10 CFR 430.32 - Energy and water conservation standards and their effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... (excluding classes noted below) 78 (B) Mobile Home furnaces 75 (C) Small furnaces (other than those designed solely for installation in mobile homes) having an input rate of less than 45,000 Btu/hr (1) Weatherized... including mobile home furnaces) 80 (B) Mobile Home gas furnaces 80 (C) Non-weatherized oil-fired furnaces...

Design and Construction of a Small Vacuum Furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peawbang, P.; Thedsakhulwong, A.

2017-09-01

The purpose of this research is designed and constructed of a small vacuum furnace. A cylindrical graphite was chosen as the material of the furnace, the cylinder aluminium and copper sheets were employed to prevent the heat radiation that transfers from the furnace to the chamber wall. A rotary pump used, the pressure of graphite furnace can be pumped up to 30 mTorr and heated up to 700 °C driving by wire and the temperature of the chamber wall is relatively remained too low. In addition, heat loss obtained from the graphite furnace by conduction, convection, and radiation were analyzed. The dominating heat loss was found to be caused by the blackbody radiation, which can thus be used to estimate the relationship between graphite furnace temperature and the drive power needed. The cylindrical graphite furnace has an inner diameter of 44 mm, the outer diameter of 60 mm and 45 mm in height, the 355.5 W of power is needed to drive the furnace to 700 °C.

Ultra-high vacuum compatible preparation chain for intermetallic compounds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bauer, A.; Benka, G.; Regnat, A.; Franz, C.; Pfleiderer, C.

2016-11-01

We report the development of a versatile material preparation chain for intermetallic compounds, which focuses on the realization of a high-purity growth environment. The preparation chain comprises an argon glovebox, an inductively heated horizontal cold boat furnace, an arc melting furnace, an inductively heated rod casting furnace, an optically heated floating-zone furnace, a resistively heated annealing furnace, and an inductively heated annealing furnace. The cold boat furnace and the arc melting furnace may be loaded from the glovebox by means of a load-lock permitting to synthesize compounds starting with air-sensitive elements while handling the constituents exclusively in an inert gas atmosphere. All furnaces are all-metal sealed, bakeable, and may be pumped to ultra-high vacuum. We find that the latter represents an important prerequisite for handling compounds with high vapor pressure under high-purity argon atmosphere. We illustrate the operational aspects of the preparation chain in terms of the single-crystal growth of the heavy-fermion compound CeNi2Ge2.

High-Flux Solar Furnace Facility | Concentrating Solar Power | NREL

Science.gov Websites

High-Flux Solar Furnace Facility High-Flux Solar Furnace Facility NREL's High-Flux Solar Furnace (HFSF) is a 10-kW optical furnace for testing high-temperature processes or applications requiring high range of technologies with a diverse set of experimental requirements. The high heating rates create the

20. Detail, Furnace A, shows the drill used to tap ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

20. Detail, Furnace A, shows the drill used to tap the furnace (at center left) and the 'mud gun' used to close it up with a clay plug (at lower right). Metal chute at center (next to drill) was used to clean out furnace prior to its abandonment. - Central Furnaces, 2650 Broadway, east bank of Cuyahoga River, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

Looking Northwest at Furnace Control Panels and Gas Control Furnace ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Looking Northwest at Furnace Control Panels and Gas Control Furnace in Red Room Within Recycle Recovery Building - Hematite Fuel Fabrication Facility, Recycle Recovery Building, 3300 State Road P, Festus, Jefferson County, MO

6. Photocopied August 1978. LINEUP OF HORRY ROTARY FURNACES ON ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. Photocopied August 1978. LINE-UP OF HORRY ROTARY FURNACES ON THE SECOND FLOOR OF THE MICHIGAN LAKE SUPERIOR POWER COMPANY POWER HOUSE. THE HOPPERS WHICH FED THE RAW MATERIALS INTO THE FURNACES ARE SHOWN ABOVE THE FURNACES. AS THE 'SPOOL' OF THE FURNACE ROTATED PAST THE ELECTRODES PLATES WERE ADDED TO HOLD THE FINISHED PRODUCT AND THE DESCENDING RAW MATERIALS IN PLACE. THE DIRECTION OF ROTATION OF THE FURNACES SHOWN IN THIS PHOTO IS CLOCKWISE, (M). - Michigan Lake Superior Power Company, Portage Street, Sault Ste. Marie, Chippewa County, MI

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carpenter, J.A.; Swanson, D.E; Chango, R.F.

Bethlehem Steel's Burns Harbor Div. operates two 89,000-cu ft blast furnaces, D and C, built in 1969 and 1972. These furnaces have been in the forefront of blast furnace performance since they were blown-in. To maintain a credible operation throughout the past 25 years their performance has been improved continuously. Production was increased approximately 3%/year while fuel rate decreased 1%/year. This presentation summarizes the early repairs, relines and improvements that have sustained and enhanced the furnace's performance. The fourth reline of both furnaces will be discussed in detail. As part of the 1991 reline of D furnace its lines weremore » improved and modern penstocks installed. The bosh, tuyere jacket, hearth jacket and both cast floors were replaced. The furnace now has a larger hearth making it easier to control and, liquid level is no longer a problem when pulling the wind to shut down. The new cast floor with its increased trough length has much improved separation of slag from iron and lowered refractory consumption. Since the cast floors on D furnace were changed, there has been a reduction in accidents and absenteeism. This may be related to the change in work practices on the new cast floors. The 1994 reline of C furnace incorporates those improvements made on D furnace in 1991. In addition, C furnace will have high-density cooling which is expected to double its campaign from 6 to 12 years, without interim repairs.« less

Sealed rotary hearth furnace with central bearing support

DOEpatents

Docherty, James P.; Johnson, Beverly E.; Beri, Joseph

1989-01-01

The furnace has a hearth which rotates inside a stationary closed chamber and is supported therein on vertical cylindrical conduit which extends through the furnace floor and is supported by a single center bearing. The charge is deposited through the furnace roof on the rim of the hearth as it rotates and is moved toward the center of the hearth by rabbles. Externally generated hot gases are introduced into the furnace chamber below the hearth and rise through perforations in the hearth and up through the charge. Exhaust gases are withdrawn through the furnace roof. Treated charge drops from a center outlet on the hearth into the vertical cylindrical conduit which extends downwardly through the furnace floor to which it is also sealed.

40 CFR 63.1541 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., preliminary treatment, refining and casting operations, process fugitive sources, and fugitive dust sources... the blast furnace, electric smelting furnace with a converter or reverberatory furnace, and slag fuming furnace process units. The preliminary treatment process includes the drossing kettles and dross...

40 CFR 63.1541 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., preliminary treatment, refining and casting operations, process fugitive sources, and fugitive dust sources... the blast furnace, electric smelting furnace with a converter or reverberatory furnace, and slag fuming furnace process units. The preliminary treatment process includes the drossing kettles and dross...

40 CFR 63.1541 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., preliminary treatment, refining and casting operations, process fugitive sources, and fugitive dust sources... the blast furnace, electric smelting furnace with a converter or reverberatory furnace, and slag fuming furnace process units. The preliminary treatment process includes the drossing kettles and dross...

2. EXTERIOR VIEW LOOKING SOUTHEAST AT ELECTRIC FURNACE BUILDING AND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. EXTERIOR VIEW LOOKING SOUTHEAST AT ELECTRIC FURNACE BUILDING AND ELECTRIC FURNACE OFFICE & CHEMICAL LABORATORY BUILDING. INGOT MOLDS IN RIGHT FOREGROUND. - U.S. Steel Duquesne Works, Electric Furnace Steelmaking Plant, Along Monongahela River, Duquesne, Allegheny County, PA

The impact of oil burning on kraft recovery furnace SO sub 2 emissions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Someshwar, A.V.; Pinkerton, J.E.; Caron, A.L.

1991-04-01

Auxiliary fossil fuel, either natural gas or fuel oil, is burned in kraft recovery furnaces during furnace startups and shutdowns, furnace upsets, and periods of substantially reduced rates of black liquor firing. The efficiency of sulfur capture and retention during normal operation of a kraft recovery furnace is inherently high. Consequently, not all the SO{sub 2} from occasional burning of sulfur-containing fuel oil in the furnace would be expected to end up in the stack gases. However, the extent to which such SO{sub 2} is captured by the alkali fume generation processes has not been well documented. In this paper,more » the authors examines the impact that burning oil in kraft recovery furnaces has on the SO{sub 2} emissions. The work included analyses of long-term SO{sub 2} data from a continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) obtained for four furnaces that burned medium sulfur fuel oil as auxiliary fuel. It also included tests conducted on four furnaces in which varying amounts of oil were co-fired with black liquor.« less

Electrostatic Levitation Furnace for the ISS

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Murakami, Keiji; Koshikawa, Naokiyo; Shibasaki, Kohichi; Ishikawa, Takehiko; Okada, Junpei; Takada, Tetsuya; Arai, Tatsuya; Fujino, Naoki; Yamaura, Yukiko

2012-01-01

JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) has just started the development of Electrostatic Levitation Furnace to be launched in 2014 for the ISS. This furnace can control the sample position with electrostatic force and heat it above 2000 degree Celsius using semiconductor laser from four different directions. The announcement of Opportunity will be issued soon for this furnace. In this paper, we will show the specifications of this furnace and also the development schedule

A technique for measuring the heat transfer coefficient inside a Bridgman furnace

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rosch, W.; Jesser, W.; Debnam, W.; Fripp, A.; Woodell, G.; Pendergrass, T. K.

1993-01-01

Knowledge of the amount of heat that is conducted, advected and radiated between an ampoule and the furnace is important for understanding vertical Bridgman crystal growth. This heat transfer depends on the temperature, emissivities and geometries of both the furnace and ampoule, as well as the choice of ambient gas inside the furnace. This paper presents a method which directly measures this heat transfer without the need to know any physical properties of the furnace, the ampoule, or the gaseous environment. Data are given for one specific furnace in which this method was used.

Cupola Furnace Computer Process Model

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Seymour Katz

2004-12-31

The cupola furnace generates more than 50% of the liquid iron used to produce the 9+ million tons of castings annually. The cupola converts iron and steel into cast iron. The main advantages of the cupola furnace are lower energy costs than those of competing furnaces (electric) and the ability to melt less expensive metallic scrap than the competing furnaces. However the chemical and physical processes that take place in the cupola furnace are highly complex making it difficult to operate the furnace in optimal fashion. The results are low energy efficiency and poor recovery of important and expensive alloymore » elements due to oxidation. Between 1990 and 2004 under the auspices of the Department of Energy, the American Foundry Society and General Motors Corp. a computer simulation of the cupola furnace was developed that accurately describes the complex behavior of the furnace. When provided with the furnace input conditions the model provides accurate values of the output conditions in a matter of seconds. It also provides key diagnostics. Using clues from the diagnostics a trained specialist can infer changes in the operation that will move the system toward higher efficiency. Repeating the process in an iterative fashion leads to near optimum operating conditions with just a few iterations. More advanced uses of the program have been examined. The program is currently being combined with an ''Expert System'' to permit optimization in real time. The program has been combined with ''neural network'' programs to affect very easy scanning of a wide range of furnace operation. Rudimentary efforts were successfully made to operate the furnace using a computer. References to these more advanced systems will be found in the ''Cupola Handbook''. Chapter 27, American Foundry Society, Des Plaines, IL (1999).« less

Feasibility study of a high temperature radiation furnace for space applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Eiss, A.; Dussan, B.; Shadis, W.; Frank, L.

1973-01-01

The feasibility was investigated of a high temperature general purpose furnace for use in space. It was determined that no commercial furnaces exist which could, even with extensive modifications, meet the goals of temperature, power, weight, volume, and versatility originally specified in the contract Statement of Work. A feasible furnace design which does substantially meet these goals while employing many of the advanced features of the commercial furnaces is developed and presented.

Effect of furnace type and ceramming heat treatment conditions on the biaxial flexural strength of a canasite glass-ceramic.

PubMed

Johnson, A; Shareef, M Y; van Noort, R; Walsh, J M

2000-07-01

To assess the effect of different heat treatment conditions when using two different furnace types on the biaxial flexural strength (BFS) of a fluorcanasite castable glass-ceramic. Two furnace types, one a programmable furnace (PF), the other a dental laboratory burnout furnace (DLF), were used with various ceramming times to determine their effect on the BFS of a fluorcanasite castable glass-ceramic. The glass-ceramic material was cast to produce discs of 12 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness using the lost wax casting process (n = 80). After casting, both furnace types were used to ceram the discs. Half the discs were not de-vested from the casting ring before ceramming but cerammed in situ (DLF) and half were de-vested before ceramming (PF). All the discs were given a nucleation heat treatment at 520 degrees C for 1 h and then cerammed at 860 degrees C using four heat soak times (0.5, 1, 2 and 3 h). The DLF furnace had a rate of climb of 13 degrees C/min and the PF furnace had a rate of climb of 5 degrees C/min to 520 degrees C and 3 degrees C/min to 860 degrees C. After ceramming the discs were de-vested and the BFS determined using a Lloyd 2000R tester. The maximum BFS values seen for both furnace types were almost identical (280 MPa), but were achieved at different heat soak times (1 h DLF, and 2 h PF). The only significant differences in BFS values for the two furnaces were between the 0.5 and 2 h heat soak times (p < or = 0.05). Individual differences were seen between results obtained from each furnace type/heat soak times evaluated (p < or = 0.05). Already available dental laboratory burnout furnaces can be used to ceram fluorcanasite glass-ceramic castings to the same BFS values as more expensive and slower specialist programmable furnaces.

40 CFR 424.50 - Applicability; description of the other calcium carbide furnaces subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... calcium carbide furnaces subcategory. 424.50 Section 424.50 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... CATEGORY Other Calcium Carbide Furnaces Subcategory § 424.50 Applicability; description of the other calcium carbide furnaces subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges...

40 CFR 424.50 - Applicability; description of the other calcium carbide furnaces subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... calcium carbide furnaces subcategory. 424.50 Section 424.50 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... CATEGORY Other Calcium Carbide Furnaces Subcategory § 424.50 Applicability; description of the other calcium carbide furnaces subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges...

40 CFR 424.50 - Applicability; description of the other calcium carbide furnaces subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... calcium carbide furnaces subcategory. 424.50 Section 424.50 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... CATEGORY Other Calcium Carbide Furnaces Subcategory § 424.50 Applicability; description of the other calcium carbide furnaces subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges...

40 CFR 424.50 - Applicability; description of the other calcium carbide furnaces subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... calcium carbide furnaces subcategory. 424.50 Section 424.50 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... CATEGORY Other Calcium Carbide Furnaces Subcategory § 424.50 Applicability; description of the other calcium carbide furnaces subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges...

An update on blast furnace granular coal injection

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hill, D.G.; Strayer, T.J.; Bouman, R.W.

1997-12-31

A blast furnace coal injection system has been constructed and is being used on the furnace at the Burns Harbor Division of Bethlehem Steel. The injection system was designed to deliver both granular (coarse) and pulverized (fine) coal. Construction was completed on schedule in early 1995. Coal injection rates on the two Burns Harbor furnaces were increased throughout 1995 and was over 200 lbs/ton on C furnace in September. The injection rate on C furnace reached 270 lbs/ton by mid-1996. A comparison of high volatile and low volatile coals as injectants shows that low volatile coal replaces more coke andmore » results in a better blast furnace operation. The replacement ratio with low volatile coal is 0.96 lbs coke per pound of coal. A major conclusion of the work to date is that granular coal injection performs very well in large blast furnaces. Future testing will include a processed sub-bituminous coal, a high ash coal and a direct comparison of granular versus pulverized coal injection.« less

Status and Evaluation of Microwave Furnace Capabilities at NASA Glenn Research Center

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lizcano, Maricela; Mackey, Jonathan A.

2014-01-01

The microwave (MW) furnace is a HY-Tech Microwave Systems, 2 kW 2.45 GHz Single Mode Microwave Applicator operating in continuous wave (CW) with variable power. It is located in Cleveland, Ohio at NASA Glenn Research Center. Until recently, the furnace capabilities had not been fully realized due to unknown failure that subsequently damaged critical furnace components. Although the causes of the problems were unknown, an assessment of the furnace itself indicated operational failure may have been partially caused by power quality. This report summarizes the status of the MW furnace and evaluates its capabilities in materials processing.

Heat treatment furnace

DOEpatents

Seals, Roland D; Parrott, Jeffrey G; DeMint, Paul D; Finney, Kevin R; Blue, Charles T

2014-10-21

A furnace heats through both infrared radiation and convective air utilizing an infrared/purge gas design that enables improved temperature control to enable more uniform treatment of workpieces. The furnace utilizes lamps, the electrical end connections of which are located in an enclosure outside the furnace chamber, with the lamps extending into the furnace chamber through openings in the wall of the chamber. The enclosure is purged with gas, which gas flows from the enclosure into the furnace chamber via the openings in the wall of the chamber so that the gas flows above and around the lamps and is heated to form a convective mechanism in heating parts.

Molten metal injector system and method

DOEpatents

Meyer, Thomas N.; Kinosz, Michael J.; Bigler, Nicolas; Arnaud, Guy

2003-04-01

Disclosed is a molten metal injector system including a holder furnace, a casting mold supported above the holder furnace, and a molten metal injector supported from a bottom side of the mold. The holder furnace contains a supply of molten metal having a metal oxide film surface. The bottom side of the mold faces the holder furnace. The mold defines a mold cavity for receiving the molten metal from the holder furnace. The injector projects into the holder furnace and is in fluid communication with the mold cavity. The injector includes a piston positioned within a piston cavity defined by a cylinder for pumping the molten metal upward from the holder furnace and injecting the molten metal into the mold cavity under pressure. The piston and cylinder are at least partially submerged in the molten metal when the holder furnace contains the molten metal. The cylinder further includes a molten metal intake for receiving the molten metal into the piston cavity. The molten metal intake is located below the metal oxide film surface of the molten metal when the holder furnace contains the molten metal. A method of injecting molten metal into a mold cavity of a casting mold is also disclosed.

40 CFR 63.1503 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... is contained. Group 1 furnace means a furnace of any design that melts, holds, or processes aluminum..., or processes clean charge with reactive fluxing. Group 2 furnace means a furnace of any design that...-on air pollution control device means equipment installed on a process vent that reduces the quantity...

40 CFR 63.1503 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... is contained. Group 1 furnace means a furnace of any design that melts, holds, or processes aluminum..., or processes clean charge with reactive fluxing. Group 2 furnace means a furnace of any design that...-on air pollution control device means equipment installed on a process vent that reduces the quantity...

57. GENERAL VIEW OF FURNACES No. 3 AND No. 4 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

57. GENERAL VIEW OF FURNACES No. 3 AND No. 4 TO THE LEFT OF THE FURNACES IS THE ORE BRIDGE, THE TURBO-GENERATOR BUILDING, AND THE WATER FILTER TANKS. - U.S. Steel Homestead Works, Blast Furnace Plant, Along Monongahela River, Homestead, Allegheny County, PA

56. GENERAL VIEW OF FURNACES No. 3 AND No. 4 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

56. GENERAL VIEW OF FURNACES No. 3 AND No. 4 TO THE LEFT OF THE FURNACES IS THE ORE BRIDGE, THE TURBO-GENERATOR BUILDING, AND THE WATER FILTER TANKS. - U.S. Steel Homestead Works, Blast Furnace Plant, Along Monongahela River, Homestead, Allegheny County, PA

40 CFR 63.1542 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... materials are introduced into a sinter machine, blast furnace, or dross furnace. Dross furnace means any... which material is prepared for charging to a sinter machine or smelting furnace or other lead processing operation. Operating time means the period of time in hours that an affected source is in operation...

40 CFR 63.1542 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... materials are introduced into a sinter machine, blast furnace, or dross furnace. Dross furnace means any... which material is prepared for charging to a sinter machine or smelting furnace or other lead processing operation. Operating time means the period of time in hours that an affected source is in operation...

40 CFR 63.1542 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... materials are introduced into a sinter machine, blast furnace, or dross furnace. Dross furnace means any... which material is prepared for charging to a sinter machine or smelting furnace or other lead processing operation. Operating time means the period of time in hours that an affected source is in operation...

40 CFR 63.544 - Standards for process fugitive sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) Smelting furnace and dryer charging hoppers, chutes, and skip hoists; (2) Smelting furnace lead taps, and molds during tapping; (3) Smelting furnace slag taps, and molds during tapping; (4) Refining kettles; (5) Dryer transition pieces; and (6) Agglomerating furnace product taps. (b) Process fugitive emission...

40 CFR 424.50 - Applicability; description of the other calcium carbide furnaces subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... other calcium carbide furnaces subcategory. 424.50 Section 424.50 Protection of Environment... SOURCE CATEGORY Other Calcium Carbide Furnaces Subcategory § 424.50 Applicability; description of the other calcium carbide furnaces subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges...

Technical Update: Johnson Space Center system using a solid electrolytic cell in a remote location to measure oxygen fugacities in CO/CO2 controlled-atmosphere furnaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jurewicz, A. J. G.; Williams, R. J.; Le, L.; Wagstaff, J.; Lofgren, G.; Lanier, A.; Carter, W.; Roshko, A.

1993-01-01

Details are given for the design and application of a (one atmosphere) redox-control system. This system differs from that given in NASA Technical Memorandum 58234 in that it uses a single solid-electrolytic cell in a remote location to measure the oxygen fugacities of multiple CO/CO2 controlled-atmosphere furnaces. This remote measurement extends the range of sample-furnace conditions that can be measured using a solid-electrolytic cell, and cuts costs by extending the life of the sensors and by minimizing the number of sensors in use. The system consists of a reference furnace and an exhaust-gas manifold. The reference furnace is designed according to the redox control system of NASA Technical Memorandum 58234, and any number of CO/CO2 controlled-atmosphere furnaces can be attached to the exhaust-gas manifold. Using the manifold, the exhaust gas from individual CO/CO2 controlled atmosphere furnaces can be diverted through the reference furnace, where a solid-electrolyte cell is used to read the ambient oxygen fugacity. The oxygen fugacity measured in the reference furnace can then be used to calculate the oxygen fugacity in the individual CO/CO2 controlled-atmosphere furnace. A BASIC computer program was developed to expedite this calculation.

40 CFR 63.1503 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... is contained. Group 1 furnace means a furnace of any design that melts, holds, or processes aluminum..., or processes clean charge with reactive fluxing. Group 2 furnace means a furnace of any design that... section as follows: Add-on air pollution control device means equipment installed on a process vent that...

40 CFR 63.1503 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... is contained. Group 1 furnace means a furnace of any design that melts, holds, or processes aluminum..., or processes clean charge with reactive fluxing. Group 2 furnace means a furnace of any design that... section as follows: Add-on air pollution control device means equipment installed on a process vent that...

40 CFR 63.1503 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... is contained. Group 1 furnace means a furnace of any design that melts, holds, or processes aluminum..., or processes clean charge with reactive fluxing. Group 2 furnace means a furnace of any design that... section as follows: Add-on air pollution control device means equipment installed on a process vent that...

FURNACE NO. 1, THE ORIGINAL FURNACE OF THE GLASS FACTORY; ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

FURNACE NO. 1, THE ORIGINAL FURNACE OF THE GLASS FACTORY; TO THE LEFT IS A GLORY HOLE, POSSIBLY DATING FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY; THE SQUARE-SHAPED GLORY HOLE TO THE RIGHT PROBABLY DATES FROM THE 1950S. - Westmoreland Glass Company, Seventh & Kier Streets, Grapeville, Westmoreland County, PA

6. GENERAL VIEW OF FURNACES No. 3 AND No. 4 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. GENERAL VIEW OF FURNACES No. 3 AND No. 4 TO THE LEFT OF THE FURNACES ARE THE ORE BRIDGE, THE TURBO-GENERATOR BUILDING, AND THE WATER FILTER TANKS. Jet Lowe, Photographer, 1989. - U.S. Steel Homestead Works, Blast Furnace Plant, Along Monongahela River, Homestead, Allegheny County, PA

Control of carbon balance in a silicon smelting furnace

DOEpatents

Dosaj, Vishu D.; Haines, Cathryn M.; May, James B.; Oleson, John D.

1992-12-29

The present invention is a process for the carbothermic reduction of silicon dioxide to form elemental silicon. Carbon balance of the process is assessed by measuring the amount of carbon monoxide evolved in offgas exiting the furnace. A ratio of the amount of carbon monoxide evolved and the amount of silicon dioxide added to the furnace is determined. Based on this ratio, the carbon balance of the furnace can be determined and carbon feed can be adjusted to maintain the furnace in carbon balance.

Application of Carbon Composite Bricks for Blast Furnace Hearth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zuo, Haibin; Wang, Cong; Zhang, Jianliang; Zhao, Yongan; Jiao, Kexin

Traditional refractory materials for blast furnace hearth lining are mainly composed of carbon bricks and the ceramic cup. However, these materials can't meet the demands for long service life design of blast furnaces. In this paper, a new refractory called carbon composite brick (CCB) was introduced, which combined the advantages of carbon bricks and the ceramic cup. In this case, the resistance of the CCB against corrosion was equal to the ceramic cup and the thermal conductivity of the CCB was equal to carbon bricks. From the results of more than 20 blast furnaces, the CCB could be well used in small blast furnaces and large blast furnaces. In the bad condition of low grade burden and high smelting intensity, the CCB gave full play to the role of cooling system, and effectively resisted the erosion of hot metal to improve the service life of blast furnaces.

Carbon-free induction furnace

DOEpatents

Holcombe, Cressie E.; Masters, David R.; Pfeiler, William A.

1985-01-01

An induction furnace for melting and casting highly pure metals and alloys such as uranium and uranium alloys in such a manner as to minimize contamination of the melt by carbon derived from the materials and the environment within the furnace. The subject furnace is constructed of carbon free materials and is housed within a conventional vacuum chamber. The furnace comprises a ceramic oxide crucible for holding the charge of metal or alloy. The heating of the crucible is achieved by a plasma-sprayed tungsten susceptor surrounding the crucible which, in turn, is heated by an RF induction coil separated from the susceptor by a cylinder of inorganic insulation. The furnace of the present invention is capable of being rapidly cycled from ambient temperatures to about 1650.degree. C. for effectively melting uranium and uranium alloys without the attendant carbon contamination problems previously encountered when using carbon-bearing furnace materials.

Non-carbon induction furnace

DOEpatents

Holcombe, C.E.; Masters, D.R.; Pfeiler, W.A.

1984-01-06

The present invention is directed to an induction furnace for melting and casting highly pure metals and alloys such as uranium and uranium alloys in such a manner as to minimize contamination of the melt by carbon derived from the materials and the environment within the furnace. The subject furnace is constructed of non-carbon materials and is housed within a conventional vacuum chamber. The furnace comprises a ceramic oxide crucible for holding the charge of metal or alloys. The heating of the crucible is achieved by a plasma-sprayed tungsten susceptor surrounding the crucible which, in turn, is heated by an rf induction coil separated from the susceptor by a cylinder of inorganic insulation. The furnace of the present invention is capable of being rapidly cycled from ambient temperatures to about 1650/sup 0/C for effectively melting uranium and uranium alloys without the attendant carbon contamination problems previously encountered when using carbon-bearing furnace materials.

75 FR 17075 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test Procedures for Residential Furnaces and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-05

... different in mathematical form, is conceptually the same as the integrated AFUE for fossil fueled furnaces... that gas-fired and oil-fried furnaces and boilers consume both fossil fuel and electricity, while electric furnaces and boilers only consume electricity. The current test procedure accounts for all fossil...

75 FR 41102 - Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Furnace Fans: Reopening of Public...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-15

... Furnace Fans: Reopening of Public Comment Period AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy... work of residential heating and cooling systems (``furnace fans''). The comment period closed on July 6... information relevant to the furnace fan rulemaking will be accepted until July 27, 2010. ADDRESSES: Interested...

76 FR 61999 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test Procedures for Residential Furnaces and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-06

... for Residential Furnaces and Boilers (Standby Mode and Off Mode); Correction AGENCY: Office of Energy... Consumer Products: Test Procedures for Residential Furnaces and Boilers. This correction provides the... page 56339, in the third column after ``2. E- mail:'' the e-mail address should read `` FurnaceBoiler...

78 FR 53625 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test Procedures for Residential Furnaces and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-30

... Program for Consumer Products: Test Procedures for Residential Furnaces and Boilers; Correction AGENCY... Federal Register that amended the test procedure for residential furnaces and boilers (78 FR 41265). Due...., Washington, DC 20585-0121. Telephone: (202) 586-6590. Email: residential_furnaces_and_boilers@ee.doe.gov . Mr...

46 CFR 59.15-5 - Stayed furnaces and combustion chambers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Stayed furnaces and combustion chambers. 59.15-5 Section... and combustion chambers. (a) Where the plate forming the walls of stayed furnaces or combustion... wall of a stayed furnace or combustion chamber, the defective portion of the plate shall be cut away...

46 CFR 59.15-5 - Stayed furnaces and combustion chambers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Stayed furnaces and combustion chambers. 59.15-5 Section... and combustion chambers. (a) Where the plate forming the walls of stayed furnaces or combustion... wall of a stayed furnace or combustion chamber, the defective portion of the plate shall be cut away...

46 CFR 59.15-5 - Stayed furnaces and combustion chambers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Stayed furnaces and combustion chambers. 59.15-5 Section... and combustion chambers. (a) Where the plate forming the walls of stayed furnaces or combustion... wall of a stayed furnace or combustion chamber, the defective portion of the plate shall be cut away...

46 CFR 59.15-5 - Stayed furnaces and combustion chambers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Stayed furnaces and combustion chambers. 59.15-5 Section... and combustion chambers. (a) Where the plate forming the walls of stayed furnaces or combustion... wall of a stayed furnace or combustion chamber, the defective portion of the plate shall be cut away...

46 CFR 59.15-5 - Stayed furnaces and combustion chambers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Stayed furnaces and combustion chambers. 59.15-5 Section... and combustion chambers. (a) Where the plate forming the walls of stayed furnaces or combustion... wall of a stayed furnace or combustion chamber, the defective portion of the plate shall be cut away...

40 CFR 424.10 - Applicability; description of the open electric furnaces with wet air pollution control devices...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... electric furnaces with wet air pollution control devices subcategory. 424.10 Section 424.10 Protection of... MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Open Electric Furnaces With Wet Air Pollution Control Devices Subcategory § 424.10 Applicability; description of the open electric furnaces with wet air pollution control devices...

40 CFR 424.10 - Applicability; description of the open electric furnaces with wet air pollution control devices...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... electric furnaces with wet air pollution control devices subcategory. 424.10 Section 424.10 Protection of... MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Open Electric Furnaces With Wet Air Pollution Control Devices Subcategory § 424.10 Applicability; description of the open electric furnaces with wet air pollution control devices...

40 CFR 63.7690 - What emissions limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... metal melting furnace, electric induction metal melting furnace, or scrap preheater at an existing iron... electric induction metal melting furnace or scrap preheater at a new iron and steel foundry, you must not... furnace at an existing iron and steel foundry, you must not discharge emissions through a conveyance to...

40 CFR 63.7690 - What emissions limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... metal melting furnace, electric induction metal melting furnace, or scrap preheater at an existing iron... electric induction metal melting furnace or scrap preheater at a new iron and steel foundry, you must not... furnace at an existing iron and steel foundry, you must not discharge emissions through a conveyance to...

40 CFR 63.7690 - What emissions limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... metal melting furnace, electric induction metal melting furnace, or scrap preheater at an existing iron... electric induction metal melting furnace or scrap preheater at a new iron and steel foundry, you must not... furnace at an existing iron and steel foundry, you must not discharge emissions through a conveyance to...

40 CFR 63.7690 - What emissions limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... metal melting furnace, electric induction metal melting furnace, or scrap preheater at an existing iron... electric induction metal melting furnace or scrap preheater at a new iron and steel foundry, you must not... furnace at an existing iron and steel foundry, you must not discharge emissions through a conveyance to...

40 CFR 424.10 - Applicability; description of the open electric furnaces with wet air pollution control devices...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... electric furnaces with wet air pollution control devices subcategory. 424.10 Section 424.10 Protection of... MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Open Electric Furnaces With Wet Air Pollution Control Devices Subcategory § 424.10 Applicability; description of the open electric furnaces with wet air pollution control devices...

40 CFR 424.10 - Applicability; description of the open electric furnaces with wet air pollution control devices...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... electric furnaces with wet air pollution control devices subcategory. 424.10 Section 424.10 Protection of... MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Open Electric Furnaces With Wet Air Pollution Control Devices Subcategory § 424.10 Applicability; description of the open electric furnaces with wet air pollution control devices...

40 CFR 424.10 - Applicability; description of the open electric furnaces with wet air pollution control devices...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... electric furnaces with wet air pollution control devices subcategory. 424.10 Section 424.10 Protection of... MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Open Electric Furnaces With Wet Air Pollution Control Devices Subcategory § 424.10 Applicability; description of the open electric furnaces with wet air pollution control devices...

Heating rates in furnace atomic absorption using the L'vov platform

USGS Publications Warehouse

Koirtyohann, S.R.; Giddings, R.C.; Taylor, Howard E.

1984-01-01

Heating rate profiles for the furnace tube wall, the furnace atmosphere, and a L'vov platform were established for a range of conditions in a cyclically heated graphite atomizer. The tube wall profile was made by direct observation with a recording optical pyrometer. The sodium line reversal method was used to establish the heating rate of the furnace atmosphere, and appearance temperatures for a series metals of differing volatility was used to establish platform profiles. The tube wall heating rate was nearly linear at 2240??C s- until the desired temperature was reached after which the temperature remained constant. The furnace atmosphere reached a given temperature 0.2-0.4 s later than the tube wall through most of the atomize cycle. The platform lagged the tube wall 0.5-0.8 s. Under typical operating conditions the furnace atmosphere was 100-200??C cooler than the tube wall and at nearly constant temperature when the analyte vaporized from the platform. The L'vov platform causes the cyclically heated commercial furnace to approximate the behavior of a constant temperature furnace during atomization. ?? 1984.

A high-temperature furnace for applications in microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

Technology in the area of material processing and crystal growth has been greatly furthered by research in microgravity environments. The role of efficient, lightweight furnaces with reliable performance is crucial in these experiments. A need exists for the development of a readily duplicated, high-temperature furnace satisfying stringent weight, volume, and power constraints. A furnace was designed and is referred to as the UAH SHIELD. Stringent physical and operating characteristics for the system were specified, including a maximum weight of 20 kg, a maximum power requirement of 60 W, and a volume of the furnace assembly, excluding the batteries, limited to half a Get-Away-Special canister. The UAH SHIELD furnace uses radiation shield and vacuum technology applied in the form of a series of concentric cylinders enclosed on either end with disks. Thermal testing of a furnace prototype was performed in addition to some thermal and structural analysis. Results indicate the need for spacing of the shields to accommodate the thermal expansion during furnace operation. In addition, a power dissipation of approximately 100 W and system weight of approximately 30 kg was found for the current design.

BPM Motors in Residential Gas Furnaces: What are theSavings?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lutz, James; Franco, Victor; Lekov, Alex

2006-05-12

Residential gas furnaces contain blowers to distribute warm air. Currently, furnace blowers use either a Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) or a Brushless Permanent Magnet (BPM) motor. Blowers account for the majority of furnace electricity consumption. Therefore, accurate determination of the blower electricity consumption is important for understanding electricity consumption of furnaces. The electricity consumption of blower motors depends on the static pressure across the blower. This paper examines both types of blower motors in non-condensing non-weatherized gas furnaces at a range of static pressures. Fan performance data is based on manufacturer product literature and laboratory tests. We use field-measured staticmore » pressure in ducts to get typical system curves to calculate how furnaces would operate in the field. We contrast this with the electricity consumption of a furnace blower operating under the DOE test procedure and manufacturer rated conditions. Furnace electricity use is also affected by operating modes that happen at the beginning and end of each furnace firing cycle. These operating modes are the pre-purge and post-purge by the draft inducer, the on-delay and off-delay of the blower, and the hot surface ignitor operation. To accurately calculate this effect, we use the number of firing cycles in a typical California house in the Central Valley of California. Cooling hours are not considered in the DOE test procedure. We also account for furnace blower use by the air conditioner and stand-by power. Overall BPM motors outperform PSC motors, but the total electricity savings are significantly less than projected using the DOE test procedure conditions. The performance gains depend on the static pressure of the household ducts, which are typically much higher than in the test procedures.« less

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and particulate emissions from two-stage combustion of polystyrene: the effect of the primary furnace temperature.

PubMed

Wang, J; Levendis, Y A; Richter, H; Howard, J B; Carlson, J

2001-09-01

A study is presented on laboratory-scale combustion of polystyrene (PS) to identify staged-combustion conditions that minimize emissions. Batch combustion of shredded PS was conducted in fixed beds placed in a bench-scale electrically heated horizontal muffle furnace. In most cases, combustion of the samples occurred by forming gaseous diffusion flames in atmospheric pressure air. The combustion effluent was mixed with additional air, and it was channeled to a second muffle furnace (afterburner) placed in series. Further reactions took place in the secondary furnace at a residence time of 0.7 s. The gas temperature of the primary furnace was varied in the range of 500-1,000 degrees C, while that of the secondary furnace was kept fixed at 1,000 degrees C. Sampling for CO, CO2, O2, soot, and unburned hydrocarbon emissions (volatile and semivolatile, by GC-MS) was performed at the exits of the two furnaces. Results showed that the temperature of the primary furnace, where PS gasifies, is of paramount importance to the formation and subsequent emissions of organic species and soot. Atthe lowesttemperatures explored, mostly styrene oligomers were identified at the outlet of the primary furnace, but they did not survive the treatment in the secondary furnace. The formation and emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and soot were suppressed. As the temperature in the first furnace was raised, increasing amounts of a wide range of both unsubstituted and substituted PAH containing up to at least seven condensed aromatic rings were detected. A similar trend was observed for total particulate yields. The secondary furnace treatment reduced the yields of total PAH, but it had an ambiguous effect on individual species. While most low molecular mass PAH were reduced in the secondary furnace, concentrations of some larger PAH increased under certain conditions. Thus, care in the selection of operating conditions of both the primary furnace (gasifier/ burner) and the secondary furnace (afterburner) must be exercised to minimize the emission of hazardous pollutants. The emissions of soot were also reduced in the afterburner but not drastically. This indicates that soot is indeed resistant to oxidation; thus, it would be best to avoid its formation in the first place. An oxidative pyrolysis temperature of PS in the vicinity of 600 degrees C appears to accomplish exactly that. An additional afterburner treatment at a sufficiently high temperature (1,000 degrees C) may be a suitable setting for minimization of most pollutants. To obtain deeper understanding of chemical processes, the experimental results were qualitatively compared with preliminary predictions of a detailed kinetic model that describes formation and destruction pathways of chemical species including most PAH observed in the present work. The modeling was performed forthe secondary furnace assuming plug-flow conditions therein. The experimentally determined chemical composition at the outlet of the primary furnace was part of the input parameters of the model calculation.

Electrode Arrangement As Substitute Bottom For An Electrothermic Slag Smelting Furnace.

DOEpatents

Aune, Jan Arthur; Brinch, Jon Christian; Johansen, Kai

2005-12-27

The electrode arrangement uses vertically oriented electrodes with side wall contacts for an electrothermic smelting furnace for aluminum production. The side wall contacts are radially moveable into the furnace to compensate for wear on the contacts. The side wall contacts can be hollow to allow a slag forming charge to be fed to the furnace.

29. Blast furnace plant, looking southeast. The Machine Shop and ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

29. Blast furnace plant, looking southeast. The Machine Shop and Turbo Blower Building are at left, the pig-casting machine and Furnace A at center right. In foregound are the 50-ton ladle cars used to transport hot metal to Valley Mould & Iron Co. - Central Furnaces, 2650 Broadway, east bank of Cuyahoga River, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

INTERIOR VIEW SHOWING QBOP FURNACE IN BLOW. OXYGEN AND NATURAL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

INTERIOR VIEW SHOWING Q-BOP FURNACE IN BLOW. OXYGEN AND NATURAL GAS ARE BLOWN INTO THE FURNACE THROUGH THE TUYERES TO CHARGE 460,000 LBS. OF HOT METAL, 100,000 LBS. OF SCRAP WITH 30,000 LBS. OF LIME. BLOW TIME IS 16 MINUTES. THE TIME TO BLOW AND TAP THE FURNACES OF THE RESULTING 205,000 TONS OF STEEL AND SLAG IS 35 MINUTES. - U.S. Steel, Fairfield Works, Q-Bop Furnace, North of Valley Road & West of Ensley, Pleasant Grove Road, Fairfield, Jefferson County, AL

A multi-zone muffle furnace design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rowe, Neil D.; Kisel, Martin

1993-01-01

A Multi-Zone Muffle-Tube Furnace was designed, built, and tested for the purpose of providing an in-house experience base with tubular furnaces for materials processing in microgravity. As such, it must not only provide the desired temperatures and controlled thermal gradients at several discrete zones along its length but must also be capable of sustaining the rigors of a Space Shuttle launch. The furnace is insulated to minimize radial and axial heat losses. It is contained in a water-cooled enclosure for purposes of dissipating un-wanted residual heat, keeping the outer surfaces of the furnace at a 'touch-safe' temperature, and providing a rugged housing. This report describes the salient features of the furnace, testing procedures and results, and concluding remarks evaluating the overall design.

28. RW Sugar Mill: 18761889. Boilingrange Furnace and Clarifier position. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

28. RW Sugar Mill: 1876-1889. Boiling-range Furnace and Clarifier position. View: In the boiling range all of the clarification, evaporation, and concentration of cane juice took place in open pans over the Continuous flue leading from this furnace. The furnace door through the exterior wall is at the end of the furnace. In the original installation, two copper clarifiers, manufactured by John Nott & Co. occupied this space directly above the furnace. In the clarifiers, lime was added to the cane juice so that impurities would coagulate into a scum on top of the near-boiling juice. The clarifiers have been removed since the closing of the mill. - R. W. Meyer Sugar Mill, State Route 47, Kualapuu, Maui County, HI

29. RW Meyer Sugar Mill: 18761889. Boilingrange furnace and clarifier ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

29. RW Meyer Sugar Mill: 1876-1889. Boiling-range furnace and clarifier position. View: In the boiling range all of the concentration, evaporation, and concentration of cane juice took place in open pans over the continous flue leaving this furnace. The furnace door through the exterior wall is at the end of the furnace. In the original installation two copper clarifiers, manufactured by John Nott & Co. occupied this space directly above the furnace. In the clarifier lime was added to the cane juice so that impurities would coagulate into a scum on top of the near-boiling juice. The clarifiers have been removed since the closing of the mill. - R. W. Meyer Sugar Mill, State Route 47, Kualapuu, Maui County, HI

Trace metals related to historical iron smelting at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sloto, Ronald A.

2011-01-01

Iron ore containing elevated concentrations of trace metals was smelted at Hopewell Furnace during its 113 years of operation (1771-1883). The ore used at Hopewell Furnace was obtained from iron mines within 5 miles of the furnace. The iron-ore deposits were formed about 200 million years ago and contain abundant magnetite, the primary iron mineral, and accessory minerals enriched in arsenic, cobalt, copper, lead, and other metals. Hopewell Furnace, built by Mark Bird during 1770-71, was one of the last of the charcoal-burning, cold-blast iron furnaces operated in Pennsylvania. The most productive years for Hopewell Furnace were from 1830 to 1837. Castings were the most profitable product, especially the popular Hopewell Stove. More than 80,000 stoves were cast at Hopewell, which produced as many as 23 types and sizes of cooking and heating stoves. Beginning in the 1840s, the iron industry shifted to large-scale, steam-driven coke and anthracite furnaces. Independent rural enterprises like Hopewell could no longer compete when the iron and steel industries consolidated in urban manufacturing centers. The furnace ceased operation in 1883 (Kurjack, 1954). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the National Park Service, completed a study at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site (NHS) in Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania, to determine the fate of toxic trace metals, such as arsenic, cobalt, and lead, released into the environment during historical iron-smelting operations. The results of the study, conducted during 2008-10, are presented in this fact sheet.

[The electric furnace of Henri Moissan at one hundred years: connection with the electric furnace, the solar furnace, the plasma furnace?].

PubMed

Royère, C

1999-03-01

The trace of Henri Moissan's pioneer work 100 years ago is clearly evidenced by an overview of achievements in high temperature devices; 1987: "Le four électrique" by Henri Moissan; 1948-1952: "High temperature heating in a cavity rotary kiln using focusing of solar radiation" by Félix Trombe; 1962: "The cavity rotary kiln using focused solar radiation jointly with a plasma gun" by Marc Foëx; 1970: "The rotary kiln with two plasma guns and arc transfer" by Marc Foëx; 1984: "The plasma furnace" by Electricité de France (EDF) at Renardières; 1997: "The plasma furnace" by the Atomic Energy Center (CEA) at Cadarache, the VULCANO program. The first part of this contribution is devoted to Henri Moissan. Re-reading his early book on the electric furnace, especially the first chapter and the sections on silica, carbon vapor and experiments performed in casting molten metal--the conclusions are outstanding--provides modern readers with an amazing insight into future developments. The last two parts are devoted to Félix Trombe and Marc Foëx, tracing the evolution of high temperature cavity processus leading to the solar furnace and the present day plasma furnace at the CEA. Focus is placed on research conducted by the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) with the solar and plasma furnaces at Odeillo. The relationships with Henri Moissan's early work are amazing, offering a well deserved homage to this pioneer researcher.

Refractory of Furnaces to Reduce Environmental Impact

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hanzawa, Shigeru

2011-10-01

The energy load of furnaces used in the manufacturing process of ceramics is quite large. Most of the environmental impact of ceramics manufacturing is due to the CO2 produced from this high energy load. To improve this situation, R&D has focused on furnace systems and techniques of control in order to reduce energy load. Since furnaces are comprised of refractory, consideration of their mechanical and thermal characteristics is important. Herein are described several refractory types which were chosen through comparison of the characteristics which contribute to heat capacity reduction, heat insulating reinforcement and high emissivity, thereby improving thermal radiation heat transfer efficiency to the ceramic articles. One selected refractory material which will reduce the environmental impact of a furnace, chosen considering low heat capacity and high emissivity characteristics, is SiC. In this study, thermal radiation heat transfer efficiency improvement and its effect on ceramic articles in the furnace and oxidation behaviour were investigated at 1700K. A high density SiC refractory, built into the furnace at construction, has relatively high oxidation durability and has the ability to reduce environmental impact-CO2 by 10 percent by decreasing the furnace's energy load. However, new oxidation prevention techniques for SiC will be necessary for long-term use in industrial furnaces, because passive to active oxidation transition behaviour of commercial SiC refractory is coming to close ideal.

Space Station Furnace Facility. Experiment/Facility Requirements Document (E/FRD), volume 2, appendix 5

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kephart, Nancy

1992-01-01

The function of the Space Station Furnace Facility (SSFF) is to support materials research into the crystal growth and solidification processes of electronic and photonic materials, metals and alloys, and glasses and ceramics. To support this broad base of research requirements, the SSFF will employ a variety of furnace modules operated, regulated, and supported by a core of common subsystems. Furnace modules may be reconfigured or specifically developed to provide unique solidifcation conditions for each set of experiments. The SSFF modular approach permits the addition of new or scaled-up furnace modules to support the evolution of the facility as new science requirements are identified. The SSFF Core is of modular design to permit augmentation for enhanced capabilities. The fully integrated configuration of the SSFF will consist of three racks with the capability of supporting up to two furnace modules per rack. The initial configuration of the SSFF will consist of two of the three racks and one furnace module. This Experiment/Facility Requirements Document (E/FRD) describes the integrated facility requirements for the Space Station Freedom (SSF) Integrated Configuration-1 (IC1) mission. The IC1 SSFF will consist of two racks: the Core Rack, with the centralized subsystem equipment, and the Experiment Rack-1, with Furnace Module-1 and the distributed subsystem equipment to support the furnace.

Real-Time Measurements and Characterization of Airborne Particulate Matter from a Primary Silicon Carbide Production Plant.

PubMed

Jørgensen, Rikke Bramming; Kero, Ida Teresia

2017-12-20

Airborne particulate matter in the silicon carbide (SiC) industry is a known health hazard. The aims of this study were to elucidate whether the particulate matter generated inside the Acheson furnace during active operation is representative of the overall particulate matter in the furnace hall, and whether the Acheson furnaces are the main sources of ultrafine particles (UFP) in primary SiC production. The number concentration of ultrafine particles was evaluated using an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI TM , Dekati Ltd., Tampere, Finland), a Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS TM , TSI, Shoreview, MN, USA) and a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC, TSI, Shoreview, MN, USA). The results are discussed in terms of particle number concentration, particle size distribution and are also characterized by means of electron microscopy (TEM/SEM). Two locations were investigated; the industrial Acheson process furnace hall and a pilot furnace hall; both of which represent an active operating furnace. The geometric mean of the particle number concentration in the Acheson process furnace hall was 7.7 × 10⁴ particles/cm³ for the UFP fraction and 1.0 × 10⁵ particles/cm³ for the submicrometre fraction. Particulate matter collected at the two sites was analysed by electron microscopy. The PM from the Acheson process furnace hall is dominated by carbonaceous particles while the samples collected near the pilot furnace are primarily rich in silicon.

Real-Time Measurements and Characterization of Airborne Particulate Matter from a Primary Silicon Carbide Production Plant

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Airborne particulate matter in the silicon carbide (SiC) industry is a known health hazard. The aims of this study were to elucidate whether the particulate matter generated inside the Acheson furnace during active operation is representative of the overall particulate matter in the furnace hall, and whether the Acheson furnaces are the main sources of ultrafine particles (UFP) in primary SiC production. The number concentration of ultrafine particles was evaluated using an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPITM, Dekati Ltd., Tampere, Finland), a Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPSTM, TSI, Shoreview, MN, USA) and a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC, TSI, Shoreview, MN, USA). The results are discussed in terms of particle number concentration, particle size distribution and are also characterized by means of electron microscopy (TEM/SEM). Two locations were investigated; the industrial Acheson process furnace hall and a pilot furnace hall; both of which represent an active operating furnace. The geometric mean of the particle number concentration in the Acheson process furnace hall was 7.7 × 104 particles/cm3 for the UFP fraction and 1.0 × 105 particles/cm3 for the submicrometre fraction. Particulate matter collected at the two sites was analysed by electron microscopy. The PM from the Acheson process furnace hall is dominated by carbonaceous particles while the samples collected near the pilot furnace are primarily rich in silicon. PMID:29261158

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Rrr of... - Summary of Monitoring Requirements for New and Existing Affected Sources and Emission Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... Group 1 furnace without add-on controls Fluxing in sidewell furnace hearth Maintain flux addition... emission units with an add-on air pollution control device Emission capture and collection system Annual... specifications, or at least once every 6 months. Group 1 furnace, group 2 furnace, in-line fluxer, and scrap...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Rrr of... - Summary of Monitoring Requirements for New and Existing Affected Sources and Emission Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...; certify every 6 months. Group 1 furnace without add-on controls Fluxing in sidewell furnace hearth... sources and emission units with an add-on air pollution control device Emission capture and collection... to manufacturers specifications, or at least once every 6 months. Group 1 furnace, group 2 furnace...

40 CFR 63.7743 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emissions limitations that apply to me?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... arc metal melting furnace, electric induction metal melting furnace, or scrap preheater at an existing... induction metal melting furnace or scrap preheater at a new iron and steel foundry, (i) Maintaining the... at or below 0.0004 gr/dscf. (2) For each cupola metal melting furnace at an existing iron and steel...

40 CFR 63.7743 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emissions limitations that apply to me?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... arc metal melting furnace, electric induction metal melting furnace, or scrap preheater at an existing... induction metal melting furnace or scrap preheater at a new iron and steel foundry, (i) Maintaining the... at or below 0.0004 gr/dscf. (2) For each cupola metal melting furnace at an existing iron and steel...

40 CFR 63.7743 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emissions limitations that apply to me?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... arc metal melting furnace, electric induction metal melting furnace, or scrap preheater at an existing... induction metal melting furnace or scrap preheater at a new iron and steel foundry, (i) Maintaining the... at or below 0.0004 gr/dscf. (2) For each cupola metal melting furnace at an existing iron and steel...

40 CFR 63.7743 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emissions limitations that apply to me?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... arc metal melting furnace, electric induction metal melting furnace, or scrap preheater at an existing... induction metal melting furnace or scrap preheater at a new iron and steel foundry, (i) Maintaining the... at or below 0.0004 gr/dscf. (2) For each cupola metal melting furnace at an existing iron and steel...

Hopewell Furnace: A Pennsylvania Iron-Making Plantation. Teaching with Historic Places.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Koman, Rita G.

The rhythmic noises of the turning water wheel and the roar of the furnace blast never stopped at Hopewell Furnace (Pennsylvania) during its years of operation (1771-1883). As long as the furnace was in blast, the ironworkers' jobs were safe. In case of trouble, they could escape to the woods, fields, and creeks of rural Pennsylvania. Now a…

Interior of shop, showing the reheat furnaces; the vehicle in ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Interior of shop, showing the reheat furnaces; the vehicle in the center is a charging machine the operator of which manipulates steel ingots in the furnace, as well as in the adjacent forging hammers - Bethlehem Steel Corporation, South Bethlehem Works, Tool Steel-Electric Furnace Shop, Along Lehigh River, North of Fourth Street, West of Minsi Trail Bridge, Bethlehem, Northampton County, PA

Application of AI techniques to blast furnace operations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Iida, Osamu; Ushijima, Yuichi; Sawada, Toshiro

1995-10-01

It was during the first stages of application of artificial intelligence (AI) to industrial fields, that the ironmaking division of Mizushima works at Kawasaki Steel recognized its potential. Since that time, the division has sought applications for these techniques to solve various problems. AI techniques applied to control the No. 3 blast furnace operations at the Mizushima works include: Blast furnace control by a diagnostic type of expert system that gives guidance to the actions required for blast furnace operation as well as control of furnace heat by automatically setting blast temperature; Hot stove combustion control by a combination ofmore » fuzzy inference and a physical model to insure good thermal efficiency of the stove; and blast furnace burden control using neural networks makes it possible to connect the pattern of gas flow distribution with the condition of the furnace. Experience of AI to control the blast furnace and other ironmaking operations has proved its capability for achieving automation and increased operating efficiency. The benefits are very high. For these reasons, the applications of AI techniques will be extended in the future and new techniques studied to further improve the power of AI.« less

A low temperature furnace for solution crystal growth on the International Space Station

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baç, Nurcan; Harpster, Joseph; Maston, Robert A.; Sacco, Albert

2000-01-01

The Zeolite Crystal Growth Furnace Unit (ZCG-FU) is the first module in an integrated payload designed for low temperature crystal growth in solutions on the International Space Station (ISS). This payload is scheduled to fly on the ISS flight 7A.1 in an EXPRESS rack. Its name originated from early shuttle flight experiments limited to the growth of zeolite crystals but has since grown to include other materials of significant commercial interest using the solution method of crystal growth. Zeolites, ferroelectrics, piezeoelectrics and silver halides are some of the materials considered. The ZCG-FU experiment consists of a furnace unit and its electronic control system, and mechanically complex, crystal growth autoclaves suitable for use with a particular furnace and solution. The ZCG facility is being designed to grow into four independent furnaces controlled by IZECS (Improved Zeolite Electronic Control System). IZECS provides monitoring of critical parameters, data logging, safety monitoring, air-to-ground control and operator interfacing. It is suitable for controlling the four furnaces either individually or all at one time. It also contains the power management solid-state drivers and switches for the ZCG-FU furnace. The furnace contains 19 tubes operating at three different temperature zones. .

Metals purification by improved vacuum arc remelting

DOEpatents

Zanner, Frank J.; Williamson, Rodney L.; Smith, Mark F.

1994-12-13

The invention relates to improved apparatuses and methods for remelting metal alloys in furnaces, particularly consumable electrode vacuum arc furnaces. Excited reactive gas is injected into a stationary furnace arc zone, thus accelerating the reduction reactions which purify the metal being melted. Additionally, a cooled condensation surface is disposed within the furnace to reduce the partial pressure of water in the furnace, which also fosters the reduction reactions which result in a purer produced ingot. Methods and means are provided for maintaining the stationary arc zone, thereby reducing the opportunity for contaminants evaporated from the arc zone to be reintroduced into the produced ingot.

Design and Development of Tilting Rotary Furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sai Varun, V.; Tejesh, P.; Prashanth, B. N.

2018-02-01

Casting is the best and effective technique used for manufacturing products. The important accessory for casting is furnace. Furnace is used to melt the metal. A perfect furnace is one that reduces the wastage of material, reduces the cost of manufacturing and there by reduces the cost of production. Of all the present day furnaces there may be wastage of material, and the chances of increasing the time of manufacturing as the is continuous need of tilting of the furnace for every mould and then changing the moulds. Considering these aspects, a simple and least expensive tilting rotary furnace is designed and developed. The Tilting and Rotary Furnace consists of mainly melting chamber and the base. The metal enters the melting chamber through the input door that is provided on the top of the melting chamber. Inside the melting chamber there is a graphite furnace. The metal is melted in the graphite crucible. An insulation of ceramic fibre cloth is provided inside the furnace. The metal is melted using Propane gas. The propane gas is easily available and economic. The gas is burned using a pilot burner. The pilot burner is more efficient that other burners. The pilot burner is lit with a push button igniter. The pilot burner is located at the bottom of the combustion chamber. This enables the uniform heating of the metal inside the crucible. The temperature inside the melting chamber is noted using a temperature sensor. The gas input is cut-off if the temperature is exceeding a specific temperature. After the melting of the metal is done the furnace is tilted and after the mould is filled it is rotated. The external gears are used to controlling the tilting. The results of studies carried out for the design & development of low cost, simple furnace that can be mounted anywhere on the shop floor and this can be very much useful for the education purposes and small scale manufacturing. The furnace can be rotated in 360 degrees and can help in reducing the time taken in manufacturing. The furnace is provided with a rotation motion to the base which helps in providing a uniform distribution of molten metal to various moulds and can be used to fill a number of moulds with minimal wastage of the molten material. Due to the tilting action provided to the combustion chamber, the flow of metal can be controlled easily during pouring of molten metal into the moulds.

[Comporison Sduty of Microstructure by Metallographicalk on the Polarized Light and Texture by XRD of CC 5083 and CC 5182 Aluminium Alloy after Cold Rolling and Recrystallization].

PubMed

Chen, Ming-biao; Li, Yong-wei; Tan, Yuan-biao; Ma, Min; Wang, Xue-min; Liu, Wen-chang

2015-03-01

At present the study of relation between microstructure, texture and performance of CC 5083 aluminium alloy after cold tolling and recrystallization processes is still finitude. So that the use of the CC 5083 aluminium alloy be influenced. Be cased into electrical furnace, hot up with unlimited speed followed the furnace hot up to different temperature and annealed 2h respectively, and be cased into salt-beth furnace, hot up quickly to different temperature and annealed 30 min respectively for CC 5083 and CC 5182 aluminum alloy after cold roling with 91.5% reduction. The microstructure be watched use metallographic microscope, the texture be inspected by XRD. The start temperature of recrystallization and grain grow up temperature within annealing in the electric furnace of CC 5083 aluminum alloy board is 343 degrees C, and the shap of grain after grow up with long strip (the innovation point ); The start temperature of recrystallization within annealling in the salt bath furnace of CC 5083 is 343 degrees C. The start temperature and end temperature of recrystallization within annealling of CC 5083 and CC 5182 aluminum alloy is 371 degrees C. The grain grow up outstanding of cold rooled CC 5152 aluminum alloy after annealed with 454 degrees C in the electric furnace and salt bath furnace. The start temperature of grain grow up of CC 5083 alluminurn alloy annealed in the electric furnace and salt bath furnace respectively is higher than the start temperature of grain grow up of CC 5182 alluminum alloy annealed in the electric furnace and salt bath furnace respectively. The strat temperature of recrystallization grain grow up is higher than which annealled with other three manner annealing process. The recrystallization temperature of CC 5182 annealed in the salt bath furnace is higher than which annealed in the electric furnace. The recrystallization temperature of the surface layer of CC 5083 and CC 5182 aluminum alloy is higher than the inner layer (the innovation point). There is a difference each other of the structure and the texture of the four manner annealing aluminum alloy (the innovation point). There is a little difference at the recrystallization processes course reflectived by the observe results of structure transform and by the examination results of texture transmission.

1. GENERAL EXTERIOR VIEW OF THE ELECTRIC FURNACE STEELMAKING PLANT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. GENERAL EXTERIOR VIEW OF THE ELECTRIC FURNACE STEELMAKING PLANT LOOKING NORTHEAST. - U.S. Steel Duquesne Works, Electric Furnace Steelmaking Plant, Along Monongahela River, Duquesne, Allegheny County, PA

Radiation from Large Gas Volumes and Heat Exchange in Steam Boiler Furnaces

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Makarov, A. N., E-mail: tgtu-kafedra-ese@mail.ru

2015-09-15

Radiation from large cylindrical gas volumes is studied as a means of simulating the flare in steam boiler furnaces. Calculations of heat exchange in a furnace by the zonal method and by simulation of the flare with cylindrical gas volumes are described. The latter method is more accurate and yields more reliable information on heat transfer processes taking place in furnaces.

HIGH TEMPERATURE MICROSCOPE AND FURNACE

DOEpatents

Olson, D.M.

1961-01-31

A high-temperature microscope is offered. It has a reflecting optic situated above a molten specimen in a furnace and reflecting the image of the same downward through an inert optic member in the floor of the furnace, a plurality of spaced reflecting plane mirrors defining a reflecting path around the furnace, a standard microscope supported in the path of and forming the end terminus of the light path.

Dilute Oxygen Combustion Phase IV Final Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Riley, M.F.

2003-04-30

Novel furnace designs based on Dilute Oxygen Combustion (DOC) technology were developed under subcontract by Techint Technologies, Coraopolis, PA, to fully exploit the energy and environmental capabilities of DOC technology and to provide a competitive offering for new furnace construction opportunities. Capital cost, fuel, oxygen and utility costs, NOx emissions, oxide scaling performance, and maintenance requirements were compared for five DOC-based designs and three conventional air5-fired designs using a 10-year net present value calculation. A furnace direct completely with DOC burners offers low capital cost, low fuel rate, and minimal NOx emissions. However, these benefits do not offset the costmore » of oxygen and a full DOC-fired furnace is projected to cost $1.30 per ton more to operate than a conventional air-fired furnace. The incremental cost of the improved NOx performance is roughly $6/lb NOx, compared with an estimated $3/lb. NOx for equ8pping a conventional furnace with selective catalytic reduction (SCCR) technology. A furnace fired with DOC burners in the heating zone and ambient temperature (cold) air-fired burners in the soak zone offers low capital cost with less oxygen consumption. However, the improvement in fuel rate is not as great as the full DOC-fired design, and the DOC-cold soak design is also projected to cost $1.30 per ton more to operate than a conventional air-fired furnace. The NOx improvement with the DOC-cold soak design is also not as great as the full DOC fired design, and the incremental cost of the improved NOx performance is nearly $9/lb NOx. These results indicate that a DOC-based furnace design will not be generally competitive with conventional technology for new furnace construction under current market conditions. Fuel prices of $7/MMBtu or oxygen prices of $23/ton are needed to make the DOC furnace economics favorable. Niche applications may exist, particularly where access to capital is limited or floor space limitations are critical. DOC technology will continue to have a highly competitive role in retrofit applications requiring increases in furnace productivity.« less

Modeling Specular Exchange Between Concentric Cylinders in a Radiative Shielded Furnace

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schunk, Richard Gregory; Wessling, Francis C.

2000-01-01

The objective of this research is to develop and validate mathematical models to characterize the thermal performance of a radiative shielded furnace, the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) Isothermal Diffusion Oven. The mathematical models are validated against experimental data obtained from testing the breadboard oven in a terrestrial laboratory environment. It is anticipated that the validation will produce math models capable of predicting the thermal performance of the furnace over a wide range of operating conditions, including those for which no experimental data is available. Of particular interest is the furnace core temperature versus heater power parametric and the transient thermal response of the furnace. Application to a microgravity environment is not considered, although it is conjectured that the removal of any gravity dependent terms from the math models developed for the terrestrial application should yield adequate results in a microgravity environment. The UAH Isothermal Diffusion Oven is designed to provide a thermal environment that is conducive to measuring the diffusion of high temperature liquid metals. In addition to achieving the temperatures required to melt a sample placed within the furnace, reducing or eliminating convective motions within the melt is an important design consideration [1]. Both of these influences are reflected in the design of the furnace. Reducing unwanted heat losses from the furnace is achieved through the use of low conductivity materials and reflective shielding. As evidenced by the highly conductive copper core used to house the sample within the furnace, convective motions can be greatly suppressed by providing an essentially uniform thermal environment. An oven of this design could ultimately be utilized in a microgravity environment, presumably as a experiment payload. Such an application precipitates other design requirements that limit the resources available to the furnace such as power, mass, volume, and possibly even time. Through the experimental and numerical results obtained, the power requirements and thermal response time of the breadboard furnace are quantified.

Development and Validation of a 3-Dimensional CFB Furnace Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vepsäläinen, Arl; Myöhänen, Karl; Hyppäneni, Timo; Leino, Timo; Tourunen, Antti

At Foster Wheeler, a three-dimensional CFB furnace model is essential part of knowledge development of CFB furnace process regarding solid mixing, combustion, emission formation and heat transfer. Results of laboratory and pilot scale phenomenon research are utilized in development of sub-models. Analyses of field-test results in industrial-scale CFB boilers including furnace profile measurements are simultaneously carried out with development of 3-dimensional process modeling, which provides a chain of knowledge that is utilized as feedback for phenomenon research. Knowledge gathered by model validation studies and up-to-date parameter databases are utilized in performance prediction and design development of CFB boiler furnaces. This paper reports recent development steps related to modeling of combustion and formation of char and volatiles of various fuel types in CFB conditions. Also a new model for predicting the formation of nitrogen oxides is presented. Validation of mixing and combustion parameters for solids and gases are based on test balances at several large-scale CFB boilers combusting coal, peat and bio-fuels. Field-tests including lateral and vertical furnace profile measurements and characterization of solid materials provides a window for characterization of fuel specific mixing and combustion behavior in CFB furnace at different loads and operation conditions. Measured horizontal gas profiles are projection of balance between fuel mixing and reactions at lower part of furnace and are used together with both lateral temperature profiles at bed and upper parts of furnace for determination of solid mixing and combustion model parameters. Modeling of char and volatile based formation of NO profiles is followed by analysis of oxidizing and reducing regions formed due lower furnace design and mixing characteristics of fuel and combustion airs effecting to formation ofNO furnace profile by reduction and volatile-nitrogen reactions. This paper presents CFB process analysis focused on combustion and NO profiles in pilot and industrial scale bituminous coal combustion.

ROMPS critical design review. Volume 3: Furnace module design documentation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dobbs, M. E.

1992-01-01

As part of the furnace module design documentation, the furnace module Easylab programs definitions and command variables are described. Also included are Easylab commands flow charts and fault conditions.

40 CFR 63.1500 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) Each new and existing group 2 furnace; (5) Each new and existing sweat furnace; (6) Each new and... scrap dryer/delacquering kiln/decoating kiln; (3) Each new and existing sweat furnace; (4) Each new and...

40 CFR 63.1500 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) Each new and existing group 2 furnace; (5) Each new and existing sweat furnace; (6) Each new and... scrap dryer/delacquering kiln/decoating kiln; (3) Each new and existing sweat furnace; (4) Each new and...

40 CFR 63.1500 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) Each new and existing group 2 furnace; (5) Each new and existing sweat furnace; (6) Each new and... scrap dryer/delacquering kiln/decoating kiln; (3) Each new and existing sweat furnace; (4) Each new and...

40 CFR 63.1500 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) Each new and existing group 2 furnace; (5) Each new and existing sweat furnace; (6) Each new and... scrap dryer/delacquering kiln/decoating kiln; (3) Each new and existing sweat furnace; (4) Each new and...

40 CFR 63.1500 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) Each new and existing group 2 furnace; (5) Each new and existing sweat furnace; (6) Each new and... scrap dryer/delacquering kiln/decoating kiln; (3) Each new and existing sweat furnace; (4) Each new and...

Miniaturized King furnace permits absorption spectroscopy of small samples

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ercoli, B.; Tompkins, F. S.

1968-01-01

Miniature King-type furnace, consisting of an inductively heated, small diameter tantalum tube supported in a radiation shield eliminates the disadvantages of the conventional furnace in obtaining absorption spectra of metal vapors.

Integration of Tuyere, Raceway and Shaft Models for Predicting Blast Furnace Process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fu, Dong; Tang, Guangwu; Zhao, Yongfu; D'Alessio, John; Zhou, Chenn Q.

2018-06-01

A novel modeling strategy is presented for simulating the blast furnace iron making process. Such physical and chemical phenomena are taking place across a wide range of length and time scales, and three models are developed to simulate different regions of the blast furnace, i.e., the tuyere model, the raceway model and the shaft model. This paper focuses on the integration of the three models to predict the entire blast furnace process. Mapping output and input between models and an iterative scheme are developed to establish communications between models. The effects of tuyere operation and burden distribution on blast furnace fuel efficiency are investigated numerically. The integration of different models provides a way to realistically simulate the blast furnace by improving the modeling resolution on local phenomena and minimizing the model assumptions.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

1995-09-15

Large Isothermal Furnace (LIF) was flown on a mission in cooperation with the National Space Development Agency (NASDA) of Japan. LIF is a vacuum-heating furnace designed to heat large samples uniformly. The furnace consists of a sample container and heating element surrounded by a vacuum chamber. A crewmemeber will insert a sample cartridge into the furnace. The furnace will be activated and operations will be controlled automatically by a computer in response to an experiment number entered on the control panel. At the end of operations, helium will be discharged into the furnace, allowing cooling to start. Cooling will occur through the use of a water jacket while rapid cooling of samples can be accomplished through a controlled flow of helium. Data from experiments will help scientists better understand this important process which is vital to the production of high-quality semiconductor crystals.

Method of operating a centrifugal plasma arc furnace

DOEpatents

Kujawa, Stephan T.; Battleson, Daniel M.; Rademacher, Jr., Edward L.; Cashell, Patrick V.; Filius, Krag D.; Flannery, Philip A.; Whitworth, Clarence G.

1998-01-01

A centrifugal plasma arc furnace is used to vitrify contaminated soils and other waste materials. An assessment of the characteristics of the waste is performed prior to introducing the waste into the furnace. Based on the assessment, a predetermined amount of iron is added to each batch of waste. The waste is melted in an oxidizing atmosphere into a slag. The added iron is oxidized into Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4. Time of exposure to oxygen is controlled so that the iron does not oxidize into Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3. Slag in the furnace remains relatively non-viscous and consequently it pours out of the furnace readily. Cooled and solidified slag produced by the furnace is very resistant to groundwater leaching. The slag can be safely buried in the earth without fear of contaminating groundwater.

Method of operating a centrifugal plasma arc furnace

DOEpatents

Kujawa, S.T.; Battleson, D.M.; Rademacher, E.L. Jr.; Cashell, P.V.; Filius, K.D.; Flannery, P.A.; Whitworth, C.G.

1998-03-24

A centrifugal plasma arc furnace is used to vitrify contaminated soils and other waste materials. An assessment of the characteristics of the waste is performed prior to introducing the waste into the furnace. Based on the assessment, a predetermined amount of iron is added to each batch of waste. The waste is melted in an oxidizing atmosphere into a slag. The added iron is oxidized into Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}. Time of exposure to oxygen is controlled so that the iron does not oxidize into Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}. Slag in the furnace remains relatively non-viscous and consequently it pours out of the furnace readily. Cooled and solidified slag produced by the furnace is very resistant to groundwater leaching. The slag can be safely buried in the earth without fear of contaminating groundwater. 3 figs.

Minimization of Blast furnace Fuel Rate by Optimizing Burden and Gas Distribution

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dr. Chenn Zhou

2012-08-15

The goal of the research is to improve the competitive edge of steel mills by using the advanced CFD technology to optimize the gas and burden distributions inside a blast furnace for achieving the best gas utilization. A state-of-the-art 3-D CFD model has been developed for simulating the gas distribution inside a blast furnace at given burden conditions, burden distribution and blast parameters. The comprehensive 3-D CFD model has been validated by plant measurement data from an actual blast furnace. Validation of the sub-models is also achieved. The user friendly software package named Blast Furnace Shaft Simulator (BFSS) has beenmore » developed to simulate the blast furnace shaft process. The research has significant benefits to the steel industry with high productivity, low energy consumption, and improved environment.« less

Programmable multi-zone furnace for microgravity research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rosenthal, Bruce N.; Krolikowski, Cathryn R.

1991-01-01

In order to provide new furnace technology to accommodate microgravity research studies and commercial applications in material processes, research has been initiated on the development of the Programmable-Multi-zone Furnace (PMZF). The PMZF is described as a multi-user materials processing furnace facility that is composed of thirty or more heater elements in series on a muffle tube or in a stacked ring-type configuration and independently controlled by a computer. One of the aims of the PMZF project is to allow furnace thermal gradient profiles to be reconfigured without physical modification of the hardware by creating the capability of reconfiguring thermal profiles in response to investigators' requests. The future location of the PMZF facility is discussed; the preliminary science survey results and preliminary conceptual designs for the PMZF are presented; and a review of multi-zone furnace technology is given.

Simulation on an optimal combustion control strategy for 3-D temperature distributions in tangentially pc-fired utility boiler furnaces.

PubMed

Wang, Xi-fen; Zhou, Huai-chun

2005-01-01

The control of 3-D temperature distribution in a utility boiler furnace is essential for the safe, economic and clean operation of pc-fired furnace with multi-burner system. The development of the visualization of 3-D temperature distributions in pc-fired furnaces makes it possible for a new combustion control strategy directly with the furnace temperature as its goal to improve the control quality for the combustion processes. Studied in this paper is such a new strategy that the whole furnace is divided into several parts in the vertical direction, and the average temperature and its bias from the center in every cross section can be extracted from the visualization results of the 3-D temperature distributions. In the simulation stage, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code served to calculate the 3-D temperature distributions in a furnace, then a linear model was set up to relate the features of the temperature distributions with the input of the combustion processes, such as the flow rates of fuel and air fed into the furnaces through all the burners. The adaptive genetic algorithm was adopted to find the optimal combination of the whole input parameters which ensure to form an optimal 3-D temperature field in the furnace desired for the operation of boiler. Simulation results showed that the strategy could soon find the factors making the temperature distribution apart from the optimal state and give correct adjusting suggestions.

5. Photocopied August 1978. FRONT OF A HORRY ROTARY FURNACE, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. Photocopied August 1978. FRONT OF A HORRY ROTARY FURNACE, SHOWING INTERIOR ELECTRODES. THE RAW MATERIALS FOR CALCIUM CARBIDE PRODUCTION--LIMESTONE AND COKE--WERE FED BY HOPPERS PLACED BETWEEN THESE ELECTRODES INTO THE ELECTRIC ARC. THE REMOVABLE PLATES ON THE EXTERNAL CIRCUMSTANCE OF THE HORRY FURNACE ARE SHOWN ON THE FIRST THREE FURNACES. (M) - Michigan Lake Superior Power Company, Portage Street, Sault Ste. Marie, Chippewa County, MI

High productivity injection practices at Rouge Steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barker, D.H.; Hegler, G.L.; Falls, C.E.

1995-12-01

Rouge Steel Company, located in Dearborn, Michigan, operates two blast furnaces. The smaller of the pair, ``B`` Furnace, has a hearth diameter of 20 feet and 12 tuyeres. It has averaged 2,290 NTHM (net ton of hot metal) per day of 8.2 NTHM per 100 cubic feet of working volume. ``C`` Furnace has a hearth diameter of 29 feet and 20 tuyeres. Both of these furnaces are single tap hole furnaces. Prior to its reline in 1991, ``C`` Furnace was producing at a rate of 3,300 NTHM/day or about 6.25 NTHM/100 cfwv. In November, 1994 it averaged 5,106 NTHM/day ormore » 9.6 NTHM/100 cfwv. This paper discusses how the current production rates were achieved. Also, the areas that needed to be addressed as production increased will be described. These areas include casthouse arrangement and workload, hot metal ladle capacity, slag pot capacity and charging capability. Coupled with the high blast temperature capability, the furnace was provided with a new natural gas injection system that injected the gas through the blowpipes and a natural gas injection system to enrich the stove gas. Following the furnace reline, natural gas has been used in three ways: tuyere level control; combination injection; and stove gas enrichment. Coke consumption rate has also decreased per NTHM.« less

Feasibility Study of Regenerative Burners in Aluminum Holding Furnaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hassan, Mohamed I.; Al Kindi, Rashid

2014-09-01

Gas-fired aluminum holding reverberatory furnaces are currently considered to be the lowest efficiency fossil fuel system. A considerable volume of gas is consumed to hold the molten metal at temperature that is much lower than the flame temperature. This will lead to more effort and energy consumption to capture the excessive production of the CO2. The concern of this study is to investigate the feasibility of the regenerative-burners' furnaces to increase the furnace efficiency to reduce gas consumption per production and hence result in less CO2 production. Energy assessments for metal holding furnaces are considered at different operation conditions. Onsite measurements, supervisory control and data acquisition data, and thermodynamics analysis are performed to provide feasible information about the gas consumption and CO2 production as well as area of improvements. In this study, onsite measurements are used with thermodynamics modeling to assess a 130 MT rectangular furnace with two regenerative burners and one cold-air holding burner. The assessment showed that the regenerative burner furnaces are not profitable in saving energy, in addition to the negative impact on the furnace life. However, reducing the holding and door opening time would significantly increase the operation efficiency and hence gain the benefit of the regenerative technology.

Predictive control of thermal state of blast furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barbasova, T. A.; Filimonova, A. A.

2018-05-01

The work describes the structure of the model for predictive control of the thermal state of a blast furnace. The proposed model contains the following input parameters: coke rate; theoretical combustion temperature, comprising: natural gas consumption, blasting temperature, humidity, oxygen, blast furnace cooling water; blast furnace gas utilization rate. The output parameter is the cast iron temperature. The results for determining the cast iron temperature were obtained following the identification using the Hammerstein-Wiener model. The result of solving the cast iron temperature stabilization problem was provided for the calculated values of process parameters of the target area of the respective blast furnace operation mode.

Water-cooled furnace heads for use with standard muffle tube furnaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Williams, R. J.; Mullins, O.

1975-01-01

The design of water-cooled furnace seals for use in high-temperature controlled-atmosphere gas and vacuum studies is presented in detailed engineering drawings. Limiting design factors and advantages are discussed.

42. Casting floor, "B" furnace, pour in progress; mudgun is ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

42. Casting floor, "B" furnace, pour in progress; mudgun is to right of furnace; operator takes temperature of iron in trough during pout. Looking south - Rouge Steel Company, 3001 Miller Road, Dearborn, MI

An improved gas extraction furnace

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilkin, R. B.

1972-01-01

Design of glass furnace for analysis of rocks to determine nature and amount of trapped gas is described. Furnace heats specimen in vacuum conditions by radio frequency induction. Diagram of apparatus to show construction and operation is provided.

40 CFR 63.11167 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) of the sulfur contained in the charge. Sintering machine means any furnace in which calcines are... standard, or combination thereof. Zinc cathode melting furnace means any furnace used to melt the pure zinc...

40 CFR 63.11167 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) of the sulfur contained in the charge. Sintering machine means any furnace in which calcines are... standard, or combination thereof. Zinc cathode melting furnace means any furnace used to melt the pure zinc...

40 CFR 63.11167 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) of the sulfur contained in the charge. Sintering machine means any furnace in which calcines are... standard, or combination thereof. Zinc cathode melting furnace means any furnace used to melt the pure zinc...

20. DETAILED OBLIQUE VIEW SOUTHWEST FURNACE 2, SHOWING STEEL FRAME ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

20. DETAILED OBLIQUE VIEW SOUTHWEST FURNACE 2, SHOWING STEEL FRAME BOXES FOR COUNTERWEIGHTS, AND FURNACE HEATING PIPES AT RIGHT. - Vulcan Crucible Steel Company, Building No. 3, 100 First Street, Aliquippa, Beaver County, PA

INTERIOR VIEW WITH LADLE POURING MOLTEN IRON INTO QBOP FURNACE. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

INTERIOR VIEW WITH LADLE POURING MOLTEN IRON INTO Q-BOP FURNACE. - U.S. Steel, Fairfield Works, Q-Bop Furnace, North of Valley Road & West of Ensley, Pleasant Grove Road, Fairfield, Jefferson County, AL

Application of Argonne's Glass Furnace Model to longhorn glass corporation oxy-fuel furnace for the production of amber glass.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Golchert, B.; Shell, J.; Jones, S.

2006-09-06

The objective of this project is to apply the Argonne National Laboratory's Glass Furnace Model (GFM) to the Longhorn oxy-fuel furnace to improve energy efficiency and to investigate the transport of gases released from the batch/melt into the exhaust. The model will make preliminary estimates of the local concentrations of water, carbon dioxide, elemental oxygen, and other subspecies in the entire combustion space as well as the concentration of these species in the furnace exhaust gas. This information, along with the computed temperature distribution in the combustion space may give indications on possible locations of crown corrosion. An investigation intomore » the optimization of the furnace will be performed by varying several key parameters such as the burner firing pattern, exhaust number/size, and the boost usage (amount and distribution). Results from these parametric studies will be analyzed to determine more efficient methods of operating the furnace that reduce crown corrosion. Finally, computed results from the GFM will be qualitatively correlated to measured values, thus augmenting the validation of the GFM.« less

Variable frequency microwave furnace system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bible, D.W.; Lauf, R.J.

1994-06-14

A variable frequency microwave furnace system designed to allow modulation of the frequency of the microwaves introduced into a furnace cavity for testing or other selected applications. The variable frequency microwave furnace system includes a microwave signal generator or microwave voltage-controlled oscillator for generating a low-power microwave signal for input to the microwave furnace. A first amplifier may be provided to amplify the magnitude of the signal output from the microwave signal generator or the microwave voltage-controlled oscillator. A second amplifier is provided for processing the signal output by the first amplifier. The second amplifier outputs the microwave signal inputmore » to the furnace cavity. In the preferred embodiment, the second amplifier is a traveling-wave tube (TWT). A power supply is provided for operation of the second amplifier. A directional coupler is provided for detecting the direction of a signal and further directing the signal depending on the detected direction. A first power meter is provided for measuring the power delivered to the microwave furnace. A second power meter detects the magnitude of reflected power. Reflected power is dissipated in the reflected power load. 5 figs.« less

Variable frequency microwave furnace system

DOEpatents

Bible, D.W.; Lauf, R.J.

1994-06-14

A variable frequency microwave furnace system designed to allow modulation of the frequency of the microwaves introduced into a furnace cavity for testing or other selected applications. The variable frequency microwave furnace system includes a microwave signal generator or microwave voltage-controlled oscillator for generating a low-power microwave signal for input to the microwave furnace. A first amplifier may be provided to amplify the magnitude of the signal output from the microwave signal generator or the microwave voltage-controlled oscillator. A second amplifier is provided for processing the signal output by the first amplifier. The second amplifier outputs the microwave signal input to the furnace cavity. In the preferred embodiment, the second amplifier is a traveling-wave tube (TWT). A power supply is provided for operation of the second amplifier. A directional coupler is provided for detecting the direction of a signal and further directing the signal depending on the detected direction. A first power meter is provided for measuring the power delivered to the microwave furnace. A second power meter detects the magnitude of reflected power. Reflected power is dissipated in the reflected power load. 5 figs.

Optimization of the thermogauge furnace for realizing high temperature fixed points

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, T.; Dong, W.; Liu, F.

2013-09-11

The thermogauge furnace was commonly used in many NMIs as a blackbody source for calibration of the radiation thermometer. It can also be used for realizing the high temperature fixed point(HTFP). According to our experience, when realizing HTFP we need the furnace provide relative good temperature uniformity to avoid the possible damage to the HTFP. To improve temperature uniformity in the furnace, the furnace tube was machined near the tube ends with a help of a simulation analysis by 'ansys workbench'. Temperature distributions before and after optimization were measured and compared at 1300 °C, 1700°C, 2500 °C, which roughly correspondmore » to Co-C(1324 °C), Pt-C(1738 °C) and Re-C(2474 °C), respectively. The results clearly indicate that through machining the tube the temperature uniformity of the Thermogage furnace can be remarkably improved. A Pt-C high temperature fixed point was realized in the modified Thermogauge furnace subsequently, the plateaus were compared with what obtained using old heater, and the results were presented in this paper.« less

Time series prediction in the case of nonlinear loads by using ADALINE and NAR neural networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghiormez, L.; Panoiu, M.; Panoiu, C.; Tirian, O.

2018-01-01

This paper presents a study regarding the time series prediction in the case of an electric arc furnace. The considered furnace is a three phase load and it is used to melt scrap in order to obtain liquid steel. The furnace is powered by a three-phase electrical supply and therefore has three graphite electrodes. The furnace is a nonlinear load that can influence the equipment connected to the same electrical power supply network. The nonlinearity is given by the electric arc that appears at the furnace between the graphite electrode and the scrap. Because of the disturbances caused by the electric arc furnace during the elaboration process of steel it is very useful to predict the current of the electric arc and the voltage from the measuring point in the secondary side of the furnace transformer. In order to make the predictions were used ADALINE and NAR neural networks. To train the networks and to make the predictions were used data acquired from the real technological plant.

6. VIEW LOOKING WEST FROM THE POURING AISLE OF THE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. VIEW LOOKING WEST FROM THE POURING AISLE OF THE ELECTRIC FURNACE BUILDING AT ELECTRIC FURNACE X-3. - U.S. Steel Duquesne Works, Electric Furnace Steelmaking Plant, Along Monongahela River, Duquesne, Allegheny County, PA

52. Winch located at base of No. 1 Furnace for ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

52. Winch located at base of No. 1 Furnace for pulling ladle cars from furnace to pig machine. - Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron, First Avenue North Viaduct at Thirty-second Street, Birmingham, Jefferson County, AL

Performance testing of a vertical Bridgman furnace using experiments and numerical modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rosch, W. R.; Fripp, A. L.; Debnam, W. J.; Pendergrass, T. K.

1997-04-01

This paper details a portion of the work performed in preparation for the growth of lead tin telluride crystals during a Space Shuttle flight. A coordinated effort of experimental measurements and numerical modeling was completed to determine the optimum growth parameters and the performance of the furnace. This work was done using NASA's Advanced Automated Directional Solidification Furnace, but the procedures used should be equally valid for other vertical Bridgman furnaces.

Crystal growth furnace with trap doors

DOEpatents

Sachs, Emanual M.; Mackintosh, Brian H.

1982-06-15

An improved furnace is provided for growing crystalline bodies from a melt. The improved furnace is characterized by a door assembly which is remotely controlled and is arranged so as to selectively shut off or permit communication between an access port in the furnace enclosure and a hot zone within that enclosure. The invention is especially adapted to facilitate use of crystal growing cartridges of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,118,197.

Ferrosilicon smelting in a direct current furnace

DOEpatents

Dosaj, Vishu D.; May, James B.

1992-12-29

The present invention is a process for smelting ferrosilicon alloy. The process comprises adding a carbon source and tailings comprising oxides of silicon and iron to a substantially closed furnace. Heat is supplied to the furnace by striking a direct current arc between a cathode electrode and an anode functional hearth. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the cathode electrode is hollow and feed to the substantially closed furnace is through the hollow electrode.

Russian electrometallurgy: Achievements, problems, prospects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Utochkin, Yu. I.; Semin, A. E.

2011-12-01

The changes in the Russian metallurgy, in particular, electric furnace steelmaking, having occurred in the recent years are analyzed. The main increase in the steelmaking output is due to putting into operation of new electric furnaces in new miniworks and enterprises equipped earlier with open-hearth furnaces. Reaching the rated capacity of a furnace in Russia substantially lags behind foreign enterprises. Only 30-35% of the Russian market of corrosion-resistant steel are provided by Russian metal.

Method for treating reactive metals in a vacuum furnace

DOEpatents

Hulsey, W.J.

1975-10-28

The invention is directed to a method for reducing the contamination of reactive metal melts in vacuum furnaces due to the presence of residual gaseous contaminants in the furnace atmosphere. This reduction is achieved by injecting a stream of inert gas directly over the metal confined in a substantially closed crucible with the flow of the gas being sufficient to establish a pressure differential between the interior of the crucible and the furnace atmosphere.

Crystal growth furnace with trap doors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sachs, Emanual M. (Inventor); Mackintosh, Brian H. (Inventor)

1982-01-01

An improved furnace is provided for growing crystalline bodies from a melt. The improved furnace is characterized by a door assembly which is remotely controlled and is arranged so as to selectively shut off or permit communication between an access port in the furnace enclosure and a hot zone within that enclosure. The invention is especially adapted to facilitate use of crystal growing cartridges of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,118,197.

Calculation and research of electrical characteristics of induction crucible furnaces with unmagnetized conductive crucible

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fedin, M. A.; Kuvaldin, A. B.; Kuleshov, A. O.; Zhmurko, I. Y.; Akhmetyanov, S. V.

2018-01-01

Calculation methods for induction crucible furnaces with a conductive crucible have been reviewed and compared. The calculation method of electrical and energy characteristics of furnaces with a conductive crucible has been developed and the example of the calculation is shown below. The calculation results are compared with experimental data. Dependences of electrical and power characteristics of the furnace on frequency, inductor current, geometric dimensions and temperature have been obtained.

System and method for making metallic iron with reduced CO.sub.2 emissions

DOEpatents

Kiesel, Richard F; Englund, David J; Schlichting, Mark; Meehan, John; Crouch, Jeremiah; Wilson, Logan

2014-10-14

A method and system for making metallic iron nodules with reduced CO.sub.2 emissions is disclosed. The method includes: assembling a linear hearth furnace having entry and exit portions, at least a conversion zone and a fusion zone, and a moving hearth adapted to move reducible iron bearing material through the furnace on contiguous hearth sections; assembling a shrouded return substantially free of air ingress extending adjacent at least the conversion and fusion zones of the furnace through which hearth sections can move from adjacent the exit portion to adjacent the entry portion of the furnace; transferring the hearth sections from the furnace to the shrouded return adjacent the exit portion; reducing reducible material in the linear hearth furnace to metallic iron nodules; and transporting gases from at least the fusion zone to the shrouded return to heat the hearth sections while in the shrouded return.

Cold blast furnace syndrome: a new source of toxic inhalation by nitrogen oxides.

PubMed

Tague, I; Llewellin, P; Burton, K; Buchan, R; Yates, D H

2004-05-01

To describe a new toxic inhalation syndrome in blast furnace workers. Fourteen workers developed acute respiratory symptoms shortly after exposure to "air blast" from blast furnace tuyeres. These included chest tightness, dyspnoea, rigors, and diaphoresis. Chest radiographs showed pulmonary infiltrates, and lung function a restrictive abnormality. This report includes a description of clinical features of the affected workers and elucidation of the probable cause of the outbreak. Clinical features and occupational hygiene measurements suggested the most likely cause was inhalation of nitrogen oxides at high pressure and temperature. While the task could not be eliminated, engineering controls were implemented to control the hazard. No further cases have occurred. "Cold blast furnace syndrome" represents a previously undescribed hazard of blast furnace work, probably due to inhalation of nitrogen oxides. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute toxic inhalational injuries in blast furnace workers.

Optical cavity furnace for semiconductor wafer processing

DOEpatents

Sopori, Bhushan L.

2014-08-05

An optical cavity furnace 10 having multiple optical energy sources 12 associated with an optical cavity 18 of the furnace. The multiple optical energy sources 12 may be lamps or other devices suitable for producing an appropriate level of optical energy. The optical cavity furnace 10 may also include one or more reflectors 14 and one or more walls 16 associated with the optical energy sources 12 such that the reflectors 14 and walls 16 define the optical cavity 18. The walls 16 may have any desired configuration or shape to enhance operation of the furnace as an optical cavity 18. The optical energy sources 12 may be positioned at any location with respect to the reflectors 14 and walls defining the optical cavity. The optical cavity furnace 10 may further include a semiconductor wafer transport system 22 for transporting one or more semiconductor wafers 20 through the optical cavity.

Experiment/facility requirements document for the Space Station Furnace Facility. Section 1: Integrated configuration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

1992-05-01

The function of the Space Station Furnace Facility (SSFF) is to support materials research into the crystal growth and solidification processes of electronic and photonic materials, metals and alloys, and glasses and ceramics. To support this broad base of research requirements, the SSFF will employ a variety of furnace modules which will be operated, regulated, and supported by a core of common subsystems. Furnace modules may be reconfigured or specifically developed to provide unique solidification conditions for each set of experiments. The SSFF modular approach permits the addition of new or scaled-up furnace modules to support the evolution of the facility as new science requirements are identified. The SSFF Core is of modular design to permit augmentation for enhanced capabilities. The fully integrated configuration of the SSFF will consist of three racks with the capability of supporting up to two furnace modules per rack. The initial configuration of the SSFF will consist of two of the three racks and one furnace module. This Experiment/Facility Requirements Document (E/FRD) describes the integrated facility requirements for the Space Station Freedom (SSF) Integrated Configuration-1 (IC1) mission. The IC1 SSFF will consist of two racks: the Core Rack, with the centralized subsystem equipment; and the Experiment Rack-1, with Furnace Module-1 and the distributed subsystem equipment to support the furnace. The SSFF support functions are provided by the following Core subsystems: power conditioning and distribution subsystem (SSFF PCDS); data management subsystem (SSFF DMS); thermal control Subsystem (SSFF TCS); gas distribution subsystem (SSFF GDS); and mechanical structures subsystem (SSFF MSS).

Experiment/facility requirements document for the Space Station Furnace Facility. Section 1: Integrated configuration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1992-01-01

The function of the Space Station Furnace Facility (SSFF) is to support materials research into the crystal growth and solidification processes of electronic and photonic materials, metals and alloys, and glasses and ceramics. To support this broad base of research requirements, the SSFF will employ a variety of furnace modules which will be operated, regulated, and supported by a core of common subsystems. Furnace modules may be reconfigured or specifically developed to provide unique solidification conditions for each set of experiments. The SSFF modular approach permits the addition of new or scaled-up furnace modules to support the evolution of the facility as new science requirements are identified. The SSFF Core is of modular design to permit augmentation for enhanced capabilities. The fully integrated configuration of the SSFF will consist of three racks with the capability of supporting up to two furnace modules per rack. The initial configuration of the SSFF will consist of two of the three racks and one furnace module. This Experiment/Facility Requirements Document (E/FRD) describes the integrated facility requirements for the Space Station Freedom (SSF) Integrated Configuration-1 (IC1) mission. The IC1 SSFF will consist of two racks: the Core Rack, with the centralized subsystem equipment; and the Experiment Rack-1, with Furnace Module-1 and the distributed subsystem equipment to support the furnace. The SSFF support functions are provided by the following Core subsystems: power conditioning and distribution subsystem (SSFF PCDS); data management subsystem (SSFF DMS); thermal control Subsystem (SSFF TCS); gas distribution subsystem (SSFF GDS); and mechanical structures subsystem (SSFF MSS).

4. LOOKING SOUTHEAST INSIDE OF ELECTRIC FURNACE BUILDING ON GROUND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. LOOKING SOUTHEAST INSIDE OF ELECTRIC FURNACE BUILDING ON GROUND FLOOR OF CHARGING AISLE. VIEW OF 50 TON CAPACITY CHARGING BUCKET. - U.S. Steel Duquesne Works, Electric Furnace Steelmaking Plant, Along Monongahela River, Duquesne, Allegheny County, PA

12. SOUTHWEST VIEW OF BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE No. 2 ON ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. SOUTHWEST VIEW OF BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE No. 2 ON THE OPERATING FLOOR OF THE FURNACE AISLE IN THE BOP SHOP - U.S. Steel Duquesne Works, Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Plant, Along Monongahela River, Duquesne, Allegheny County, PA

Hydrogen-atmosphere induction furnace has increased temperature range

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Caves, R. M.; Gresslin, C. H.

1966-01-01

Improved hydrogen-atmosphere induction furnace operates at temperatures up to 5,350 deg F. The furnace heats up from room temperature to 4,750 deg F in 30 seconds and cools down to room temperature in 2 minutes.

Numerical Simulation of Induction Channel Furnace to Investigate Efficiency for low Frequencies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hang, N. Tran Thi; Lüdtke, U.

2018-05-01

The foundry industry worldwide commonly uses induction channel furnaces to heat and melt alloys. The operating frequency is one of the main issues when constructing an efficient channel furnace. It is possible to choose operating frequencies lower than 50 Hz using a modern IGBT power converter. This work shows the simulation results using ANSYS with the goal of finding the best electrical frequency necessary to operate the induction furnace. First, a two-dimensional model is used to calculate the efficiency depending on frequency. Then, the channel model is extended to a more realistic three-dimensional model. Finally, the influence of frequency, inductor profile, and several components of the induction channel furnace are discussed.

Improving the engineering-and-economical performance of ore-thermal electric furnaces in the smelting of silicomanganese

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kondrashov, V. P.; Pogrebisskiy, M. Ya; Lykov, A. G.; Rabinovich, V. L.; Bulgakov, A. S.

2018-02-01

Ways of increase of ore-heating electric furnaces, used for production of silicomanganese, engineering-and-economical performance are analyzed. Questions of data of the electric, thermal and technological modes of the furnace functioning collecting and processing for use in operation of an advanced control system of the furnace providing increase in technical and economic efficiency of technological process and an adaptability to quality of burden stock are considered.

Ferrosilicon smelting in a direct current furnace

DOEpatents

Dosaj, V.D.; May, J.B.

1992-12-29

The present invention is a process for smelting ferrosilicon alloy. The process comprises adding a carbon source and tailings comprising oxides of silicon and iron to a substantially closed furnace. Heat is supplied to the furnace by striking a direct current arc between a cathode electrode and an anode functional hearth. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the cathode electrode is hollow and feed to the substantially closed furnace is through the hollow electrode. 1 figure.

Comparison of predictive control methods for high consumption industrial furnace.

PubMed

Stojanovski, Goran; Stankovski, Mile

2013-01-01

We describe several predictive control approaches for high consumption industrial furnace control. These furnaces are major consumers in production industries, and reducing their fuel consumption and optimizing the quality of the products is one of the most important engineer tasks. In order to demonstrate the benefits from implementation of the advanced predictive control algorithms, we have compared several major criteria for furnace control. On the basis of the analysis, some important conclusions have been drawn.

Elements of EAF automation processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ioana, A.; Constantin, N.; Dragna, E. C.

2017-01-01

Our article presents elements of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) automation. So, we present and analyze detailed two automation schemes: the scheme of electrical EAF automation system; the scheme of thermic EAF automation system. The application results of these scheme of automation consists in: the sensitive reduction of specific consummation of electrical energy of Electric Arc Furnace, increasing the productivity of Electric Arc Furnace, increase the quality of the developed steel, increasing the durability of the building elements of Electric Arc Furnace.

Casting Apparatus Including A Gas Driven Molten Metal Injector And Method

DOEpatents

Trudel, David R.; Meyer, Thomas N.; Kinosz, Michael J.; Arnaud, Guy; Bigler, Nicolas

2003-06-17

The filtering molten metal injector system includes a holder furnace, a casting mold supported above the holder furnace, and at least one molten metal injector supported from a bottom side of the casting mold. The holder furnace contains a supply of molten metal. The mold defines a mold cavity for receiving the molten metal from the holder furnace. The molten metal injector projects into the holder furnace. The molten metal injector includes a cylinder defining a piston cavity housing a reciprocating piston for pumping the molten metal upward from the holder furnace to the mold cavity. The cylinder and piston are at least partially submerged in the molten metal when the holder furnace contains the molten metal. The cylinder or the piston includes a molten metal intake for receiving the molten metal into the piston cavity when the holder furnace contains molten metal. A conduit connects the piston cavity to the mold cavity. A molten metal filter is located in the conduit for filtering the molten metal passing through the conduit during the reciprocating movement of the piston. The molten metal intake may be a valve connected to the cylinder, a gap formed between the piston and an open end of the cylinder, an aperture defined in the sidewall of the cylinder, or a ball check valve incorporated into the piston. A second molten metal filter preferably covers the molten metal intake to the injector.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

S.K. Kawatra; B. Anamerie; T.C. Eisele

The pig iron nugget process was developed as an alternative to the traditional blast furnace process by Kobe Steel. The process aimed to produce pig iron nuggets, which have similar chemical and physical properties to blast furnace pig iron, in a single step. The pig iron nugget process utilizes coal instead of coke and self reducing and fluxing dried green balls instead of pellets and sinters. In this process the environmental emissions caused by coke and sinter production, and energy lost between pellet induration (heat hardening) and transportation to the blast furnace can be eliminated. The objectives of this researchmore » were to (1) produce pig iron nuggets in the laboratory, (2) characterize the pig iron nugget produced and compare them with blast furnace pig iron, (3) investigate the furnace temperature and residence time effects on the pig iron nugget production, and (4) optimize the operational furnace temperatures and residence times. The experiments involved heat treatment of self reducing and fluxing dried green balls at various furnace temperatures and residence times. Three chemically and physically different products were produced after the compete reduction of iron oxides to iron depending on the operational furnace temperatures and/or residence times. These products were direct reduced iron (DRI), transition direct reduced iron (TDRI), and pig iron nuggets. The increase in the carbon content of the system as a function of furnace temperature and/or residence time dictated the formation of these products. The direct reduced iron, transition direct reduced iron, and pig iron nuggets produced were analyzed for their chemical composition, degree of metallization, apparent density, microstructure and microhardness. In addition, the change in the carbon content of the system with the changing furnace temperature and/or residence time was detected by optical microscopy and Microhardness measurements. The sufficient carbon dissolution required for the production of pig iron nuggets was determined. It was determined that pig iron nuggets produced had a high apparent density (6.7-7.2 gr/cm3), highly metallized, slag free structure, high iron content (95-97%), high microhardness values (> 325 HVN) and microstructure similar to white cast iron. These properties made them a competitive alternative to blast furnace pig iron.« less

40 CFR 63.11459 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... or more furnaces that are identical in design, including manufacturer, dimensions, production... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Glass Manufacturing Area Sources.... Continuous furnace means a glass manufacturing furnace that operates continuously except during periods of...

3. INSIDE BATCH FURNACE BUILDING, VIEW LOOKING NORTH AT REGENERATIVE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. INSIDE BATCH FURNACE BUILDING, VIEW LOOKING NORTH AT REGENERATIVE BATCH FURNACES ON LEFT AND 5 TON CAPACITY CHARGING MACHINE ON RIGHT. - U.S. Steel Duquesne Works, 22-Inch Bar Mill, Along Monongahela River, Duquesne, Allegheny County, PA

4. CLOSEUP VIEW INTO A REHEATING FURNACE IN THE No. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. CLOSE-UP VIEW INTO A REHEATING FURNACE IN THE No. 2 FORGE SHOP. THE FURNACE IS MISSING ITS REFRACTORY BRICK LINING. - U.S. Steel Homestead Works, Press Shop No. 2, Along Monongahela River, Homestead, Allegheny County, PA

3. LOOKING WEST INSIDE ELECTRIC FURNACE BUILDING ON CHARGING FLOOR. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. LOOKING WEST INSIDE ELECTRIC FURNACE BUILDING ON CHARGING FLOOR. VIEW OF 7 1/2 TON CAPACITY ALLIANCE SIDE DOOR CHARGING MACHINE. - U.S. Steel Duquesne Works, Electric Furnace Steelmaking Plant, Along Monongahela River, Duquesne, Allegheny County, PA

5. LOOKING SOUTHWEST INSIDE OF ELECTRIC FURNACE BUILDING ON GROUND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. LOOKING SOUTHWEST INSIDE OF ELECTRIC FURNACE BUILDING ON GROUND FLOOR OF POURING AISLE. VIEW OF THE NATION'S FIRST VACUUM DEGASSING UNIT (1956). - U.S. Steel Duquesne Works, Electric Furnace Steelmaking Plant, Along Monongahela River, Duquesne, Allegheny County, PA

36. REDUCTION PLANT CLOSE VIEW OF FURNACE AND BOILER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

36. REDUCTION PLANT - CLOSE VIEW OF FURNACE AND BOILER Reduction Plant furnace and boiler used to provide heat for drying the fish and fish offal, in their conversion to meal. - Hovden Cannery, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, Monterey County, CA

14. WESTERN VIEW OF INVERTED BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE No. 1 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. WESTERN VIEW OF INVERTED BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE No. 1 ON THE OPERATING FLOOR OF THE FURNACE AISLE IN THE BOP SHOP. - U.S. Steel Duquesne Works, Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Plant, Along Monongahela River, Duquesne, Allegheny County, PA

15. WESTERN VIEW OF INVERTED BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE No. 2 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. WESTERN VIEW OF INVERTED BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE No. 2 ON THE GROUND FLOOR OF THE FURNACE AISLE IN THE BOP SHOP. - U.S. Steel Duquesne Works, Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Plant, Along Monongahela River, Duquesne, Allegheny County, PA

13. WESTERN VIEW OF INVERTED BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE No. 2 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

13. WESTERN VIEW OF INVERTED BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE No. 2 ON THE OPERATING FLOOR OF THE FURNACE AISLE IN THE BOP SHOP. - U.S. Steel Duquesne Works, Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Plant, Along Monongahela River, Duquesne, Allegheny County, PA

TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION REPORT: RETECH'S PLASMA CENTRIFUGAL FURNACE - VOLUME I

EPA Science Inventory

A demonstration of the Retech, Inc. Plasma Centrifugal Furnace (PCF) was conducted under the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program at the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Component Development and Integration Facility in Butte, Montana. The furnace uses heat gen...

22. DETAIL OBLIQUE VIEW NORTHWEST OF FURNACE 2, SHOWING GENERAL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

22. DETAIL OBLIQUE VIEW NORTHWEST OF FURNACE 2, SHOWING GENERAL CONSTRUCTION. CONCRETE PAD AT LEFT IS SITE OF FORMER FURNACE USED TO HEAT URANIUM BILLETS. - Vulcan Crucible Steel Company, Building No. 3, 100 First Street, Aliquippa, Beaver County, PA

Studies to overcome the manufacturing problems in blast furnace tap hole clay of Integrated Steel Plants: Experimental approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Siva kumar, R.; Mohammed, Raffi; Srinivasa Rao, K.

2018-03-01

Integrated Steel Plants commonly uses Blast Furnace route for iron production which accounts for over 60 % of the world iron output. Blast Furnace runs for ten to twenty years without repairing hearth walls and Tap Hole (TH). Tap hole is an outlet for hot metal produced in a Blast Furnace and run from the shell of the furnace into the interior allowing access to the molten material. Tapping is the term used for drilling a hole through the tap hole which allows the molten iron and slag to flow out. In Iron making process, removal of liquid iron from furnace and sending it for steel making is known as cast house practice. For tapping liquid iron and operating the tap hole requires a special type of clay. Tap hole clay (THC) used to stop the flow of liquid iron and slag from the blast furnace. Present work deals with the study on manufacturing of THC at Visakhapatnam Steel Plant and problems related to manufacturing. Experiments were conducted to solve the identified problems and results are furnished in detail. The findings can improve the manufacturing process and improve the productivity of tap hole clay.

Improving Gas Furnace Performance: A Field and Laboratory Study at End of Life

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brand, L.; Yee, S.; Baker, J.

2015-02-01

In 2010, natural gas provided 54% of total residential space heating energy the U.S. on a source basis, or 3.5 Quadrillion Btu. Natural gas burned in furnaces accounted for 92% of that total, and boilers and other equipment made up the remainder. A better understanding of installed furnace performance is a key to energy savings for this significant energy usage. In this project, the U.S. Department of Energy Building America team Partnership for Advanced Residential Retrofit examined the impact that common installation practices and age-induced equipment degradation may have on the installed performance of natural gas furnaces over the lifemore » of the product, as measured by steady-state efficiency and annual efficiency. The team identified 12 furnaces of various ages and efficiencies that were operating in residential homes in the Des Moines, Iowa, metropolitan area and worked with a local heating, ventilation, and air conditioning contractor to retrieve furnaces and test them at the Gas Technology Institute laboratory for steady-state efficiency and annual efficiency. Prior to removal, system airflow, static pressure, equipment temperature rise, and flue loss measurements were recorded for each furnace as installed in the house.« less

Variable frequency microwave furnace system

DOEpatents

Bible, Don W.; Lauf, Robert J.

1994-01-01

A variable frequency microwave furnace system (10) designed to allow modulation of the frequency of the microwaves introduced into a furnace cavity (34) for testing or other selected applications. The variable frequency microwave furnace system (10) includes a microwave signal generator (12) or microwave voltage-controlled oscillator (14) for generating a low-power microwave signal for input to the microwave furnace. A first amplifier (18) may be provided to amplify the magnitude of the signal output from the microwave signal generator (12) or the microwave voltage-controlled oscillator (14). A second amplifier (20) is provided for processing the signal output by the first amplifier (18). The second amplifier (20) outputs the microwave signal input to the furnace cavity (34). In the preferred embodiment, the second amplifier (20) is a traveling-wave tube (TWT). A power supply (22) is provided for operation of the second amplifier (20). A directional coupler (24) is provided for detecting the direction of a signal and further directing the signal depending on the detected direction. A first power meter (30) is provided for measuring the power delivered to the microwave furnace (32). A second power meter (26) detects the magnitude of reflected power. Reflected power is dissipated in the reflected power load (28).

Space Station Furnace Facility. Volume 2: Summary of technical reports

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1992-01-01

The Space Station Furnace Facility (SSFF) is a modular facility for materials research in the microgravity environment of the Space Station Freedom (SSF). The SSFF is designed for crystal growth and solidification research in the fields of electronic and photonic materials, metals and alloys, and glasses and ceramics, and will allow for experimental determination of the role of gravitational forces in the solidification process. The facility will provide a capability for basic scientific research and will evaluate the commercial viability of low-gravity processing of selected technologically important materials. In order to accommodate the furnace modules with the resources required to operate, SSFF developed a design that meets the needs of the wide range of furnaces that are planned for the SSFF. The system design is divided into subsystems which provide the functions of interfacing to the SSF services, conditioning and control for furnace module use, providing the controlled services to the furnace modules, and interfacing to and acquiring data from the furnace modules. The subsystems, described in detail, are as follows: Power Conditioning and Distribution Subsystem; Data Management Subsystem; Software; Gas Distribution Subsystem; Thermal Control Subsystem; and Mechanical Structures Subsystem.

40 CFR 372.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., roasters, and foundry furnaces). (8) Titanium dioxide chloride process oxidation reactors. (9) Methane... sulfur values from spent sulfuric acid. (12) Halogen acid furnaces (HAFs) for the production of acid from halogenated hazardous waste generated by chemical production facilities where the furnace is located on the...

40 CFR 372.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., roasters, and foundry furnaces). (8) Titanium dioxide chloride process oxidation reactors. (9) Methane... sulfur values from spent sulfuric acid. (12) Halogen acid furnaces (HAFs) for the production of acid from halogenated hazardous waste generated by chemical production facilities where the furnace is located on the...

40 CFR 372.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... (9) Methane reforming furnaces. (10) Pulping liquor recovery furnaces. (11) Combustion devices used... production of acid from halogenated hazardous waste generated by chemical production facilities where the furnace is located on the site of a chemical production facility, the acid product has a halogen acid...

46 CFR 164.009-11 - Furnace apparatus.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., and three thermocouples (a furnace thermocouple to measure furnace temperature, a surface thermocouple to measure temperature at the surface of a specimen, and a specimen thermocouple to measure... apparatus may be obtained from the Commandant (CG-521). (b) Temperatures measured by the thermocouples are...

46 CFR 164.009-11 - Furnace apparatus.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., and three thermocouples (a furnace thermocouple to measure furnace temperature, a surface thermocouple to measure temperature at the surface of a specimen, and a specimen thermocouple to measure... apparatus may be obtained from the Commandant (CG-521). (b) Temperatures measured by the thermocouples are...

46 CFR 164.009-11 - Furnace apparatus.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., and three thermocouples (a furnace thermocouple to measure furnace temperature, a surface thermocouple to measure temperature at the surface of a specimen, and a specimen thermocouple to measure... apparatus may be obtained from the Commandant (CG-521). (b) Temperatures measured by the thermocouples are...

11. SOUTHWEST VIEW OF BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES No. 1 AND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. SOUTHWEST VIEW OF BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES No. 1 AND No. 2 ON THE OPERATING FLOOR OF THE FURNACE AISLE IN THE BOP SHOP - U.S. Steel Duquesne Works, Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Plant, Along Monongahela River, Duquesne, Allegheny County, PA

Hybrid fluidized bed combuster

DOEpatents

Kantesaria, Prabhudas P.; Matthews, Francis T.

1982-01-01

A first atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed furnace is combined with a second turbulent, circulating fluidized bed furnace to produce heat efficiently from crushed solid fuel. The bed of the second furnace receives the smaller sizes of crushed solid fuel, unreacted limestone from the first bed, and elutriated solids extracted from the flu gases of the first bed. The two-stage combustion of crushed solid fuel provides a system with an efficiency greater than available with use of a single furnace of a fluidized bed.

Improved Casting Furnace Conceptual Design

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fielding, Randall Sidney; Tolman, David Donald

In an attempt to ensure more consistent casting results and remove some schedule variance associated with casting, an improved casting furnace concept has been developed. The improved furnace uses the existing arc melter hardware and glovebox utilities. The furnace concept was designed around physical and operational requirements such as; a charge sized of less than 30 grams, high heating rates and minimal additional footprint. The conceptual model is shown in the report as well as a summary of how the requirements were met.

Precision control of high temperature furnaces using an auxiliary power supply and charged practice current flow

DOEpatents

Pollock, George G.

1997-01-01

Two power supplies are combined to control a furnace. A main power supply heats the furnace in the traditional manner, while the power from the auxiliary supply is introduced as a current flow through charged particles existing due to ionized gas or thermionic emission. The main power supply provides the bulk heating power and the auxiliary supply provides a precise and fast power source such that the precision of the total power delivered to the furnace is improved.

Residential Two-Stage Gas Furnaces - Do They Save Energy?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lekov, Alex; Franco, Victor; Lutz, James

2006-05-12

Residential two-stage gas furnaces account for almost a quarter of the total number of models listed in the March 2005 GAMA directory of equipment certified for sale in the United States. Two-stage furnaces are expanding their presence in the market mostly because they meet consumer expectations for improved comfort. Currently, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) test procedure serves as the method for reporting furnace total fuel and electricity consumption under laboratory conditions. In 2006, American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) proposed an update to its test procedure which corrects some of the discrepancies found in themore » DOE test procedure and provides an improved methodology for calculating the energy consumption of two-stage furnaces. The objectives of this paper are to explore the differences in the methods for calculating two-stage residential gas furnace energy consumption in the DOE test procedure and in the 2006 ASHRAE test procedure and to compare test results to research results from field tests. Overall, the DOE test procedure shows a reduction in the total site energy consumption of about 3 percent for two-stage compared to single-stage furnaces at the same efficiency level. In contrast, the 2006 ASHRAE test procedure shows almost no difference in the total site energy consumption. The 2006 ASHRAE test procedure appears to provide a better methodology for calculating the energy consumption of two-stage furnaces. The results indicate that, although two-stage technology by itself does not save site energy, the combination of two-stage furnaces with BPM motors provides electricity savings, which are confirmed by field studies.« less

SUBSA and PFMI Transparent Furnace Systems Currently in use in the International Space Station Microgravity Science Glovebox

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spivey, Reggie A.; Gilley, Scott; Ostrogorsky, Aleksander; Grugel, Richard; Smith, Guy; Luz, Paul

2003-01-01

The Solidification Using a Baffle in Sealed Ampoules (SUBSA) and Pore Formation and Mobility Investigation (PFMI) furnaces were developed for operation in the International Space Station (ISS) Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG). Both furnaces were launched to the ISS on STS-111, June 4, 2002, and are currently in use on orbit. The SUBSA furnace provides a maximum temperature of 850 C and can accommodate a metal sample as large as 30 cm long and 12mm in diameter. SUBSA utilizes a gradient freeze process with a minimum cooldown rate of 0.5C per min, and a stability of +/- 0.15C. An 8 cm long transparent gradient zone coupled with a Cohu 3812 camera and quartz ampoule allows for observation and video recording of the solidification process. PFMI is a Bridgman type furnace that operates at a maximum temperature of 130C and can accommodate a sample 23cm long and 10mm in diameter. Two Cohu 3812 cameras mounted 90 deg apart move on a separate translation system which allows for viewing of the sample in the transparent hot zone and gradient zone independent of the furnace translation rate and direction. Translation rates for both the cameras and furnace can be specified from 0.5micrometers/sec to 100 micrometers/sec with a stability of +/-5%. The two furnaces share a Process Control Module (PCM) which controls the furnace hardware, a Data Acquisition Pad (DaqPad) which provides signal condition of thermal couple data, and two Cohu 3812 cameras. The hardware and software allow for real time monitoring and commanding of critical process control parameters. This paper will provide a detailed explanation of the SUBSA and PFMI systems along with performance data and some preliminary results from completed on-orbit processing runs.

Paired Straight Hearth Furnace - Transformational Ironmaking Process

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lu, Wei-Kao; Debski, Paul

2014-11-19

The U. S. steel industry has reduced its energy intensity per ton of steel shipped by 33% since 1990. However, further significant gains in energy efficiency will require the development of new, transformational iron and steelmaking processes. The Paired Straight Hearth Furnace (PSH) process is an emerging alternative high productivity, direct reduced iron (DRI) technology that may achieve very low fuel rates and has the potential to replace blast furnace ironmaking. The PSH furnace can operate independently or may be coupled with other melting technologies to produce liquid hot metal that is both similar to blast furnace iron and suitablemore » as a feedstock for basic oxygen steelmaking furnaces. The PSH process uses non-metallurgical coal as a reductant to convert iron oxides such as iron ore and steelmaking by-product oxides to DRI pellets. In this process, a multi-layer, nominally 120mm tall bed of composite “green balls” made from oxide, coal and binder is built up and contained within a moving refractory hearth. The pellet bed absorbs radiant heat energy during exposure to the high temperature interior refractory surfaces of the PSH while generating a strongly reducing gas atmosphere in the bed that yields a highly metalized DRI product. The PSH concept has been well tested in static hearth experiments. A moving bed design is being developed. The process developers believe that if successful, the PSH process has the potential to replace blast furnaces and coke ovens at a fraction of the operating and capital cost while using about 30% less energy relative to current blast furnace technology. DRI output could also feed electric arc furnaces (EAFs) by displacing a portion of the scrap charge.« less

Using SPL (Spent Pot-Lining) as an Alternative Fuel in Metallurgical Furnaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Lei; Mostaghel, Sina; Ray, Shamik; Chattopadyay, Kinnor

2016-09-01

Replacing coke (coal) in a metallurgical furnace with other alternative fuels is beneficial for process economics and environmental friendliness. Coal injection is a common practice in blast furnace ironmaking, and spent pot-lining (SPL) was conceptualized as an alternative to coal. SPL is a resourceful waste from primary Aluminum production, with high carbon value. Equilibrium thermodynamics was used to calculate the energy content of SPL, and the compositional changes during SPL combustion. In order to capture the kinetics and mass transfer aspects, a blast furnace tuyere region CFD model was developed. The results of SPL combustion were compared with standard PCI coals, which are commonly used in blast furnaces. The CFD model was validated with experimental results for standard high volatile coals.

Catalytic reactor with improved burner

DOEpatents

Faitani, Joseph J.; Austin, George W.; Chase, Terry J.; Suljak, George T.; Misage, Robert J.

1981-01-01

To more uniformly distribute heat to the plurality of catalyst tubes in a catalytic reaction furnace, the burner disposed in the furnace above the tops of the tubes includes concentric primary and secondary annular fuel and air outlets. The fuel-air mixture from the primary outlet is directed towards the tubes adjacent the furnace wall, and the burning secondary fuel-air mixture is directed horizontally from the secondary outlet and a portion thereof is deflected downwardly by a slotted baffle toward the tubes in the center of the furnace while the remaining portion passes through the slotted baffle to another baffle disposed radially outwardly therefrom which deflects it downwardly in the vicinity of the tubes between those in the center and those near the wall of the furnace.

DETAIL VIEW OF THE BASE OF THE BLAST FURNACE, SHOWING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

DETAIL VIEW OF THE BASE OF THE BLAST FURNACE, SHOWING THE BUSTLE PIPE ENCIRCLING THE FURNACE (ABOVE) AND THE TAP HOLE IN TILE CENTER OF THE PHOTOGRAPH. - Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron, First Avenue North Viaduct at Thirty-second Street, Birmingham, Jefferson County, AL

40 CFR 63.1652 - Emission standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... be discharged into the atmosphere from any new or reconstructed submerged arc furnace exhaust gases...) Existing open submerged arc furnaces. No owner or operator shall cause to be discharged into the atmosphere... discharged into the atmosphere from any existing semi-sealed submerged arc furnace exhaust gases (including...

40 CFR 420.46 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... new source subject to this subpart which introduces pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works...) Basic oxygen furnace steelmaking—semi-wet; and electric arc furnace steelmaking—semi-wet. No discharge... combustion; electric arc furnace steelmaking—wet. Subpart D Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment...

40 CFR 420.46 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... new source subject to this subpart which introduces pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works...) Basic oxygen furnace steelmaking—semi-wet; and electric arc furnace steelmaking—semi-wet. No discharge... combustion; electric arc furnace steelmaking—wet. Subpart D Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment...

40 CFR 420.46 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... new source subject to this subpart which introduces pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works...) Basic oxygen furnace steelmaking—semi-wet; and electric arc furnace steelmaking—semi-wet. No discharge... combustion; electric arc furnace steelmaking—wet. Subpart D Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment...

40 CFR 420.46 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... new source subject to this subpart which introduces pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works...) Basic oxygen furnace steelmaking—semi-wet; and electric arc furnace steelmaking—semi-wet. No discharge... combustion; electric arc furnace steelmaking—wet. Subpart D Pollutant or pollutant property Pretreatment...

Looking east at the basic oxygen furnace building with gas ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Looking east at the basic oxygen furnace building with gas cleaning plants in foreground on the left and the right side of the furnace building. - U.S. Steel Edgar Thomson Works, Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Plant, Along Monongahela River, Braddock, Allegheny County, PA

Multipurpose electric furnace system. [for use in Apollo-Soyuz Test Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mazelsky, R.; Duncan, C. S.; Seidensticker, R. G.; Johnson, R. A.; Mchugh, J. P.; Foust, H. C.; Piotrowski, P. A.

1974-01-01

A multipurpose electric furnace system of advanced design for space applications was developed and tested. This system is intended for use in the Apollo-Soyuz Test Program. It consists of the furnace, control package and a helium package for rapid cooldown.

INTERIOR VIEW WITH SCRAP HAULER DUMPING SCRAP INTO QBOP FURNACE. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

INTERIOR VIEW WITH SCRAP HAULER DUMPING SCRAP INTO Q-BOP FURNACE. SCRAP HAULER IS GREGORY JACKS. FURNACEMAN IS VINCENT MOREL. - U.S. Steel, Fairfield Works, Q-Bop Furnace, North of Valley Road & West of Ensley, Pleasant Grove Road, Fairfield, Jefferson County, AL

Numerical simulation of the direct reduction of pellets in a rotary hearth furnace for zinc-containing metallurgical dust treatment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Yu-liang; Jiang, Ze-yi; Zhang, Xin-xin; Wang, Peng; She, Xue-feng

2013-07-01

A mathematical model was established to describe the direct reduction of pellets in a rotary hearth furnace (RHF). In the model, heat transfer, mass transfer, and gas-solid chemical reactions were taken into account. The behaviors of iron metallization and dezincification were analyzed by the numerical method, which was validated by experimental data of the direct reduction of pellets in a Si-Mo furnace. The simulation results show that if the production targets of iron metallization and dezincification are up to 80% and 90%, respectively, the furnace temperature for high-temperature sections must be set higher than 1300°C. Moreover, an undersupply of secondary air by 20% will lead to a decline in iron metallization rate of discharged pellets by 10% and a decrease in dezincing rate by 13%. In addition, if the residence time of pellets in the furnace is over 20 min, its further extension will hardly lead to an obvious increase in production indexes under the same furnace temperature curve.

Intelligent sensor in control systems for objects with changing thermophysical properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belousov, O. A.; Muromtsev, D. Yu; Belyaev, M. P.

2018-04-01

The control of heat devices in a wide temperature range given thermophysical properties of an object is a topical issue. Optimal control systems of electric furnaces have to meet strict requirements in terms of accuracy of production procedures and efficiency of energy consumption. The fulfillment of these requirements is possible only if the dynamics model describing adequately the processes occurring in the furnaces is used to calculate the optimal control actions. One of the types of electric furnaces is the electric chamber furnace intended for heat treatment of various materials at temperatures from thousands of degrees Celsius and above. To solve the above-mentioned problem and to determine its place in the system of energy-efficient control of dynamic modes in the electric furnace, we propose the concept of an intelligent sensor and a method of synthesizing variables on sets of functioning states. The use of synthesis algorithms for optimal control in real time ensures the required accuracy when operating under different conditions and operating modes of the electric chamber furnace.

Model reduction for experimental thermal characterization of a holding furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Loussouarn, Thomas; Maillet, Denis; Remy, Benjamin; Dan, Diane

2017-09-01

Vacuum holding induction furnaces are used for the manufacturing of turbine blades by loss wax foundry process. The control of solidification parameters is a key factor for the manufacturing of these parts. The definition of the structure of a reduced heat transfer model with experimental identification through an estimation of its parameters is required here. Internal sensors outputs, together with this model, can be used for assessing the thermal state of the furnace through an inverse approach, for a better control. Here, an axisymmetric furnace and its load have been numerically modelled using FlexPDE, a finite elements code. The internal induction heat source as well as the transient radiative transfer inside the furnace are calculated through this detailed model. A reduced lumped body model has been constructed to represent the numerical furnace. The model reduction and the estimation of the parameters of the lumped body have been made using a Levenberg-Marquardt least squares minimization algorithm, using two synthetic temperature signals with a further validation test.

Immobilization of Cr (VI) in stainless steel slag and Cd, As, and Pb in wastewater using blast furnace slag via a hydrothermal treatment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tae, Soon-Jae; Morita, Kazuki

2017-05-01

The immobilization of hexavalent chromium in stainless steel slag using blast furnace slag as the immobilizing agent and by performing a hydrothermal treatment was investigated. The results showed that there was no immobilization in the absence of the blast furnace slag. On the other hand, the hexavalent chromium in stainless steel slag could be immobilized through the hydrothermal reaction when blast furnace slag was used at 250 °C for 24 h. A leaching test was performed to evaluate the degree of immobilization of hexavalent chromium in the products formed by the hydrothermal reaction. It was found that the degree of immobilization was very high. Based on the results obtained, the immobilization mechanism of hexavalent chromium in stainless steel slag, resulting from the hydrothermal treatment of blast furnace slag, could be elucidated. Finally, the immobilization of cadmium, lead, and arsenic using blast furnace slag as the immobilization agent was also studied while focusing on the effects of the hydrothermal treatment.

In-service testing of Ni{sub 3}Al coupons and trays in carburizing furnaces at Delphi Saginaw. CRADA final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sikka, V.K.; Santella, M.L.; Viswanathan, S.

1998-08-01

This Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) report deals with the development of nickel aluminide alloy for improved longer life heat-resistant fixture assemblies for batch and continuous pusher carburizing furnaces. The nickel aluminide development was compared in both coupon and component testing with the currently used Fe-Ni-Cr heat-resisting alloy known as HU. The specific goals of the CRADA were: (1) casting process development, (2) characterization and possible modification of the alloy composition to optimize its manufacturing ability and performance under typical furnace operating conditions, and (3) testing and evaluation of specimens and prototype fixtures. In support of the CRADA objectives,more » coupons of nickel aluminide and the HU alloy were installed in both batch and pusher furnaces. The coupons were taken from two silicon levels and contained welds made with two different filler compositions (IC-221LA and IC-221W). Both nickel-aluminide and HU coupons were removed from the batch and pusher carburizing furnace at time intervals ranging from one month to one year. The exposed coupons were cut and mounted for metallographic, hardness, and microprobe analysis. The results of the microstructural analysis have been transmitted to General Motors Corporation, Saginaw Division (Delphi Saginaw) through reports that were presented at periodic CRADA review meetings. Based on coupon testing and verification of the coupon results with the testing of trays, Delphi Saginaw moved forward with the use of six additional trays in a batch furnace and two assemblies in a pusher furnace. Fifty percent of the trays and fixtures are in the as-cast condition and the remaining trays and fixtures are in the preoxidized condition. The successful operating experience of two assemblies in the pusher furnace for nearly a year formed the basis for a production run of 63 more assemblies. The production run required melting of 94 heats weighing 500 lb. each. Twenty-six of the 94 heats were from virgin stock, and 68 were from the revert that used 50% virgin and 50% revert. Detailed chemical analysis of the 94 heats reflected that the nickel aluminide can be cast into heat-treat fixtures under production conditions. In addition to the chemical analysis, the castings showed excellent dimensional reproducibility. A total of six batch furnace trays and 65 pusher furnace assemblies of nickel aluminide alloy IC-221M are currently operating in production furnaces at Delphi Saginaw. Two of the pusher furnace assemblies have completed two years of service without any failure. The CRADA has accomplished the goal of demonstrating that the nickel aluminide can be produced under commercial production conditions and it has superior performance over the currently used HU alloy in both batch and pusher furnaces.« less

40 CFR 458.10 - Applicability; description of the carbon black furnace process subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... carbon black furnace process subcategory. 458.10 Section 458.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Furnace Process Subcategory § 458.10 Applicability; description of the carbon black...

40 CFR 426.101 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... AND STANDARDS GLASS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Glass Tubing (Danner) Manufacturing... shall apply to this subpart. (b) The term “furnace pull” shall mean that amount of glass drawn from the glass furnace or furnaces. (c) The term “cullet” shall mean any excess glass generated in the...

40 CFR 426.101 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... AND STANDARDS GLASS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Glass Tubing (Danner) Manufacturing... shall apply to this subpart. (b) The term “furnace pull” shall mean that amount of glass drawn from the glass furnace or furnaces. (c) The term “cullet” shall mean any excess glass generated in the...

40 CFR 98.146 - Data reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Glass Production § 98.146 Data reporting requirements. In... glass melting furnace and for all furnaces combined (tons). (2) Annual quantity of glass produced (tons). (b) If a CEMS is not used to determine CO2 emissions from continuous glass melting furnaces, and...

ELECTRIC FURNACES TILT AROUND A PIVOT UNDER THE SPOUT TO ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

ELECTRIC FURNACES TILT AROUND A PIVOT UNDER THE SPOUT TO FILL BULL LADLES BELOW THE CHARGING DECK. THE REAR VIEW OF A POURING ELECTRIC FURNACE FROM THE CHARGING DECK IS SHOWN HERE. - Southern Ductile Casting Company, Melting, 2217 Carolina Avenue, Bessemer, Jefferson County, AL

78 FR 13052 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-26

... Furnaces and Argon Oxygen Decarburization Vessels (Renewal) AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA... www.regulations.gov . Title: NSPS for Steel Plants: Electric Arc Furnaces and Argon Oxygen.... Respondents/Affected Entities: Owners or operator of electric arc furnaces and argon oxygen decarburization...

Crystal growth furnace safety system validation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mackowski, D. W.; Hartfield, R.; Bhavnani, S. H.; Belcher, V. M.

1994-01-01

The findings are reported regarding the safe operation of the NASA crystal growth furnace (CGF) and potential methods for detecting containment failures of the furnace. The main conclusions are summarized by ampoule leak detection, cartridge leak detection, and detection of hazardous species in the experiment apparatus container (EAC).

10. INTERIOR OF THE VERTICAL FURNACE BUILDING OF MACHINE SHOP ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

10. INTERIOR OF THE VERTICAL FURNACE BUILDING OF MACHINE SHOP No. 2. STRUCTURE IN THE FOREGROUND IS THE UPENDER. THE QUENCH TOWER AND FURNACES ARE IN THE BACKGROUND. - U.S. Steel Homestead Works, Machine Shop No. 2, Along Monongahela River, Homestead, Allegheny County, PA

DEMONSTRATION BULLETIN: CYCLONE FURNACE SOIL VITRI- FICATION TECHNOLOGY - BABCOCK & WILCOX

EPA Science Inventory

Babcock and Wilcox's (B&W) cyclone furnace is an innovative thermal technology which may offer advantages in treating soils containing organics, heavy metals, and/or radionuclide contaminants. The furnace used in the SITE demonstration was a 4- to 6-million Btu/hr pilot system....

Efficient 'Optical Furnace': A Cheaper Way to Make Solar Cells is Reaching the Marketplace

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

von Kuegelgen, T.

In Bhushan Sopori's laboratory, you'll find a series of optical furnaces he has developed for fabricating solar cells. When not in use, they sit there discreetly among the lab equipment. But when a solar silicon wafer is placed inside one for processing, Sopori walks over to a computer and types in a temperature profile. Almost immediately this fires up the furnace, which glows inside and selectively heats up the silicon wafer to 800 degrees centigrade by the intense light it produces. Sopori, a principal engineer at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, has been researching and developing optical furnace technology formore » around 20 years. He says it's a challenging technology to develop because there are many issues to consider when you process a solar cell, especially in optics. Despite the challenges, Sopori and his research team have advanced the technology to the point where it will benefit all solar cell manufacturers. They are now developing a commercial version of the furnace in partnership with a manufacturer. 'This advanced optical furnace is highly energy efficient, and it can be used to manufacture any type of solar cell,' he says. Each type of solar cell or manufacturing process typically requires a different furnace configuration and temperature profile. With NREL's new optical furnace system, a solar cell manufacturer can ask the computer for any temperature profile needed for processing a solar cell, and the same type of furnace is suitable for several solar cell fabrication process steps. 'In the future, solar cell manufacturers will only need this one optical furnace because it can be used for any process, including diffusion, metallization and oxidation,' Sopori says. 'This helps reduce manufacturing costs.' One startup company, Applied Optical Systems, has recognized the furnace's potential for manufacturing thin-film silicon cells. 'We'd like to develop thin-film silicon cells with higher efficiencies, up to 15 to 18 percent, and we believe this furnace will enable us to do so,' says A. Rangappan, founder and CEO of Applied Optical Systems. Rangappan also says it will take only a few minutes for the optical furnace to process a thin-film solar cell, which reduces manufacturing costs. Overall, he estimates the company's solar cell will cost around 80 cents per watt. For manufacturing these thin-film silicon cells, Applied Optical Systems and NREL have developed a partnership through a cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) to construct an optical furnace system prototype. DOE is providing $500,000 from its Technology Commercialization Development Fund to help offset the prototype's development costs because of the technology's significant market potential. The program has provided the NREL technology transfer office with a total of $4 million to expand such collaborative efforts between NREL researchers and companies. Applied Optical will construct a small version of the optical furnace based on the prototype design in NREL's process development and integration laboratory through a separate CRADA. This small furnace will only develop one solar cell wafer at a time. Then, the company will construct a large, commercial-scale optical furnace at its own facilities, which will turn out around 1,000 solar cell wafers per hour. 'We hope to start using the optical furnace for manufacturing within four to five years,' Rangappan says. Meanwhile, another partnership using the optical furnace has evolved between NREL and SiXtron Advanced Materials, another startup. Together they'll use the optical furnace to optimize the metallization process for novel antireflective solar cell coatings. The process is not only expected to yield higher efficiencies for silicon-based solar cells, but also lowers processing costs and eliminates safety concerns for manufacturers. Most solar cell manufacturers currently use a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system with compressed and extremely pyrophoric silane gas (SiH4) for applying passivation antireflective coatings (ARC). If silane is exposed to air, the SiH4 will explode - a serious safety issue for high-volume manufacturers. SiXtron's process uses a solid, silicon-based polymer that's converted into noncompressed, nonexplosive gas, which then flows to a standard PECVD system. 'The solid source is so safe to handle that it can be shipped by FedEx,' says Zbigniew Barwicz, president and CEO of SiXtron. Barwicz says manufacturers can use the same PECVD processing equipment for the SiXtron process that they already use for SiH4, a plug-and-play solution. For this novel passivation ARC process, NREL is helping to optimize the metallization parameters. NREL has developed a new technology called optical processing. One of the applications of this process is fire-through contact formation of silicon solar cells.« less

40 CFR 63.7782 - What parts of my plant does this subpart cover?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... oxygen process furnace (BOPF) shop at your integrated iron and steel manufacturing facility. (c) This... blast furnace casthouse; and the BOPF shop including each individual BOPF and shop ancillary operations... plant, blast furnace, or BOPF shop at your integrated iron and steel manufacturing facility is existing...

40 CFR 63.7782 - What parts of my plant does this subpart cover?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... oxygen process furnace (BOPF) shop at your integrated iron and steel manufacturing facility. (c) This... blast furnace casthouse; and the BOPF shop including each individual BOPF and shop ancillary operations... plant, blast furnace, or BOPF shop at your integrated iron and steel manufacturing facility is existing...

40 CFR 63.7782 - What parts of my plant does this subpart cover?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... oxygen process furnace (BOPF) shop at your integrated iron and steel manufacturing facility. (c) This... blast furnace casthouse; and the BOPF shop including each individual BOPF and shop ancillary operations... plant, blast furnace, or BOPF shop at your integrated iron and steel manufacturing facility is existing...

40 CFR 63.7782 - What parts of my plant does this subpart cover?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... oxygen process furnace (BOPF) shop at your integrated iron and steel manufacturing facility. (c) This... blast furnace casthouse; and the BOPF shop including each individual BOPF and shop ancillary operations... plant, blast furnace, or BOPF shop at your integrated iron and steel manufacturing facility is existing...

40 CFR 63.7782 - What parts of my plant does this subpart cover?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... oxygen process furnace (BOPF) shop at your integrated iron and steel manufacturing facility. (c) This... blast furnace casthouse; and the BOPF shop including each individual BOPF and shop ancillary operations... plant, blast furnace, or BOPF shop at your integrated iron and steel manufacturing facility is existing...

77 FR 71139 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Pennsylvania; Allegheny County...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-29

... Glass Melting Furnaces AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY... oxides (NO X ) emissions from glass melting furnaces to the Allegheny County Health Department (ACHD... related definitions for controlling NO X emissions from glass melting furnaces. The SIP revision is a...

40 CFR 63.840 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... anode bake furnace associated with primary aluminum production and located at a major source as defined in § 63.2. (b) The requirements of this subpart do not apply to any existing anode bake furnace that... or operator of an affected facility (potroom group or anode bake furnace) under § 60.190 of this...

40 CFR 63.840 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... anode bake furnace associated with primary aluminum production and located at a major source as defined in § 63.2. (b) The requirements of this subpart do not apply to any existing anode bake furnace that... or operator of an affected facility (potroom group or anode bake furnace) under § 60.190 of this...

40 CFR 63.847 - Compliance provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... authority; (4) Procedures for sampling single stacks associated with multiple anode bake furnaces; (5) For... system for potlines or for the anode bake furnace within the 12 months prior to the compliance date, the... potline (or potroom group) or anode bake furnace; (2) By the date determined according to the requirements...

40 CFR 63.846 - Emission averaging.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... averaging. (a) General. The owner or operator of an existing potline or anode bake furnace in a State that... by total aluminum production. (c) Anode bake furnaces. The owner or operator may average TF emissions from anode bake furnaces and demonstrate compliance with the limits in Table 3 of this subpart using...

40 CFR 63.847 - Compliance provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... authority; (4) Procedures for sampling single stacks associated with multiple anode bake furnaces; (5) For... system for potlines or for the anode bake furnace within the 12 months prior to the compliance date, the... potline (or potroom group) or anode bake furnace; (2) By the date determined according to the requirements...

40 CFR 63.846 - Emission averaging.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... averaging. (a) General. The owner or operator of an existing potline or anode bake furnace in a State that... by total aluminum production. (c) Anode bake furnaces. The owner or operator may average TF emissions from anode bake furnaces and demonstrate compliance with the limits in Table 3 of this subpart using...

40 CFR 63.847 - Compliance provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... authority; (4) Procedures for sampling single stacks associated with multiple anode bake furnaces; (5) For... system for potlines or for the anode bake furnace within the 12 months prior to the compliance date, the... potline (or potroom group) or anode bake furnace; (2) By the date determined according to the requirements...

40 CFR 63.846 - Emission averaging.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... averaging. (a) General. The owner or operator of an existing potline or anode bake furnace in a State that... by total aluminum production. (c) Anode bake furnaces. The owner or operator may average TF emissions from anode bake furnaces and demonstrate compliance with the limits in Table 3 of this subpart using...

40 CFR 63.846 - Emission averaging.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... averaging. (a) General. The owner or operator of an existing potline or anode bake furnace in a State that... by total aluminum production. (c) Anode bake furnaces. The owner or operator may average TF emissions from anode bake furnaces and demonstrate compliance with the limits in Table 3 of this subpart using...

40 CFR 63.840 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... anode bake furnace associated with primary aluminum production and located at a major source as defined in § 63.2. (b) The requirements of this subpart do not apply to any existing anode bake furnace that... or operator of an affected facility (potroom group or anode bake furnace) under § 60.190 of this...

40 CFR 63.846 - Emission averaging.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... averaging. (a) General. The owner or operator of an existing potline or anode bake furnace in a State that... by total aluminum production. (c) Anode bake furnaces. The owner or operator may average TF emissions from anode bake furnaces and demonstrate compliance with the limits in Table 3 of this subpart using...

40 CFR 63.840 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... anode bake furnace associated with primary aluminum production and located at a major source as defined in § 63.2. (b) The requirements of this subpart do not apply to any existing anode bake furnace that... or operator of an affected facility (potroom group or anode bake furnace) under § 60.190 of this...

40 CFR 63.847 - Compliance provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... authority; (4) Procedures for sampling single stacks associated with multiple anode bake furnaces; (5) For... system for potlines or for the anode bake furnace within the 12 months prior to the compliance date, the... potline (or potroom group) or anode bake furnace; (2) By the date determined according to the requirements...

40 CFR 63.840 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... anode bake furnace associated with primary aluminum production and located at a major source as defined in § 63.2. (b) The requirements of this subpart do not apply to any existing anode bake furnace that... or operator of an affected facility (potroom group or anode bake furnace) under § 60.190 of this...

40 CFR 63.847 - Compliance provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... authority; (4) Procedures for sampling single stacks associated with multiple anode bake furnaces; (5) For... system for potlines or for the anode bake furnace within the 12 months prior to the compliance date, the... potline (or potroom group) or anode bake furnace; (2) By the date determined according to the requirements...

40 CFR 266.104 - Standards to control organic emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... DRE trial burn. (5) Low risk waste. Owners and operators of boilers or industrial furnaces that burn... HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces § 266.104...) of this section, a boiler or industrial furnace burning hazardous waste must achieve a destruction...

40 CFR 266.104 - Standards to control organic emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... DRE trial burn. (5) Low risk waste. Owners and operators of boilers or industrial furnaces that burn... HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces § 266.104...) of this section, a boiler or industrial furnace burning hazardous waste must achieve a destruction...

75 FR 19296 - Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures and Energy Conservation Standards for Residential...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-14

... Procedures and Energy Conservation Standards for Residential Furnaces and Boilers AGENCY: Office of Energy... supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking (SNOPR) to amend the test procedures for furnaces and boilers, and... Procedures for Residential Furnaces and Boilers'' or ``NOPM for Energy Conservation Standards for Residential...

BLAST FURNACE CAST HOUSE EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT

EPA Science Inventory

The study describes the state-of-the-art of controlling fumes escaping from blast furnace cast houses. Background information is based on: a study of existing literature; visits to blast furnaces in the U.S., Japan, and Europe; meetings with an ad hoc group of experienced blast f...

POLLUTION EFFECTS OF ABNORMAL OPERATIONS IN IRON AND STEEL MAKING. VOLUME V. ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE, MANUAL OF PRACTICE

EPA Science Inventory

The report is one in a six-volume series considering abnormal operating conditions (AOCs) in the primary section (sintering, blast furnace ironmaking, open hearth, electric furnace, and basic oxygen steelmaking) of an integrated iron and steel plant. Pollution standards, generall...

POLLUTION EFFECTS OF ABNORMAL OPERATIONS IN IRON AND STEEL MAKING. VOLUME III. BLAST FURNACE IRONMAKING, MANUAL OF PRACTICE

EPA Science Inventory

The report is one in a six-volume series considering abnormal operating conditions (AOCs) in the primary section (sintering, blast furnace ironmaking, open hearth, electric furnace, and basic oxygen steelmaking) of an integrated iron and steel plant. Pollution standards, generall...

POLLUTION EFFECTS OF ABNORMAL OPERATIONS IN IRON AND STEEL MAKING. VOLUME IV. OPEN HEARTH FURNACE, MANUAL OF PRACTICE

EPA Science Inventory

The report is one in a six-volume series considering abnormal operating conditions (AOCs) in the primary section (sintering, blast furnace ironmaking, open hearth, electric furnace, and basic oxygen steelmaking) of an integrated iron and steel plant. Pollution standards, generall...

10 CFR 431.72 - Definitions concerning commercial warm air furnaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Definitions concerning commercial warm air furnaces. 431.72 Section 431.72 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR... hour or more. Thermal efficiency for a commercial warm air furnace equals 100 percent minus percent...

40 CFR 63.1386 - Notification, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... temperature above the molten glass in an uncontrolled cold top electric furnace, including any period when the... glass surface, the date and time of the exceedance, when corrective actions were initiated, the cause of... was corrected; (iv) Uncontrolled glass-melting furnace (that is not a cold top electric furnace...

40 CFR 63.1386 - Notification, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... temperature above the molten glass in an uncontrolled cold top electric furnace, including any period when the... glass surface, the date and time of the exceedance, when corrective actions were initiated, the cause of... was corrected; (iv) Uncontrolled glass-melting furnace (that is not a cold top electric furnace...

40 CFR 63.1386 - Notification, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... temperature above the molten glass in an uncontrolled cold top electric furnace, including any period when the... glass surface, the date and time of the exceedance, when corrective actions were initiated, the cause of... was corrected; (iv) Uncontrolled glass-melting furnace (that is not a cold top electric furnace...

40 CFR 63.1386 - Notification, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... temperature above the molten glass in an uncontrolled cold top electric furnace, including any period when the... glass surface, the date and time of the exceedance, when corrective actions were initiated, the cause of... was corrected; (iv) Uncontrolled glass-melting furnace (that is not a cold top electric furnace...

40 CFR 63.542 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... introduced and that uses electrical energy to heat the reverberatory furnace slag to such a temperature... removal of ground, pavement, concrete, or asphalt. Materials storage and handling area means any area of a.... Reverberatory furnace means a refractory-lined furnace that uses one or more flames to heat the walls and roof...

40 CFR 63.542 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... introduced and that uses electrical energy to heat the reverberatory furnace slag to such a temperature... removal of ground, pavement, concrete, or asphalt. Materials storage and handling area means any area of a.... Reverberatory furnace means a refractory-lined furnace that uses one or more flames to heat the walls and roof...

40 CFR 63.542 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... introduced and that uses electrical energy to heat the reverberatory furnace slag to such a temperature... removal of ground, pavement, concrete, or asphalt. Materials storage and handling area means any area of a.... Reverberatory furnace means a refractory-lined furnace that uses one or more flames to heat the walls and roof...

40 CFR 424.20 - Applicability; description of the covered electric furnaces and other smelting operations with...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... covered electric furnaces and other smelting operations with wet air pollution control devices subcategory... Smelting Operations With Wet Air Pollution Control Devices Subcategory § 424.20 Applicability; description of the covered electric furnaces and other smelting operations with wet air pollution control devices...

40 CFR 424.20 - Applicability; description of the covered electric furnaces and other smelting operations with...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... covered electric furnaces and other smelting operations with wet air pollution control devices subcategory... Smelting Operations With Wet Air Pollution Control Devices Subcategory § 424.20 Applicability; description of the covered electric furnaces and other smelting operations with wet air pollution control devices...

40 CFR 63.10898 - What are my performance test requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... (3) If you have an electric induction furnace equipped with an emissions control device at an existing foundry, you may use the test results from another electric induction furnace to demonstrate... induction furnace at an existing foundry, you may use the test results from another electric induction...

40 CFR 63.10898 - What are my performance test requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.... (3) If you have an electric induction furnace equipped with an emissions control device at an existing foundry, you may use the test results from another electric induction furnace to demonstrate... induction furnace at an existing foundry, you may use the test results from another electric induction...

46 CFR 56.85-10 - Preheating.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

.... (9) Heating rate for furnace, gas, electric resistance, and other surface heating methods must not... thickness in inches for thickness over 2 inches. (10) Heating route for induction heating must not exceed... still air. When furnace cooling is used, the pipe sections must be cooled in the furnace to 1000 °F and...

40 CFR 63.10898 - What are my performance test requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... (3) If you have an electric induction furnace equipped with an emissions control device at an existing foundry, you may use the test results from another electric induction furnace to demonstrate... induction furnace at an existing foundry, you may use the test results from another electric induction...

46 CFR 56.85-10 - Preheating.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

.... (9) Heating rate for furnace, gas, electric resistance, and other surface heating methods must not... thickness in inches for thickness over 2 inches. (10) Heating route for induction heating must not exceed... still air. When furnace cooling is used, the pipe sections must be cooled in the furnace to 1000 °F and...

46 CFR 56.85-10 - Preheating.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

.... (9) Heating rate for furnace, gas, electric resistance, and other surface heating methods must not... thickness in inches for thickness over 2 inches. (10) Heating route for induction heating must not exceed... still air. When furnace cooling is used, the pipe sections must be cooled in the furnace to 1000 °F and...

46 CFR 56.85-10 - Preheating.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

.... (9) Heating rate for furnace, gas, electric resistance, and other surface heating methods must not... thickness in inches for thickness over 2 inches. (10) Heating route for induction heating must not exceed... still air. When furnace cooling is used, the pipe sections must be cooled in the furnace to 1000 °F and...

40 CFR 63.10898 - What are my performance test requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... (3) If you have an electric induction furnace equipped with an emissions control device at an existing foundry, you may use the test results from another electric induction furnace to demonstrate... induction furnace at an existing foundry, you may use the test results from another electric induction...

40 CFR 63.10898 - What are my performance test requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... (3) If you have an electric induction furnace equipped with an emissions control device at an existing foundry, you may use the test results from another electric induction furnace to demonstrate... induction furnace at an existing foundry, you may use the test results from another electric induction...

46 CFR 56.85-10 - Preheating.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

.... (9) Heating rate for furnace, gas, electric resistance, and other surface heating methods must not... thickness in inches for thickness over 2 inches. (10) Heating route for induction heating must not exceed... still air. When furnace cooling is used, the pipe sections must be cooled in the furnace to 1000 °F and...

40 CFR 424.20 - Applicability; description of the covered electric furnaces and other smelting operations with...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... covered electric furnaces and other smelting operations with wet air pollution control devices subcategory... Smelting Operations With Wet Air Pollution Control Devices Subcategory § 424.20 Applicability; description of the covered electric furnaces and other smelting operations with wet air pollution control devices...

40 CFR 424.20 - Applicability; description of the covered electric furnaces and other smelting operations with...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... covered electric furnaces and other smelting operations with wet air pollution control devices subcategory... Smelting Operations With Wet Air Pollution Control Devices Subcategory § 424.20 Applicability; description of the covered electric furnaces and other smelting operations with wet air pollution control devices...

40 CFR 424.20 - Applicability; description of the covered electric furnaces and other smelting operations with...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... covered electric furnaces and other smelting operations with wet air pollution control devices subcategory... Smelting Operations With Wet Air Pollution Control Devices Subcategory § 424.20 Applicability; description of the covered electric furnaces and other smelting operations with wet air pollution control devices...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

A.L. Podkorytov; A.M. Kuznetsov; E.N. Dymchenko

This article examines the preparation of coke for blast-furnace smelting by a method that most fully meets the requirements of blast-furnace technology: screening of the -36 mm fraction, the separation of nut coke of the 15-36 mm fraction, and its charging into the furnace in a mixture with the iron-ore-bearing charge components. An analysis is made of trial use of coke of the Premium class on blast furnace No. 5 at the Enakievo Metallurgical Plant. Use of this coke makes it possible to reduce the consumption of skip coke by 3.2-4.1%.

Challenges in Melt Furnace Tests

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belt, Cynthia

2014-09-01

Measurement is a critical part of running a cast house. Key performance indicators such as energy intensity, production (or melt rate), downtime (or OEE), and melt loss must all be understood and monitored on a weekly or monthly basis. Continuous process variables such as bath temperature, flue temperature, and furnace pressure should be used to control the furnace systems along with storing the values in databases for later analysis. While using measurement to track furnace performance over time is important, there is also a time and place for short-term tests.

STS-47 MS Davis uses SLJ Rack 8 continuous heating furnace (CHF) on OV-105

NASA Image and Video Library

1992-09-20

STS047-02-003 (12 - 20 Sept 1992) --- Astronaut N. Jan Davis, mission specialist, works at the Continuous Heating Furnace (CHF) in the Spacelab-J Science Module. This furnace provided temperatures up to 1,300 degrees Celsius and rapid cooling to two sets of samples concurrently. The furnace accommodated in-space experiments in the Fabrication of Si-As-Te:Ni Ternary Amorphous Semiconductor and the Crystal Growth of Compound Semiconductors. These were two of the many experiments designed and monitored by Japan's National Space Development Agency (NASDA).

Settling of Inclusions in Holding Furnaces: Modeling and Experimental Results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sztur, C.; Balestreri, F.; Meyer, JL.; Hannart, B.

Description of settling phenomena usually refers to falling particles in a liquid, following Stokes law. But the thermal convection always takes place in holding furnaces due to temperature heterogeneity, and the behaviour of the inclusions can be dramatically influenced by the liquid metal motion. A numerical model based on turbulent fluid flow calculations in an holding furnace and on trajectories calculations of a family of inclusions has been developed. Results are compared with experiments on a lab. scale and on an industrial scale furnace. An analysis of the governing parameters will be presented.

Precision control of high temperature furnaces using an auxiliary power supply and charged particle current flow

DOEpatents

Pollock, G.G.

1997-01-28

Two power supplies are combined to control a furnace. A main power supply heats the furnace in the traditional manner, while the power from the auxiliary supply is introduced as a current flow through charged particles existing due to ionized gas or thermionic emission. The main power supply provides the bulk heating power and the auxiliary supply provides a precise and fast power source such that the precision of the total power delivered to the furnace is improved. 5 figs.

An Assessment of Recycled Refractory Material Performance After Two Years of Service in a Carbon Bake Furnace

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schubert, N.; Bennett, J.P.; Kwong, K.S.

1999-10-27

Material removed from carbon bake furnaces used to manufacture anodes for the production of aluminum metal has historically been disposed by landfill. This material is composed primarily of 50% alumina refractory. in 1997, Alcoa completed a highly successful program to reuse the spent refractories in castables for carbon bake furnace headwalls and flooring, as roadbed aggregate, and in other internal applications. This program recycled/reused 11,000 metric tons of used refractory material (99% of the material removed from the carbon bake furnace) and saved Alcoa over 3.8 of the 9.6 million dollar projected furnace rebuild costs. As assessment is made ofmore » the performance of the recycled refractory components after two years of service.« less

Quench Module Insert (QMI) and the Diffusion Module Insert (DMI) Furnace Development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Crouch, Myscha R.; Carswell, William E.; Farmer, Jeff; Rose, Fred; Tidwell, Paul H., II

2000-01-01

The Quench Module Insert (QMI) and the Diffusion Module Insert (DMI) are microgravity furnaces under development at Marshall Space Flight Center. The furnaces are being developed for the first Materials Science Research Rack (MSRR-1) of the Materials Science Research Facility (MSRF), one of the first International Space Station (ISS) scientific payloads. QMI is a Bridgman furnace with quench capability for studying interface behavior during directional solidification of metallic and alloy materials. DMI will be a Bridgman-Stockbarger furnace to study diffusion processes in semiconductors. The design for each insert, both QMI and DMI, is driven by specific science, operations and safety requirements, as well as by constraints arising from resource limitations, such as volume, mass and power. Preliminary QMI analysis and testing indicates that the design meets these requirements.

Three-dimensional heat transfer effects during the growth of LiCaAlF 6 in a modified Bridgman furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brandon, Simon; Derby, Jeffrey J.; Atherton, L. Jeffrey; Roberts, David H.; Vital, Russel L.

1993-09-01

A novel process modification, the simultaneous growth of three cylindrical Cr:LiCaAlf 6 (Cr:LiCAF) crystals grown from a common seed in a vertical Bridgman furnace of rectangular cross section, is assessed using computational modeling. The analysis employs the FIDAP finite-element package and accounts for three-dimensional, steady-state, conductive heat transfer throughout the system. The induction heating system is rigorously simulated via solution of Maxwell's equations. The implementation of realistic thermal boundary conditions and furnace details is shown to be important. Furnace design features are assessed through calculations, and simulations indicate expected growth conditions to be favorable. In addition, the validity of using ampoules containing "dummy" charges for experimental furnace characterization measurements is examined through test computations.

Multiple hearth furnace for reducing iron oxide

DOEpatents

Brandon, Mark M [Charlotte, NC; True, Bradford G [Charlotte, NC

2012-03-13

A multiple moving hearth furnace (10) having a furnace housing (11) with at least two moving hearths (20) positioned laterally within the furnace housing, the hearths moving in opposite directions and each moving hearth (20) capable of being charged with at least one layer of iron oxide and carbon bearing material at one end, and being capable of discharging reduced material at the other end. A heat insulating partition (92) is positioned between adjacent moving hearths of at least portions of the conversion zones (13), and is capable of communicating gases between the atmospheres of the conversion zones of adjacent moving hearths. A drying/preheat zone (12), a conversion zone (13), and optionally a cooling zone (15) are sequentially positioned along each moving hearth (30) in the furnace housing (11).

Thermally efficient melting for glass making

DOEpatents

Chen, Michael S. K.; Painter, Corning F.; Pastore, Steven P.; Roth, Gary; Winchester, David C.

1991-01-01

The present invention is an integrated process for the production of glass utilizing combustion heat to melt glassmaking materials in a glassmaking furnace. The fuel combusted to produce heat sufficient to melt the glassmaking materials is combusted with oxygen-enriched oxidant to reduce heat losses from the offgas of the glassmaking furnace. The process further reduces heat losses by quenching hot offgas from the glassmaking furnace with a process stream to retain the heat recovered from quench in the glassmaking process with subsequent additional heat recovery by heat exchange of the fuel to the glassmaking furnace, as well as the glassmaking materials, such as batch and cullet. The process includes recovery of a commercially pure carbon dioxide product by separatory means from the cooled, residual offgas from the glassmaking furnace.

Elements of the electric arc furnace's environmental management

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ioana, Adrian; Semenescu, Augustin; Costoiu, Mihnea; Marcu, Dragoş

2017-12-01

The paper presents a theoretical and experimental analysis of the polluting generating mechanisms for steel making in the Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF). The scheme for the environment's polluting system through the EAF is designed and presented in this paper. The ecological experimenting consisted of determining by specialized measures of the dust percentage in the evacuated gases from the EAF and of thereof gas pollutants. From the point of view of reducing the impact on the environment, the main problem of the electric arc furnace (EAF) is the optimization of the powder collecting from the process gases, both from the furnace and from the work-area. The paper deals with the best dependence between the aggregate's constructive, functional and technological factors, which are necessary for the furnace's ecologization and for its energetically-technologically performances increasing.

Orbital fabrication of aluminum foam and apparatus therefore

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tucker, Dennis S. (Inventor)

2010-01-01

A process for producing foamed aluminum in space comprising the steps of: heating aluminum until it is molten; applying the force of gravity to the molten aluminum; injecting gas into the molten aluminum to produce molten foamed aluminum; and allowing the molten foamed aluminum to cool to below melting temperature. The apparatus for carrying out this invention comprises: a furnace which rotates to simulate the force of gravity and heats the aluminum until it is molten; a door on the furnace, which is opened for charging the aluminum into the furnace, closed for processing and opened again for removal of the foamed aluminum; a gas injection apparatus for injecting gas into the molten aluminum within the furnace; and an extraction apparatus adjacent the door for removing the foamed aluminum from the furnace.

Pollution-free, resource recovery, garbage disposal/fuel burning plant

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nielson, J.P

1989-05-16

A method is described of burning solid combustibles containing potential atmospheric pollutants and of recovering valuable resources from the combustibles while preventing the release of pollutants into the atmosphere, including the steps of introducing the combustibles through an airlock into a furnace substantially sealed against the atmosphere; introducing combustion-supporting fluid into the furnace; burning the combustibles at a temperature high enough to melt at least some of the inorganic components contained therin; removing and recovering solid components from the furnace through a gas lock; removing and recovering molten components from the furnace through a conduit and valve; passing high temperaturegaseousmore » products of combustion from the furnace through heat exchanger means utilizing boiler tubes carrying the gaseous products surrounded by water to generate steam as a useful product.« less

Preliminary control system design and analysis for the Space Station Furnace Facility thermal control system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jackson, M. E.

1995-01-01

This report presents the Space Station Furnace Facility (SSFF) thermal control system (TCS) preliminary control system design and analysis. The SSFF provides the necessary core systems to operate various materials processing furnaces. The TCS is defined as one of the core systems, and its function is to collect excess heat from furnaces and to provide precise cold temperature control of components and of certain furnace zones. Physical interconnection of parallel thermal control subsystems through a common pump implies the description of the TCS by coupled nonlinear differential equations in pressure and flow. This report formulates the system equations and develops the controllers that cause the interconnected subsystems to satisfy flow rate tracking requirements. Extensive digital simulation results are presented to show the flow rate tracking performance.

Modifications to the rapid melt/rapid quench and transparent polymer video furnaces for the KC-135

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, Guy A.; Kosten, Sue E.; Workman, Gary L.

1990-01-01

Given here is a summary of tasks performed on two furnace systems, the Transparent Polymer (TPF) and the Rapid Melt/Rapid Quench (RMRQ) furnaces, to be used aboard NASA's KC-135. It was determined that major changes were needed for both furnaces to operate according to the scientific investigators' experiment parameters. Discussed here are what the problems were, what was required to solve the problems, and possible future enhancements. It was determined that the enhancements would be required for the furnaces to perform at their optimal levels. Services provided include hardware and software modifications, Safety DataPackage documentation, ground based testing, transportation to and from Ellington Air Field, operation of hardware during KC-135 flights, and post-flight data processing.

Solar Convective Furnace for Metals Processing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patidar, Deepesh; Tiwari, Sheetanshu; Sharma, Piyush; Pardeshi, Ravindra; Chandra, Laltu; Shekhar, Rajiv

2015-11-01

Metals processing operations, primarily soaking, heat treatment, and melting of metals are energy-intensive processes using fossil fuels, either directly or indirectly as electricity, to operate furnaces at high temperatures. Use of concentrated solar energy as a source of heat could be a viable "green" option for industrial heat treatment furnaces. This paper introduces the concept of a solar convective furnace which utilizes hot air generated by an open volumetric air receiver (OVAR)-based solar tower technology. The potential for heating air above 1000°C exists. Air temperatures of 700°C have already been achieved in a 1.5-MWe volumetric air receiver demonstration plant. Efforts to retrofit an industrial aluminium soaking furnace for integration with a solar tower system are briefly described. The design and performance of an OVAR has been discussed. A strategy for designing a 1/15th-scale model of an industrial aluminium soaking furnace has been presented. Preliminary flow and thermal simulation results suggest the presence of recirculating flow in existing furnaces that could possibly result in non-uniform heating of the slabs. The multifarious uses of concentrated solar energy, for example in smelting, metals processing, and even fuel production, should enable it to overcome its cost disadvantage with respect to solar photovoltaics.

Effect of Elevated Pressure on the Heat Transfer and Power Requirements During Bridgman Growth of PMN-PT Crystals

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bune, Andris; Ostrogorsky, Aleksandar; Marin, Carlos; Nicoara, Irina; Rose, M. Franklin (Technical Monitor)

2000-01-01

Performance of the furnace during Bridgman growth of the lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate crystal (PMN-PT) is analyzed. PMN-PT is electrostrictive ceramic that has near ideal strain-voltage function. Furthermore piezoelectric (2000 to 2300 pC/N) and coupling (92 to 95%) constants are exceptionally good. Due to these properties PMN-PT has wide range of applications - from sonars to transducers in a high precision optical systems. In this research first attempt to crystallize PMN-PT in a Mellen type vertical Bridgman furnace was not successful, as melting temperature of precursor materials was not achieved. At this point choice was between building a new more powerful facility or finding ways to enhance performance of the existing furnace. Besides adjusting power supply to the individual heating elements, redesigning ampoule holding cartridge and improving furnace insulation one more radical improvement was proposed. The entire furnace was placed into the high pressure chamber. Further experiments confirmed that temperature inside the furnace was increased sufficiently to melt precursor materials to obtain PMN-PT. Numerical modeling is undertaken to find limitations of this technique and to predict temperature distribution inside the ampoule. It is of interest also to account for main factors contributing to a higher temperatures achieved in the furnace under the higher pressure (up to 10 atm.). Numerical model of the furnace is based on general purpose finite - element code FIDAP and on previous efforts to model Bridgman type furnace with multiply heaters. In order to account for all heat transfer mechanism involved - conduction, convection and radiation - different parts of the furnace are modeled in accordance with expected dominant mode of heat transfer - conduction in the solid parts, conduction and radiation in the ampoule, gas convection and conduction in the furnace openings complemented with wall-to-wall radiation. Because of these complicating factors, dimensional rather than non-dimensional modeling is performed using steady-state 2-D and 3-D models. Particular attention is paid to the modeling of radiation in a semitransparent material of ampoule 7 sapphire. The radiation model is validated by solving realistic test problem - conduction and radiation heat transfer in the fused quartz. Results are in agreement with both experimental and analytical data.

40 CFR 63.1510 - Monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... of a group 1 furnace (with or without add-on air pollution control devices) or in-line fluxer. The... the information in § 63.1516(b)(2)(vi). (n) Sidewell group 1 furnace with add-on air pollution control...). (o) Group 1 furnace without add-on air pollution control devices. These requirements apply to the...

12. INTERIOR VIEW OF SINGLE BAY SLOTTED TYPE FURNACE (LEFT) ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. INTERIOR VIEW OF SINGLE BAY SLOTTED TYPE FURNACE (LEFT) AND CHAMBERSBURG DROP HAMMER OPERATED BY JEFF HOHMAN (RIGHT); THE FURNACE IS USED TO PRE-HEAT THE STEEL PRIOR TO FORGING, TOOL IS POST HOLE DIGGER WITH TAMPING BAR - Warwood Tool Company, Foot of Nineteenth Street, Wheeling, Ohio County, WV

40 CFR 63.1510 - Monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... of a group 1 furnace (with or without add-on air pollution control devices) or in-line fluxer. The... the information in § 63.1516(b)(2)(vi). (n) Sidewell group 1 furnace with add-on air pollution control...). (o) Group 1 furnace without add-on air pollution control devices. These requirements apply to the...

40 CFR 98.142 - GHGs to report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Glass Production § 98.142 GHGs to report. You must report: (a) CO2 process emissions from each continuous glass melting furnace. (b) CO2 combustion emissions from each continuous glass melting furnace. (c) CH4 and N2O combustion emissions from each continuous glass melting furnace. You must...

40 CFR 98.142 - GHGs to report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Glass Production § 98.142 GHGs to report. You must report: (a) CO2 process emissions from each continuous glass melting furnace. (b) CO2 combustion emissions from each continuous glass melting furnace. (c) CH4 and N2O combustion emissions from each continuous glass melting furnace. You must...

40 CFR 458.10 - Applicability; description of the carbon black furnace process subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Applicability; description of the carbon black furnace process subcategory. 458.10 Section 458.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Furnace...

40 CFR 458.10 - Applicability; description of the carbon black furnace process subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Applicability; description of the carbon black furnace process subcategory. 458.10 Section 458.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Furnace...

75 FR 64621 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test Procedures for Residential Furnaces and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-20

... and oil-fired furnaces and boilers consume both fossil fuel and electricity. Electric furnaces and boilers only consume electricity. In this test procedure, fossil-fuel energy consumption is accounted for comprehensively over a full-year cycle, thereby satisfying EISA 2007 requirements for fossil-fuel standby mode and...

40 CFR 63.848 - Emission monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... and POM emissions from anode bake furnaces. Using the procedures in § 63.847 and in the approved test plan, the owner or operator shall monitor TF and POM emissions from each anode bake furnace on an... owner or operator of a new or existing potline or anode bake furnace shall install, operate, and...

40 CFR 63.848 - Emission monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... and POM emissions from anode bake furnaces. Using the procedures in § 63.847 and in the approved test plan, the owner or operator shall monitor TF and POM emissions from each anode bake furnace on an... owner or operator of a new or existing potline or anode bake furnace shall install, operate, and...

40 CFR 63.848 - Emission monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... and POM emissions from anode bake furnaces. Using the procedures in § 63.847 and in the approved test plan, the owner or operator shall monitor TF and POM emissions from each anode bake furnace on an... owner or operator of a new or existing potline or anode bake furnace shall install, operate, and...

40 CFR 63.848 - Emission monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... and POM emissions from anode bake furnaces. Using the procedures in § 63.847 and in the approved test plan, the owner or operator shall monitor TF and POM emissions from each anode bake furnace on an... owner or operator of a new or existing potline or anode bake furnace shall install, operate, and...

VIEW FROM THE SOUTH OF THE #2 BLAST FURNACE AND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW FROM THE SOUTH OF THE #2 BLAST FURNACE AND CASTING SEED ON THE LEFT, THE #1 BLAST FURNACE AND CASTING SHED ON THE RIGHT, AND THE STOVES, BOILERS, AND AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT IN THE CENTER. - Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron, First Avenue North Viaduct at Thirty-second Street, Birmingham, Jefferson County, AL

40 CFR 63.1506 - Operating requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... equipment according to the requirements in this section. (2) The owner or operator of an existing sweat furnace that meets the specifications of § 63.1505(f)(1) must operate the sweat furnace and control.... (3) The owner or operator of a new sweat furnace that meets the specifications of § 63.1505(f)(1...

40 CFR 63.1506 - Operating requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... equipment according to the requirements in this section. (2) The owner or operator of an existing sweat furnace that meets the specifications of § 63.1505(f)(1) must operate the sweat furnace and control.... (3) The owner or operator of a new sweat furnace that meets the specifications of § 63.1505(f)(1...

40 CFR 63.1506 - Operating requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... an existing sweat furnace that meets the specifications of § 63.1505(f)(1) must operate the sweat... date of this standard. (3) The owner or operator of a new sweat furnace that meets the specifications of § 63.1505(f)(1) must operate the sweat furnace and control equipment according to the requirements...

40 CFR 63.1506 - Operating requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... an existing sweat furnace that meets the specifications of § 63.1505(f)(1) must operate the sweat... date of this standard. (3) The owner or operator of a new sweat furnace that meets the specifications of § 63.1505(f)(1) must operate the sweat furnace and control equipment according to the requirements...

19. MOLTEN IRON FLOWS INTO A 'BOTTLE' AT FURNACE NO. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

19. MOLTEN IRON FLOWS INTO A 'BOTTLE' AT FURNACE NO. 1. THE IRON WILL BE TRANSPORTED BY RAIL TO THE OPEN HEARTH OR BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES, WHERE IT IS A MAJOR COMPONENT IN THE PRODUCTION OF STEEL. - Corrigan, McKinney Steel Company, 3100 East Forty-fifth Street, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

40 CFR 63.10686 - What are the requirements for electric arc furnaces and argon-oxygen decarburization vessels?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... arc furnaces and argon-oxygen decarburization vessels? 63.10686 Section 63.10686 Protection of... Compliance Requirements § 63.10686 What are the requirements for electric arc furnaces and argon-oxygen... from each EAF (including charging, melting, and tapping operations) and argon-oxygen decarburization...

40 CFR 63.10686 - What are the requirements for electric arc furnaces and argon-oxygen decarburization vessels?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... arc furnaces and argon-oxygen decarburization vessels? 63.10686 Section 63.10686 Protection of... Compliance Requirements § 63.10686 What are the requirements for electric arc furnaces and argon-oxygen... from each EAF (including charging, melting, and tapping operations) and argon-oxygen decarburization...

76 FR 80364 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-23

... Emissions From Basic Oxygen Furnaces (Renewal) AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Notice...: NSPS for Primary and Secondary Emissions from Basic Oxygen Furnaces (Renewal). ICR Numbers: EPA ICR... Primary and Secondary Emissions from Basic Oxygen Furnaces (40 CFR part 60, subparts N and Na) were...

40 CFR 63.10686 - What are the requirements for electric arc furnaces and argon-oxygen decarburization vessels?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... arc furnaces and argon-oxygen decarburization vessels? 63.10686 Section 63.10686 Protection of... Compliance Requirements § 63.10686 What are the requirements for electric arc furnaces and argon-oxygen... from each EAF (including charging, melting, and tapping operations) and argon-oxygen decarburization...

40 CFR 63.10686 - What are the requirements for electric arc furnaces and argon-oxygen decarburization vessels?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... arc furnaces and argon-oxygen decarburization vessels? 63.10686 Section 63.10686 Protection of... Compliance Requirements § 63.10686 What are the requirements for electric arc furnaces and argon-oxygen... from each EAF (including charging, melting, and tapping operations) and argon-oxygen decarburization...

40 CFR 63.10686 - What are the requirements for electric arc furnaces and argon-oxygen decarburization vessels?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... arc furnaces and argon-oxygen decarburization vessels? 63.10686 Section 63.10686 Protection of... Compliance Requirements § 63.10686 What are the requirements for electric arc furnaces and argon-oxygen... from each EAF (including charging, melting, and tapping operations) and argon-oxygen decarburization...

40 CFR 270.66 - Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous waste.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... blended, and blending ratios. (3) A detailed engineering description of the boiler or industrial furnace... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Permits for boilers and industrial... PROGRAM Special Forms of Permits § 270.66 Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous...

40 CFR 270.66 - Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous waste.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... blended, and blending ratios. (3) A detailed engineering description of the boiler or industrial furnace... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Permits for boilers and industrial... PROGRAM Special Forms of Permits § 270.66 Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous...

40 CFR 270.66 - Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous waste.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... blended, and blending ratios. (3) A detailed engineering description of the boiler or industrial furnace... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Permits for boilers and industrial... PROGRAM Special Forms of Permits § 270.66 Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous...

40 CFR 270.66 - Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous waste.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... blended, and blending ratios. (3) A detailed engineering description of the boiler or industrial furnace... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Permits for boilers and industrial... PROGRAM Special Forms of Permits § 270.66 Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous...

40 CFR 270.66 - Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous waste.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... blended, and blending ratios. (3) A detailed engineering description of the boiler or industrial furnace... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Permits for boilers and industrial... PROGRAM Special Forms of Permits § 270.66 Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous...

40 CFR 63.1510 - Monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... of a group 1 furnace (with or without add-on air pollution control devices) or in-line fluxer. The... the information in § 63.1516(b)(2)(vi). (n) Sidewell group 1 furnace with add-on air pollution control...). (o) Group 1 furnace without add-on air pollution control devices. These requirements apply to the...

40 CFR 421.76 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... produced Lead .000 .000 Zinc .000 .000 (g) Subpart G—Hard Lead Refining Slag Granulation. PSNS Pollutant or... production Lead .000 .000 Zinc .000 .000 (b) Subpart G—Blast Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control. PSNS... pounds) of blast furnace lead bullion produced Lead .000 .000 Zinc .000 .000 (c) Subpart G—Blast Furnace...

40 CFR 261.3 - Definition of hazardous waste.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... residues, such as slag, resulting from high temperature metals recovery (HTMR) processing of K061, K062 or..., slag reactors, rotary hearth furnace/electric furnace combinations or industrial furnaces (as defined....009 Nickel 1.0 Selenium 0.16 Silver 0.30 Thallium 0.020 Zinc 70 Generic exclusion levels for F006...

40 CFR 261.3 - Definition of hazardous waste.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... residues, such as slag, resulting from high temperature metals recovery (HTMR) processing of K061, K062 or..., slag reactors, rotary hearth furnace/electric furnace combinations or industrial furnaces (as defined....009 Nickel 1.0 Selenium 0.16 Silver 0.30 Thallium 0.020 Zinc 70 Generic exclusion levels for F006...

40 CFR 421.76 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... produced Lead .000 .000 Zinc .000 .000 (g) Subpart G—Hard Lead Refining Slag Granulation. PSNS Pollutant or... production Lead .000 .000 Zinc .000 .000 (b) Subpart G—Blast Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control. PSNS... pounds) of blast furnace lead bullion produced Lead .000 .000 Zinc .000 .000 (c) Subpart G—Blast Furnace...

40 CFR 424.40 - Applicability; description of the covered calcium carbide furnaces with wet air pollution control...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... covered calcium carbide furnaces with wet air pollution control devices subcategory. 424.40 Section 424.40... FERROALLOY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Covered Calcium Carbide Furnaces With Wet Air Pollution... with wet air pollution control devices subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to...

40 CFR 424.40 - Applicability; description of the covered calcium carbide furnaces with wet air pollution control...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... covered calcium carbide furnaces with wet air pollution control devices subcategory. 424.40 Section 424.40... FERROALLOY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Covered Calcium Carbide Furnaces With Wet Air Pollution... with wet air pollution control devices subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to...

High-speed furnace uses infrared radiation for controlled brazing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Eckles, P. N.

1966-01-01

Furnace produces controlled heat for brazing and heat treating metals over a wide range of temperatures by using a near-infrared heat source positioned at one focus of an ellipsoidal reflector mounted below a cylindrical quartz chamber. This furnace maintains a pure atmosphere, has rapid heatup and cooldown, and permits visual observation.

8. VIEW OF FOUNDRY INDUCTION FURNACES, MODULE J. THE FOUNDRY ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. VIEW OF FOUNDRY INDUCTION FURNACES, MODULE J. THE FOUNDRY CASTING PROCESS WAS CONDUCTED IN A VACUUM. PLUTONIUM METAL WAS MELTED IN ONE OF FOUR ELECTRIC INDUCTION FURNACES TO FORM INGOTS. - Rocky Flats Plant, Plutonium Manufacturing Facility, North-central section of Plant, just south of Building 776/777, Golden, Jefferson County, CO

Energy Saving Devices on Gas Furnaces.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-03-01

AO-A082 0715 JOHNS - MANVILLE SALES CORP DENVER CO RESEARCH AND DEV--ETC FIG 1311 ENERGY SAVING DEVICES ON GAS FURNACES.(U) MAR B0 T E BRISBANE, P B...DEVICES FOR GAS FURNACES THOMAS E. BRISBANE ,o"’ P. B. SHEPHERD JOHNS - MANVILLE SALES CORPORATION RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CENTER KEN-CARYL RANCH, DENVER

40 CFR 424.40 - Applicability; description of the covered calcium carbide furnaces with wet air pollution control...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... covered calcium carbide furnaces with wet air pollution control devices subcategory. 424.40 Section 424.40... FERROALLOY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Covered Calcium Carbide Furnaces With Wet Air Pollution... with wet air pollution control devices subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to...

40 CFR 424.40 - Applicability; description of the covered calcium carbide furnaces with wet air pollution control...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... covered calcium carbide furnaces with wet air pollution control devices subcategory. 424.40 Section 424.40... FERROALLOY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Covered Calcium Carbide Furnaces With Wet Air Pollution... with wet air pollution control devices subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to...

40 CFR 424.40 - Applicability; description of the covered calcium carbide furnaces with wet air pollution control...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... covered calcium carbide furnaces with wet air pollution control devices subcategory. 424.40 Section 424.40... FERROALLOY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Covered Calcium Carbide Furnaces With Wet Air Pollution... with wet air pollution control devices subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to...

Molten metal holder furnace and casting system incorporating the molten metal holder furnace

DOEpatents

Kinosz, Michael J.; Meyer, Thomas N.

2003-02-11

A bottom heated holder furnace (12) for containing a supply of molten metal includes a storage vessel (30) having sidewalls (32) and a bottom wall (34) defining a molten metal receiving chamber (36). A furnace insulating layer (42) lines the molten metal receiving chamber (36). A thermally conductive heat exchanger block (54) is located at the bottom of the molten metal receiving chamber (36) for heating the supply of molten metal. The heat exchanger block (54) includes a bottom face (65), side faces (66), and a top face (67). The heat exchanger block (54) includes a plurality of electrical heaters (70) extending therein and projecting outward from at least one of the faces of the heat exchanger block (54), and further extending through the furnace insulating layer (42) and one of the sidewalls (32) of the storage vessel (30) for connection to a source of electrical power. A sealing layer (50) covers the bottom face (65) and side faces (66) of the heat exchanger block (54) such that the heat exchanger block (54) is substantially separated from contact with the furnace insulating layer (42).

A Heat and Mass Transfer Model of a Silicon Pilot Furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sloman, Benjamin M.; Please, Colin P.; Van Gorder, Robert A.; Valderhaug, Aasgeir M.; Birkeland, Rolf G.; Wegge, Harald

2017-10-01

The most common technological route for metallurgical silicon production is to feed quartz and a carbon source ( e.g., coal, coke, or charcoal) into submerged-arc furnaces, which use electrodes as electrical conductors. We develop a mathematical model of a silicon furnace. A continuum approach is taken, and we derive from first principles the equations governing the time evolution of chemical concentrations, gas partial pressures, velocity, and temperature within a one-dimensional vertical section of a furnace. Numerical simulations are obtained for this model and are shown to compare favorably with experimental results obtained using silicon pilot furnaces. A rising interface is shown to exist at the base of the charge, with motion caused by the heating of the pilot furnace. We find that more reactive carbon reduces the silicon monoxide losses, while reducing the carbon content in the raw material mixture causes greater solid and liquid material to build-up in the charge region, indicative of crust formation (which can be detrimental to the silicon production process). We also comment on how the various findings could be relevant for industrial operations.

Characterization of Sintering Dust, Blast Furnace Dust and Carbon Steel Electric Arc Furnace Dust

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chang, Feng; Wu, Shengli; Zhang, Fengjie; Lu, Hua; Du, Kaiping

In order to make a complete understanding of steel plant metallurgical dusts and to realize the goal of zero-waste, a study of their properties was undertaken. For these purposes, samples of two sintering dusts (SD), two blast furnace dusts (BFD), and one electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) taken from the regular production process were subjected to a series of tests. The tests were carried out by using granulometry analysis, chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy via SEM (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The dominant elements having an advantage of reuse are Fe, K, Cl, Zn, C. The dominant mineralogical phases identified in sintering dust are KCl, Fe2O3, CaCO3, CaMg(CO3)2, NaCl, SiO2. Mineralogical phases exist in blast furnace dust are Fe2O3, Fe3O4, with small amount of KCl and kaolinite coexist. While in electric arc furnace dust, Fe3O4, ZnFe2O4, CaCO3, CaO, Ca(OH)2 are detected.

Three-dimensional nonsteady heat-transfer analysis of an indirect heating furnace

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ito, H.; Umeda, Y.; Nakamura, Y.

1991-01-01

This paper reports on an accurate design method for industrial furnaces from the viewpoint of heat transfer. The authors carried out a three-dimensional nonsteady heat-transfer analysis for a practical-size heat- treatment furnace equipped with radiant heaters. The authors applied three software package programs, STREAM, MORSE, and TRUMP, for the analysis of the combined heat-transfer problems of radiation, conduction, and convection. The authors also carried out experiments of the heating of a charge consisting of packed bolts. The authors found that the air swirled inside the furnace. As for the temperature in each part in the furnace, analytical results were generallymore » in close agreement with the experimental ones. This suggests that our analytical method is useful for a fundamental heat- transfer-based design of a practical-size industrial furnace with an actual charge such as packed bolts. As for the temperature distribution inside the bolt charge (work), the analytical results were also in close agreement with the experimental ones. Consequently, it was found that the heat transfer in the bolt charge could be described with an effective thermal conductivity.« less

Implementation of a numerical holding furnace model in foundry and construction of a reduced model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Loussouarn, Thomas; Maillet, Denis; Remy, Benjamin; Dan, Diane

2016-09-01

Vacuum holding induction furnaces are used for the manufacturing of turbine blades by loss wax foundry process. The control of solidification parameters is a key factor for the manufacturing of these parts in according to geometrical and structural expectations. The definition of a reduced heat transfer model with experimental identification through an estimation of its parameters is required here. In a further stage this model will be used to characterize heat exchanges using internal sensors through inverse techniques to optimize the furnace command and the optimization of its design. Here, an axisymmetric furnace and its load have been numerically modelled using FlexPDE, a finite elements code. A detailed model allows the calculation of the internal induction heat source as well as transient radiative transfer inside the furnace. A reduced lumped body model has been defined to represent the numerical furnace. The model reduction and the estimation of the parameters of the lumped body have been made using a Levenberg-Marquardt least squares minimization algorithm with Matlab, using two synthetic temperature signals with a further validation test.

Recent developments in blast furnace process control within British Steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Warren, P.W.

1995-12-01

British Steel generally operates seven blast furnaces on four integrated works. All furnaces have been equipped with comprehensive instrumentation and data logging computers over the past eight years. The four Scunthorpe furnaces practice coal injection up to 170 kg/tHM (340 lb/THM), the remainder injecting oil at up to 100 kg/tHM (200 lb/THM). Distribution control is effected by Paul Wurth Bell-Less Tops on six of the seven furnaces, and Movable Throat Armour with bells on the remaining one. All have at least one sub burden probe. The blast furnace operator has a vast quantity of data and signals to consider andmore » evaluate when attempting to achieve the objective of providing a consistent supply of hot metal. Techniques have been, and are being, developed to assist the operator to interpret large numbers of signals. A simple operator guidance system has been developed to provide advice, based on current operating procedures and interpreted data. Further development will involve the use of a sophisticated Expert System software shell.« less

Blast furnace supervision and control system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Remorino, M.; Lingiardi, O.; Zecchi, M.

1997-12-31

On December 1992, a group of companies headed by Techint, took over Somisa, the state-owned integrated steel plant located at San Nicolas, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, culminating an ambitious government privatization scheme. The blast furnace 2 went into a full reconstruction and relining in January 1995. After a 140 MU$ investment the new blast furnace 2 was started in September 1995. After more than one year of operation of the blast furnace the system has proven itself useful and reliable. The main reasons for the success of the system are: same use interface for all blast furnace areas --more » operation, process, maintenance and management, (full horizontal and vertical integration); and full accessibility to all information and process tools though some restrictions apply to field commands (people empowerment). The paper describes the central system.« less

Method for treating waste containing stainless steel

DOEpatents

Kujawa, Stephan T.; Battleson, Daniel M.; Rademacher, Jr., Edward L.; Cashell, Patrick V.; Filius, Krag D.; Flannery, Philip A.; Whitworth, Clarence G.

1999-01-01

A centrifugal plasma arc furnace is used to vitrify contaminated soils and other waste materials. An assessment of the characteristics of the waste is performed prior to introducing the waste into the furnace. Based on the assessment, a predetermined amount of iron is added to each batch of waste. The waste is melted in an oxidizing atmosphere into a slag. The added iron is oxidized into Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4. Time of exposure to oxygen is controlled so that the iron does not oxidize into Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3. Slag in the furnace remains relatively non-viscous and consequently it pours out of the furnace readily. Cooled and solidified slag produced by the furnace is very resistant to groundwater leaching. The slag can be safely buried in the earth without fear of contaminating groundwater.

Method for treating waste containing stainless steel

DOEpatents

Kujawa, S.T.; Battleson, D.M.; Rademacher, E.L. Jr.; Cashell, P.V.; Filius, K.D.; Flannery, P.A.; Whitworth, C.G.

1999-03-02

A centrifugal plasma arc furnace is used to vitrify contaminated soils and other waste materials. An assessment of the characteristics of the waste is performed prior to introducing the waste into the furnace. Based on the assessment, a predetermined amount of iron is added to each batch of waste. The waste is melted in an oxidizing atmosphere into a slag. The added iron is oxidized into Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}. Time of exposure to oxygen is controlled so that the iron does not oxidize into Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}. Slag in the furnace remains relatively non-viscous and consequently it pours out of the furnace readily. Cooled and solidified slag produced by the furnace is very resistant to groundwater leaching. The slag can be safely buried in the earth without fear of contaminating groundwater. 3 figs.

Numerical and Experimental Study on the Effect of Over Fire Air on NOx Distribution in Furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Qian; Deng, Yong-qiang; Xia, Yong-jun; Wu, Ying

2018-05-01

In this paper, a numerical investigation and experimental study was used to research the effect of a power plant 600MW supercritical four walls tangentially fired boiler furnace over fire air opening size on the inside furnace NOx concentration distribution and the results coincide. There are four cases in all. The influence and formation of NOx that was produced by pulverized coal furnace during combustion processes were analyzed. The research was proved that the over fire air has great effect on the concentration distribution of NOx in the furnance.

Jet-controlled freeze valve for use in a glass melter

DOEpatents

Routt, K.R.

1985-07-29

A drain valve for use in furnace for the melting of thermoplastic material is disclosed. The furnace includes a drain cavity formed in its bottom for withdrawing a flow of thermoplastic material. The drain valve includes a flow member which include a flow tube having an inlet and outlet for the material, and coaxially disposed concentric tubular members defining annuli surrounding the flow tube. The tubular members include heating and cooling means for the flow tube. The drain valve can also be used in a furnace of glass melting that includes a drain cavity for withdrawing molten glass from the furnace.

The technological raw material heating furnaces operation efficiency improving issue

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paramonov, A. M.

2017-08-01

The issue of fuel oil applying efficiency improving in the technological raw material heating furnaces by means of its combustion intensification is considered in the paper. The technical and economic optimization problem of the fuel oil heating before combustion is solved. The fuel oil heating optimal temperature defining method and algorithm analytically considering the correlation of thermal, operating parameters and discounted costs for the heating furnace were developed. The obtained optimization functionality provides the heating furnace appropriate thermal indices achievement at minimum discounted costs. The carried out research results prove the expediency of the proposed solutions using.

Studies on the Processing Methods for Extraterrestrial Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grimley, R. T.; Lipschutz, M. E.

1984-01-01

The literature was surveyed for high temperature mass spectrometric research on single oxides, complex oxides, and minerals in an effort to develop a means of separating elements and compounds from lunar and other extraterrestrial materials. A data acquisition system for determining vaporization rates as a function of time and temperature and software for the IEEE-488 Apple-ORTEC interface are discussed. Experimental design information from a 1000 C furnace were used with heat transfer calculations to develop the basic design for a 1600 C furnace. A controller was built for the higher temperature furnace and drawings are being made for the furnace.

Experimental Study on Environment Friendly Tap Hole Clay for Blast Furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Siva kumar, R.; Mohammed, Raffi; Srinivasa Rao, K.

2018-03-01

Blast furnace (BF) is the best possible route of iron production available. Blast furnace is a high pressure vessel where iron ore is melted and liquid iron is produced. The liquid iron is tapped through the hole in Blast Furnace called tap hole. The tapped liquid metal flowing through the tap hole is plugged using a clay called tap hole clay. Tap hole clay (THC) is a unshaped refractory used to plug the tap hole. The tap hole clay extruded through the tap hole using a gun. The tap hole clay is designed to expand and plug the tap hole. The tap hole filled with clay is drilled using drill bit and the hole made through the tap hole to tap the liquid metal accumulated inside the furnace. The number of plugging and drilling varies depending on the volume of the furnace. The tap hole clay need to have certain properties to avoid problems during plugging and drilling. In the present paper tap hole clay properties in industrial use was tested and studied. The problems were identified related to tap hole clay manufacturing. Experiments were conducted in lab scale to solve the identified problems. The present composition was modified with experimental results. The properties of the modified tap hole clay were found suitable and useful for blast furnace operation with lab scale experimental results.

An Overview of the Thermal Challenges of Designing Microgravity Furnaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Westra, Douglas G.

2001-01-01

Marshall Space Flight Center is involved in a wide variety of microgravity projects that require furnaces, with hot zone temperatures ranging from 300 C to 2300 C, requirements for gradient processing and rapid quench, and both semi-conductor and metal materials. On these types of projects, the thermal engineer is a key player in the design process. Microgravity furnaces present unique challenges to the thermal designer. One challenge is designing a sample containment assembly that achieves dual containment, yet allows a high radial heat flux. Another challenge is providing a high axial gradient but a very low radial gradient. These furnaces also present unique challenges to the thermal analyst. First, there are several orders of magnitude difference in the size of the thermal 'conductors' between various parts of the model. A second challenge is providing high fidelity in the sample model, and connecting the sample with the rest of the furnace model, yet maintaining some sanity in the number of total nodes in the model. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the challenges involved in designing and analyzing microgravity furnaces and how some of these challenges have been overcome. The thermal analysis tools presently used to analyze microgravity furnaces and will be listed. Challenges for the future and a description of future analysis tools will be given.

Information modeling system for blast furnace control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spirin, N. A.; Gileva, L. Y.; Lavrov, V. V.

2016-09-01

Modern Iron & Steel Works as a rule are equipped with powerful distributed control systems (DCS) and databases. Implementation of DSC system solves the problem of storage, control, protection, entry, editing and retrieving of information as well as generation of required reporting data. The most advanced and promising approach is to use decision support information technologies based on a complex of mathematical models. The model decision support system for control of blast furnace smelting is designed and operated. The basis of the model system is a complex of mathematical models created using the principle of natural mathematical modeling. This principle provides for construction of mathematical models of two levels. The first level model is a basic state model which makes it possible to assess the vector of system parameters using field data and blast furnace operation results. It is also used to calculate the adjustment (adaptation) coefficients of the predictive block of the system. The second-level model is a predictive model designed to assess the design parameters of the blast furnace process when there are changes in melting conditions relative to its current state. Tasks for which software is developed are described. Characteristics of the main subsystems of the blast furnace process as an object of modeling and control - thermal state of the furnace, blast, gas dynamic and slag conditions of blast furnace smelting - are presented.

Heat pipes and use of heat pipes in furnace exhaust

DOEpatents

Polcyn, Adam D.

2010-12-28

An array of a plurality of heat pipe are mounted in spaced relationship to one another with the hot end of the heat pipes in a heated environment, e.g. the exhaust flue of a furnace, and the cold end outside the furnace. Heat conversion equipment is connected to the cold end of the heat pipes.

Using a wood stove to heat greenhouses

Treesearch

Gloria Whitefeather-Spears

2009-01-01

The Red Lake Tribal Forestry Greenhouse in Red Lake, MN, utilizes four types of outdoor furnaces for heating through the fall, winter, and spring. The WoodMaster® is a highly efficient, wood-fired furnace that provides forced-air heat to the greenhouse. The HeatmorTM furnace is an economical wood-fired alternative that can provide lower...

40 CFR Appendix I to Part 265 - Recordkeeping Instructions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... T10Infrared furnace incinerator T11Molten salt destructor T12Pyrolysis T13Wet Air oxidation T14Calcination... T21Chemical fixation T22Chemical oxidation T23Chemical precipitation T24Chemical reduction T25Chlorination... Chloride Process Oxidation Reactor T89Methane Reforming Furnace T90Pulping Liquor Recovery Furnace...

40 CFR Appendix I to Part 265 - Recordkeeping Instructions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... T10Infrared furnace incinerator T11Molten salt destructor T12Pyrolysis T13Wet Air oxidation T14Calcination... T21Chemical fixation T22Chemical oxidation T23Chemical precipitation T24Chemical reduction T25Chlorination... Chloride Process Oxidation Reactor T89Methane Reforming Furnace T90Pulping Liquor Recovery Furnace...

40 CFR Appendix I to Part 265 - Recordkeeping Instructions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... T10Infrared furnace incinerator T11Molten salt destructor T12Pyrolysis T13Wet Air oxidation T14Calcination... T21Chemical fixation T22Chemical oxidation T23Chemical precipitation T24Chemical reduction T25Chlorination... Chloride Process Oxidation Reactor T89Methane Reforming Furnace T90Pulping Liquor Recovery Furnace...

40 CFR Appendix I to Part 265 - Recordkeeping Instructions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... T10Infrared furnace incinerator T11Molten salt destructor T12Pyrolysis T13Wet Air oxidation T14Calcination... T21Chemical fixation T22Chemical oxidation T23Chemical precipitation T24Chemical reduction T25Chlorination... Chloride Process Oxidation Reactor T89Methane Reforming Furnace T90Pulping Liquor Recovery Furnace...

16 CFR Appendix G4 to Part 305 - Mobile Home Furnaces

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Mobile Home Furnaces G4 Appendix G4 to Part... CONCERNING DISCLOSURES REGARDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND WATER USE OF CERTAIN HOME APPLIANCES AND OTHER... Appendix G4 to Part 305—Mobile Home Furnaces Manufacturer's rated heating capacities (Btu's/hr.) Range of...

16 CFR Appendix G4 to Part 305 - Mobile Home Furnaces

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Mobile Home Furnaces G4 Appendix G4 to Part... CONCERNING DISCLOSURES REGARDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND WATER USE OF CERTAIN HOME APPLIANCES AND OTHER... Appendix G4 to Part 305—Mobile Home Furnaces Manufacturer's rated heating capacities (Btu's/hr.) Range of...

16 CFR Appendix G4 to Part 305 - Mobile Home Furnaces

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Mobile Home Furnaces G4 Appendix G4 to Part... CONCERNING DISCLOSURES REGARDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND WATER USE OF CERTAIN HOME APPLIANCES AND OTHER... Appendix G4 to Part 305—Mobile Home Furnaces Manufacturer's rated heating capacities (Btu's/hr.) Range of...

16 CFR Appendix G4 to Part 305 - Mobile Home Furnaces

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Mobile Home Furnaces G4 Appendix G4 to Part... CONCERNING DISCLOSURES REGARDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND WATER USE OF CERTAIN HOME APPLIANCES AND OTHER... Appendix G4 to Part 305—Mobile Home Furnaces Manufacturer's rated heating capacities (Btu's/hr.) Range of...

16 CFR Appendix G2 to Part 305 - Furnaces- Electric

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Furnaces- Electric G2 Appendix G2 to Part... LABELING RULEâ) Appendix G2 to Part 305—Furnaces— Electric Furnace type Range of annual fuel utilization efficiencies (AFUEs) Low High Electric Furnaces—All Capacities 100.0 100.0 [78 FR 8377, Feb. 6, 2013] ...

8. INTERIOR VIEW, LOOKING WEST, WITH GREY IRON HOLDING FURNACES ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. INTERIOR VIEW, LOOKING WEST, WITH GREY IRON HOLDING FURNACES AND AN IRON POUR IN PROCESS, CUPOLA TENDER RICHARD SLAUGHTER SUPERVISING THE POUR. MOLTEN DUCTILE IRON IS POURED FROM THIS 25-TON HOLDING FURNACE INTO LADLES FOR TRANSPORT TO CASTING STATIONS. - Stockham Pipe & Fittings Company, Grey Iron Foundry, 4000 Tenth Avenue North, Birmingham, Jefferson County, AL

75 FR 6307 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Maryland; Control of Carbon...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-09

... Oxygen Furnaces AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Direct final rule. SUMMARY: EPA is... carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from basic oxygen furnaces (BOFs) at steel mills in the State of Maryland... blast furnace and scrap metal which is heated with oxygen to produce molten metal. The molten metal is...

4. RW Meyer Sugar Mill: 18761889. Furnace doer for sugar ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. RW Meyer Sugar Mill: 1876-1889. Furnace doer for sugar boiling range. Manufactured by Honolulu Iron Works, Honolulu, 1879. Cost: $15.30. View: the furnace for the sugar boiling range was stoked from outside of the east wall of the boiling house. - R. W. Meyer Sugar Mill, State Route 47, Kualapuu, Maui County, HI

16 CFR Appendix G3 to Part 305 - Furnaces-Oil

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Furnaces-Oil G3 Appendix G3 to Part 305... RULEâ) Appendix G3 to Part 305—Furnaces—Oil Type Range of annual fuel utilization efficiencies (AFUEs) Low High Oil Furnaces Manufactured Before the Compliance Date of DOE Regional Standards—All Capacities...

Interface Lattice Engineering of Si Composite Wafers for Large-Format HgCdTe Infrared Focal Plane Arrays

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-08-07

sealed quartz ampoule under a mercury overpressure in a conventional clam-shell furnace . The reduction in the dislocation density has been studied as...46 2.6.4 Etch Pit Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 5 3 Furnace Setup and Calibration...Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.1.2 Furnace Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4 In Situ

9. GENERAL INTERIOR VIEW OF THE VERTICAL FURNACE BUILDING (PART ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. GENERAL INTERIOR VIEW OF THE VERTICAL FURNACE BUILDING (PART OF MACHINE SHOP No. 2). TWO FURNACES, WITH THEIR SUPPORT FRAMEWORK, ARE VISIBLE TO THE RIGHT. THE TALL STRUCTURE IN THE CENTER TOWARD THE BACKGROUND IS THE VERTICAL QUENCH TOWER. - U.S. Steel Homestead Works, Machine Shop No. 2, Along Monongahela River, Homestead, Allegheny County, PA

40 CFR 63.7734 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emissions limitations that apply to me?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... used to demonstrate compliance. (1) For each electric arc metal melting furnace, electric induction metal melting furnace, or scrap preheater at an existing iron and steel foundry, (i) The average PM... not exceed 0.0002 gr/dscf. (4) For each electric induction metal melting furnace or scrap preheater at...

40 CFR 63.7734 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emissions limitations that apply to me?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... used to demonstrate compliance. (1) For each electric arc metal melting furnace, electric induction metal melting furnace, or scrap preheater at an existing iron and steel foundry, (i) The average PM... not exceed 0.0002 gr/dscf. (4) For each electric induction metal melting furnace or scrap preheater at...

40 CFR 63.7734 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emissions limitations that apply to me?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... used to demonstrate compliance. (1) For each electric arc metal melting furnace, electric induction metal melting furnace, or scrap preheater at an existing iron and steel foundry, (i) The average PM... not exceed 0.0002 gr/dscf. (4) For each electric induction metal melting furnace or scrap preheater at...

40 CFR 63.7734 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emissions limitations that apply to me?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... used to demonstrate compliance. (1) For each electric arc metal melting furnace, electric induction metal melting furnace, or scrap preheater at an existing iron and steel foundry, (i) The average PM... not exceed 0.0002 gr/dscf. (4) For each electric induction metal melting furnace or scrap preheater at...

40 CFR 63.7734 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emissions limitations that apply to me?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... used to demonstrate compliance. (1) For each electric arc metal melting furnace, electric induction metal melting furnace, or scrap preheater at an existing iron and steel foundry, (i) The average PM... not exceed 0.0002 gr/dscf. (4) For each electric induction metal melting furnace or scrap preheater at...

Turbine blade processing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

Space processing of directionally solidified eutectic-alloy type turbine blades is envisioned as a simple remelt operations in which precast blades are remelted in a preformed mold. Process systems based on induction melting, continuous resistance furnaces, and batch resistance furnaces were evaluated. The batch resistance furnace type process using a multiblade mold is considered to offer the best possibility for turbine blade processing.

EMISSIONS FROM OUTDOOR WOOD-BURNING RESIDENTIAL HOT WATER FURNACES

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of measurements of emissions from a single-pass and a double-pass furnace at average heat outputs of 15,000 and 30,000 Btu/hr (4.4 and 8.8 kW) while burning typical oak cordwood fuel. One furnace was also tested once at each heat output while fitted with ...

Modeling of Thermochemical Behavior in an Industrial-Scale Rotary Hearth Furnace for Metallurgical Dust Recycling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Yu-Liang; Jiang, Ze-Yi; Zhang, Xin-Xin; Xue, Qing-Guo; Yu, Ai-Bing; Shen, Yan-Song

2017-10-01

Metallurgical dusts can be recycled through direct reduction in rotary hearth furnaces (RHFs) via addition into carbon-based composite pellets. While iron in the dust is recycled, several heavy and alkali metal elements harmful for blast furnace operation, including Zn, Pb, K, and Na, can also be separated and then recycled. However, there is a lack of understanding on thermochemical behavior related to direct reduction in an industrial-scale RHF, especially removal behavior of Zn, Pb, K, and Na, leading to technical issues in industrial practice. In this work, an integrated model of the direct reduction process in an industrial-scale RHF is described. The integrated model includes three mathematical submodels and one physical model, specifically, a three-dimensional (3-D) CFD model of gas flow and heat transfer in an RHF chamber, a one-dimensional (1-D) CFD model of direct reduction inside a pellet, an energy/mass equilibrium model, and a reduction physical experiment using a Si-Mo furnace. The model is validated by comparing the simulation results with measurements in terms of furnace temperature, furnace pressure, and pellet indexes. The model is then used for describing in-furnace phenomena and pellet behavior in terms of heat transfer, direct reduction, and removal of a range of heavy and alkali metal elements under industrial-scale RHF conditions. The results show that the furnace temperature in the preheating section should be kept at a higher level in an industrial-scale RHF compared with that in a pilot-scale RHF. The removal rates of heavy and alkali metal elements inside the composite pellet are all faster than iron metallization, specifically in the order of Pb, Zn, K, and Na.

Progress on Protection of Titanium-Bearing Materials in Chinese Blast Furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cai, Qiuye; Zhang, Jianliang; Jiao, Kexin; Wang, Cui

Prolonging the campaign life of the blast furnace has been an important task for iron makers, and it has been studied for decades. Adding titanium-bearing materials is a generally agreed and effective technique to protect the blast furnace hearth. Titanium from titania additions in the burden or tuyere injection react with carbon and nitrogen and form scaffolds on the hearth surface to protect the hearth from subsequent erosion. In this article, the progress on blast furnace hearth protection of titania additions in Chinese steel companies and research institutions is investigated, and the difficulties in the operation and production, such as little effect after adding titanium- bearing materials and the property deterioration of liquid iron and slags, are analyzed. The future research for protection in Chinese blast furnace is proposed, and a comprehensive process which combines protection of titanium bearing materials with reasonable thermal balance and slag- making regimes should be established.

System and method for producing metallic iron nodules

DOEpatents

Bleifuss, Rodney L [Grand Rapids, MN; Englund, David J [Bovey, MN; Iwasaki, Iwao [Grand Rapids, MN; Lindgren, Andrew J [Grand Rapids, MN; Kiesel, Richard F [Hibbing, MN

2011-09-20

A method for producing metallic iron nodules by assembling a shielding entry system to introduce coarse carbonaceous material greater than 6 mesh in to the furnace atmosphere at location(s) where the temperature of the furnace atmosphere adjacent at least partially reduced reducible iron bearing material is between about 2200 and 2650.degree. F. (1200 and 1450.degree. C.), the shielding entry system adapted to inhibit emission of infrared radiation from the furnace atmosphere and seal the furnace atmosphere from exterior atmosphere while introducing coarse carbonaceous material greater than 6 mesh into the furnace to be distributed over the at least partially reduced reducible iron bearing material, and heating the covered at least partially reduced reducible iron bearing material in a fusion atmosphere to assist in fusion and inhibit reoxidation of the reduced material during fusion to assist in fusion and inhibit reoxidation of the reduced material in forming metallic iron nodules.

An innovative method for nondestructive analysis of cast iron artifacts at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sloto, Ronald A.; Martin f. Helmke,

2014-01-01

Sampling cast iron produced by the furnace posed two problems. First, verification that the iron was actually cast at Hopewell Furnace was necessary, as some iron objects found at Hopewell may not have originated there. This was accomplished by using artifacts on display at the Hopewell visitor center (fig. 2). All artifacts on display have been positively attributed to the furnace, and stoves produced by the furnace are easily recognized by the name “Hopewell” cast into them. The second problem was the analysis of the trace metal content of the cast iron, because it was not possible to break off part of a historically important artifact and send it to a laboratory for analysis. This problem was solved when the USGS collaborated with West Chester University, which owns a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer.

Cold blast furnace syndrome: a new source of toxic inhalation by nitrogen oxides

PubMed Central

Tague, I; Llewellin, P; Burton, K; Buchan, R; Yates, D

2004-01-01

Methods: Fourteen workers developed acute respiratory symptoms shortly after exposure to "air blast" from blast furnace tuyeres. These included chest tightness, dyspnoea, rigors, and diaphoresis. Chest radiographs showed pulmonary infiltrates, and lung function a restrictive abnormality. This report includes a description of clinical features of the affected workers and elucidation of the probable cause of the outbreak. Results: Clinical features and occupational hygiene measurements suggested the most likely cause was inhalation of nitrogen oxides at high pressure and temperature. While the task could not be eliminated, engineering controls were implemented to control the hazard. No further cases have occurred. Conclusions: "Cold blast furnace syndrome" represents a previously undescribed hazard of blast furnace work, probably due to inhalation of nitrogen oxides. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute toxic inhalational injuries in blast furnace workers. PMID:15090669

Experimental research on the application of HTAC in small-size heating furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Yu; Qin, Chaokui; Yang, Jun; Chen, Zhiguang

2018-03-01

High temperature air combustion (HTAC) technology, which is also known as regenerative combustion technology, has realized energy saving, CO2 and NOx emissions reduction and low-noise combustion. It has been widely applied in various types of heating furnace and has achieved good energy-saving effect. However, there is little application of this technology in small-size furnace. In this paper, a small-size regenerative heating furnace was built in the laboratory and experiments were carried out on it. The result shows that, if the transport frequency was set to a group per min, the center temperature of processed workpiece at the rated conditions (i.e. burner power is 300 kW and switching time is 60s) reached 1133°C. And the efficiency of the heating furnace was 36.8%. Then the derived comprehensive heat transfer coefficient was 168 W/(m2˙°C).

Study on Dezincification and De-Lead of Blast Furnace Dust by Fluidized Reduction Experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Shufeng; Liu, Chengsong; Gao, Xiaojie; Li, Jingshe

In the blast furnace process, the dust entrained in the blast furnace gas enters into the down-comer, flows through the gravity dust separator (to eliminate coarse particles) and then is collected in a bag-house. The powder collected by the baghouse is called bag dust, while both fractions are called blast furnace dust whose main components are C and Fe. The dust also contains small amounts of nonferrous metals such as Zn and Pb, which have some value. Also, due to the small particle size and low density the dust is easily suspended in air and so can endanger human health. Therefore it is necessary to develop a process to both treat the dust to recover the metal values and to dispose of the residue — preferably by recycling to the blast furnace itself via the sinter strand. These objectives will result in good economic, environmental and social benefits [1].

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Rrr of... - Summary of Operating Requirements for New and Existing Affected Sources and Emission Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... above the top of the passage between sidewell and hearth during reactive flux injection, unless the hearth is also controlled. Fluxing in sidewell furnace hearth Add reactive flux only to the sidewell of the furnace unless the hearth is also controlled. Group 1 furnace without add-on controls (including...

78 FR 17157 - Approval of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Indiana; Disapproval of State Implementation Plan...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-20

... as fuel, along with coke oven gas and natural gas, in the facility's blast furnace stoves, power... boilers operate on a combination of blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, and natural gas, their full... would remove the SO 2 emission limit for the blast furnace gas flare at the facility. For the reasons...

78 FR 6740 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan, San Joaquin Valley United Air Pollution...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-31

... ), oxides of sulfur (SO X ), and particulate matter (PM) emissions from glass melting furnaces. We are... Glass 05/19/11 09/27/11 Melting Furnaces. We proposed to approve this because we determined that it..., ``Glass Melting Furnaces,'' amended on May 19, 2011. * * * * * [FR Doc. 2013-02015 Filed 1-30-13; 8:45 am...

Method and apparatus for melting glass batch

DOEpatents

Fassbender, Alexander G.; Walkup, Paul C.; Mudge, Lyle K.

1988-01-01

A glass melting system involving preheating, precalcining, and prefluxing of batch materials prior to injection into a glass furnace. The precursors are heated by convection rather than by radiation in present furnaces. Upon injection into the furnace, batch materials are intimately coated with molten flux so as to undergo or at least begin the process of dissolution reaction prior to entering the melt pool.

16 CFR Appendix G5 to Part 305 - Mobile Home Furnaces-Oil

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Mobile Home Furnaces-Oil G5 Appendix G5 to... LABELING RULEâ) Appendix G5 to Part 305—Mobile Home Furnaces—Oil Type Range of annual fuel utilization efficiencies (AFUEs) Low High Mobile Home Oil Furnaces Manufactured Before the Compliance Date of DOE Regional...

16 CFR Appendix G4 to Part 305 - Mobile Home Furnaces-Gas

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Mobile Home Furnaces-Gas G4 Appendix G4 to... LABELING RULEâ) Appendix G4 to Part 305—Mobile Home Furnaces—Gas Type Range of annual fuel utilization efficiencies (AFUEs) Low High Mobile Home Gas Furnaces Manufactured Before the Compliance Date of DOE Regional...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ll of... - Anode Bake Furnace Limits for Emission Averaging

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Anode Bake Furnace Limits for Emission Averaging 3 Table 3 to Subpart LL of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Reduction Plants Pt. 63, Subpt. LL, Table 3 Table 3 to Subpart LL of Part 63—Anode Bake Furnace Limits for...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ll of... - Anode Bake Furnace Limits for Emission Averaging

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Anode Bake Furnace Limits for Emission Averaging 3 Table 3 to Subpart LL of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Reduction Plants Pt. 63, Subpt. LL, Table 3 Table 3 to Subpart LL of Part 63—Anode Bake Furnace Limits for...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ll of... - Anode Bake Furnace Limits for Emission Averaging

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Anode Bake Furnace Limits for Emission Averaging 3 Table 3 to Subpart LL of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Reduction Plants Pt. 63, Subpt. LL, Table 3 Table 3 to Subpart LL of Part 63—Anode Bake Furnace Limits for...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ll of... - Anode Bake Furnace Limits for Emission Averaging

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Anode Bake Furnace Limits for Emission Averaging 3 Table 3 to Subpart LL of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Reduction Plants Pt. 63, Subpt. LL, Table 3 Table 3 to Subpart LL of Part 63—Anode Bake Furnace Limits for...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ll of... - Anode Bake Furnace Limits for Emission Averaging

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Anode Bake Furnace Limits for Emission Averaging 3 Table 3 to Subpart LL of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Reduction Plants Pt. 63, Subpt. LL, Table 3 Table 3 to Subpart LL of Part 63—Anode Bake Furnace Limits for...

10 CFR Appendix N to Subpart B of... - Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Furnaces and Boilers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... furnaces without stack dampers with adjustable fan control—cool-down test. For a furnace with adjustable... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption... CONSERVATION ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS Test Procedures Pt. 430, Subpt. B, App. N...

New algorithm for controlling electric arc furnaces using their vibrational and acoustic characteristics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cherednichenko, V. S.; Bikeev, R. A.; Serikov, V. A.; Rechkalov, A. V.; Cherednichenko, A. V.

2016-12-01

The processes occurring in arc discharges are analyzed as the sources of acoustic radiation in an electric arc furnace (EAF). Acoustic vibrations are shown to transform into mechanical vibrations in the furnace laboratory. The shielding of the acoustic energy fluxes onto water-cooled wall panels by a charge is experimentally studied. It is shown that the rate of charge melting and the depth of submergence of arc discharges in the slag and metal melt can be monitored by measuring the vibrational characteristics of furnaces and using them in a universal industrial process-control system, which was developed for EAFs.

Electric furnace dust: Can you bury the hazard?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McManus, G.J.

1996-04-01

Electric furnace waste treatment is moving into high gear, but the exact direction is unclear. On one hand, there is a trend toward complete recycling of the dust captured in furnace baghouses. Iron units as well as zinc and other elements are being reclaimed. On the other side, recent actions by regulators indicate recycling may not be required at all. With the correct chemical stabilization, it appears, dust may simply be placed in ordinary landfill. This paper describes three processes for waste treatment of furnace dust: Super Detox, a process for zinc removal from galvanized scrap before melting, and themore » INMETCO process.« less

Combined air and water pollution control system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wolverton, Billy C. (Inventor); Jarrell, Lamont (Inventor)

1990-01-01

A bioaquatic air pollution control system for controlling both water and atmospheric pollution is disclosed. The pollution control system includes an exhaust for directing polluted gases out of a furnace and a fluid circulating system which circulates fluid, such as waste water, from a source, past the furnace where the fluid flow entrains the pollutants from the furnace. The combined fluid and pollutants are then directed through a rock/plant/microbial filtering system. A suction pump pumps the treated waste water from the filter system past the exhaust to again entrain more pollutants from the furnace where they are combined with the fluid (waste water) and directed to the filter system.

General purpose rocket furnace

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aldrich, B. R.; Whitt, W. D. (Inventor)

1979-01-01

A multipurpose furnace for space vehicles used for material processing experiments in an outer space environment is described. The furnace contains three separate cavities designed to process samples of the widest possible range of materials and thermal requirements. Each cavity contains three heating elements capable of independent function under the direction of an automatic and programmable control system. A heat removable mechanism is also provided for each cavity which operates in conjunction with the control system for establishing an isothermally heated cavity or a wide range of thermal gradients and cool down rates. A monitoring system compatible with the rocket telemetry provides furnace performance and sample growth rate data throughout the processing cycle.

Correction-free pyrometry in radiant wall furnaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thomas, Andrew S. W. (Inventor)

1994-01-01

A specular, spherical, or near-spherical target is located within a furnace having inner walls and a viewing window. A pyrometer located outside the furnace 'views' the target through pyrometer optics and the window, and it is positioned so that its detector sees only the image of the viewing window on the target. Since this image is free of any image of the furnace walls, it is free from wall radiance, and correction-free target radiance is obtained. The pyrometer location is determined through a nonparaxial optical analysis employing differential optical ray tracing methods to derive a series of exact relations for the image location.

Recovery Act: ArcelorMittal USA Blast Furnace Gas Flare Capture

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Seaman, John

2013-01-14

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) awarded a financial assistance grant under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Recovery Act) to ArcelorMittal USA, Inc. (ArcelorMittal) for a project to construct and operate a blast furnace gas recovery boiler and supporting infrastructure at ArcelorMittal’s Indiana Harbor Steel Mill in East Chicago, Indiana. Blast furnace gas (BFG) is a by-product of blast furnaces that is generated when iron ore is reduced with coke to create metallic iron. BFG has a very low heating value, about 1/10th the heating value of natural gas. BFG is commonly used as a boiler fuel;more » however, before installation of the gas recovery boiler, ArcelorMittal flared 22 percent of the blast furnace gas produced at the No. 7 Blast Furnace at Indiana Harbor. The project uses the previously flared BFG to power a new high efficiency boiler which produces 350,000 pounds of steam per hour. The steam produced is used to drive existing turbines to generate electricity and for other requirements at the facility. The goals of the project included job creation and preservation, reduced energy consumption, reduced energy costs, environmental improvement, and sustainability.« less

NOx Emission Reduction by Oscillating combustion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Institute of Gas Technology

2004-01-30

High-temperature, natural gas-fired furnaces, especially those fired with preheated air, produce large quantities of NO{sub x} per ton of material processed. Regulations on emissions from industrial furnaces are becoming increasingly more stringent. In addition, competition is forcing operators to make their furnaces more productive and/or efficient. Switching from preheated air to industrial oxygen can increase efficiency and reduce NO{sub x}, but oxygen is significantly more costly than air and may not be compatible with the material being heated. What was needed, and what was developed during this project, is a technology that reduces NO{sub x} emissions while increasing furnace efficiencymore » for both air- and oxy-fired furnaces. Oscillating combustion is a retrofit technology that involves the forced oscillation of the fuel flow rate to a furnace. These oscillations create successive, fuel-rich and fuel-lean zones within the furnace. Heat transfer from the flame to the load increases due to the more luminous fuel-rich zones, a longer overall flame length, and the breakup of the thermal boundary layer. The increased heat transfer shortens heat up times, thereby increasing furnace productivity, and reduces the heat going up the stack, thereby increasing efficiency. The fuel-rich and fuel-lean zones also produce substantially less NO{sub x} than firing at a constant excess air level. The longer flames and higher heat transfer rate reduces overall peak flame temperature and thus reduces additional NO{sub x} formation from the eventual mixing of the zones and burnout of combustibles from the rich zones. This project involved the development of hardware to implement oscillating combustion on an industrial scale, the laboratory testing of oscillating combustion on various types of industrial burners, and the field testing of oscillating combustion on several types of industrial furnace. Before laboratory testing began, a market study was conducted, based on the attributes of oscillating combustion and on the results of an earlier project at GTI and Air Liquide, to determine which applications for oscillating combustion would show the greatest probability for technical success and greatest probability for market acceptability. The market study indicated that furnaces in the steel, glass, and metal melting industries would perform well in both categories. These findings guided the selection of burners for laboratory testing and, with the results of the laboratory testing, guided the selection of field test sites.« less

NOx Emission Reduction by Oscillating Combustion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

John C. Wagner

2004-03-31

High-temperature, natural gas-fired furnaces, especially those fired with preheated air, produce large quantities of NO{sub x} per ton of material processed. Regulations on emissions from industrial furnaces are becoming increasingly more stringent. In addition, competition is forcing operators to make their furnaces more productive and/or efficient. Switching from preheated air to industrial oxygen can increase efficiency and reduce NO{sub x}, but oxygen is significantly more costly than air and may not be compatible with the material being heated. What was needed, and what was developed during this project, is a technology that reduces NO{sub x} emissions while increasing furnace efficiencymore » for both air- and oxy-fired furnaces. Oscillating combustion is a retrofit technology that involves the forced oscillation of the fuel flow rate to a furnace. These oscillations create successive, fuel-rich and fuel-lean zones within the furnace. Heat transfer from the flame to the load increases due to the more luminous fuel-rich zones, a longer overall flame length, and the breakup of the thermal boundary layer. The increased heat transfer shortens heat up times, thereby increasing furnace productivity, and reduces the heat going up the stack, thereby increasing efficiency. The fuel-rich and fuel-lean zones also produce substantially less NO{sub x} than firing at a constant excess air level. The longer flames and higher heat transfer rate reduces overall peak flame temperature and thus reduces additional NO{sub x} formation from the eventual mixing of the zones and burnout of combustibles from the rich zones. This project involved the development of hardware to implement oscillating combustion on an industrial scale, the laboratory testing of oscillating combustion on various types of industrial burners, and the field testing of oscillating combustion on several types of industrial furnace. Before laboratory testing began, a market study was conducted, based on the attributes of oscillating combustion and on the results of an earlier project at GTI and Air Liquide, to determine which applications for oscillating combustion would show the greatest probability for technical success and greatest probability for market acceptability. The market study indicated that furnaces in the steel, glass, and metal melting industries would perform well in both categories. These findings guided the selection of burners for laboratory testing and, with the results of the laboratory testing, guided the selection of field test sites.« less

Space Station Furnace Facility Core. Requirements definition and conceptual design study. Volume 2: Technical report. Appendix 6: Technical summary reports

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1992-01-01

The Space Station Furnace Facility (SSFF) is a modular facility for materials research in the microgravity environment of the Space Station Freedom (SSF). The SSFF is designed for crystal growth and solidification research in the fields of electronic and photonic materials, metals and alloys, and glasses and ceramics and will allow for experimental determination of the role of gravitational forces in the solidification process. The facility will provide a capability for basic scientific research and will evaluate the commercial viability of low-gravity processing of selected technologically important materials. The facility is designed to support a complement of furnace modules as outlined in the Science Capabilities Requirements Document (SCRD). The SSFF is a three rack facility that provides the functions, interfaces, and equipment necessary for the processing of the furnaces and consists of two main parts: the SSFF Core Rack and the two Experiment Racks. The facility is designed to accommodate two experimenter-provided furnace modules housed within the two experiment racks, and is designed to operate these two furnace modules simultaneously. The SCRD specifies a wide range of furnace requirements and serves as the basis for the SSFF conceptual design. SSFF will support automated processing during the man-tended operations and is also designed for crew interface during the permanently manned configuration. The facility is modular in design and facilitates changes as required, so the SSFF is adept to modifications, maintenance, reconfiguration, and technology evolution.

Co-C and Pd-C Eutectic Fixed Points for Radiation Thermometry and Thermocouple Thermometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, L.

2017-12-01

Two Co-C and Pd-C eutectic fixed point cells for both radiation thermometry and thermocouple thermometry were constructed at NMC. This paper describes details of the cell design, materials used, and fabrication of the cells. The melting curves of the Co-C and Pd-C cells were measured with a reference radiation thermometer realized in both a single-zone furnace and a three-zone furnace in order to investigate furnace effect. The transition temperatures in terms of ITS-90 were determined to be 1324.18 {°}C and 1491.61 {°}C with the corresponding combined standard uncertainty of 0.44 {°}C and 0.31 {°}C for Co-C and Pd-C, respectively, taking into account of the differences of two different types of furnaces used. The determined ITS-90 temperatures are also compared with that of INRIM cells obtained using the same reference radiation thermometer and the same furnaces with the same settings during a previous bilateral comparison exercise (Battuello et al. in Int J Thermophys 35:535-546, 2014). The agreements are within k=1 uncertainty for Co-C cell and k = 2 uncertainty for Pd-C cell. Shapes of the plateaus of NMC cells and INRIM cells are compared too and furnace effects are analyzed as well. The melting curves of the Co-C and Pd-C cells realized in the single-zone furnace are also measured by a Pt/Pd thermocouple, and the preliminary results are presented as well.

Automatic thermocouple positioner for use in vacuum furnaces

DOEpatents

Mee, D.K.; Stephens, A.E.

1980-06-06

The invention is a simple and reliable mechanical arrangement for automatically positioning a thermocouple-carrying rod in a vacuum-furnace assembly of the kind including a casing, a furnace mounted in the casing, and a charge-containing crucible mounted in the furnace for vertical movement between a lower (loading) position and a raised (charge-melting) position. In a preferred embodiment, a welded-diaphragm metal bellows is mounted above the furnace, the upper end of the bellows being fixed against movement and the lower end of the bellows being affixed to support means for a thermocouple-carrying rod which is vertically oriented and extends freely through the furnace lid toward the mouth of the crucible. The support means and rod are mounted for relative vertical movement. Before pumpdown of the furnace, the differential pressure acting on the bellows causes it to contract and lift the thermocouple rod to a position where it will not be contacted by the crucible charge when the crucible is elevated to its raised position. During pumpdown, the bellows expands downward, lowering the thermocouple rod and its support. The bellows expands downward beyond a point where downward movement of the thermocouple rod is arrested by contact with the crucible charge and to a point where the upper end of the thermocouple extends well above the thermocouple support. During subsequent melting of the charge, the thermocouple sinks into the melt to provide an accurate measurement of melt temperatures.

Automatic thermocouple positioner for use in vacuum furnaces

DOEpatents

Mee, David K.; Stephens, Albert E.

1981-01-01

The invention is a simple and reliable mechanical arrangement for automatically positioning a thermocouple-carrying rod in a vacuum-furnace assembly of the kind including a casing, a furnace mounted in the casing, and a charge-containing crucible mounted in the furnace for vertical movement between a lower (loading) position and a raised (charge-melting) position. In a preferred embodiment, a welded-diaphragm metal bellows is mounted above the furnace, the upper end of the bellows being fixed against movement and the lower end of the bellows being affixed to support means for a thermocouple-carrying rod which is vertically oriented and extends freely through the furnace lid toward the mouth of the crucible. The support means and rod are mounted for relative vertical movement. Before pumpdown of the furnace, the differential pressure acting on the bellows causes it to contract and lift the thermocouple rod to a position where it will not be contacted by the crucible charge when the crucible is elevated to its raised position. During pumpdown, the bellows expands downward, lowering the thermocouple rod and its support. The bellows expands downward beyond a point where downward movement of the thermocouple rod is arrested by contact with the crucible charge and to a point where the upper end of the thermocouple extends well above the thermocouple support. During subsequent melting of the charge, the thermocouple sinks into the melt to provide an accurate measurement of melt temperatures.

10 CFR Appendix N to Subpart B of... - Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Furnaces and Boilers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... the damper remains open during the cool-down test. For furnaces that employ post purge, measure the... control—cool-down test. For a furnace with adjustable fan control, this time delay will be 3.0 minutes for... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption...

10 CFR Appendix N to Subpart B of... - Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Furnaces and Boilers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... the damper remains open during the cool-down test. For furnaces that employ post purge, measure the... control—cool-down test. For a furnace with adjustable fan control, this time delay will be 3.0 minutes for... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption...

10 CFR Appendix N to Subpart B of... - Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Furnaces and Boilers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... the damper remains open during the cool-down test. For furnaces that employ post purge, measure the... control—cool-down test. For a furnace with adjustable fan control, this time delay will be 3.0 minutes for... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption...

10 CFR Appendix N to Subpart B of... - Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Furnaces and Boilers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... the damper remains open during the cool-down test. For furnaces that employ post purge, measure the... control—cool-down test. For a furnace with adjustable fan control, this time delay will be 3.0 minutes for... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption...

40 CFR Table K-1 to Subpart K of... - Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) CH4 Emission Factors

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 22 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) CH4 Emission Factors K Table K-1 to Subpart K of Part 98 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.... 98, Subpt. K, Table K-1 Table K-1 to Subpart K of Part 98—Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) CH4 Emission...

40 CFR Table K-1 to Subpart K of... - Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) CH4 Emission Factors

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 22 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) CH4 Emission Factors K Table K-1 to Subpart K of Part 98 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.... 98, Subpt. K, Table K-1 Table K-1 to Subpart K of Part 98—Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) CH4 Emission...

40 CFR Table K-1 to Subpart K of... - Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) CH4 Emission Factors

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) CH4 Emission Factors K Table K-1 to Subpart K of Part 98 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.... 98, Subpt. K, Table K-1 Table K-1 to Subpart K of Part 98—Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) CH4 Emission...

40 CFR Table K-1 to Subpart K of... - Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) CH4 Emission Factors

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) CH4 Emission Factors K Table K-1 to Subpart K of Part 98 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.... 98, Subpt. K, Table K-1 Table K-1 to Subpart K of Part 98—Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) CH4 Emission...

11. VIEW OF THE MANIPULATOR AND THE PARTS HEATING FURNACE. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. VIEW OF THE MANIPULATOR AND THE PARTS HEATING FURNACE. THE PARTS OR METALS WERE HEATED PRIOR TO BEING PRESSED. THE MANIPULATOR ARM WAS USED TO INSERT AND REMOVE PARTS OR METALS FROM THE FURNACE. (2/9/79) - Rocky Flats Plant, Uranium Rolling & Forming Operations, Southeast section of plant, southeast quadrant of intersection of Central Avenue & Eighth Street, Golden, Jefferson County, CO

40 CFR 63.1218 - What are the standards for hydrochloric acid production furnaces that burn hazardous waste?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... acid production furnaces that burn hazardous waste? 63.1218 Section 63.1218 Protection of Environment... production furnaces that burn hazardous waste? (a) Emission limits for existing sources. You must not...% DRE. If you burn the dioxin-listed hazardous wastes F020, F021, F022, F023, F026, or F027 (see § 261...

JPRS Report, Science and Technology, Europe.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-02-15

VIDP furnace is a further development of the conventional vacuum induction melter (VIM). It has an independent smelting and processing unit, to...which various casting systems can be linked according to the modular principle. Unlike the conventional vacuum induction melter, the VIDP furnace does... induction coil and the crucible. The furnace body can be extracted for relining or replacement with another, ready-lined, fur- nace body. This

Fiber glass pulling. [in space

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Workman, Gary L.

1987-01-01

Experiments were conducted to determine the viability of performing containerless glass fiber pulling in space. The optical transmission properties and glass-forming capabilities of the heavy metal fluorides are reviewed and the acoustic characteristics required for a molten glass levitation system are examined. The design limitations of, and necessary modifications to the acoustic levitation furnace used in the experiments are discussed in detail. Acoustic levitator force measurements were performed and a thermal map of the furnace was generated from thermocouple data. It was determined that the thermal capability of the furnace was inadequate to melt a glass sample in the center. The substitution of a 10 KW carbon monoxide laser for the original furnace heating elements resulted in improved melt heating.

Low emission U-fired boiler combustion system

DOEpatents

Ake, Terence; Beittel, Roderick; Lisauskas, Robert A.; Reicker, Eric

2000-01-01

At least one main combustion chamber contains at least one pulverized coal burner. Each pulverized coal burner is operatively arranged for minimizing NO.sub.X production and for maintaining a predetermined operating temperature to liquefy ash within the combustion chamber. The combustion chamber includes a slag drain for removing slag from the combustion chamber. A slag screen is positioned in a generally U-shaped furnace flow pattern. The slag screen is positioned between the combustion chamber and a radiant furnace. The radiant furnace includes a reburning zone for in-furnace No.sub.X reduction. The reburning zone extends between a reburning fuel injection source and at least one overfire air injection port for injecting air.

Record production on Gary No. 13 blast furnace with 450 lb./THM co-injection rates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schuett, K.J.; White, D.G.

1996-12-31

Coal injection was initiated on No. 13 Blast Furnace in 1993 with 400 lb/THM achieved in 9 months. In early 1994, cold weather and coal preparation upsets led to the use of a second injectant, oil atomized by natural gas, to supplement the coal. Various combinations of coal and oil were investigated as total injection was increased to 450 lb/THM. Beginning in the last half of 1994, a continuing effort has been made to increase furnace production while maintaining this high co-injection level. Typical furnace production is now in excess of 10,000 THM/day compared with about 8500 THM/day in latemore » 1993.« less

Recirculating Molten Metal Supply System And Method

DOEpatents

Kinosz, Michael J.; Meyer, Thomas N.

2003-07-01

The melter furnace includes a heating chamber (16), a pump chamber (18), a degassing chamber (20), and a filter chamber (22). The pump chamber (18) is located adjacent the heating chamber (16) and houses a molten metal pump (30). The degassing chamber (20) is located adjacent and in fluid communication with the pump chamber (18), and houses a degassing mechanism (36). The filter chamber (22) is located adjacent and in fluid communication with the degassing chamber (20). The filter chamber (22) includes a molten metal filter (38). The melter furnace (12) is used to supply molten metal to an externally located holder furnace (14), which then recirculates molten metal back to the melter furnace (12).

A Water Model Study on Mixing Behavior of the Two-Layered Bath in Bottom Blown Copper Smelting Furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shui, Lang; Cui, Zhixiang; Ma, Xiaodong; Jiang, Xu; Chen, Mao; Xiang, Yong; Zhao, Baojun

2018-05-01

The bottom-blown copper smelting furnace is a novel copper smelter developed in recent years. Many advantages of this furnace have been found, related to bath mixing behavior under its specific gas injection scheme. This study aims to use an oil-water double-phased laboratory-scale model to investigate the impact of industry-adjustable variables on bath mixing time, including lower layer thickness, gas flow rate, upper layer thickness and upper layer viscosity. Based on experimental results, an overall empirical relationship of mixing time in terms of these variables has been correlated, which provides the methodology for industry to optimize mass transfer in the furnace.

Glass shell manufacturing in space

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Downs, R. L.; Ebner, M. A.; Nolen, R. L., Jr.

1981-01-01

Highly-uniform, hollow glass spheres (shells), which are used for inertial confinement fusion targets, were formed from metal-organic gel powder feedstock in a vertical furnace. As a result of the rapid pyrolysis caused by the furnace, the gel is transformed to a shell in five distinct stages: (a) surface closure of the porous gel; (b) generation of a closed-cell foam structure in the gel; (c) spheridization of the gel and further expansion of the foam; (d) coalescence of the closed-cell foam to a single-void shell; and (e) fining of the glass shell. The heat transfer from the furnace to the falling gel particle was modeled to determine the effective heating rate of the gel. The model predicts the temperature history for a particle as a function of mass, dimensions, specific heat, and absorptance as well as furnace temperature profile and thermal conductivity of the furnace gas. A model was developed that predicts the gravity-induced degradation of shell concentricity in falling molten shells as a function of shell characteristics and time.

Crystal growth and furnace analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dakhoul, Youssef M.

1986-01-01

A thermal analysis of Hg/Cd/Te solidification in a Bridgman cell is made using Continuum's VAST code. The energy equation is solved in an axisymmetric, quasi-steady domain for both the molten and solid alloy regions. Alloy composition is calculated by a simplified one-dimensional model to estimate its effect on melt thermal conductivity and, consequently, on the temperature field within the cell. Solidification is assumed to occur at a fixed temperature of 979 K. Simplified boundary conditions are included to model both the radiant and conductive heat exchange between the furnace walls and the alloy. Calculations are performed to show how the steady-state isotherms are affected by: the hot and cold furnace temperatures, boundary condition parameters, and the growth rate which affects the calculated alloy's composition. The Advanced Automatic Directional Solidification Furnace (AADSF), developed by NASA, is also thermally analyzed using the CINDA code. The objective is to determine the performance and the overall power requirements for different furnace designs.

Measurements of alkali concentrations in an oxygen-natural gas-fired soda-lime-silica glass furnace

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

S. G. Buckley; P. M. Walsh; D. w. Hahn

1999-10-18

Sodium species vaporized from melting batch and molten glass in tank furnaces are the principal agents of corrosion of superstructure refractory and main contributors to emissions of particulate matter from glass melting. The use of oxygen in place of air for combustion of natural gas reduces particulate emissions, but is thought to accelerate corrosion in some melting tanks. Methods for measuring sodium are under investigation as means for identifying the volatilization, transport, and deposition mechanisms and developing strategies for control. Three separate methods were used to measure the concentrations of sodium species at various locations in an oxygen-natural gas-fired soda-lime-silicamore » glass melting tank. Measurements were made inside the furnace using the absorption of visible light and in the flue duct using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Measurements in both the furnace and flue were also made by withdrawing and analyzing samples of the furnace gas.« less

Numerical Simulation and Chaotic Analysis of an Aluminum Holding Furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Ji-min; Zhou, Yuan-yuan; Lan, Shen; Chen, Tao; Li, Jie; Yan, Hong-jie; Zhou, Jie-min; Tian, Rui-jiao; Tu, Yan-wu; Li, Wen-ke

2014-12-01

To achieve high heat efficiency, low pollutant emission and homogeneous melt temperature during thermal process of secondary aluminum, taking into account the features of aluminum alloying process, a CFD process model was developed and integrated with heat load and aluminum temperature control model. This paper presented numerical simulation of aluminum holding furnaces using the customized code based on FLUENT packages. Thermal behaviors of aluminum holding furnaces were investigated by probing into main physical fields such as flue gas temperature, velocity, and concentration, and combustion instability of aluminum holding process was represented by chaos theory. The results show that aluminum temperature uniform coefficient firstly decreases during heating phase, then increases and reduces alternately during holding phase, lastly rises during standing phase. Correlation dimension drops with fuel velocity. Maximal Lyapunov exponent reaches to a maximum when air-fuel ratio is close to 1. It would be a clear comprehension about each phase of aluminum holding furnaces to find new technology, retrofit furnace design, and optimize parameters combination.

Improved NOx emissions and combustion characteristics for a retrofitted down-fired 300-MWe utility boiler.

PubMed

Li, Zhengqi; Ren, Feng; Chen, Zhichao; Liu, Guangkui; Xu, Zhenxing

2010-05-15

A new technique combining high boiler efficiency and low-NO(x) emissions was employed in a 300MWe down-fired boiler as an economical means to reduce NO(x) emissions in down-fired boilers burning low-volatile coals. Experiments were conducted on this boiler after the retrofit with measurements taken of gas temperature distributions along the primary air and coal mixture flows and in the furnace, furnace temperatures along the main axis and gas concentrations such as O(2), CO and NO(x) in the near-wall region. Data were compared with those obtained before the retrofit and verified that by applying the combined technique, gas temperature distributions in the furnace become more reasonable. Peak temperatures were lowered from the upper furnace to the lower furnace and flame stability was improved. Despite burning low-volatile coals, NO(x) emissions can be lowered by as much as 50% without increasing the levels of unburnt carbon in fly ash and reducing boiler thermal efficiency.

Operating experience with 100% pellet burden on Amanda blast furnace

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Keaton, D.E.; Minakawa, T.

1993-01-01

A number of significant changes in operations at the Ashland Works of the Armco Steel Company occurred in 1992 which directly impacted the Amanda Blast Furnace operation. These changes included the shutdown of the hot strip mill which resulted in coke oven gas enrichment of the Amanda stoves and an increase of 75 C in hot blast temperature, transition to 100% continuous cast operation which resulted in increased variation of the hot metal demand, and the July idling of the sinter plant. Historically, the Amanda Blast Furnace burden was 30% fluxed sinter and 70% acid pellet. It was anticipated thatmore » the change to 100% pellet burden would require changes in charging practice and alter furnace performance. The paper gives a general furnace description and then describes the burden characteristics, operating practice with 30% sinter/70% acid pellet burden, preparations for the 100% acid pellet burden operation, the 100% acid pellet operation, and the 100% fluxed pellet burden operation.« less

AMTEC powered residential furnace and auxiliary power

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ivanenok, J.F. III; Sievers, R.K.

1996-12-31

Residential gas furnaces normally rely on utility grid electric power to operate the fans and/or the pumps used to circulate conditioned air or water and they are thus vulnerable to interruptions of utility grid service. Experience has shown that such interruptions can occur during the heating season, and can lead to serious consequences. A gas furnace coupled to an AMTEC conversion system retains the potential to produce heat and electricity (gas lines are seldom interrupted during power outages), and can save approximately $47/heating season compared to a conventional gas furnace. The key to designing a power system is understanding, andmore » predicting, the cell performance characteristics. The three main processes that must be understood and modeled to fully characterize an AMTEC cell are the electro-chemical, sodium vapor flow, and heat transfer. This paper will show the results of the most recent attempt to model the heat transfer in a multi-tube AMTEC cell and then discusses the conceptual design of a self-powered residential furnace.« less

Calculation of gas release from DC and AC arc furnaces in a foundry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krutyanskii, M. M.; Nekhamin, S. M.; Rebikov, E. M.

2016-12-01

A procedure for the calculation of gas release from arc furnaces is presented. The procedure is based on the stoichiometric ratios of the oxidation of carbon in liquid iron during the oxidation heat period and the oxidation of iron from a steel charge by oxygen in the period of solid charge melting during the gas exchange of the furnace cavity with the external atmosphere.

16. Coke 'fines' bin at Furnace D. After delivery to ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

16. Coke 'fines' bin at Furnace D. After delivery to the trestle bins, the coke was screened and the coke 'fines' or breeze, were transported by conveyor to the coke fines bins where it was collected and leaded into dump trucks. The coke fines were then sold for fuel to a sinter plant in Lorain, Ohio. - Central Furnaces, 2650 Broadway, east bank of Cuyahoga River, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

MUZO flight experience with the programmable multizone furnace

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lockowandt, Christian; Loth, Kenneth

1993-01-01

The Multi-Zone (MUZO) furnace has been developed for growing germanium (Ge) crystals under microgravity in a Get Away Special (GAS) payload. The MUZO furnace was launched with STS-47 Endeavour in September 1992. The payload worked as planned during the flight and a Ge sample was successfully processed. The experiment has given valuable scientific information. The design and functionality of the payload together with flight experience is reported.

Control of electromagnetic stirring by power focusing in large induction crucible furnaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Frizen, V. E.; Sarapulov, F. N.

2011-12-01

An approach is proposed for the calculation of the operating conditions of an induction crucible furnace at the final stage of melting with the power focused in various regions of melted metal. The calculation is performed using a model based on the method of detailed magnetic equivalent circuits. The combination of the furnace and a thyristor frequency converter is taken into account in modeling.

Baffles Promote Wider, Thinner Silicon Ribbons

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Seidensticker, Raymond G.; Mchugh, James P.; Hundal, Rolv; Sprecace, Richard P.

1989-01-01

Set of baffles just below exit duct of silicon-ribbon-growing furnace reduces thermal stresses in ribbons so wider ribbons grown. Productivity of furnace increased. Diverts plume of hot gas from ribbon and allows cooler gas from top of furnace to flow around. Also shields ribbon from thermal radiation from hot growth assembly. Ribbon cooled to lower temperature before reaching cooler exit duct, avoiding abrupt drop in temperature as entering duct.

Optical emission from a small scale model electric arc furnace in 250-600 nm region.

PubMed

Mäkinen, A; Niskanen, J; Tikkala, H; Aksela, H

2013-04-01

Optical emission spectroscopy has been for long proposed for monitoring and studying industrial steel making processes. Whereas the radiative decay of thermal excitations is always taking place in high temperatures needed in steel production, one of the most promising environment for such studies are electric arc furnaces, creating plasma in excited electronic states that relax with intense characteristic emission in the optical regime. Unfortunately, large industrial scale electric arc furnaces also present a challenging environment for optical emission studies and application of the method is not straightforward. To study the usability of optical emission spectroscopy in real electric arc furnaces, we have developed a laboratory scale DC electric arc furnace presented in this paper. With the setup, optical emission spectra of Fe, Cr, Cr2O3, Ni, SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, and MgO were recorded in the wavelength range 250-600 nm and the results were analyzed with the help of reference data. The work demonstrates that using characteristic optical emission, obtaining in situ chemical information from oscillating plasma of electric arc furnaces is indeed possible. In spite of complications, the method could possibly be applied to industrial scale steel making process in order to improve its efficiency.

CFD Modelling Applied to the Co-Combustion of Paper Sludge and Coal in a 130 t/h CFB Boiler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Z. S.; Ma, X. Q.; Lai, Z. Y.; Xiao, H. M.

Three-dimensional mathematical model has been developed as a tool for co-combustion of paper sludge and coal in a 130 tJh Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boiler. Mathematical methods had been used based on a commercial software FLUENT for combustion. The predicted results of CFB furnace show that the co-combustion of paper sludge/coal is initially intensively at the bottom of bed; the temperature reaches its maximum in the dense-phase zone, around l400K. It indicates that paper sludge spout into furnace from the recycle inlet can increase the furnace maximum temperature (l396.3K), area-weighted average temperature (l109.6K) and the furnace gas outlet area-weighted average temperature(996.8K).The mathematical modeling also predicts that 15 mass% paper sludge co-combustion is the highest temperature at the flue gas outlet, it is 1000.8K. Moreover, it is proved that mathematical models can serve as a tool for detailed analysis of co-combustion of paper sludge and coal processes in a circulating fluidized bed furnace when in view of its convenience. The results gained from numerical simulation show that paper sludge enter into furnace from the recycle inlet excelled than mixing with coal and at the underside of phase interface.

High-Temperature (940 °C) furnace in 18/20 T cold bore magnet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Ze; Hou, Yubin; Feng, Qiyuan; Dong, Hongliang; Lu, Qingyou

2018-01-01

We present a high-temperature furnace that can work continuously in an 18/20 T cold bore magnet. A specially designed liquid nitrogen (LN2) jacket is between the high-temperature parts of the furnace and the liquid helium in the magnet Dewar. With LN2 serving as the cooling medium, the calculated value of radiation received by the liquid helium (LHe) is as low as 0.004 W. The furnace can be put into LHe Dewar directly. Together with the magnet, the furnace can provide experimental conditions of a strong static magnetic field and temperatures up to 940 °C. A cobalt oxide synthesis in solution was carried out at 200 °C with and without a 15 T magnetic field for 8 h. Differences in material structure with the applied field were observed in transmission electron micrographs of the products. A Co film sample was treated at 900 °C with and without a 6.8 T magnetic field for 30 min. The scanning electron micrographs of the treated samples show that magnetic field had a clear effect on the heat treatment process. These two applications confirmed the performance of the furnace both in high magnetic field and at high temperature.

Power Quality Improvement in Induction Furnace by Harmonic Reduction Using Dynamic Voltage Restorer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saggu, Tejinder Singh; Singh, Lakhwinder

2016-06-01

Induction furnaces are used in wide quantity under different capacities for annual production of around 25 million tons of iron and steel in India. It plays a vital role in various manufacturing processes around the world for melting different types of metal scraps i. e. Copper, Cast Iron, Aluminium, Steel, Brass, Bronze, Silicon, Gold, Silver etc. which are further used in many other industrial applications. The induction furnace causes a huge disturbance to the utility and nearby consumers during its operation due to its non-linear characteristics. This is a serious phenomenon responsible for power quality degradation in the power system. This paper presents methodology to improve the power quality degradation caused by induction furnace using Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) which is a type of custom power device. The real time data has been taken from an industry employing induction furnace for production of ingots from scrap material. The experimental readings are measured using power quality analyser equipment. The simulation of whole plant is done by analysing this same data and the simulation results are compared with actual onsite results. Then, solution methodology using DVR is presented which revealed that the implementation of DVR is an effective solution for voltage sag mitigation and harmonics improvement in induction furnace.

Mathematical model of the stack region of a commercial lead blast furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hussain, Mansoor M.; Morris, David R.

1989-02-01

A mathematical model of the stack region of a commercial lead blast furnace is presented. The mass and heat balance equations were solved in conjunction with the kinetic expression for the rate of re-duction of the solids based upon the grain model, utilizing the measured structural parameters of the sinter feed and the measured kinetic parameters. Satisfactory agreement has been achieved between the computed and experimental axial profiles of gas and solids temperature, pressure, gas composi-tion, and condensed phases composition. The model is used to predict the effects of changes of bed voidage, physical properties, and chemical constitution of the sinter and the effects of gas and solids flow maldistribution on the operation of the furnace. In particular, it is noted that for a sinter with the typical physical properties of a commercial sinter, improved conversion in the upper reaches of the furnace is predicted when lead is in the form of lead oxide rather than as the relatively unreac-tive lead calcium silicates. The improved conversion is accompanied by better utilization of carbon monoxide. Further, the model suggests that the formation of scaffolds in the furnace may be due to flow maldistribution causing high temperatures in the vicinity of the furnace wall.

Use of computer systems and process information for blast furnace operations at U. S. Steel, Gary Works

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sherman, G.J.; Zmierski, M.L.

1994-09-01

US Steel Iron Producing Div. consists of four operating blast furnaces ranging in process control capabilities from 1950's and 1960's era hardware to state of the art technology. The oldest control system consists of a large number of panels containing numerous relays, indicating lights, selector switches, push buttons, analog controllers, strip chart recorders and annunciators. In contrast, the state of the art control system utilizes remote I/O, two sets of redundant PLC's, redundant charge director computer, redundant distributed control system, high resolution video-graphic display system and supervisory computer for real-time data acquisition. Process data are collected and archived on twomore » DEC VAX computers, one for No. 13 blast furnace and the other for the three south end furnaces. Historical trending, data analysis and reporting are available to iron producing personnel through terminals and PC's connected directly to the systems, dial-up modems and various network configurations. These two machines are part of the iron producing network which allows them to pass and receive information from each other as well as numerous other sources throughout the division. This configuration allows personnel to access most pertinent furnace information from a single source. The basic objective of the control systems is to charge raw materials to the top of the furnace at aim weights and sequence, while maintaining blast conditions at the bottom of the furnace at required temperature, pressure and composition. Control changes by the operators are primarily supervisory based on review of system generated plots and tables.« less

Thermal analysis of HGFQ using FIDAP(trademark): Solidification front motion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Woodbury, Keith A.

1996-01-01

The High Gradient Furnace with Quench (HGFQ) is being designed by NASA/MSFC for flight on the International Space Station. The furnace is being designed specifically for solidification experiments in metal and metallic alloy systems. The HGFQ Product development Team (PDT) has been active since January 1994 and their effort is now in early Phase B. Thermal models have been developed both by NASA and Sverdrup (support contractor) to assist in the HGFQ design effort. Both these models use SINDA as a solution engine, but the NASA model was developed using PATRAN and includes more detail than the Sverdrup model. These models have been used to guide design decisions and have been validated through experimentation on a prototypical 'Breadboard' furnace at MSFC. One facet of the furnace operation of interest to the designers is the sensitivity of the solidification interface location to changes in the furnace setpoint. Specifically of interest is the motion (position and velocity) of the solidification front due to a small perturbation in the furnace temperature. FIDAP(TM) is a commercially available finite element program for analysis of heat transfer and fluid flow processes. Its strength is in solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow, but among its capabilities is the analysis of transient processes involving radiation and solidification. The models presently available from NASA and Sverdrup are steady-state models and are incapable of computing the motion of the solidification front. The objective of this investigation is to use FIDAP(TM) to compute the motion of the solidification interface due to a perturbation in the furnace setpoint.

Improving Gas Furnace Performance: A Field and Laboratory Study at End of Life

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brand, L.; Yee, S.; Baker, J.

2015-02-01

In 2010, natural gas provided 54% of total residential space heating energy the U.S. on a source basis, or 3.5 Quadrillion Btu. Natural gas burned in furnaces accounted for 92% of that total, and boilers and other equipment made up the remainder. A better understanding of installed furnace performance is a key to energy savings for this significant energy usage. Natural gas furnace performance can be measured in many ways. The annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE) rating provides a fixed value under specified conditions, akin to the EPA miles per gallon rating for new vehicles. The AFUE rating is providedmore » by the manufacturer to the consumer and is a way to choose between models tested on the same basis. This value is commonly used in energy modeling calculations. ASHRAE 103 is a consensus furnace testing standard developed by the engineering community. The procedure provided in the standard covers heat-up, cool down, condensate heat loss, and steady-state conditions and an imposed oversize factor. The procedure can be used to evaluate furnace performance with specified conditions or with some variation chosen by the tester. In this report the ASHRAE 103 test result will be referred to as Annualized Efficiency (AE) to avoid confusion, and any non-standard test conditions will be noted. Aside from these two laboratory tests, steady state or flue loss efficiency can be measured in the field under many conditions; typically as found or tuned to the manufacturers recommended settings. In this report, AE and steady-state efficiency will be used as measures of furnace performance.« less

Characterization of PM 2.5 fugitive metal in the workplaces and the surrounding environment of a secondary aluminum smelter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuo, Su-Ching; Hsieh, Li-Ying; Tsai, Cheng-Hsien; Tsai, Ying I.

Fugitive metal in PM 2.5 at the blast furnace ( S1), reverberatory furnace ( S2), and surrounding environment ( S0) of a secondary aluminum smelter (a secondary ALS) was studied. PM 2.5 mass concentration at the blast furnace exceeded that at the reverberatory furnace and this was especially apparent during operation, giving an early indication that the blast furnace is more important as a pollutant source. Further, PM 2.5 mass concentration levels and patterns at S0 indicated that emissions from the blast furnace and reverberatory furnace were the major source of the observed fine particle pollution in the surrounding environment. Si and K were the main components and hence pollutants by mass in the PM 2.5 at S1, S2 and S0 during both operation and non-operation. Hg was not detected in the PM 2.5 aerosol during smelter operation but was present at all three sampling locations during non-operation. This is due to the falling blast furnace and reverberatory furnace temperatures during non-operation which cause Hg vapor formed during operation to condense to form detectable Hg particles, and hence Hg contributes to the pollutant load during non-operation. Average S1/ S0 and S2/ S0 mass concentration ratios of 40.32 and 18.53, respectively, for all measured metals during operation and 7.83 and 5.73 for all measured metals during non-operation indicate that metal particulate pollution at the workplaces of secondary ALSs, particularly at the blast furnace during operation, is a serious issue. S1/ S0 mass concentration ratios were higher still for Pb (62.22), Ti (113.40) and Ba (248.64), while the S2/ S0 mass concentration ratio for Mo was 138.20. Principal component analyses produced a PC1 that explained 32.36-48.16% of the total variance during operation of the smelter and 47.86-69.Ten percent during non-operation. Their strong component loadings were mainly related to the fugitive PM 2.5 mass. Compared to atmospheric metal concentrations reported for other regions of the world, the toxic metals that have relatively higher concentrations in the secondary ALS emissions are Cr, Cd, Cu, As, Pb, Se, Al and Zn, especially during smelter operation. Concentrations of these toxic heavy metals are approximately 2-4 orders of magnitude higher than those reported for various industrial regions and metropolises with heavy traffic across the world.

Study of flow structure in a four-vortex furnace model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anufriev, I. S.; Sharypov, O. V.; Dekterev, A. A.; Shadrin, E. Yu.; Papulov, A. P.

2017-11-01

The flow pattern was studied for a four-vortex furnace of a coal-dust boiler. The paper presents results of experimental study of inner aerodynamics performed on a lab-scale isothermal model of the furnace device. The PIV method was used to receive the flow velocity fields for several cross sections. The analysis was performed for the spatial structure of the flow comprising four stable closed vortices with vertical axes of flow swirling.

Design and start-up of Gary Works' pulverized coal injection facilities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

O'Donnell, E.M.; Cloran, L.M.; Oshnock, T.W.

1993-07-01

A pulverized coal injection system began operation at the Gary works' blast furnaces on Feb. 1, 1993. This system is capable of processing more than 3500 tons of coal/day to eventually supply the furnaces at a 400 lb/NTHM rate. The start-up was aggressive with coal levels exceeding 200 lb/NTHM within two to five weeks on the furnaces. Current rates are in the 250 to 290 lb/NTHM range.

Configuration and Calibration of High Temperature Furnaces for Testing Ceramic Matrix Composites

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-10-01

Actual Furnace Cavity Stainless Steel Mesh Cage For Electrical Connections (both sides) High Temperature Power Lead Clamp Furnace Control TC’s Power... tests generate the basic properties such as modulus (E), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), proportional limit (PL), strain at failure (f), as well as...stress- strain behavior. Each material was tested at room temperature, at the maximum use temperature for the CMC system (as determined by the CMC

High temperature furnace

DOEpatents

Borkowski, Casimer J.

1976-08-03

A high temperature furnace for use above 2000.degree.C is provided that features fast initial heating and low power consumption at the operating temperature. The cathode is initially heated by joule heating followed by electron emission heating at the operating temperature. The cathode is designed for routine large temperature excursions without being subjected to high thermal stresses. A further characteristic of the device is the elimination of any ceramic components from the high temperature zone of the furnace.

Development Of A Magnetic Directional-Solidification Furnace

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aldrich, Bill R.; Lehoczky, Sandor L.

1996-01-01

Report describes development of directional-solidification furnace in which axial magnetic field is imposed by surrounding ring permanent magnets and/or electromagnets and pole pieces. Furnace provides controlled axial temperature gradients in multiple zones, through which ampoule containing sample of material to be solidified is translated at controlled speed by low-vibration, lead-screw, stepping-motor-driven mechanism. Intended for use in low-gravity (spaceflight) experiments on melt growth of high-purity semiconductor crystals.

Walking beam furnace well-way slot covers at Rouge Steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Campbell, F. Jr.; Meinzinger, A.D.; Faust, C.H.

1993-07-01

Rouge Steel's 68-in. hot strip mill is served by three walking beam slab reheat furnaces. The first two were commissioned in 1974 and the third was installed in 1980. During the period 1979 to 1981, an intensive plant-wide energy management program to reduce energy consumption was undertaken. A major part of that program involved a comprehensive upgrading of refractory and insulation systems utilized in the walking beam reheat furnaces. A durable system for reducing heat losses through the well-way floor openings associated with walking beam slab reheat furnaces has, in addition to 4 to 5% savings in fuel consumption, reducedmore » maintenance costs. Payback is achieved in four to five months.« less

The Krylov accelerated SIMPLE(R) method for flow problems in industrial furnaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vuik, C.; Saghir, A.; Boerstoel, G. P.

2000-08-01

Numerical modeling of the melting and combustion process is an important tool in gaining understanding of the physical and chemical phenomena that occur in a gas- or oil-fired glass-melting furnace. The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are used to model the gas flow in the furnace. The discrete Navier-Stokes equations are solved by the SIMPLE(R) pressure-correction method. In these applications, many SIMPLE(R) iterations are necessary to obtain an accurate solution. In this paper, Krylov accelerated versions are proposed: GCR-SIMPLE(R). The properties of these methods are investigated for a simple two-dimensional flow. Thereafter, the efficiencies of the methods are compared for three-dimensional flows in industrial glass-melting furnaces. Copyright

[Determination of trace cobalt in human urine by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometr].

PubMed

Zhong, L X; Ding, B M; Jiang, D; Liu, D Y; Yu, B; Zhu, B L; Ding, L

2016-05-20

To establish a method to determine cobalt in human urine by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Urine with 2% nitric acid diluted two-fold, to quantify the curve, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric detection. Co was linear within 2.5~40.0 ng/ml with r>0.999. Spike experiment showed that Co received good recovery rate, which was 90.8%~94.8%. Intra-assay precisions were 3.2%~5.1% for Co, inter-assay precisions were 4.4%~5.2% for Co. The method by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometr to determine urine Co was fast, accurate and with low matrix effect. It could meet the requirement in GBZ/T 210.5-2008.

Fire-tube boiler optimization criteria and efficiency indicators rational values defining

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Batrakov, P. A.; Mikhailov, A. G.; Ignatov, V. Yu

2018-01-01

Technical and economic calculations problems solving with the aim of identifying the opportunity to recommend the project for industrial implementation are represented in the paper. One of the main determining factors impacting boiler energy efficiency is the exhaust gases temperature, as well as the furnace volume thermal stress. Fire-tube boilers with different types of furnaces are considered in the study. The fullest analysis of the boiler performance thermal and technical indicators for the following engineering problem: Q=idem, M=idem and evaluation according to η, B is presented. The furnace with the finned ellipse profile application results in the fuel consumption decrease due to a more efficient heat exchange surface of the furnace compared to other examined ones.

Self-tuning multivariable pole placement control of a multizone crystal growth furnace

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Batur, C.; Sharpless, R. B.; Duval, W. M. B.; Rosenthal, B. N.

1992-01-01

This paper presents the design and implementation of a multivariable self-tuning temperature controller for the control of lead bromide crystal growth. The crystal grows inside a multizone transparent furnace. There are eight interacting heating zones shaping the axial temperature distribution inside the furnace. A multi-input, multi-output furnace model is identified on-line by a recursive least squares estimation algorithm. A multivariable pole placement controller based on this model is derived and implemented. Comparison between single-input, single-output and multi-input, multi-output self-tuning controllers demonstrates that the zone-to-zone interactions can be minimized better by a multi-input, multi-output controller design. This directly affects the quality of crystal grown.

Method for curing polymers using variable-frequency microwave heating

DOEpatents

Lauf, R.J.; Bible, D.W.; Paulauskas, F.L.

1998-02-24

A method for curing polymers incorporating a variable frequency microwave furnace system designed to allow modulation of the frequency of the microwaves introduced into a furnace cavity is disclosed. By varying the frequency of the microwave signal, non-uniformities within the cavity are minimized, thereby achieving a more uniform cure throughout the workpiece. A directional coupler is provided for detecting the direction of a signal and further directing the signal depending on the detected direction. A first power meter is provided for measuring the power delivered to the microwave furnace. A second power meter detects the magnitude of reflected power. The furnace cavity may be adapted to be used to cure materials defining a continuous sheet or which require compressive forces during curing. 15 figs.

Automated information system for analysis and prediction of production situations in blast furnace plant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lavrov, V. V.; Spirin, N. A.

2016-09-01

Advances in modern science and technology are inherently connected with the development, implementation, and widespread use of computer systems based on mathematical modeling. Algorithms and computer systems are gaining practical significance solving a range of process tasks in metallurgy of MES-level (Manufacturing Execution Systems - systems controlling industrial process) of modern automated information systems at the largest iron and steel enterprises in Russia. This fact determines the necessity to develop information-modeling systems based on mathematical models that will take into account the physics of the process, the basics of heat and mass exchange, the laws of energy conservation, and also the peculiarities of the impact of technological and standard characteristics of raw materials on the manufacturing process data. Special attention in this set of operations for metallurgic production is devoted to blast-furnace production, as it consumes the greatest amount of energy, up to 50% of the fuel used in ferrous metallurgy. The paper deals with the requirements, structure and architecture of BF Process Engineer's Automated Workstation (AWS), a computer decision support system of MES Level implemented in the ICS of the Blast Furnace Plant at Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works. It presents a brief description of main model subsystems as well as assumptions made in the process of mathematical modelling. Application of the developed system allows the engineering and process staff to analyze online production situations in the blast furnace plant, to solve a number of process tasks related to control of heat, gas dynamics and slag conditions of blast-furnace smelting as well as to calculate the optimal composition of blast-furnace slag, which eventually results in increasing technical and economic performance of blast-furnace production.

A comparison of two soldering techniques on the misfit of bar-retained implant-supported overdentures.

PubMed

Alvarez, Angel; Lafita, Pedro; de Llanos, Hector; Gago, Angel; Brizuela, Aritza; Ellacuria, Joseba J

2014-02-01

This study was conducted to measure and compare the effect of the soldering method (torch soldering or ceramic furnace soldering) used for soldering bars to bar-retained, implant-supported overdentures on the fit between the bar gold cylinder and implant transgingival abutment. Thirty-two overdenture implant bars were manufactured and screw retained into two Bränemark implants, which were attached to a cow rib. The bars were randomly distributed in two groups: a torch-soldering group and a porcelain-furnace soldering group. Then all bars were cut and soldered using a torch and a ceramic furnace. The fit between the bar gold cylinders and implant transgingival abutments was measured with a light microscope on the opposite side to the screw tightening side before and after the bar soldering procedure. The data obtained were statistically processed for paired and independent data. The average misfit for all bars before soldering was 33.83 to 54.04 μm. After cutting and soldering the bars, the misfit increased up to a range of 71.74 to 78.79 μm. Both before and after the soldering procedure, the bars soldered using a torch showed a higher misfit when compared to the bars soldered using a porcelain furnace. After the soldering procedure, the misfit was slightly lower on the left side of the bars, which had been soldered using a ceramic furnace. According to our data, the soldering of bars using the torch or furnace oven soldering techniques does not improve the misfit of one-piece cast bars on two implants. The lower misfit was obtained using the porcelain furnace soldering technique. © 2013 by the American College of Prosthodontists.

Tumor prevalence and biomarkers of exposure in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) from Back River, Furnace Creek, and Tuckahoe River, Maryland.

PubMed

Pinkney, A E; Harshbarger, J C; May, E B; Melancon, M J

2004-05-01

Brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) were collected from 2 locations near Baltimore, Maryland, Back River and Furnace Creek, and 1 (reference) location, Tuckahoe River, to compare the prevalence of tumors (liver and skin) and visible skin lesions (fin erosion and abnormal barbels). Cytochrome P450 activity measured as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, biliary PAH-like fluorescent metabolites, and fillet contaminant concentrations were determined as indicators of exposure in a randomly selected subset of the fish. There were no significant differences in liver tumor prevalence: Back River = 8% (4/50), Furnace Creek = 0% (0/50), and Tuckahoe River = 2.6% (1/39; p = 0.20, extension of Fisher's exact test). Skin tumor prevalence was as follows: Furnace Creek = 12% (6/50), Back River = 8% (4/50), and Tuckahoe River = 0% (0/39; p = 0.063). In the Back River fish, there was a 40% (20/50) prevalence of fin erosion and a 28% (14/50) prevalence of abnormal (shortened, clubbed, or missing) barbels. Fin erosion was not observed in the other collections, and only 10% (5/50) of the Furnace Creek fish had abnormal barbels (p < 0.001 for both lesions). There were statistically significant differences in mean EROD activity, with levels in Furnace Creek and Back River fish approximately twice that found in Tuckahoe River fish. There were also significant differences in mean benzo(a)pyrene-like bile metabolite concentrations: the lowest mean was in the Tuckahoe River fish, 8 times higher in Furnace Creek fish, and 13 times higher in Back River fish. Of the 3 groups, the Back River bullheads appear to be most adversely affected by contaminant exposure because they had the highest prevalence of liver tumors, fin erosion, and abnormal barbels.

Tumor prevalence and biomarkers of exposure in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) from Back River, Furnace Creek, and Tuckahoe River, Maryland

USGS Publications Warehouse

Pinkney, A.E.; Harshbarger, J.C.; May, E.B.; Melancon, M.J.

2004-01-01

Brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) were collected from 2 locations near Baltimore, Maryland, Back River and Furnace Creek, and 1 (reference) location, Tuckahoe River, to compare the prevalence of tumors (liver and skin) and visible skin lesions (fin erosion and abnormal barbels). Cytochrome P450 activity measured as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, biliary PAH-like fluorescent metabolites, and fillet contaminant concentrations were determined as indicators of exposure in a randomly selected subset of the fish. There were no significant differences in liver tumor prevalence: Back River = 8% (4/50), Furnace Creek = 0% (0/50), and Tuckahoe River = 2.6% (1/39; p = 0.20, extension of Fishers exact test). Skin tumor prevalence was as follows: Furnace Creek = 12% (6/50), Back River = 8% (4/50), and Tuckahoe River = 0% (0/39; p = 0.063). In the Back River fish, there was a 40% (20/50) prevalence of fin erosion and a 28% (14/50) prevalence of abnormal (shortened, clubbed, or missing) barbels. Fin erosion was not observed in the other collections, and only 10% (5/50) of the Furnace Creek fish had abnormal barbels (p < 0.001 for both lesions). There were statistically significant differences in mean EROD activity, with levels in Furnace Creek and Back River fish approximately twice that found in Tuckahoe River fish. There were also significant differences in mean benzo(a)pyrene-like bile metabolite concentrations: the lowest mean was in the Tuckahoe River fish, 8 times higher in Furnace Creek fish, and 13 times higher in Back River fish. Of the 3 groups, the Back River bullheads appear to be most adversely affected by contaminant exposure because they had the highest prevalence of liver tumors, fin erosion, and abnormal barbels.

A Navy User’s Guide for Quality Assurance of New Concrete Construction

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

types and blends of cements, fly ash, silica fume, and blast furnace slag . During construction, concrete samples are taken to test and document the...chemical compositions provided by specific types and blends of cements, fly ash, silica fume, and blast furnace slag when used with specific aggregates...of portland cement and blast furnace slag . Before the 11 owner accepts the completed structure, all cracks transverse to the steel rebar in excess

Catalytic Destruction of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-08-01

Figure 1. The glass reactor passed through two furnaces. Both the furnaces were Lindberg 55035 hinged tube type. The top furnace served the purpose...10. HC1 Scrubber 10 11 12 11 13 11. Thermocouples 12. Manometer Tap 13. Glass Wool Figure 1. Schematic of the Reactor were used to check the...In the case of catalyst pellets, a thin layer of glass wool was used to hold the bed in place. The chlorinated hydrocarbon feed was introduced into

HPCMP CREATE (trademark)-AV Quality Assurance: Best Practices for Validating and Supporting Computation-Based Engineering Software

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-30

Hariharan, Cynthia Dahl HPCMP, Lorton VA HPCMP CREATE 10501 Furnace Road Ste 101 Lorton, VA 22079-2624 HPCMP CREATE 10501 Furnace Road Ste 101...PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) HPCMP CREATE,,10501 Furnace Road Ste 101,,Lorton, ,VA, 22079 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT...Orlando, FL, 2015. [22] E. Reed and A. T. Egolf, "Coaxial Rotor Wake and Prop Induction Impact on a Horizontal Tail Using HPCMP CREATE™-AV

RCRA, superfund and EPCRA hotline training module. Introduction to: Boilers and industrial furnaces (40 cfr part 266, subpart h) updated July 1996

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1996-07-01

The module summarizes the regulations affecting hazardous waste processes in boilers and industrial furnaces (BIFs). If defines boilers and industrial furnaces and describes the criteria associated with the definitions. It describes the requirements for processing hazardous waste in BIFs, including the distinctions between permitted and interim status units. It explains the requirements for the specially regulated BIFs and gives examples of each.

Reactions in the Tuyere Zone of Ironmaking Blast Furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Xiaodong; Zhu, Jinming; Xu, Haifa; Wang, Geoff; Lee, Hae-Geon; Zhao, Baojun

2018-02-01

A series of slags can be formed in the lower part of the ironmaking blast furnace that play important roles in smooth furnace operation, and in determining iron quality and productivity. The final slag tapped from the BF has been investigated extensively as it can be collected directly. Unfortunately, difficulties in accessing the interiors of the blast furnace limit the full understanding of other slags such as primary and bosh slags. In this study, different types of samples directly obtained from the tuyere zone of the blast furnace have been systematically analyzed and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), with focus on the characteristics of slags formed in the tuyere level. The samples were identified into three groups according to their morphological, mineralogical, and chemical properties: (1) tuyere slags originating from the reactions between ash and dripping slags; (2) bosh slags in the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-FeO system, with a CaO/SiO2 weight ratio of around 1.50, and Al2O3 and MgO concentrations close to those of final slags; and (3) coke ash that did not react with bosh slags. These findings will provide useful information on the evaluation of slags inside the blast furnace and the reactions in the tuyere zone.

Demonstration of coal reburning for cyclone boiler NO{sub x} control. Appendix, Book 1

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Based on the industry need for a pilot-scale cyclone boiler simulator, Babcock Wilcox (B&W) designed, fabricated, and installed such a facility at its Alliance Research Center (ARC) in 1985. The project involved conversion of an existing pulverized coal-fired facility to be cyclone-firing capable. Additionally, convective section tube banks were installed in the upper furnace in order to simulate a typical boiler convection pass. The small boiler simulator (SBS) is designed to simulate most fireside aspects of full-size utility boilers such as combustion and flue gas emissions characteristics, fireside deposition, etc. Prior to the design of the pilot-scale cyclone boiler simulator,more » the various cyclone boiler types were reviewed in order to identify the inherent cyclone boiler design characteristics which are applicable to the majority of these boilers. The cyclone boiler characteristics that were reviewed include NO{sub x} emissions, furnace exit gas temperature (FEGT) carbon loss, and total furnace residence time. Previous pilot-scale cyclone-fired furnace experience identified the following concerns: (1) Operability of a small cyclone furnace (e.g., continuous slag tapping capability). (2) The optimum cyclone(s) configuration for the pilot-scale unit. (3) Compatibility of NO{sub x} levels, carbon burnout, cyclone ash carryover to the convection pass, cyclone temperature, furnace residence time, and FEGT.« less

CFD-based Analysis of Non-Premixed Combustion Model in Biomass Grate Furnaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hafiz, M.; Nelwan, L. O.; Yulianto, M.

2018-05-01

Biomass grate furnace is widely used as heat source for various uses including grain drying. In this study, a CFD simulation using Fluent 18.0 academic was performed on a biomass ladder grate furnace, which can be used later to improve the design as well as the operation technique of the furnace. A downscaled overfeed type furnace with size of 15 x 30 x 50 cm was built to validate the model. The turbulence model used in this study was k-epsilon while the combustion model of non-premixed combustion was used. The simulation was performed with the biomass feed rate of 4 kg/h and air flow velocity of 7.5 m/s at 3.81 cm inlet diameter. The simulation result at outlet temperature was 673 °C and inside temperature were 775 and 717 °C, while the composition of gases was 0.18 for CO, 0.2 for CO2, 0.001 for CH4, 0.09 for H2O, 0.51 for N2 and 0.029 for other gases. Test results from a biomass ladder grate furnace were used to validate the model and the results are 646 °C for the outlet temperature, 712 and 582 °C for inside temperature. Comparison between simulation and measurement results shows good value with average percentage of deviation 12.12%.

Near-isothermal furnace for in situ and real time X-ray radiography solidification experiments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Becker, M., E-mail: maike.becker@dlr.de; Dreißigacker, C.; Klein, S.

2015-06-15

In this paper, we present a newly developed near-isothermal X-ray transparent furnace for in situ imaging of solidification processes in thin metallic samples. We show that the furnace is ideally suited to study equiaxed microstructure evolution and grain interaction. To observe the growth dynamics of equiaxed dendritic structures, a minimal temperature gradient across the sample is required. A uniform thermal profile inside a circular sample is achieved by positioning the sample in the center of a cylindrical furnace body surrounded by a circular heater arrangement. Performance tests with the hypo-eutectic Al-15wt.%Cu and the near-eutectic Al-33wt.%Cu alloys validate the near-isothermal charactermore » of the sample environment. Controlled cooling rates of less than 0.5 K min{sup −1} up to 10 K min{sup −1} can be achieved in a temperature range of 720 K–1220 K. Integrated in our rotatable laboratory X-ray facility, X-RISE, the furnace provides a large field of view of 10.5 mm in diameter and a high spatial resolution of ∼4 μm. With the here presented furnace, equiaxed dendrite growth models can be rigorously tested against experiments on metal alloys by, e.g., enabling dendrite growth velocities to be determined as a function of undercooling or solutal fields in front of the growing dendrite to be measured.« less

Laboratory arc furnace features interchangeable hearths

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Armstrong, J. L.; Kruger, O. L.

1967-01-01

Laboratory arc furnace using rapidly interchangeable hearths gains considerable versatility in casting so that buttons or special shaped castings can be produced. It features a sight glass for observation.

Graphitization of Coke and Its Interaction with Slag in the Hearth of a Blast Furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Kejiang; Zhang, Jianliang; Liu, Yanxiang; Barati, Mansoor; Liu, Zhengjian; Zhong, Jianbo; Su, Buxin; Wei, Mengfang; Wang, Guangwei; Yang, Tianjun

2016-04-01

Coke reaction behavior in the blast furnace hearth has yet to be fully understood due to limited access to the high temperature zone. The graphitization of coke and its interaction with slag in the hearth of blast furnace were investigated with samples obtained from the center of the deadman of a blast furnace during its overhaul period. All hearth coke samples from fines to lumps were confirmed to be highly graphitized, and the graphitization of coke in the high temperature zone was convinced to start from the coke surface and lead to the formation of coke fines. It will be essential to perform further comprehensive investigations on graphite formation and its evolution in a coke as well as its multi-effect on blast furnace performance. The porous hearth cokes were found to be filled up with final slag. Further research is required about the capability of coke to fill final slag and the attack of final slag on the hearth bottom refractories since this might be a new degradation mechanism of refractories located in the hearth bottom.

3-D Transient Heat Transfer Analysis of Slab Heating Characteristics in a Reheating Furnace in Hot Strip Mills

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jang, J. Y.; Lee, Y. W.; Lin, C. N.; Wang, C. H.

2016-05-01

A three-dimensional mathematical transient heat transfer model for the prediction of temperature distribution within the slab has been developed by considering the thermal radiation in the walking-beam-type reheating furnace chamber. The steel slabs are heated up through the non-firing, preheating, 1st-heating, 2nd-heating, and soaking zones in the furnace, respectively, where the furnace wall temperature is function of time. Comparison with the in-situ experimental data from Steel Company in Taiwan shows that the present heat transfer model works well for the prediction of thermal behavior of the slab in the reheating furnace. The effects of different skid button height (H=60mm, 90mm, and 120mm) and different gap distance between two slabs (S=50mm, 75mm, and 100mm) on the slab skid mark formation and temperature profiles are investigated. It is found that the skid mark severity decreases with an increase in the skid button height. The effect of gap distance is important only for the slab edge planes, while it is insignificant for the slab central planes.

A 3D mathematical model for the horizontal anode baking furnace

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kocaefe, Y.S.; Dernedde, E.; Kocaefe, D.

In the aluminum industry, carbon anodes are baked in large horizontal or vertical ring-type furnaces. The anode quality depends strongly on the baking conditions (heating rate, soaking time and final anode temperature). A three-dimensional mathematical model has been developed for a horizontal anode baking furnace to assess the effects of different parameters on the baking process and to improve the furnace operation and design at Noranda Aluminum Smelter in New Madrid, Missouri. The commercial CFD code CFDS-FLOW3D is used to solve the governing differential equations. The model gives the temperature, velocity and concentration distributions in the flue, and the variationmore » of the temperature distribution with time in the pit. In this paper, a description of the 3D model for the horizontal anode baking furnace will be given. Some of the results from a case study will also be presented. The results show clearly the importance of flue geometry on the gas flow distribution in the flue and the heat transfer to the anodes.« less

Fault pattern at the northern end of the Death Valley - Furnace Creek fault zone, California and Nevada

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liggett, M. A. (Principal Investigator); Childs, J. F.

1974-01-01

The author has identified the following significant results. The pattern of faulting associated with the termination of the Death Valley-Furnace Creek Fault Zone in northern Fish Lake Valley, Nevada was studied in ERTS-1 MSS color composite imagery and color IR U-2 photography. Imagery analysis was supported by field reconnaissance and low altitude aerial photography. The northwest-trending right-lateral Death Valley-Furnace Creek Fault Zone changes northward to a complex pattern of discontinuous dip slip and strike slip faults. This fault pattern terminates to the north against an east-northeast trending zone herein called the Montgomery Fault Zone. No evidence for continuation of the Death Valley-Furnace Creek Fault Zone is recognized north of the Montgomery Fault Zone. Penecontemporaneous displacement in the Death Valley-Furnace Creek Fault Zone, the complex transitional zone, and the Montgomery Fault Zone suggests that the systems are genetically related. Mercury mineralization appears to have been localized along faults recognizable in ERTS-1 imagery within the transitional zone and the Montgomery Fault Zone.

Better VPS Fabrication of Crucibles and Furnace Cartridges

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Holmes, Richard R.; Zimmerman, Frank R.; O'Dell, J. Scott; McKechnie, Timothy N.

2003-01-01

An experimental investigation has shown that by (1) vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) of suitable refractory metal alloys on graphite mandrels, and then (2) heat-treating the VPS alloy deposits under suitable conditions, it is possible to fabricate improved crucibles and furnace cartridges that could be used at maximum temperatures between 1,400 and 1,600 C and that could withstand chemical attack by the materials to be heated in the crucibles and cartridges. Taken by itself, the basic concept of fabricating furnace cartridges by VPS of refractory materials onto graphite mandrels is not new; taken by itself, the basic concept of heat treatment of VPS deposits for use as other than furnace cartridges is also not new; however, prior to this investigation, experimental crucibles and furnace cartridges fabricated by VPS had not been heat treated and had been found to be relatively weak and brittle. Accordingly, the investigation was directed toward determining whether certain combinations of (1) refractory alloy compositions, (2) VPS parameters, and (3) heat-treatment parameters could result in VPS-fabricated components with increased ductility.

Heat Transfer Coefficient Distribution in the Furnace of a 300MWe CFB Boiler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, P.; Lu, J. F.; Yang, H. R.; Zhang, J. S.; Zhang, H.; Yue, G. X.

Properly understanding and calculating the distributions of heat flux and heat transfer coefficient (α) in the furnace is important in designing a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler, especially with supercritical parameters. Experimental study on the heat transfer in a commercial 300MWe CFB boiler was conducted. The α from the bed to the water wall was measured by the finite element method (FEM), at five different heights. The influence of suspension density and bed temperature on α was analyzed. It was found that the pressure difference between the inlet and exit of the three cyclones, and the chamber pressure of the corresponding loop seal were not equal. The results indicated the suspension solid density was non-uniform in the cross section at a certain height. Consequently, the distributions of heat flux and α in the horizontal plane in the furnace was non-uniform. The furnace can divided into three sections according to the arrangement of the platen superheaters hanging in the upper CFB furnace. In each section, the heat flux near the center showed increasing trend.

Large area silicon sheet by EFG

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1981-01-01

Progress was made in improving ribbon flatness and reducing stress, and in raising cell performance for 10 cm wide ribbon grown in single cartridge EFG furnaces. Optimization of growth conditions resulted in improved ribbon thickness uniformity at a thickness of 200 micron, grown at 4 cm/minute, and growth at this target speed is routinely achieved over periods of the order of one hour or more. With the improved ribbon flatness, fabrication of large area (50 cm2) cells is now possible, and 10 to 11% efficiencies were demonstrated on ribbon grown at 3.5 to 4 cm/minute. Factors limiting performance of the existing multiple ribbon furnace were identified, and growth system improvements implemented to help raise throughput rates and the time percentage of simultaneous three-ribbon growth. However, it is evident that major redesign of this furnace would be needed to overcome shortfalls in its ability to achieve the Technical Features Demonstration goals of 1980. It was decided to start construction of a new multiple ribbon furnace and to incorporate the desired improvements into its design. The construction of this furnace is completed.

Numerical and Experimental Modeling of the Recirculating Melt Flow Inside an Induction Crucible Furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Asad, Amjad; Bauer, Katrin; Chattopadhyay, Kinnor; Schwarze, Rüdiger

2018-06-01

In the paper, a new water model of the turbulent recirculating flow in an induction furnace is introduced. The water model was based on the principle of the stirred vessel used in process engineering. The flow field in the water model was measured by means of particle image velocimetry in order to verify the model's performance. Here, it is indicated that the flow consists of two toroidal vortices similar to the flow in the induction crucible furnace. Furthermore, the turbulent flow in the water model is investigated numerically by adopting eddy-resolving turbulence modeling. The two toroidal vortices occur in the simulations as well. The numerical approaches provide identical time-averaged flow patterns. Moreover, a good qualitative agreement is observed on comparing the experimental and numerical results. In addition, a numerical simulation of the melt flow in a real induction crucible furnace was performed. The turbulent kinetic energy spectrum of the flow in the water model was compared to that of the melt flow in the induction crucible furnace to show the similarity in the nature of turbulence.

Kinetic sorption modelling of Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb and Cr ions to pine bark and blast furnace slag by using batch experiments.

PubMed

Nehrenheim, E; Gustafsson, J P

2008-04-01

Storm water and landfill leachate can both contain significant amounts of toxic metals such as Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Ni. Pine bark and blast furnace slag are both residual waste products that have shown a large potential for metal removal from contaminated water. There are however many variables that must be optimized in order to achieve efficient metal retention. One of these variables is the time of which the solution is in contact with each unit of filter material. Metal sorption was studied in two laboratory experiments to improve the knowledge of the effects of contact time. The results showed that pine bark was generally more efficient than blast furnace slag when the metal concentrations were relatively small, whereas blast furnace slag sorbed most metals to a larger extent at increased metal loads. In addition, sorption to blast furnace slag was found to be faster than metal binding to pine bark. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model was able to describe the data well within 1000 s of reaction time.

Nonlinear system identification of the reduction nickel oxide smelting process in electric arc furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gubin, V.; Firsov, A.

2018-03-01

As the title implies the article describes the nonlinear system identification of the reduction smelting process of nickel oxide in electric arc furnaces. It is suggested that for operational control ratio of components of the charge must be solved the problem of determining the qualitative composition of the melt in real time. The use of 0th harmonic of phase voltage AC furnace as an indirect measure of the melt composition is proposed. Brief description of the mechanism of occurrence and nature of the non-zero 0th harmonic of the AC voltage of the arc is given. It is shown that value of 0th harmonic of the arc voltage is not function of electrical parameters but depends of the material composition of the melt. Processed industrial data are given. Hammerstein-Wiener model is used for description of the dependence of 0th harmonic of the furnace voltage from the technical parameters of melting furnace: the melt composition and current. Recommendations are given about the practical use of the model.

An experimental investigation of concentrated slop combustion characteristics in cyclone furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Panpokha, Suphaopich; Wongwuttanasatian, Tanakorn; Tangchaichit, Kiatfa

2018-02-01

Slop is a by-product in alcoholic industries requiring costly waste management. An idea of using slop as a fuel in a boiler for the industries was proposed. Due to high content of ash, a cyclone furnace was designed to combust the slop. This study aims to examine the concentrated slop combustion in a designed cyclone furnace, consisting of combustion temperature and exhaust gases. The tests were carried out under 4 different air-fuel ratios. Fuels injected into the furnace were 3 g/s of concentrated slop and 1 g/s of diesel. The air-fuel ratios were corresponding to 100, 120, 140 and 160 percent theoretical air. The results demonstrated that combustion of concentrated slop can gave temperature of 800-1000°C and a suitable theoretical air was 100%-120%, because the combustion temperature was higher than that of other cases. In cyclone combustion, excess air is not recommended because it affects a reduction in overall temperature inside the cyclone furnace. It is expected that utilization of the concentrated slop (by-product) will be beneficial in the development of green and zero waste factory.

Ampoule Failure System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Watring, Dale A. (Inventor); Johnson, Martin L. (Inventor)

1996-01-01

An ampoule failure system for use in material processing furnaces comprising a containment cartridge and an ampoule failure sensor. The containment cartridge contains an ampoule of toxic material therein and is positioned within a furnace for processing. An ampoule failure probe is positioned in the containment cartridge adjacent the ampoule for detecting a potential harmful release of toxic material therefrom during processing. The failure probe is spaced a predetermined distance from the ampoule and is chemically chosen so as to undergo a timely chemical reaction with the toxic material upon the harmful release thereof. The ampoule failure system further comprises a data acquisition system which is positioned externally of the furnace and is electrically connected to the ampoule failure probe so as to form a communicating electrical circuit. The data acquisition system includes an automatic shutdown device for shutting down the furnace upon the harmful release of toxic material. It also includes a resistance measuring device for measuring the resistance of the failure probe during processing. The chemical reaction causes a step increase in resistance of the failure probe whereupon the automatic shutdown device will responsively shut down the furnace.

Oxy-fired boiler unit and method of operating the same

DOEpatents

Lou, Xinsheng; Zhang, Jundong; Joshi, Abhinaya; McCombe, James A.; Levasseur, Armand A.

2016-12-06

An oxy-combustion boiler unit is disclosed which includes a furnace for combusting fuel and for emitting flue gas resulting from combustion. The furnace has first, second and third combustion zones, and an air separation unit for separating oxygen gas from air and providing a first portion of the separated oxygen to a first oxidant flow, a second portion to a second oxidant flow, and a third portion of the separated oxygen gas to the first, second, and third zones of the furnace. A controller can cause the separated oxygen gas to be distributed so that the first and second oxygen flows have a desired oxygen content, and so that the first, second, and third zones of the furnace receive a desired amount of oxygen based on a combustion zone stoichiometry control.

Gas dynamics of reactive gases in swirling-type furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Akhmetshina, A. I.; Pavlov, G. I.; Sabirzyanov, A. N.; Tikhonov, O. A.

2017-09-01

It is known from the literature that for the complete reaction of two gases (fuel and oxidizer), it is necessary to fulfill three basic conditions: the stoichiometric ratio of reactive gases, qualitative mixing and ensuring the cooling of combustion products without "quenching". Of the above-stated conditions it is more difficult to organize a qualitative mixture formation. This physical process requires additional expenditure of energy flow. In this work we present the results of experimental and theoretical studies of the gas dynamics of a reactive gas mixture in a swirling-type furnace. The design scheme of the furnace includes two reaction zones for combustible components: the first zone is the zone of generation of combustible gases which composition is constant; the second zone of the furnace - zone of a homogeneous combustion reaction.

Method for curing polymers using variable-frequency microwave heating

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lauf, R.J.; Bible, D.W.; Paulauskas, F.L.

1998-02-24

A method for curing polymers incorporating a variable frequency microwave furnace system designed to allow modulation of the frequency of the microwaves introduced into a furnace cavity is disclosed. By varying the frequency of the microwave signal, non-uniformities within the cavity are minimized, thereby achieving a more uniform cure throughout the workpiece. A directional coupler is provided for detecting the direction of a signal and further directing the signal depending on the detected direction. A first power meter is provided for measuring the power delivered to the microwave furnace. A second power meter detects the magnitude of reflected power. Themore » furnace cavity may be adapted to be used to cure materials defining a continuous sheet or which require compressive forces during curing. 15 figs.« less

Modernizing the automatic temperature-regulating systems for electric resistor furnaces

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Anchevskii, I.V.; Afanasiadi, N.G.; Demin, V.P.

An analysis of the technical level of heat-treating equipment at the sector's plants showed that automation was either insufficient or completely lacking. Modern heat-treating technology makes stringent demands on heat-treating equipment, including electric resistor furnaces. Therefore, it became necessary to modernize these furnaces and equip them with modern automatic temperature control systems (ATCSs). This is most urgent for furnaces which handle nuclear-power-station parts, which must not only be held at a certain temperature for a definite time, but which also require a complex process with established heating rates in each time period. The heat-treatment data are recorded in the part'smore » passport certificate, and the temperatures of both the heatingzone atmosphere and the heat-treated part are monitored.« less

High temperature aircraft research furnace facilities

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, James E., Jr.; Cashon, John L.

1992-01-01

Focus is on the design, fabrication, and development of the High Temperature Aircraft Research Furnace Facilities (HTARFF). The HTARFF was developed to process electrically conductive materials with high melting points in a low gravity environment. The basic principle of operation is to accurately translate a high temperature arc-plasma gas front as it orbits around a cylindrical sample, thereby making it possible to precisely traverse the entire surface of a sample. The furnace utilizes the gas-tungsten-arc-welding (GTAW) process, also commonly referred to as Tungsten-Inert-Gas (TIG). The HTARFF was developed to further research efforts in the areas of directional solidification, float-zone processing, welding in a low-gravity environment, and segregation effects in metals. The furnace is intended for use aboard the NASA-JSC Reduced Gravity Program KC-135A Aircraft.

HEU Holdup Measurements in 321-M B and Spare U-Al Casting Furnaces

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Salaymeh, S.R.

The Analytical Development Section of Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC) was requested by the Facilities Decontamination Division (FDD) to determine the holdup of enriched uranium in the 321-M facility as part of an overall deactivation project of the facility. The 321-M facility was used to fabricate enriched uranium fuel assemblies, lithium-aluminum target tubes, neptunium assemblies, and miscellaneous components for the production reactors. This report covers holdup measurements in two uranium aluminum alloy (U-Al) casting furnaces. Our results indicate an upper limit of 235U content for the B and Spare furnaces of 51 and 67 g respectively. This report discusses themore » methodology, non-destructive assay (NDA) measurements, and results of the uranium holdup on the two furnaces.« less

Method for curing polymers using variable-frequency microwave heating

DOEpatents

Lauf, Robert J.; Bible, Don W.; Paulauskas, Felix L.

1998-01-01

A method for curing polymers (11) incorporating a variable frequency microwave furnace system (10) designed to allow modulation of the frequency of the microwaves introduced into a furnace cavity (34). By varying the frequency of the microwave signal, non-uniformities within the cavity (34) are minimized, thereby achieving a more uniform cure throughout the workpiece (36). A directional coupler (24) is provided for detecting the direction of a signal and further directing the signal depending on the detected direction. A first power meter (30) is provided for measuring the power delivered to the microwave furnace (32). A second power meter (26) detects the magnitude of reflected power. The furnace cavity (34) may be adapted to be used to cure materials defining a continuous sheet or which require compressive forces during curing.

40 CFR 60.181 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... lead bullion. (g) Electric smelting furnace means any furnace in which the heat necessary for smelting of the lead sulfide ore concentrate charge is generated by passing an electric current through a...

40 CFR 60.181 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... lead bullion. (g) Electric smelting furnace means any furnace in which the heat necessary for smelting of the lead sulfide ore concentrate charge is generated by passing an electric current through a...

40 CFR 60.181 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... lead bullion. (g) Electric smelting furnace means any furnace in which the heat necessary for smelting of the lead sulfide ore concentrate charge is generated by passing an electric current through a...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

V.I. Rudyka; N.Y. Chebotarev; O.N. Surenskii

The basic approaches employed in the construction of coke battery 11A at OAO Magnitogorskii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat are outlined. This battery includes 51.0-m{sup 3} furnaces and a dust-free coke-supply system designed by Giprokoks with lateral gas supply; it is heated exclusively by low-calorific mixed gas consisting of blast-furnace gas with added coke-oven gas. The 82 furnaces in the coke battery are divided into two blocks of 41. The gross coke output of the battery (6% moisture content) is 1140000 t/yr.

Tube furnace

DOEpatents

Foster, Kenneth G.; Frohwein, Eugene J.; Taylor, Robert W.; Bowen, David W.

1991-01-01

A vermiculite insulated tube furnace is heated by a helically-wound resistance wire positioned within a helical groove on the surface of a ceramic cylinder, that in turn is surroundingly disposed about a doubly slotted stainless steel cylindrical liner. For uniform heating, the pitch of the helix is of shorter length over the two end portions of the ceramic cylinder. The furnace is of large volume, provides uniform temperature, offers an extremely precise programmed heating capability, features very rapid cool-down, and has a modest electrical power requirement.

Measure Guideline: High Efficiency Natural Gas Furnaces

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brand, L.; Rose, W.

2012-10-01

This Measure Guideline covers installation of high-efficiency gas furnaces. Topics covered include when to install a high-efficiency gas furnace as a retrofit measure, how to identify and address risks, and the steps to be used in the selection and installation process. The guideline is written for Building America practitioners and HVAC contractors and installers. It includes a compilation of information provided by manufacturers, researchers, and the Department of Energy as well as recent research results from the Partnership for Advanced Residential Retrofit (PARR) Building America team.

Measure Guideline. High Efficiency Natural Gas Furnaces

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brand, L.; Rose, W.

2012-10-01

This measure guideline covers installation of high-efficiency gas furnaces, including: when to install a high-efficiency gas furnace as a retrofit measure; how to identify and address risks; and the steps to be used in the selection and installation process. The guideline is written for Building America practitioners and HVAC contractors and installers. It includes a compilation of information provided by manufacturers, researchers, and the Department of Energy as well as recent research results from the Partnership for Advanced Residential Retrofit (PARR) Building America team.

Acoustic Levitator With Furnace And Laser Heating

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barmatz, Martin B.; Stoneburner, James D.

1991-01-01

Acoustic-levitation apparatus incorporates electrical-resistance furnace for uniform heating up to temperature of about 1,000 degrees C. Additional local heating by pair of laser beams raise temperature of sample to more than 1,500 degrees C. High temperature single-mode acoustic levitator generates cylindrical-mode accoustic resonance levitating sample. Levitation chamber enclosed in electrical-resistance furnace. Infrared beams from Nd:YAG laser provide additional local heating of sample. Designed for use in containerless processing of materials in microgravity or in normal Earth gravity.

Investigation of inner aerodynamics of the four-vortex furnace model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anufriev, I. S.; Shadrin, E. Yu; Sharypov, O. V.

2018-03-01

The internal aerodynamics of a perspective vortex furnace chamber of a pulverized coal boiler with a diagonal arrangement of burners is studied using the non-contact optical method of flow diagnostics. The results of laser Doppler anemometry, characterizing the complex spatial structure of a swirling flow in an isothermal laboratory model of the furnace device, are presented. The velocity distribution in the vortex chamber volume is obtained, and the flow structure in the form of four conjugate closed vortices with curved axes is visualized.

Thermally efficient melting and fuel reforming for glass making

DOEpatents

Chen, Michael S.; Painter, Corning F.; Pastore, Steven P.; Roth, Gary S.; Winchester, David C.

1991-01-01

An integrated process for utilizing waste heat from a glass making furnace. The hot off-gas from the furnace is initially partially cooled, then fed to a reformer. In the reformer, the partially cooled off-gas is further cooled against a hydrocarbon which is thus reformed into a synthesis gas, which is then fed into the glass making furnace as a fuel. The further cooled off-gas is then recycled back to absorb the heat from the hot off-gas to perform the initial cooling.

Electrical Performance of Monolayer MoS2 Field-Effect Transistors Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-16

Furthermore, MoS2 also shows promise for use in logic circuits and optoelectronic devices, and it is a promising material for use on flexible and...onto an auxiliary silicon substrate and placed inside a tube furnace with the growth substrates surrounding it. Sulfur powder, placed upstream near the...opening of the furnace at an approximate temperature of 600 C, was subli- mated for use as the sulfur vapor source. The furnace was heated to a peak