not only for single gages collation, but also for bench equipment complexes, such as modeling stands for fuel control system testing of gas-turbine engine, is offered. In this case a comparative measure of different bench equipment will be the control fuel pump. Ensuring traceability of measuring result received at test benches of various air enterprises, development and introduction of national standards to practice of bench tests and, eventually, improvement of quality and safety of a aircraft equipment is result of this approach.

Apparatus and method for combusting low quality fuel

DOEpatents

Brushwood, John Samuel; Pillsbury, Paul; Foote, John; Heilos, Andreas

2003-11-04

A gas turbine (12) capable of combusting a low quality gaseous fuel having a ratio of flammability limits less than 2, or a heat value below 100 BTU/SCF. A high quality fuel is burned simultaneously with the low quality fuel to eliminate instability in the combustion flame. A sensor (46) is used to monitor at least one parameter of the flame indicative of instability. A controller (50) having the sensor signal (48) as input is programmed to control the relative flow rates of the low quality and high quality fuels. When instability is detected, the flow rate of high quality fuel is automatically increased in relation to the flow rate of low quality fuel to restore stability.

Production, quality and quality assurance of Refuse Derived Fuels (RDFs).

PubMed

Sarc, R; Lorber, K E

2013-09-01

This contribution describes characterization, classification, production, application and quality assurance of Refuse Derived Fuels (RDFs) that are increasingly used in a wide range of co-incineration plants. It is shown in this paper, that the fuel-parameter, i.e. net calorific value [MJ/kg(OS)], particle size d(90) or d(95) [mm], impurities [w%], chlorine content [w%], sulfur content [w%], fluorine content [w%], ash content [w%], moisture [w%] and heavy metals content [mg/kg(DM)], can be preferentially used for the classification of different types of RDF applied for co-incineration and substitution of fossil-fuel in different industial sectors. Describing the external production of RDF by processing and confectioning of wastes as well as internal processing of waste at the incineration plant, a case study is reported on the application of RDF made out of different household waste fractions in a 120,000t/yr Waste to Energy (WtE) circulating fluidized bed (CFB) incinerator. For that purpose, delivered wastes, as well as incinerator feedstock material (i.e. after internal waste processing) are extensively investigated. Starting with elaboration of sampling plan in accordance with the relevant guidelines and standards, waste from different suppliers was sampled. Moreover, manual sorting analyses and chemical analyses were carried out. Finally, results of investigations are presented and discussed in the paper. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The effect of fuel processes on heavy duty automotive diesel engine emissions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Reynolds, E.G.

1995-12-31

The effect of fuel quality on exhaust emissions from 2 heavy duty diesel engines has been measured over the ECE R49 test cycle. The engines were selected to represent technologies used to meet Euro 1 and 2 emission standards (1992/93 and 1995/96); engines 1 and 2 respectively. The test fuels were prepared by a combination of processing, blending and additive treatment. When comparing the emissions from engines 1 and 2, using base line data generated on the CEC reference fuel RF73-T-90, engine technology had the major effect on emission levels. Engine 2 reduced both particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxidemore » levels by approximately 50%, with total hydrocarbon (THC) being approximately 75% lower. Oxides of nitrogen levels were similar for both engines. The variations in test fuel quality had marginal effects on emissions, with the two engines giving directionally opposite responses in some cases. For instance, there was an effect on CO and NOx but where one engine showed a reduction the other gave an increase. There were no significant changes in THC emissions from either engine when operating on any of the test fuels. When the reference fuel was hydrotreated, engine 1 showed a trend towards reduced particulate and NOx but with CO increasing. Engine 2 also showed a trend for reduced particulate levels, with an increase in NOx and no change in CO. Processing to reduce the final boiling point of the reference fuel showed a trend towards reduced particulate emissions with CO increasing on engine 1 but decreasing on engine 2.« less

78 FR 12005 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2013 Renewable Fuel Standards; Public Hearing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-21

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 80 [EPA-HQ-OAR-2012-0546; FRL-9784-4] RIN 2060-AR43 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2013 Renewable Fuel Standards; Public Hearing AGENCY: Environmental... Additives: 2013 Renewable Fuel Standards,'' which was published separately in the Federal Register on...

40 CFR 80.524 - What sulfur content standard applies to motor vehicle diesel fuel downstream of the refinery or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... to motor vehicle diesel fuel downstream of the refinery or importer? 80.524 Section 80.524 Protection... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel Standards and Requirements § 80.524 What sulfur content standard...

40 CFR 80.524 - What sulfur content standard applies to motor vehicle diesel fuel downstream of the refinery or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... to motor vehicle diesel fuel downstream of the refinery or importer? 80.524 Section 80.524 Protection... FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel Standards and Requirements § 80.524 What sulfur content standard...

Forty years of improvements in European air quality: regional policy-industry interactions with global impacts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crippa, Monica; Janssens-Maenhout, Greet; Dentener, Frank; Guizzardi, Diego; Sindelarova, Katerina; Muntean, Marilena; Van Dingenen, Rita; Granier, Claire

2016-03-01

The EDGARv4.3.1 (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) global anthropogenic emissions inventory of gaseous (SO2, NOx, CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds and NH3) and particulate (PM10, PM2.5, black and organic carbon) air pollutants for the period 1970-2010 is used to develop retrospective air pollution emissions scenarios to quantify the roles and contributions of changes in energy consumption and efficiency, technology progress and end-of-pipe emission reduction measures and their resulting impact on health and crop yields at European and global scale. The reference EDGARv4.3.1 emissions include observed and reported changes in activity data, fuel consumption and air pollution abatement technologies over the past 4 decades, combined with Tier 1 and region-specific Tier 2 emission factors. Two further retrospective scenarios assess the interplay of policy and industry. The highest emission STAG_TECH scenario assesses the impact of the technology and end-of-pipe reduction measures in the European Union, by considering historical fuel consumption, along with a stagnation of technology with constant emission factors since 1970, and assuming no further abatement measures and improvement imposed by European emission standards. The lowest emission STAG_ENERGY scenario evaluates the impact of increased fuel consumption by considering unchanged energy consumption since the year 1970, but assuming the technological development, end-of-pipe reductions, fuel mix and energy efficiency of 2010. Our scenario analysis focuses on the three most important and most regulated sectors (power generation, manufacturing industry and road transport), which are subject to multi-pollutant European Union Air Quality regulations. Stagnation of technology and air pollution reduction measures at 1970 levels would have led to 129 % (or factor 2.3) higher SO2, 71 % higher NOx and 69 % higher PM2.5 emissions in Europe (EU27), demonstrating the large role that technology has played in reducing emissions in 2010. However, stagnation of energy consumption at 1970 levels, but with 2010 fuel mix and energy efficiency, and assuming current (year 2010) technology and emission control standards, would have lowered today's NOx emissions by ca. 38 %, SO2 by 50 % and PM2.5 by 12 % in Europe. A reduced-form chemical transport model is applied to calculate regional and global levels of aerosol and ozone concentrations and to assess the associated impact of air quality improvements on human health and crop yield loss, showing substantial impacts of EU technologies and standards inside as well as outside Europe. We assess that the interplay of policy and technological advance in Europe had substantial benefits in Europe, but also led to an important improvement of particulate matter air quality in other parts of the world.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biodiesel Codes, Standards, and Safety

Science.gov Websites

Codes, Standards, and Safety to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biodiesel Codes, Standards, and Safety on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biodiesel Codes , Standards, and Safety on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biodiesel Codes, Standards, and

Design and evaluation of a nondestructive fissile assay device for HTGR fuel samples

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McNeany, S. R.; Knoll, R. W.; Jenkins, J. D.

1979-02-01

Nondestructive assay of fissile material plays an important role in nuclear fuel processing facilities. Information for product quality control, plant criticality safety, and nuclear materials accountability can be obtained from assay devices. All of this is necessary for a safe, efficient, and orderly operation of a production plant. Presented here is a design description and an operational evaluation of a device developed to nondestructively assay small samples of High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) fuel. The measurement technique employed consists in thermal-neutron irradiation of a sample followed by pneumatic transfer to a high-efficiency neutron detector where delayed neutrons are counted. In general,more » samples undergo several irradiation and count cycles during a measurement. The total number of delayed-neutron counts accumulated is translated into grams of fissile mass through comparison with the counts accumulated in an identical irradiation and count sequence of calibration standards. Successful operation of the device through many experiments over a one-year period indicates high operational reliability. Tests of assay precision show this to be better than 0.25% for measurements of 10 min. Assay biases may be encountered if calibration standards are not representative of unknown samples, but reasonable care in construction and control of standards should lead to no more than 0.2% bias in the measurements. Nondestructive fissile assay of HTGR fuel samples by thermal-neutron irradiation and delayed-neutron detection has been demonstrated to be a rapid and accurate analysis technique. However, careful attention and control must be given to calibration standards to see that they remain representative of unknown samples.« less

Light-duty vehicle fuel economy improvements, 1979--1998: A consumer purchase model of corporate average fuel economy, fuel price, and income effects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chien, David Michael

2000-10-01

The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975, which created fuel economy standards for automobiles and light trucks, was passed by Congress in response to the rapid rise in world oil prices as a result of the 1973 oil crisis. The standards were first implemented in 1978 for automobiles and 1979 for light trucks, and began with initial standards of 18 MPG for automobiles and 17.2 MPG for light trucks. The current fuel economy standards for 1998 have been held constant at 27.5 MPG for automobiles and 20.5 MPG for light trucks since 1990--1991. While actual new automobile fuel economy has almost doubled from 14 MPG in 1974 to 27.2 MPG in 1994, it is reasonable to ask if the CAFE standards are still needed. Each year Congress attempts to pass another increase in the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standard and fails. Many have called for the abolition of CAFE standards citing the ineffectiveness of the standards in the past. In order to determine whether CAFE standards should be increased, held constant, or repealed, an evaluation of the effectiveness of the CAFE standards to date must be established. Because fuel prices were rising concurrently with the CAFE standards, many authors have attributed the rapid rise in new car fuel economy solely to fuel prices. The purpose of this dissertation is to re-examine the determinants of new car fuel economy via three effects: CAFE regulations, fuel price, and income effects. By measuring the marginal effects of the three fuel economy determinants upon consumers and manufacturers choices, for fuel economy, an estimate was made of the influence of each upon new fuel economy. The conclusions of this dissertation present some clear signals to policymakers: CAFE standards have been very effective in increasing fuel economy from 1979 to 1998. Furthermore, they have been the main cause of fuel economy improvement, with income being a much smaller component. Furthermore, this dissertation has suggested that fuel prices have very limited effects upon fuel economy, ranging from no primary effect on certain size classes to a minimal secondary effect through higher performance or horsepower demanded.

Some peat deposits in Penobscot County, Maine

USGS Publications Warehouse

Cameron, Cornelia Clermont; Anderson, Walter A.

1979-01-01

Twenty of the peat deposits in Penobscot County, Maine contain an estimated 29,282,000 short tons air-dried peat. The peat is chiefly sphagnum moss and reed-sedge of high quality according to ASTM standards for agricultural and horticultural use. Analyses show that this same volume has high fuel value, low sulfur and high hydrogen contents compared with lignite and sub-bituminous coal, which may indicate that it also has potential for fuel use. On the basis of the metallic trace element content, one area within the region containing the 20 deposits has been delineated for further bedrock studies.

40 CFR 94.8 - Exhaust emission standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) Engines fueled with alcohol fuel shall comply with THCE+NOX standards that are numerically equivalent to... advance by the Administrator. (g) Standards for alternative fuels. The standards described in this section apply to compression-ignition engines, irrespective of fuel, with the following two exceptions for...

Comparative analysis of structural concrete Quality Assurance practices on nine nuclear and three fossil fuel power plant construction projects. Final summary report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Willenbrock, J.H.; Thomas, H.R. Jr.; Burati, J.J. Jr.

1978-12-01

A summary of two reports, COO/4120-1 and COO/4120-2, is given. A comparative analysis was made of the Quality Assurance practices related to the structural concrete phase on nine nuclear and three fossil fuel power plant projects which are (or have been) under construction in the United States in the past ten years. For the nuclear projects the analysis identified the response of each Quality Assurance program to the applicable criteria of 10 CFR Part 50, Appendix B as well as to the pertinent regulatory requirements and industry standards. For the fossil projects the analysis identified the response of each Qualitymore » Assurance program to criteria similar to those which were applicable in the nuclear situation. The major emphasis was placed on the construction aspects of the structural concrete phase of each project. The engineering and design aspects were examined whenever they interfaced with the construction aspects.« less

49 CFR 531.5 - Fuel economy standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PASSENGER AUTOMOBILE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 531.5 Fuel... automobiles shall comply with the average fuel economy standards in Table I, expressed in miles per gallon, in... passenger automobile fleet shall comply with the fuel economy level calculated for that model year according...

49 CFR 531.5 - Fuel economy standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PASSENGER AUTOMOBILE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 531.5 Fuel... automobiles shall comply with the average fuel economy standards in Table I, expressed in miles per gallon, in... passenger automobile fleet shall comply with the fuel economy level calculated for that model year according...

49 CFR 531.5 - Fuel economy standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PASSENGER AUTOMOBILE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 531.5 Fuel... automobiles shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy standards in Table I, expressed in miles per... passenger automobile fleet shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy level calculated for that model...

49 CFR 531.5 - Fuel economy standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PASSENGER AUTOMOBILE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 531.5 Fuel... automobiles shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy standards in Table I, expressed in miles per... passenger automobile fleet shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy level calculated for that model...

Effects of Fuel Aromatic Content on Nonvolatile Particulate Emissions of an In-Production Aircraft Gas Turbine.

PubMed

Brem, Benjamin T; Durdina, Lukas; Siegerist, Frithjof; Beyerle, Peter; Bruderer, Kevin; Rindlisbacher, Theo; Rocci-Denis, Sara; Andac, M Gurhan; Zelina, Joseph; Penanhoat, Olivier; Wang, Jing

2015-11-17

Aircraft engines emit particulate matter (PM) that affects the air quality in the vicinity of airports and contributes to climate change. Nonvolatile PM (nvPM) emissions from aircraft turbine engines depend on fuel aromatic content, which varies globally by several percent. It is uncertain how this variability will affect future nvPM emission regulations and emission inventories. Here, we present black carbon (BC) mass and nvPM number emission indices (EIs) as a function of fuel aromatic content and thrust for an in-production aircraft gas turbine engine. The aromatics content was varied from 17.8% (v/v) in the neat fuel (Jet A-1) to up to 23.6% (v/v) by injecting two aromatic solvents into the engine fuel supply line. Fuel normalized BC mass and nvPM number EIs increased by up to 60% with increasing fuel aromatics content and decreasing engine thrust. The EIs also increased when fuel naphthalenes were changed from 0.78% (v/v) to 1.18% (v/v) while keeping the total aromatics constant. The EIs correlated best with fuel hydrogen mass content, leading to a simple model that could be used for correcting fuel effects in emission inventories and in future aircraft engine nvPM emission standards.

49 CFR 531.5 - Fuel economy standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fuel economy standards. 531.5 Section 531.5 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PASSENGER AUTOMOBILE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 531.5 Fuel economy standards. (a) Except as provided...

78 FR 77119 - Proposed Information Collection Request; Comment Request; Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-20

... Collection Request; Comment Request; Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2011 Renewable Fuel Standards... collection request (ICR), ``Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2011 Renewable Fuel Standards--Petition... whose disclosure is restricted by statute. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Geanetta Heard, Fuels...

Final report on key comparison CCQM-K100: Analysis of copper in ethanol

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Tao; Kakoulides, Elias; Zhu, Yanbei; Jaehrling, Reinhard; Rienitz, Olaf; Saxby, David; Phukphatthanachai, Pranee; Yafa, Charun; Labarraque, Guillaume; Cankur, Oktay; Can, Süleyman Z.; Konopelko, Leonid A.; Kustikov, Yu A.; Caciano de Sena, Rodrigo; Marques Rodrigues, Janaina; Fonseca Sarmanho, Gabriel; Fortunato de Carvalho Rocha, Werickson; dos Reis, Lindomar Augusto

2014-01-01

The increase in renewable sources in the energy matrix of the countries is an effort to reduce dependency on crude oil and the environmental impacts associated with its use. In order to help overcome the lack of widely accepted quality standards for fuel ethanol and to guarantee its competitiveness in the international trade market, the NMIs have been working to develop certified reference materials for bio-fuels and measurement methods. Inorganic impurities such as Cu, Na and Fe may be present in the fuel ethanol and their presence is associated with corrosion and the formation of oxide deposits in some engine parts. The key comparison CCQM-K100 was carried out under the auspices of the Inorganic Analysis Working Group (IAWG) and the coordination of the National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO). The objective of this key comparison was to compare the measurement capabilities of the participants for the determination of Cu in fuel ethanol. Ten NMIs participated in this exercise and most of them used the isotopic dilution method for determining the amount of Cu. The median was chosen as key comparison reference value (KCRV). The assigned KCRV for the Cu content was 0.3589 µg/g with a combined standard uncertainty of 0.0014 µg/g. In general, there is a good agreement among the participants' results. Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

Critical Need for Plutonium and Uranium Isotopic Standards with Lower Uncertainties

DOE PAGES

Mathew, Kattathu Joseph; Stanley, Floyd E.; Thomas, Mariam R.; ...

2016-09-23

Certified reference materials (CRMs) traceable to national and international safeguards database are a critical prerequisite for ensuring that nuclear measurement systems are free of systematic biases. CRMs are used to validate measurement processes associated with nuclear analytical laboratories. Diverse areas related to nuclear safeguards are impacted by the quality of the CRM standards available to analytical laboratories. These include: nuclear forensics, radio-chronometry, national and international safeguards, stockpile stewardship, nuclear weapons infrastructure and nonproliferation, fuel fabrication, waste processing, radiation protection, and environmental monitoring. For the past three decades the nuclear community is confronted with the strange situation that improvements in measurementmore » data quality resulting from the improved accuracy and precision achievable with modern multi-collector mass spectrometers could not be fully exploited due to large uncertainties associated with CRMs available from New Brunswick Laboratory (NBL) that are used for instrument calibration and measurement control. Similar conditions prevail for both plutonium and uranium isotopic standards and for impurity element standards in uranium matrices. Herein, the current status of U and Pu isotopic standards available from NBL is reviewed. Critical areas requiring improvement in the quality of the nuclear standards to enable the U. S. and international safeguards community to utilize the full potential of modern multi-collector mass spectrometer instruments are highlighted.« less

Critical Need for Plutonium and Uranium Isotopic Standards with Lower Uncertainties

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mathew, Kattathu Joseph; Stanley, Floyd E.; Thomas, Mariam R.

Certified reference materials (CRMs) traceable to national and international safeguards database are a critical prerequisite for ensuring that nuclear measurement systems are free of systematic biases. CRMs are used to validate measurement processes associated with nuclear analytical laboratories. Diverse areas related to nuclear safeguards are impacted by the quality of the CRM standards available to analytical laboratories. These include: nuclear forensics, radio-chronometry, national and international safeguards, stockpile stewardship, nuclear weapons infrastructure and nonproliferation, fuel fabrication, waste processing, radiation protection, and environmental monitoring. For the past three decades the nuclear community is confronted with the strange situation that improvements in measurementmore » data quality resulting from the improved accuracy and precision achievable with modern multi-collector mass spectrometers could not be fully exploited due to large uncertainties associated with CRMs available from New Brunswick Laboratory (NBL) that are used for instrument calibration and measurement control. Similar conditions prevail for both plutonium and uranium isotopic standards and for impurity element standards in uranium matrices. Herein, the current status of U and Pu isotopic standards available from NBL is reviewed. Critical areas requiring improvement in the quality of the nuclear standards to enable the U. S. and international safeguards community to utilize the full potential of modern multi-collector mass spectrometer instruments are highlighted.« less

49 CFR 525.11 - Termination of exemption; amendment of alternative average fuel economy standard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... average fuel economy standard. 525.11 Section 525.11 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to... EXEMPTIONS FROM AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 525.11 Termination of exemption; amendment of alternative average fuel economy standard. (a) Any exemption granted under this part for an affected model year does...

41 CFR 102-34.65 - How may we request an exemption from the fuel economy standards?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... exemption from the fuel economy standards? 102-34.65 Section 102-34.65 Public Contracts and Property... an exemption from the fuel economy standards? You must submit a written request for an exemption from the fuel economy standards to: Administrator, General Services Administration, ATTN: Deputy Associate...

49 CFR 525.11 - Termination of exemption; amendment of alternative average fuel economy standard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... average fuel economy standard. 525.11 Section 525.11 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to... EXEMPTIONS FROM AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 525.11 Termination of exemption; amendment of alternative average fuel economy standard. (a) Any exemption granted under this part for an affected model year does...

49 CFR 525.11 - Termination of exemption; amendment of alternative average fuel economy standard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... average fuel economy standard. 525.11 Section 525.11 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to... EXEMPTIONS FROM AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 525.11 Termination of exemption; amendment of alternative average fuel economy standard. (a) Any exemption granted under this part for an affected model year does...

49 CFR 525.11 - Termination of exemption; amendment of alternative average fuel economy standard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... average fuel economy standard. 525.11 Section 525.11 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to... EXEMPTIONS FROM AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 525.11 Termination of exemption; amendment of alternative average fuel economy standard. (a) Any exemption granted under this part for an affected model year does...

41 CFR 102-34.65 - How may we request an exemption from the fuel economy standards?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... exemption from the fuel economy standards? 102-34.65 Section 102-34.65 Public Contracts and Property... an exemption from the fuel economy standards? You must submit a written request for an exemption from the fuel economy standards to: Administrator, General Services Administration, ATTN: Deputy Associate...

41 CFR 102-34.65 - How may we request an exemption from the fuel economy standards?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... exemption from the fuel economy standards? 102-34.65 Section 102-34.65 Public Contracts and Property... an exemption from the fuel economy standards? You must submit a written request for an exemption from the fuel economy standards to: Administrator, General Services Administration, ATTN: Deputy Associate...

41 CFR 102-34.65 - How may we request an exemption from the fuel economy standards?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... exemption from the fuel economy standards? 102-34.65 Section 102-34.65 Public Contracts and Property... an exemption from the fuel economy standards? You must submit a written request for an exemption from the fuel economy standards to: Administrator, General Services Administration, ATTN: Deputy Associate...

Economic summary of woody biomass direct combustion and gasification alternatives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

1981-08-01

A base case analysis indicates that acceptable rates of return on investment are possible when utilizing wood as a commercial scale boiler fuel. Principal variables include the availability of cost competitive wood fuel over the term of the loan and overall installed cost for the system. In some cases the cost of coal at the point of end use will be comparable with wood. Hardware costs will determine system economics and applicable air quality standards, or lack thereof, will play an important role. The overall economics of using wood for fuel are extremely site specific. The additional 10 percent energy tax credit greatly enhances the economics of a wood fired system, although system economics are very attractive without this tax incentive. Cost of money does not seem to drastically affect overall system economics.

40 CFR 60.43 - Standard for sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... from liquid fossil fuel or liquid fossil fuel and wood residue. (2) 520 ng/J heat input (1.2 lb/MMBtu) derived from solid fossil fuel or solid fossil fuel and wood residue, except as provided in paragraph (e...

40 CFR 60.44 - Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel...) derived from gaseous fossil fuel. (2) 129 ng/J heat input (0.30 lb/MMBtu) derived from liquid fossil fuel, liquid fossil fuel and wood residue, or gaseous fossil fuel and wood residue. (3) 300 ng/J heat input (0...

40 CFR 60.43 - Standard for sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... from liquid fossil fuel or liquid fossil fuel and wood residue. (2) 520 ng/J heat input (1.2 lb/MMBtu) derived from solid fossil fuel or solid fossil fuel and wood residue, except as provided in paragraph (e...

40 CFR 60.44 - Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel...) derived from gaseous fossil fuel. (2) 129 ng/J heat input (0.30 lb/MMBtu) derived from liquid fossil fuel, liquid fossil fuel and wood residue, or gaseous fossil fuel and wood residue. (3) 300 ng/J heat input (0...

Butter as a feedstock for biodiesel production.

PubMed

Haas, Michael J; Adawi, Nadia; Berry, William W; Feldman, Elaine; Kasprzyk, Stephen; Ratigan, Brian; Scott, Karen; Landsburg, Emily Bockian

2010-07-14

Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were produced from cow's milk (Bostaurus) butter by esterification/transesterification in the presence of methanol. The product was assayed according to the Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels (ASTM D 6751). The preparation failed to meet the specifications for flash point, free and total glycerin contents, total sulfur, and oxidation stability. Failures to meet the flash point and free/total glycerin specifications were determined to be due to interference with standard assays for these parameters by short-chain-length fatty acid esters. The oxidation stability of the butterfat FAME was improved by supplementation with a commercial antioxidant formulation. Approximately 725 ppm of antioxidant was required to meet the ASTM-specified stability value for biodiesel. This work indicates that, without further purification to reduce a slightly excessive sulfur content, fatty acid ester preparations produced from butter are unacceptable as sole components of a biodiesel fuel. However, it is possible that even without further purification a butter-based ester preparation could be mixed with biodiesel from other feedstocks to produce a blend that meets the current quality standards for biodiesel. The results presented here also illustrate some potential weaknesses in the accepted methods for biodiesel characterization when employed in the analysis of FAME preparations containing mid- and short-chain fatty acid esters.

40 CFR 80.510 - What are the standards and marker requirements for NRLM diesel fuel and ECA marine fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What are the standards and marker requirements for NRLM diesel fuel and ECA marine fuel? 80.510 Section 80.510 Protection of Environment... Information § 80.510 What are the standards and marker requirements for NRLM diesel fuel and ECA marine fuel...

40 CFR 80.510 - What are the standards and marker requirements for NRLM diesel fuel and ECA marine fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false What are the standards and marker requirements for NRLM diesel fuel and ECA marine fuel? 80.510 Section 80.510 Protection of Environment... Information § 80.510 What are the standards and marker requirements for NRLM diesel fuel and ECA marine fuel...

On-board generation of a highly volatile starting fuel to reduce automobile cold-start emissions.

PubMed

Ashford, Marcus D; Matthews, Ronald D

2006-09-15

The on-board distillation system (OBDS) was developed to extract, from gasoline, a high-volatility fuel for exclusive use during the starting and warm-up periods. The use of OBDS distillate fuel results in much improved mixture preparation, allowing combinations of air/fuel ratio and ignition timing that are not possible with gasoline, even with a fully warm engine. The volatility of the distillate is a function of the parent fuel volatility; however, the variability in distillate quality can be diminished via manipulation of the OBDS operating conditions. Thus, it is possible to develop aggressive starting calibrations that are relatively immune to variations in pump gasoline volatility. The key benefits provided bythe OBDS fuel relative to standard gasoline were found to be (1) improved mixture preparation allowing a 70% reduction of cranking fuel requirements, elimination of air-fuel mixture enrichment during the warm-up period, and significant extension of warm-up ignition timing retard; (2) a 57% decrease in catalyst light-off time, (3) emissions reductions over the FTP drive cycle of 81% for regulated hydrocarbons (NMOG); (4) emissions index (NMOG) approaching that of SULEV/PZEV vehicles; and (5) an apparent 1% increase in fuel economy over the FTP drive cycle.

[Spatial pattern of land surface dead combustible fuel load in Huzhong forest area in Great Xing'an Mountains].

PubMed

Liu, Zhi-Hua; Chang, Yu; Chen, Hong-Wei; Zhou, Rui; Jing, Guo-Zhi; Zhang, Hong-Xin; Zhang, Chang-Meng

2008-03-01

By using geo-statistics and based on time-lag classification standard, a comparative study was made on the land surface dead combustible fuels in Huzhong forest area in Great Xing'an Mountains. The results indicated that the first level land surface dead combustible fuel, i. e., 1 h time-lag dead fuel, presented stronger spatial auto-correlation, with an average of 762.35 g x m(-2) and contributing to 55.54% of the total load. Its determining factors were species composition and stand age. The second and third levels land surface dead combustible fuel, i. e., 10 h and 100 h time-lag dead fuels, had a sum of 610.26 g x m(-2), and presented weaker spatial auto-correlation than 1 h time-lag dead fuel. Their determining factor was the disturbance history of forest stand. The complexity and heterogeneity of the factors determining the quality and quantity of forest land surface dead combustible fuels were the main reasons for the relatively inaccurate interpolation. However, the utilization of field survey data coupled with geo-statistics could easily and accurately interpolate the spatial pattern of forest land surface dead combustible fuel loads, and indirectly provide a practical basis for forest management.

The Best of Times, the Worst of Times: Rising Standards and Declining Staff Qualifications in Early Childhood Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

French, Robert

2010-01-01

Low pay, meager benefits, poor morale, and high turnover impact the daily experience of many early childhood educators in the United States. While public spending in early childhood education has substantially increased in recent years, it has mainly fueled expansion, not quality enhancement to help programs attract, compensate, and retain…

SOURCE SAMPLING FINE PARTICULATE MATTER: A KRAFT PROCESS HOGGED FUEL BOILER AT A PULP AND PAPER FACILITY, VOLUMES 1 AND 2

EPA Science Inventory

Fine particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter 2.5 m or less (PM-2.5) has been found harmful to human health, and a National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM-2.5 was promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in July 1997. A national network of ambient monitorin...

49 CFR 571.304 - Standard No. 304; Compressed natural gas fuel container integrity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standard No. 304; Compressed natural gas fuel... natural gas fuel container integrity. S1. Scope. This standard specifies requirements for the integrity of compressed natural gas (CNG), motor vehicle fuel containers. S2. Purpose. The purpose of this standard is to...

49 CFR 571.304 - Standard No. 304; Compressed natural gas fuel container integrity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standard No. 304; Compressed natural gas fuel... natural gas fuel container integrity. S1. Scope. This standard specifies requirements for the integrity of compressed natural gas (CNG), motor vehicle fuel containers. S2. Purpose. The purpose of this standard is to...

40 CFR 60.43 - Standard for sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel.../J heat input (0.80 lb/MMBtu) derived from liquid fossil fuel or liquid fossil fuel and wood residue. (2) 520 ng/J heat input (1.2 lb/MMBtu) derived from solid fossil fuel or solid fossil fuel and wood...

40 CFR 60.43 - Standard for sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel.../J heat input (0.80 lb/MMBtu) derived from liquid fossil fuel or liquid fossil fuel and wood residue. (2) 520 ng/J heat input (1.2 lb/MMBtu) derived from solid fossil fuel or solid fossil fuel and wood...

40 CFR 60.43 - Standard for sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel.../J heat input (0.80 lb/MMBtu) derived from liquid fossil fuel or liquid fossil fuel and wood residue. (2) 520 ng/J heat input (1.2 lb/MMBtu) derived from solid fossil fuel or solid fossil fuel and wood...

75 FR 37733 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Modifications to Renewable Fuel Standard Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-30

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 80 [EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161; FRL-9169-9] RIN 2060-AQ31 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Modifications to Renewable Fuel Standard Program AGENCY...: June 24, 2010. Lisa P. Jackson, Administrator. PART 80--REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES 0...

40 CFR 1066.145 - Test fuel, engine fluids, analytical gases, and other calibration standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... requirements of 40 CFR 1065.750. (e) Mass standards. Use mass standards that meet the requirements of 40 CFR... gases, and other calibration standards. 1066.145 Section 1066.145 Protection of Environment..., analytical gases, and other calibration standards. (a) Test fuel. Use test fuel as specified in the standard...

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

Vehicle Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Standards Vehicle manufacturers must meet fuel economy and GHG emissions standards for vehicles sold in the United States. The U.S. Department of Transportation's (DOT) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) regulates fuel economy standards

A case study of real-world tailpipe emissions for school buses using a 20% biodiesel blend.

PubMed

Mazzoleni, Claudio; Kuhns, Hampden D; Moosmüller, Hans; Witt, Jay; Nussbaum, Nicholas J; Oliver Chang, M-C; Parthasarathy, Gayathri; Nathagoundenpalayam, Suresh Kumar K; Nikolich, George; Watson, John G

2007-10-15

Numerous laboratory studies report carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and particulate matter emission reductions with a slight nitrogen oxides emission increase from engines operating with biodiesel and biodiesel blends as compared to using petroleum diesel. We conducted a field study on a fleet of school buses to evaluate the effects of biodiesel use on gaseous and particulate matter fuel-based emission factors under real-world conditions. The field experiment was carried out in two phases during winter 2004. In January (phase I), emissions from approximately 200 school buses operating on petroleum diesel were measured. Immediately after the end of the first phase measurement period, the buses were switched to a 20% biodiesel blend. Emission factors were measured again in March 2004 (phase II) and compared with the January emission factors. To measure gaseous emission factors we used a commercial gaseous remote sensor. Particulate matter emission factors were determined with a combination of the gaseous remote sensor, a Lidar (light detection and ranging), and transmissometer system developed at the Desert Research Institute of Reno, NV, U.S.A. Particulate matter emissions from school buses significantly increased (up to a factor of 1.8) after the switch from petroleum diesel to a 20% biodiesel blend. The fuel used during this campaign was provided by a local distributor and was independently analyzed at the end of the on-road experiment. The analysis found high concentrations of free glycerin and reduced flash points in the B 100 parent fuel. Both measures indicate improper separation and processing of the biodiesel product during production. The biodiesel fuels used in the school buses were not in compliance with the U.S.A. ASTM D6751 biodiesel standard that was finalized in December of 2001. The U.S.A. National Biodiesel Board has formed a voluntary National Biodiesel Accreditation Program for producers and marketers of biodiesel to ensure product quality and compliance with the ASTM standard. The results of our study underline the importance of the program since potential emission benefits from biodiesel may be reduced or even reversed without appropriate fuel quality control on real-world fuels.

41 CFR 102-34.55 - Are there fleet average fuel economy standards we must meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... fuel economy standards we must meet? 102-34.55 Section 102-34.55 Public Contracts and Property... average fuel economy standards we must meet? (a) Yes. 49 U.S.C. 32917 and Executive Order 12375 require that each executive agency meet the fleet average fuel economy standards in place as of January 1 of...

41 CFR 102-34.55 - Are there fleet average fuel economy standards we must meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... fuel economy standards we must meet? 102-34.55 Section 102-34.55 Public Contracts and Property... average fuel economy standards we must meet? (a) Yes. 49 U.S.C. 32917 and Executive Order 12375 require that each executive agency meet the fleet average fuel economy standards in place as of January 1 of...

41 CFR 102-34.55 - Are there fleet average fuel economy standards we must meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... fuel economy standards we must meet? 102-34.55 Section 102-34.55 Public Contracts and Property... average fuel economy standards we must meet? (a) Yes. 49 U.S.C. 32917 and Executive Order 12375 require that each executive agency meet the fleet average fuel economy standards in place as of January 1 of...

41 CFR 102-34.55 - Are there fleet average fuel economy standards we must meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... fuel economy standards we must meet? 102-34.55 Section 102-34.55 Public Contracts and Property... average fuel economy standards we must meet? (a) Yes. 49 U.S.C. 32917 and Executive Order 12375 require that each executive agency meet the fleet average fuel economy standards in place as of January 1 of...

Real-life effectiveness of 'improved' stoves and clean fuels in reducing PM2.5 and CO: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

PubMed

Pope, Daniel; Bruce, Nigel; Dherani, Mukesh; Jagoe, Kirstie; Rehfuess, Eva

2017-04-01

2.8 billion people cook with solid fuels, resulting in almost 3 million premature deaths from household air pollution (HAP). To date, no systematic assessment of impacts on HAP of 'improved' stove and clean fuel interventions has been conducted. This systematic review synthesizes evidence for changes in kitchen and personal PM 2.5 and carbon monoxide (CO) following introduction of 'improved' solid fuel stoves and cleaner fuels in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Searches of published and unpublished literature were conducted through databases and specialist websites. Eligible studies reported mean (24 or 48h) small particulate matter (majority PM 2.5 ) and/or CO. Eligible interventions were solid fuel stoves (with/without chimneys, advanced combustion), clean fuels (liquefied petroleum gas, biogas, ethanol, electricity, solar) and mixed. Data extraction and quality appraisal were undertaken using standardized forms, and publication bias assessed. Baseline and post-intervention values and percentage changes were tabulated and weighted averages calculated. Meta-analyses of absolute changes in PM and CO were conducted. Most of the 42 included studies (112 estimates) addressed solid fuel stoves. Large reductions in pooled kitchen PM 2.5 (ranging from 41% (29-50%) for advanced combustion stoves to 83% (64-94%) for ethanol stoves), and CO (ranging from 39% (11-55%) for solid fuel stoves without chimneys to 82% (75-95%) for ethanol stoves. Reductions in personal exposure of 55% (19-87%) and 52% (-7-69%) for PM 2.5 and CO respectively, were observed for solid fuel stoves with chimneys. For the majority of interventions, post-intervention kitchen PM 2.5 levels remained well above WHO air quality guideline (AQG) limit values, although most met the AQG limit value for CO. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses did not substantially alter findings; publication bias was evident for chimney stove interventions but this was restricted to before-and-after studies. In everyday use in LMIC, neither 'improved' solid fuel stoves nor clean fuels (probably due to neighbourhood contamination) achieve PM 2.5 concentrations close to 24-hour AQG limit values. Household energy policy should prioritise community-wide use of clean fuels. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Fuel quality/processing study. Volume 4: On site processing studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, G. E., Jr.; Cutrone, M.; Doering, H.; Hickey, J.

1981-01-01

Fuel treated at the turbine and the turbine exhaust gas processed at the turbine site are studied. Fuel treatments protect the turbine from contaminants or impurities either in the upgrading fuel as produced or picked up by the fuel during normal transportation. Exhaust gas treatments provide for the reduction of NOx and SOx to environmentally acceptable levels. The impact of fuel quality upon turbine maintenance and deterioration is considered. On site costs include not only the fuel treatment costs as such, but also incremental costs incurred by the turbine operator if a turbine fuel of low quality is not acceptably upgraded.

40 CFR 80.1405 - What are the Renewable Fuel Standards?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Renewable Fuel Standards? (a) (1) Renewable Fuel Standards for 2010. (i) The value of the cellulosic biofuel... shall be 1.10 percent. (iii) The value of the advanced biofuel standard for 2010 shall be 0.61 percent... Standards for 2011. (i) The value of the cellulosic biofuel standard for 2011 shall be 0.003 percent. (ii...

40 CFR 80.1405 - What are the Renewable Fuel Standards?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Renewable Fuel Standards? (a) (1) Renewable Fuel Standards for 2010. (i) The value of the cellulosic biofuel... shall be 1.10 percent. (iii) The value of the advanced biofuel standard for 2010 shall be 0.61 percent... Standards for 2011. (i) The value of the cellulosic biofuel standard for 2011 shall be 0.003 percent. (ii...

40 CFR 80.1405 - What are the Renewable Fuel Standards?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Renewable Fuel Standards? (a) (1) Renewable Fuel Standards for 2010. (i) The value of the cellulosic biofuel... shall be 1.10 percent. (iii) The value of the advanced biofuel standard for 2010 shall be 0.61 percent... Standards for 2011. (i) The value of the cellulosic biofuel standard for 2011 shall be 0.003 percent. (ii...

Thermal Properties of Green Fuel Briquettes from Residue Corncobs Materials Mixed Macadamia Shell Charcoal Powder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Teeta, Suminya; Nachaisin, Mali; Wanish, Suchana

2017-09-01

The objective of this research was to produce green fuel briquettes from corncobs by adding macadamia shell charcoal powder. The study was sectioned into 3 parts: 1) Quality improvement of green fuel briquettes by adding macadamia; 2) Fuel property analysis based on ASTM standards and thermal fuel efficiency; and 3) Economics appropriateness in producing green fuel briquettes. This research produced green fuel briquettes using the ratio of corncobs weight and macadamia shell charcoal powder in 100:0 90:10 80:20 70:30 60:40 and 50:50 and pressing in the cold briquette machine. Fuel property analysis showed that green fuel briquettes at the ratio 50:50 produced maximum heating values at 21.06 Megajoule per kilogram and briquette density of 725.18 kilograms per cubic meter, but the percent of moisture content, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon were 10.09, 83.02, 2.17 and 4.72 respectively. The thermal efficiency of green fuel briquettes averaged 20.22%. Economics appropriateness was most effective where the ratio of corncobs weight to macadamia shell charcoal powder was at 50:50 which accounted for the cost per kilogram at 5.75 Baht. The net present value was at 1,791.25 Baht. Internal rate of return was at 8.62 and durations for a payback period of investment was at 1.9 years which was suitable for investment.

Fuel Economy Label and CAFE Data Inventory

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The Fuel Economy Label and CAFE Data asset contains measured summary fuel economy estimates and test data for light-duty vehicle manufacturers by model for certification as required under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA) and The Energy Independent Security Act of 2007 (EISA) to collect vehicle fuel economy estimates for the creation of Economy Labels and for the calculation of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE). Manufacturers submit data on an annual basis, or as needed to document vehicle model changes.The EPA performs targeted fuel economy confirmatory tests on approximately 15% of vehicles submitted for validation. Confirmatory data on vehicles is associated with its corresponding submission data to verify the accuracy of manufacturer submissions beyond standard business rules. Submitted data comes in XML format or as documents, with the majority of submissions being sent in XML, and includes descriptive information on the vehicle itself, fuel economy information, and the manufacturer's testing approach. This data may contain proprietary information (CBI) such as information on estimated sales or other data elements indicated by the submitter as confidential. CBI data is not publically available; however, within the EPA data can accessed under the restrictions of the Office of Transportation and Air Quality (OTAQ) CBI policy [RCS Link]. Datasets are segmented by vehicle model/manufacturer and/or year with corresponding fuel economy, te

Fuel Mix Impacts from Transportation Fuel Carbon Intensity Standards in Multiple Jurisdictions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Witcover, J.

2017-12-01

Fuel carbon intensity standards have emerged as an important policy in jurisdictions looking to target transportation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for reduction. A carbon intensity standard rates transportation fuels based on analysis of lifecycle GHG emissions, and uses a system of deficits and tradable, bankable credits to reward increased use of fuels with lower carbon intensity ratings while disincentivizing use of fuels with higher carbon intensity ratings such as conventional fossil fuels. Jurisdictions with carbon intensity standards now in effect include California, Oregon, and British Columbia, all requiring 10% reductions in carbon intensity of the transport fuel pool over a 10-year period. The states and province have committed to grow demand for low carbon fuels in the region as part of collaboration on climate change policies. Canada is developing a carbon intensity standard with broader coverage, for fuels used in transport, industry, and buildings. This study shows a changing fuel mix in affected jurisdictions under the policy in terms of shifting contribution of transportation energy from alternative fuels and trends in shares of particular fuel pathways. It contrasts program designs across the jurisdictions with the policy, highlights the opportunities and challenges these pose for the alternative fuel market, and discusses the impact of having multiple policies alongside federal renewable fuel standards and sometimes local carbon pricing regimes. The results show how the market has responded thus far to a policy that incentivizes carbon saving anywhere along the supply chain at lowest cost, in ways that diverged from a priori policy expectations. Lessons for the policies moving forward are discussed.

Validation of behave fire behavior predictions in oak savannas

USGS Publications Warehouse

Grabner, Keith W.; Dwyer, John; Cutter, Bruce E.

1997-01-01

Prescribed fire is a valuable tool in the restoration and management of oak savannas. BEHAVE, a fire behavior prediction system developed by the United States Forest Service, can be a useful tool when managing oak savannas with prescribed fire. BEHAVE predictions of fire rate-of-spread and flame length were validated using four standardized fuel models: Fuel Model 1 (short grass), Fuel Model 2 (timber and grass), Fuel Model 3 (tall grass), and Fuel Model 9 (hardwood litter). Also, a customized oak savanna fuel model (COSFM) was created and validated. Results indicate that standardized fuel model 2 and the COSFM reliably estimate mean rate-of-spread (MROS). The COSFM did not appreciably reduce MROS variation when compared to fuel model 2. Fuel models 1, 3, and 9 did not reliably predict MROS. Neither the standardized fuel models nor the COSFM adequately predicted flame lengths. We concluded that standardized fuel model 2 should be used with BEHAVE when predicting fire rates-of-spread in established oak savannas.

77 FR 73060 - Standard Review Plan for Review of Fuel Cycle Facility License Applications

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-07

... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION [NRC-2012-0220] Standard Review Plan for Review of Fuel Cycle... 1, ``Standard Review Plan (SRP) for the Review of a License Application for a Fuel Cycle Facility... for a fuel cycle facility (NUREG-1520) provides NRC staff guidance for reviewing and evaluating the...

Alternative Fuels Data Center: City of Hoover Fleet Boasts 200-Plus Flex

Science.gov Websites

Quality (CMAQ) Improvement Program. In response, the City of Hoover submitted a proposal to install a flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs) in hopes of reducing emissions and improving the region's air quality. At the : Municipal Fuel: E85 Flex Fuel Vehicles: 212 Infrastructure: Municipal E85 station Motivations: Air quality

49 CFR 533.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... or use of fuel injection), and catalyst usage. Limited product line light truck means a light truck..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION LIGHT TRUCK FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 533.4 Definitions. (a) Statutory terms. (1) The terms average fuel economy, average fuel economy standard, fuel economy, import, manufacture...

49 CFR 533.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... or use of fuel injection), and catalyst usage. Limited product line light truck means a light truck..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION LIGHT TRUCK FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 533.4 Definitions. (a) Statutory terms. (1) The terms average fuel economy, average fuel economy standard, fuel economy, import, manufacture...

Development of CNG direct injection (CNGDI) clean fuel system for extra power in small engine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ali, Yusoff; Shamsudeen, Azhari; Abdullah, Shahrir; Mahmood, Wan Mohd Faizal Wan

2012-06-01

A new design of fuel system for CNG engine with direct injection (CNGDI) was developed for a demonstration project. The development of the fuel system was done on the engine with cylinder head modifications, for fuel injector and spark plug openings included in the new cylinder head. The piston was also redesigned for higher compression ratio. The fuel rails and the regulators are also designed for the direct injection system operating at higher pressure about 2.0 MPa. The control of the injection timing for the direct injectors are also controlled by the Electronic Control Unit specially designed for DI by another group project. The injectors are selected after testing with the various injection pressures and spray angles. For the best performance of the high-pressure system, selection is made from the tests on single cylinder research engine (SCRE). The components in the fuel system have to be of higher quality and complied with codes and standards to secure the safety of engine for high-pressure operation. The results of the CNGDI have shown that better power output is produced and better emissions were achieved compared to the aspirated CNG engine.

77 FR 73968 - Reconsideration of Certain New Source and Startup/Shutdown Issues: National Emission Standards...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-12

... Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial...- and Oil-fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial...

Commercial jet fuel quality control

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Strauss, K.H.

1995-05-01

The paper discusses the purpose of jet fuel quality control between the refinery and the aircraft. It describes fixed equipment, including various types of filters, and the usefulness and limitations of this equipment. Test equipment is reviewed as are various surveillance procedures. These include the Air Transport Association specification ATA 103, the FAA Advisory Circular 150/5230-4, the International Air Transport Association Guidance Material for Fuel Quality Control and Fuelling Service and the Guidelines for Quality Control at Jointly Operated Fuel Systems. Some past and current quality control problems are briefly mentioned.

49 CFR 525.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... OF TRANSPORTATION EXEMPTIONS FROM AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 525.1 Scope. This part establishes... automobiles to exempt them from the average fuel economy standards for passenger automobiles and to establish alternative average fuel economy standards for those manufacturers. ...

49 CFR 525.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... OF TRANSPORTATION EXEMPTIONS FROM AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 525.1 Scope. This part establishes... automobiles to exempt them from the average fuel economy standards for passenger automobiles and to establish alternative average fuel economy standards for those manufacturers. ...

40 CFR 60.44 - Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... NO2 in excess of: (1) 86 ng/J heat input (0.20 lb/MMBtu) derived from gaseous fossil fuel. (2) 129 ng/J heat input (0.30 lb/MMBtu) derived from liquid fossil fuel, liquid fossil fuel and wood residue...

40 CFR 60.44 - Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... NO2 in excess of: (1) 86 ng/J heat input (0.20 lb/MMBtu) derived from gaseous fossil fuel. (2) 129 ng/J heat input (0.30 lb/MMBtu) derived from liquid fossil fuel, liquid fossil fuel and wood residue...

40 CFR 60.44 - Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... NO2 in excess of: (1) 86 ng/J heat input (0.20 lb/MMBtu) derived from gaseous fossil fuel. (2) 129 ng/J heat input (0.30 lb/MMBtu) derived from liquid fossil fuel, liquid fossil fuel and wood residue...

Trends in onroad transportation energy and emissions.

PubMed

Frey, H Christopher

2018-06-01

Globally, 1.3 billion on-road vehicles consume 79 quadrillion BTU of energy, mostly gasoline and diesel fuels, emit 5.7 gigatonnes of CO 2 , and emit other pollutants to which approximately 200,000 annual premature deaths are attributed. Improved vehicle energy efficiency and emission controls have helped offset growth in vehicle activity. New technologies are diffusing into the vehicle fleet in response to fuel efficiency and emission standards. Empirical assessment of vehicle emissions is challenging because of myriad fuels and technologies, intervehicle variability, multiple emission processes, variability in operating conditions, and varying capabilities of measurement methods. Fuel economy and emissions regulations have been effective in reducing total emissions of key pollutants. Real-world fuel use and emissions are consistent with official values in the United States but not in Europe or countries that adopt European standards. Portable emission measurements systems, which uncovered a recent emissions cheating scandal, have a key role in regulatory programs to ensure conformity between "real driving emissions" and emission standards. The global vehicle fleet will experience tremendous growth, especially in Asia. Although existing data and modeling tools are useful, they are often based on convenience samples, small sample sizes, large variability, and unquantified uncertainty. Vehicles emit precursors to several important secondary pollutants, including ozone and secondary organic aerosols, which requires a multipollutant emissions and air quality management strategy. Gasoline and diesel are likely to persist as key energy sources to mid-century. Adoption of electric vehicles is not a panacea with regard to greenhouse gas emissions unless coupled with policies to change the power generation mix. Depending on how they are actually implemented and used, autonomous vehicles could lead to very large reductions or increases in energy consumption. Numerous other trends are addressed with regard to technology, emissions controls, vehicle operations, emission measurements, impacts on exposure, and impacts on public health. Without specific policies to the contrary, fossil fuels are likely to continue to be the major source of on-road vehicle energy consumption. Fuel economy and emission standards are generally effective in achieving reductions per unit of vehicle activity. However, the number of vehicles and miles traveled will increase. Total energy use and emissions depend on factors such as fuels, technologies, land use, demographics, economics, road design, vehicle operation, societal values, and others that affect demand for transportation, mode choice, energy use, and emissions. Thus, there are many opportunities to influence future trends in vehicle energy use and emissions.

2013 Renewable Fuel Standards for Renewable Fuel Standard Program (RFS2) Final Rulemaking

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA is establishing the volume requirements and associated percentage standards that apply under the RFS2 program in calendar year 2013 for cellulosic biofuel, biomass-based diesel, advanced biofuel, and total renewable fuel.

Annual Compliance Data for Obligated Parties and Renewable Fuel Exporters under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) Program

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Gasoline and diesel refiners and importers (Obligated Parties) demonstrate compliance with each of the four annual standards under the Renewable Fuel Standard by meeting the Renewable Volume Obligations (RVO).

2014 Renewable Fuel Standards under Renewable Fuel Standard Program: Notice of Proposed Rulemaking

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA is proposing the volume requirements and associated percentage standards that would apply under the RFS2 program in calendar year 2014 for cellulosic biofuel, biomass-based diesel, advanced biofuel, and total renewable fuel.

76 FR 3587 - Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired, Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-20

... Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired, Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial-Institutional, and... Fossil fuel-fired electric utility steam generating units. Federal Government 22112 Fossil fuel-fired... 22112 Fossil fuel-fired electric utility steam generating units owned by municipalities. 921150 Fossil...

Renewable synthetic diesel fuel from triglycerides and organic waste materials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hillard, J.C.; Strassburger, R.S.

1986-03-01

A renewable, synthetic diesel fuel has been developed that employs ethanol and organic waste materials. These organic materials, such as soybean oil or animal fats, are hydrolized to yield a mixture of solid soap like materials and glycerol. These soaps, now soluble in ethanol, are blended with ethanol; the glycerol is nitrated and added as well as castor oil when necessary. The synthetic fuel is tailored to match petroleum diesel fuel in viscosity, lubricity and cetane quality and, therefore, does not require any engine modifications. Testing in a laboratory engine and in a production Oldsmobile Cutlass has revealed that thismore » synthetic fuel is superior to petroleum diesel fuel in vehicle efficiency, cetane quality, combustion noise, cold start characteristics, exhaust odor and emissions. Performance characteristics are indistinguishable from those of petroleum diesel fuel. These soaps are added to improve the calorific value, lubricity and cetane quality of the ethanol. The glycerol from the hydrolysis process is nitrated and added to the ethanol as an additional cetane quality improver. Caster oil is added to the fuel when necessary to match the viscosity and lubricity of petroleum diesel fuel as well as to act as a corrosion inhibitor, thereby, precluding any engine modifications. The cetane quality of the synthetic fuel is better than that of petroleum diesel as the fuel carries its own oxygen. The synthetic fuel is also completely miscible with petroleum diesel.« less

77 FR 61281 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Modifications to Renewable Fuel Standard and Diesel...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-09

... fuel produced by transmix processors. These amendments will allow locomotive and marine diesel fuel produced by transmix processors to meet a maximum 500 parts per million (ppm) sulfur standard provided that... processors while having a neutral or net positive environmental impact. EPA is also amending the fuel marker...

Describing current and potential markets for alternative-fuel vehicles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1996-03-26

Motor vehicles are a major source of greenhouse gases, and the rising numbers of motor vehicles and miles driven could lead to more harmful emissions that may ultimately affect the world`s climate. One approach to curtailing such emissions is to use, instead of gasoline, alternative fuels: LPG, compressed natural gas, or alcohol fuels. In addition to the greenhouse gases, pollutants can be harmful to human health: ozone, CO. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 authorized EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards to control this. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT) was the first new law tomore » emphasize strengthened energy security and decreased reliance on foreign oil since the oil shortages of the 1970`s. EPACT emphasized increasing the number of alternative-fuel vehicles (AFV`s) by mandating their incremental increase of use by Federal, state, and alternative fuel provider fleets over the new few years. Its goals are far from being met; alternative fuels` share remains trivial, about 0.3%, despite gains. This report describes current and potential markets for AFV`s; it begins by assessing the total vehicle stock, and then it focuses on current use of AFV`s in alternative fuel provider fleets and the potential for use of AFV`s in US households.« less

Readiness Review of BWXT for Fabrication of AGR 5/6/7 Compacts

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marshall, Douglas William; Sharp, Michelle Tracy

In support of preparations for fabricating compacts for the Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) fuel qualification irradiation experiments (AGR-5/6/7), Idaho National Laboratory (INL) conducted a readiness review of the BWX Technology (BWXT) procedures, processes, and equipment associated with compact fabrication activities at the BWXT Nuclear Operations Group (BWXT-NOG) facility outside Lynchburg, VirginiaVA. The readiness review used quality assurance requirements taken from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Nuclear Quality Assurance Standard (NQA-1-2008/1a-2009) as a basis to assess readiness to start compact fabrication.

41 CFR 102-34.75 - Who is responsible for monitoring our compliance with fuel economy standards for motor vehicles...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... monitoring our compliance with fuel economy standards for motor vehicles we obtain? 102-34.75 Section 102-34... Vehicles § 102-34.75 Who is responsible for monitoring our compliance with fuel economy standards for motor... economy standards for motor vehicles they obtain. ...

41 CFR 102-34.75 - Who is responsible for monitoring our compliance with fuel economy standards for motor vehicles...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... monitoring our compliance with fuel economy standards for motor vehicles we obtain? 102-34.75 Section 102-34... Vehicles § 102-34.75 Who is responsible for monitoring our compliance with fuel economy standards for motor... economy standards for motor vehicles they obtain. ...

41 CFR 102-34.75 - Who is responsible for monitoring our compliance with fuel economy standards for motor vehicles...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... monitoring our compliance with fuel economy standards for motor vehicles we obtain? 102-34.75 Section 102-34... Vehicles § 102-34.75 Who is responsible for monitoring our compliance with fuel economy standards for motor... economy standards for motor vehicles they obtain. ...

41 CFR 102-34.75 - Who is responsible for monitoring our compliance with fuel economy standards for motor vehicles...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... monitoring our compliance with fuel economy standards for motor vehicles we obtain? 102-34.75 Section 102-34... Vehicles § 102-34.75 Who is responsible for monitoring our compliance with fuel economy standards for motor... economy standards for motor vehicles they obtain. ...

49 CFR 525.2 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... OF TRANSPORTATION EXEMPTIONS FROM AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 525.2 Purpose. The purpose of this... automobiles which desire to petition the Administrator for exemption from applicable average fuel economy standards and for establishment of appropriate alternative average fuel economy standards and to give...

49 CFR 525.2 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... OF TRANSPORTATION EXEMPTIONS FROM AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 525.2 Purpose. The purpose of this... automobiles which desire to petition the Administrator for exemption from applicable average fuel economy standards and for establishment of appropriate alternative average fuel economy standards and to give...

40 CFR 80.1405 - What are the Renewable Fuel Standards?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Renewable Fuel Standards? (a) Renewable Fuel Standards for 2011. (1) The value of the cellulosic biofuel... be 0.69 percent. (3) The value of the advanced biofuel standard for 2011 shall be 0.78 percent. (4... ER10MY10.003 ER10MY10.004 Where: StdCB,i = The cellulosic biofuel standard for year i, in percent. StdBBD,i...

Hydrocarbon Fuel Thermal Performance Modeling based on Systematic Measurement and Comprehensive Chromatographic Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-07-27

is a common requirement for aircraft, rockets , and hypersonic vehicles. The Aerospace Fuels Quality Test and Model Development (AFQTMoDev) project...was initiated to mature fuel quality assurance practices for rocket grade kerosene, thereby ensuring operational readiness of conventional and...and reliability, is a common requirement for aircraft, rockets , and hypersonic vehicles. The Aerospace Fuels Quality Test and Model Development

Fuel quality/processing study. Volume 2: Appendix. Task 1 literature survey

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ohara, J. B.; Bela, A.; Jentz, N. E.; Klumpe, H. W.; Kessler, H. E.; Kotzot, H. T.; Loran, B. L.

1981-01-01

The results of a literature survey of fuel processing and fuel quality are given. Liquid synfuels produced from coal and oil shale are discussed. Gas turbine fuel property specifications are discussed. On-site fuel pretreatment and emissions from stationary gas turbines are discussed. Numerous data tables and abstracts are given.

Standard fire behavior fuel models: a comprehensive set for use with Rothermel's surface fire spread model

Treesearch

Joe H. Scott; Robert E. Burgan

2005-01-01

This report describes a new set of standard fire behavior fuel models for use with Rothermel's surface fire spread model and the relationship of the new set to the original set of 13 fire behavior fuel models. To assist with transition to using the new fuel models, a fuel model selection guide, fuel model crosswalk, and set of fuel model photos are provided.

76 FR 18066 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Changes to Renewable Fuel Standard Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Changes to Renewable Fuel Standard Program CFR Correction In Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 72 to 80, revised as of July 1, 2010, on page 1160, in Sec. 80.1466, in paragraph (h)(1), the equation is...

78 FR 9281 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2013 Renewable Fuel Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-07

...Under section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act, the Environmental Protection Agency is required to set the renewable fuel standards each November for the following year. In general the standards are designed to ensure that the applicable volumes of renewable fuel specified in the statute are used. However, the statute specifies that EPA is to project the volume of cellulosic biofuel production for the upcoming year and must base the cellulosic biofuel standard on that projected volume if it is less than the applicable volume set forth in the Act. EPA is today proposing a projected cellulosic biofuel volume for 2013 that is below the applicable volume specified in the Act. EPA is proposing that the applicable volumes of advanced biofuel and total renewable fuel would remain at the statutory levels for 2013. Finally, today's action also proposes annual percentage standards for cellulosic biofuel, biomass-based diesel, advanced biofuel, and renewable fuels that would apply to all gasoline and diesel produced or imported in year 2013.

40 CFR 88.104-94 - Clean-fuel vehicle tailpipe emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Clean-fuel vehicle tailpipe emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks. 88.104-94 Section 88.104-94 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CLEAN-FUEL VEHICLES Emission Standards for Clean-Fuel Vehicles § 88.10...

40 CFR 88.104-94 - Clean-fuel vehicle tailpipe emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Clean-fuel vehicle tailpipe emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks. 88.104-94 Section 88.104-94 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CLEAN-FUEL VEHICLES Emission Standards for Clean-Fuel Vehicles § 88.10...

40 CFR 88.104-94 - Clean-fuel vehicle tailpipe emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Clean-fuel vehicle tailpipe emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks. 88.104-94 Section 88.104-94 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CLEAN-FUEL VEHICLES Emission Standards for Clean-Fuel Vehicles § 88.104...

On-road vehicle emission control in Beijing: past, present, and future.

PubMed

Wu, Ye; Wang, Renjie; Zhou, Yu; Lin, Bohong; Fu, Lixin; He, Kebin; Hao, Jiming

2011-01-01

Beijing, the capital of China, has experienced rapid motorization since 1990; a trend that is likely to continue. The growth in vehicles and the corresponding emissions create challenges to improving the urban air quality. In an effort to reduce the impact of vehicle emissions on urban air quality, Beijing has adopted a number of vehicle emission control strategies and policies since the mid 1990 s. These are classified into seven categories: (1) emission control on new vehicles; (2) emission control on in-use vehicles; (3) fuel quality improvements; (4) alternative-fuel and advanced vehicles; (5) economic policies; (6) public transport; and (7) temporal traffic control measures. Many have proven to be successful, such as the Euro emission standards, unleaded gasoline and low sulfur fuel, temporal traffic control measures during the Beijing Olympic Games, etc. Some, however, have been failures, such as the gasoline-to-LPG taxi retrofit program. Thanks to the emission standards for new vehicles as well as other controls, the fleet-average emission rates of CO, HC, NO(X), and PM(10) by each major vehicle category are decreasing over time. For example, gasoline cars decreased fleet-average emission factors by 12.5% for CO, 10.0% for HC, 5.8% for NO(X), and 13.0% for PM(10) annually since 1995, and such a trend is likely to continue. Total emissions for Beijing's vehicle fleet increased from 1995 to 1998. However, they show a clear and steady decrease between 1999 and 2009. In 2009, total emissions of CO, HC, NO(X), and PM(10) were 845,000 t, 121,000 t, 84,000 t, and 3700 t, respectively; with reductions of 47%, 49%, 47%, and 42%, relative to 1998. Beijing has been considered a pioneer in controlling vehicle emissions within China, similar to the role of California to the U.S. The continued rapid growth of vehicles, however, is challenging Beijing's policy-makers.

40 CFR 279.72 - On-specification used oil fuel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false On-specification used oil fuel. 279.72... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF USED OIL Standards for Used Oil Fuel Marketers § 279.72 On-specification used oil fuel. (a) Analysis of used oil fuel. A generator, transporter, processor/re-refiner, or...

Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2): Final Rule Additional Resources

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The final rule of fuels and fuel additives: renewable fuel standard program is published on March 26, 2010 and is effective on July 1, 2010. You will find the links to this final rule and technical amendments supporting this rule.

76 FR 37703 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: 2012 Renewable Fuel Standards; Public Hearing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-28

... standards for cellulosic biofuel, biomass-based diesel, advanced biofuel, and renewable fuels that would... volume of biomass- based diesel that would apply in 2013. DATES: The public hearing will be held on July...

Light-duty vehicle greenhouse gas emission standards and corporate average fuel economy standards : final rule

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-05-07

Final Rule to establish a National Program consisting of new standards for light-duty vehicles that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve fuel economy. This joint : Final Rule is consistent with the National Fuel Efficiency Policy announce...

Renewable Fuel Standard Program (RFS1): Final Rule Additional Resources

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The final rule of fuels and fuel additives: renewable fuel standard program is published on May 1, 2007 and is effective on September 1, 2007. You will find the links to this final rule and technical amendments supporting this rule.

An approach to meeting the spent fuel standard

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Makhijani, A.

1996-05-01

The idea of the spent fuel standard is that there should be a high surface gamma radiation to prevent theft. For purposes of preventing theft, containers should be massive, and the plutonium should be difficult to extract. This report discusses issues associated with the spent fuel standard.

40 CFR 190.10 - Standards for normal operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Standards for the Uranium Fuel Cycle § 190.10 Standards for normal operations. Operations covered by this... radioactive materials, radon and its daughters excepted, to the general environment from uranium fuel cycle... the general environment from the entire uranium fuel cycle, per gigawatt-year of electrical energy...

40 CFR 80.524 - What sulfur content standard applies to motor vehicle diesel fuel downstream of the refinery or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false What sulfur content standard applies... Marine Fuel Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel Standards and Requirements § 80.524 What sulfur content standard... paragraph (b) of this section or otherwise in the provisions of this Subpart I, the 15 ppm sulfur content...

40 CFR 80.524 - What sulfur content standard applies to motor vehicle diesel fuel downstream of the refinery or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false What sulfur content standard applies... Marine Fuel Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel Standards and Requirements § 80.524 What sulfur content standard... paragraph (b) of this section or otherwise in the provisions of this Subpart I, the 15 ppm sulfur content...

U.S. Geological Survey laboratory method for methyl tert-Butyl ether and other fuel oxygenates

USGS Publications Warehouse

Raese, Jon W.; Rose, Donna L.; Sandstrom, Mark W.

1995-01-01

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was found in shallow ground-water samples in a study of 8 urban and 20 agricultural areas throughout the United States in 1993 and 1994 (Squillace and others, 1995, p. 1). The compound is added to gasoline either seasonally or year round in many parts of the United States to increase the octane level and to reduce carbon monoxide and ozone levels in the air. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL), near Denver, uses state-of-the-art technology to analyze samples for MTBE as part of the USGS water-quality studies. In addition, the NWQL offers custom analyses to determine two other fuel oxygenates--ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) and tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME). The NWQL was not able to obtain a reference standard for tert-amyl ethyl ether (TAEE), another possible fuel oxygenate (Shelley and Fouhy, 1994, p. 63). The shallow ground-water samples were collected as part of the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment Program. These samples were collected from 211 urban wells or springs and 562 agricultural wells sampled by the USGS in 1993 and 1994. The wells were keyed to specific land-use areas to assess the effects of different uses on ground-water quality (Squillace and others, 1995, p. 2). Ground-water samples were preserved on site to pH less than or equal to 2 with a solution of 1:1 hydrochloric acid. All samples were analyzed at the NWQL within 2 weeks after collection. The purpose of this fact sheet is to explain briefly the analytical method implemented by the USGS for determining MTBE and other fuel oxygenates. The scope is necessarily limited to an overview of the analytical method (instrumentation, sample preparation, calibration and quantitation, identification, and preservation of samples) and method performance (reagent blanks, accuracy, and precision).

49 CFR 525.8 - Processing of petitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EXEMPTIONS FROM AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 525.8 Processing of... establishment of an alternative average fuel economy standard, or the proposed denial of the petition, specifies... fuel economy standard or the denial of the petition, and the reasons for the decision. (Sec. 301, Pub...

77 FR 73736 - Reports, Forms, and Recordkeeping Requirements: Agency Information Collection Activity Under OMB...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-11

... Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards for light vehicles since 1978 under the statutory authority of the Energy... 19, 2007, amended EPCA and mandated that NHTSA, in consultation with EPA, set fuel economy standards... agency to implement test methods, measurement metrics, fuel economy standards, and compliance and...

77 FR 9303 - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-16

... Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Electric Utility... Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial-Institutional, and Small Industrial... electric utility steam generating units (EGUs) and standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired electric...

Influence of polymethyl acrylate additive on the formation of particulate matter and NOX emission of a biodiesel-diesel-fueled engine.

PubMed

Monirul, Islam Mohammad; Masjuki, Haji Hassan; Kalam, Mohammad Abdul; Zulkifli, Nurin Wahidah Mohd; Shancita, Islam

2017-08-01

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the polymethyl acrylate (PMA) additive on the formation of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxide (NO X ) emission from a diesel coconut and/or Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel-fueled engine. The physicochemical properties of 20% of coconut and/or C. inophyllum biodiesel-diesel blend (B20), 0.03 wt% of PMA with B20 (B20P), and diesel fuel were measured and compared to ASTM D6751, D7467, and EN 14214 standard. The test results showed that the addition of PMA additive with B20 significantly improves the cold-flow properties such as pour point (PP), cloud point (CP), and cold filter plugging point (CFPP). The addition of PMA additives reduced the engine's brake-specific energy consumption of all tested fuels. Engine emission results showed that the additive-added fuel reduce PM concentration than B20 and diesel, whereas the PM size and NO X emission both increased than B20 fuel and baseline diesel fuel. Also, the effect of adding PMA into B20 reduced Carbon (C), Aluminum (Al), Potassium (K), and volatile materials in the soot, whereas it increased Oxygen (O), Fluorine (F), Zinc (Zn), Barium (Ba), Chlorine (Cl), Sodium (Na), and fixed carbon. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results for B20P showed the lower agglomeration than B20 and diesel fuel. Therefore, B20P fuel can be used as an alternative to diesel fuel in diesel engines to lower the harmful emissions without compromising the fuel quality.

Animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air emissions

USGS Publications Warehouse

Newman, James R.; Schreiber, R. Kent

1984-01-01

With existing and proposed air-quality regulations, ecological disasters resulting from air emissions such as those observed at Copperhill, Tennessee, and Sudbury, Ontario, are unlikely. Current air-quality standards, however, may not protect ecosystems from subacute and chronic exposure to air emissions. The encouragement of the use of coal for energy production and the development of the fossil-fuel industries, including oil shales, tar sands, and coal liquification, point to an increase and spread of fossil-fuel emissions and the potential to influence a number of natural ecosystems. This paper reviews the reported responses of ecosystems to air-borne pollutants and discusses the use of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to these pollutants. Animal species and populations can act as important indicators of biotic and abiotic responses of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These responses can indicate long-term trends in ecosystem health and productivity, chemical cycling, genetics, and regulation. For short-term trends, fish and wildlife also serve as monitors of changes in community structure, signaling food-web contamination, as well as providing a measure of ecosystem vitality. Information is presented to show not only the importance of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air-quality degradation, but also their value as air-pollution indices, that is, as air-quality-related values (AQRV), required in current air-pollution regulation.

Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; social issues fact sheet 13: Strategies for managing fuels and visual quality

Treesearch

Christine Esposito

2006-01-01

The public's acceptance of forest management practices, including fuels reduction, is heavily based on how forests look. Fuels managers can improve their chances of success by considering aesthetics when making management decisions. This fact sheet reviews a three-part general strategy for managing fuels and visual quality: planning, implementation, and monitoring...

Electric Power Monthly, June 1990

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1990-09-13

The EPM is prepared by the Electric Power Division; Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, Energy Information Administration (EIA), Department of Energy. This publication provides monthly statistics at the national, Census division, and State levels for net generation, fuel consumption, fuel stocks, quantity and quality of fuel, electricity sales, and average revenue per kilowatthour of electricity sold. Data on net generation are also displayed at the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) region level. Additionally, company and plant level information are published in the EPM on capability of new plants, net generation, fuel consumption, fuel stocks, quantity andmore » quality of fuel, and cost of fuel. Quantity, quality, and cost of fuel data lag the net generation, fuel consumption, fuel stocks, electricity sales, and average revenue per kilowatthour data by 1 month. This difference in reporting appears in the national, Census division, and State level tables. However, at the plant level, all statistics presented are for the earlier month for the purpose of comparison. 40 tabs.« less

Feasibility of Using Full Synthetic Low Viscosity Engine Oil at High Ambient Temperatures in U.S. Army Engines

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT Advancements in lubricant technology over the last two decades...in particular, the availability of high quality synthetic base oils, has set the stage for the development of a new fuel efficient, multifunctional...were conducted following two standard military testing cycles; the 210 h Tactical Wheeled Vehicle Cycle, and the 400 h NATO Hardware Endurance

Clean fuels for resource-poor settings: A systematic review of barriers and enablers to adoption and sustained use.

PubMed

Puzzolo, Elisa; Pope, Daniel; Stanistreet, Debbi; Rehfuess, Eva A; Bruce, Nigel G

2016-04-01

Access to, and sustained adoption of, clean household fuels at scale remains an aspirational goal to achieve sufficient reductions in household air pollution (HAP) in order to impact on the substantial global health burden caused by reliance on solid fuels. To systematically appraise the current evidence base to identify: (i) which factors enable or limit adoption and sustained use of clean fuels (namely liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), biogas, solar cooking and alcohol fuels) in low- and middle-income countries; (ii) lessons learnt concerning equitable scaling-up of programmes of cleaner cooking fuels in relation to poverty, urban-rural settings and gender. A mixed-methods systematic review was conducted using established review methodology and extensive searches of published and grey literature sources. Data extraction and quality appraisal of quantitative, qualitative and case studies meeting inclusion criteria were conducted using standardised methods with reliability checking. Forty-four studies from Africa, Asia and Latin America met the inclusion criteria (17 on biogas, 12 on LPG, 9 on solar, 6 on alcohol fuels). A broad range of inter-related enabling and limiting factors were identified for all four types of intervention, operating across seven pre-specified domains (i.e. fuel and technology characteristics, household and setting characteristics, knowledge and perceptions, financial, tax and subsidy aspects, market development, regulation, legislation and standards, and programme and policy mechanisms) and multiple levels (i.e. household, community, national). All domains matter and the majority of factors are common to all clean fuels interventions reviewed although some are fuel and technology-specific. All factors should therefore be taken into account and carefully assessed during planning and implementation of any small- and large-scale initiative aiming at promoting clean fuels for household cooking. Despite limitations in quantity and quality of the evidence this systematic review provides a useful starting point for the design, delivery and evaluation of programmes to ensure more effective adoption and use of LPG, biogas, alcohol fuels and solar cooking. This review was funded by the Department for International Development (DfID) of the United Kingdom. The authors would also like to thank the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre (EPPI-Centre) for their technical support. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

INTEGRATED POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS FOR COAL MINE WASTE METHANE UTILIZATION

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Peet M. Soot; Dale R. Jesse; Michael E. Smith

2005-08-01

An integrated system to utilize the waste coal mine methane (CMM) at the Federal No. 2 Coal Mine in West Virginia was designed and built. The system includes power generation, using internal combustion engines, along with gas processing equipment to upgrade sub-quality waste methane to pipeline quality standards. The power generation has a nominal capacity of 1,200 kw and the gas processing system can treat about 1 million cubic feet per day (1 MMCFD) of gas. The gas processing is based on the Northwest Fuel Development, Inc. (NW Fuel) proprietary continuous pressure swing adsorption (CPSA) process that can remove nitrogenmore » from CMM streams. The two major components of the integrated system are synergistic. The byproduct gas stream from the gas processing equipment can be used as fuel for the power generating equipment. In return, the power generating equipment provides the nominal power requirements of the gas processing equipment. This Phase III effort followed Phase I, which was comprised of a feasibility study for the project, and Phase II, where the final design for the commercial-scale demonstration was completed. The fact that NW Fuel is desirous of continuing to operate the equipment on a commercial basis provides the validation for having advanced the project through all of these phases. The limitation experienced by the project during Phase III was that the CMM available to operate the CPSA system on a commercial basis was not of sufficiently high quality. NW Fuel's CPSA process is limited in its applicability, requiring a relatively high quality of gas as the feed to the process. The CPSA process was demonstrated during Phase III for a limited time, during which the processing capabilities met the expected results, but the process was never capable of providing pipeline quality gas from the available low quality CMM. The NW Fuel CPSA process is a low-cost ''polishing unit'' capable of removing a few percent nitrogen. It was never intended to process CMM streams containing high levels of nitrogen, as is now the case at the Federal No.2 Mine. Even lacking the CPSA pipeline delivery demonstration, the project was successful in laying the groundwork for future commercial applications of the integrated system. This operation can still provide a guide for other coal mines which need options for utilization of their methane resources. The designed system can be used as a complete template, or individual components of the system can be segregated and utilized separately at other mines. The use of the CMM not only provides an energy fuel from an otherwise wasted resource, but it also yields an environmental benefit by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The methane has twenty times the greenhouse effect as compared to carbon dioxide, which the combustion of the methane generates. The net greenhouse gas emission mitigation is substantial.« less

Mandated fuel economy standards as a strategy for improving motor vehicle fuel economy.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-10-19

The major domestic motor vehicle manufacturers have projected that their new car fleet average fuel economy will meet the federal mandated fuel economy standard for 1985, of 27.5 miles per gallon. Assuming that these projections hold true, in one dec...

76 FR 3517 - Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired, Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-20

... Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired, Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial-Institutional, and... following: Category NAICS \\1\\ Examples of regulated entities Industry 221112 Fossil fuel-fired electric utility steam generating units. Federal Government 22112 Fossil fuel-fired electric utility steam...

14 CFR 34.11 - Standard for fuel venting emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Section 34.11 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT FUEL VENTING AND EXHAUST EMISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR TURBINE ENGINE POWERED AIRPLANES Engine Fuel Venting Emissions (New and In-Use Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines) § 34.11 Standard for fuel venting emissions. (a) No...

14 CFR 34.11 - Standard for fuel venting emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Section 34.11 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT FUEL VENTING AND EXHAUST EMISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR TURBINE ENGINE POWERED AIRPLANES Engine Fuel Venting Emissions (New and In-Use Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines) § 34.11 Standard for fuel venting emissions. (a) No...

40 CFR 80.1141 - Small refinery exemption.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1141 Small refinery exemption...)), is exempt from the renewable fuel standards of § 80.1105 and the requirements that apply to obligated... refinery application. The application must contain all of the elements required for small refinery...

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Deploying Alternative Fuel Vehicles in

Science.gov Websites

Rochester, New York, Through the Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program in Rochester, New York, Through the Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program to someone by E -mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Deploying Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Rochester, New York

FUEL ECONOMY AND CO2 EMISSIONS STANDARDS, MANUFACTURER PRICING STRATEGIES, AND FEEBATES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Changzheng; Greene, David L; Bunch, Dr David S.

2012-01-01

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards and CO2 emissions standards for 2012 to 2016 have significantly increased the stringency of requirements for new light-duty vehicle fuel efficiency. This study investigates the role of technology adoption and pricing strategies in meeting new standards, as well as the impact of feebate policies. The analysis is carried out by means of a dynamic optimization model that simulates manufacturer decisions with the objective of maximizing social surplus while simultaneously considering consumer response and meeting CAFE and emissions standards. The results indicate that technology adoption plays the major role and that the provision of compliancemore » flexibility and the availability of cost-effective advanced technologies help manufacturers reduce the need for pricing to induce changes in the mix of vehicles sold. Feebates, when implemented along with fuel economy and emissions standards, can bring additional fuel economy improvement and emissions reduction, but the benefit diminishes with the increasing stringency of the standards.« less

Patterns of domestic exposure to carbon monoxide and particulate matter in households using biomass fuel in Janakpur, Nepal.

PubMed

Bartington, S E; Bakolis, I; Devakumar, D; Kurmi, O P; Gulliver, J; Chaube, G; Manandhar, D S; Saville, N M; Costello, A; Osrin, D; Hansell, A L; Ayres, J G

2017-01-01

Household Air Pollution (HAP) from biomass cooking fuels is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-income settings worldwide. In Nepal the use of open stoves with solid biomass fuels is the primary method of domestic cooking. To assess patterns of domestic air pollution we performed continuous measurement of carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) in 12 biomass fuel households in Janakpur, Nepal. We measured kitchen PM 2.5 and CO concentrations at one-minute intervals for an approximately 48-h period using the TSI DustTrak II 8530/SidePak AM510 (TSI Inc, St. Paul MN, USA) or EL-USB-CO data logger (Lascar Electronics, Erie PA, USA) respectively. We also obtained information regarding fuel, stove and kitchen characteristics and cooking activity patterns. Household cooking was performed in two daily sessions (median total duration 4 h) with diurnal variability in pollutant concentrations reflecting morning and evening cooking sessions and peak concentrations associated with fire-lighting. We observed a strong linear relationship between PM 2.5 measurements obtained by co-located photometric and gravimetric monitoring devices, providing local calibration factors of 4.9 (DustTrak) and 2.7 (SidePak). Overall 48-h average CO and PM 2.5 concentrations were 5.4 (SD 4.3) ppm (12 households) and 417.6 (SD 686.4) μg/m 3 (8 households), respectively, with higher average concentrations associated with cooking and heating activities. Overall average PM 2.5 concentrations and peak 1-h CO concentrations exceeded WHO Indoor Air Quality Guidelines. Average hourly PM 2.5 and CO concentrations were moderately correlated (r = 0.52), suggesting that CO has limited utility as a proxy measure for PM 2.5 exposure assessment in this setting. Domestic indoor air quality levels associated with biomass fuel combustion in this region exceed WHO Indoor Air Quality standards and are in the hazardous range for human health. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

76 FR 59922 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-28

... the document is a factor of 8,887 grams of CO 2 per gallon of gasoline for conversion of gasoline fuel...-ignition vehicles and alternative fuel spark- ignition vehicles. CO 2 emissions test group result (grams per mile)/8,887 grams per gallon of gasoline fuel) x (10\\2\\) = Fuel consumption test group result...

Air Quality in Mexico City: Policies Implemented for its Improvement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paramo, V.

2007-12-01

Ozone and suspended particles (PM) are two pollutants in the atmosphere of Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) that still exceed the recommended Mexican health standards. The other criteria pollutants very seldom exceed their corresponding standards. In 2006, the maximum ozone concentrations were above the health standard (0.11 ppm in 1 hour) during 59 percent of the days for an average of 2.2 hours and 130 points of the Air Quality Index (Índice Metropolitano de la Calidad del Aire - IMECA). In contrast, in 1991, 98 percent of the days exceeded the ozone health standard for an average of 6.6 hours and 200 IMECA points. With regards to PM10, in 2006, 80 percent of the sampled concentrations were below the health standard of 120 µg/m3 in 24 hours. However, the annual health standard of 50 µg/m3 is still exceeded. The air quality management in the MCMA is a difficult task due to several adverse factors. The main one is the large population that increased from nearly 15 million in 1992 to more than 18 million at present. As a result, the urban area grows in the adjoined municipalities of the State of Mexico. The vehicular fleet increases also to almost 4 million and the number of industrial facilities is at present 50,000. Consequently, the fuel consumption is very high. The daily energy consumption is estimated to be 44 million liters of equivalent of gasoline. Despite the fact that the air quality has improved in recent years, the related health standards are still exceeded and therefore it is necessary to continue applying the most cost-effective actions to improve the environment quality. Some actions that have contributed most to the reduction of pollutant emissions are the following: Continuous update of the inspection and maintenance program of the vehicular fleet; substitution of the catalytic converters at the end of their useful life; self-regulation of the diesel fleet; use of alternative fuels; update the No-Driving-Day program; establishment of more stringent emission levels of the gasoline fleet; update the detention of pollutant vehicles program; partial exemption of the inspection and maintenance program for cleaner and or highly efficient vehicles; substitution of 3,000 microbuses, 40,000 taxis and 1,200 buses; commissioning of the first Bus Rapid Transit system; implementation of a program for the emissions reduction for the 300 most polluted industrial facilities; and continuous update of the air quality environmental management programs. To continue improving the air quality in the MCMA, the environmental authorities will continue the implementation of the 2002-2010 Air Quality Improvement Program. In 2007 the Green Program was started, this includes those actions that have proven to be effective reduction of pollutant emissions and incorporates new actions for the reduction of local and global pollutant emissions. The most important of these new actions are: substitution of 9,500 microbuses; renewal of all the taxis fleet; commissioning of 10 Bus Rapid Transit lines; commissioning of Line 12 of the underground system; schedules and routes limitations to the cargo fleet; increase 5 percent the number of non-motorized trips (bicycling and walking); regulation of the private public transport passenger stops; requirement of private schools to provide school transport; regulation of non-occupied taxis in circulation; modifications to the circulation of 350 critical crossing points in the city; adoption of intelligent traffic lights systems; complete substitution of the local government vehicle's fleet; implement the inspection and maintenance of the cargo fleet; introduction of low- sulfur diesel, among other measures.

40 CFR 80.511 - What are the per-gallon and marker requirements that apply to NRLM diesel fuel, ECA marine fuel...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., all NRLM diesel fuel must comply with the cetane index or aromatics standard of § 80.510. (3) Except... index or aromatics standard of 80.510(a) shall apply to all NRLM diesel fuel beginning August 1, 2007...

40 CFR 80.511 - What are the per-gallon and marker requirements that apply to NRLM diesel fuel, ECA marine fuel...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., all NRLM diesel fuel must comply with the cetane index or aromatics standard of § 80.510. (3) Except... index or aromatics standard of 80.510(a) shall apply to all NRLM diesel fuel beginning August 1, 2007...

49 CFR 525.11 - Termination of exemption; amendment of alternative average fuel economy standard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Termination of exemption; amendment of alternative average fuel economy standard. 525.11 Section 525.11 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EXEMPTIONS FROM AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS...

Using a prescribed fire to test custom and standard fuel models for fire behaviour prediction in a non-native, grass-invaded tropical dry shrubland

Treesearch

Andrew D. Pierce; Sierra McDaniel; Mark Wasser; Alison Ainsworth; Creighton M. Litton; Christian P. Giardina; Susan Cordell; Ralf Ohlemuller

2014-01-01

Questions: Do fuel models developed for North American fuel types accurately represent fuel beds found in grass-invaded tropical shrublands? Do standard or custom fuel models for firebehavior models with in situ or RAWS measured fuel moistures affect the accuracy of predicted fire behavior in grass-invaded tropical shrublands? Location: Hawai’i Volcanoes National...

40 CFR 60.46 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... fossil fuels or fossil fuel and wood residue are fired, the owner or operator (in order to compute the...

40 CFR 60.46 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... fossil fuels or fossil fuel and wood residue are fired, the owner or operator (in order to compute the...

40 CFR 60.46 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... fossil fuels or fossil fuel and wood residue are fired, the owner or operator (in order to compute the...

40 CFR 60.46 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... the results of the four pairs of samples. (c) When combinations of fossil fuels or fossil fuel and...

40 CFR 60.46 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... the results of the four pairs of samples. (c) When combinations of fossil fuels or fossil fuel and...

Household air pollution and the sustainable development goals.

PubMed

Amegah, Adeladza Kofi; Jaakkola, Jouni J K

2016-03-01

Globally, 41% of households, over 2.8 billion people, rely on solid fuels (coal and biomass) for cooking and heating. In developing countries in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where these fuels are predominantly used, women who are customarily responsible for cooking, and their young children, are most exposed to the resulting air pollution. Solid fuels are still in widespread use and it appears that intervention efforts are not keeping pace with population growth in developing countries. Here we pinpoint the challenges and identify opportunities for addressing household air pollution while mitigating global climate change and promoting the sustainable development goals. We recommend the following actions: implementation of the WHO indoor air quality guidelines on household fuel combustion; effective promotion and dissemination of improved cookstoves through formation of country alliances for clean cookstoves; expansion of liquefied petroleum gas production facilities and distribution networks; harnessing renewable energy potential; promotion of biogas production at both household and community level; ensuring improved ventilation of homes through education and enforcement of building standards; and exploiting opportunities in the health and other sectors for changing health-damaging cooking behaviour.

Household air pollution and the sustainable development goals

PubMed Central

Jaakkola, Jouni JK

2016-01-01

Abstract Globally, 41% of households, over 2.8 billion people, rely on solid fuels (coal and biomass) for cooking and heating. In developing countries in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where these fuels are predominantly used, women who are customarily responsible for cooking, and their young children, are most exposed to the resulting air pollution. Solid fuels are still in widespread use and it appears that intervention efforts are not keeping pace with population growth in developing countries. Here we pinpoint the challenges and identify opportunities for addressing household air pollution while mitigating global climate change and promoting the sustainable development goals. We recommend the following actions: implementation of the WHO indoor air quality guidelines on household fuel combustion; effective promotion and dissemination of improved cookstoves through formation of country alliances for clean cookstoves; expansion of liquefied petroleum gas production facilities and distribution networks; harnessing renewable energy potential; promotion of biogas production at both household and community level; ensuring improved ventilation of homes through education and enforcement of building standards; and exploiting opportunities in the health and other sectors for changing health-damaging cooking behaviour. PMID:26966333

Survey of US fuel ethanol plants.

PubMed

Saunders, J A; Rosentrater, K A

2009-07-01

The ethanol industry is growing in response to increased consumer demands for fuel as well as the renewable fuel standard. Corn ethanol processing creates the following products: 1/3 ethanol, 1/3 distillers grains, and 1/3 carbon dioxide. As the production of ethanol increases so does the generation of its coproducts, and viable uses continually need to be developed. A survey was mailed to operational US ethanol plants to determine current practices. It inquired about processes, equipment used, end products, and desired future directions for coproducts. Results indicated that approximately one-third of plant managers surveyed expressed a willingness to alter current drying time and temperature if it could result in a higher quality coproduct. Other managers indicated hesitation, based on lack of economic incentives, potential cost and return, and capital required. Respondents also reported the desire to use their coproducts in some of the following products: fuels, extrusion, pellets, plastics, and human food applications. These results provide a snapshot of the industry, and indicate that operational changes to the current production of DDGS must be based upon the potential for positive economic returns.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Natural Gas Street Sweepers Improve Air

Science.gov Websites

Quality in New York Natural Gas Street Sweepers Improve Air Quality in New York to someone by E -mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Natural Gas Street Sweepers Improve Air Quality in New York on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Natural Gas Street Sweepers Improve Air

High quality fuel gas from biomass pyrolysis with calcium oxide.

PubMed

Zhao, Baofeng; Zhang, Xiaodong; Chen, Lei; Sun, Laizhi; Si, Hongyu; Chen, Guanyi

2014-03-01

The removal of CO2 and tar in fuel gas produced by biomass thermal conversion has aroused more attention due to their adverse effects on the subsequent fuel gas application. High quality fuel gas production from sawdust pyrolysis with CaO was studied in this paper. The results of pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) experiments indicate that the mass ratio of CaO to sawdust (Ca/S) remarkably affects the behavior of sawdust pyrolysis. On the basis of Py-GC/MS results, one system of a moving bed pyrolyzer coupled with a fluid bed combustor has been developed to produce high quality fuel gas. The lower heating value (LHV) of the fuel gas was above 16MJ/Nm(3) and the content of tar was under 50mg/Nm(3), which is suitable for gas turbine application to generate electricity and heat. Therefore, this technology may be a promising route to achieve high quality fuel gas for biomass utilization. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Climate Change and Implications for Prevention. California's Efforts to Provide Leadership.

PubMed

Balmes, John R

2018-04-01

The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and the temperature of the earth's surface have been rising in parallel for decades, with the former recently reaching 400 parts per million, consistent with a 1.5°C increase in global warming. Climate change models predict that a "business as usual" approach, that is, no effort to control CO 2 emissions from combustion of fossil fuels, will result in a more than 2°C increase in annual average surface temperature by approximately 2034. With atmospheric warming comes increased air pollution. The concept of a "climate gap" in air quality control captures the decreased effectiveness of regulatory policies to reduce pollution with a hotter climate. Sources of greenhouse gases and climate-forcing aerosols ("black carbon") are the same sources of air pollutants that harm health. California has adopted robust climate change mitigation policies that are also designed to achieve public health cobenefits by improving air quality. These policies include advanced clean car standards, renewable energy, a sustainable communities strategy to limit suburban sprawl, a low carbon fuel standard, and energy efficiency. A market-based mechanism to put a price on CO 2 emissions is the cap-and-trade program that allows capped facilities to trade state-issued greenhouse gas emissions allowances. The "cap" limits total greenhouse gas emissions from all covered sources, and declines over time to progressively reduce emissions. An alternative approach is a carbon tax. California's leadership on air quality and climate change mitigation is increasingly important, given the efforts to slow or even reverse implementation of such policies at the U.S. national level.

49 CFR 537.2 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... OF TRANSPORTATION AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY REPORTS § 537.2 Purpose. The purpose of this part is to... manufacturers' plans for complying with average fuel economy standards and in preparing an annual review of the average fuel economy standards. ...

49 CFR 537.2 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... OF TRANSPORTATION AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY REPORTS § 537.2 Purpose. The purpose of this part is to... manufacturers' plans for complying with average fuel economy standards and in preparing an annual review of the average fuel economy standards. ...

49 CFR 537.2 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... OF TRANSPORTATION AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY REPORTS § 537.2 Purpose. The purpose of this part is to... manufacturers' plans for complying with average fuel economy standards and in preparing an annual review of the average fuel economy standards. ...

49 CFR 537.2 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... OF TRANSPORTATION AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY REPORTS § 537.2 Purpose. The purpose of this part is to... manufacturers' plans for complying with average fuel economy standards and in preparing an annual review of the average fuel economy standards. ...

49 CFR 537.2 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... OF TRANSPORTATION AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY REPORTS § 537.2 Purpose. The purpose of this part is to... manufacturers' plans for complying with average fuel economy standards and in preparing an annual review of the average fuel economy standards. ...

Ion chromatographic determination of sulfur in fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mizisin, C. S.; Kuivinen, D. E.; Otterson, D. A.

1978-01-01

The sulfur content of fuels was determined using an ion chromatograph to measure the sulfate produced by a modified Parr bomb oxidation. Standard Reference Materials from the National Bureau of Standards, of approximately 0.2 + or - 0.004% sulfur, were analyzed resulting in a standard deviation no greater than 0.008. The ion chromatographic method can be applied to conventional fuels as well as shale-oil derived fuels. Other acid forming elements, such as fluorine, chlorine and nitrogen could be determined at the same time, provided that these elements have reached a suitable ionic state during the oxidation of the fuel.

Design, quality, and quality assurance of solid recovered fuels for the substitution of fossil feedstock in the cement industry.

PubMed

Sarc, R; Lorber, K E; Pomberger, R; Rogetzer, M; Sipple, E M

2014-07-01

This paper describes the requirements for the production, quality, and quality assurance of solid recovered fuels (SRF) that are increasingly used in the cement industry. Different aspects have to be considered before using SRF as an alternative fuel. Here, a study on the quality of SRF used in the cement industry is presented. This overview is completed by an investigation of type and properties of input materials used at waste splitting and SRF production plants in Austria. As a simplified classification, SRF can be divided into two classes: a fine, high-calorific SRF for the main burner, or coarser SRF material with low calorific value for secondary firing systems, such as precombustion chambers or similar systems. In the present study, SRFs coming from various sources that fall under these two different waste fuel classes are discussed. Both SRFs are actually fired in the grey clinker kiln of the Holcim (Slovensko) plant in Rohožnik (Slovakia). The fine premium-quality material is used in the main burner and the coarse regular-quality material is fed to a FLS Hotdisc combustion device. In general, the alternative fuels are used instead of their substituted fossil fuels. For this, chemical compositions and other properties of SRF were compared to hard coal as one of the most common conventional fuels in Europe. This approach allows to compare the heavy metal input from traditional and alternative fuels and to comment on the legal requirements on SRF that, at the moment, are under development in Europe. © The Author(s) 2014.

NREL-Led Effort Results in Groundbreaking New ASTM High-Octane Fuel

Science.gov Websites

Standard | News | NREL NREL-Led Effort Results in Groundbreaking New ASTM High-Octane Fuel Standard NREL-Led Effort Results in Groundbreaking New ASTM High-Octane Fuel Standard April 7, 2017 NREL . Photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL 20114. ASTM International recently announced the release of a new high

14 CFR 34.11 - Standard for fuel venting emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Emissions (New and In-Use Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines) § 34.11 Standard for fuel venting emissions. (a) No fuel venting emissions shall be discharged into the atmosphere from any new or in-use aircraft gas... include one of the following: (1) Incorporation of an FAA-approved system that recirculates the fuel back...

14 CFR 34.11 - Standard for fuel venting emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Emissions (New and In-Use Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines) § 34.11 Standard for fuel venting emissions. (a) No fuel venting emissions shall be discharged into the atmosphere from any new or in-use aircraft gas... include one of the following: (1) Incorporation of an FAA-approved system that recirculates the fuel back...

14 CFR 34.11 - Standard for fuel venting emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Emissions (New and In-Use Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines) § 34.11 Standard for fuel venting emissions. (a) No fuel venting emissions shall be discharged into the atmosphere from any new or in-use aircraft gas... include one of the following: (1) Incorporation of an FAA-approved system that recirculates the fuel back...

40 CFR 60.42 - Standard for particulate matter (PM).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Fossil-Fuel-Fired Steam Generators § 60.42 Standard for particulate matter (PM). (a) Except as provided... fossil fuel or fossil fuel and wood residue. (2) Exhibit greater than 20 percent opacity except for one... owner or operator of an affected facility that combusts only gaseous or liquid fossil fuel (excluding...

40 CFR 60.42 - Standard for particulate matter (PM).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Fossil-Fuel-Fired Steam Generators § 60.42 Standard for particulate matter (PM). (a) Except as provided... fossil fuel or fossil fuel and wood residue. (2) Exhibit greater than 20 percent opacity except for one... owner or operator of an affected facility that combusts only gaseous or liquid fossil fuel (excluding...

40 CFR 60.42 - Standard for particulate matter (PM).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Fossil-Fuel-Fired Steam Generators § 60.42 Standard for particulate matter (PM). (a) Except as provided... fossil fuel or fossil fuel and wood residue. (2) Exhibit greater than 20 percent opacity except for one... owner or operator of an affected facility that combusts only gaseous or liquid fossil fuel (excluding...

75 FR 26025 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Modifications to Renewable Fuel Standard Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-10

... information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such as copyrighted material, will be publicly available only in hard copy. Publicly available docket materials are available either... materials, as provided in 40 CFR part 2. IV. Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) Program Amendments EPA is taking...

77 FR 69924 - Request for Comments on a Renewal of a Previously Approved Information Collection: Production...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-21

...: Kenneth R. Katz, Fuel Economy Division, Office of International Policy, Fuel Economy and Consumer Programs... Parts 531 and 533 Passenger Car Average Fuel Economy Standards--Model Years 2016-2025; Light Truck Average Fuel Economy Standards--Model Years 2016-2025; Production Plan Data. OMB Control Number: 2127-0655...

77 FR 75676 - Standard Review Plan for Review of Fuel Cycle Facility License Applications

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-21

... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION [NRC-2012-0220] Standard Review Plan for Review of Fuel Cycle... Review of a License Application for a Fuel Cycle Facility.'' The NRC is extending the public comment... of Fuel Cycle Safety and Safeguards, Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards. [FR Doc. 2012...

40 CFR 80.165 - Certification test procedures and standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., “Standard Test Method for Evaluating Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Electronic Port Fuel.... The required test fuel must produce the accumulation of less than 100 mg of intake valve deposits on... Board, “Test Method for Evaluating Port Fuel Injector (PFI) Deposits in Vehicle Engines”, March 1, 1991...

40 CFR 80.165 - Certification test procedures and standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., “Standard Test Method for Evaluating Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Electronic Port Fuel.... The required test fuel must produce the accumulation of less than 100 mg of intake valve deposits on... Board, “Test Method for Evaluating Port Fuel Injector (PFI) Deposits in Vehicle Engines”, March 1, 1991...

The application of SRF vs. RDF classification and specifications to the material flows of two mechanical-biological treatment plants of Rome: Comparison and implications.

PubMed

Di Lonardo, Maria Chiara; Franzese, Maurizio; Costa, Giulia; Gavasci, Renato; Lombardi, Francesco

2016-01-01

This work assessed the quality in terms of solid recovered fuel (SRF) definitions of the dry light flow (until now indicated as refuse derived fuel, RDF), heavy rejects and stabilisation rejects, produced by two mechanical biological treatment plants of Rome (Italy). SRF classification and specifications were evaluated first on the basis of RDF historical characterisation methods and data and then applying the sampling and analytical methods laid down by the recently issued SRF standards. The results showed that the dry light flow presented a worst SRF class in terms of net calorific value applying the new methods compared to that obtained from RDF historical data (4 instead of 3). This lead to incompliance with end of waste criteria established by Italian legislation for SRF use as co-fuel in cement kilns and power plants. Furthermore, the metal contents of the dry light flow obtained applying SRF current methods proved to be considerably higher (although still meeting SRF specifications) compared to those resulting from historical data retrieved with RDF standard methods. These differences were not related to a decrease in the quality of the dry light flow produced in the mechanical-biological treatment plants but rather to the different sampling procedures set by the former RDF and current SRF standards. In particular, the shredding of the sample before quartering established by the latter methods ensures that also the finest waste fractions, characterised by higher moisture and metal contents, are included in the sample to be analysed, therefore affecting the composition and net calorific value of the waste. As for the reject flows, on the basis of their SRF classification and specification parameters, it was found that combined with the dry light flow they may present similar if not the same class codes as the latter alone, thus indicating that these material flows could be also treated in combustion plants instead of landfilled. In conclusion, the introduction of SRF definitions, classification and specification procedures, while not necessarily leading to an upgrade of the waste as co-fuel in cement kilns and power plants, may anyhow provide new possibilities for energy recovery from waste by increasing the types of mechanically treated waste flows that may be thermally treated. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

EPA's Final Action Denying Petitions for Reconsideration of the 2013 Renewable Fuel Standards

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

These September 2016 letters from EPA denies the petition from Monroe Energy LLC, American Petroleum Institute, American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers, regarding certain issues of the 2013 Renewable Fuel Standards Annual Rule.

Fuel and Fuel System Materials Compatibility Test Program for A JP-8+100 Fuel Additive. Volume 1: Thermal Stability Additive Package BetzDearborn Spec Aid(Registered) 8Q462

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-10-01

SAE Rings, Sealing, Butadiene-Acrylonitrile ( NBR ), Rubber Fuel and Low Temperature Resistant 60 - 70 MIL-R-83248C Rubber , Fluorocarbon...KAPTON/TEFLON (COMPOSITE) WIRE I.I.10 34 VI. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS Non-Metallics MIL-HDBK-149B Military Standardization Hand Book Rubber ...ASTM D-1414 Standard Test Methods for Rubber O-Rings ASTM D-412 Type II Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic

MRT fuel element inspection at Dounreay

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gibson, J.

1997-08-01

To ensure that their production and inspection processes are performed in an acceptable manner, ie. auditable and traceable, the MTR Fuel Element Fabrication Plant at Dounreay operates to a documented quality system. This quality system, together with the fuel element manufacturing and inspection operations, has been independently certified to ISO9002-1987, EN29002-1987 and BS5750:Pt2:1987 by Lloyd`s Register Quality Assurance Limited (LRQA). This certification also provides dual accreditation to the relevant German, Dutch and Australian certification bodies. This paper briefly describes the quality system, together with the various inspection stages involved in the manufacture of MTR fuel elements at Dounreay.

Enhanced thermal conductivity oxide nuclear fuels by co-sintering with BeO: II. Fuel performance and neutronics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCoy, Kevin; Mays, Claude

2008-04-01

The fuel rod performance and neutronics of enhanced thermal conductivity oxide (ECO) nuclear fuel with BeO have been compared to those of standard UO 2 fuel. The standards of comparison were that the ECO fuel should have the same infinite neutron-multiplication factor kinf at end of life and provide the same energy extraction per fuel assembly over its lifetime. The BeO displaces some uranium, so equivalence with standard UO 2 fuel was obtained by increasing the burnup and slightly increasing the enrichment. The COPERNIC fuel rod performance code was adapted to account for the effect of BeO on thermal properties. The materials considered were standard UO 2, UO 2 with 4.0 vol.% BeO, and UO 2 with 9.6 vol.% BeO. The smaller amount of BeO was assumed to provide increases in thermal conductivity of 0, 5, or 10%, whereas the larger amount was assumed to provide an increase of 50%. A significant improvement in performance was seen, as evidenced by reduced temperatures, internal rod pressures, and fission gas release, even with modest (5-10%) increases in thermal conductivity. The benefits increased monotonically with increasing thermal conductivity. Improvements in LOCA initialization performance were also seen. A neutronic calculation considered a transition from standard UO 2 fuel to ECO fuel. The calculation indicated that only a small increase in enrichment is required to maintain the kinf at end of life. The smallness of the change was attributed to the neutron-multiplication reaction of Be with fast neutrons and the moderating effect of BeO. Adoption of ECO fuel was predicted to provide a net reduction in uranium cost. Requirements for industrial hygiene were found to be comparable to those for processing of UO 2.

Fuel quality processing study, volume 1

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohara, J. B.; Bela, A.; Jentz, N. E.; Syverson, H. T.; Klumpe, H. W.; Kessler, R. E.; Kotzot, H. T.; Loran, B. L.

1981-04-01

A fuel quality processing study to provide a data base for an intelligent tradeoff between advanced turbine technology and liquid fuel quality, and also, to guide the development of specifications of future synthetic fuels anticipated for use in the time period 1985 to 2000 is given. Four technical performance tests are discussed: on-site pretreating, existing refineries to upgrade fuels, new refineries to upgrade fuels, and data evaluation. The base case refinery is a modern Midwest refinery processing 200,000 BPD of a 60/40 domestic/import petroleum crude mix. The synthetic crudes used for upgrading to marketable products and turbine fuel are shale oil and coal liquids. Of these syncrudes, 50,000 BPD are processed in the existing petroleum refinery, requiring additional process units and reducing petroleum feed, and in a new refinery designed for processing each syncrude to produce gasoline, distillate fuels, resid fuels, and turbine fuel, JPGs and coke. An extensive collection of synfuel properties and upgrading data was prepared for the application of a linear program model to investigate the most economical production slate meeting petroleum product specifications and turbine fuels of various quality grades. Technical and economic projections were developed for 36 scenarios, based on 4 different crude feeds to either modified existing or new refineries operated in 2 different modes to produce 7 differing grades of turbine fuels. A required product selling price of turbine fuel for each processing route was calculated. Procedures and projected economics were developed for on-site treatment of turbine fuel to meet limitations of impurities and emission of pollutants.

Fuel quality processing study, volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ohara, J. B.; Bela, A.; Jentz, N. E.; Syverson, H. T.; Klumpe, H. W.; Kessler, R. E.; Kotzot, H. T.; Loran, B. L.

1981-01-01

A fuel quality processing study to provide a data base for an intelligent tradeoff between advanced turbine technology and liquid fuel quality, and also, to guide the development of specifications of future synthetic fuels anticipated for use in the time period 1985 to 2000 is given. Four technical performance tests are discussed: on-site pretreating, existing refineries to upgrade fuels, new refineries to upgrade fuels, and data evaluation. The base case refinery is a modern Midwest refinery processing 200,000 BPD of a 60/40 domestic/import petroleum crude mix. The synthetic crudes used for upgrading to marketable products and turbine fuel are shale oil and coal liquids. Of these syncrudes, 50,000 BPD are processed in the existing petroleum refinery, requiring additional process units and reducing petroleum feed, and in a new refinery designed for processing each syncrude to produce gasoline, distillate fuels, resid fuels, and turbine fuel, JPGs and coke. An extensive collection of synfuel properties and upgrading data was prepared for the application of a linear program model to investigate the most economical production slate meeting petroleum product specifications and turbine fuels of various quality grades. Technical and economic projections were developed for 36 scenarios, based on 4 different crude feeds to either modified existing or new refineries operated in 2 different modes to produce 7 differing grades of turbine fuels. A required product selling price of turbine fuel for each processing route was calculated. Procedures and projected economics were developed for on-site treatment of turbine fuel to meet limitations of impurities and emission of pollutants.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2003-01-01

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) must set Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards for light trucks. This was authorized by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, which added Title V: Imporving Automotive Fuel Effici...

COMBUSTION OF HEAVY LIQUID FUELS

DTIC Science & Technology

characteristics of individual fuel droplets, as functions of the external conditions and fuel properties, the droplet combustion process in a flame ... length and the quality of atomization are examined. In addition, atomization quality is covered, and nozzle systems and the construction of nozzles are

40 CFR 80.9 - Rounding a test result for determining conformance with a fuels standard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Rounding a test result for determining conformance with a fuels standard. (a) For purposes of determining compliance with the fuel standards of 40 CFR part 80, a test result will be rounded to the nearest unit of... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Rounding a test result for determining...

40 CFR 80.9 - Rounding a test result for determining conformance with a fuels standard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Rounding a test result for determining conformance with a fuels standard. (a) For purposes of determining compliance with the fuel standards of 40 CFR part 80, a test result will be rounded to the nearest unit of... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Rounding a test result for determining...

40 CFR 80.9 - Rounding a test result for determining conformance with a fuels standard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Rounding a test result for determining conformance with a fuels standard. (a) For purposes of determining compliance with the fuel standards of 40 CFR part 80, a test result will be rounded to the nearest unit of... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Rounding a test result for determining...

40 CFR 80.9 - Rounding a test result for determining conformance with a fuels standard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Rounding a test result for determining conformance with a fuels standard. (a) For purposes of determining compliance with the fuel standards of 40 CFR part 80, a test result will be rounded to the nearest unit of... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Rounding a test result for determining...

40 CFR 80.177 - Certification test fuels for use with the alternative test procedures and standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Certification test fuels for use with... Detergent Gasoline § 80.177 Certification test fuels for use with the alternative test procedures and standards. (a) General requirements. This section provides specifications for the test fuels required in...

77 FR 35110 - Agency Information Collection Activity Under OMB Review: Production Plan Reports

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-12

... information to be collected will be used to assist NHTSA with the setting of future fuel economy standards for... CONTACT: Kenneth R. Katz, Fuel Economy Division, Office of International Policy, Fuel Economy and Consumer... Control Number: 2127-0655. Title: 49 CFR Parts 531 and 533 Passenger Car Average Fuel Economy Standards...

Loop system for creating jet fuel vapor standards used in the calibration of infrared spectrophotometers and gas chromatographs.

PubMed

Reboulet, James; Cunningham, Robert; Gunasekar, Palur G; Chapman, Gail D; Stevens, Sean C

2009-02-01

A whole body inhalation study of mixed jet fuel vapor and its aerosol necessitated the development of a method for preparing vapor only standards from the neat fuel. Jet fuel is a complex mixture of components which partitions between aerosol and vapor when aspirated based on relative volatility of the individual compounds. A method was desired which could separate the vapor portion from the aerosol component to prepare standards for the calibration of infrared spectrophotometers and a head space gas chromatography system. A re-circulating loop system was developed which provided vapor only standards whose composition matched those seen in an exposure system. Comparisons of nominal concentrations in the exposure system to those determined by infrared spectrophotometry were in 92-95% agreement. Comparison of jet fuel vapor concentrations determined by infrared spectrophotometry compared to head space gas chromatography yielded a 93% overall agreement in trial runs. These levels of agreement show the loop system to be a viable method for creating jet fuel vapor standards for calibrating instruments.

Fuels reduction in a western coniferous forest: effects on quantity and quality of forage for elk

Treesearch

Ryan A. Long; Janet L. Rachlow; John G. Kie; Martin Vavra

2008-01-01

Use of mechanical thinning and prescribed fire to reduce fuels in dry forest ecosystems has become increasingly common in western North America. Nevertheless, few studies have quantified effects of fuels reduction treatments on wildlife. We evaluated effects of fuels reduction on quantity and quality of forage available to elk (Cervus elaphus) in...

Ozone modeling in an ethanol, gasoline and diesel fuels environment: The metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, Brazil

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Andrade, M.F.; Miguel, A.H.; Seinfeld, J.H.

1995-12-01

Over the past several years, in the Metropolitan Area of Sao Paulo (MASP), ambient ozone concentrations have reached over five times the concentration considered protective of public health by the World Health Organization, with routine occurrence of levels that exceed Brazil`s 1 hour National Ambient Air Quality Standard (160 {mu}g/m{sup 3}). For the past 19 years, ethanol has been used both as fuel (E95) and as gasoline additive (E20G80) in light duty vehicles. This talk will discuss the results of the application of the CIT photochemical airshed model to the February 16-17, 1989 meteorological experiment carried out in the MASP.more » Simulated hourly ozone concentrations for the 1989 vehicular fleet included three cases: (1) the actual fleet (F.95, E20G80, and diesels), (2) a light duty fleet fueled with E95 only, and (3) entirely with gasoline.« less

Summary of Fast Pyrolysis and Upgrading GHG Analyses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Snowden-Swan, Lesley J.; Male, Jonathan L.

2012-12-07

The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 established new renewable fuel categories and eligibility requirements (EPA 2010). A significant aspect of the National Renewable Fuel Standard 2 (RFS2) program is the requirement that the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of a qualifying renewable fuel be less than the life cycle GHG emissions of the 2005 baseline average gasoline or diesel fuel that it replaces. Four levels of reduction are required for the four renewable fuel standards. Table 1 lists these life cycle performance improvement thresholds. Table 1. Life Cycle GHG Thresholds Specified in EISA Fuel Type Percentmore » Reduction from 2005 Baseline Renewable fuel 20% Advanced biofuel 50% Biomass-based diesel 50% Cellulosic biofuel 60% Notably, there is a specialized subset of advanced biofuels that are the cellulosic biofuels. The cellulosic biofuels are incentivized by the Cellulosic Biofuel Producer Tax Credit (26 USC 40) to stimulate market adoption of these fuels. EISA defines a cellulosic biofuel as follows (42 USC 7545(o)(1)(E)): The term “cellulosic biofuel” means renewable fuel derived from any cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin that is derived from renewable biomass and that has lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, as determined by the Administrator, that are at least 60 percent less than the baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions. As indicated, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has sole responsibility for conducting the life cycle analysis (LCA) and making the final determination of whether a given fuel qualifies under these biofuel definitions. However, there appears to be a need within the LCA community to discuss and eventually reach consensus on discerning a 50–59 % GHG reduction from a ≥ 60% GHG reduction for policy, market, and technology development. The level of specificity and agreement will require additional development of capabilities and time for the sustainability and analysis community, as illustrated by the rich dialogue and convergence around the energy content and GHG reduction of cellulosic ethanol (an example of these discussions can be found in Wang 2011). GHG analyses of fast pyrolysis technology routes are being developed and will require significant work to reach the levels of development and maturity of cellulosic ethanol models. This summary provides some of the first fast pyrolysis analyses and clarifies some of the reasons for differing results in an effort to begin the convergence on assumptions, discussion of quality of models, and harmonization.« less

Source apportionment of emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles and other sources in the United States for ozone and particulate matter.

PubMed

Vijayaraghavan, Krish; Lindhjem, Chris; Koo, Bonyoung; DenBleyker, Allison; Tai, Edward; Shah, Tejas; Alvarez, Yesica; Yarwood, Greg

2016-02-01

Federal Tier 3 motor vehicle emission and fuel sulfur standards have been promulgated in the United States to help attain air quality standards for ozone and PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm). The authors modeled a standard similar to Tier 3 (a hypothetical nationwide implementation of the California Low Emission Vehicle [LEV] III standards) and prior Tier 2 standards for on-road gasoline-fueled light-duty vehicles (gLDVs) to assess incremental air quality benefits in the United States (U.S.) and the relative contributions of gLDVs and other major source categories to ozone and PM2.5 in 2030. Strengthening Tier 2 to a Tier 3-like (LEV III) standard reduces the summertime monthly mean of daily maximum 8-hr average (MDA8) ozone in the eastern U.S. by up to 1.5 ppb (or 2%) and the maximum MDA8 ozone by up to 3.4 ppb (or 3%). Reducing gasoline sulfur content from 30 to 10 ppm is responsible for up to 0.3 ppb of the improvement in the monthly mean ozone and up to 0.8 ppb of the improvement in maximum ozone. Across four major urban areas-Atlanta, Detroit, Philadelphia, and St. Louis-gLDV contributions range from 5% to 9% and 3% to 6% of the summertime mean MDA8 ozone under Tier 2 and Tier 3, respectively, and from 7% to 11% and 3% to 7% of the maximum MDA8 ozone under Tier 2 and Tier 3, respectively. Monthly mean 24-hr PM2.5 decreases by up to 0.5 μg/m(3) (or 3%) in the eastern U.S. from Tier 2 to Tier 3, with about 0.1 μg/m(3) of the reduction due to the lower gasoline sulfur content. At the four urban areas under the Tier 3 program, gLDV emissions contribute 3.4-5.0% and 1.7-2.4% of the winter and summer mean 24-hr PM2.5, respectively, and 3.8-4.6% and 1.5-2.0% of the mean 24-hr PM2.5 on days with elevated PM2.5 in winter and summer, respectively. Following U.S. Tier 3 emissions and fuel sulfur standards for gasoline-fueled passenger cars and light trucks, these vehicles are expected to contribute less than 6% of the summertime mean daily maximum 8-hr ozone and less than 7% and 4% of the winter and summer mean 24-hr PM2.5 in the eastern U.S. in 2030. On days with elevated ozone or PM2.5 at four major urban areas, these vehicles contribute less than 7% of ozone and less than 5% of PM2.5, with sources outside North America and U.S. area source emissions constituting some of the main contributors to ozone and PM2.5, respectively.

Electric Power Quarterly, July-September 1984

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1985-01-01

The Electric Power Quarterly (EPQ) provides electric utilities' plant-level information about the cost, quantity, and quality of fossil fuel receipts, net generation, fuel consumption, and fuel stocks. The EPQ contains monthly data and quarterly totals for the reporting quarter. In this report, data collected on Form EIA-759 regarding electric utilities' net generation, fuel consumption, and fuel stocks are presented on a plant-by-plant basis. In addition, quantity, cost, and quality of fossil fuel receipts collected on the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Form 423 are presented on a plant-by-plant basis.

Electric Power Quarterly, October-December 1984

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1985-04-01

The Electric Power Quarterly (EPQ) provides electric utilities' plant-level information about the cost, quantity, and quality of fossil fuel receipts, net generation, fuel consumption, and fuel stocks. The EPQ contains monthly data and quarterly totals for the reporting quarter. In this report, data collected on Form EIA-759 regarding electric utilities' net generation, fuel consumption, and fuel stocks are presented on a plant-by-plant basis. In addition, quantity, cost, and quality of fossil fuel receipts collected on the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Form 423 are presented on a plant-by-plant basis.

Impact of Renewable Fuels Standard/MTBE Provisions of S. 1766

EIA Publications

2002-01-01

This service report addresses the Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS)/methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) provisions of S. 1766. The 'S. 1766' Case reflects provisions of S. 1766 including a renewable fuels standard (RFS) reaching five billion gallons by 2012, a complete phase-out of MTBE within four years, and the option for states to waive the oxygen requirement for reformulated gasoline (RFG).

40 CFR 85.525 - Applicable standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM MOBILE SOURCES Exemption of Clean Alternative Fuel Conversions From... prohibition, vehicles/engines that have been converted to operate on a different fuel must meet emission... allowable grouping. Fleet average standards do not apply unless clean alternative fuel conversions are...

78 FR 9016 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Massachusetts; Revisions to Fossil...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-07

... Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Massachusetts; Revisions to Fossil Fuel Utilization and..., inspection, maintenance and testing requirements for certain fossil fuel utilization facilities, rename and... fossil fuel utilization facility regulation, source registration regulation, and new industrial...

Manufacturer's Policies Concerning Average Fuel Economy Standards

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1979-01-01

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has been given the responsibility for implementing the average fuel economy standards for passenger automobiles mandated by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (P.L. 94-163). The standards...

Trends and Issues in California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard - Learning from Response to Existing Climate Policy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Witcover, J.

2015-12-01

Debate over lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation has included heated discussion about appropriate policies and their cost and feasibility. One prominent policy mechanism, a carbon intensity standard, rates transport fuels based on analysis of lifecycle GHG emissions, and targets lower fuel pool carbon intensity through a market mechanism that uses a system of tradable, bankable credits and deficits. California instituted such a policy -- the Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) - in 2010, which targets a 10% carbon intensity (CI) reduction by 2020. The program rolled out amid concerns over slow development of new fuels expected to be very low carbon (such as cellulosic) and has faced court challenges that added considerable policy uncertainty. Since the program's start, state transport energy mix has shifted modestly but noticeably. Looking ahead, emerging issues for the program include amendments and re-adoption in response to a court ruling, potential interaction with California's multi-sector cap on carbon emissions (which started covering transport fuels in 2015), and impacts from similar CI standards in other jurisdictions. This study provides an analysis of fuel mix changes since the LCFS was implemented in 2011, and a discussion of emerging issues focusing on policy interaction. Descriptive statistics on alternative fuel use, available fuel pathways, and CI ratings are presented based on data from the California Air Resources Board (which runs the program). They document a shift towards more alternative fuels in a more diverse mix, with lower average CI ratings for most alternative fuel types. Financial incentives for various fuels are compared under the LCFS and the US federal Renewable Fuel Standard; disincentives from conceptually different carbon pricing schemes under the LCFS and the Cap-and-Trade are also outlined. The results provide important information on response to an existing market-based policy mechanism for addressing GHG emissions in transportation, as other jurisdictions weigh similar climate policies and debate mechanisms and costs and California announced an ambitious target of halving petroleum use by 2030.

Impacts of Particulate Pollution from Fossil Fuel and Biomass Burnings on the Air Quality and Human Health in Southeast Asia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, H. H.; Iraqui, O.; Gu, Y.; Yim, S. H. L.; Wang, C.

2017-12-01

Severe haze events in Southeast Asia have attracted the attention of governments and the general public in recent years, due to their impact on local economies, air quality and public health. Widespread biomass burning activities are a major source of severe haze events in Southeast Asia. On the other hand, particulate pollutants from human activities other than biomass burning also play an important role in degrading air quality in Southeast Asia. These pollutants can be locally produced or brought in from neighboring regions by long-range transport. A better understanding of the respective contributions of fossil fuel and biomass burning aerosols to air quality degradation becomes an urgent task in forming effective air pollution mitigation policies in Southeast Asia. In this study, to examine and quantify the contributions of fossil fuel and biomass burning aerosols to air quality and visibility degradation over Southeast Asia, we conducted three numerical simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with a chemistry component (WRF-Chem). These simulations were driven by different aerosol emissions from: (a) fossil fuel burning only, (b) biomass burning only, and (c) both fossil fuel and biomass burning. By comparing the simulation results, we examined the corresponding impacts of fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions, separately and combined, on the air quality and visibility of the region. The results also showed that the major contributors to low visibility days (LVDs) among 50 ASEAN cities are fossil fuel burning aerosols (59%), while biomass burning aerosols provided an additional 13% of LVDs in Southeast Asia. In addition, the number of premature mortalities among ASEAN cities has increased from 4110 in 2002 to 6540 in 2008, caused primarily by fossil fuel burning aerosols. This study suggests that reductions in both fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions are necessary to improve the air quality in Southeast Asia.

Study of connected system of automatic control of load and operation efficiency of a steam boiler with extremal controller on a simulation model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sabanin, V. R.; Starostin, A. A.; Repin, A. I.; Popov, A. I.

2017-02-01

The problems of operation effectiveness increase of steam boilers are considered. To maintain the optimum fuel combustion modes, it is proposed to use an extremal controller (EC) determining the value of airflow rate, at which the boiler generating the desired amount of heat will consume a minimum amount of fuel. EC sets the determined value of airflow rate to airflow rate controller (ARC). The test results of numerical simulation dynamic nonlinear model of steam boiler with the connected system of automatic control of load and combustion efficiency using EC are presented. The model is created in the Simulink modeling package of MATLAB software and can be used to optimize the combustion modes. Based on the modeling results, the conclusion was drawn about the possibility in principle of simultaneously boiler load control and optimizing by EC the combustion modes when changing the fuel combustion heat and the boiler characteristics and its operating mode. It is shown that it is possible to automatically control the operation efficiency of steam boilers when using EC without applying the standard flue gas analyzers. The article considers the numerical simulation dynamic model of steam boiler with the schemes of control of fuel consumption and airflow rate, the steam pressure and EC; the purpose of using EC in the scheme with linear controllers and the requirements to the quality of its operation; the results of operation of boiler control schemes without EC with estimation of influence of roughness of thermal mode maps on the nature of static and dynamic connection of the control units of fuel consumption and airflow rate; the phase trajectories and the diagrams of transient processes occurring in the control scheme with EC with stepped changing the fuel quality and boiler characteristics; analysis of modeling results and prospects for using EC in the control schemes of boilers.

Study on the engine oil's wear based on the flash point

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Niculescu, R.; Iorga-Simăn, V.; Trică, A.; Clenci, A.

2016-08-01

Increasing energy performance of internal combustion engines is largely influenced by frictional forces that arise between moving parts. Thus, in this respect, the nature and quality of the engine oil used is an important factor. Equally important is the effect of various engine injection strategies upon the oil quality. In other words, it's of utmost importance to maintain the quality of engine oil during engine's operation. Oil dilution is one of the most common causes that lead to its wear, creating lubrication problems. Moreover, at low temperatures operating conditions, the oil dilution with diesel fuel produces wax. When starting the engine, this may lead to lubrication deficiencies and even oil starvation with negative consequences on the engine mechanism parts wear (piston, rings and cylinders) but also crankcase bearings wear.Engine oil dilution with diesel fuel have several causes: wear of rings and/or injectors, late post-injection strategy for the sake of particulate filter regeneration, etc.This paper presents a study on the degree of deterioration of engine oils as a result of dilution with diesel fuel. The analysed oils used for this study were taken from various models of engines equipped with diesel particulate filter. The assessment is based on the determination of oil flash point and dilution degree using the apparatus Eraflash produced by Eralytics, Austria. Eraflash measurement is directly under the latest and safest standards ASTM D6450 & D7094), which are in excellent correlation with ASTM D93 Pensky - Martens ASTM D56 TAG methods; it uses the Continuous Closed Cup method for finding the Flash Point (CCCFP).

40 CFR 59.660 - Exemption from the standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Control of Evaporative Emissions From New and In-Use Portable Fuel Containers Special Compliance Provisions § 59.660 Exemption from the standards. In certain circumstances, we may exempt portable fuel.... Submit your request for an exemption to the Designated Compliance Officer. (a) Portable fuel containers...

49 CFR 525.4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EXEMPTIONS FROM AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 525.4 Definitions. (a... section 501 of the Act. (2) The terms average fuel economy, fuel economy, and model type are used as... economy standard are requested under this part; Production mix means the number of passenger automobiles...

10 CFR Appendix II to Part 504 - Fuel Price Computation

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 504—Fuel Price Computation (a) Introduction. This appendix provides the equations and parameters... inflation indices must follow standard statistical procedures and must be fully documented within the... the weighted average fuel price must follow standard statistical procedures and be fully documented...

Total Quality Management in the Defense Fuel Supply Center: Issues and Observations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Matysek, Eugene F., Jr.

1993-01-01

Examines the Total Quality Management (TQM) activities at a federal government agency (i.e., the Defense Fuel Supply Center) using the following criteria established by the Federal Quality Institute: top management leadership and support; strategic quality planning; customer focus; training and recognition; employee empowerment and teamwork; and…

2012 Standards for the Renewable Fuel Standard Program: Final Rulemaking

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA is establishing the volume requirements and associated percentage standards that will apply under the RFS2 program in calendar year 2012 for cellulosic biofuel, biomass-based diesel, advanced biofuel, and total renewable fuel.

2011 Standards for the Renewable Fuel Standard Program: Final Rulemaking

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA is finalizing the volume requirements and associated percentage standards that will apply under the RFS2 program in calendar year 2011 for cellulosic biofuel, biomass-based diesel, advanced biofuel, and total renewable fuel.

77 FR 45967 - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-02

... Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Electric Utility...-fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired...

FUNGIBLE AND COMPATIBLE BIOFUELS: LITERATURE SEARCH, SUMMARY, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bunting, Bruce G; Bunce, Michael; Barone, Teresa L

2011-04-01

The purpose of the study described in this report is to summarize the various barriers to more widespread distribution of bio-fuels through our common carrier fuel distribution system, which includes pipelines, barges and rail, fuel tankage, and distribution terminals. Addressing these barriers is necessary to allow the more widespread utilization and distribution of bio-fuels, in support of a renewable fuels standard and possible future low-carbon fuel standards. These barriers can be classified into several categories, including operating practice, regulatory, technical, and acceptability barriers. Possible solutions to these issues are discussed; including compatibility evaluation, changes to bio-fuels, regulatory changes, and changesmore » in the distribution system or distribution practices. No actual experimental research has been conducted in the writing of this report, but results are used to develop recommendations for future research and additional study as appropriate. This project addresses recognized barriers to the wider use of bio-fuels in the areas of development of codes and standards, industrial and consumer awareness, and materials compatibility issues.« less

40 CFR 80.527 - Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be downgraded to motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 500 ppm sulfur standard? 80.527 Section 80.527 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUE...

40 CFR 80.527 - Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be downgraded to motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 500 ppm sulfur standard? 80.527 Section 80.527 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUE...

40 CFR 80.527 - Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be downgraded to motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 500 ppm sulfur standard? 80.527 Section 80.527 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUE...

40 CFR 80.527 - Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be downgraded to motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 500 ppm sulfur standard? 80.527 Section 80.527 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUE...

40 CFR 80.527 - Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Under what conditions may motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 15 ppm sulfur standard be downgraded to motor vehicle diesel fuel subject to the 500 ppm sulfur standard? 80.527 Section 80.527 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUE...

Impact of fuel quality regulation and speed reductions on shipping emissions: implications for climate and air quality.

PubMed

Lack, Daniel A; Cappa, Christopher D; Langridge, Justin; Bahreini, Roya; Buffaloe, Gina; Brock, Charles; Cerully, Kate; Coffman, Derek; Hayden, Katherine; Holloway, John; Lerner, Brian; Massoli, Paola; Li, Shao-Meng; McLaren, Robert; Middlebrook, Ann M; Moore, Richard; Nenes, Athanasios; Nuaaman, Ibraheem; Onasch, Timothy B; Peischl, Jeff; Perring, Anne; Quinn, Patricia K; Ryerson, Tom; Schwartz, Joshua P; Spackman, Ryan; Wofsy, Steven C; Worsnop, Doug; Xiang, Bin; Williams, Eric

2011-10-15

Atmospheric emissions of gas and particulate matter from a large ocean-going container vessel were sampled as it slowed and switched from high-sulfur to low-sulfur fuel as it transited into regulated coastal waters of California. Reduction in emission factors (EFs) of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), particulate matter, particulate sulfate and cloud condensation nuclei were substantial (≥ 90%). EFs for particulate organic matter decreased by 70%. Black carbon (BC) EFs were reduced by 41%. When the measured emission reductions, brought about by compliance with the California fuel quality regulation and participation in the vessel speed reduction (VSR) program, are placed in a broader context, warming from reductions in the indirect effect of SO₄ would dominate any radiative changes due to the emissions changes. Within regulated waters absolute emission reductions exceed 88% for almost all measured gas and particle phase species. The analysis presented provides direct estimations of the emissions reductions that can be realized by California fuel quality regulation and VSR program, in addition to providing new information relevant to potential health and climate impact of reduced fuel sulfur content, fuel quality and vessel speed reductions.

Improvement of the environmental and operational characteristics of vehicles through decreasing the motor fuel density.

PubMed

Magaril, Elena

2016-04-01

The environmental and operational characteristics of motor transport, one of the main consumers of motor fuel and source of toxic emissions, soot, and greenhouse gases, are determined to a large extent by the fuel quality which is characterized by many parameters. Fuel density is one of these parameters and it can serve as an indicator of fuel quality. It has been theoretically substantiated that an increased density of motor fuel has a negative impact both on the environmental and operational characteristics of motor transport. The use of fuels with a high density leads to an increase in carbonization within the engine, adversely affecting the vehicle performance and increasing environmental pollution. A program of technological measures targeted at reducing the density of the fuel used was offered. It includes a solution to the problem posed by changes in the refining capacities ratio and the temperature range of gasoline and diesel fuel boiling, by introducing fuel additives and adding butanes to the gasoline. An environmental tax has been developed which allows oil refineries to have a direct impact on the production of fuels with improved environmental performance, taking into account the need to minimize the density of the fuel within a given category of quality.

40 CFR 60.40b - Applicability and delegation of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired steam generators... meeting the applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired... fossil fuel. If the affected facility (i.e. heat recovery steam generator) is subject to this subpart...

40 CFR 60.40b - Applicability and delegation of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired steam generators... meeting the applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired... fossil fuel. If the affected facility (i.e. heat recovery steam generator) is subject to this subpart...

40 CFR 60.40b - Applicability and delegation of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired steam generators... meeting the applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired...) heat input of fossil fuel. If the heat recovery steam generator is subject to this subpart, only...

40 CFR 60.40b - Applicability and delegation of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired steam generators... meeting the applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired...) heat input of fossil fuel. If the heat recovery steam generator is subject to this subpart, only...

40 CFR 60.40b - Applicability and delegation of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired steam generators... meeting the applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired... fossil fuel. If the affected facility (i.e. heat recovery steam generator) is subject to this subpart...

40 CFR 80.1603 - Gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Gasoline sulfur standards for refiners... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur § 80.1603 Gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers. (a) Sulfur standards—(1) Annual average standard. (i...

40 CFR 80.1290 - How are standard benzene credits generated?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false How are standard benzene credits... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Benzene Averaging, Banking and Trading (abt) Program § 80.1290 How are standard benzene credits generated? (a) The standard credit averaging...

40 CFR 80.1290 - How are standard benzene credits generated?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false How are standard benzene credits... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Benzene Averaging, Banking and Trading (abt) Program § 80.1290 How are standard benzene credits generated? (a) The standard credit averaging...

40 CFR 80.1290 - How are standard benzene credits generated?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false How are standard benzene credits... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Benzene Averaging, Banking and Trading (abt) Program § 80.1290 How are standard benzene credits generated? (a) The standard credit averaging...

40 CFR 80.1290 - How are standard benzene credits generated?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How are standard benzene credits... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Benzene Averaging, Banking and Trading (abt) Program § 80.1290 How are standard benzene credits generated? (a) The standard credit averaging...

40 CFR 80.1290 - How are standard benzene credits generated?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false How are standard benzene credits... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Benzene Averaging, Banking and Trading (abt) Program § 80.1290 How are standard benzene credits generated? (a) The standard credit averaging...

76 FR 9705 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Maryland; Amendment to the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-22

... Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Maryland; Amendment to the Definition of Fuel-Burning... definition of ``fuel-burning equipment.'' The revision removes the word ``furnace'' from the definition of ``fuel-burning equipment'' in one of Maryland's regulations and also removes the redundant definition of...

Effects of mixing system and pilot fuel quality on diesel-biogas dual fuel engine performance.

PubMed

Bedoya, Iván Darío; Arrieta, Andrés Amell; Cadavid, Francisco Javier

2009-12-01

This paper describes results obtained from CI engine performance running on dual fuel mode at fixed engine speed and four loads, varying the mixing system and pilot fuel quality, associated with fuel composition and cetane number. The experiments were carried out on a power generation diesel engine at 1500 m above sea level, with simulated biogas (60% CH(4)-40% CO(2)) as primary fuel, and diesel and palm oil biodiesel as pilot fuels. Dual fuel engine performance using a naturally aspirated mixing system and diesel as pilot fuel was compared with engine performance attained with a supercharged mixing system and biodiesel as pilot fuel. For all loads evaluated, was possible to achieve full diesel substitution using biogas and biodiesel as power sources. Using the supercharged mixing system combined with biodiesel as pilot fuel, thermal efficiency and substitution of pilot fuel were increased, whereas methane and carbon monoxide emissions were reduced.

Correlation for the estimation of the density of fatty acid esters fuels and its implications. A proposed Biodiesel Cetane Index.

PubMed

Lapuerta, Magín; Rodríguez-Fernández, José; Armas, Octavio

2010-09-01

Biodiesel fuels (methyl or ethyl esters derived from vegetables oils and animal fats) are currently being used as a means to diminish the crude oil dependency and to limit the greenhouse gas emissions of the transportation sector. However, their physical properties are different from traditional fossil fuels, this making uncertain their effect on new, electronically controlled vehicles. Density is one of those properties, and its implications go even further. First, because governments are expected to boost the use of high-biodiesel content blends, but biodiesel fuels are denser than fossil ones. In consequence, their blending proportion is indirectly restricted in order not to exceed the maximum density limit established in fuel quality standards. Second, because an accurate knowledge of biodiesel density permits the estimation of other properties such as the Cetane Number, whose direct measurement is complex and presents low repeatability and low reproducibility. In this study we compile densities of methyl and ethyl esters published in literature, and proposed equations to convert them to 15 degrees C and to predict the biodiesel density based on its chain length and unsaturation degree. Both expressions were validated for a wide range of commercial biodiesel fuels. Using the latter, we define a term called Biodiesel Cetane Index, which predicts with high accuracy the Biodiesel Cetane Number. Finally, simple calculations prove that the introduction of high-biodiesel content blends in the fuel market would force the refineries to reduce the density of their fossil fuels. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Electric Power Quarterly, October-December 1985. [Glossary

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1986-05-05

The Electric Power Quarterly (EPQ) provides information on electric utilities at the plant level. The information concerns the following: cost, quantity, and quality of fossil fuel receipts; net generation; fuel consumption; and fuel stocks. The EPQ contains monthly data and quarterly totals for the reporting quarter. Data collected on Form EIA-759 regarding electric utilities' net generation, fuel consumption, and fuel stocks are presented on a plant-by-plant basis. In addition, quantity, cost, and quality of fossil fuel receipts collected on the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Form 423 are presented on a plant-by-plant basis.

Electric Power Quarterly, January-March 1986

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1986-07-21

The ''Electric Power Quarterly (EPQ)'' provides information on electric utilities at the plant level. The information concerns the following: cost, quantity, and quality of fossil fuel receipts; net generation; fuel consumption; and fuel stocks. The ''EPQ'' contains monthly data and quarterly totals for the reporting quarter. In this report, data collected on Form EIA-759 regarding electric utilities' net generation, fuel consumption, and fuel stocks are presented on a plant-by-plant basis. In addition, quantity, cost, and quality of fossil fuel receipts collected on the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Form 423 are presented on a plant-by-plant basis.

Assessing biodiesel quality parameters for wastewater grown Chlorella sp.

PubMed

Bagul, Samadhan Yuvraj; K Bharti, Randhir; Dhar, Dolly Wattal

2017-07-01

Microalgae are reported as the efficient source of renewable biodiesel which should be able to meet the global demand of transport fuels. Present study is focused on assessment of wastewater grown indigenous microalga Chlorella sp. for fuel quality parameters. This was successfully grown in secondary treated waste water diluted with tap water (25% dilution) in glass house. The microalga showed a dry weight of 0.849 g L -1 with lipid content of 27.1% on dry weight basis on 21st day of incubation. After transesterification, the yield of fatty acid methyl ester was 80.64% with major fatty acids as palmitic, linoleic, oleic and linolenic. The physical parameters predicted from empirical equations in the biodiesel showed cetane number as 56.5, iodine value of 75.5 g I 2 100 g -1 , high heating value 40.1 MJ kg -1 , flash point 135 °C, kinematic viscosity 4.05 mm 2 s -1 with density of 0.86 g cm 3 and cold filter plugging point as 0.7 °C. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), 1 H, 13 C NMR spectrum confirmed the chemical nature of biodiesel. The results indicated that the quality of biodiesel was almost as per the criterion of ASTM standards; hence, wastewater grown Chlorella sp. can be used as a promising strain for biodiesel production.

Assessment of technologies to meet a low carbon fuel standard.

PubMed

Yeh, Sonia; Lutsey, Nicholas P; Parker, Nathan C

2009-09-15

California's low carbon fuel standard (LCFS) was designed to incentivize a diverse array of available strategies for reducing transportation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It provides strong incentives for fuels with lower GHG emissions, while explicitly requiring a 10% reduction in California's transportation fuel GHG intensity by 2020. This paper investigates the potential for cost-effective GHG reductions from electrification and expanded use of biofuels. The analysis indicates that fuel providers could meetthe standard using a portfolio approach that employs both biofuels and electricity, which would reduce the risks and uncertainties associated with the progress of cellulosic and battery technologies, feedstock prices, land availability, and the sustainability of the various compliance approaches. Our analysis is based on the details of California's development of an LCFS; however, this research approach could be generalizable to a national U.S. standard and to similar programs in Europe and Canada.

14 CFR 27.977 - Fuel tank outlet.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.977 Fuel tank outlet. (a) There must be a... rotorcraft, prevent the passage of any object that could restrict fuel flow or damage any fuel system...] Fuel System Components ...

14 CFR 27.977 - Fuel tank outlet.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.977 Fuel tank outlet. (a) There must be a... rotorcraft, prevent the passage of any object that could restrict fuel flow or damage any fuel system...] Fuel System Components ...

14 CFR 27.977 - Fuel tank outlet.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.977 Fuel tank outlet. (a) There must be a... rotorcraft, prevent the passage of any object that could restrict fuel flow or damage any fuel system...] Fuel System Components ...

14 CFR 27.977 - Fuel tank outlet.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.977 Fuel tank outlet. (a) There must be a... rotorcraft, prevent the passage of any object that could restrict fuel flow or damage any fuel system...] Fuel System Components ...

14 CFR 27.977 - Fuel tank outlet.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.977 Fuel tank outlet. (a) There must be a... rotorcraft, prevent the passage of any object that could restrict fuel flow or damage any fuel system...] Fuel System Components ...

Preliminary analysis of hot spot factors in an advanced reactor for space electric power systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lustig, P. H.; Holms, A. G.; Davison, H. W.

1973-01-01

The maximum fuel pin temperature for nominal operation in an advanced power reactor is 1370 K. Because of possible nitrogen embrittlement of the clad, the fuel temperature was limited to 1622 K. Assuming simultaneous occurrence of the most adverse conditions a deterministic analysis gave a maximum fuel temperature of 1610 K. A statistical analysis, using a synthesized estimate of the standard deviation for the highest fuel pin temperature, showed probabilities of 0.015 of that pin exceeding the temperature limit by the distribution free Chebyshev inequality and virtually nil assuming a normal distribution. The latter assumption gives a 1463 K maximum temperature at 3 standard deviations, the usually assumed cutoff. Further, the distribution and standard deviation of the fuel-clad gap are the most significant contributions to the uncertainty in the fuel temperature.

14 CFR 25.979 - Pressure fueling system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.979 Pressure fueling system. For pressure fueling systems, the following apply: (a) Each pressure fueling system fuel manifold connection must have means to prevent the escape of hazardous quantities of fuel from the system if the fuel...

14 CFR 25.979 - Pressure fueling system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.979 Pressure fueling system. For pressure fueling systems, the following apply: (a) Each pressure fueling system fuel manifold connection must have means to prevent the escape of hazardous quantities of fuel from the system if the fuel...

14 CFR 25.979 - Pressure fueling system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.979 Pressure fueling system. For pressure fueling systems, the following apply: (a) Each pressure fueling system fuel manifold connection must have means to prevent the escape of hazardous quantities of fuel from the system if the fuel...

14 CFR 25.979 - Pressure fueling system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.979 Pressure fueling system. For pressure fueling systems, the following apply: (a) Each pressure fueling system fuel manifold connection must have means to prevent the escape of hazardous quantities of fuel from the system if the fuel...

14 CFR 25.979 - Pressure fueling system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.979 Pressure fueling system. For pressure fueling systems, the following apply: (a) Each pressure fueling system fuel manifold connection must have means to prevent the escape of hazardous quantities of fuel from the system if the fuel...

Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration : light truck average fuel economy standard, model year 1999

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-04-18

Section 32902(a) of title 49, United States Code, requires the Secretary of Transportation to prescribe by regulation, at least 18 months in advance of each model year, average fuel economy standards (known as "Corporate Average Fuel Economy" or "CAF...

49 CFR 525.7 - Basis for petition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EXEMPTIONS FROM AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 525.7 Basis for... comply with that average fuel economy standard; and (4) Anticipated consumer demand in the United States... these lubricants, explain the reasons for not so doing. (f) For each affected model year, a fuel economy...

40 CFR 80.1430 - Requirements for exporters of renewable fuels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... VOLk = The standardized volume of discrete volume k of exported renewable fuel that is biodiesel or... associated with discrete volume k. Σ = Sum involving all volumes of biodiesel or renewable diesel exported.... VOLk = The standardized volume of discrete volume k of exported renewable fuel that is biodiesel or...

40 CFR 1065.1010 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... approved for § 1065.701(f). (43) ASTM D6751-12, Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100... D7039-13, Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Jet Fuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, and Gasoline-Ethanol Blends by Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence...

40 CFR 80.1430 - Requirements for exporters of renewable fuels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... VOLk = The standardized volume of discrete volume k of exported renewable fuel that is biodiesel or... associated with discrete volume k. Σ = Sum involving all volumes of biodiesel or renewable diesel exported.... VOLk = The standardized volume of discrete volume k of exported renewable fuel that is biodiesel or...

40 CFR 80.1430 - Requirements for exporters of renewable fuels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... VOLk = The standardized volume of discrete volume k of exported renewable fuel that is biodiesel or... associated with discrete volume k. Σ = Sum involving all volumes of biodiesel or renewable diesel exported.... VOLk = The standardized volume of discrete volume k of exported renewable fuel that is biodiesel or...

40 CFR 80.1430 - Requirements for exporters of renewable fuels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.... VOLk = The standardized volume of discrete volume k of exported renewable fuel that is biodiesel or... associated with discrete volume k. Σ = Sum involving all volumes of biodiesel or renewable diesel exported.... VOLk = The standardized volume of discrete volume k of exported renewable fuel that is biodiesel or...

40 CFR 279.72 - On-specification used oil fuel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false On-specification used oil fuel. 279.72 Section 279.72 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF USED OIL Standards for Used Oil Fuel Marketers § 279.72 On...

40 CFR 279.72 - On-specification used oil fuel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false On-specification used oil fuel. 279.72 Section 279.72 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF USED OIL Standards for Used Oil Fuel Marketers § 279.72 On...

40 CFR 279.72 - On-specification used oil fuel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false On-specification used oil fuel. 279.72 Section 279.72 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF USED OIL Standards for Used Oil Fuel Marketers § 279.72 On...

Solid recovered fuel: An experiment on classification and potential applications.

PubMed

Bessi, C; Lombardi, L; Meoni, R; Canovai, A; Corti, A

2016-01-01

The residual urban waste of Prato district (Italy) is characterized by a high calorific value that would make it suitable for direct combustion in waste-to-energy plants. Since the area of central Italy lacks this kind of plant, residual municipal waste is quite often allocated to mechanical treatment plants in order to recover recyclable materials (such as metals) and energy content, sending the dry fractions to waste-to-energy plants outside the region. With the previous Italian legislation concerning Refuse Derived Fuels, only the dry stream produced as output by the study case plant, considered in this study, could be allocated to energy recovery, while the other output flows were landfilled. The most recent Italian regulation, introduced a new classification for the fuel streams recovered from waste following the criteria of the European standard (EN 15359:2011), defining the Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF). In this framework, the aim of this study was to check whether the different streams produced as output by the study case plant could be classified as SRF. For this reason, a sampling and analysis campaign was carried out with the purpose of characterizing every single output stream that can be obtained from the study case mechanical treatment plant, when operating it in different ways. The results showed that all the output flows from the study case mechanical treatment plant were classified as SRF, although with a wide quality range. In particular, few streams, of rather poor quality, could be fed to waste-to-energy plants, compatibly with the plant feeding systems. Other streams, with very high quality, were suitable for non-dedicated facilities, such as cement plants or power plants, as a substitute for coal. The implementation of the new legislation has hence the potential for a significant reduction of landfilling, contributing to lowering the overall environmental impact by avoiding the direct impacts of landfilling and by exploiting the beneficial effects of energy recovery from waste. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

76 FR 65544 - Standard Format and Content of License Applications for Mixed Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facilities

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-21

...The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC or Commission) is issuing a revision to regulatory guide (RG) 3.39, ``Standard Format and Content of License Applications for Mixed Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facilities.'' This guide endorses the standard format and content for license applications and integrated safety analysis (ISA) summaries described in the current version of NUREG-1718, ``Standard Review Plan for the Review of an Application for a Mixed Oxide (MOX) Fuel Fabrication Facility,'' as a method that the NRC staff finds acceptable for meeting the regulatory requirements of Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR) part 70, ``Domestic Licensing of Special Nuclear Material'' for mixed oxide fuel fabrication facilities.

Group-type hydrocarbon standards for high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of middistillate fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Otterson, D. A.; Seng, G. T.

1984-01-01

A new high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for group-type analysis of middistillate fuels is described. It uses a refractive index detector and standards that are prepared by reacting a portion of the fuel sample with sulfuric acid. A complete analysis of a middistillate fuel for saturates and aromatics (including the preparation of the standard) requires about 15 min if standards for several fuels are prepared simultaneously. From model fuel studies, the method was found to be accurate to within 0.4 vol% saturates or aromatics, and provides a precision of + or - 0.4 vol%. Olefin determinations require an additional 15 min of analysis time. However, this determination is needed only for those fuels displaying a significant olefin response at 200 nm (obtained routinely during the saturated/aromatics analysis procedure). The olefin determination uses the responses of the olefins and the corresponding saturates, as well as the average value of their refractive index sensitivity ratios (1.1). Studied indicated that, although the relative error in the olefins result could reach 10 percent by using this average sensitivity ratio, it was 5 percent for the fuels used in this study. Olefin concentrations as low as 0.1 vol% have been determined using this method.

Towards Understanding Environmental/Health Risks of Renewable Diesel (Biodiesel, Non- ester Diesel) in California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ross, K.; Ginn, T. R.; McKone, T. E.; Rice, D. W.

2007-12-01

Alternative fuels for internal combustion engines offer considerable benefits as they provide so-called "sustainable" alternatives to mined fossil fuels, reduce the nation's dependence on imported petroleum, and have the potential to reduce harmful pollutants and exhaust emissions. This has been long recognized: the first appearance and demonstration of an oil based diesel fuel was at the Paris Exhibition in 1900. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 required 75 percent of new federal/state vehicles to accomodate alternative fuels. Modern concerns and overpopulation have dramatically raised the current interest. However, since these are relatively new fuels, the risks and uncertainties associated with environmental and human health effects are as yet unaddressed. As required by Section 43830.8 California Health and Safety Code before adopting new fuel specifications the California Air Resources Board (CARB) is required to prepare a relative "multimedia" evaluation of new fuels, not only with regard to engine performance and emission requirements but also with consideration of health and environmental criteria involving airborne toxics and associated health risks, ozone formation potential, hazardous waste generation and management and surface and groundwater contamination resulting from production, distribution, and use. The assessment is relative to a standard reference fuel. As a preliminary to multimedia risk assessment of biodiesel, we report here on: a brief history of biodiesel; production of biodiesel, fuel quality, and feedstocks used; key properties of six different feedstocks for possible large scale biodiesel production; and California's production challenges. Priority characteristics that pertain to environmental fate and transport and human health are described. The longer-term objective of this study is an overall relative examination of the environmental and health effects of biodiesel within the context of a multimedia assessment.

40 CFR 80.526 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel Standards and Requirements § 80.526 [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 80.523 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel Standards and Requirements § 80.523 [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 80.195 - What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What are the gasoline sulfur standards... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.195 What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers? (a)(1...

40 CFR 80.195 - What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false What are the gasoline sulfur standards... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.195 What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers? (a)(1...

40 CFR 80.195 - What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What are the gasoline sulfur standards... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.195 What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers? (a)(1...

40 CFR 80.195 - What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false What are the gasoline sulfur standards... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.195 What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers? (a)(1...

40 CFR 80.195 - What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false What are the gasoline sulfur standards... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Gasoline Sulfur Gasoline Sulfur Standards § 80.195 What are the gasoline sulfur standards for refiners and importers? (a)(1...

40 CFR 1042.820 - Emission standards and required emission reductions for remanufactured engines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... fuel must comply with the standards and requirements of this part when operated using residual fuel. (d... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Emission standards and required... § 1042.820 Emission standards and required emission reductions for remanufactured engines. (a) The...

40 CFR 1042.820 - Emission standards and required emission reductions for remanufactured engines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... fuel must comply with the standards and requirements of this part when operated using residual fuel. (d... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Emission standards and required... § 1042.820 Emission standards and required emission reductions for remanufactured engines. (a) The...

40 CFR 1042.820 - Emission standards and required emission reductions for remanufactured engines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... fuel must comply with the standards and requirements of this part when operated using residual fuel. (d... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Emission standards and required... § 1042.820 Emission standards and required emission reductions for remanufactured engines. (a) The...

40 CFR 1042.820 - Emission standards and required emission reductions for remanufactured engines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... fuel must comply with the standards and requirements of this part when operated using residual fuel. (d... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Emission standards and required... § 1042.820 Emission standards and required emission reductions for remanufactured engines. (a) The...

40 CFR 1042.820 - Emission standards and required emission reductions for remanufactured engines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... fuel must comply with the standards and requirements of this part when operated using residual fuel. (d... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Emission standards and required... § 1042.820 Emission standards and required emission reductions for remanufactured engines. (a) The...

40 CFR 80.29 - Controls and prohibitions on diesel fuel quality.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Controls and prohibitions on diesel... Controls and prohibitions on diesel fuel quality. (a) Prohibited activities. Beginning October 1, 1993 and..., sell, offer for sale, supply, store, dispense, offer for supply or transport any diesel fuel for use in...

40 CFR 80.29 - Controls and prohibitions on diesel fuel quality.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Controls and prohibitions on diesel... Controls and prohibitions on diesel fuel quality. (a) Prohibited activities. Beginning October 1, 1993 and..., sell, offer for sale, supply, store, dispense, offer for supply or transport any diesel fuel for use in...

78 FR 62462 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Modifications to Renewable Fuel Standard Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-22

... and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) to reduce the use of fossil fuels and encourage increased production... renewable fuel to replace or reduce the quantity of fossil fuel present in transportation fuel. Under EPA's... quantity of fossil fuel present in home heating oil or jet fuel.\\3\\ In essence, additional renewable fuel...

Fuel quality/processing study. Volume 3: Fuel upgrading studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, G. E., Jr.; Bruggink, P.; Sinnett, C.

1981-01-01

The methods used to calculate the refinery selling prices for the turbine fuels of low quality are described. Detailed descriptions and economics of the upgrading schemes are included. These descriptions include flow diagrams showing the interconnection between processes and the stream flows involved. Each scheme is in a complete, integrated, stand alone facility. Except for the purchase of electricity and water, each scheme provides its own fuel and manufactures, when appropriate, its own hydrogen.

Phase 2 fuel efficiency standards for medium- and heavy-duty engines and vehicles : draft EIS.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-06-01

This Draft Environmental Impact Statement (Draft EIS) analyzes the environmental impacts of fuel : efficiency standards and reasonable alternative standards for model years 2018 and beyond for medium- : and heavy- duty engines and vehicles that NHTSA...

Simultaneous determination of hydrocarbon renewable diesel, biodiesel and petroleum diesel contents in diesel fuel blends using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics.

PubMed

Alves, Julio Cesar Laurentino; Poppi, Ronei Jesus

2013-11-07

Highly polluting fuels based on non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels need to be replaced with potentially less polluting renewable fuels derived from vegetable or animal biomass, these so-called biofuels, are a reality nowadays and many countries have started the challenge of increasing the use of different types of biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl esters), often mixed with petroleum derivatives, such as gasoline and diesel, respectively. The quantitative determination of these fuel blends using simple, fast and low cost methods based on near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods has been reported. However, advanced biofuels based on a mixture of hydrocarbons or a single hydrocarbon molecule, such as farnesane (2,6,10-trimethyldodecane), a hydrocarbon renewable diesel, can also be used in mixtures with biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuel and the use of NIR spectroscopy for the quantitative determination of a ternary fuel blend of these two hydrocarbon-based fuels and biodiesel can be a useful tool for quality control. This work presents a development of an analytical method for the quantitative determination of hydrocarbon renewable diesel (farnesane), biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuel blends using NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods, such as partial least squares (PLS) and support vector machines (SVM). This development leads to a more accurate, simpler, faster and cheaper method when compared to the standard reference method ASTM D6866 and with the main advantage of providing the individual quantification of two different biofuels in a mixture with petroleum diesel fuel. Using the developed PLS model the three fuel blend components were determined simultaneously with values of root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.25%, 0.19% and 0.38% for hydrocarbon renewable diesel, biodiesel and petroleum diesel, respectively, the values obtained were in agreement with those suggested by reference methods for the determination of renewable fuels.

40 CFR 60.49b - Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... into the oxidation zone. (2) Standard for nitrogen oxides. (i) When fossil fuel alone is combusted, the NOX emission limit for fossil fuel in § 60.44b(a) applies. (ii) When natural gas and chemical by... back into the combustion air. (2) Standard for nitrogen oxides. (i) When fossil fuel alone is combusted...

40 CFR 60.49b - Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... into the oxidation zone. (2) Standard for nitrogen oxides. (i) When fossil fuel alone is combusted, the NOX emission limit for fossil fuel in § 60.44b(a) applies. (ii) When natural gas and chemical by... back into the combustion air. (2) Standard for nitrogen oxides. (i) When fossil fuel alone is combusted...

40 CFR 60.49b - Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... into the oxidation zone. (2) Standard for nitrogen oxides. (i) When fossil fuel alone is combusted, the NOX emission limit for fossil fuel in § 60.44b(a) applies. (ii) When natural gas and chemical by... back into the combustion air. (2) Standard for nitrogen oxides. (i) When fossil fuel alone is combusted...

49 CFR 571.303 - Standard No. 303; Fuel system integrity of compressed natural gas vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... compressed natural gas vehicles. 571.303 Section 571.303 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to... system integrity of compressed natural gas vehicles. S1. Scope. This standard specifies requirements for the integrity of motor vehicle fuel systems using compressed natural gas (CNG), including the CNG fuel...

The Sport-Utility Vehicle: Debating Fuel-Economy Standards in Thermodynamics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mayer, Shannon

2008-01-01

This paper describes a debate about national fuel-economy standards for sport-utility vehicles (SUVs) used as a foundation for exploring a public policy issue in the physical science classroom. The subject of automobile fuel economy benefits from a familiarity with thermodynamics, specifically heat engines, and is therefore applicable to a broad…

40 CFR 60.49b - Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... into the oxidation zone. (2) Standard for nitrogen oxides. (i) When fossil fuel alone is combusted, the NOX emission limit for fossil fuel in § 60.44b(a) applies. (ii) When natural gas and chemical by... back into the combustion air. (2) Standard for nitrogen oxides. (i) When fossil fuel alone is combusted...

40 CFR 60.49b - Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... into the oxidation zone. (2) Standard for nitrogen oxides. (i) When fossil fuel alone is combusted, the NOX emission limit for fossil fuel in § 60.44b(a) applies. (ii) When natural gas and chemical by... back into the combustion air. (2) Standard for nitrogen oxides. (i) When fossil fuel alone is combusted...

76 FR 80747 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Oregon: New Source Review/Prevention of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-27

... 340-228--Requirements for Fuel Burning Equipment and Fuel Sulfur Content 0020 Definitions 11/8/2007 0200 General Emission Standards for Fuel 11/8/2007 Burning Equipment, Sulfur Dioxide Standards. 0210... reduced sulfur (TRS) emission-related definitions. 0100 Wigwam Waste Burners, Wigwam Waste Burners 11/8...

Study of diffusion bond development in 6061 aluminum and its relationship to future high density fuels fabrication.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Prokofiev, I.; Wiencek, T.; McGann, D.

1997-10-07

Powder metallurgy dispersions of uranium alloys and silicides in an aluminum matrix have been developed by the RERTR program as a new generation of proliferation-resistant fuels. Testing is done with miniplate-type fuel plates to simulate standard fuel with cladding and matrix in plate-type configurations. In order to seal the dispersion fuel plates, a diffusion bond must exist between the aluminum coverplates surrounding the fuel meat. Four different variations in the standard method for roll-bonding 6061 aluminum were studied. They included mechanical cleaning, addition of a getter material, modifications to the standard chemical etching, and welding methods. Aluminum test pieces weremore » subjected to a bend test after each rolling pass. Results, based on 400 samples, indicate that at least a 70% reduction in thickness is required to produce a diffusion bond using the standard rollbonding method versus a 60% reduction using the Type II method in which the assembly was welded 100% and contained open 9mm holes at frame corners.« less

49 CFR 525.6 - Requirements for petition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EXEMPTIONS FROM AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS § 525.6 Requirements... arguments of the petitioner supporting the exemption and alternative average fuel economy standard requested...

Trends of jet fuel demand and properties

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Friedman, R.

1984-01-01

Petroleum industry forecasts predict an increasing demand for jet fuels, a decrease in the gasoline-to-distillate (heavier fuel) demand ratio, and a greater influx of poorer quality petroleum in the next two to three decades. These projections are important for refinery product analyses. The forecasts have not been accurate, however, in predicting the recent, short term fluctuations in jet fuel and competing product demand. Changes in petroleum quality can be assessed, in part, by a review of jet fuel property inspections. Surveys covering the last 10 years show that average jet fuel freezing points, aromatic contents, and smoke points have trends toward their specification limits.

Development, optimization and validation of gas chromatographic fingerprinting of Brazilian commercial diesel fuel for quality control.

PubMed

dos Santos, Bruno César Diniz Brito; Flumignan, Danilo Luiz; de Oliveira, José Eduardo

2012-10-01

A three-step development, optimization and validation strategy is described for gas chromatography (GC) fingerprints of Brazilian commercial diesel fuel. A suitable GC-flame ionization detection (FID) system was selected to assay a complex matrix such as diesel. The next step was to improve acceptable chromatographic resolution with reduced analysis time, which is recommended for routine applications. Full three-level factorial designs were performed to improve flow rate, oven ramps, injection volume and split ratio in the GC system. Finally, several validation parameters were performed. The GC fingerprinting can be coupled with pattern recognition and multivariate regressions analyses to determine fuel quality and fuel physicochemical parameters. This strategy can also be applied to develop fingerprints for quality control of other fuel types.

Commercial aviation alternative fuels initiative

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-04-22

This presentation looks at alternative fuels to enhance environmental stability, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, air quality benefits (e.g., SOx and PM), fuel supply stability, and fuel price stability.

The future of fuel cell in Mexico in the third millennium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramírez-Salgado, J.; Marín-Cruz, J.; Estrada-Martínez, A.

The warming of the earth due to green house gas emission is mainly produced by CO 2. In Mexico City, 71% of the total harmful emissions is from internal combustion engines of car and buses. Benefits from the use of fuel cells (FCs) in transportation and stationary power generating sectors will achieve satisfactory air quality standards not only in Mexico City but also throughout the country. This paper suggests a scenario for FC technology penetration in Mexico. There are two potential markets for FCs: (i) FC transportation; and (ii) stationary power plant for electrical production. In Mexico City, 3.2 million vehicles are in circulation and represent 19.5% (16.3 million) of the country's total vehicles, and 9.02 million of natural gas users are a potential market for acquiring stationary power generation by FC systems.

Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Testing

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory's primary responsibilities include: evaluating emission control technology; testing vehicles, engines and fuels; and determining compliance with federal emissions and fuel economy standards.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: E85 Flex Fuel Specification

Science.gov Websites

Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines. Fuel retailers or fleets purchasing E85 should require , there is no concern with carrying over winter fuel into the summer months because flexible-fuel vehicles requirements. D5798-15 Standard Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Deploying Alternative Fuel Vehicles and

Science.gov Websites

Infrastructure in Chicago, Illinois, Through the Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program and Infrastructure in Chicago, Illinois, Through the Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Vehicles and Infrastructure in Chicago, Illinois, Through the Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality

Electric power quarterly, July--September 1988

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1989-01-19

The Electric Power Quarterly (EPQ) is prepared by the Electric Power Division; Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels; Energy Information Administration (EIA). The EPQ is designed to provide energy decisionmakers with accurate and timely generation and fuel cost and quality information on a plant-by-plant basis. This publication is designed for applications by electric utilities, fuel suppliers, consumers, educational institutions, and government in recognition of the importance of energy planning. The EPQ presents monthly summaries of electric utility statistics at the national, Census division, state, company, and plant levels on the following subjects: quantity of fuel; cost of fuel;more » quality of fuel; net generation; fuel consumption, and fuel stocks. In addition, the EPQ presents a quarterly summary of reported major disturbances and unusual occurrences. 1 fig., 15 tabs.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The Coal and Electric Data and Renewables Division; Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, Energy Information Administration (EIA), Department of Energy prepares the EPM. This publication provides monthly statistics at the State, Census division, and U.S. levels for net generation, fossil fuel consumption and stocks, quantity and quality of fossil fuels, cost of fossil fuels, electricity retail sales, associated revenue, and average revenue per kilowatthour of electricity sold. In addition, data on net generation, fuel consumption, fuel stocks, quantity and cost of fossil fuels are also displayed for the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) regions. The EIAmore » publishes statistics in the EPM on net generation by energy source; consumption, stocks, quantity, quality, and cost of fossil fuels; and capability of new generating units by company and plant.« less

75 FR 67059 - Public Hearings for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-01

... Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and... for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles,'' which will be published in the near future in the... Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles.'' These hearings also offer an opportunity for the public to...

14 CFR 29.979 - Pressure refueling and fueling provisions below fuel level.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.979 Pressure refueling and fueling provisions below fuel level. (a) Each fueling connection... from that tank in case of malfunction of the fuel entry valve. (b) For systems intended for pressure...

14 CFR 29.979 - Pressure refueling and fueling provisions below fuel level.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.979 Pressure refueling and fueling provisions below fuel level. (a) Each fueling connection... from that tank in case of malfunction of the fuel entry valve. (b) For systems intended for pressure...

14 CFR 23.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 23.955 Fuel flow. (a) General. The ability of the fuel system to provide fuel at the rates specified in this... drive flow, and for all other purposes for which fuel is used. (b) Gravity systems. The fuel flow rate...

14 CFR 23.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 23.955 Fuel flow. (a) General. The ability of the fuel system to provide fuel at the rates specified in this... drive flow, and for all other purposes for which fuel is used. (b) Gravity systems. The fuel flow rate...

14 CFR 23.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 23.955 Fuel flow. (a) General. The ability of the fuel system to provide fuel at the rates specified in this... drive flow, and for all other purposes for which fuel is used. (b) Gravity systems. The fuel flow rate...

14 CFR 23.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 23.955 Fuel flow. (a) General. The ability of the fuel system to provide fuel at the rates specified in this... drive flow, and for all other purposes for which fuel is used. (b) Gravity systems. The fuel flow rate...

14 CFR 29.979 - Pressure refueling and fueling provisions below fuel level.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.979 Pressure refueling and fueling provisions below fuel level. (a) Each fueling connection... from that tank in case of malfunction of the fuel entry valve. (b) For systems intended for pressure...

14 CFR 29.979 - Pressure refueling and fueling provisions below fuel level.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.979 Pressure refueling and fueling provisions below fuel level. (a) Each fueling connection... from that tank in case of malfunction of the fuel entry valve. (b) For systems intended for pressure...

14 CFR 23.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 23.955 Fuel flow. (a) General. The ability of the fuel system to provide fuel at the rates specified in this... drive flow, and for all other purposes for which fuel is used. (b) Gravity systems. The fuel flow rate...

14 CFR 29.979 - Pressure refueling and fueling provisions below fuel level.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.979 Pressure refueling and fueling provisions below fuel level. (a) Each fueling connection... from that tank in case of malfunction of the fuel entry valve. (b) For systems intended for pressure...

33 CFR 183.538 - Metallic fuel line materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Metallic fuel line materials. 183... (CONTINUED) BOATING SAFETY BOATS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT Fuel Systems Equipment Standards § 183.538 Metallic fuel line materials. Each metallic fuel line connecting the fuel tank with the fuel inlet connection on...

Help in making fuel management decisions.

Treesearch

Peter J. Roussopoulos; Von J. Johnson

1975-01-01

Describes how to compare predictions of fuel hazard for Northeastern logging slash with a number of fuel hazard "standards." This system provides objective criteria for making fuel management decisions.

CAFE Standards (released in AEO2010)

EIA Publications

2010-01-01

Pursuant to the Presidents announcement of a National Fuel Efficiency Policy, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the EPA have promulgated nationally coordinated standards for tailpipe Carbon Dioxide (CO2)-equivalent emissions and fuel economy for light-duty vehicles (LDVs), which includes both passenger cars and light-duty trucks. In the joint rulemaking, the Environmental Protection Agency is enacting CO2-equivalent emissions standards under the Clean Air Act (CAA), and NHTSA is enacting companion Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as amended by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.

78 FR 33132 - Quality Verification for Plate-Type Uranium-Aluminum Fuel Elements for Use in Research and Test...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-03

... Fuel Elements for Use in Research and Test Reactors AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ACTION... Research and Test Reactors.'' This guide describes a method that the staff of the NRC considers acceptable... assurance program for verifying the quality of plate-type uranium-aluminum fuel elements used in research...

Rapid and Simultaneous Prediction of Eight Diesel Quality Parameters through ATR-FTIR Analysis.

PubMed

Nespeca, Maurilio Gustavo; Hatanaka, Rafael Rodrigues; Flumignan, Danilo Luiz; de Oliveira, José Eduardo

2018-01-01

Quality assessment of diesel fuel is highly necessary for society, but the costs and time spent are very high while using standard methods. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an analytical method capable of simultaneously determining eight diesel quality parameters (density; flash point; total sulfur content; distillation temperatures at 10% (T10), 50% (T50), and 85% (T85) recovery; cetane index; and biodiesel content) through attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and the multivariate regression method, partial least square (PLS). For this purpose, the quality parameters of 409 samples were determined using standard methods, and their spectra were acquired in ranges of 4000-650 cm -1 . The use of the multivariate filters, generalized least squares weighting (GLSW) and orthogonal signal correction (OSC), was evaluated to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the models. Likewise, four variable selection approaches were tested: manual exclusion, forward interval PLS (FiPLS), backward interval PLS (BiPLS), and genetic algorithm (GA). The multivariate filters and variables selection algorithms generated more fitted and accurate PLS models. According to the validation, the FTIR/PLS models presented accuracy comparable to the reference methods and, therefore, the proposed method can be applied in the diesel routine monitoring to significantly reduce costs and analysis time.

Rapid and Simultaneous Prediction of Eight Diesel Quality Parameters through ATR-FTIR Analysis

PubMed Central

Hatanaka, Rafael Rodrigues; Flumignan, Danilo Luiz; de Oliveira, José Eduardo

2018-01-01

Quality assessment of diesel fuel is highly necessary for society, but the costs and time spent are very high while using standard methods. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an analytical method capable of simultaneously determining eight diesel quality parameters (density; flash point; total sulfur content; distillation temperatures at 10% (T10), 50% (T50), and 85% (T85) recovery; cetane index; and biodiesel content) through attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and the multivariate regression method, partial least square (PLS). For this purpose, the quality parameters of 409 samples were determined using standard methods, and their spectra were acquired in ranges of 4000–650 cm−1. The use of the multivariate filters, generalized least squares weighting (GLSW) and orthogonal signal correction (OSC), was evaluated to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the models. Likewise, four variable selection approaches were tested: manual exclusion, forward interval PLS (FiPLS), backward interval PLS (BiPLS), and genetic algorithm (GA). The multivariate filters and variables selection algorithms generated more fitted and accurate PLS models. According to the validation, the FTIR/PLS models presented accuracy comparable to the reference methods and, therefore, the proposed method can be applied in the diesel routine monitoring to significantly reduce costs and analysis time. PMID:29629209

Preparation and Evaluation of Multi-Layer Anodes of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Santiago, Diana; Farmer, Serene C.; Setlock, John A.

2012-01-01

The development of an energy device with abundant energy generation, ultra-high specific power density, high stability and long life is critical for enabling longer missions and for reducing mission costs. Of all different types of fuel cells, the solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) is a promising high temperature device that can generate electricity as a byproduct of a chemical reaction in a clean way and produce high quality heat that can be used for other purposes. For aerospace applications, a power-to-weight of (is) greater than 1.0 kW/kg is required. NASA has a patented fuel cell technology under development, capable of achieving the 1.0 kW/kg figure of merit. The first step toward achieving these goals is increasing anode durability. The catalyst plays an important role in the fuel cells for power generation, stability, efficiency and long life. Not only the anode composition, but its preparation and reduction are key to achieving better cell performance. In this research, multi-layer anodes were prepared varying the chemistry of each layer to optimize the performance of the cells. Microstructure analyses were done to the new anodes before and after fuel cell operation. The cells' durability and performance were evaluated in 200 hrs life tests in hydrogen at 850 C. The chemistry of the standard nickel anode was modified successfully reducing the anode degradation from 40% to 8.4% in 1000 hrs and retaining its microstructure.

Investigating catalyst coated membrane equilibration time for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell manufacturing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cote, Philippe

Mercedes-Benz Canada Inc., Fuel Cell Division, manufactures polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stacks for use in vehicles. The manufacturing line is being optimized for efficiency and quality control, in order to uphold the high standards of Mercedes-Benz Inc. vehicles. In an operating polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, the catalyst coated membrane facilitates the electrochemical reaction that generates electricity. This research examines the equilibration of catalyst coated membrane rolls to controlled temperature and humidity conditions, before they are used in the manufacturing of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Equilibration involves allowing the water content in the catalyst coated membrane to stabilize at the controlled conditions, in order to reduce mechanical stress in the material for better manufacturability. Initial equilibration measurements were conducted on discrete catalyst coated membrane samples using novel electronic conductivity measurements of the catalyst layer, and compared to ionic conductivity measurements of the membrane. Electronic conductivity measurements are easier to implement in the manufacturing environment than the more complex ionic conductivity measurements. When testing discrete catalyst coated membrane samples in an environmental chamber, the equilibration trends for the measured ionic and electronic conductivity signals were similar enough to permit us to adapt the electronic conductivity measurements for catalyst coated membrane in roll form. Equilibration measurements of catalyst coated membrane rolls were optimized to achieve a robust and repeatable procedure which could be used in the manufacturing environment at Mercedes-Benz Canada Inc., Fuel Cell Division.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: E85 Codes and Standards

Science.gov Websites

Development Equipment Options Equipment Installation Codes, Standards, & Safety Vehicles Laws & ; Incentives Ethanol Codes, Standards, and Safety The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of -Gasoline Blends. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates some fuel-dispensing

40 CFR 86.709-99 - In-use emission standards for 1999 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...—Intermediate Useful Life 1 Standards (g/mi) for Light Light-Duty Trucks Fuel LVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO... Fuel LVW (lbs) THC 2 NMHC 1 THCE 2 NMHCE 1 CO 1 NOX 1 PM 1 Gasoline 0-3750 0.80 0.31 4.2 0.6 0.10... 1 Standards (g/mi) for Heavy Light-Duty Trucks Fuel ALVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO NOX PM...

40 CFR 86.709-99 - In-use emission standards for 1999 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...—Intermediate Useful Life 1 Standards (g/mi) for Light Light-Duty Trucks Fuel LVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO... Fuel LVW (lbs) THC 2 NMHC 1 THCE 2 NMHCE 1 CO 1 NOX 1 PM 1 Gasoline 0-3750 0.80 0.31 4.2 0.6 0.10... 1 Standards (g/mi) for Heavy Light-Duty Trucks Fuel ALVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO NOX PM...

40 CFR 86.709-99 - In-use emission standards for 1999 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...—Intermediate Useful Life 1 Standards (g/mi) for Light Light-Duty Trucks Fuel LVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO... Fuel LVW (lbs) THC 2 NMHC 1 THCE 2 NMHCE 1 CO 1 NOX 1 PM 1 Gasoline 0-3750 0.80 0.31 4.2 0.6 0.10... 1 Standards (g/mi) for Heavy Light-Duty Trucks Fuel ALVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO NOX PM...

40 CFR 86.709-99 - In-use emission standards for 1999 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...—Intermediate Useful Life 1 Standards (g/mi) for Light Light-Duty Trucks Fuel LVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO... Fuel LVW (lbs) THC 2 NMHC 1 THCE 2 NMHCE 1 CO 1 NOX 1 PM 1 Gasoline 0-3750 0.80 0.31 4.2 0.6 0.10... 1 Standards (g/mi) for Heavy Light-Duty Trucks Fuel ALVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO NOX PM...

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY VERIFICATION REPORT, MIRATECH CORPORATIONM GECO 3001 AIR/FUEL RATIO CONTROLLER

EPA Science Inventory

Details on the verification test design, measurement test procedures, and Quality assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures can be found in the test plan titled Testing and Quality Assurance Plan, MIRATECH Corporation GECO 3100 Air/Fuel Ratio Controller (SRI 2001). It can be d...

40 CFR 80.528-80.529 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....528-80.529 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel; Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel; and ECA Marine Fuel Motor Vehicle Diesel Fuel Standards and Requirements §§ 80.528-80.529...

40 CFR 88.104-94 - Clean-fuel vehicle tailpipe emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Clean-fuel vehicle tailpipe emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks. 88.104-94 Section 88.104-94 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CLEAN-FUEL VEHICLES Emission...

40 CFR 88.104-94 - Clean-fuel vehicle tailpipe emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Clean-fuel vehicle tailpipe emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks. 88.104-94 Section 88.104-94 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CLEAN-FUEL VEHICLES Emission...

Theoretical Investigation For The Effect of Fuel Quality on Gas Turbine Power Plants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

AbdulRazzak khudair, Omar; Alwan Abass, Khetam; Saadi Abed, Noor; Hussain Ali, Khalid; AbdulAziz, Saad; Chlaib Shaboot, Ali

2018-05-01

Gas turbine engine power generation is declined dramatically because of the reduction in thermodynamic parameters as a work of turbine, compressor ratio, compressor work, and air mass flow rate and fuel consumption. There are two main objectives of this work, the first is related with the effect of fuel kinds and their quality on the operation of fuel flow divider and its performance specifically gear pump displacement and fuel flow rate to the combustion chambers of gas power plant. AL-DORA gas turbine power plant 35MW was chosen to predict these effects on its performance MATLAB Software program is used to perform thermodynamic calculations. Fuel distribution stage before the process of combustion and as a result of the kind and its quality, chemical reaction will occur between the fuel and the parts of the gear system of each pump of the flow divider, which causes the erosion of the internal pump wall and the teeth of the gear system, thus hampering the pump operation in terms of fuel discharge. The discharge of fuel form the eight external gates of flow divider is decreased and varied when going to the combustion chambers, so that, flow divider does not give reliable mass flow rate due to absence of accurate pressure in each of eight exit pipes. The second objective deals with the stage of fuel combustion process inside the combustion chamber. A comparative study based upon performance parameters, such as specific fuel consumption for gas and gasoil and power generation. Fuel poor quality causes incomplete combustion and increased its consumption, so that combustion products are interacted with the surface of the turbine blades, causing the erosion and create surface roughness of the blade and disruption of gas flow. As a result of this situation, turbulence flow of these gases will increase causing the separation of gas boundary layers over the suction surface of the blade. Therefore the amount of extracted gas will decrease causing retreat work done by turbine, as a result decline of power and gas turbine power plant efficiency causing the drop in the level of electric generation. The fuel quality is found to be a strong function of specific fuel consumption and its effects on the power generation and the efficiency of the gas turbine power plants and hence, the cycle performance shifts towards favorable conditions.

Environmental benefits of replacing fuel oil by natural gas in the metropolitan region of Sao Paulo, Brazil

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kondo, S.; Assuncao, J.V. de

1998-12-31

The Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo (Brazil) has a population 16.322 million people (1995 estimate) living in an area of 8,051 km2 with most of them concentrated in the city of Sao Paulo with 9.8 million people and 4.6 million cars. Although with an air quality better than some other Latin American megacities such as Mexico and Santiago do Chile, the air quality still exceeds the national air quality standards. In 2/17/1993 Brazilian Petroleum Company (PETROBRAS) and the Bolivian Petroleum Company (Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos -- YPFB) signed an agreement to bring natural gas from Bolivia to the south andmore » southeast of Brazil. The end of the construction of the gas pipeline will be in 1999, and it will deliver 4 million Nm3/day of natural gas to COMGAS Sao Paulo State Gas Company. This amount will increase to 8.1 million Nm3/day by the year 2006, that will be sufficient to supply the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region market need at that time. In this study an estimate of the influence in the air quality was performed supposing the substitution of fuel oil by natural gas in industry and also in diesel buses. The results showed that there will be benefits in relation to sulfur dioxide, PM10, greenhouse gases and trace elements, and negligible effects in relation to NO{sub x}, NMTOC and carbon monoxide.« less

The use of nuclear data in the field of nuclear fuel recycling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martin, Julie-Fiona; Launay, Agnès; Grassi, Gabriele; Binet, Christophe; Lelandais, Jacques; Lecampion, Erick

2017-09-01

AREVA NC La Hague facility is the first step of the nuclear fuel recycling process implemented in France. The processing of the used fuel is governed by high standards of criticality-safety, and strong expectations on the quality of end-products. From the received used fuel assemblies, the plutonium and the uranium are extracted for further energy production purposes within the years following the reprocessing. Furthermore, the ultimate waste - fission products and minor actinides on the one hand, and hulls and end-pieces on the other hand - is adequately packaged for long term disposal. The used fuel is therefore separated into very different materials, and time scales which come into account may be longer than in some other nuclear fields of activity. Given the variety of the handled nuclear materials, as well as the time scales at stake, the importance given to some radionuclides, and hence to the associated nuclear data, can also be specific to the AREVA NC La Hague plant. A study has thus been led to identify a list of the most important radionuclides for the AREVA NC La Hague plant applications, relying on the running constraints of the facility, and the end-products expectations. The activities at the AREVA NC La Hague plant are presented, and the methodology to extract the most important radionuclides for the reprocessing process is detailed.

78 FR 24073 - Reconsideration of Certain New Source Issues: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-24

... Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial- Institutional, and... Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel- Fired Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial-Institutional, and...). Certain other material, such as copyrighted material, will be publicly available only in hard copy form...

Comments on the Joint Proposed Rulemaking to Establish Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wenzel, Tom

2009-10-27

Tom Wenzel of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory comments on the joint rulemaking to establish greenhouse gas emission and fuel economy standards for light-duty vehicle, specifically on the relationship between vehicle weight and vehicle safety.

40 CFR 86.1105-87 - Emission standards for which nonconformance penalties are available.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... VEHICLES AND ENGINES (CONTINUED) Nonconformance Penalties for Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel Heavy-Duty Engines and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Including Light-Duty Trucks § 86.1105-87 Emission standards for which... available for the following additional emission standards: (1) [Reserved] (2) Petroleum-fueled diesel heavy...

DIFFERENTIATING PASSENGER VEHICLES BY FUEL ECONOMY: STRATEGIC INCENTIVES AND THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF TRADABLE CAFE STANDARDS

EPA Science Inventory

The welfare and distributional effects of alternative fuel economy regulations will be compared, including an increase in existing CAFE standards, allowing for tradable credits, and implementing other design options in a trading scheme, such as sliding standards based on ve...

14 CFR 27.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 27.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 27.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 27.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 29.1001 - Fuel jettisoning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System Components § 29.1001 Fuel jettisoning. If a fuel jettisoning system is installed, the following apply: (a) Fuel jettisoning must be safe during all... this section, it must be shown that— (1) The fuel jettisoning system and its operation are free from...

14 CFR 27.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 27.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 29.1001 - Fuel jettisoning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System Components § 29.1001 Fuel jettisoning. If a fuel jettisoning system is installed, the following apply: (a) Fuel jettisoning must be safe during all... this section, it must be shown that— (1) The fuel jettisoning system and its operation are free from...

14 CFR 29.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 29.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 29.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 29.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 29.1001 - Fuel jettisoning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System Components § 29.1001 Fuel jettisoning. If a fuel jettisoning system is installed, the following apply: (a) Fuel jettisoning must be safe during all... this section, it must be shown that— (1) The fuel jettisoning system and its operation are free from...

14 CFR 29.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 29.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 29.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 29.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 29.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 29.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 29.1001 - Fuel jettisoning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System Components § 29.1001 Fuel jettisoning. If a fuel jettisoning system is installed, the following apply: (a) Fuel jettisoning must be safe during all... this section, it must be shown that— (1) The fuel jettisoning system and its operation are free from...

14 CFR 29.1001 - Fuel jettisoning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System Components § 29.1001 Fuel jettisoning. If a fuel jettisoning system is installed, the following apply: (a) Fuel jettisoning must be safe during all... this section, it must be shown that— (1) The fuel jettisoning system and its operation are free from...

14 CFR 27.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 27.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 27.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 27.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

Recent GE BWR fuel experience and design evolution

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wood, J.E.; Potts, G.A.; Proebstle, R.A.

1992-01-01

Reliable fuel operation is essential to the safe, reliable, and economic power production by today's commercial nuclear reactors. GE Nuclear Energy is committed to maximize fuel reliability through the progressive development of improved fuel design features and dedication to provide the maximum quality of the design features and dedication to provide the maximum quality of the design, fabrication, and operation of GE BWR fuel. Over the last 35 years, GE has designed, fabricated, and placed in operation over 82,000 BWR fuel bundles containing over 5 million fuel rods. This experience includes successful commercial reactor operation of fuel assemblies to greatermore » than 45000 MWd/MTU bundle average exposure. This paper reports that this extensive experience base has enabled clear identification and characterization of the active failure mechanisms. With this failure mechanism characterization, mitigating actions have been developed and implemented by GE to provide the highest reliability BWR fuel bundles possible.« less

Renewable Fuel Standard Program

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Information about regulations, developed by EPA, in collaboration with refiners, renewable fuel producers, and many other stakeholders, that ensure that transportation fuel sold in the United States contains a minimum volume of renewable fuel.

14 CFR 25.959 - Unusable fuel supply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.959 Unusable fuel supply. The unusable fuel quantity for each fuel tank and its fuel system components must be established at not less than... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Unusable fuel supply. 25.959 Section 25.959...

14 CFR 25.999 - Fuel system drains.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel system drains. 25.999 Section 25.999... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System Components § 25.999 Fuel system drains. (a) Drainage of the fuel system must be accomplished by the use of fuel strainer and fuel tank sump drains. (b...

14 CFR 25.999 - Fuel system drains.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel system drains. 25.999 Section 25.999... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System Components § 25.999 Fuel system drains. (a) Drainage of the fuel system must be accomplished by the use of fuel strainer and fuel tank sump drains. (b...

14 CFR 25.999 - Fuel system drains.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel system drains. 25.999 Section 25.999... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System Components § 25.999 Fuel system drains. (a) Drainage of the fuel system must be accomplished by the use of fuel strainer and fuel tank sump drains. (b...

14 CFR 25.959 - Unusable fuel supply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.959 Unusable fuel supply. The unusable fuel quantity for each fuel tank and its fuel system components must be established at not less than... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Unusable fuel supply. 25.959 Section 25.959...

14 CFR 25.959 - Unusable fuel supply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.959 Unusable fuel supply. The unusable fuel quantity for each fuel tank and its fuel system components must be established at not less than... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Unusable fuel supply. 25.959 Section 25.959...

14 CFR 25.959 - Unusable fuel supply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.959 Unusable fuel supply. The unusable fuel quantity for each fuel tank and its fuel system components must be established at not less than... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Unusable fuel supply. 25.959 Section 25.959...

14 CFR 25.999 - Fuel system drains.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel system drains. 25.999 Section 25.999... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System Components § 25.999 Fuel system drains. (a) Drainage of the fuel system must be accomplished by the use of fuel strainer and fuel tank sump drains. (b...

14 CFR 25.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.955 Fuel flow. (a) Each fuel system must... supplied with fuel from more than one tank, the fuel system must— (1) For each reciprocating engine, supply... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel flow. 25.955 Section 25.955...

14 CFR 25.959 - Unusable fuel supply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.959 Unusable fuel supply. The unusable fuel quantity for each fuel tank and its fuel system components must be established at not less than... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Unusable fuel supply. 25.959 Section 25.959...

14 CFR 25.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.955 Fuel flow. (a) Each fuel system must... supplied with fuel from more than one tank, the fuel system must— (1) For each reciprocating engine, supply... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel flow. 25.955 Section 25.955...

14 CFR 25.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.955 Fuel flow. (a) Each fuel system must... supplied with fuel from more than one tank, the fuel system must— (1) For each reciprocating engine, supply... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel flow. 25.955 Section 25.955...

14 CFR 25.999 - Fuel system drains.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel system drains. 25.999 Section 25.999... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System Components § 25.999 Fuel system drains. (a) Drainage of the fuel system must be accomplished by the use of fuel strainer and fuel tank sump drains. (b...

14 CFR 25.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.955 Fuel flow. (a) Each fuel system must... supplied with fuel from more than one tank, the fuel system must— (1) For each reciprocating engine, supply... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel flow. 25.955 Section 25.955...

14 CFR 25.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.955 Fuel flow. (a) Each fuel system must... supplied with fuel from more than one tank, the fuel system must— (1) For each reciprocating engine, supply... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel flow. 25.955 Section 25.955...

33 CFR 183.528 - Fuel stop valves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fuel stop valves. 183.528 Section...) BOATING SAFETY BOATS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT Fuel Systems Equipment Standards § 183.528 Fuel stop valves. (a) Each electrically operated fuel stop valve in a fuel line between the fuel tank and the engine...

76 FR 2056 - Incorporation of Revised ASTM Standards That Provide Flexibility in the Use of Alternatives to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-12

... Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General Bomb Method); ASTM D2622-98, Standard Test Method for Sulfur in...; ASTM D240-00, Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb... Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter, ASTM D4809-00, Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion...

40 CFR 80.553 - Under what conditions may the small refiner gasoline sulfur standards be extended for a small...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... refiner gasoline sulfur standards be extended for a small refiner of motor vehicle diesel fuel? 80.553... small refiner gasoline sulfur standards be extended for a small refiner of motor vehicle diesel fuel? (a) A refiner that has been approved by EPA for small refiner gasoline sulfur standards under § 80.240...

40 CFR 80.553 - Under what conditions may the small refiner gasoline sulfur standards be extended for a small...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... refiner gasoline sulfur standards be extended for a small refiner of motor vehicle diesel fuel? 80.553... small refiner gasoline sulfur standards be extended for a small refiner of motor vehicle diesel fuel? (a) A refiner that has been approved by EPA for small refiner gasoline sulfur standards under § 80.240...

Fuel Consumption Modeling of a Transport Category Aircraft Using Flight Operations Quality Assurance Data: A Literature Review

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stolzer, Alan J.

2002-01-01

Fuel is a major cost expense for air carriers. A typical airline spends 10% of its operating budget on the purchase of jet fuel, which even exceeds its expenditures on aircraft acquisitions. Thus, it is imperative that fuel consumption be managed as wisely as possible. The implementation of Flight Operations Quality Assurance (FOQA) programs at airlines may be able to assist in this management effort. The purpose of the study is to examine the literature regarding fuel consumption by air carriers, the literature related to air carrier fuel conservation efforts, and the literature related to the appropriate statistical methodologies to analyze the FOQA-derived data.

Stocking rate and fuels reduction effects on beef cattle diet composition and quality

Treesearch

Abe Clark; Tim DelCurto; Martin Vavra; Brian L. Dick

2013-01-01

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of forest fuels reduction on diet quality, botanical composition, relative preference, and foraging efficiency of beef cattle grazing at different stocking rates. A split plot factorial design was used, with whole plots (3 ha) being fuel reduced or no treatment (control), and split plots (1 ha) within whole plots...

Biomass Cooking Fuels and Health Outcomes for Women in Malawi

PubMed Central

Das, Ipsita; Jagger, Pamela; Yeatts, Karin

2016-01-01

In sub-Saharan Africa, biomass fuels account for approximately 90% of household energy consumption. Limited evidence exists on the association between different biomass fuels and health outcomes. We report results from a cross-sectional sample of 655 households in Malawi. We calculated odds ratios between hypothesized determinants of household air pollution (HAP) exposure (fuel, stove type, and cooking location) and five categories of health outcomes (cardiopulmonary, respiratory, neurologic, eye health, and burns). Reliance on high- or low-quality firewood or crop residue (vs. charcoal) was associated with significantly higher odds of shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, chest pains, night phlegm, forgetfulness, dizziness, and dry irritated eyes. Use of high-quality firewood was associated with significantly lower odds of persistent phlegm. Cooks in rural areas (vs. urban areas) had significantly higher odds of experiencing shortness of breath, persistent cough, and phlegm, but significantly lower odds of phlegm, forgetfulness, and burns. With deforestation and population pressures increasing reliance on low-quality biomass fuels, prevalence of HAP-related cardiopulmonary and neurologic symptoms will likely increase among cooks. Short- to medium-term strategies are needed to secure access to high-quality biomass fuels given limited potential for scalable transitions to modern energy. PMID:27800583

Biomass Cooking Fuels and Health Outcomes for Women in Malawi.

PubMed

Das, Ipsita; Jagger, Pamela; Yeatts, Karin

2017-03-01

In sub-Saharan Africa, biomass fuels account for approximately 90% of household energy consumption. Limited evidence exists on the association between different biomass fuels and health outcomes. We report results from a cross-sectional sample of 655 households in Malawi. We calculated odds ratios between hypothesized determinants of household air pollution (HAP) exposure (fuel, stove type, and cooking location) and five categories of health outcomes (cardiopulmonary, respiratory, neurologic, eye health, and burns). Reliance on high- or low-quality firewood or crop residue (vs. charcoal) was associated with significantly higher odds of shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, chest pains, night phlegm, forgetfulness, dizziness, and dry irritated eyes. Use of high-quality firewood was associated with significantly lower odds of persistent phlegm. Cooks in rural areas (vs. urban areas) had significantly higher odds of experiencing shortness of breath, persistent cough, and phlegm, but significantly lower odds of phlegm, forgetfulness, and burns. With deforestation and population pressures increasing reliance on low-quality biomass fuels, prevalence of HAP-related cardiopulmonary and neurologic symptoms will likely increase among cooks. Short- to medium-term strategies are needed to secure access to high-quality biomass fuels given limited potential for scalable transitions to modern energy.

76 FR 26996 - Notice of Intent To Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement for New Corporate Average Fuel...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-10

...Pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), NHTSA plans to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) to analyze the potential environmental impacts of the agency's Corporate Average Fuel Economy program for passenger automobiles (referred to herein as ``passenger cars'') and non-passenger automobiles (referred to herein as ``light trucks''). The EIS will consider the potential environmental impacts of new fuel economy standards for model years 2017-2025 passenger cars and light trucks that NHTSA will be proposing pursuant to the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. This notice initiates the NEPA scoping process by inviting comments from Federal, State, and local agencies, Indian tribes, and the public to help identify the environmental issues and reasonable alternatives to be examined in the EIS. This notice also provides guidance for participating in the scoping process and additional information about the alternatives NHTSA expects to consider in its NEPA analysis. In preparing this notice, NHTSA has shared the document with the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Department of Energy (DOE).

Multiple regression analysis in modelling of carbon dioxide emissions by energy consumption use in Malaysia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keat, Sim Chong; Chun, Beh Boon; San, Lim Hwee; Jafri, Mohd Zubir Mat

2015-04-01

Climate change due to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is one of the most complex challenges threatening our planet. This issue considered as a great and international concern that primary attributed from different fossil fuels. In this paper, regression model is used for analyzing the causal relationship among CO2 emissions based on the energy consumption in Malaysia using time series data for the period of 1980-2010. The equations were developed using regression model based on the eight major sources that contribute to the CO2 emissions such as non energy, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), diesel, kerosene, refinery gas, Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF) and Aviation Gasoline (AV Gas), fuel oil and motor petrol. The related data partly used for predict the regression model (1980-2000) and partly used for validate the regression model (2001-2010). The results of the prediction model with the measured data showed a high correlation coefficient (R2=0.9544), indicating the model's accuracy and efficiency. These results are accurate and can be used in early warning of the population to comply with air quality standards.

Cellulase-containing cell-free fermentate produced from microorganism ATCC 55702

DOEpatents

Dees, H. Craig

1997-12-16

Bacteria which produce large amounts of cellulase-containing cell-free fermentate have been identified. The original bacterium (ATCC 55703) was genetically altered using nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) treatment to produce the enhanced cellulase producing bacterium (ATCC 55702), which was identified through replicate plating. ATCC 55702 has improved characteristics and qualities for the degradation of cellulosic waste materials for fuel production, food processing, textile processing, and other industrial applications. ATCC 55702 is an improved bacterial host for genetic manipulations using recombinant DNA techniques, and is less likely to destroy genetic manipulations using standard mutagenesis techniques.

Diesel Fuel from Used Frying Oil

PubMed Central

Buczek, Bronislaw

2014-01-01

New conversion technologies of used edible oils and waste animal fats into a biofuel appropriate for use in standard diesel engines have been developed, taking into consideration environmental requirements and improvement in the economics of current trans-esterification technologies. The variation in the properties of substrates made from used rape oil after treatment with mixed adsorbents (active carbon, magnesium silicate) was studied in this work. The obtained results are compared with the quality requirements for the substrates used in Vogel & Noot GmbH technology for transesterification of oils and fats. PMID:24574908

Comparative evaluation of solar, fission, fusion, and fossil energy resources. Part 4: Energy from fossil fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Williams, J. R.

1974-01-01

The conversion of fossil-fired power plants now burning oil or gas to burn coal is discussed along with the relaxation of air quality standards and the development of coal gasification processes to insure a continued supply of gas from coal. The location of oil fields, refining areas, natural gas fields, and pipelines in the U.S. is shown. The technologies of modern fossil-fired boilers and gas turbines are defined along with the new technologies of fluid-bed boilers and MHD generators.

Fuel Economy and Emissions of a Vehicle Equipped with an Aftermarket Flexible-Fuel Conversion Kit

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thomas, John F; Huff, Shean P; West, Brian H

2012-04-01

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) grants Certificates of Conformity for alternative fuel conversion systems and also offers other forms of premarket registration of conversion kits for use in vehicles more than two model years old. Use of alternative fuels such as ethanol, natural gas, and propane are encouraged by the Energy Policy Act of 1992. Several original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) produce emissions-certified vehicles capable of using alternative fuels, and several alternative fuel conversion system manufacturers produce EPA-approved conversion systems for a variety of alternative fuels and vehicle types. To date, only one manufacturer (Flex Fuel U.S.) has received EPAmore » certifications for ethanol fuel (E85) conversion kits. This report details an independent evaluation of a vehicle with a legal installation of a Flex Fuel U.S. conversion kit. A 2006 Dodge Charger was baseline tested with ethanol-free certification gasoline (E0) and E20 (gasoline with 20 vol % ethanol), converted to flex-fuel operation via installation of a Flex Box Smart Kit from Flex Fuel U.S., and retested with E0, E20, E50, and E81. Test cycles included the Federal Test Procedure (FTP or city cycle), the highway fuel economy test (HFET), and the US06 test (aggressive driving test). Averaged test results show that the vehicle was emissions compliant on E0 in the OEM condition (before conversion) and compliant on all test fuels after conversion. Average nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions exceeded the Tier 2/Bin 5 intermediate life NO{sub X} standard with E20 fuel in the OEM condition due to two of three test results exceeding this standard [note that E20 is not a legal fuel for non-flexible-fuel vehicles (non-FFVs)]. In addition, one E0 test result before conversion and one E20 test result after conversion exceeded the NOX standard, although the average result in these two cases was below the standard. Emissions of ethanol and acetaldehyde increased with increasing ethanol, while nonmethane organic gas and CO emissions remained relatively unchanged for all fuels and cycles. Higher fraction ethanol blends appeared to decrease NO{sub X} emissions on the FTP and HFET (after conversion). As expected, fuel economy (miles per gallon) decreased with increasing ethanol content in all cases.« less

Quality evaluation and control of end cap welds in PHWR fuel elements by ultrasonic examination

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, M. S.; Yang, M. S.

1991-02-01

The current quality control procedure of nuclear fuel end cap weld is mainly dependent on the destructive metallographic examination. A nondestructive examination technique, i.e., ultrasonic examination, has been developed to identify and evaluate weld discontinuities. A few interesting results of the weld quality evaluation by applying the developed ultrasonic examination technique to PHWR fuel welds are presented. In addition, the feasibility of the weld quality control by the ultrasonic examination is discussed. This study shows that the ultrasonic examination is effective and reliable method for detecting abnormal weld contours and weld discontinuities such as micro-fissure, crack, upset split and expulsion, and can be used as a quality control tool for the end cap welding process.

14 CFR 25.991 - Fuel pumps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System Components § 25.991 Fuel pumps. (a) Main pumps. Each fuel pump required for proper engine operation, or required to meet the fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel pumps. 25.991 Section 25.991...

14 CFR 27.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.955 Fuel flow. (a) General. The fuel system for each engine must be shown to provide the engine with at least 100 percent of the fuel required... to rotorcraft flight attitudes. (4) The critical fuel pump (for pump-fed systems) is installed to...

14 CFR 29.954 - Fuel system lightning protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.954 Fuel system lightning protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel system lightning protection. 29.954...

14 CFR 27.961 - Fuel system hot weather operation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.961 Fuel system hot weather operation. Each suction lift fuel system and other fuel systems with features conducive to... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel system hot weather operation. 27.961...

14 CFR 27.953 - Fuel system independence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel system independence. 27.953 Section 27... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.953 Fuel system independence. (a) Each fuel system for multiengine rotorcraft must allow fuel to be supplied to each engine through a...

14 CFR 25.991 - Fuel pumps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System Components § 25.991 Fuel pumps. (a) Main pumps. Each fuel pump required for proper engine operation, or required to meet the fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel pumps. 25.991 Section 25.991...

14 CFR 29.954 - Fuel system lightning protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.954 Fuel system lightning protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel system lightning protection. 29.954...

14 CFR 27.954 - Fuel system lightning protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.954 Fuel system lightning protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel system lightning protection. 27.954...

14 CFR 23.979 - Pressure fueling systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 23... fueling system fuel manifold connection must have means to prevent the escape of hazardous quantities of fuel from the system if the fuel entry valve fails. (b) An automatic shutoff means must be provided to...

14 CFR 25.954 - Fuel system lightning protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.954 Fuel system lightning protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel system lightning protection. 25.954...

14 CFR 29.954 - Fuel system lightning protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.954 Fuel system lightning protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel system lightning protection. 29.954...

14 CFR 27.953 - Fuel system independence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel system independence. 27.953 Section 27... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.953 Fuel system independence. (a) Each fuel system for multiengine rotorcraft must allow fuel to be supplied to each engine through a...

14 CFR 27.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.955 Fuel flow. (a) General. The fuel system for each engine must be shown to provide the engine with at least 100 percent of the fuel required... to rotorcraft flight attitudes. (4) The critical fuel pump (for pump-fed systems) is installed to...

14 CFR 29.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.955 Fuel flow. (a) General. The fuel system for each engine must provide the engine with at least 100 percent of the fuel required under all... flow transmitter, if installed, and the critical fuel pump (for pump-fed systems) must be installed to...

14 CFR 23.979 - Pressure fueling systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 23... fueling system fuel manifold connection must have means to prevent the escape of hazardous quantities of fuel from the system if the fuel entry valve fails. (b) An automatic shutoff means must be provided to...

14 CFR 27.954 - Fuel system lightning protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.954 Fuel system lightning protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel system lightning protection. 27.954...

14 CFR 27.961 - Fuel system hot weather operation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.961 Fuel system hot weather operation. Each suction lift fuel system and other fuel systems with features conducive to... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel system hot weather operation. 27.961...

14 CFR 29.954 - Fuel system lightning protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.954 Fuel system lightning protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel system lightning protection. 29.954...

14 CFR 27.954 - Fuel system lightning protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.954 Fuel system lightning protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel system lightning protection. 27.954...

14 CFR 29.961 - Fuel system hot weather operation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.961 Fuel system hot weather operation. Each suction lift fuel system and other fuel systems conducive to vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel system hot weather operation. 29.961...

14 CFR 25.954 - Fuel system lightning protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.954 Fuel system lightning protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel system lightning protection. 25.954...

14 CFR 23.979 - Pressure fueling systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 23... fueling system fuel manifold connection must have means to prevent the escape of hazardous quantities of fuel from the system if the fuel entry valve fails. (b) An automatic shutoff means must be provided to...

14 CFR 23.979 - Pressure fueling systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 23... fueling system fuel manifold connection must have means to prevent the escape of hazardous quantities of fuel from the system if the fuel entry valve fails. (b) An automatic shutoff means must be provided to...

14 CFR 25.954 - Fuel system lightning protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.954 Fuel system lightning protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel system lightning protection. 25.954...

14 CFR 27.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.955 Fuel flow. (a) General. The fuel system for each engine must be shown to provide the engine with at least 100 percent of the fuel required... to rotorcraft flight attitudes. (4) The critical fuel pump (for pump-fed systems) is installed to...

14 CFR 27.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.955 Fuel flow. (a) General. The fuel system for each engine must be shown to provide the engine with at least 100 percent of the fuel required... to rotorcraft flight attitudes. (4) The critical fuel pump (for pump-fed systems) is installed to...

14 CFR 25.991 - Fuel pumps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System Components § 25.991 Fuel pumps. (a) Main pumps. Each fuel pump required for proper engine operation, or required to meet the fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel pumps. 25.991 Section 25.991...

14 CFR 29.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.955 Fuel flow. (a) General. The fuel system for each engine must provide the engine with at least 100 percent of the fuel required under all... flow transmitter, if installed, and the critical fuel pump (for pump-fed systems) must be installed to...

14 CFR 29.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.955 Fuel flow. (a) General. The fuel system for each engine must provide the engine with at least 100 percent of the fuel required under all... flow transmitter, if installed, and the critical fuel pump (for pump-fed systems) must be installed to...

14 CFR 27.961 - Fuel system hot weather operation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.961 Fuel system hot weather operation. Each suction lift fuel system and other fuel systems with features conducive to... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel system hot weather operation. 27.961...

14 CFR 25.954 - Fuel system lightning protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.954 Fuel system lightning protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel system lightning protection. 25.954...

14 CFR 27.961 - Fuel system hot weather operation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.961 Fuel system hot weather operation. Each suction lift fuel system and other fuel systems with features conducive to... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel system hot weather operation. 27.961...

14 CFR 27.953 - Fuel system independence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel system independence. 27.953 Section 27... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.953 Fuel system independence. (a) Each fuel system for multiengine rotorcraft must allow fuel to be supplied to each engine through a...

14 CFR 29.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.955 Fuel flow. (a) General. The fuel system for each engine must provide the engine with at least 100 percent of the fuel required under all... flow transmitter, if installed, and the critical fuel pump (for pump-fed systems) must be installed to...

14 CFR 29.961 - Fuel system hot weather operation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.961 Fuel system hot weather operation. Each suction lift fuel system and other fuel systems conducive to vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel system hot weather operation. 29.961...

14 CFR 27.954 - Fuel system lightning protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.954 Fuel system lightning protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel system lightning protection. 27.954...

14 CFR 29.954 - Fuel system lightning protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.954 Fuel system lightning protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel system lightning protection. 29.954...

14 CFR 27.961 - Fuel system hot weather operation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.961 Fuel system hot weather operation. Each suction lift fuel system and other fuel systems with features conducive to... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel system hot weather operation. 27.961...

14 CFR 27.953 - Fuel system independence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel system independence. 27.953 Section 27... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.953 Fuel system independence. (a) Each fuel system for multiengine rotorcraft must allow fuel to be supplied to each engine through a...

14 CFR 27.954 - Fuel system lightning protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.954 Fuel system lightning protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel system lightning protection. 27.954...

14 CFR 29.961 - Fuel system hot weather operation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.961 Fuel system hot weather operation. Each suction lift fuel system and other fuel systems conducive to vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel system hot weather operation. 29.961...

14 CFR 29.961 - Fuel system hot weather operation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.961 Fuel system hot weather operation. Each suction lift fuel system and other fuel systems conducive to vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel system hot weather operation. 29.961...

14 CFR 23.979 - Pressure fueling systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 23... fueling system fuel manifold connection must have means to prevent the escape of hazardous quantities of fuel from the system if the fuel entry valve fails. (b) An automatic shutoff means must be provided to...

14 CFR 27.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.955 Fuel flow. (a) General. The fuel system for each engine must be shown to provide the engine with at least 100 percent of the fuel required... to rotorcraft flight attitudes. (4) The critical fuel pump (for pump-fed systems) is installed to...

14 CFR 29.955 - Fuel flow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.955 Fuel flow. (a) General. The fuel system for each engine must provide the engine with at least 100 percent of the fuel required under all... flow transmitter, if installed, and the critical fuel pump (for pump-fed systems) must be installed to...

14 CFR 25.991 - Fuel pumps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System Components § 25.991 Fuel pumps. (a) Main pumps. Each fuel pump required for proper engine operation, or required to meet the fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel pumps. 25.991 Section 25.991...

14 CFR 29.961 - Fuel system hot weather operation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.961 Fuel system hot weather operation. Each suction lift fuel system and other fuel systems conducive to vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel system hot weather operation. 29.961...

14 CFR 25.954 - Fuel system lightning protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System § 25.954 Fuel system lightning protection. The fuel system must be designed and arranged to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel system lightning protection. 25.954...

14 CFR 25.991 - Fuel pumps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Fuel System Components § 25.991 Fuel pumps. (a) Main pumps. Each fuel pump required for proper engine operation, or required to meet the fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel pumps. 25.991 Section 25.991...

14 CFR 27.953 - Fuel system independence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel system independence. 27.953 Section 27... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.953 Fuel system independence. (a) Each fuel system for multiengine rotorcraft must allow fuel to be supplied to each engine through a...

40 CFR 80.1415 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... renewable fuel that came from renewable biomass, expressed as a fraction, on an energy basis. EC = Energy... renewable fuel? 80.1415 Section 80.1415 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1415 How...

40 CFR 80.1415 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... renewable fuel that came from renewable biomass, expressed as a fraction, on an energy basis. EC = Energy... renewable fuel? 80.1415 Section 80.1415 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1415 How...

40 CFR 80.1415 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... renewable fuel that came from renewable biomass, expressed as a fraction, on an energy basis. EC = Energy... renewable fuel? 80.1415 Section 80.1415 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1415 How...

40 CFR 80.1415 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... renewable fuel that came from renewable biomass, expressed as a fraction, on an energy basis. EC = Energy... renewable fuel? 80.1415 Section 80.1415 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1415 How...

40 CFR 80.1415 - How are equivalence values assigned to renewable fuel?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... renewable fuel that came from renewable biomass, expressed as a fraction, on an energy basis. EC = Energy... renewable fuel? 80.1415 Section 80.1415 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES Renewable Fuel Standard § 80.1415 How...

46 CFR 154.706 - Cargo boil-off as fuel: Fuel lines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... SAFETY STANDARDS FOR SELF-PROPELLED VESSELS CARRYING BULK LIQUEFIED GASES Design, Construction and Equipment Cargo Pressure and Temperature Control § 154.706 Cargo boil-off as fuel: Fuel lines. (a) Gas fuel lines must not pass through accommodation, service, or control spaces. Each gas fuel line passing...

46 CFR 154.706 - Cargo boil-off as fuel: Fuel lines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... SAFETY STANDARDS FOR SELF-PROPELLED VESSELS CARRYING BULK LIQUEFIED GASES Design, Construction and Equipment Cargo Pressure and Temperature Control § 154.706 Cargo boil-off as fuel: Fuel lines. (a) Gas fuel lines must not pass through accommodation, service, or control spaces. Each gas fuel line passing...

46 CFR 154.706 - Cargo boil-off as fuel: Fuel lines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... SAFETY STANDARDS FOR SELF-PROPELLED VESSELS CARRYING BULK LIQUEFIED GASES Design, Construction and Equipment Cargo Pressure and Temperature Control § 154.706 Cargo boil-off as fuel: Fuel lines. (a) Gas fuel lines must not pass through accommodation, service, or control spaces. Each gas fuel line passing...

46 CFR 154.706 - Cargo boil-off as fuel: Fuel lines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... SAFETY STANDARDS FOR SELF-PROPELLED VESSELS CARRYING BULK LIQUEFIED GASES Design, Construction and Equipment Cargo Pressure and Temperature Control § 154.706 Cargo boil-off as fuel: Fuel lines. (a) Gas fuel lines must not pass through accommodation, service, or control spaces. Each gas fuel line passing...