Sample records for ganges river dolphins

  1. Bioaccumulation profiles of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and organochlorine pesticides in Ganges River dolphins

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Senthilkumar, K.; Kannan, K.; Sinha, R.K.

    1999-07-01

    Isomer-specific concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) including non-, mono-, and di-ortho-substituted congeners, DDT and its metabolites, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, chlordane compounds, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were determined in river dolphin blubber and prey fishes collected during 1993 through 1996 from the River Ganges in India. Concentrations of organochlorines were also measured in the milk and liver of dolphins, benthic invertebrates, and sediments. The DDTs and PCBs were the predominant compounds found in dolphin tissues and fish that comprise the diet of dolphins. Concentrations of DDTs and PCBs in the blubber of dolphins were in the range of 30 to 120 andmore » 1.5 to 25 {micro}g/g, lipid weight, respectively. Penta- and hexachlorobiphenyls collectively accounted for 68 to 80% of the total PCB concentrations in river dolphins. Hexachlorobiphenyl congener 138 (2.2{prime}, 3,4,4{prime},5{prime}-) was the most abundant in dolphin blubber and prey fishes. The isomer/congener pattern of PCBs and organchlorine pesticides suggested that there is less metabolism due to cytochrome P450 enzymes in Ganges river dolphins than in marine or terrestrial mammals. The mean 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs) estimated in river dolphin blubber was greater than those that can cause adverse effects in mink. Comparison of organochlorine concentrations in river dolphins with those of the values reported for samples analyzed during 1988 through 1992 suggested that the contamination by these compounds has increased in the River Ganges.« less

  2. Clicking in shallow rivers: short-range echolocation of Irrawaddy and Ganges River dolphins in a shallow, acoustically complex habitat.

    PubMed

    Jensen, Frants H; Rocco, Alice; Mansur, Rubaiyat M; Smith, Brian D; Janik, Vincent M; Madsen, Peter T

    2013-01-01

    Toothed whales (Cetacea, odontoceti) use biosonar to navigate their environment and to find and catch prey. All studied toothed whale species have evolved highly directional, high-amplitude ultrasonic clicks suited for long-range echolocation of prey in open water. Little is known about the biosonar signals of toothed whale species inhabiting freshwater habitats such as endangered river dolphins. To address the evolutionary pressures shaping the echolocation signal parameters of non-marine toothed whales, we investigated the biosonar source parameters of Ganges river dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) and Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) within the river systems of the Sundarban mangrove forest. Both Ganges and Irrawaddy dolphins produced echolocation clicks with a high repetition rate and low source level compared to marine species. Irrawaddy dolphins, inhabiting coastal and riverine habitats, produced a mean source level of 195 dB (max 203 dB) re 1 µPapp whereas Ganges river dolphins, living exclusively upriver, produced a mean source level of 184 dB (max 191) re 1 µPapp. These source levels are 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those of similar sized marine delphinids and may reflect an adaptation to a shallow, acoustically complex freshwater habitat with high reverberation and acoustic clutter. The centroid frequency of Ganges river dolphin clicks are an octave lower than predicted from scaling, but with an estimated beamwidth comparable to that of porpoises. The unique bony maxillary crests found in the Platanista forehead may help achieve a higher directionality than expected using clicks nearly an octave lower than similar sized odontocetes.

  3. Clicking in Shallow Rivers: Short-Range Echolocation of Irrawaddy and Ganges River Dolphins in a Shallow, Acoustically Complex Habitat

    PubMed Central

    Jensen, Frants H.; Rocco, Alice; Mansur, Rubaiyat M.; Smith, Brian D.; Janik, Vincent M.; Madsen, Peter T.

    2013-01-01

    Toothed whales (Cetacea, odontoceti) use biosonar to navigate their environment and to find and catch prey. All studied toothed whale species have evolved highly directional, high-amplitude ultrasonic clicks suited for long-range echolocation of prey in open water. Little is known about the biosonar signals of toothed whale species inhabiting freshwater habitats such as endangered river dolphins. To address the evolutionary pressures shaping the echolocation signal parameters of non-marine toothed whales, we investigated the biosonar source parameters of Ganges river dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) and Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) within the river systems of the Sundarban mangrove forest. Both Ganges and Irrawaddy dolphins produced echolocation clicks with a high repetition rate and low source level compared to marine species. Irrawaddy dolphins, inhabiting coastal and riverine habitats, produced a mean source level of 195 dB (max 203 dB) re 1 µPapp whereas Ganges river dolphins, living exclusively upriver, produced a mean source level of 184 dB (max 191) re 1 µPapp. These source levels are 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than those of similar sized marine delphinids and may reflect an adaptation to a shallow, acoustically complex freshwater habitat with high reverberation and acoustic clutter. The centroid frequency of Ganges river dolphin clicks are an octave lower than predicted from scaling, but with an estimated beamwidth comparable to that of porpoises. The unique bony maxillary crests found in the Platanista forehead may help achieve a higher directionality than expected using clicks nearly an octave lower than similar sized odontocetes. PMID:23573197

  4. To See or Not to See: Investigating Detectability of Ganges River Dolphins Using a Combined Visual-Acoustic Survey

    PubMed Central

    Richman, Nadia I.; Gibbons, James M.; Turvey, Samuel T.; Akamatsu, Tomonari; Ahmed, Benazir; Mahabub, Emile; Smith, Brian D.; Jones, Julia P. G.

    2014-01-01

    Detection of animals during visual surveys is rarely perfect or constant, and failure to account for imperfect detectability affects the accuracy of abundance estimates. Freshwater cetaceans are among the most threatened group of mammals, and visual surveys are a commonly employed method for estimating population size despite concerns over imperfect and unquantified detectability. We used a combined visual-acoustic survey to estimate detectability of Ganges River dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) in four waterways of southern Bangladesh. The combined visual-acoustic survey resulted in consistently higher detectability than a single observer-team visual survey, thereby improving power to detect trends. Visual detectability was particularly low for dolphins close to meanders where these habitat features temporarily block the view of the preceding river surface. This systematic bias in detectability during visual-only surveys may lead researchers to underestimate the importance of heavily meandering river reaches. Although the benefits of acoustic surveys are increasingly recognised for marine cetaceans, they have not been widely used for monitoring abundance of freshwater cetaceans due to perceived costs and technical skill requirements. We show that acoustic surveys are in fact a relatively cost-effective approach for surveying freshwater cetaceans, once it is acknowledged that methods that do not account for imperfect detectability are of limited value for monitoring. PMID:24805782

  5. To see or not to see: investigating detectability of Ganges River dolphins using a combined visual-acoustic survey.

    PubMed

    Richman, Nadia I; Gibbons, James M; Turvey, Samuel T; Akamatsu, Tomonari; Ahmed, Benazir; Mahabub, Emile; Smith, Brian D; Jones, Julia P G

    2014-01-01

    Detection of animals during visual surveys is rarely perfect or constant, and failure to account for imperfect detectability affects the accuracy of abundance estimates. Freshwater cetaceans are among the most threatened group of mammals, and visual surveys are a commonly employed method for estimating population size despite concerns over imperfect and unquantified detectability. We used a combined visual-acoustic survey to estimate detectability of Ganges River dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) in four waterways of southern Bangladesh. The combined visual-acoustic survey resulted in consistently higher detectability than a single observer-team visual survey, thereby improving power to detect trends. Visual detectability was particularly low for dolphins close to meanders where these habitat features temporarily block the view of the preceding river surface. This systematic bias in detectability during visual-only surveys may lead researchers to underestimate the importance of heavily meandering river reaches. Although the benefits of acoustic surveys are increasingly recognised for marine cetaceans, they have not been widely used for monitoring abundance of freshwater cetaceans due to perceived costs and technical skill requirements. We show that acoustic surveys are in fact a relatively cost-effective approach for surveying freshwater cetaceans, once it is acknowledged that methods that do not account for imperfect detectability are of limited value for monitoring.

  6. Retroposon analysis of major cetacean lineages: The monophyly of toothed whales and the paraphyly of river dolphins

    PubMed Central

    Nikaido, Masato; Matsuno, Fumio; Hamilton, Healy; Brownell, Robert L.; Cao, Ying; Ding, Wang; Zuoyan, Zhu; Shedlock, Andrew M.; Fordyce, R. Ewan; Hasegawa, Masami; Okada, Norihiro

    2001-01-01

    SINE (short interspersed element) insertion analysis elucidates contentious aspects in the phylogeny of toothed whales and dolphins (Odontoceti), especially river dolphins. Here, we characterize 25 informative SINEs inserted into unique genomic loci during evolution of odontocetes to construct a cladogram, and determine a total of 2.8 kb per taxon of the flanking sequences of these SINE loci to estimate divergence times among lineages. We demonstrate that: (i) Odontocetes are monophyletic; (ii) Ganges River dolphins, beaked whales, and ocean dolphins diverged (in this order) after sperm whales; (iii) three other river dolphin taxa, namely the Amazon, La Plata, and Yangtze river dolphins, form a monophyletic group with Yangtze River dolphins being the most basal; and (iv) the rapid radiation of extant cetacean lineages occurred some 28–33 million years B.P., in strong accord with the fossil record. The combination of SINE and flanking sequence analysis suggests a topology and set of divergence times for odontocete relationships, offering alternative explanations for several long-standing problems in cetacean evolution. PMID:11416211

  7. Assessment of Environmental Flows for the Rivers of Western Ganges Delta with Special Reference to Indian Sundarban

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bhadra, T.; Hazra, S.; Ghosh, S.; Barman, B. C.

    2016-12-01

    The Indian Sundarban, situated on the western tide-dominated part of the Ganges delta was formed by the sedimentation of the Ganges and its tributaries. Freshwater is a scarce resource in the Sundarban though it is traversed by rivers. Most of the rivers of Western Ganges Delta, which used to nourish the Sundarban, have become defunct with the passage of time. To ensure sustainable flow and to enhance the flow-dependent ecosystem services in this region, assessment of environmental flows within the system is required. A pilot assessment of environment flows, supported by IUCN has been carried out in some specific river reaches of Western Ganges Delta under the present study. The holistic Building Block Methodology (BBM) has been modified and used for the assessment of environmental flows. In the modified BBM, three distinctive blocks namely Hydro-Morphology, Ecology and Socio-Economy have been selected and indicators like Ganges Dolphin (Platanista gangetica), Sundari tree (Heritiera fomes) and Hilsa fish (Tenualosa ilisha) etc. have been determined to assess the environmental flows. As the discharge data of the selected rivers are restricted in the public domain, the SWAT model has been run to generate the discharge data of the classified rivers. The Hydraulic model, HEC-RAS has been calibrated in the selected River reaches to assess the habitat availability and its changes for indicator species under different flow condition. The study reveals that River Bhagirathi-Hugli requires 150-427 cumec additional water in monsoon and 850-1127 cumec additional water in post-monsoon months for Hilsa migration, whereas 327-486 cumec additional water in pre-monsoon and dry season and 227-386 cumec additional water in post-monsoon months are required for Dolphin movement. Flow requirement of river Ichhamati has also been estimated under the present study. The total required flow for the Sundarban ecosystem to reduce the salinity level from 30ppt to 14ppt during the dry and pre

  8. Habitat fragmentation and species extirpation in freshwater ecosystems; causes of range decline of the Indus river dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor).

    PubMed

    Braulik, Gill T; Arshad, Masood; Noureen, Uzma; Northridge, Simon P

    2014-01-01

    Habitat fragmentation of freshwater ecosystems is increasing rapidly, however the understanding of extinction debt and species decline in riverine habitat fragments lags behind that in other ecosystems. The mighty rivers that drain the Himalaya - the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus, Mekong and Yangtze - are amongst the world's most biodiverse freshwater ecosystems. Many hundreds of dams have been constructed, are under construction, or are planned on these rivers and large hydrological changes and losses of biodiversity have occurred and are expected to continue. This study examines the causes of range decline of the Indus dolphin, which inhabits one of the world's most modified rivers, to demonstrate how we may expect other vertebrate populations to respond as planned dams and water developments come into operation. The historical range of the Indus dolphin has been fragmented into 17 river sections by diversion dams; dolphin sighting and interview surveys show that river dolphins have been extirpated from ten river sections, they persist in 6, and are of unknown status in one section. Seven potential factors influencing the temporal and spatial pattern of decline were considered in three regression model sets. Low dry-season river discharge, due to water abstraction at irrigation barrages, was the principal factor that explained the dolphin's range decline, influencing 1) the spatial pattern of persistence, 2) the temporal pattern of subpopulation extirpation, and 3) the speed of extirpation after habitat fragmentation. Dolphins were more likely to persist in the core of the former range because water diversions are concentrated near the range periphery. Habitat fragmentation and degradation of the habitat were inextricably intertwined and in combination caused the catastrophic decline of the Indus dolphin.

  9. Characterization of the artisanal fishing communities in Nepal and potential implications for the conservation and management of Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica)

    PubMed Central

    Levesque, Juan C.; Saavedra, Camilo; Pita, Cristina; Pal, Prabhat

    2016-01-01

    The Ganges River dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) (GRD) is classified as one of the most endangered of all cetaceans in the world and the second scarcest freshwater cetacean. The population is estimated to be less than 2,000 individuals. In Nepal’s Narayani, Sapta Koshi, and Karnali river systems, survival of GRD continues to be threatened by various anthropogenic activities, such as dam construction and interactions with artisanal fisheries. A basic description of the geographic scope, economics, and types of gear used in these fisheries would help managers understand the fishery-dolphin interaction conflict and assist with developing potential solutions. The main goal was to provide new information on the artisanal fishing communities in Nepal. The specific objectives were to identify, compile, and investigate the demographics, economics, fishing characteristics, and perception of fishermen about GRD conservation in the Narayani, Sapta Koshi, and Karnali rivers so conservation managers can develop and implement a potential solution to the GRD-fishery interaction problem in Nepal. Based on 169 interviews, 79% of Nepalese fishermen indicated fishing was their primary form of income. Fishermen reported fishing effort was greater in summer than winter; greatest in the afternoon (14:30 hrs ± 0:27) and during low water level conditions; and gear was set 4.8 ± 0.2 days/week. Fishermen reported using eight different types of monofilament nets (gillnets and cast nets). Sixty percent used gillnets less than 10 m long, and nearly 30% preferred gillnets between 10 and 100 m long; a few used gillnets longer than 100 m. Most fishermen reported they believed education, awareness, and changing occupations were important for GRD conservation, but they indicated that alternative occupational options were currently limited in Nepal. Nepalese fishermen acknowledged that fisheries posed a risk to GRD, but they believed water pollution, and dam/irrigation developments were

  10. Characterization of the artisanal fishing communities in Nepal and potential implications for the conservation and management of Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica).

    PubMed

    Paudel, Shambhu; Levesque, Juan C; Saavedra, Camilo; Pita, Cristina; Pal, Prabhat

    2016-01-01

    The Ganges River dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) (GRD) is classified as one of the most endangered of all cetaceans in the world and the second scarcest freshwater cetacean. The population is estimated to be less than 2,000 individuals. In Nepal's Narayani, Sapta Koshi, and Karnali river systems, survival of GRD continues to be threatened by various anthropogenic activities, such as dam construction and interactions with artisanal fisheries. A basic description of the geographic scope, economics, and types of gear used in these fisheries would help managers understand the fishery-dolphin interaction conflict and assist with developing potential solutions. The main goal was to provide new information on the artisanal fishing communities in Nepal. The specific objectives were to identify, compile, and investigate the demographics, economics, fishing characteristics, and perception of fishermen about GRD conservation in the Narayani, Sapta Koshi, and Karnali rivers so conservation managers can develop and implement a potential solution to the GRD-fishery interaction problem in Nepal. Based on 169 interviews, 79% of Nepalese fishermen indicated fishing was their primary form of income. Fishermen reported fishing effort was greater in summer than winter; greatest in the afternoon (14:30 hrs ± 0:27) and during low water level conditions; and gear was set 4.8 ± 0.2 days/week. Fishermen reported using eight different types of monofilament nets (gillnets and cast nets). Sixty percent used gillnets less than 10 m long, and nearly 30% preferred gillnets between 10 and 100 m long; a few used gillnets longer than 100 m. Most fishermen reported they believed education, awareness, and changing occupations were important for GRD conservation, but they indicated that alternative occupational options were currently limited in Nepal. Nepalese fishermen acknowledged that fisheries posed a risk to GRD, but they believed water pollution, and dam/irrigation developments were

  11. Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh, India

    NASA Image and Video Library

    1994-11-14

    The Ganges River Delta is the largest inter-tidal delta in the world. With its extensive mangrove mud flats, swamp vegetation and sand dunes, it is characteristic of many tropical and subtropical coasts. As seen in this photograph, the tributaries and distributaries of the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers deposit huge amounts of silt and clay that create a shifting maze of waterways and islands in the Bay of Bengal.

  12. A multimodal detection model of dolphins to estimate abundance validated by field experiments.

    PubMed

    Akamatsu, Tomonari; Ura, Tamaki; Sugimatsu, Harumi; Bahl, Rajendar; Behera, Sandeep; Panda, Sudarsan; Khan, Muntaz; Kar, S K; Kar, C S; Kimura, Satoko; Sasaki-Yamamoto, Yukiko

    2013-09-01

    Abundance estimation of marine mammals requires matching of detection of an animal or a group of animal by two independent means. A multimodal detection model using visual and acoustic cues (surfacing and phonation) that enables abundance estimation of dolphins is proposed. The method does not require a specific time window to match the cues of both means for applying mark-recapture method. The proposed model was evaluated using data obtained in field observations of Ganges River dolphins and Irrawaddy dolphins, as examples of dispersed and condensed distributions of animals, respectively. The acoustic detection probability was approximately 80%, 20% higher than that of visual detection for both species, regardless of the distribution of the animals in present study sites. The abundance estimates of Ganges River dolphins and Irrawaddy dolphins fairly agreed with the numbers reported in previous monitoring studies. The single animal detection probability was smaller than that of larger cluster size, as predicted by the model and confirmed by field data. However, dense groups of Irrawaddy dolphins showed difference in cluster sizes observed by visual and acoustic methods. Lower detection probability of single clusters of this species seemed to be caused by the clumped distribution of this species.

  13. Habitat Fragmentation and Species Extirpation in Freshwater Ecosystems; Causes of Range Decline of the Indus River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor)

    PubMed Central

    Braulik, Gill T.; Arshad, Masood; Noureen, Uzma; Northridge, Simon P.

    2014-01-01

    Habitat fragmentation of freshwater ecosystems is increasing rapidly, however the understanding of extinction debt and species decline in riverine habitat fragments lags behind that in other ecosystems. The mighty rivers that drain the Himalaya - the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus, Mekong and Yangtze - are amongst the world’s most biodiverse freshwater ecosystems. Many hundreds of dams have been constructed, are under construction, or are planned on these rivers and large hydrological changes and losses of biodiversity have occurred and are expected to continue. This study examines the causes of range decline of the Indus dolphin, which inhabits one of the world’s most modified rivers, to demonstrate how we may expect other vertebrate populations to respond as planned dams and water developments come into operation. The historical range of the Indus dolphin has been fragmented into 17 river sections by diversion dams; dolphin sighting and interview surveys show that river dolphins have been extirpated from ten river sections, they persist in 6, and are of unknown status in one section. Seven potential factors influencing the temporal and spatial pattern of decline were considered in three regression model sets. Low dry-season river discharge, due to water abstraction at irrigation barrages, was the principal factor that explained the dolphin’s range decline, influencing 1) the spatial pattern of persistence, 2) the temporal pattern of subpopulation extirpation, and 3) the speed of extirpation after habitat fragmentation. Dolphins were more likely to persist in the core of the former range because water diversions are concentrated near the range periphery. Habitat fragmentation and degradation of the habitat were inextricably intertwined and in combination caused the catastrophic decline of the Indus dolphin. PMID:25029270

  14. Ganges River Delta

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2002-01-01

    The Ganges River forms an extensive delta where it empties into the Bay of Bengal. The delta is largely covered with a swamp forest known as the Sunderbans, which is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger. It is also home to most of Bangladesh, one of the world's most densely populated countries. Roughly 120 million people live on the Ganges Delta under threat of repeated catastrophic floods due to heavy runoff of meltwater from the Himalayas, and due to the intense rainfall during the monsoon season. This image was acquired by Landsat 7's Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) sensor on February 28, 2000. This is a false-color composite image made using green, infrared, and blue wavelengths. Image provided by the USGS EROS Data Center Satellite Systems Branch

  15. Benchmarking wide swath altimetry-based river discharge estimation algorithms for the Ganges river system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bonnema, Matthew G.; Sikder, Safat; Hossain, Faisal; Durand, Michael; Gleason, Colin J.; Bjerklie, David M.

    2016-04-01

    The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of three algorithms that estimate discharge from remotely sensed observables (river width, water surface height, and water surface slope) in anticipation of the forthcoming NASA/CNES Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission. SWOT promises to provide these measurements simultaneously, and the river discharge algorithms included here are designed to work with these data. Two algorithms were built around Manning's equation, the Metropolis Manning (MetroMan) method, and the Mean Flow and Geomorphology (MFG) method, and one approach uses hydraulic geometry to estimate discharge, the at-many-stations hydraulic geometry (AMHG) method. A well-calibrated and ground-truthed hydrodynamic model of the Ganges river system (HEC-RAS) was used as reference for three rivers from the Ganges River Delta: the main stem of Ganges, the Arial-Khan, and the Mohananda Rivers. The high seasonal variability of these rivers due to the Monsoon presented a unique opportunity to thoroughly assess the discharge algorithms in light of typical monsoon regime rivers. It was found that the MFG method provides the most accurate discharge estimations in most cases, with an average relative root-mean-squared error (RRMSE) across all three reaches of 35.5%. It is followed closely by the Metropolis Manning algorithm, with an average RRMSE of 51.5%. However, the MFG method's reliance on knowledge of prior river discharge limits its application on ungauged rivers. In terms of input data requirement at ungauged regions with no prior records, the Metropolis Manning algorithm provides a more practical alternative over a region that is lacking in historical observations as the algorithm requires less ancillary data. The AMHG algorithm, while requiring the least prior river data, provided the least accurate discharge measurements with an average wet and dry season RRMSE of 79.8% and 119.1%, respectively, across all rivers studied. This poor

  16. Detecting Long-term Trend of Water Quality Indices of Dong-gang River, Taiwan Using Quantile Regression

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yang, D.; Shiau, J.

    2013-12-01

    ABSTRACT BODY: Abstract Surface water quality is an essential issue in water-supply for human uses and sustaining healthy ecosystem of rivers. However, water quality of rivers is easily influenced by anthropogenic activities such as urban development and wastewater disposal. Long-term monitoring of water quality can assess whether water quality of rivers deteriorates or not. Taiwan is a population-dense area and heavily depends on surface water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. Dong-gang River is one of major resources in southern Taiwan for agricultural requirements. The water-quality data of four monitoring stations of the Dong-gang River for the period of 2000-2012 are selected for trend analysis. The parameters used to characterize water quality of rivers include biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), suspended solids (SS), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). These four water-quality parameters are integrated into an index called river pollution index (RPI) to indicate the pollution level of rivers. Although widely used non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and linear regression exhibit computational efficiency to identify trends of water-quality indices, limitations of such approaches include sensitive to outliers and estimations of conditional mean only. Quantile regression, capable of identifying changes over time of any percentile values, is employed in this study to detect long-term trend of water-quality indices for the Dong-gang River located in southern Taiwan. The results show that Dong-gang River 4 stations from 2000 to 2012 monthly long-term trends in water quality.To analyze s Dong-gang River long-term water quality trends and pollution characteristics. The results showed that the bridge measuring ammonia Long-dong, BOD5 measure in that station on a downward trend, DO, and SS is on the rise, River Pollution Index (RPI) on a downward trend. The results form Chau-Jhou station also ahowed simialar trends .more and more near the

  17. The Neocortex of Indian River Dolphins (Genus Platanista): Comparative, Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis.

    PubMed

    Knopf, Julian P; Hof, Patrick R; Oelschläger, Helmut H A

    2016-01-01

    We investigated the morphology of four primary neocortical projection areas (somatomotor, somatosensory, auditory, visual) qualitatively and quantitatively in the Indian river dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica, P. gangetica minor) with histological and stereological methods. For comparison, we included brains of other toothed whale species. Design-based stereology was applied to the primary neocortical areas (M1, S1, A1, V1) of the Indian river dolphins and compared to those of the bottlenose dolphin with respect to layers III and V. These neocortical fields were identified using existing electrophysiological and morphological data from marine dolphins as to their topography and histological structure, including the characteristics of the neuron populations concerned. In contrast to other toothed whales, the visual area (V1) of the 'blind' river dolphins seems to be rather small. M1 is displaced laterally and the auditory area (A1) is larger than in marine species with respect to total brain size. The layering is similar in the cortices of all the toothed whale brains investigated; a layer IV could not be identified. Cell density in layer III is always higher than in layer V. The maximal neuron density in P. gangetica gangetica is found in layer III of A1, followed by layers III in V1, S1, and M1. The cell density in layer V is at a similar level in all primary areas. There are, however, some differences in neuron density between the two subspecies of Indian river dolphins. Taken as a whole, it appears that the neocortex of platanistids exhibits a considerable expansion of the auditory field. Even more than other toothed whales, they seem to depend on their biosonar abilities for navigation, hunting, and communication in their riverine habitat. © 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.

  18. Lacaziosis in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA.

    PubMed

    Durden, Wendy Noke; St Leger, Judy; Stolen, Megan; Mazza, Teresa; Londono, Catalina

    2009-07-01

    The objective of this study was to document the presence of the fungal granulomatous skin disease lacaziosis in stranded Indian River Lagoon (IRL) bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). From 1 January 2007 through 31 December 2007, stranded dolphins from the northern part of the IRL were thoroughly examined, and appropriate tissue samples were collected. The intralesional fungal agent (Lacazia loboi) was identified histologically in three bottlenose dolphins. Histologically, lacaziosis has been previously documented in IRL dolphins inhabiting the southern portion of the lagoon. Our findings suggest that the disease occurs throughout the lagoon. Enhanced monitoring of the prevalence of lacaziosis in dolphins throughout the IRL is needed to assess changes in population health.

  19. Occurrence of Organic Contaminants in Lower Reaches of River Ganges, India

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dutta Gupta, S.; Bhattacharya, A.; Mukherjee, A.; Bhattacharya, J.

    2016-12-01

    The Gangetic plain of eastern India has been long known as the "bread basket" of the Indian subcontinent. However, indiscriminate use of pesticides in the agricultural fields is to increase crop production. These resulted to increased vulnerability of pesticide pollution of the hydrological systems of the area, potentially exposing to significant human health consequences. Our present study delineate pesticides occurrence in lower Ganges in West Bengal. The major organic contaminants regularly detected in the studied reaches of the Ganges belong to wide range of herbicides and insecticides, which especially include organochlorides and organophosphates such as Aldrin, Alachlor, Lindane, Malathion, Chlorpyrifos and Methyl parathion. Results show Alachlor and Malathion were the most abundant organic contaminant in the river. Among the other pesticides, one of the most venomous substances, Malathion has been noticed from the last year insecticide screening study. The mean concentration of river water Malathion was found to be 5 times higher than the maximum concentration limit (MCL). Presence of Malathion or its derivative Malaoxon in river water is suspected to be caused by agricultural run-off and it showed a good correlation with river water chlorine concentrations.

  20. Prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis Metacercariae in Fish from Water Systems of Seomjin-gang (River).

    PubMed

    Sohn, Woon-Mok; Na, Byoung-Kuk; Cho, Shin-Hyeong; Park, Mi-Yeoun; Kim, Cheon-Hyeon; Hwang, Min-Ah; No, Kyeong-Woo; Yoon, Ki-Bok; Lim, Hyun-Cheol

    2017-06-01

    The prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae ( Cs Mc) was examined in freshwater fish from the water systems of Seomjin-gang (River), the Republic of Korea. Total 1,604 fish from 7 local sites of Seomjin-gang were examined by artificial digestion methods. The metacercariae of C. sinensis were detected in 102 (39.8%) out of 256 fish (14 species) from the upper reaches of Seomjin-gang, i.e., Osucheon (22.3% in 6 fish species) in Imsil-gun, and Seomjin-gang (63.9% in 9 fish species) in Sunchang-gun, Jeollabuk-do. Their average density was 9.0 per infected fish. They were also found in 132 (48.0%) out of 275 fish (12 spp.) from the middle reaches of Seomjin-gang, i.e., Songdaecheon (58.9% in 4 fish species) in Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do, and Seomjin-gang (45.2% in 10 fish species) in Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do. Their average density was 21.0 per infected fish. Cs Mc were detected in 77 (56.6%) out of 136 fish (11 species) from the lower reaches of Seomjin-gang, i.e., Seomjin-gang (73.3% in 11 fish species) in Gurye-gun, Jeollanam-do, and Namsancheon (8.6% in 1 fish species) in Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. Their average density was 64.9 per infected fish. The metacercariae of Metorchis orientalis were also detected in 6 fish species from 4 sites of Seomjin-gang. Conclusively, it has been confirmed that Cs Mc are more or less prevalent in fish from some water systems of Seomjin-gang in Korea.

  1. Prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis Metacercariae in Fish from Water Systems of Seomjin-gang (River)

    PubMed Central

    Sohn, Woon-Mok; Na, Byoung-Kuk; Cho, Shin-Hyeong; Park, Mi-Yeoun; Kim, Cheon-Hyeon; Hwang, Min-Ah; No, Kyeong-Woo; Yoon, Ki-Bok; Lim, Hyun-Cheol

    2017-01-01

    The prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae (CsMc) was examined in freshwater fish from the water systems of Seomjin-gang (River), the Republic of Korea. Total 1,604 fish from 7 local sites of Seomjin-gang were examined by artificial digestion methods. The metacercariae of C. sinensis were detected in 102 (39.8%) out of 256 fish (14 species) from the upper reaches of Seomjin-gang, i.e., Osucheon (22.3% in 6 fish species) in Imsil-gun, and Seomjin-gang (63.9% in 9 fish species) in Sunchang-gun, Jeollabuk-do. Their average density was 9.0 per infected fish. They were also found in 132 (48.0%) out of 275 fish (12 spp.) from the middle reaches of Seomjin-gang, i.e., Songdaecheon (58.9% in 4 fish species) in Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do, and Seomjin-gang (45.2% in 10 fish species) in Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do. Their average density was 21.0 per infected fish. CsMc were detected in 77 (56.6%) out of 136 fish (11 species) from the lower reaches of Seomjin-gang, i.e., Seomjin-gang (73.3% in 11 fish species) in Gurye-gun, Jeollanam-do, and Namsancheon (8.6% in 1 fish species) in Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. Their average density was 64.9 per infected fish. The metacercariae of Metorchis orientalis were also detected in 6 fish species from 4 sites of Seomjin-gang. Conclusively, it has been confirmed that CsMc are more or less prevalent in fish from some water systems of Seomjin-gang in Korea. PMID:28719955

  2. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free-living Amazon river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) from central Amazon, Brazil

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Toxoplasma gondii is an important pathogen in aquatic mammals and its presence in these animals may indicate water contamination of aquatic environment by oocysts. Serum samples from 95 dolphins from free-living Amazon River dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) from Sustainable Development Reserve Mamirauá (...

  3. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free-living amazon river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) from central Amazon, Brazil

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Toxoplasma gondii is an important pathogen in aquatic mammals and its presence in these animals may indicate water contamination of aquatic environment by oocysts. Serum samples from 95 dolphins from free-living Amazon River dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) from Sustainable Development Reserve Mamirauá (...

  4. Assessing regional climate simulations of the last 30 years (1982-2012) over Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River Basin

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Khandu; Awange, Joseph L.; Anyah, Richard; Kuhn, Michael; Fukuda, Yoichi

    2017-10-01

    The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) River Basin presents a spatially diverse hydrological regime due to it's complex topography and escalating demand for freshwater resources. This presents a big challenge in applying the current state-of-the-art regional climate models (RCMs) for climate change impact studies in the GBM River Basin. In this study, several RCM simulations generated by RegCM4.4 and PRECIS are assessed for their seasonal and interannual variations, onset/withdrawal of the Indian monsoon, and long-term trends in precipitation and temperature from 1982 to 2012. The results indicate that in general, RegCM4.4 and PRECIS simulations appear to reasonably reproduce the mean seasonal distribution of precipitation and temperature across the GBM River Basin, although the two RCMs are integrated over a different domain size. On average, the RegCM4.4 simulations overestimate monsoon precipitation by {˜ }26 and {˜ }5% in the Ganges and Brahmaputra-Meghna River Basin, respectively, while PRECIS simulations underestimate (overestimate) the same by {˜ }7% ({˜ }16%). Both RegCM4.4 and PRECIS simulations indicate an intense cold bias (up to 10° C) in the Himalayas, and are generally stronger in the RegCM4.4 simulations. Additionally, they tend to produce high precipitation between April and May in the Ganges (RegCM4.4 simulations) and Brahmaputra-Meghna (PRECIS simulations) River Basins, resulting in early onset of the Indian monsoon in the Ganges River Basin. PRECIS simulations exhibit a delayed monsoon withdrawal in the Brahmaputra-Meghna River Basin. Despite large spatial variations in onset and withdrawal periods across the GBM River Basin, the basin-averaged results agree reasonably well with the observed periods. Although global climate model (GCM) driven simulations are generally poor in representing the interannual variability of precipitation and winter temperature variations, they tend to agree well with observed precipitation anomalies when driven by

  5. Predictability of current and future multi-river discharges: Ganges, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Blue Nile, and Murray-Darling rivers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jian, Jun

    2007-12-01

    Determining river discharge is of critical importance to many societies as they struggle with fresh water supply and risk of flooding. In Bangladesh, floods occur almost every year but with sufficient irregularity to have adverse social and economical consequences. Important goals are to predict the discharge to be used for the optimization of agricultural practices, disaster mitigation and water resource management. The aim of this study is to determine the predictability of river discharge in a number of major rivers on time scale varying from weeks to a century. We investigated predictability considering relationship between SST and discharge. Next, we consider IPCC model projections of river discharge while the models are statistically adjusted against observed discharges. In this study, we consider five rivers, the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Yangtze, the Blue Nile, and the Murray-Darling Rivers. On seasonal time scales, statistically significant correlations are found between mean monthly equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) and the summer Ganges discharge with lead times of 2-3 months due to oscillations of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena. In addition, there are strong correlations in the southwest and northeast Pacific. These, too, appear to be tied to the ENSO cycle. The Brahmaputra discharge, on the other hand, shows somewhat weaker relationships with tropical SST. Strong lagged correlations relationships are found with SST in the Bay of Bengal but these are the result of very warm SSTs and exceptional Brahmaputra discharge during the summer of 1998. When this year is removed from the time series, relationships weaken everywhere except in the northwestern Pacific for the June discharge and in areas of the central Pacific straddling the equator for the July discharge. The relationships are relative strong, but they are persistent from month to month and suggest that two different and sequential factors influence Brahmaputra

  6. Natural Selection in a Bangladeshi Population from the Cholera-Endemic Ganges River Delta

    PubMed Central

    Karlsson, Elinor K.; Harris, Jason B.; Tabrizi, Shervin; Rahman, Atiqur; Shlyakhter, Ilya; Patterson, Nick; O'Dushlaine, Colm; Schaffner, Stephen F.; Gupta, Sameer; Chowdhury, Fahima; Sheikh, Alaullah; Shin, Ok Sarah; Ellis, Crystal; Becker, Christine E.; Stuart, Lynda M.; Calderwood, Stephen B.; Ryan, Edward T.; Qadri, Firdausi; Sabeti, Pardis C.; LaRocque, Regina C.

    2015-01-01

    As an ancient disease with high fatality, cholera has likely exerted strong selective pressure on affected human populations. We performed a genome-wide study of natural selection in a population from the Ganges River Delta, the historic geographic epicenter of cholera. We identified 305 candidate selected regions using the Composite of Multiple Signals (CMS) method. The regions were enriched for potassium channel genes involved in cyclic AMP-mediated chloride secretion and for components of the innate immune system involved in NF-κB signaling. We demonstrate that a number of these strongly selected genes are associated with cholera susceptibility in two separate cohorts. We further identify repeated examples of selection and association in an NF-kB / inflammasome-dependent pathway that is activated in vitro by Vibrio cholerae. Our findings shed light on the genetic basis of cholera resistance in a population from the Ganges River Delta and present a promising approach for identifying genetic factors influencing susceptibility to infectious diseases. PMID:23825302

  7. Demographic collapse and low genetic diversity of the Irrawaddy dolphin population inhabiting the Mekong River

    PubMed Central

    Beasley, Isabel; Ackermann, Corinne Y.; Lieckfeldt, Dietmar; Ludwig, Arne; Ryan, Gerard E.; Bejder, Lars; Parra, Guido J.; Wolfensberger, Rebekka; Spencer, Peter B. S.

    2018-01-01

    In threatened wildlife populations, it is important to determine whether observed low genetic diversity may be due to recent anthropogenic pressure or the consequence of historic events. Historical size of the Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) population inhabiting the Mekong River is unknown and there is significant concern for long-term survival of the remaining population as a result of low abundance, slow reproduction rate, high neonatal mortality, and continuing anthropogenic threats. We investigated population structure and reconstructed the demographic history based on 60 Irrawaddy dolphins samples collected between 2001 and 2009. The phylogenetic analysis indicated reciprocal monophyly of Mekong River Orcaella haplotypes with respect to haplotypes from other populations, suggesting long-standing isolation of the Mekong dolphin population from other Orcaella populations. We found that at least 85% of all individuals in the two main study areas: Kratie and Stung Treng, bore the same mitochondrial haplotype. Out of the 21 microsatellite loci tested, only ten were polymorphic and exhibited very low levels of genetic diversity. Both individual and frequency-based approaches suggest very low and non-significant genetic differentiation of the Mekong dolphin population. Evidence for recent bottlenecks was equivocal. Some results suggested a recent exponential decline in the Mekong dolphin population, with the current size being only 5.2% of the ancestral population. In order for the Mekong dolphin population to have any potential for long-term survival, it is imperative that management priorities focus on preventing any further population fragmentation or genetic loss, reducing or eliminating anthropogenic threats, and promoting connectivity between all subpopulations. PMID:29298312

  8. Habitat use by a freshwater dolphin in the low-water season

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Braulik, Gill T.; Reichert, Albert P.; Ehsan, Tahir; Khan, Samiullah; Northridge, Simon P.; Alexander, Jason S.; Garstang, Richard

    2012-01-01

    1. Many river dolphin populations are most vulnerable during the low-water season when habitat is limited. Indus River dolphin habitat selection in the dry season was investigated using Generalized Linear Models of dolphin distribution and abundance in relation to physical features of river geomorphology and channel geometry in cross-section. 2. Dolphins selected locations in the river with significantly greater mean depth, maximum depth, cross-sectional area, and hydraulic radius, and significantly narrower river width and a lower degree of braiding than areas where dolphins were absent. They were also recorded with higher frequency at river constrictions and at confluences. 3. Channel cross-sectional area was the most important factor affecting dolphin presence and abundance, with the area of water below 1 m in depth exerting the greatest influence. Indus dolphins avoided channels with small cross-sectional area (2), presumably owing to the risk of entrapment and reduced foraging opportunities. 4. Channel geometry had a greater ability to explain dolphin distribution than river geomorphology; however, both analyses indicated similar types of habitat selection. The dolphin–habitat relationships identified in the river geomorphology analysis were scale-dependent, indicating that dolphin distribution is driven by the occurrence of discrete small-scale features, such as confluences and constrictions, as well as by broader-scale habitat complexes. 5. There are numerous plans to impound or extract more water from the Indus River system. If low-water season flows are allowed to decrease further, the amount of deeper habitat will decline, there may be insufficient patches of suitable habitat to support the dolphin population through the low-water season, and dolphins may become isolated within deeper river sections, unable or unwilling to traverse through shallows between favourable patches of habitat.

  9. Fatal Asphyxiation in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Indian River Lagoon.

    PubMed

    Stolen, Megan; St Leger, Judy; Durden, Wendy Noke; Mazza, Teresa; Nilson, Erika

    2013-01-01

    Multiple single case reports of asphyxiation in dolphins caused by fish lodged in the esophagus exist. However, the significance of this cause of mortality in a single population has not been documented. We performed a retrospective evaluation of pathology records from stranded bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Indian River Lagoon to evaluate the impact of this cause of death on this population. From 1997 to 2011, asphyxiation due to choking was identified as the cause of death in 14 of 350 cases (4%). Sampling of an unrelated but adjacent population over this same period yielded 186 necropsy cases of bottlenose dolphins with no cases of asphyxiation. Asphyxiated animals presented with a fish lodged in the cranial esophagus associated with a dislocated and obstructed or compressed larynx. There was no clear sex predilection. Affected animals included 12 adults and two juveniles. The fish species involved included sheepshead, black chin tilapia and striped mojarra. In five cases, recreational fishing gear was also present. Cetacean choking is related to selection of prey fish species with strong dorsal spines and may be secondarily associated with fish attached to fishing gear. Prey abundance and dolphin behavior may influence these selections. Environmental alterations leading to changes in prey availability or increased interactions with fishing gear may change the significance of fatal choking in dolphin populations.

  10. Complete Genome Sequencing of a Novel Type of Omikronpapillomavirus 1 in Indian River Lagoon Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).

    PubMed

    Rodrigues, Thaís C S; Subramaniam, Kuttichantran; Cortés-Hinojosa, Galaxia; Wellehan, James F X; Ng, Terry Fei Fan; Delwart, Eric; McCulloch, Stephen D; Goldstein, Juli D; Schaefer, Adam M; Fair, Patricia A; Reif, John S; Bossart, Gregory D; Waltzek, Thomas B

    2018-04-26

    The genome sequence of a papillomavirus was determined from fecal samples collected from bottlenose dolphins in the Indian River Lagoon, FL. The genome was 7,772 bp and displayed a typical papillomavirus genome organization. Phylogenetic analysis supported the bottlenose dolphin papillomavirus as being a novel type of Omikronpapillomavirus 1 . Copyright © 2018 Rodrigues et al.

  11. Nature of distribution of mercury in the sediments of the river Yamuna (tributary of the Ganges), India.

    PubMed

    Subramanian, V; Madhavan, N; Saxena, Rajinder; Lundin, Lars-Christer

    2003-06-01

    Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), surface (bed sediments) and short length cores of sediments collected from the largest tributary of the river Ganges, namely the river Yamuna, were analysed for total mercury as well as its fractionation in various size and chemical sites in the sediments following standard procedures. Also, attempts were made to determine the vertical distribution in sediments in relation to the recent timescale of a few decades. Our observations indicate that the SPM in general showed higher levels of total mercury compared to the surface sediments while at places the enhancement could be by a factor of 10, say around 25 microg g(-1) in the downstream region that integrates the industrial midstream and agricultural downstream terrain near its confluence with the Ganges. Surface sediments in the upstream direction near the Himalayan foothills and SPM in the lower reaches showed significant high Index of Geoaccumulation (Igeo) as defined by Müller. Size fractionation studies indicate that the finer fraction preferentially showed higher levels of mercury while in the lower reaches of the river, the total mercury is equitably distributed among all size fractions. The proportion of the residual fraction of mercury in relation to mobile fractions, in general decreases downstream towards its confluence with the Ganges river. In sediment cores, the vertical distribution show systematic peaks of mercury indicating that addition of this toxic metal to the aquatic system is in direct proportion to the increase in various types of human activities such as thermal power plants, land use changes (urbanisation) in the midstream region and intensive fertiliser application in lower reaches of this vast river basin.

  12. River dolphins can act as population trend indicators in degraded freshwater systems.

    PubMed

    Turvey, Samuel T; Risley, Claire L; Barrett, Leigh A; Yujiang, Hao; Ding, Wang

    2012-01-01

    Conservation attention on charismatic large vertebrates such as dolphins is often supported by the suggestion that these species represent surrogates for wider biodiversity, or act as indicators of ecosystem health. However, their capacity to act as indicators of patterns or trends in regional biodiversity has rarely been tested. An extensive new dataset of >300 last-sighting records for the Yangtze River dolphin or baiji and two formerly economically important fishes, the Yangtze paddlefish and Reeves' shad, all of which are probably now extinct in the Yangtze, was collected during an interview survey of fishing communities across the middle-lower Yangtze drainage. Untransformed last-sighting date frequency distributions for these species show similar decline curves over time, and the linear gradients of transformed last-sighting date series are not significantly different from each other, demonstrating that these species experienced correlated population declines in both timing and rate of decline. Whereas species may be expected to respond differently at the population level even in highly degraded ecosystems, highly vulnerable (e.g. migratory) species can therefore display very similar responses to extrinsic threats, even if they represent otherwise very different taxonomic, biological and ecological groupings. Monitoring the status of river dolphins or other megafauna therefore has the potential to provide wider information on the status of other threatened components of sympatric freshwater biotas, and so represents a potentially important monitoring tool for conservation management. We also show that interview surveys can provide robust quantitative data on relative population dynamics of different species.

  13. 20. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST. DOLPHIN. (Photographed from boat) NOTE CUTWATER ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    20. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST. DOLPHIN. (Photographed from boat) NOTE CUTWATER ON UPSTREAM SIDE OF DOLPHIN, AND THAT DOLPHIN IS OCTAGONAL AS OPPOSED TO CIRCULAR DESIGN OF CENTER PIER. - Gianella Bridge, Spanning Sacramento River at State Highway 32, Hamilton City, Glenn County, CA

  14. Lithium isotope behaviour during weathering in the Ganges Alluvial Plain

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pogge von Strandmann, Philip A. E.; Frings, Patrick J.; Murphy, Melissa J.

    2017-02-01

    The Ganges river system is responsible for the transportation of a large flux of dissolved materials derived from Himalayan weathering to the oceans. Silicate weathering-driven cooling resulting from uplift of the Himalayas has been proposed to be a key player in Cenozoic climate variation. This study has analysed Li isotope (δ7Li) ratios from over 50 Ganges river waters and sediments, in order to trace silicate weathering processes. Sediments have δ7Li of ∼0‰, identical to bulk continental crust, however suspended sediment depth profiles do not display variations associated with grain size that have been observed in other large river systems. Dissolved δ7Li are low (∼11‰) in the Ganges headwaters, but reach a constant value of 21 ± 1.6‰ within a relatively short distance downstream, which is then maintained for almost 2000 km to the Ganges mouth. Given that Li isotopes are controlled by the ratio of primary mineral dissolution to secondary mineral formation, this suggests that the Ganges floodplain is at steady-state in terms of these processes for most of its length. Low δ7Li in the mountainous regions suggest silicate weathering is therefore at its most congruent where uplift and fresh silicate exposure rates are high. However, there is no correlation between δ7Li and the silicate weathering rate in these rivers, suggesting that Li isotopes cannot be used as a weathering-rate tracer, although they do inform on weathering congruency and intensity. The close-to-constant δ7Li values for the final 2000 km of Ganges flow also suggest that once the size of the alluvial plain reached more than ∼500 km (the flow distance after which riverine δ7Li stops varying), the Ganges exerted little influence on the changing Cenozoic seawater δ7Li, because riverine δ7Li attained a near steady-state composition.

  15. Drought Characteristics Based on the Retrieved Paleoprecipitation in Indus and Ganges River Basins

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Davtalabsabet, R.; Wang, D.; Zhu, T.; Ringler, C.

    2014-12-01

    Indus and Ganges River basins (IGRB), which cover the major parts of India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan, are considered as the most important socio-economic regions in South Asia. IGRB support the food security of hundreds of millions people in South Asia. The food production in IGRB strictly relies on the magnitude and spatiotemporal pattern of monsoon precipitation. Due to severe drought during the last decades and food production failure in IGRB, several studies have focused on understanding the main drivers for south Asia monsoon failures and drought characteristics based on the historical data. However, the period of available historical data is not enough to address the full characteristic of drought under a changing climate. In this study, an inverse Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) model is developed to retrieve the paleoprecipitation back to 700 years in the region, taking the inputs of available soil water capacity, temperature, and previous reconstructed PDSI based on tree-ring analysis at 2.5 degree resolution. Based on the retrieved paleoprecipitation, drought frequency and intensity are quantified for two periods of 1300-1899 (the reconstruction period) and 1900-2010 (the instrumental period). Previous studies have shown that in IGRB, a severe drought occurs when the annual precipitation deficit, compared with the long-term average precipitation, is greater than 10%. Climatic drought frequency is calculated as the percentage of years with predefined severe droughts. Drought intensity is defined as the average precipitation deficit during all of the years identified as severe droughts. Results show that the drought frequency, as well as the spatial extent, has significantly increased from the reconstruction period to the instrumental period. The drought frequency in the Indus River basin is higher than that in the Ganges River basin. Several mega-droughts are identified during the reconstruction period.

  16. Spatiotemporal Trends of Heavy Metals in Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins (Sousa chinensis) from the Western Pearl River Estuary, China.

    PubMed

    Gui, Duan; Yu, Ri-Qing; Karczmarski, Leszek; Ding, Yulong; Zhang, Haifei; Sun, Yong; Zhang, Mei; Wu, Yuping

    2017-02-07

    We assessed the spatiotemporal trends of the concentrations of 11 heavy metals (HMs) in the liver and kidney of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) from western Pearl River Estuary (PRE) during 2004-2015. The hepatic levels of Cr, As, and Cu in these dolphins were among the highest reported for cetaceans globally, and the levels of Zn, Cu, and Hg were sufficiently high to cause toxicological effects in some of the animals. Between same age-sex groups, dolphins from Lingdingyang were significantly more contaminated with Hg, Se, and V than those from the West-four region, while the opposite was true for Cd. Generalized additive mixed models showed that most metals had significant but dissimilar temporal trends over a 10-year period. The concentrations of Cu and Zn increased significantly in recent years, corresponding to the high input of these metals in the region. Body-length-adjusted Cd levels peaked in 2012, accompanied by the highest annual number of dolphin stranding events. In contrast to the significant decrease in HM levels in the dolphins in Hong Kong waters (the eastern reaches of the PRE), the elevated metal exposure in the western PRE raises serious concerns.

  17. Isotopic tracing of the dissolved U fluxes of Himalayan rivers: implications for present and past U budgets of the Ganges-Brahmaputra system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chabaux, François; Riotte, Jean; Clauer, Norbert; France-Lanord, Christian

    2001-10-01

    U activity ratios have been measured in the dissolved loads of selected rivers from the Himalayan range, in Central Nepal, and from the Bangladesh, as well as in some rain waters. A few European and Asian rivers have also been analyzed for their U activity ratios. The data confirm the negligible effect of rainwater on the budget of dissolved U in river waters. The results also indicate that rivers on each Himalayan structural unit have homogeneous and specific U isotope compositions: i) (234U/238U) activity ratios slightly lower than unity in the dissolved load of the streams draining the Tethyan Sedimentary Series (TSS); ii) values slightly higher than unity for waters from the High Himalaya Crystalline (HHC) and the Lesser Himalaya (LH); iii) systematically higher (234U/238U) activity ratios for waters from the Siwaliks. Thus, U activity ratios, in association with Sr isotopic ratios, can be used to trace the sources of dissolved fluxes carried by these rivers. Coupling of U with Sr isotope data shows (1) that the U carried by the dissolved load of the Himalayan rivers mainly originates from U-rich lithologies of the TSS in the northern formations of the Tibetan plateau; and (2) that the elemental U and Sr fluxes carried by the Himalayan rivers at the outflow of the highlands are fairly homogeneous at the scale of the Himalayan chain. Rivers flowing on the Indian plain define a different trend from that of the Himalayan rivers in the U-Sr isotopic diagram, indicating the contribution of a specific floodplain component to the U and Sr budgets of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. The influence of this component remains limited to 10 to 15 percent for the U flux, but can contribute 35 to 55% of the Sr flux. The variations of the Sr and U fluxes of the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system in response to climatic variations have been estimated by assuming a temporary cut off of the chemical fluxes from high-altitude terrains during glacial episodes. This scenario would

  18. Increased Waterborne blaNDM-1 Resistance Gene Abundances Associated with Seasonal Human Pilgrimages to the Upper Ganges River

    PubMed Central

    2014-01-01

    Antibiotic resistance (AR) is often rooted in inappropriate antibiotic use, but poor water quality and inadequate sanitation exacerbate the problem, especially in emerging countries. An example is increasing multi-AR due to mobile carbapenemases, such as NDM-1 protein (coded by blaNDM-1 genes), which can produce extreme drug-resistant phenotypes. In 2010, NDM-1 positive isolates and blaNDM-1 genes were detected in surface waters across Delhi and have since been detected across the urban world. However, little is known about blaNDM-1 levels in more pristine locations, such as the headwaters of the Upper Ganges River. This area is of particular interest because it receives massive numbers of visitors during seasonal pilgrimages in May/June, including visitors from urban India. Here we quantified blaNDM-1 abundances, other AR genes (ARG), and coliform bacteria in sediments and water column samples from seven sites in the Rishikesh-Haridwar region of the Upper Ganges and five sites on the Yamuna River in Delhi to contrast blaNDM-1 levels and water quality conditions between season and region. Water quality in the Yamuna was very poor (e.g., anoxia at all sites), and blaNDM-1 abundances were high across sites in water (5.4 ± 0.4 log(blaNDM-1·mL–1); 95% confidence interval) and sediment (6.3 ± 0.7 log(blaNDM-1·mg–1)) samples from both seasons. In contrast, water column blaNDM-1 abundances were very low across all sites in the Upper Ganges in February (2.1 ± 0.6 log(blaNDM-1·mL–1)), and water quality was good (e.g., near saturation oxygen). However, per capita blaNDM-1 levels were 20 times greater in June in the Ganges water column relative to February, and blaNDM-1 levels significantly correlated with fecal coliform levels (r = 0.61; p = 0.007). Given that waste management infrastructure is limited in Rishikesh-Haridwar, data imply blaNDM-1 levels are higher in visitor’s wastes than local residents, which results in seasonally higher blaNDM-1 levels in the

  19. Bullying and gangs.

    PubMed

    White, Rob; Mason, Ron

    2012-01-01

    Although bullying is associated with gangs, questions arise as to whether bullying, as such, takes place within gangs. To provide a critical analysis of bullying as this pertains to youth gangs and especially to violence within gangs, and as applied to the behaviour of individual gang members. Young men between 12 and 25 years of age. Review of relevant literature with a view to theorising the nature of the relationship between bullying and violence within a youth gang context. Bullying is associated with the reasons why individuals join gangs and with gang-related behaviour, but the violence within a gang is of a different character than that usually described by the term bullying. Bullying has implications for related and/or subsequent types of street violence, but is less relevant for descriptions of violence within a youth gang context as such.

  20. Youth Gangs: An Overview. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Youth Gang Series.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Howell, James C.

    1998-01-01

    This bulletin provides an overview of the problems that youth gangs pose. It pinpoints the differences between youth gangs and adult criminal organizations and examines the risk factors that lead to youth gang membership. Some promising strategies being used to curb youth gang involvement are reviewed. The proliferation of youth gangs since 1980…

  1. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) from the Pearl River Estuary, China.

    PubMed

    Gui, Duan; Yu, Riqing; He, Xuan; Tu, Qin; Chen, Laiguo; Wu, Yuping

    2014-11-01

    Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) are apex predators in the Pearl River Estuary waters (PRE) of China. PCBs, DDTs and other organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) (e.g., HCHs, HCB, mirex and dieldrin) were analysed in blubber samples of 45 dolphins and 10 prey fishes of S. chinensis collected from 2004 to 2013 in the PRE region to investigate the bioaccumulation and potential biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). DDTs were the most abundant residue in the dolphins, with an average of 6,2700 ng g(-1) wet weight (ww), followed by PCBs (average: 1,790 ng g(-1) ww) and other OCPs including ∑HCHs, mirex, endrin, ∑chlordanes, HCB, dieldrin, aldrin, heptachlor, and pentachlorobenzene. The concentrations of PCBs and DDTs in male dolphins significantly increased with age and length. In contrast, female dolphins did not show obvious bioaccumulation trends with age and body length, possibly due to the lactational and parturitional transfer of these compounds. Compared with the POP residues in the prey fishes, the concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, and HCHs in the dolphin blubber increased by factors of 99, 212, and 5, respectively, whereas the residue levels of the other OCPs increased 2-185 times, indicating a potentially significant biomagnification in the top predators. The potential biomagnification factors calculated for most POPs were significantly higher than those in the cetacean species from other regions. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  2. Streamflow model of the six-country transboundary Ganges-Bhramaputra and Meghna river basin

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rahman, K.; Lehmann, A.; Dennedy-Frank, P. J.; Gorelick, S.

    2014-12-01

    Extremely large-scale river basin modelling remains a challenge for water resources planning in the developing world. Such planning is particularly difficult in the developing world because of the lack of data on both natural (climatological, hydrological) processes and complex anthropological influences. We simulate three enormous river basins located in south Asia. The Ganges-Bhramaputra and Meghna (GBM) River Basins cover an area of 1.75 million km2 associated with 6 different countries, including the Bengal delta, which is the most densely populated delta in the world with ~600 million people. We target this developing region to better understand the hydrological system and improve water management planning in these transboundary watersheds. This effort uses the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate streamflow in the GBM River Basins and assess the use of global climatological datasets for such large scale river modeling. We evaluate the utility of three global rainfall datasets to reproduce measured river discharge: the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) from NASA, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis, and the World Metrological Organization (WMO) reanalysis. We use global datasets for spatial information as well: 90m DEM from the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission, 300m GlobCover land use maps, and 1000 km FAO soil map. We find that SWAT discharge estimates match the observed streamflow well (NSE=0.40-0.66, R2=0.60-0.70) when using meteorological estimates from the NCEP reanalysis. However, SWAT estimates diverge from observed discharge when using meteorological estimates from TRMM and the WMO reanalysis.

  3. Passive Acoustic Monitoring the Diel, Lunar, Seasonal and Tidal Patterns in the Biosonar Activity of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in the Pearl River Estuary, China.

    PubMed

    Wang, Zhi-Tao; Nachtigall, Paul E; Akamatsu, Tomonari; Wang, Ke-Xiong; Wu, Yu-Ping; Liu, Jian-Chang; Duan, Guo-Qin; Cao, Han-Jiang; Wang, Ding

    2015-01-01

    A growing demand for sustainable energy has led to an increase in construction of offshore windfarms. Guishan windmill farm will be constructed in the Pearl River Estuary, China, which sustains the world's largest known population of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis). Dolphin conservation is an urgent issue in this region. By using passive acoustic monitoring, a baseline distribution of data on this species in the Pearl River Estuary during pre-construction period had been collected. Dolphin biosonar detection and its diel, lunar, seasonal and tidal patterns were examined using a Generalized Linear Model. Significant higher echolocation detections at night than during the day, in winter-spring than in summer-autumn, at high tide than at flood tide were recognized. Significant higher echolocation detections during the new moon were recognized at night time. The diel, lunar and seasonal patterns for the echolocation encounter duration also significantly varied. These patterns could be due to the spatial-temporal variability of dolphin prey and illumination conditions. The baseline information will be useful for driving further effective action on the conservation of this species and in facilitating later assessments of the effects of the offshore windfarm on the dolphins by comparing the baseline to post construction and post mitigation efforts.

  4. Passive Acoustic Monitoring the Diel, Lunar, Seasonal and Tidal Patterns in the Biosonar Activity of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in the Pearl River Estuary, China

    PubMed Central

    Wang, Zhi-Tao; Nachtigall, Paul E.; Akamatsu, Tomonari; Wang, Ke-Xiong; Wu, Yu-Ping; Liu, Jian-Chang; Duan, Guo-Qin; Cao, Han-Jiang; Wang, Ding

    2015-01-01

    A growing demand for sustainable energy has led to an increase in construction of offshore windfarms. Guishan windmill farm will be constructed in the Pearl River Estuary, China, which sustains the world’s largest known population of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis). Dolphin conservation is an urgent issue in this region. By using passive acoustic monitoring, a baseline distribution of data on this species in the Pearl River Estuary during pre-construction period had been collected. Dolphin biosonar detection and its diel, lunar, seasonal and tidal patterns were examined using a Generalized Linear Model. Significant higher echolocation detections at night than during the day, in winter-spring than in summer-autumn, at high tide than at flood tide were recognized. Significant higher echolocation detections during the new moon were recognized at night time. The diel, lunar and seasonal patterns for the echolocation encounter duration also significantly varied. These patterns could be due to the spatial-temporal variability of dolphin prey and illumination conditions. The baseline information will be useful for driving further effective action on the conservation of this species and in facilitating later assessments of the effects of the offshore windfarm on the dolphins by comparing the baseline to post construction and post mitigation efforts. PMID:26580966

  5. Geographical influences of an emerging network of gang rivalries

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hegemann, Rachel A.; Smith, Laura M.; Barbaro, Alethea B. T.; Bertozzi, Andrea L.; Reid, Shannon E.; Tita, George E.

    2011-10-01

    We propose an agent-based model to simulate the creation of street gang rivalries. The movement dynamics of agents are coupled to an evolving network of gang rivalries, which is determined by previous interactions among agents in the system. Basic gang data, geographic information, and behavioral dynamics suggested by the criminology literature are integrated into the model. The major highways, rivers, and the locations of gangs’ centers of activity influence the agents’ motion. We use a policing division of the Los Angeles Police Department as a case study to test our model. We apply common metrics from graph theory to analyze our model, comparing networks produced by our simulations and an instance of a Geographical Threshold Graph to the existing network from the criminology literature.

  6. Major and Trace Element Fluxes to the Ganges River: Significance of Small Flood Plain Tributary as Non-Point Pollution Source

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lakshmi, V.; Sen, I. S.; Mishra, G.

    2017-12-01

    There has been much discussion amongst biologists, ecologists, chemists, geologists, environmental firms, and science policy makers about the impact of human activities on river health. As a result, multiple river restoration projects are on going on many large river basins around the world. In the Indian subcontinent, the Ganges River is the focal point of all restoration actions as it provides food and water security to half a billion people. Serious concerns have been raised about the quality of Ganga water as toxic chemicals and many more enters the river system through point-sources such as direct wastewater discharge to rivers, or non-point-sources. Point source pollution can be easily identified and remedial actions can be taken; however, non-point pollution sources are harder to quantify and mitigate. A large non-point pollution source in the Indo-Gangetic floodplain is the network of small floodplain rivers. However, these rivers are rarely studied since they are small in catchment area ( 1000-10,000 km2) and discharge (<100 m3/s). As a result, the impact of these small floodplain rivers on the dissolved chemical load of large river systems is not constrained. To fill this knowledge gap we have monitored the Pandu River for one year between February 2015 and April 2016. Pandu river is 242 km long and is a right bank tributary of Ganges with a total catchment area of 1495 km2. Water samples were collected every month for dissolved major and trace elements. Here we show that the concentration of heavy metals in river Pandu is in higher range as compared to the world river average, and all the dissolved elements shows a large spatial-temporal variation. We show that the Pandu river exports 192170, 168517, 57802, 32769, 29663, 1043, 279, 241, 225, 162, 97, 28, 25, 22, 20, 8, 4 Kg/yr of Ca, Na, Mg, K, Si, Sr, Zn, B, Ba, Mn, Al, Li, Rb, Mo, U, Cu, and Sb, respectively, to the Ganga river, and the exported chemical flux effects the water chemistry of the Ganga

  7. Development of seasonal flow outlook model for Ganges-Brahmaputra Basins in Bangladesh

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hossain, Sazzad; Haque Khan, Raihanul; Gautum, Dilip Kumar; Karmaker, Ripon; Hossain, Amirul

    2016-10-01

    Bangladesh is crisscrossed by the branches and tributaries of three main river systems, the Ganges, Bramaputra and Meghna (GBM). The temporal variation of water availability of those rivers has an impact on the different water usages such as irrigation, urban water supply, hydropower generation, navigation etc. Thus, seasonal flow outlook can play important role in various aspects of water management. The Flood Forecasting and Warning Center (FFWC) in Bangladesh provides short term and medium term flood forecast, and there is a wide demand from end-users about seasonal flow outlook for agricultural purposes. The objective of this study is to develop a seasonal flow outlook model in Bangladesh based on rainfall forecast. It uses European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) seasonal precipitation, temperature forecast to simulate HYDROMAD hydrological model. Present study is limited for Ganges and Brahmaputra River Basins. ARIMA correction is applied to correct the model error. The performance of the model is evaluated using coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE). The model result shows good performance with R2 value of 0.78 and NSE of 0.61 for the Brahmaputra River Basin, and R2 value of 0.72 and NSE of 0.59 for the Ganges River Basin for the period of May to July 2015. The result of the study indicates strong potential to make seasonal outlook to be operationalized.

  8. Seven new dolphin mitochondrial genomes and a time-calibrated phylogeny of whales

    PubMed Central

    Xiong, Ye; Brandley, Matthew C; Xu, Shixia; Zhou, Kaiya; Yang, Guang

    2009-01-01

    Background The phylogeny of Cetacea (whales) is not fully resolved with substantial support. The ambiguous and conflicting results of multiple phylogenetic studies may be the result of the use of too little data, phylogenetic methods that do not adequately capture the complex nature of DNA evolution, or both. In addition, there is also evidence that the generic taxonomy of Delphinidae (dolphins) underestimates its diversity. To remedy these problems, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of seven dolphins and analyzed these data with partitioned Bayesian analyses. Moreover, we incorporate a newly-developed "relaxed" molecular clock to model heterogenous rates of evolution among cetacean lineages. Results The "deep" phylogenetic relationships are well supported including the monophyly of Cetacea and Odontoceti. However, there is ambiguity in the phylogenetic affinities of two of the river dolphin clades Platanistidae (Indian River dolphins) and Lipotidae (Yangtze River dolphins). The phylogenetic analyses support a sister relationship between Delphinidae and Monodontidae + Phocoenidae. Additionally, there is statistically significant support for the paraphyly of Tursiops (bottlenose dolphins) and Stenella (spotted dolphins). Conclusion Our phylogenetic analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes using recently developed models of rate autocorrelation resolved the phylogenetic relationships of the major Cetacean lineages with a high degree of confidence. Our results indicate that a rapid radiation of lineages explains the lack of support the placement of Platanistidae and Lipotidae. Moreover, our estimation of molecular divergence dates indicates that these radiations occurred in the Middle to Late Oligocene and Middle Miocene, respectively. Furthermore, by collecting and analyzing seven new mitochondrial genomes, we provide strong evidence that the delphinid genera Tursiops and Stenella are not monophyletic, and the current taxonomy masks potentially

  9. Lobomycosis: risk of zoonotic transmission from dolphins to humans.

    PubMed

    Reif, John S; Schaefer, Adam M; Bossart, Gregory D

    2013-10-01

    Lobomycosis, a fungal disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by Lacazia loboi, is sometimes referred to as a zoonotic disease because it affects only specific delphinidae and humans; however, the evidence that it can be transferred directly to humans from dolphins is weak. Dolphins have also been postulated to be responsible for an apparent geographic expansion of the disease in humans. Morphological and molecular differences between the human and dolphin organisms, differences in geographic distribution of the diseases between dolphins and humans, the existence of only a single documented case of presumed zoonotic transmission, and anecdotal evidence of lack of transmission to humans following accidental inoculation of tissue from infected dolphins do not support the hypothesis that dolphins infected with L. loboi represent a zoonotic hazard for humans. In addition, the lack of human cases in communities adjacent to coastal estuaries with a high prevalence of lobomycosis in dolphins, such as the Indian River Lagoon in Florida (IRL), suggests that direct or indirect transmission of L. loboi from dolphins to humans occurs rarely, if at all. Nonetheless, attention to personal hygiene and general principals of infection control are always appropriate when handling tissues from an animal with a presumptive diagnosis of a mycotic or fungal disease.

  10. Flood Risk Assessment and Forecasting for the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River Basins

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hopson, T. M.; Priya, S.; Young, W.; Avasthi, A.; Clayton, T. D.; Brakenridge, G. R.; Birkett, C. M.; Riddle, E. E.; Broman, D.; Boehnert, J.; Sampson, K. M.; Kettner, A.; Singh, D.

    2017-12-01

    During the 2017 South Asia monsoon, torrential rains and catastrophic floods affected more than 45 million people, including 16 million children, across the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) basins. The basin is recognized as one of the world's most disaster-prone regions, with severe floods occurring almost annually causing extreme loss of life and property. In light of this vulnerability, the World Bank and collaborators have contributed toward reducing future flood impacts through recent developments to improve operational preparedness for such events, as well as efforts in more general preparedness and resilience building through planning based on detailed risk assessments. With respect to improved event-specific flood preparedness through operational warnings, we discuss a new forecasting system that provides probability-based flood forecasts developed for more than 85 GBM locations. Forecasts are available online, along with near-real-time data maps of rainfall (predicted and actual) and river levels. The new system uses multiple data sets and multiple models to enhance forecasting skill, and provides improved forecasts up to 16 days in advance of the arrival of high waters. These longer lead times provide the opportunity to save both lives and livelihoods. With sufficient advance notice, for example, farmers can harvest a threatened rice crop or move vulnerable livestock to higher ground. Importantly, the forecasts not only predict future water levels but indicate the level of confidence in each forecast. Knowing whether the probability of a danger-level flood is 10 percent or 90 percent helps people to decide what, if any, action to take. With respect to efforts in general preparedness and resilience building, we also present a recent flood risk assessment, and how it provides, for the first time, a numbers-based view of the impacts of different size floods across the Ganges basin. The findings help identify priority areas for tackling flood risks (for

  11. Becoming a Gang Member: Youth Life and Gang Youth

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Morch, Sven; Andersen, Helle

    2012-01-01

    The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for understanding the growth in youth gangs and gang behaviour. The paper builds on a youth theory perspective and describes how the social conditions work with or are against the young individual in such a way that gangs seem to be an option or an answer for some young people when faced with…

  12. Birds and dolphins flock to turn basin in feeding frenzy.

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2000-01-01

    A dolphin glides through the water looking for fish in the turn basin, which is located east of the Vehicle Assembly Building and next to the crawlerway. Dolphins inhabit the waters, known as the Indian River Lagoon, around Kennedy Space Center, along with many different species of oceanic and lagoon fish and shellfish. Mosquito Lagoon to the north, Banana River and Creek to the south and the Indian River to the west make up a special type of estuary called a lagoon, a body of water separated from the ocean by barrier islands, with limited exchange with the ocean through inlets. The Indian River Lagoon has one of the most diverse bird populations anywhere in America. Also, nearly one-third of the nation's manatee population lives here or migrates through the lagoon seasonally. The lagoon varies in width from .5 mile to 5 miles and averages only 3 feet in depth.

  13. Birds and dolphins flock to turn basin in feeding frenzy.

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2000-01-01

    The water in the turn basin, located east of the Vehicle Assembly Building and next to the crawlerway, teems with fish and draws white pelicans, gray pelicans, cormorants, sea gulls and one of several dolphins looking for a meal. The turn basin is part of the Indian River Lagoon, composed of Mosquito Lagoon to the north, Banana River and Creek to the south and the Indian River to the west. The lagoon has one of the most diverse bird populations anywhere in America, plus many different species of oceanic and lagoon fish, shellfish and dolphins. Also, nearly one-third of the nation's manatee population lives here or migrates through the lagoon seasonally. The lagoon varies in width from .5 mile to 5 miles and averages only 3 feet in depth.

  14. Humpback Dolphins in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta: Status, Threats and Conservation Challenges.

    PubMed

    Karczmarski, Leszek; Huang, Shiang-Lin; Or, Carmen K M; Gui, Duan; Chan, Stephen C Y; Lin, Wenzhi; Porter, Lindsay; Wong, Wai-Ho; Zheng, Ruiqiang; Ho, Yuen-Wa; Chui, Scott Y S; Tiongson, Angelico Jose C; Mo, Yaqian; Chang, Wei-Lun; Kwok, John H W; Tang, Ricky W K; Lee, Andy T L; Yiu, Sze-Wing; Keith, Mark; Gailey, Glenn; Wu, Yuping

    2016-01-01

    In coastal waters of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) is thought to number approximately 2500 individuals. Given these figures, the putative PRD population may appear strong enough to resist demographic stochasticity and environmental pressures. However, living in close proximity to the world's busiest seaport/airport and several densely populated urban centres with major coastal infrastructural developments comes with challenges to the long-term survival of these animals. There are few other small cetacean populations that face the range and intensity of human-induced pressures as those present in the PRD and current protection measures are severely inadequate. Recent mark-recapture analyses of the animals in Hong Kong waters indicate that in the past two decades the population parameters have not been well understood, and spatial analyses show that only a very small proportion of the dolphins' key habitats are given any form of protection. All current marine protected areas within the PRD fail to meet a minimum habitat requirement that could facilitate the population's long-term persistence. Demographic models indicate a continuous decline of 2.5% per annum, a rate at which the population is likely to drop below the demographic threshold within two generations and lose 74% of the current numbers within the lifespan of three generations. In Hong Kong, the case of humpback dolphins represents a particularly explicit example of inadequate management where a complete revision of the fundamental approach to conservation management is urgently needed. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.

  15. Differentiating Gang Members, Gang Affiliates, and Violent Men on Their Psychiatric Morbidity and Traumatic Experiences.

    PubMed

    Wood, Jane L; Kallis, Constantinos; Coid, Jeremy W

    2017-01-01

    Little is known about the differences between gang members and gang affiliates-or those individuals who associate with gangs but are not gang members. Even less is known about how these groups compare with other violent populations. This study examined how gang members, gang affiliates, and violent men compare on mental health symptoms and traumatic experiences. Data included a sample of 1,539 adult males, aged 19 to 34 years, taken from an earlier survey conducted in the United Kingdom. Participants provided informed consent before completing questionnaires and were paid £5 for participation. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to compare participants' symptoms of psychiatric morbidity and traumatic event exposure. Findings showed that, compared to violent men and gang affiliates, gang members had experienced more severe violence, sexual assaults, and suffered more serious/life-threatening injuries. Compared to violent men, gang members and gang affiliates had made more suicide attempts; had self-harmed more frequently; and had experienced more domestic violence, violence at work, homelessness, stalking, and bankruptcy. Findings further showed a decreasing gradient from gang members to gang affiliates to violent men in symptom levels of anxiety, antisocial personality disorder, pathological gambling, stalking others, and drug and/or alcohol dependence. Depression symptoms were similar across groups. The identified relationship between gang membership, affiliation, and adverse mental health indicates that mental health in gang membership deserves more research attention. Findings also indicate that criminal justice strategies need to consider gang members' mental health more fully, if gang membership is to be appropriately addressed and reduced.

  16. Gangs in America.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Huff, C. Ronald, Ed.

    This book comprised of theories and findings from researchers concerning youth gangs in the United States, is organized into the following five parts: (1) Sociological and Anthropological Perspectives on the Gang and the Community; (2) Defining and Measuring Gang Violence; (3) Diffusion, Diversity, and Drugs; (4) Assessing the Changing Knowledge…

  17. DIFFERENT STROKES FOR DIFFERENT GANGS? AN ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL AMONG LATINO AND ASIAN GANG MEMBERS

    PubMed Central

    PIH, KAY KEI-HO; DE LA ROSA, MARIO; RUGH, DOUGLAS; MAO, KUORAY

    2009-01-01

    Gang activity and membership were noted to be significantly related to financial rewards. As such, gang membership and gang activity should also be understood from an economic perspective. In this article, Pierre Bourdieu's framework of capital is used to analyze two separate samples of Latino and Asian gang members. Stark contrasts in socioeconomic backgrounds are recorded among the two samples of gang members, and gang membership and activities are also noticeably dissimilar. Accessibility to economic, cultural, and social capital is argued to affect gang membership and activities. The results suggest that the availability of legitimate and illegitimate capital greatly affects the trajectory and the length of gang involvement. Also, gangs provide significant material and social capital for the respondents of the study. PMID:19578563

  18. Ganges Quagmire

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2006-09-27

    This MOC image shows dark-toned, windblown sands and ripples, surrounding a light-toned hill, interpreted to be sedimentary rock, in Ganges Chasma. Ganges Chasma is part of the giant Valles Marineris trough system on Mars

  19. Birds and dolphins flock to turn basin in feeding frenzy.

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2000-01-01

    A gray and a white pelican glide down to the water near a dolphin and cormorant in the turn basin to search for a meal in the fish- teeming water. Sea gulls also approach. The turn basin, which is east of the Vehicle Assembly Building and next to the crawlerway, is part of the Indian River Lagoon, composed of Mosquito Lagoon to the north, Banana River and Creek to the south and the Indian River to the west. The lagoon has one of the most diverse bird populations anywhere in America, plus many different species of oceanic and lagoon fish, shellfish and dolphins. Also, nearly one-third of the nation's manatee population lives here or migrates through the Lagoon seasonally. The Lagoon varies in width from .5 mile to 5 miles and averages only 3 feet in depth..

  20. Reviving the Ganges Water Machine: potential

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Amarasinghe, Upali Ananda; Muthuwatta, Lal; Surinaidu, Lagudu; Anand, Sumit; Jain, Sharad Kumar

    2016-03-01

    The Ganges River basin faces severe water challenges related to a mismatch between supply and demand. Although the basin has abundant surface water and groundwater resources, the seasonal monsoon causes a mismatch between supply and demand as well as flooding. Water availability and flood potential is high during the 3-4 months (June-September) of the monsoon season. Yet, the highest demands occur during the 8-9 months (October-May) of the non-monsoon period. Addressing this mismatch, which is likely to increase with increasing demand, requires substantial additional storage for both flood reduction and improvements in water supply. Due to hydrogeological, environmental, and social constraints, expansion of surface storage in the Ganges River basin is problematic. A range of interventions that focus more on the use of subsurface storage (SSS), and on the acceleration of surface-subsurface water exchange, has long been known as the Ganges Water Machine (GWM). The approach of the GWM for providing such SSS is through additional pumping and depleting of the groundwater resources prior to the onset of the monsoon season and recharging the SSS through monsoon surface runoff. An important condition for creating such SSS is the degree of unmet water demand. The paper shows that the potential unmet water demand ranging from 59 to 124 Bm3 year-1 exists under two different irrigation water use scenarios: (i) to increase irrigation in the Rabi (November-March) and hot weather (April-May) seasons in India, and the Aman (July-November) and Boro (December-May) seasons in Bangladesh, to the entire irrigable area, and (ii) to provide irrigation to Rabi and the hot weather season in India and the Aman and Boro seasons in Bangladesh to the entire cropped area. However, the potential for realizing the unmet irrigation demand is high only in 7 sub-basins in the northern and eastern parts, is moderate to low in 11 sub-basins in the middle, and has little or no potential in 4 sub

  1. Gangs and Schools.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Arthur, Richard; Erickson, Edsel

    This book explores the U.S. gang problem, based on the author's 35 years of experience as a high school and junior high school teacher, principal, and community organizer in Oakland and Los Angeles (California). Chapters discuss the subculture of gang worlds, reasons why youth are attracted to gangs, how educators can reach out to students, the…

  2. Pathophysiology of Stress in Wild and Managed-Care Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-09-30

    populations to establish reference ranges and assess variability across populations (Schwacke et al., 2008). Additionally , thyroid reference values were...stress evaluation using classic stress hormones were paired with biomarker expression using proteomics and metabolomics to provide additional stress...dolphins (27 from the Indian River Lagoon, FL and 22 from Charleston, SC). Additionally , 10 GA and 10 MMP dolphins were sampled multiple times during

  3. Gangs in Central America

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-08-02

    Societal stigmas against gangs and gang- deportees from the United States have made the process of leaving a gang extremely difficult. A recent...often unwilling to hire them. Tattooed former gang members, especially returning deportees from the United States who are often native English...recipients of deportees on a per capita basis. For all Central American countries, with the exception of Panama, those deported on criminal grounds

  4. Gangs in Central America

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-10-17

    livelihood, and protection. Societal Stigmas. Societal stigmas against gangs and gang- deportees from the United States have made the process of leaving...Ex-gang members report that employers are often unwilling to hire them. Tattooed former gang members, especially returning deportees from the United...American countries, with the exception of Panama, have a lower percentage of criminal deportees than the regional average. For example, criminal

  5. Birds and dolphins flock to turn basin in feeding frenzy.

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2000-01-01

    In the turn basin east of the Vehicle Assembly Building and next to the crawlerway, a mother dolphin guides her baby through the water to search for food. Dolphins inhabit the waters around Kennedy Space Center, along with many different species of oceanic and lagoon fish and shellfish. Mosquito Lagoon to the north, Banana River and Creek to the south and the Indian River to the west make up a special type of estuary called a lagoon, a body of water separated from the ocean by barrier islands, with limited exchange with the ocean through inlets. The Indian River Lagoon has one of the most diverse bird populations anywhere in America. Also, nearly one-third of the nation's manatee population lives here or migrates through the lagoon seasonally. The lagoon varies in width from .5 mile to 5 miles and averages only 3 feet in depth.

  6. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity in densities of the Taiwanese humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis taiwanensis)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dares, Lauren E.; Araújo-Wang, Claryana; Yang, Shih Chu; Wang, John Y.

    2017-03-01

    The inshore, estuarine distribution of Taiwanese humpback dolphins (THD) along the west coast of Taiwan puts them in direct conflict with many anthropogenic activities. We investigated the influence of environmental factors (depth, sea surface temperature (SST), salinity and distance to the nearest freshwater source) and coastal developments on THD density. Clear heterogeneity in density was found across the range of the THD, and there was significant spatial and temporal variation in mean densities. Density was not directly related to any environmental factors examined, which may be due to temporal variability and hydrological and oceanographic conditions that create, in effect, a continuous river delta along the central west coast of Taiwan rather than isolated, separate river estuaries. A high abundance of dolphins per unit of survey effort (DPUE) and mother-calf pairs per unit of survey effort (MCPUE) were found in waters adjacent to major coastal developments in which shallow waters had been filled to create new land (reclamation areas), but neither distance to reclamation area nor distance to the nearest river were found to be significant predictors of density. Most reclamation projects in THD habitat are situated near the mouths of major rivers or result in the creation of artificial confluences of smaller rivers, streams and other freshwater outlets, such as waste outflows. Thus, dolphins appear to use these areas in the absence of high quality natural habitat that has been lost to large-scale coastal reclamation throughout their range.

  7. The Gang Intervention Handbook.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Goldstein, Arnold P., Ed.; Huff, C. Ronald, Ed.

    This book provides overviews and evaluations of current juvenile-gang-intervention programs and recommends approaches that have been effective in both prevention and rehabilitation. Its three parts, composed of individual essays, examine patterns of ganging and gang intervention, explore the value of psychology-based interventions, and discuss the…

  8. Urban Street Gang Enforcement.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Institute for Law and Justice, Inc., Alexandria, VA.

    Strategies to enhance prosecution of gang-related crimes are presented, with a focus on enforcement and prosecution targeting urban street gangs. The model programs introduced offer strategies largely based on the practical experiences of agencies that participated in a demonstration program, the Urban Street Gang Drug Trafficking Enforcement…

  9. Geographic variation in polychorinated biphenyl and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in the blubber of bottlenose dolphins from the US Atlantic coast.

    PubMed

    Hansen, Larry J; Schwacke, Lori H; Mitchum, Greg B; Hohn, Aleta A; Wells, Randall S; Zolman, Eric S; Fair, Patricia A

    2004-02-05

    Concentrations of polychorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other organochlorine contaminants (OCs) were measured in blubber collected from live bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) at three sites along the United States Atlantic coast. Dolphins were sampled via surgical biopsy during capture-release studies near Charleston, South Carolina and Beaufort, North Carolina. Additional animals were sampled using remote biopsy techniques in estuarine waters near Charleston and from the Indian River Lagoon, Florida. Overall concentrations of major contaminant groups were found to vary between sites and mean concentrations of most OCs from male dolphins in the Indian River Lagoon were less than half of those measured from Charleston and Beaufort males. Geometric mean total PCB concentrations were 30, 27 and 14 microg/g lipid for male dolphins sampled in Beaufort, Charleston and the Indian River Lagoon, respectively. Significant variation related to sex- and age-class, as well as geographic sampling location, was seen in the PCB congener profiles. The measured PCB concentrations, although lower than those reported for stranded animals from the 1987/1988 epizootic along the United States mid-Atlantic coast, are sufficiently high to warrant concern for the health of dolphins from the sampled populations, particularly the animals near Charleston and Beaufort.

  10. Birds and dolphins flock to turn basin in feeding frenzy.

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2000-01-01

    In the turn basin east of the Vehicle Assembly Building and next to the crawlerway, a mother dolphin guides her baby through the water to search for food. Dolphins inhabit the waters around Kennedy Space Center, along with many different species of oceanic and lagoon fish and shellfish. Mosquito Lagoon to the north, Banana River and Creek to the south and the Indian River to the west make up a special type of estuary called a lagoon, a body of water separated from the ocean by barrier islands, with limited exchange with the ocean through inlets. The Lagoon varies in width from .5 mile to 5 miles and averages only 3 feet in depth. Nearly one-third of the nation's manatee population lives here or migrates through the Lagoon seasonally.

  11. Gangs: The Origins and Impact of Contemporary Youth Gangs in the United States.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cummings, Scott, Ed.; Monti, Daniel J., Ed.

    This book presents papers from some leading social scientists and scholars who examine the contemporary contours of America's gang problem. New material is provided on wilding (i.e., running amok for no specific reason) gangs, migration and drug trafficking, and public education disruption. Other topics involve organization of gangs, their social…

  12. Persistent organochlorine pollutants and toxaphene congener profiles in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) frequenting the Turtle/Brunswick River Estuary (TBRE) in coastal Georgia, USA.

    PubMed

    Pulster, Erin L; Smalling, Kelly L; Zolman, Eric; Schwacke, Lori; Maruya, Keith A

    2009-07-01

    Although the Turtle/Brunswick River Estuary (TBRE) in coastal Georgia (USA) is severely contaminated by persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs), little information regarding POPs in higher-trophic-level biota in this system is available. In the present study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; including DDTs, chlordanes, and mirex), and chlorinated monoterpenes (toxaphene) were measured using gas chromatography with electron-capture detection and gas chromatography with electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI-MS) in blubber of free-ranging and stranded bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Mean total PCBs (78.6 +/- 32.4 microg/g lipid) and toxaphene (11.7 +/- 9.3 microg/g lipid) were significantly higher in dolphins sampled in the TBRE than in dolphins stranded near Savannah (GA, USA) 80 to 100 km to the north. Levels of OCPs were several-fold lower than levels of PCBs; moreover, PCBs comprised 81 and 67% of the total POP burden in TBRE and non-TBRE dolphins, respectively. Analyses with GC-ECNI-MS revealed that 2,2,5-endo,6-exo,8,8,9,10-octachlorobornane (P-42a), a major component in technical toxaphene and a major residue congener in local estuarine fish species, was the most abundant chlorobornane in both sets of blubber samples. Mean total POP concentrations (sum of PCBs, OCPs, and toxaphene) approached 100 microg/g lipid for the TBRE animals, well above published total PCB thresholds at which immunosuppresion and/or reproductive anomalies are thought to occur. These results indicate extended utilization of the highly contaminated TBRE as habitat for a group of coastal estuarine dolphins, and they further suggest that these animals may be at risk because of elevated POP concentrations.

  13. Modern-Day Youth Gangs. OJJDP, Juvenile Justice Bulletin.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Howell, James C.; Egley, Arlen, Jr.; Gleason, Debra K.

    This report draws on data from the 1996 and 1998 National Youth Gang Surveys to compare the characteristics of gangs and gang members in jurisdictions with later onset of gang problems with those of gangs and gang members with earlier onset of gang problems. The survey asked respondents from law enforcement agencies to describe when gangs began to…

  14. Gangs in Central America

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-03-27

    deportees from the United States have made the process of leaving a gang extremely difficult. A recent State Department report on youth gangs in El...gang members, especially returning deportees from the United States who are often native English speakers, have had the most difficulty finding...with the exception of Panama, have a much lower percentage of criminal deportees than the regional average of 39%. For example, criminal deportees

  15. Gangs a Suburban Problem Too! "Taking the Gang Threat Seriously."

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stabile, Michael J.

    Gangs are no longer the exclusive problem of large metropolitan areas. Suburban schools and communities are now vulnerable, and the problem is spreading. To combat the problem, it is essential to overcome denial in the school and community. The case study of Chris, a junior high school student, exemplifies suburban youth gang members.…

  16. Responding to Gangs: Evaluation and Research.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Reed, Winifred L., Ed.; Decker, Scott H., Ed.

    This collection of papers presents a representative selection of the National Institute of Justice's portfolio of gang-related research. The 10 papers are: (1) "A Decade of Gang Research: Findings of the National Institute of Justice Gang Portfolio" (Scott H. Decker); (2) "The Evolution of Street Gangs: An Examination of Form and…

  17. Man-made climatic changes in the Ganges basin

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Adel, Miah M.

    2002-06-01

    Climate data pertaining to the Ganges basin in Bangladesh were analysed to find any climatic changes in the wake of the upstream water diversion by the Farakka Barrage. Whereas the diversions have been continuing from at least 30 international rivers upstream of Bangladesh, the diversion from the Ganges is the best known and has a wider coverage than all other diversions. The diversion reduced the Ganges' discharge through the delta by about 60% from a pre-diversion average value of 1932 m3 s-1, decreased water availability in flood plains, ponds, canals, and ditches by about 50%, dropped the groundwater table, and caused changes in surface features. It took about 5 years of diversions beyond the test run year of 1975 for the environment to react to set 1981 as the baseline year. During the post-baseline era: (1) heating degree days and cooling degree days were respectively 1.33 and 1.44 times more than their counterparts during the pre-baseline era; (2) the summertime and wintertime average temperatures were respectively 1 °C more and 0.5 °C less than the corresponding values during the pre-baseline era; (3) the mode 32 °C of summertime maximum temperatures was 1 °C higher and occurred 414 times more, and the mode 25 °C of wintertime temperature was 1 °C less and occurred 17 times less than the corresponding quantities during the pre-baseline era; (4) the average value of maximum relative humidity has increased by more than 2% and that of minimum relative humidity has dropped by the same amount; (5) the mode 95% and 70% of maximum and minimum relative humidity values have occurred 1322 times and 84 times more respectively than their pre-baseline counterparts; and (6) the frequency for 100 mm or more rainfall and the monthly average rainfalls have dropped by about 50% and 30% respectively. The solution to the climatic changes lies in the restoration of the virgin Ganges flow, dredging of the Ganges and its distributaries to remove shoals and siltation, and re

  18. Cults as Gangs.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cantrell, Mary Lynn

    1992-01-01

    Considers cults as gangs, but also distinguishes cults from gangs by the cult's reference to and insistence on allegiance to single higher authority, usually spirit figure or spiritual leader. Examines Satanism, identifies Satanic holidays and symbols, and describes characteristics of cult-influenced youth. Includes list of organizations and books…

  19. The Trophic Significance of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin, Sousa chinensis, in Western Taiwan.

    PubMed

    Pan, Ching-Wen; Chen, Meng-Hsien; Chou, Lien-Siang; Lin, Hsing-Juh

    2016-01-01

    Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) have attracted considerable attention due to their critically endangered status and related conservation issues, but their trophic relationships and ecological significance in coastal ecosystems are poorly understood. For instance, this species is noticeably more abundant in the Xin-Huwei River Estuary (Ex) of Western Taiwan than in the nearby Zhuoshui River Estuary (Ez), though it is unclear why the distribution shows such partitioning. To explore this topic, we conducted field surveys seasonally for two years from 2012 to 2013 and constructed Ecopath models of Ex, Ez, and an offshore site (Dm) to compare energy flow within the food webs. Model comparisons showed that the availability of food resources was the main factor influencing the biomass of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins. Specifically, its more frequent occurrence in Ex can be attributed to greater phytoplankton production and greater biomasses of macroinvertebrates and prey fish than in the other two areas. An increase in fishing activity might decrease the food availability and, consequently, the biomass of the dolphins. Although the decline in the dolphin population would increase the biomass of some prey fish species, local fishermen might not necessarily benefit from the decline due to the concurrent decrease of highly valued crabs and shrimp. Collectively, our work suggests that the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin is a keystone species in tropical coastal waters of Taiwan, and thereby exhibit a disproportional large ecological impact given their relatively low abundance.

  20. The Trophic Significance of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin, Sousa chinensis, in Western Taiwan

    PubMed Central

    Pan, Ching-Wen; Chen, Meng-Hsien; Chou, Lien-Siang; Lin, Hsing-Juh

    2016-01-01

    Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) have attracted considerable attention due to their critically endangered status and related conservation issues, but their trophic relationships and ecological significance in coastal ecosystems are poorly understood. For instance, this species is noticeably more abundant in the Xin-Huwei River Estuary (Ex) of Western Taiwan than in the nearby Zhuoshui River Estuary (Ez), though it is unclear why the distribution shows such partitioning. To explore this topic, we conducted field surveys seasonally for two years from 2012 to 2013 and constructed Ecopath models of Ex, Ez, and an offshore site (Dm) to compare energy flow within the food webs. Model comparisons showed that the availability of food resources was the main factor influencing the biomass of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins. Specifically, its more frequent occurrence in Ex can be attributed to greater phytoplankton production and greater biomasses of macroinvertebrates and prey fish than in the other two areas. An increase in fishing activity might decrease the food availability and, consequently, the biomass of the dolphins. Although the decline in the dolphin population would increase the biomass of some prey fish species, local fishermen might not necessarily benefit from the decline due to the concurrent decrease of highly valued crabs and shrimp. Collectively, our work suggests that the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin is a keystone species in tropical coastal waters of Taiwan, and thereby exhibit a disproportional large ecological impact given their relatively low abundance. PMID:27780252

  1. The environment as a driver of immune and endocrine responses in dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

    PubMed Central

    Fair, Patricia A.; Schaefer, Adam M.; Houser, Dorian S.; Bossart, Gregory D.; Romano, Tracy A.; Champagne, Cory D.; Stott, Jeffrey L.; Rice, Charles D.; White, Natasha; Reif, John S.

    2017-01-01

    Immune and endocrine responses play a critical role in allowing animals to adjust to environmental perturbations. We measured immune and endocrine related markers in multiple samples from individuals from two managed-care care dolphin groups (n = 82 samples from 17 dolphins and single samples collected from two wild dolphin populations: Indian River Lagoon, (IRL) FL (n = 26); and Charleston, (CHS) SC (n = 19). The immune systems of wild dolphins were more upregulated than those of managed-care-dolphins as shown by higher concentrations of IgG and increases in lysozyme, NK cell function, pathogen antibody titers and leukocyte cytokine transcript levels. Collectively, managed-care care dolphins had significantly lower levels of transcripts encoding pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF, anti-viral MX1 and INFα and regulatory IL-10. IL-2Rα and CD69, markers of lymphocyte activation, were both lower in managed-care care dolphins. IL-4, a cytokine associated with TH2 activity, was lower in managed-care care dolphins compared to the free-ranging dolphins. Differences in immune parameters appear to reflect the environmental conditions under which these four dolphin populations live which vary widely in temperature, nutrition, veterinary care, pathogen/contaminant exposures, etc. Many of the differences found were consistent with reduced pathogenic antigenic stimulation in managed-care care dolphins compared to wild dolphins. Managed-care care dolphins had relatively low TH2 lymphocyte activity and fewer circulating eosinophils compared to wild dolphins. Both of these immunologic parameters are associated with exposure to helminth parasites which is uncommon in managed-care care dolphins. Less consistent trends were observed in a suite of hormones but significant differences were found for cortisol, ACTH, total T4, free T3, and epinephrine. While the underlying mechanisms are likely multiple and complex, the marked differences observed in the immune and endocrine systems of wild

  2. The environment as a driver of immune and endocrine responses in dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).

    PubMed

    Fair, Patricia A; Schaefer, Adam M; Houser, Dorian S; Bossart, Gregory D; Romano, Tracy A; Champagne, Cory D; Stott, Jeffrey L; Rice, Charles D; White, Natasha; Reif, John S

    2017-01-01

    Immune and endocrine responses play a critical role in allowing animals to adjust to environmental perturbations. We measured immune and endocrine related markers in multiple samples from individuals from two managed-care care dolphin groups (n = 82 samples from 17 dolphins and single samples collected from two wild dolphin populations: Indian River Lagoon, (IRL) FL (n = 26); and Charleston, (CHS) SC (n = 19). The immune systems of wild dolphins were more upregulated than those of managed-care-dolphins as shown by higher concentrations of IgG and increases in lysozyme, NK cell function, pathogen antibody titers and leukocyte cytokine transcript levels. Collectively, managed-care care dolphins had significantly lower levels of transcripts encoding pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF, anti-viral MX1 and INFα and regulatory IL-10. IL-2Rα and CD69, markers of lymphocyte activation, were both lower in managed-care care dolphins. IL-4, a cytokine associated with TH2 activity, was lower in managed-care care dolphins compared to the free-ranging dolphins. Differences in immune parameters appear to reflect the environmental conditions under which these four dolphin populations live which vary widely in temperature, nutrition, veterinary care, pathogen/contaminant exposures, etc. Many of the differences found were consistent with reduced pathogenic antigenic stimulation in managed-care care dolphins compared to wild dolphins. Managed-care care dolphins had relatively low TH2 lymphocyte activity and fewer circulating eosinophils compared to wild dolphins. Both of these immunologic parameters are associated with exposure to helminth parasites which is uncommon in managed-care care dolphins. Less consistent trends were observed in a suite of hormones but significant differences were found for cortisol, ACTH, total T4, free T3, and epinephrine. While the underlying mechanisms are likely multiple and complex, the marked differences observed in the immune and endocrine systems of wild

  3. Confronting youth gangs in the intensive care unit.

    PubMed

    Akiyama, Cliff

    2015-01-01

    Youth gang violence has continued its upward trend nationwide. It was once thought that gangs convened only in selected areas, which left churches, schools, and hospitals as "neutral" territory. Unfortunately, this is a fallacy. The results of gang violence pour into hospitals and into intensive care units regularly. The media portrays California as having a gang violence problem; however, throughout the United States, gang violence has risen more than 35% in the past year. Youth gang violence continues to rise dramatically with more and more of our youth deciding to join gangs each day. Sadly, every state has gangs, and the problem is getting much worse in areas that would never have thought about gangs a year ago. These "new generation" of gang members is younger, much more violent, and staying in the gang longer. Gangs are not just an urban problem. Gang activity is a suburban and rural problem too. There are more than 25 500 gangs in the United States, with a total gang membership of 850 000. Ninety-four percent of gang members are male and 6% are female. The ethnic composition nationwide includes 47% Latino, 31% African American, 13% White, 7% Asian, and 2% "mixed," according to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention of the U.S. Department of Justice. As a result of the ongoing proliferation of youth street gangs in our communities, it is imperative that critical care nurses and others involved with the direct care become educated about how to identify gang members, their activities, and understand their motivations. Such education and knowledge will help provide solutions to families and the youth themselves, help eradicate the problem of gang violence, and keep health care professionals safe.

  4. Post-glacial climate forcing of surface processes in the Ganges-Brahmaputra river basin and implications for carbon sequestration

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hein, Christopher J.; Galy, Valier; Galy, Albert; France-Lanord, Christian; Kudrass, Hermann; Schwenk, Tilmann

    2017-11-01

    Climate has been proposed to control both the rate of terrestrial silicate weathering and the export rate of associated sediments and terrestrial organic carbon to river-dominated margins - and thus the rate of sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in the coastal ocean - over glacial-interglacial timescales. Focused on the Ganges-Brahmaputra rivers, this study presents records of post-glacial changes in basin-scale Indian summer monsoon intensity and vegetation composition based on stable hydrogen (δD) and carbon (δ13C) isotopic compositions of terrestrial plant wax compounds preserved in the channel-levee system of the Bengal Fan. It then explores the role of these changes in controlling the provenance and degree of chemical weathering of sediments exported by these rivers, and the potential climate feedbacks through organic-carbon burial in the Bengal Fan. An observed 40‰ shift in δD and a 3-4‰ shift in both bulk organic-carbon and plant-wax δ13C values between the late glacial and mid-Holocene, followed by a return to more intermediate values during the late Holocene, correlates well with regional post-glacial paleoclimate records. Sediment provenance proxies (Sr, Nd isotopic compositions) reveal that these changes likely coincided with a subtle focusing of erosion on the southern flank of the Himalayan range during periods of greater monsoon strength and enhanced sediment discharge. However, grain-size-normalized organic-carbon concentrations in the Bengal Fan remained constant through time, despite order-of-magnitude level changes in catchment-scale monsoon precipitation and enhanced chemical weathering (recorded as a gradual increase in K/Si* and detrital carbonate content, and decrease in H2O+/Si*, proxies) throughout the study period. These findings demonstrate a partial decoupling of climate change and silicate weathering during the Holocene and that marine organic-carbon sequestration rates primary reflect rates of physical erosion and sediment export

  5. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in river and ground/drinking water of the Ganges River basin: Emissions and implications for human exposure.

    PubMed

    Sharma, Brij Mohan; Bharat, Girija K; Tayal, Shresth; Larssen, Thorjørn; Bečanová, Jitka; Karásková, Pavlína; Whitehead, Paul G; Futter, Martyn N; Butterfield, Dan; Nizzetto, Luca

    2016-01-01

    Many perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. They have been widely used in production processes and daily-use products or may result from degradation of precursor compounds in products or the environment. India, with its developing industrialization and population moving from traditional to contemporary lifestyles, represents an interesting case study to investigate PFAS emission and exposure along steep environmental and socioeconomic gradients. This study assesses PFAS concentrations in river and groundwater (used in this region as drinking water) from several locations along the Ganges River and estimates direct emissions, specifically for PFOS and PFOA. 15 PFAS were frequently detected in the river with the highest concentrations observed for PFHxA (0.4-4.7 ng L(-1)) and PFBS (river varied dramatically along the transect (0.20-190 and 0.03-150 g d(-1), respectively). PFOS emission pattern could be explained by the number of urban residents in the subcatchment (rather than total population). Per-capita emissions were lower than in many developed countries. In groundwater, PFBA (river water. Daily PFAS exposure intakes through drinking water were below safety thresholds for oral non-cancer risk in all age

  6. Drug use and treatment success among gang and non-gang members in El Salvador: a prospective cohort study

    PubMed Central

    2013-01-01

    Background This article focuses on examining drug abuse treatment (DAT) in El Salvador highlighting gang vs. non-gang membership differences in drug use and treatment outcomes. Methods Cross-sectional and prospective cohort designs were employed to examine the study aims. The 19 centers that met the study’s inclusion criteria of one year or less in planned treatment offered varying treatment services: individual, group, family, and vocational therapy, dual diagnosis treatment, psychological testing, 12-step program, and outreach and re-entry aftercare. Most directors describe their treatment approach as “spiritual.” Data were collected from 625 patients, directors, and staff from the 19 centers at baseline, of which 34 patients were former gang members. Seventy-two percent (72%) of the former patients (448) were re-interviewed six-months after leaving treatment and 48% were randomly tested for drug use. Results Eighty-nine percent (89%) of the DAT patients at baseline were classified as heavy alcohol users and 40% were using illegal drugs, i.e., crack, marijuana, cocaine, tranquilizers, opiates, and amphetamines. There were large decreases after treatment in heavy alcohol and illegal drug use, crime, and gang related risk activities. Gang members reported illegal drug use, crime, and gang related risk activity more than non-gang members, yet only 5% of the study participants were gang members; further, positive change in treatment outcomes among gang members were the same or larger as compared to non-gang members. Conclusions Alcohol use is the drug of choice among DAT patients in El Salvador with gang member patients having used illegal drugs more than non-gang members. The study shows that DAT centers successfully reduced the use of illegal drugs and alcohol among gang and non-gang members. Although our study could not include a control group, we believe that the DAT treatment centers in El Salvador contributed to producing this treatment success among

  7. Gang Membership and Pathways to Maladaptive Parenting

    PubMed Central

    Augustyn, Megan Bears; Thornberry, Terence P.; Krohn, Marvin D.

    2014-01-01

    A limited amount of research examines the short-term consequences of gang membership. Rarer, though, is the examination of more distal consequences of gang membership. This is unfortunate because it understates the true detrimental effect of gang membership across the life course, as well as the effects it may have on children of former gang members. Using data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, this work investigates the impact of gang membership in adolescence (ages 12-18) on a particularly problematic style of parenting, child maltreatment. Using discrete time survival analysis, this study finds that gang membership increases the likelihood of child maltreatment and this relationship is mediated by the more proximal outcomes of gang membership during adolescence, precocious transitions to adulthood. PMID:24883000

  8. Birds and dolphins flock to turn basin in feeding frenzy.

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2000-01-01

    In the turn basin east of the Vehicle Assembly Building and next to the crawlerway, a mother dolphin guides her baby through the water to search for food. Next to them on a rock is an osprey eating a fish. Dolphins inhabit the waters around Kennedy Space Center, along with many different species of oceanic and lagoon fish and shellfish. Mosquito Lagoon to the north, Banana River and Creek to the south and the Indian River to the west make up a special type of estuary called a lagoon, a body of water separated from the ocean by barrier islands, with limited exchange with the ocean through inlets. The Lagoon varies in width from .5 mile to 5 miles and averages only 3 feet in depth. Nearly one-third of the nation's manatee population lives here or migrates through the Lagoon seasonally. The lagoon also has one of the most diverse bird populations anywhere in America.

  9. Amazon river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) use a high-frequency short-range biosonar.

    PubMed

    Ladegaard, Michael; Jensen, Frants Havmand; de Freitas, Mafalda; Ferreira da Silva, Vera Maria; Madsen, Peter Teglberg

    2015-10-01

    Toothed whales produce echolocation clicks with source parameters related to body size; however, it may be equally important to consider the influence of habitat, as suggested by studies on echolocating bats. A few toothed whale species have fully adapted to river systems, where sonar operation is likely to result in higher clutter and reverberation levels than those experienced by most toothed whales at sea because of the shallow water and dense vegetation. To test the hypothesis that habitat shapes the evolution of toothed whale biosonar parameters by promoting simpler auditory scenes to interpret in acoustically complex habitats, echolocation clicks of wild Amazon river dolphins were recorded using a vertical seven-hydrophone array. We identified 404 on-axis biosonar clicks having a mean SLpp of 190.3 ± 6.1 dB re. 1 µPa, mean SLEFD of 132.1 ± 6.0 dB re. 1 µPa(2)s, mean Fc of 101.2 ± 10.5 kHz, mean BWRMS of 29.3 ± 4.3 kHz and mean ICI of 35.1 ± 17.9 ms. Piston fit modelling resulted in an estimated half-power beamwidth of 10.2 deg (95% CI: 9.6-10.5 deg) and directivity index of 25.2 dB (95% CI: 24.9-25.7 dB). These results support the hypothesis that river-dwelling toothed whales operate their biosonars at lower amplitude and higher sampling rates than similar-sized marine species without sacrificing high directivity, in order to provide high update rates in acoustically complex habitats and simplify auditory scenes through reduced clutter and reverberation levels. We conclude that habitat, along with body size, is an important evolutionary driver of source parameters in toothed whale biosonars. © 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

  10. Finding Street Gang Members on Twitter.

    PubMed

    Balasuriya, Lakshika; Wijeratne, Sanjaya; Doran, Derek; Sheth, Amit

    2016-08-01

    Most street gang members use Twitter to intimidate others, to present outrageous images and statements to the world, and to share recent illegal activities. Their tweets may thus be useful to law enforcement agencies to discover clues about recent crimes or to anticipate ones that may occur. Finding these posts, however, requires a method to discover gang member Twitter profiles. This is a challenging task since gang members represent a very small population of the 320 million Twitter users. This paper studies the problem of automatically finding gang members on Twitter. It outlines a process to curate one of the largest sets of verifiable gang member profiles that have ever been studied. A review of these profiles establishes differences in the language, images, YouTube links, and emojis gang members use compared to the rest of the Twitter population. Features from this review are used to train a series of supervised classifiers. Our classifier achieves a promising F 1 score with a low false positive rate.

  11. Modulation of the Ganges-Brahmaputra River Plume by the Indian Ocean Dipole and Eddies Inferred From Satellite Observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fournier, S.; Vialard, J.; Lengaigne, M.; Lee, T.; Gierach, M. M.; Chaitanya, A. V. S.

    2017-12-01

    The Bay of Bengal receives large amounts of freshwater from the Ganga-Brahmaputra (GB) river during the summer monsoon. The resulting upper-ocean freshening influences seasonal rainfall, cyclones, and biological productivity. Sparse in situ observations and previous modeling studies suggest that the East India Coastal Current (EICC) transports these freshwaters southward after the monsoon as an approximately 200 km wide, 2,000 km long "river in the sea" along the East Indian coast. Sea surface salinity (SSS) from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite provides unprecedented views of this peculiar feature from intraseasonal to interannual timescales. SMAP SSS has a 0.83 correlation and 0.49 rms-difference to 0-5 m in situ measurements. SMAP and in stu data both indicate a SSS standard deviation of ˜0.7 to 1 away from the coast, that rises to 2 pss within 100 km of the coast, providing a very favorable signal-to-noise ratio in coastal areas. SMAP also captures the strong northern BoB, postmonsoon cross-shore SSS contrasts (˜10 pss) measured along ship transects. SMAP data are also consistent with previous modeling results that suggested a modulation of the EICC/GB plume southward extent by the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Remote forcing associated with the negative Indian Ocean Dipole in the fall of 2016 indeed caused a stronger EICC and "river in the sea" that extended by approximately 800 km further south than that in 2015 (positive IOD year). The combination of SMAP and altimeter data shows eddies stirring the freshwater plume away from the coast.Plain Language SummaryThe Bay of Bengal receives large quantity of freshwater from the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">river</span> during the monsoon. The resulting low-salinity sea surface has strong implications for the regional climate and living marine resources. In situ observations are too sparse to provide salinity maps in this basin, even every 3 months. In contrast, the SMAP</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED505592.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED505592.pdf"><span>Highlights of the 2007 National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Survey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Egley, Jr., Arlen; O'Donnell, Christina E.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>This report presents findings from the 2007 National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Survey. Data on the number of <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, and <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related homicides in larger cities, suburban counties, smaller cities, and rural counties are provided to accurately reflect youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity in the United States. Based on survey results, it is estimated that nearly 3,550…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22118898','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22118898"><span>Assessment of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in plasma of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from two southeast US estuarine areas: relationship with age, sex and geographic locations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fair, Patricia A; Houde, Magali; Hulsey, Thomas C; Bossart, Gregory D; Adams, Jeff; Balthis, Len; Muir, Derek C G</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Plasma PFCs were measured in 157 bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) sampled from two US southeast Atlantic sites (Charleston (CHS), SC and Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon (IRL), FL) during 2003-2005. ∑PFCs, perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (∑PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (∑PFSAs) and individual compounds were significantly higher in CHS <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> for all age/sex categories compared to IRL <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Highest ∑PFCs concentrations occurred in CHS juvenile <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (2340 ng/g w.w.); significantly higher than found in adults (1570 ng/g w.w. males; 1330 ng/g w.w. females). ∑PFCAs were much greater in CHS <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (≈ 21%) compared to IRL <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (≈ 7%); ∑PFSAs were 79% in CHS <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> versus 93% in IRL <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. PFOS, the dominant compound, averaged 72% and 84%, respectively, in CHS and IRL <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Decreasing PFC levels occurred with age on the bioaccumulation of PFCs in both sites. These observations suggest PFC accumulation in these two <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> populations are influenced by site-specific exposures with significantly higher levels in CHS <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Published by Elsevier Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=runaway&pg=6&id=EJ678528','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=runaway&pg=6&id=EJ678528"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement and Membership among Homeless and Runaway Youth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Yoder, Kevin A.; Whitbeck, Les B.; Hoyt, Dan R.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Assessed the extent of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement among homeless and runaway youth, comparing <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, <span class="hlt">gang</span>-involved youth (not members), and non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> youth on several dimensions. Interview data indicated that 15.4 percent of the youth were <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and 32.2 percent were involved in <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. These youth reported more family problems and school…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22278158','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22278158"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> homicides - five U.S. cities, 2003-2008.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-27</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> homicides account for a substantial proportion of homicides among youths in some U.S. cities; however, few surveillance systems collect data with the level of detail necessary to <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicide prevention strategies. To compare characteristics of <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides with nongang homicides, CDC analyzed 2003-2008 data from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) for five cities with high levels of <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicide. This report describes the results of that analysis, which indicated that, consistent with similar previous research, a higher proportion of <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides than other homicides involved young adults and adolescents, racial and ethnic minorities, and males. Additionally, the proportion of <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides resulting from drug trade/use or with other crimes in progress was consistently low in the five cities, ranging from zero to 25%. Furthermore, this report found that <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides were more likely to occur with firearms and in public places, which suggests that <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides are quick, retaliatory reactions to ongoing <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related conflict. These findings provide evidence for the need to prevent <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement early in adolescence and to increase youths' capacity to resolve conflict nonviolently.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26290502','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26290502"><span>Mucocutaneous lesions in free-ranging Atlantic bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> Tursiops truncatus from the southeastern USA.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bossart, Gregory D; Schaefer, Adam M; McCulloch, Stephen; Goldstein, Juli; Fair, Patricia A; Reif, John S</p> <p>2015-08-20</p> <p>Mucocutaneous lesions were biopsied from free-ranging Atlantic bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> Tursiops truncatus inhabiting the Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon (IRL), Florida, and estuarine waters of Charleston (CHS), South Carolina, USA, between 2003 and 2013. A total of 78 incisional biopsies from 58 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (n=43 IRL, n=15 CHS) were examined. Thirteen <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> had 2 lesions biopsied at the same examination, and 6 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were re-examined and re-biopsied at time intervals varying from 1 to 8 yr. Biopsy sites included the skin (n=47), tongue (n=2), and genital mucosa (n=29). Pathologic diagnoses were: orogenital sessile papilloma (39.7%), cutaneous lobomycosis (16.7%), tattoo skin disease (TSD; 15.4%), nonspecific chronic to chronic-active dermatitis (15.4%), and epidermal hyperplasia (12.8%). Pathologic diagnoses from <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> with 2 lesions were predominately orogenital sessile papillomas (n=9) with nonspecific chronic to chronic-active dermatitis (n=4), TSD (n=3), lobomycosis (n=1), and epidermal hyperplasia (n=1). Persistent pathologic diagnoses from the same <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> re-examined and re-biopsied at different times included genital sessile papillomas (n=3), lobomycosis (n=2), and nonspecific dermatitis (n=2). This is the first study documenting the various types, combined prevalence, and progression of mucocutaneous lesions in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from the southeastern USA. The data support other published findings describing the health patterns in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from these geographic regions. Potential health impacts related to the observed suite of lesions are important for the IRL and CHS <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> populations, since previous studies have indicated that both populations are affected by complex infectious diseases often associated with immunologic disturbances and anthropogenic contaminants.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5508795','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5508795"><span>Finding Street <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members on Twitter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Balasuriya, Lakshika; Wijeratne, Sanjaya; Doran, Derek; Sheth, Amit</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Most street <span class="hlt">gang</span> members use Twitter to intimidate others, to present outrageous images and statements to the world, and to share recent illegal activities. Their tweets may thus be useful to law enforcement agencies to discover clues about recent crimes or to anticipate ones that may occur. Finding these posts, however, requires a method to discover <span class="hlt">gang</span> member Twitter profiles. This is a challenging task since <span class="hlt">gang</span> members represent a very small population of the 320 million Twitter users. This paper studies the problem of automatically finding <span class="hlt">gang</span> members on Twitter. It outlines a process to curate one of the largest sets of verifiable <span class="hlt">gang</span> member profiles that have ever been studied. A review of these profiles establishes differences in the language, images, YouTube links, and emojis <span class="hlt">gang</span> members use compared to the rest of the Twitter population. Features from this review are used to train a series of supervised classifiers. Our classifier achieves a promising F1 score with a low false positive rate. PMID:28713880</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JEI....26e1409P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JEI....26e1409P"><span>Automatic <span class="hlt">gang</span> graffiti recognition and interpretation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Parra, Albert; Boutin, Mireille; Delp, Edward J.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>One of the roles of emergency first responders (e.g., police and fire departments) is to prevent and protect against events that can jeopardize the safety and well-being of a community. In the case of criminal <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity, tools are needed for finding, documenting, and taking the necessary actions to mitigate the problem or issue. We describe an integrated mobile-based system capable of using location-based services, combined with image analysis, to track and analyze <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity through the acquisition, indexing, and recognition of <span class="hlt">gang</span> graffiti images. This approach uses image analysis methods for color recognition, image segmentation, and image retrieval and classification. A database of <span class="hlt">gang</span> graffiti images is described that includes not only the images but also metadata related to the images, such as date and time, geoposition, <span class="hlt">gang</span>, <span class="hlt">gang</span> member, colors, and symbols. The user can then query the data in a useful manner. We have implemented these features both as applications for Android and iOS hand-held devices and as a web-based interface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4241772','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4241772"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership, Drug Selling, and Violence in Neighborhood Context</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bellair, Paul E.; McNulty, Thomas L.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>A prominent perspective in the <span class="hlt">gang</span> literature suggests that <span class="hlt">gang</span> member involvement in drug selling does not necessarily increase violent behavior. In addition it is unclear from previous research whether neighborhood disadvantage strengthens that relationship. We address those issues by testing hypotheses regarding the confluence of neighborhood disadvantage, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, drug selling, and violent behavior. A three-level hierarchical model is estimated from the first five waves of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, matched with block-group characteristics from the 2000 U.S. Census. Results indicate that (1) <span class="hlt">gang</span> members who sell drugs are significantly more violent than <span class="hlt">gang</span> members that don’t sell drugs and drug sellers that don’t belong to <span class="hlt">gangs</span>; (2) drug sellers that don’t belong to <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span> members who don’t sell drugs engage in comparable levels of violence; and (3) an increase in neighborhood disadvantaged intensifies the effect of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on violence, especially among <span class="hlt">gang</span> members that sell drugs. PMID:25429188</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016850','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016850"><span>Homicidal Events Among Mexican American Street <span class="hlt">Gangs</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Valdez, Avelardo; Cepeda, Alice; Kaplan, Charles</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This article examines the complexity of street <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides and focuses on situational factors that lead to <span class="hlt">gang</span> members’ susceptibility to this violent behavior within the context of a disadvantaged minority community. This study is based on an analysis of 28 homicides involving Mexican American <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. The absence of immigrant youth involvement in these types of violent crimes is discussed. Findings demonstrate how locally embedded social processes associated with specific <span class="hlt">gang</span> types, ecology, drugs, circumstances, and motives unfold into homicidal events. These findings may contribute to the development of street-based social programs focused on <span class="hlt">gang</span> mediation, dispute resolution, and crisis intervention. PMID:21218188</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27243575','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27243575"><span>The process of desistance among core ex-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Berger, Rony; Abu-Raiya, Hisham; Heineberg, Yotam; Zimbardo, Philip</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Research has established robust links between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, delinquency, violence and victimization. Yet studies examining the process of <span class="hlt">gang</span> desistance in general and that of core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in particular, are quite rare. The current study aims to identify factors associated with desistance of core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members as well as describe the nature of the process that these "formers" have undergone. Thirty-nine core ex-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members (80% males and 20% females) from the San Francisco Bay area and Los Angeles, with an average length of 11.6-years <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, were interviewed regarding their involvement in the <span class="hlt">gang</span> and the desistance process. A systematic qualitative analysis based on grounded theory methodology was mainly utilized. We found that the decision to leave the <span class="hlt">gang</span> is a result of a combination of push (e.g., personal and vicarious victimization, burnout of <span class="hlt">gang</span> lifestyle, disillusionment by the <span class="hlt">gang</span>) and pull (e.g., parenthood, family responsibilities, religious and cultural awakening) factors that evolved over time. Push factors were more dominant in this domain. We also found that while male core ex-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members tended to leave the <span class="hlt">gang</span> more frequently because of push factors, female ex-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members were more inclined to desist due to pull factors. Our analysis also showed that core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members shared a general pattern of the desistance process comprising of the following 5 stages: triggering, contemplation, exploration, exiting and maintenance. Based on these results, we outlined stage-specific recommendations for agents of societal change to help in facilitating the desistance of core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED312171.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED312171.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Schools. Breaking Up Is Hard To Do.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>National School Safety Center, Malibu, CA.</p> <p></p> <p>This handbook offers the latest information on <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and practical advice on preventing or reducing <span class="hlt">gang</span> encroachment in schools. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> experts believe that establishing codes of conduct, diligent awareness of <span class="hlt">gang</span> rivalries, prevention courses, and community and parental involvement can make an impact in keeping <span class="hlt">gangs</span> away from campus. Chapter 1,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18157858','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18157858"><span>Blubber morphology in wild bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) from the Southeastern United States: influence of geographic location, age class, and reproductive state.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Montie, Eric W; Garvin, Scott R; Fair, Patricia A; Bossart, Gregory D; Mitchum, Greg B; McFee, Wayne E; Speakman, Todd; Starczak, Victoria R; Hahn, Mark E</p> <p>2008-04-01</p> <p>This study investigated blubber morphology and correlations of histological measurements with ontogeny, geography, and reproductive state in live, wild bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) from the southeastern United States. Surgical skin-blubber biopsies (N=74) were collected from <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> during capture-release studies conducted in two geographic locations: Charleston, SC (N=38) and Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon, FL (N=36). Histological analysis of blubber revealed stratification into superficial, middle, and deep layers. Adipocytes of the middle blubber were 1.6x larger in Charleston subadults than in Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon subadults (4,590+/-340 compared to 2,833+/-335 microm2 per cell). Charleston subadult <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> contained higher levels of total blubber lipids than Charleston adult animals (49.3%+/-1.9% compared to 34.2%+/-1.7%), and this difference was manifested in more adipocytes in the middle blubber layer (19.2+/-0.9 compared to 14.9+/-0.5 cells per field). However, <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon did not exhibit this pattern, and the adipocyte cell counts of subadults were approximately equal to those of the adults (16.0+/-1.4 compared to 13.4+/-0.8 cells per field). The colder year-round water temperatures in Charleston compared to Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon may explain these differences. Adipocytes in the deep blubber layer were significantly smaller in lactating and simultaneously pregnant and lactating animals compared to pregnant <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (840+/-179, 627+/-333, and 2,776+/-586 microm2 per cell, respectively). Total blubber lipid content and adipocyte size in the deep blubber of mothers with calves decreased linearly with calf length. Lactating females may utilize lipids from the deep blubber during periods of increased energetic demands associated with offspring care. This study demonstrates that ontogeny, geography, and reproductive state may influence morphological parameters such as structural fiber densities and adipocyte numbers and sizes, measured in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24129993','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24129993"><span>Patterns of population structure for inshore bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> along the eastern United States.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Richards, Vincent P; Greig, Thomas W; Fair, Patricia A; McCulloch, Stephen D; Politz, Christine; Natoli, Ada; Driscoll, Carlos A; Hoelzel, A Rus; David, Victor; Bossart, Gregory D; Lopez, Jose V</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Globally distributed, the bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus) is found in a range of offshore and coastal habitats. Using 15 microsatellite loci and mtDNA control region sequences, we investigated patterns of genetic differentiation among putative populations along the eastern US shoreline (the Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon, Florida, and Charleston Harbor, South Carolina) (microsatellite analyses: n = 125, mtDNA analyses: n = 132). We further utilized the mtDNA to compare these populations with those from the Northwest Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean. Results showed strong differentiation among inshore, alongshore, and offshore habitats (ФST = 0.744). In addition, Bayesian clustering analyses revealed the presence of 2 genetic clusters (populations) within the 250 km Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon. Habitat heterogeneity is likely an important force diversifying bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> populations through its influence on social behavior and foraging strategy. We propose that the spatial pattern of genetic variation within the lagoon reflects both its steep longitudinal transition of climate and also its historical discontinuity and recent connection as part of Intracoastal Waterway development. These findings have important management implications as they emphasize the role of habitat and the consequence of its modification in shaping bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> population structure and highlight the possibility of multiple management units existing in discrete inshore habitats along the entire eastern US shoreline.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3796761','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3796761"><span>Patterns of Population Structure for Inshore Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> along the Eastern United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Globally distributed, the bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus) is found in a range of offshore and coastal habitats. Using 15 microsatellite loci and mtDNA control region sequences, we investigated patterns of genetic differentiation among putative populations along the eastern US shoreline (the Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon, Florida, and Charleston Harbor, South Carolina) (microsatellite analyses: n = 125, mtDNA analyses: n = 132). We further utilized the mtDNA to compare these populations with those from the Northwest Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean. Results showed strong differentiation among inshore, alongshore, and offshore habitats (ФST = 0.744). In addition, Bayesian clustering analyses revealed the presence of 2 genetic clusters (populations) within the 250 km Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon. Habitat heterogeneity is likely an important force diversifying bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> populations through its influence on social behavior and foraging strategy. We propose that the spatial pattern of genetic variation within the lagoon reflects both its steep longitudinal transition of climate and also its historical discontinuity and recent connection as part of Intracoastal Waterway development. These findings have important management implications as they emphasize the role of habitat and the consequence of its modification in shaping bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> population structure and highlight the possibility of multiple management units existing in discrete inshore habitats along the entire eastern US shoreline. PMID:24129993</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3577743','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3577743"><span>At the Heart of the Industrial Boom: Australian Snubfin <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> in the Capricorn Coast, Queensland, Need Urgent Conservation Action</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cagnazzi, Daniele; Parra, Guido J.; Westley, Shane; Harrison, Peter L.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The recent industrial boom along the Australian coastline has increased concerns about the long term conservation of snubfin <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> along the Queensland coast. National assessment of the conservation status and management of the Australian snubfin <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> is currently hindered by the lack of adequate biological and ecological information throughout most of its range. In response to the issue of determining the conservation status of species with broad ranges, the IUCN has provided a framework for assessing the threatened status of regional populations. In this study we assessed the conservation status of a small geographically isolated population of snubfin <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> living in the Fitzroy <span class="hlt">River</span> region, Queensland, Australia, against the IUCN criteria for regional populations. A review of all available sightings data and stranding information indicates that this is the southernmost resident population of snubfin <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in Australian waters. The Fitzroy <span class="hlt">River</span> snubfin <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> population is composed of less than 100 individuals, with a representative range and core area of less than 400 and 300 km2 respectively. The area most often used by snubfin <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> within the representative range and core area was estimated to be about 292 and 191 km2, respectively. A decrease in representative range, core area and preferred habitat between 14 and 25% is projected to occur if a planned industrial port development were to occur. These results are robust to uncertainty and considering the low level of formal protection and future threats, a classification of this subpopulation under the IUCN Red List as “Endangered” is appropriate. PMID:23437225</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23437225','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23437225"><span>At the heart of the industrial boom: Australian snubfin <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the Capricorn Coast, Queensland, need urgent conservation action.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cagnazzi, Daniele; Parra, Guido J; Westley, Shane; Harrison, Peter L</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The recent industrial boom along the Australian coastline has increased concerns about the long term conservation of snubfin <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> along the Queensland coast. National assessment of the conservation status and management of the Australian snubfin <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> is currently hindered by the lack of adequate biological and ecological information throughout most of its range. In response to the issue of determining the conservation status of species with broad ranges, the IUCN has provided a framework for assessing the threatened status of regional populations. In this study we assessed the conservation status of a small geographically isolated population of snubfin <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> living in the Fitzroy <span class="hlt">River</span> region, Queensland, Australia, against the IUCN criteria for regional populations. A review of all available sightings data and stranding information indicates that this is the southernmost resident population of snubfin <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in Australian waters. The Fitzroy <span class="hlt">River</span> snubfin <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> population is composed of less than 100 individuals, with a representative range and core area of less than 400 and 300 km(2) respectively. The area most often used by snubfin <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> within the representative range and core area was estimated to be about 292 and 191 km(2), respectively. A decrease in representative range, core area and preferred habitat between 14 and 25% is projected to occur if a planned industrial port development were to occur. These results are robust to uncertainty and considering the low level of formal protection and future threats, a classification of this subpopulation under the IUCN Red List as "Endangered" is appropriate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24399208','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24399208"><span>Is <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> morbillivirus virulent for white-beaked <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>van Elk, C E; van de Bildt, M W G; Jauniaux, T; Hiemstra, S; van Run, P R W A; Foster, G; Meerbeek, J; Osterhaus, A D M E; Kuiken, T</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>The virulence of morbilliviruses for toothed whales (odontocetes) appears to differ according to host species. In 4 species of odontocetes, morbilliviruses are highly virulent, causing large-scale epizootics with high mortality. In 8 other species of odontocetes, including white-beaked <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), morbilliviruses have been found as an incidental infection. In these species, the virulence of morbilliviruses is not clear. Therefore, the admission of 2 white-beaked <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> with morbillivirus infection into a rehabilitation center provided a unique opportunity to investigate the virulence of morbillivirus in this species. By phylogenetic analysis, the morbilliviruses in both animals were identified as a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> morbillivirus (DMV) most closely related to that detected in a white-beaked <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> in Germany in 2007. Both animals were examined clinically and pathologically. Case No. 1 had a chronic neural DMV infection, characterized by polioencephalitis in the cerebrum and morbillivirus antigen expression limited to neurons and glial cells. Surprisingly, no nervous signs were observed in this animal during the 6 months before death. Case No. 2 had a subacute systemic DMV infection, characterized by interstitial pneumonia, leucopenia, lymphoid depletion, and DMV antigen expression in mononuclear cells and syncytia in the lung and in mononuclear cells in multiple lymphoid organs. Cause of death was not attributed to DMV infection in either animal. DMV was not detected in 2 contemporaneously stranded white-beaked <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Stranding rate did not increase in the region. These results suggest that DMV is not highly virulent for white-beaked <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. © The Author(s) 2013.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18272207','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18272207"><span>Geographic specificity of Aroclor 1268 in bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) frequenting the Turtle/Brunswick <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary, Georgia (USA).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pulster, Erin L; Maruya, Keith A</p> <p>2008-04-15</p> <p>Coastal marine resources are at risk from anthropogenic contaminants, including legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with half-lives of decades or more. To determine if polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) signatures can be used to distinguish among local populations of inshore bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) along the southeastern U.S. coast, blubber from free-ranging and stranded animals were collected along the Georgia coast in 2004 and analyzed for PCB congeners using gas chromatography with electron capture and negative chemical ionization mass spectrometric detection (GC-ECD and GC-NCI-MS). Mean total PCB concentrations (77+/-34 microg/g lipid) were more than 10 fold higher and congener distributions were highly enriched in Cl(7)-Cl(10) homologs in free-ranging animals from the Turtle/Brunswick <span class="hlt">River</span> estuary (TBRE) compared with strandings samples from Savannah area estuaries 90 km to the north. Using principal components analysis (PCA), the Aroclor 1268 signature associated with TBRE animals was distinct from that observed in Savannah area animals, and also from those in animals biopsied in other southeastern U.S estuaries. Moreover, PCB signatures in <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> blubber closely resembled those in local preferred prey fish species, strengthening the hypothesis that inshore T. truncatus populations exhibit long-term fidelity to specific estuaries and making them excellent sentinels for assessing the impact of stressors on coastal ecosystem health.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA04262.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA04262.html"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2003-03-13</p> <p>This false-color infrared image was taken by the camera system on the Mars Odyssey spacecraft over part of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma in Valles Marineris (approximately 13 degrees S, 318 degrees E). The infrared image has been draped over topography data obtained by Mars Global Surveyor. The color differences in this image show compositional variations in the rocks exposed in the wall and floor of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> (blue and purple) and in the dust and sand on the rim of the canyon (red and orange). The floor of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> is covered by rocks and sand composed of basaltic lava that are shown in blue. A layer that is rich in the mineral olivine can be seen as a band of purple in the walls on both sides of the canyon, and is exposed as an eroded layer surrounding a knob on the floor. Olivine is easily destroyed by liquid water, so its presence in these ancient rocks suggests that this region of Mars has been very dry for a very long time. The mosaic was constructed using infrared bands 5, 7, and 8, and covers an area approximately 150 kilometers (90 miles) on each side. This simulated view is toward the north. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA04262</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HESS...21.6379S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HESS...21.6379S"><span>The atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle over the Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">river</span> basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sorí, Rogert; Nieto, Raquel; Drumond, Anita; Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M.; Gimeno, Luis</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle over the Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">river</span> basins (IRB, GRB, and BRB respectively) in the South Asian region was investigated. The 3-dimensional model FLEXPART v9.0 was utilized. An important advantage of this model is that it permits the computation of the freshwater budget on air parcel trajectories both backward and forward in time from 0.1 to 1000 hPa in the atmospheric vertical column. The analysis was conducted for the westerly precipitation regime (WPR) (November-April) and the monsoonal precipitation regime (MPR) (May-October) in the period from 1981 to 2015. The main terrestrial and oceanic climatological moisture sources for the IRB, GRB, and BRB and their contribution to precipitation over the basins were identified. For the three basins, the most important moisture sources for precipitation are (i) in the continental regions, the land masses to the west of the basins (in this case called western Asia), the Indian region (IR), and the basin itself, and (ii) from the ocean, the utmost sources being the Indian Ocean (IO) and the Bay of Bengal (BB), and it is remarkable that despite the amount of moisture reaching the Indus and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basins from land sources, the moisture supply from the IO seems to be first associated with the rapid increase or decrease in precipitation over the sources in the MPR. The technique of the composites was used to analyse how the moisture uptake values spatially vary from the sources (the budget of evaporation minus precipitation (E - P) was computed in a backward experiment from the basins) but during the pre-onset and pre-demise dates of the monsoonal rainfall over each basin; this confirmed that over the last days of the monsoon at the basins, the moisture uptake areas decrease in the IO. The Indian region, the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal, and the basins themselves are the main sources of moisture responsible for negative (positive) anomalies of moisture contribution to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA11158.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA11158.html"><span>Hugli <span class="hlt">River</span> Delta, India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2001-10-22</p> <p>The western-most part of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Delta is seen in this 54.5 by 60 km ASTER sub-scene acquired on January 6, 2005. The Hugli <span class="hlt">River</span> branches off from the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> 300 km to the north, and flows by the city of Calcutta before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. High sediment load is evident by the light tan colors in the water, particularly downstream from off-shore islands. The deep green colors of some of these islands are mangrove swamps. The image is centered at 21.9 degrees north latitude, 88 degrees east longitude. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA11158</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=dolphins&pg=2&id=EJ627345','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=dolphins&pg=2&id=EJ627345"><span>The Promise of <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-Assisted Therapy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>McKinney, Alexis; Dustin, Dan; Wolff, Robert</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Describes how people with disabilities can benefit from working and playing in the water with <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, focusing on the many positive benefits of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-assisted therapy and discussing several hypotheses about why <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-assisted therapy is so effective. The article describes two <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-assisted therapy programs and presents contact information…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25946045','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25946045"><span>Initial Evidence for Adaptive Selection on the NADH Subunit Two of Freshwater <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> by Analyses of Mitochondrial Genomes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Caballero, Susana; Duchêne, Sebastian; Garavito, Manuel F; Slikas, Beth; Baker, C Scott</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>A small number of cetaceans have adapted to an entirely freshwater environment, having colonized <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in Asia and South America from an ancestral origin in the marine environment. This includes the '<span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>', early divergence from the odontocete lineage, and two species of true <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Family Delphinidae). Successful adaptation to the freshwater environment may have required increased demands in energy involved in processes such as the mitochondrial osmotic balance. For this reason, riverine odontocetes provide a compelling natural experiment in adaptation of mammals from marine to freshwater habitats. Here we present initial evidence of positive selection in the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 of riverine odontocetes by analyses of full mitochondrial genomes, using tests of selection and protein structure modeling. The codon model with highest statistical support corresponds to three discrete categories for amino acid sites, those under positive, neutral, and purifying selection. With this model we found positive selection at site 297 of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (dN/dS>1.0,) leading to a substitution of an Ala or Val from the ancestral state of Thr. A phylogenetic reconstruction of 27 cetacean mitogenomes showed that an Ala substitution has evolved at least four times in cetaceans, once or more in the three '<span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>' (Families Pontoporidae, Lipotidae and Inidae), once in the riverine Sotalia fluviatilis (but not in its marine sister taxa), once in the riverine Orcaella brevirostris from the Mekong <span class="hlt">River</span> (but not in its marine sister taxa) and once in two other related marine <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. We located the position of this amino acid substitution in an alpha-helix channel in the trans-membrane domain in both the E. coli structure and Sotalia fluviatilis model. In E. coli this position is located in a helix implicated in a proton translocation channel of respiratory complex 1 and may have a similar role in the NADH dehydrogenases of cetaceans.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3527756','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3527756"><span>Iron Indices in Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Mazzaro, Lisa M; Johnson, Shawn P; Fair, Patricia A; Bossart, Greg; Carlin, Kevin P; Jensen, Eric D; Smith, Cynthia R; Andrews, Gordon A; Chavey, Patricia S; Venn-Watson, Stephanie</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> can have iron overload (that is, hemochromatosis), and managed populations of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> may be more susceptible to this disease than are wild <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation, and ferritin were measured in 181 samples from 141 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in 2 managed collections and 2 free-ranging populations. Although no iron indices increased with age among free-ranging <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, ferritin increased with age in managed collections. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> from managed collections had higher iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation values than did free-ranging <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> with high serum iron (exceeding 300 μg/dL) were more likely to have elevated ferritin but not ceruloplasmin or haptoglobin, demonstrating that high serum levels of iron are due to a true increase in total body iron. A time-series study of 4 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> with hemochromatosis that were treated with phlebotomy demonstrated significant decreases in serum ferritin, iron, and TIBC between pre- and posttreatment samples; transferrin saturation initially fell but returned to prephlebotomy levels by 6 mo after treatment. Compared with those in managed collections, wild <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were 15 times more likely to have low serum iron (100 μg/dL or less), and this measure was associated with lower haptoglobin. In conclusion, bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in managed collections are more likely to have greater iron stores than are free-ranging <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Determining why this situation occurs among some <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> populations and not others may improve the treatment of hemochromatosis in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and provide clues to causes of nonhereditary hemochromatosis in humans. PMID:23561885</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4160842','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4160842"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> youth, substance use, and drug normalization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Sanders, Bill</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership is an indicator of chronic substance use.1 Evidence from North America and Europe indicates that <span class="hlt">gang</span> youth, in comparison to their non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> peers, are more likely to report alcohol and illicit drug use (Bendixen, Endresen, & Olweus, 2006; Gatti, Tremblay, Vitaro, & McDuff, 2005; Gordon, et al., 2004; Hall, Thornberry, & Lizotte, 2006; Sharp, Aldridge, & Medina, 2006). Qualitative studies focusing specifically on <span class="hlt">gang</span> members have also noted high frequencies of lifetime rates of use for a variety of illegal substances (De La Rosa, Rugh, & Rice, 2006; Hagedorn, Torres, & Giglio, 1998; Hunt, Jo-Laidler, & Evans, 2002; Mata et al., 2002; Valdez, Kaplan, & Cepeda, 2006). <span class="hlt">Gang</span> youth, however, have differential attitudes towards the use of various illegal drugs. Marijuana, for instance, has remained a staple within <span class="hlt">gang</span> culture, but the use of other drugs has been heavily stigmatized, especially heroin, methamphetamine, and crack cocaine (MacKenzie, Hunt, & Joe-Laidler, 2005; Moore, 1978; Taylor, 1990; Waldorf, 1993). Perspectives with good explanatory power should be flexible enough to elucidate these distinctions regarding illicit substance use patterns and preferences. PMID:25221432</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=emergency+AND+preparedness&pg=2&id=EJ1081014','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=emergency+AND+preparedness&pg=2&id=EJ1081014"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Activity on Campus: A Crisis Response Case Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Shaw, Mahauganee; Meaney, Sarah</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This case study challenges readers to consider a contemporary issue for campus threat assessment and emergency preparedness: <span class="hlt">gang</span> presence on college campuses. A body of research examining the presence of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity on college campuses has developed, revealing that <span class="hlt">gangs</span> pose a viable threat for institutions of higher education. The…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA451328','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA451328"><span>Insurgency in the Hood: Understanding Insurgencies Through Urban <span class="hlt">Gangs</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2006-06-01</p> <p>bond between the members of the social network . 50 Wiktorowitz, 10. 51 <span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership, Delinquent Peers and...38 3. Control and Selective Incentives .............39 a. Social Network Theory ...................41 b. Physical...the <span class="hlt">gang</span> makes them feel like they are part of a family.”26 The <span class="hlt">gang</span> also provides peers for socialization . The <span class="hlt">gang</span> can provide identity</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24296050','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24296050"><span>Climatic variation and runoff from partially-glacierised Himalayan tributary basins of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Collins, David N; Davenport, Joshua L; Stoffel, Markus</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Climate records for locations across the southern slope of the Himalaya between 77°E and 91°E were selected together with discharge measurements from gauging stations on <span class="hlt">rivers</span> draining partially-glacierised basins tributary to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, with a view to assessing impacts of climatic fluctuations on year-to-year variations of runoff during a sustained period of glacier decline. The aims were to describe temporal patterns of variation of glaciologically- and hydrologically-relevant climatic variables and of <span class="hlt">river</span> flows from basins with differing percentages of ice-cover. Monthly precipitation and air temperature records, starting in the mid-nineteenth century at high elevation sites and minimising data gaps, were selected from stations in the Global Historical Climatology Network and CRUTEM3. Discharge data availability was limited to post 1960 for stations in Nepal and at Khab in the adjacent Sutlej basin. Strengths of climate-runoff relationships were assessed by correlation between overlapping portions of annual data records. Summer monsoon precipitation dominates runoff across the central Himalaya. Flow in tributaries of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> in Nepal fluctuated from year to year but the general background level of flow was usually maintained from the 1960s to 2000s. Flow in the Sutlej, however, declined by 32% between the 1970s and 1990s, reflecting substantially reduced summer precipitation. Over the north-west <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-upper Sutlej area, monsoon precipitation declined by 30-40% from the 1960s to 2000s. Mean May-September air temperatures along the southern slope of the central Himalayas dipped from the 1960s, after a long period of slow warming or sustained temperatures, before rising rapidly from the mid-1970s so that in the 2000s summer air temperatures reached those achieved in earlier warmer periods. There are few measurements of runoff from highly-glacierised Himalayan headwater basins; runoff from one of which, Langtang Khola, was less than that of the monsoon</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26363203','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26363203"><span>In vitro assessment of environmental stress of persistent organic pollutants on the Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jia, Kuntong; Ding, Liang; Zhang, Lingli; Zhang, Mei; Yi, Meisheng; Wu, Yuping</p> <p>2015-12-25</p> <p>Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are detected ubiquitously and are linked to range of adverse health effects. The Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> inhabited the Pearl <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary (PRE), China, where high concentrations of POPs have been reported. This study evaluated the threats posed by POPs in the environment to the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> using an in vitro system. We selected BNF(β-naphthoflavone) and four POPs (DDTs (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes), CHLs(chlorides), HCHs(hexachlorocyclohexanes) and HCB(hexachlorobenzene)) which had been accumulated in the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> with high concentrations to treat the cultured skin fibroblast cells (ScSF cells) of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, and investigated the expression patterns of the ecological stress biomarkers CYP1A1, AHR and HSP70 in the cell line. The results showed that CYP1A1 was up-regulated after being exposed to different concentrations of BNF, DDTs and HCHs. CHLs, HCHs and HCB promoted AHR expression. HSP70 expression was increased by high concentrations of BNF and DDTs. Moreover, comet assay experiments revealed that DDTs produced higher degree of DNA damage to ScSF cells than other POPs, implying that the Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> in the PRE has been threatened by POPs accumulated in the body, especially by DDTs. Our results provided important information to assess the risk of the Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> raised by environmental POPs in vivo. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED341563.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED341563.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Dolphins</span>. LC Science Tracer Bullet.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Niskern, Diana, Comp.</p> <p></p> <p>The family Delphinidae is the largest family of toothed whales. It includes not only those mammals commonly referred to as <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, such as the bottlenosed <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> often seen in captivity, but also the killer whale. This literature and resources guide is not intended to be a comprehensive bibliography on <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>; the guide is designed--as the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25019655','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25019655"><span>Stress response of wild bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) during capture-release health assessment studies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fair, Patricia A; Schaefer, Adam M; Romano, Tracy A; Bossart, Gregory D; Lamb, Stephen V; Reif, John S</p> <p>2014-09-15</p> <p>There is a growing concern about the impacts of stress in marine mammals as they face a greater array of threats. The stress response of free-ranging <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) was examined by measuring their physiologic response to capture and handling. Samples were collected from 168 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> during capture-release health assessments 2003-2007 at two study sites: Charleston, SC (CHS) and the Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon, FL (IRL). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, aldosterone (ALD) and catecholamines (epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NOR), dopamine (DA)), were measured in blood and cortisol in urine. Mean time to collect pre-examination samples after netting the animals was 22min; post-examination samples were taken prior to release (mean 1h 37min). EPI and DA concentrations decreased significantly with increased time to blood sampling. ACTH and cortisol levels increased from the initial capture event to the post-examination sample. EPI concentrations increased significantly with increasing time to the pre-examination sample and decreased significantly with time between the pre- and post-examination sample. Cortisol concentrations increased between the pre- and post-examination in CHS <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Age- and sex-adjusted mean pre-examination values of catecholamines were significantly higher in CHS <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>; ALD was higher in IRL <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Significant differences related to age or sex included higher NOR concentrations in males; higher ALD and urine cortisol levels in juveniles than adults. Wild <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> exhibited a typical mammalian response to acute stress of capture and restraint. Further studies that relate hormone levels to biological and health endpoints are warranted. Published by Elsevier Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26790888','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26790888"><span>The Behavioural Ecology of Indo-Pacific Humpback <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> in Hong Kong.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Würsig, Bernd; Parsons, E C M; Piwetz, Sarah; Porter, Lindsay</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Fewer than 200 Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sousa chinensis) occur in Hong Kong waters (though these are part of a much larger population in the Pearl <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary), with a decrease in the past about 10 years. They have partially overlapping individual ranges (mean=100km(2)), and two partially overlapping communities. Seasonal occurrence is higher in June-November than December-May, approximate wet and dry monsoon seasons, respectively. Group sizes tend to average three <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, a decrease from the past decade. Feeding often occurs in abruptly changing water depths and off rocky natural shores. The area immediately north of Hong Kong International Airport is largely used for travelling between locations to the west, east and further north. The area around Lung Kwu Chau Island in northwest Hong Kong is a "hot spot" for foraging and socializing. The area off Fan Lau, southwest Lantau Island, is largely used for foraging. A former foraging "hot spot" was located around the Brothers Islands east of the airport, now reduced, possibly due to increases in high-speed ferries (HSFs) and other activities. Sound recordings of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from bottom-mounted hydrophones suggest that northwestern Hong Kong waters are used more at night than in daytime. Sexual activity and calving occur throughout the year, with a peak in late spring to autumn (wet monsoon season). Humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> communicate acoustically with each other and probably passively listen to prey in murky waters, and anthropogenic noises may be masking communication and affecting prey location. Increasing sounds of shipping, HSFs and industrial activities are likely to alter <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> habitat use patterns and overall behaviours beyond the present already affected status. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22325578','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22325578"><span>How does Australia's largest <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-watching industry affect the behaviour of a small and resident population of Indo-Pacific bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Steckenreuter, Andre; Möller, Luciana; Harcourt, Robert</p> <p>2012-04-30</p> <p>The small, genetically distinct population of Indo-Pacific bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops aduncus) in Port Stephens, New South Wales (NSW), is the target of the largest <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-watching industry in Australia and is located within the Port Stephens - Great Lakes Marine Park that was created in 2005. The effects of this industry have been identified as of significant management importance by the Marine Parks Authority NSW. Accordingly, the impact of commercial <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-watching boats was investigated from boat-based surveys from August 2008 to August 2009. Presence of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-watching boats altered both the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>' behavioural states and activity budgets. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> spent 66.5% less time feeding and 44.2% less time socialising, spent four times more milling, and were never observed to rest in the presence of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-watching boats. Moreover, <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> groups were more cohesive during <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-watching boat encounters and <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> tended to avoid tour boats. These effects were exacerbated as the number of boats increased and the distance from boats decreased. The rate of approach was high with boats approaching each <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> group three times per day in winter and six times in summer. Moreover, groups of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> with newborns were approached closer than state regulated minimum approach distances in nine out of ten encounters. Globally, <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-watching industries frequent small resident groups of coastal <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and effects are likely to be similar. We suggest that existing controls are inadequate and that these together with additional regulations be enforced by a regular presence of authorities. We suggest no more than one <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-watching boat within 50 m of a group of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, or 100 m if calves are present. Operating times of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-watching boats should be restricted in numbers after 1 pm, i.e., during preferred foraging times for <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Additionally, exclusion zones should be considered to reduce pressure on <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> undertaking critical activities such as</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=dolphins&id=EJ1046024','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=dolphins&id=EJ1046024"><span>Where's That <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kovacs, Carolyn; Curran, Mary Carla; Cox, Tara</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>In this article , the authors describe an activity in which students in Savannah, Georgia, use handheld GPS devices to record the sightings of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, examine spatial data from five pairs of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the study, and then form hypotheses about the spatial patterns they observe. In the process, they learn not only about the ecology of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AdWR..108..332N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AdWR..108..332N"><span>Hydroclimatic sustainability assessment of changing climate on cholera in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nasr-Azadani, Fariborz; Khan, Rakibul; Rahimikollu, Javad; Unnikrishnan, Avinash; Akanda, Ali; Alam, Munirul; Huq, Anwar; Jutla, Antarpreet; Colwell, Rita</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The association of cholera and climate has been extensively documented. However, determining the effects of changing climate on the occurrence of disease remains a challenge. Bimodal peaks of cholera in Bengal Delta are hypothesized to be linked to asymmetric flow of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. Spring cholera is related to intrusion of bacteria-laden coastal seawater during low flow seasons, while autumn cholera results from cross-contamination of water resources when high flows in the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> cause massive inundation. Coarse resolution of General Circulation Model (GCM) output (usually at 100 - 300 km)cannot be used to evaluate variability at the local scale(10-20 km),hence the goal of this study was to develop a framework that could be used to understand impacts of climate change on occurrence of cholera. Instead of a traditional approach of downscaling precipitation, streamflow of the two <span class="hlt">rivers</span> was directly linked to GCM outputs, achieving reasonable accuracy (R2 = 0.89 for the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and R2 = 0.91 for the Brahmaputra)using machine learning algorithms (Support Vector Regression-Particle Swarm Optimization). Copula methods were used to determine probabilistic risks of cholera under several discharge conditions. Key results, using model outputs from ECHAM5, GFDL, andHadCM3for A1B and A2 scenarios, suggest that the combined low flow of the two <span class="hlt">rivers</span> may increase in the future, with high flows increasing for first half of this century, decreasing thereafter. Spring and autumn cholera, assuming societal conditions remain constant e.g., at the current rate, may decrease. However significant shifts were noted in the magnitude of <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge suggesting that cholera dynamics of the delta may well demonstrate an uncertain predictable pattern of occurrence over the next century.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5813880','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5813880"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and a global sociological imagination</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fraser, Alistair; Hagedorn, John M</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Across the globe, the phenomenon of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> has become an important and sensitive public issue. In this context, an increasing level of research attention has focused on the development of universalized definitions of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in a global context. In this article, we argue that this search for similarity has resulted in a failure to recognize and understand difference. Drawing on an alternative methodology we call a ‘global exchange’, this article suggests three concepts—homologies of habitus, vectors of difference and transnational reflexivity—that seek to re-engage the sociological imagination in the study of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and globalization. PMID:29503595</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29503595','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29503595"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and a global sociological imagination.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fraser, Alistair; Hagedorn, John M</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Across the globe, the phenomenon of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> has become an important and sensitive public issue. In this context, an increasing level of research attention has focused on the development of universalized definitions of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in a global context. In this article, we argue that this search for similarity has resulted in a failure to recognize and understand difference. Drawing on an alternative methodology we call a 'global exchange', this article suggests three concepts-homologies of habitus, vectors of difference and transnational reflexivity-that seek to re-engage the sociological imagination in the study of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and globalization.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21993505','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21993505"><span>Bubbles in live-stranded <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dennison, S; Moore, M J; Fahlman, A; Moore, K; Sharp, S; Harry, C T; Hoppe, J; Niemeyer, M; Lentell, B; Wells, R S</p> <p>2012-04-07</p> <p>Bubbles in supersaturated tissues and blood occur in beaked whales stranded near sonar exercises, and post-mortem in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> bycaught at depth and then hauled to the surface. To evaluate live <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> for bubbles, liver, kidneys, eyes and blubber-muscle interface of live-stranded and capture-release <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were scanned with B-mode ultrasound. Gas was identified in kidneys of 21 of 22 live-stranded <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and in the hepatic portal vasculature of 2 of 22. Nine then died or were euthanized and bubble presence corroborated by computer tomography and necropsy, 13 were released of which all but two did not re-strand. Bubbles were not detected in 20 live wild <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> examined during health assessments in shallow water. Off-gassing of supersaturated blood and tissues was the most probable origin for the gas bubbles. In contrast to marine mammals repeatedly diving in the wild, stranded animals are unable to recompress by diving, and thus may retain bubbles. Since the majority of beached <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> released did not re-strand it also suggests that minor bubble formation is tolerated and will not lead to clinically significant decompression sickness.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21930130','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21930130"><span>Influences of biological variables and geographic location on circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones in wild bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fair, Patricia A; Montie, Eric; Balthis, Len; Reif, John S; Bossart, Gregory D</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>Thyroid hormones (TH) are key regulators of metabolism and development, yet our understanding of the variability in serum TH concentrations in free-ranging marine mammals is limited. Thus, we examined the interrelationships between TH and age, sex, reproductive status, geographic location, and ocean temperatures in wild bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus). Circulating concentrations of TH (total thyroxine (tT(4)), free T(4) (fT(4)), and total triiodothyronine (tT(3))) were determined in a total of 195 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>; 80 from the coastal waters of Charleston, South Carolina (CHS) and 115 from the Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon, Florida (IRL). Age had the most influence on circulating TH concentrations in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> at both sites with decreasing concentrations (p<0.0001) observed with increasing age for all TH. No significant differences were found between males and non-reproductive females. Geographic location significantly influenced tT(4) and tT(3) concentrations; CHS <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> had higher concentrations than IRL animals. These TH differences between CHS and IRL <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> may be attributed to the colder year-round water temperature that CHS <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> inhabit compared to IRL <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and could constitute an adaptive response to their colder environment. Results from this study highlight the importance of establishing reference values for <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in different geographic locations to support valid comparisons. This initial assessment provides a foundation of how biological and environmental variables could affect circulating TH in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, which will help to elucidate the impacts of disease, pollution, and climate change on the thyroid hormone system of aquatic mammals. Published by Elsevier Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency+AND+community&pg=4&id=EJ804507','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency+AND+community&pg=4&id=EJ804507"><span>The Impact of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Formation on Local Patterns of Crime</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Tita, George; Ridgeway, Greg</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Research has demonstrated that even after controlling for individual level attributes, individuals who join <span class="hlt">gangs</span> commit more crimes than do nongang members. Furthermore, the offending level of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members is higher when they report being active members of the <span class="hlt">gang</span>. Therefore, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership clearly facilitates offending above and beyond…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED518416.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED518416.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Prevention: An Overview of Research and Programs. Juvenile Justice Bulletin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Howell, James C.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This bulletin presents research on why youth join <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and how a community can build <span class="hlt">gang</span> prevention and intervention services. The author summarizes recent literature on <span class="hlt">gang</span> formation and identifies promising and effective programs for <span class="hlt">gang</span> prevention. The following are some key findings: (1) Youth join <span class="hlt">gangs</span> for protection, enjoyment, respect,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15677281','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15677281"><span>Predicting early adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement from middle school adaptation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dishion, Thomas J; Nelson, Sarah E; Yasui, Miwa</p> <p>2005-03-01</p> <p>This study examined the role of adaptation in the first year of middle school (Grade 6, age 11) to affiliation with <span class="hlt">gangs</span> by the last year of middle school (Grade 8, age 13). The sample consisted of 714 European American (EA) and African American (AA) boys and girls. Specifically, academic grades, reports of antisocial behavior, and peer relations in 6th grade were used to predict multiple measures of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement by 8th grade. The multiple measures of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement included self-, peer, teacher, and counselor reports. Unexpectedly, self-report measures of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement did not correlate highly with peer and school staff reports. The results, however, were similar for other and self-report measures of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement. Mean level analyses revealed statistically reliable differences in 8th-grade <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement as a function of the youth gender and ethnicity. Structural equation prediction models revealed that peer nominations of rejection, acceptance, academic failure, and antisocial behavior were predictive of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement for most youth. These findings suggest that the youth level of problem behavior and the school ecology (e.g., peer rejection, school failure) require attention in the design of interventions to prevent the formation of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> among high-risk young adolescents.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED398500.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED398500.pdf"><span>Working Together To Erase <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Our Schools.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>National Consortium on Alternatives for Youth at Risk, Inc., Sarasota, FL.</p> <p></p> <p>A common misconception about <span class="hlt">gangs</span> is that they resemble past images of motorcycle riders. Society is now faced with what are called "hybrid" <span class="hlt">gangs</span> whose members are usually 14 to 16 years of age, who dress conservatively, who display subtle <span class="hlt">gang</span> identifiers, and who are motivated by a combination of profit and poor family life. This…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.H14E..02H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.H14E..02H"><span>Satellite Altimetry based <span class="hlt">River</span> Forecasting of Transboundary Flow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hossain, F.; Siddique-E-Akbor, A.; Lee, H.; Shum, C.; Biancamaria, S.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Forecasting of this transboundary flow in downstream nations however remains notoriously difficult due to the lack of basin-wide in-situ hydrologic measurements or its real-time sharing among nations. In addition, human regulation of upstream flow through diversion projects and dams, make hydrologic models less effective for forecasting on their own. Using the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra (GB) basin as an example, this study assesses the feasibility of using JASON-2 satellite altimetry for forecasting such transboundary flow at locations further inside the downstream nation of Bangladesh by propagating forecasts derived from upstream (Indian) locations through a hydrodynamic <span class="hlt">river</span> model. The 5-day forecast of <span class="hlt">river</span> levels at upstream boundary points inside Bangladesh are used to initialize daily simulation of the hydrodynamic <span class="hlt">river</span> model and yield the 5-day forecast <span class="hlt">river</span> level further downstream inside Bangladesh. The forecast <span class="hlt">river</span> levels are then compared with the 5-day-later "now cast" simulation by the <span class="hlt">river</span> model based on in-situ <span class="hlt">river</span> level at the upstream boundary points in Bangladesh. Future directions for satellite-based forecasting of flow are also briefly overviewed.round tracks or virtual stations of JASON-2 (J2) altimeter over the GB basin shown in yellow lines. The locations where the track crosses a <span class="hlt">river</span> and used for deriving forecasting rating curves is shown with a circle and station number (magenta- Brahmaputra basin; blue - <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin). Circles without a station number represent the broader view of sampling by JASON-2 if all the ground tracks on main stem <span class="hlt">rivers</span> and neighboring tributaries of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra are considered.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Norman+AND+Green&pg=2&id=ED393955','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Norman+AND+Green&pg=2&id=ED393955"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, My Town and the Nation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Randolph, Norman; Erickson, Edsel</p> <p></p> <p>The nature of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> is explored, with suggestions for <span class="hlt">gang</span> prevention and intervention. The emphasis is on organizing citizens, especially at the neighborhood level, to affect all community institutions. Suggestions are offered for citizens' groups to look at critical areas in schooling, incarceration, law enforcement, community programs,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29552912','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29552912"><span>Extending Social Learning Theory to Explain Victimization Among <span class="hlt">Gang</span> and Ex-<span class="hlt">Gang</span> Offenders.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gagnon, Analisa</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>This study is among the first to extend and test social learning theory's ability to understand property and violent victimization. It specifically tests whether aspects of definitions, differential reinforcement, and differential association/modeling can explain the three types of victimization of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members: actual experience, perception of likelihood, and fear. The sample consists of over 300 male and female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members incarcerated in jails throughout Florida. The results show that all three types of victimization can be explained by the three aspects of social learning theory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED438354.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED438354.pdf"><span>The Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, Drugs, and Violence Connection. Juvenile Justice Bulletin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Howell, James C.; Decker, Scott H.</p> <p></p> <p>This bulletin addresses questions about the interrelatedness of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, drugs, and violent crime, discussing whether drug trafficking is a main cause of violence in youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> or only a correlate, and noting whether there are other important sources of <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence. Section 1 presents a historical overview of <span class="hlt">gang</span> drug use and trafficking,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=prosocial+AND+behavior+AND+develop&pg=3&id=EJ1012133','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=prosocial+AND+behavior+AND+develop&pg=3&id=EJ1012133"><span>Teaching Responsibility to <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Affiliated Youths</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Buckle, Michael E.; Walsh, David S.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Teaching youths who affiliate with a <span class="hlt">gang</span> can be a daunting task. Risk factors for <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership often compound across life domains and affect pro-social connectedness, cause feelings of marginalization, and hinder life-skill development. Sports and physical activities that are structured within a positive youth-development framework provide an…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%22mesa%22&pg=2&id=EJ921705','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%22mesa%22&pg=2&id=EJ921705"><span>Neighborhood Variation in <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Member Concentrations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Katz, Charles M.; Schnebly, Stephen M.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>This study examines the relationship between neighborhood structure, violent crime, and concentrations of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members at the neighborhood level. We rely on official police <span class="hlt">gang</span> list data, police crime data, and two waves of decennial census data characterizing the socioeconomic and demographic conditions of 93 neighborhoods in Mesa, Arizona.…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28737160','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28737160"><span>Health and Environmental Risk Assessment Project for bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> Tursiops truncatus from the southeastern USA. II. Environmental aspects.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Reif, John S; Schaefer, Adam M; Bossart, Gregory D; Fair, Patricia A</p> <p>2017-07-24</p> <p>Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> Tursiops truncatus are the most common apex predators found in coastal and estuarine ecosystems along the southeastern coast of the USA, where these animals are exposed to multiple chemical pollutants and microbial agents. In this review, we summarize the results of investigations of environmental exposures evaluated in 360 free-ranging <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> between 2003 and 2015. Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> inhabiting the Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon, Florida (IRL, n = 246), and coastal waters of Charleston, South Carolina (CHS, n = 114), were captured, given comprehensive health examinations, and released as part of a multidisciplinary and multi-institutional study of individual and population health. High concentrations of persistent organic pollutants including legacy contaminants (DDT and other pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyl compounds) as well as 'emerging' contaminants (polybrominated diphenyl ethers, perfluorinated compounds) were detected in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from CHS, with lower concentrations in the IRL. Conversely, the concentrations of mercury in the blood and skin of IRL <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were among the highest reported worldwide and approximately 5 times as high as those found in CHS <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. A high prevalence of resistance to antibiotics commonly used in humans and animals was detected in bacteria isolated from fecal, blowhole, and/or gastric samples at both sites, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at CHS. Collectively, these studies illustrate the importance of long-term surveillance of estuarine populations of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and reaffirm their important role as sentinels for marine ecosystems and public health.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19069765','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19069765"><span>[Distribution and environmental conditions related to the behavior in the bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus) and the spotted <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Stenella attenuata) (Cetacea: Delphinidae) in Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cubero-Pardo, Priscilla</p> <p>2007-06-01</p> <p>Habitat characteristics influencing behavior in animal species vary locally. The influence that a particular environmental characteristic can have on a species depends not only on other variables, but on morphological, physiological and social conditions of that species. In this study, developed from June 1996 to July 1997, I studied whether specific behaviors are related to particular distribution areas and environmental factors in the bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus) and the spotted <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Stenella attenuata). The study area was covered along oblicuous linear transects, and the behavior of single groups was observed from 15 min to 5 h. Environmental factors such as depth, temperature, salinity and distance from shore, among others, were considered. For the bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, foraging/feeding activities showed exclusive coincidence with <span class="hlt">river</span> mouths, coral reef and mangrove areas, while social and milling activities where seen close to feeding areas. Traveling occurred along different points parallel to the coast, with a low percentage of cases across the gulf (16.56 %), suggesting that the bottlenose rarely crosses from one side to the other. In the spotted <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, several behaviors were observed simultaneously in the schools and it was not possible to associate areas with particular behaviors. The lack of significant relationships among activities and particular environmental variables (ANOVA tests) is attributed to three aspects: (a) transitions among activities generally occurred into a low variable area, (b) <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> often traveled along large areas without changing activities and (c) environmental conditions in Golfo Dulce are homogeneous. In the two species the highest average in the number of individuals per group corresponded to the category of active socializing, followed by traveling, passive socializing and feeding. In the case of the bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, the smallest group size was associated with feeding activities (ANOVA, F= 2.624, p=0.037, n=156</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28494705','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28494705"><span>Brucellosis in Endangered Hector's <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> (Cephalorhynchus hectori).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Buckle, Kelly; Roe, Wendi D; Howe, Laryssa; Michael, Sarah; Duignan, Padraig J; Burrows, E; Ha, Hye Jeong; Humphrey, Sharon; McDonald, Wendy L</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Brucella spp infections of marine mammals are often asymptomatic but have been associated with reproductive losses and deaths. Zoonotic infections originating from marine isolates have also been described. Hector's <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Cephalorhynchus hectori) are an endangered species with a declining population, and the role of infectious disease in population dynamics is not fully understood. In this study, 27 Hector's <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> found dead around the New Zealand coastline between November 2006 and October 2010 were evaluated for lesions previously associated with cetacean brucellosis. Tissues were examined using histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) techniques. Seven of 27 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (26%) had at least 1 tissue that was positive on PCR for Brucella spp. Lesions consistent with brucellosis were present in 10 of 27 (37%) <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, but in 8 of these <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> Brucella infection could not be demonstrated in lesional tissues. Two <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (7%) were diagnosed with active brucellosis: 1 female with placentitis and metritis, and 1 stillborn male fetus. Brucella identified in these 2 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> had genetic similarity (99%) to Brucella pinnipedialis. The omp2a gene amplicon from the uterus of the female had 100% homology with ST27 genotype isolates from a human in New Zealand and a bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> of Pacific origin. The remaining 5 PCR-positive <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were assessed as having asymptomatic or latent infection. While most Brucella infections identified in this study appeared to be subclinical, the finding of 2 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> with reproductive disease due to Brucella infection suggests that this disease has the potential to affect reproductive success in this species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=family+AND+violence+AND+profile+AND+victim&pg=2&id=EJ530433','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=family+AND+violence+AND+profile+AND+victim&pg=2&id=EJ530433"><span>Female <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members: A Profile of Aggression and Victimization.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Molidor, Christian E.</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>Most <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership research studies males; few examine the etiology of female <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Presents themes of female <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership gathered from interviews with 15 young women. Examines demographic material, family structure, initiation rites, and criminal behaviors. Explores implications for social work practice and research. (FC)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020041256&hterms=swimming&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dswimming','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020041256&hterms=swimming&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dswimming"><span>Ring Bubbles of <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Shariff, Karim; Marten, Ken; Psarakos, Suchi; White, Don J.; Merriam, Marshal (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>The article discusses how <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> create and play with three types of air-filled vortices. The underlying physics is discussed. Photographs and sketches illustrating the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s actions and physics are presented. The <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> engage in this behavior on their own initiative without food reward. These behaviors are done repeatedly and with singleminded effort. The first type is the ejection of bubbles which, after some practice on the part of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, turn into toroidal vortex ring bubbles by the mechanism of baroclinic torque. These bubbles grow in radius and become thinner as they rise vertically to the surface. One <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> would blow two in succession and guide them to fuse into one. Physicists call this a vortex reconnection. In the second type, the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> first create an invisible vortex ring in the water by swimming on their side and waving their tail fin (also called flukes) vigorously. This vortex ring travels horizontally in the water. The <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> then turns around, finds the vortex and injects a stream of air into it from its blowhole. The air "fills-out" the core of the vortex ring. Often, the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> would knock-off a smaller ring bubble from the larger ring (this also involves vortex reconnection) and steer the smaller ring around the tank. One other <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> employed a few other techniques for planting air into the fluke vortex. One technique included standing vertically in the water with tail-up, head-down and tail piercing the free surface. As the fluke is waved to create the vortex ring, air is entrained from above the surface. Another technique was gulping air in the mouth, diving down, releasing air bubbles from the mouth and curling them into a ring when they rose to the level of the fluke. In the third type, demonstrated by only one <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, the longitudinal vortex created by the dorsal fin on the back is used to produce 10-15 foot long helical bubbles. In one technique she swims in a curved path. This creates a dorsal fin vortex since</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=KSC-00PP-0197&hterms=birds&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dbirds','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=KSC-00PP-0197&hterms=birds&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dbirds"><span>Birds and <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> flock to turn basin in feeding frenzy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Hundreds of birds, especially gray and white pelicans and cormorants, cover the water in the turn basin, located east of the Vehicle Assembly Building and next to the crawlerway. The basin is teeming with fish, attracting the crowd for a meal. The turn basin is part of the Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon, composed of Mosquito Lagoon to the north, Banana <span class="hlt">River</span> and Creek to the south and the Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> to the west. The lagoon has one of the most diverse bird populations anywhere in America, plus many different species of oceanic and lagoon fish, shellfish and <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Also, nearly one-third of the nation's manatee population lives here or migrates through the Lagoon seasonally. The Lagoon varies in width from .5 mile to 5 miles and averages only 3 feet in depth..</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29765660','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29765660"><span>Behavioural responses of spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to human interactions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fumagalli, Maddalena; Cesario, Amina; Costa, Marina; Harraway, John; Notarbartolo di Sciara, Giuseppe; Slooten, Elisabeth</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>There is increasing evidence that whale and <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> watching activities have detrimental effects on targeted cetacean populations. In Egypt, spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> regularly occur in the resting areas of Samadai, Satayah and Qubbat'Isa reefs. In-water human interactions with <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are regulated with a time-area closure system at Samadai, unregulated at Satayah and non-existent at Qubbat'Isa. This provided an ideal experimental setting to advance our understanding of the effects of tourism on a species highly sensitive to disturbances. Our study confirmed that the intensity and duration of interactions, and therefore, <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> exposure to tourism, differed among the study sites. Compared with the Qubbat'Isa control site, behavioural reactions to boats and swimmers at the two tourism sites suggested that <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> rest was disrupted, especially around the middle of the day and especially at Satayah, where <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> tourism is unregulated. Our results indicate also that the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> protection measures at Samadai reduce the level of disturbance. We recommend that similar measures be implemented at other <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> tourism locations, and that no new operations be initiated until the long-term impacts on <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> populations are better understood. Our experience emphasizes the need to adopt precautionary approaches in research and management of whale and <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> watching.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5936925','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5936925"><span>Behavioural responses of spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to human interactions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cesario, Amina; Costa, Marina; Harraway, John; Notarbartolo di Sciara, Giuseppe; Slooten, Elisabeth</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>There is increasing evidence that whale and <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> watching activities have detrimental effects on targeted cetacean populations. In Egypt, spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> regularly occur in the resting areas of Samadai, Satayah and Qubbat'Isa reefs. In-water human interactions with <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are regulated with a time-area closure system at Samadai, unregulated at Satayah and non-existent at Qubbat'Isa. This provided an ideal experimental setting to advance our understanding of the effects of tourism on a species highly sensitive to disturbances. Our study confirmed that the intensity and duration of interactions, and therefore, <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> exposure to tourism, differed among the study sites. Compared with the Qubbat'Isa control site, behavioural reactions to boats and swimmers at the two tourism sites suggested that <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> rest was disrupted, especially around the middle of the day and especially at Satayah, where <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> tourism is unregulated. Our results indicate also that the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> protection measures at Samadai reduce the level of disturbance. We recommend that similar measures be implemented at other <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> tourism locations, and that no new operations be initiated until the long-term impacts on <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> populations are better understood. Our experience emphasizes the need to adopt precautionary approaches in research and management of whale and <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> watching. PMID:29765660</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23369354','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23369354"><span>Indo-Pacific bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops aduncus) habitat preference in a heterogeneous, urban, coastal environment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cribb, Nardi; Miller, Cara; Seuront, Laurent</p> <p>2013-02-01</p> <p>Limited information is available regarding the habitat preference of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops aduncus) in South Australian estuarine environments. The need to overcome this paucity of information is crucial for management and conservation initiatives. This preliminary study investigates the space-time patterns of habitat preference by the Indo-Pacific bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> in the Port Adelaide <span class="hlt">River</span>-Barker Inlet estuary, a South Australian, urbanised, coastal environment. More specifically, the study aim was to identify a potential preference between bare sand substrate and seagrass beds, the two habitat types present in this environment, through the resighting frequency of recognisable individual <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Photo-identification surveys covering the 118 km2 sanctuary area were conducted over 2 survey periods May to August 2006 and from March 2009 to February 2010. Sighting frequency of recognisable individual Indo-Pacific bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> established a significant preference for the bare sand habitat. More specifically, 72 and 18% of the individuals sighted at least on two occasions were observed in the bare sand and seagrass habitats respectively. This trend was consistently observed at both seasonal and annual scales, suggesting a consistency in the distinct use of these two habitats. It is anticipated that these results will benefit the further development of management and conservation strategies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3574012','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3574012"><span>Indo-Pacific bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops aduncus) habitat preference in a heterogeneous, urban, coastal environment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background Limited information is available regarding the habitat preference of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops aduncus) in South Australian estuarine environments. The need to overcome this paucity of information is crucial for management and conservation initiatives. This preliminary study investigates the space-time patterns of habitat preference by the Indo-Pacific bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> in the Port Adelaide <span class="hlt">River</span>-Barker Inlet estuary, a South Australian, urbanised, coastal environment. More specifically, the study aim was to identify a potential preference between bare sand substrate and seagrass beds, the two habitat types present in this environment, through the resighting frequency of recognisable individual <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Results Photo-identification surveys covering the 118 km2 sanctuary area were conducted over 2 survey periods May to August 2006 and from March 2009 to February 2010. Sighting frequency of recognisable individual Indo-Pacific bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> established a significant preference for the bare sand habitat. More specifically, 72 and 18% of the individuals sighted at least on two occasions were observed in the bare sand and seagrass habitats respectively. This trend was consistently observed at both seasonal and annual scales, suggesting a consistency in the distinct use of these two habitats. Conclusions It is anticipated that these results will benefit the further development of management and conservation strategies. PMID:23369354</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926187','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926187"><span>Hidden behind the gunfire: young women's experiences of <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related violence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Medina, Juanjo; Ralphs, Robert; Aldridge, Judith</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>This article uses data from a 3-year multisite ethnographic research study of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> within an English city, to explore the different ways that "<span class="hlt">gang</span> culture" shapes the victimization experiences and everyday lives of (young) women. Victims of lethal <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence in Research City are almost exclusively young men, rendering invisible the ways in which <span class="hlt">gangs</span> have an impact on the lives of women living in neighborhoods with a <span class="hlt">gang</span> presence. The article also discusses how the adoption of a transdisciplinary approach could be useful in developing a holistic picture of the impact of <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related violence on the lives of women.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12952646','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12952646"><span>Fine-scale behaviour of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> around gillnets.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Read, Andrew J; Waples, Danielle M; Urian, Kim W; Swanner, Dave</p> <p>2003-08-07</p> <p>We studied the fine-scale behaviour of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> Tursiops truncatus around gillnets in North Carolina, USA, during May and June 2002. We made observations from an overhead digital video camera, suspended from a helium-filled aerostat, tethered 70 m above a fishing vessel. We positioned the camera above a gillnet set for Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus maculatus. We observed frequent encounters (n = 36) and interactions (n = 27) between <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and the net, but no <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> became entangled. Most <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> diverted their course around the net, but on nine occasions we observed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> engaging in depredation. We conclude that interactions between <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and these gillnets are common, but that entanglement is rare.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26245791','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26245791"><span>When You Get What You Haven't Paid for: Molecular Identification of "Douradinha" Fish Fillets Can Help End the Illegal Use of <span class="hlt">River</span> <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> as Bait in Brazil.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cunha, Haydée A; da Silva, Vera M F; Santos, Teresa E C; Moreira, Stella M; do Carmo, Nivia A S; Solé-Cava, Antonio M</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The fishery for Calophysus macropterus, an Amazonian necrophagous catfish, is highly detrimental to <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and caimans, which are deliberately killed for use as bait. In the Brazilian Amazon, this fishery has increased over the last decade, in spite of the rejection of scavenger fishes by Brazilian consumers. It was suspected that C. macropterus fillets were being sold in Brazilian markets, disguised as a fictitious fish (the "douradinha"). We collected 62 fillets from "douradinha" and other suspiciously named fish from 4 fish-processing plants sold at 6 markets in Manaus, in the Brazilian Amazon, and sequenced the cytochrome b gene to identify fillets to species. Sixty percent of fillets labeled "douradinha" or with other deceptive names were actually C. macropterus. Six other fish species of low commercial value were also found. The presence of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> tissue in the stomach contents of C. macropterus was confirmed by mtDNA control region sequencing. Our results formed the scientific basis for a moratorium on the fishing and fraudulent selling of C. macropterus, issued by the Brazilian Ministries of the Environment and Fisheries. Exposure of this fraud via the mass media can help end the illegal use of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> as bait in Brazil. © The American Genetic Association 2015. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8614085','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8614085"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> warfare: the medical repercussions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Song, D H; Naude, G P; Gilmore, D A; Bongard, F</p> <p>1996-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> related violence in Los Angeles County has increased, with homicides increasing from 205 in 1982 to 803 in 1992. This study examines the medical and financial consequences of such violence on a level I trauma center. Of 856 gunshot injuries over a 29-month period, 272 were <span class="hlt">gang</span> related. There were 55 pediatric and 217 adult patients. Eighty-nine percent were male and 11% were female. Trauma Score averaged 14.7 +/- 3.1, Glasgow Coma Scale average score was 13.7 +/- 3.4, and the mean Injury Severity Score was 10.8 +/- 14. Twenty-two percent of the gunshots were to the head and neck, 20% to the chest, 20% to the abdomen, 6% had a peripheral vascular injury, and 33% sustained an extremity musculoskeletal injury. Emergency surgery was performed on 43%, including laparotomy 58 (49%), craniotomy 16 (13%), laparoscopy 14 (12%), vascular procedures 10 (8%), orthopedic procedures 6 (5%), head and neck endoscopies 4 (3%), thoracotomies 2 (2%), and 10 (8%) unspecified. There were 25 deaths (9%), primarily caused by head injuries and exsanguinating hemorrhage. Eighty-six percent entered the hospital during the hours of minimal staffing that preempted the use of facilities for other emergent patients. Charges totaled $4,828,828 (emergency room, surgical procedures, intensive care, and surgical ward stay) which equated to $5,550 per patient per day. Fifty-eight percent had no third party reimbursement, 22% had Medi-Cal, and 20% had medical insurance. Because of dismal reimbursement rates, the costs of <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence are passed on to the tax payer. The cost of <span class="hlt">gang</span> related violence cannot be derived from hospital charges only, because death, disability, and pain are not entered into the calculation. Education, increased social programs, and strict criminal justice laws and enforcement may decrease <span class="hlt">gang</span> related violence and the drain it has on financial and medical resources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27304865','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27304865"><span>Beak deviations in the skull of Franciscana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> Pontoporia blainvillei from Argentina.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Denuncio, Pablo; Panebianco, M Victoria; Del Castillo, Daniela; Rodríguez, Diego; Cappozzo, H Luis; Bastida, Ricardo</p> <p>2016-06-15</p> <p>The Franciscana <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> Pontoporia blainvillei is characterized by a long rostrum, a feature that is shared with the families formerly classified as <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Pontoporiidae, Platanistidae, Iniidae, Lipotidae). Although there are occasional reports on the existence of beak deformations, very little published information exists describing this process. The object of the present study was to describe and quantify the beak anomalies of Franciscana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from the coastal waters of Argentina. Of 239 skulls analyzed 12% showed beak deviations (BD), affecting the premaxillary-maxillary and dentary bones to different extents. The occurrence of BD in the dentary bone represented 58%, whereas premaxillary-maxillary BDs were observed in 14% of the studied specimens, while the complete rostrum (dentary, premaxillary and maxillary) was affected in 28% of the skulls. Dorsoventral axis BD was more frequent than lateral BD (48 and 38%, respectively), and double BD was only observed in the dentary bone. Most of the BD observed in this study could be classified as mild/moderate, and we assume that it did not affect the feeding activities of individuals; however, 2 specimens (<1%) showed a severe and complex curvature that probably did affect them. The cause of these anomalies (natural or anthropogenic origins) is unknown but may be related to important parasite loads, heavy metal and organic contaminants and plastic ingestion that could affect the coastal <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> in different ways. A more detailed and thorough study of these cranial anomalies is necessary.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED475035.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED475035.pdf"><span>2000 Survey of Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Indian Country. NYGC Fact Sheet.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Major, Aline K.; Egley, Arlen, Jr.</p> <p></p> <p>In 2001, the National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Center conducted a survey of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in Indian country. Three hundred of the 577 federally recognized tribal communities responded to the survey. Twenty-three percent of Indian communities reported active youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> during 2000. The extent of the <span class="hlt">gang</span> problem varied considerably among communities, with many…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1698016','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1698016"><span>Fine-scale behaviour of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> around gillnets.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Read, Andrew J; Waples, Danielle M; Urian, Kim W; Swanner, Dave</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>We studied the fine-scale behaviour of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> Tursiops truncatus around gillnets in North Carolina, USA, during May and June 2002. We made observations from an overhead digital video camera, suspended from a helium-filled aerostat, tethered 70 m above a fishing vessel. We positioned the camera above a gillnet set for Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus maculatus. We observed frequent encounters (n = 36) and interactions (n = 27) between <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and the net, but no <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> became entangled. Most <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> diverted their course around the net, but on nine occasions we observed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> engaging in depredation. We conclude that interactions between <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and these gillnets are common, but that entanglement is rare. PMID:12952646</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3420785','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3420785"><span><span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-Assisted Therapy: Claims versus Evidence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fiksdal, Britta L.; Houlihan, Daniel; Barnes, Aaron C.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this paper is to review and critique studies that have been conducted on <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-assisted therapy for children with various disorders. Studies have been released claiming swimming with <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> is therapeutic and beneficial for children with autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, physical disabilities, and other psychological disorders. The majority of the studies conducted supporting the effectiveness of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-assisted therapy have been found to have major methodological concerns making it impossible to draw valid conclusions. Readers will be informed of the history of, theory behind, and variations of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-assisted therapy along with a review and critique of studies published which purportedly support its use. PMID:22928101</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Poisson&pg=6&id=EJ947941','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Poisson&pg=6&id=EJ947941"><span>U.S. Juvenile Arrests: <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership, Social Class, and Labeling Effects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Tapia, Mike</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>This study addresses the link between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and arrest frequency, exploring the <span class="hlt">Gang</span> x Socioeconomic status interaction on those arrests. Notoriously poor, delinquent, and often well-known to police, America's <span class="hlt">gang</span> youth should have very high odds of arrest. Yet it is unclear whether mere membership in a <span class="hlt">gang</span> increases the risk of arrest…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70136256','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70136256"><span>Evaluation of potential protective factors against metabolic syndrome in bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>:feeding and activity patterns of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in Sarasota Bay, Florida</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Wells, Randall S.; McHugh, Katherine A.; Douglas, David C.; Shippee, Steve; McCabe, Elizabeth Berens; Barros, Nélio B.; Phillips, Goldie T.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Free-ranging bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) living in Sarasota Bay, Florida appear to have a lower risk of developing insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome compared to a group of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> managed under human care. Similar to humans, differences in diet and activity cycles between these groups may explain why Sarasota <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> have lower insulin, glucose, and lipids. To identify potential protective factors against metabolic syndrome, existing and new data were incorporated to describe feeding and activity patterns of the Sarasota Bay wild <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> community. Sarasota <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> eat a wide variety of live fish and spend 10–20% of daylight hours foraging and feeding. Feeding occurs throughout the day, with the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> eating small proportions of their total daily intake in brief bouts. The natural pattern of wild <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> is to feed as necessary and possible at any time of the day or night. Wild <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> rarely eat dead fish or consume large amounts of prey in concentrated time periods. Wild <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are active throughout the day and night; they may engage in bouts of each key activity category at any time during daytime. Dive patterns of radio-tagged <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> varied only slightly with time of day. Travel rates may be slightly lower at night, suggesting a diurnal rhythm, albeit not one involving complete, extended rest. In comparison, the managed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are older; often fed a smaller variety of frozen-thawed fish types; fed fish species not in their natural diet; feedings and engaged activities are often during the day; and they are fed larger but fewer meals. In summary, potential protective factors against metabolic syndrome in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> may include young age, activity, and small meals fed throughout the day and night, and specific fish nutrients. These protective factors against insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are similar to those reported in humans. Further studies may benefit humans and <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3794307','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3794307"><span>Evaluation of Potential Protective Factors Against Metabolic Syndrome in Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span>: Feeding and Activity Patterns of <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> in Sarasota Bay, Florida</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wells, Randall S.; McHugh, Katherine A.; Douglas, David C.; Shippee, Steve; McCabe, Elizabeth Berens; Barros, Nélio B.; Phillips, Goldie T.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Free-ranging bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) living in Sarasota Bay, Florida appear to have a lower risk of developing insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome compared to a group of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> managed under human care. Similar to humans, differences in diet and activity cycles between these groups may explain why Sarasota <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> have lower insulin, glucose, and lipids. To identify potential protective factors against metabolic syndrome, existing and new data were incorporated to describe feeding and activity patterns of the Sarasota Bay wild <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> community. Sarasota <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> eat a wide variety of live fish and spend 10–20% of daylight hours foraging and feeding. Feeding occurs throughout the day, with the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> eating small proportions of their total daily intake in brief bouts. The natural pattern of wild <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> is to feed as necessary and possible at any time of the day or night. Wild <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> rarely eat dead fish or consume large amounts of prey in concentrated time periods. Wild <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are active throughout the day and night; they may engage in bouts of each key activity category at any time during daytime. Dive patterns of radio-tagged <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> varied only slightly with time of day. Travel rates may be slightly lower at night, suggesting a diurnal rhythm, albeit not one involving complete, extended rest. In comparison, the managed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are older; often fed a smaller variety of frozen-thawed fish types; fed fish species not in their natural diet; feedings and engaged activities are often during the day; and they are fed larger but fewer meals. In summary, potential protective factors against metabolic syndrome in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> may include young age, activity, and small meals fed throughout the day and night, and specific fish nutrients. These protective factors against insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are similar to those reported in humans. Further studies may benefit humans and <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. PMID:24133483</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25736595','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25736595"><span>Impacts of climate change and socio-economic scenarios on flow and water quality of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra and Meghna (GBM) <span class="hlt">river</span> systems: low flow and flood statistics.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Whitehead, P G; Barbour, E; Futter, M N; Sarkar, S; Rodda, H; Caesar, J; Butterfield, D; Jin, L; Sinha, R; Nicholls, R; Salehin, M</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>The potential impacts of climate change and socio-economic change on flow and water quality in <span class="hlt">rivers</span> worldwide is a key area of interest. The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) is one of the largest <span class="hlt">river</span> basins in the world serving a population of over 650 million, and is of vital concern to India and Bangladesh as it provides fresh water for people, agriculture, industry, conservation and for the delta system downstream. This paper seeks to assess future changes in flow and water quality utilising a modelling approach as a means of assessment in a very complex system. The INCA-N model has been applied to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra and Meghna <span class="hlt">river</span> systems to simulate flow and water quality along the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> under a range of future climate conditions. Three model realisations of the Met Office Hadley Centre global and regional climate models were selected from 17 perturbed model runs to evaluate a range of potential futures in climate. In addition, the models have also been evaluated using socio-economic scenarios, comprising (1) a business as usual future, (2) a more sustainable future, and (3) a less sustainable future. Model results for the 2050s and the 2090s indicate a significant increase in monsoon flows under the future climates, with enhanced flood potential. Low flows are predicted to fall with extended drought periods, which could have impacts on water and sediment supply, irrigated agriculture and saline intrusion. In contrast, the socio-economic changes had relatively little impact on flows, except under the low flow regimes where increased irrigation could further reduce water availability. However, should large scale water transfers upstream of Bangladesh be constructed, these have the potential to reduce flows and divert water away from the delta region depending on the volume and timing of the transfers. This could have significant implications for the delta in terms of saline intrusion, water supply, agriculture and maintaining crucial ecosystems such</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70029218','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70029218"><span>Integrating seepage heterogeneity with the use of <span class="hlt">ganged</span> seepage meters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Rosenberry, D.O.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The usefulness of standard half-barrel seepage meters for measurement of fluxes between groundwater, and surface water is limited by the small bed area that each measurement represents and the relatively large associated labor costs. Standard half-barrel cylinders were <span class="hlt">ganged</span> together to allow one measurement of the summed seepage through all of the meters, reducing labor cost and increasing the representative area of measurement. Comparisons of <span class="hlt">ganged</span> versus individual-meter measurements at two lakes, under both inseepage and outseepage conditions, indicate little loss of efficiency resulting from routing seepage water through the <span class="hlt">ganging</span> system. Differences between summed and <span class="hlt">ganged</span> seepage rates were not significant for all but the fastest rates of seepage. At flow rates greater than about 250 mL min-1, <span class="hlt">ganged</span> values were as low as 80% of summed values. <span class="hlt">Ganged</span>-meter head losses also were calculated to determine their significance relative to hydraulic-head gradients measured at the field sites. The calculated reduction in hydraulic gradient beneath the seepage meters was significant only for the largest measured seepage rates. A calibration tank was used to determine single-meter and <span class="hlt">ganged</span>-meter efficiencies compared to known seepage rates. Single-cylinder seepage meters required an average correction factor of 1.05 to convert measured to actual values, whereas the <span class="hlt">ganged</span> measurements made in the tank required a larger correction factor of 1.14. Although manual measurements were used in these tests, the concept of <span class="hlt">ganging</span> seepage cylinders also would be useful when used in conjunction with automated flowmeters. ?? 2005, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4195725','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4195725"><span>Mercury and Selenium in Stranded Indo-Pacific Humpback <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> and Implications for Their Trophic Transfer in Food Chains</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gui, Duan; Yu, Ri-Qing; Sun, Yong; Chen, Laiguo; Tu, Qin; Mo, Hui; Wu, Yuping</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>As top predators in the Pearl <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary (PRE) of China, Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sousa chinensis) are bioindicators for examining regional trends of environmental contaminants in the PRE. We examined samples from stranded S. chinensis in the PRE, collected since 2004, to study the distribution and fate of total mercury (THg), methylmercury (MeHg) and selenium (Se) in the major tissues, in individuals at different ages and their prey fishes from the PRE. This study also investigated the potential protective effects of Se against the toxicities of accumulated THg. <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> livers contained the highest concentrations of THg (32.34±58.98 µg g−1 dw) and Se (15.16±3.66 µg g−1 dw), which were significantly different from those found in kidneys and muscles, whereas the highest residue of MeHg (1.02±1.11 µg g−1 dw) was found in <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> muscles. Concentrations of both THg and MeHg in the liver, kidney and muscle of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> showed a significantly positive correlation with age. The biomagnification factors (BMFs) of inorganic mercury (Hginorg) in <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> livers (350×) and MeHg in muscles (18.7×) through the prey fishes were the highest among all three <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> tissues, whereas the BMFs of Se were much lower in all <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> tissues. The lower proportion of MeHg in THg and higher Se/THg ratios in tissues were demonstrated. Our studies suggested that S. chinensis might have the potential to detoxify Hg via the demethylation of MeHg and the formation of tiemannite (HgSe) in the liver and kidney. The lower threshold of hepatic THg concentrations for the equimolar accumulation of Se and Hg in S. chinensis suggests that this species has a greater sensitivity to THg concentrations than is found in striped <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and Dall’s porpoises. PMID:25310100</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25310100','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25310100"><span>Mercury and selenium in stranded Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and implications for their trophic transfer in food chains.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gui, Duan; Yu, Ri-Qing; Sun, Yong; Chen, Laiguo; Tu, Qin; Mo, Hui; Wu, Yuping</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>As top predators in the Pearl <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary (PRE) of China, Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sousa chinensis) are bioindicators for examining regional trends of environmental contaminants in the PRE. We examined samples from stranded S. chinensis in the PRE, collected since 2004, to study the distribution and fate of total mercury (THg), methylmercury (MeHg) and selenium (Se) in the major tissues, in individuals at different ages and their prey fishes from the PRE. This study also investigated the potential protective effects of Se against the toxicities of accumulated THg. <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> livers contained the highest concentrations of THg (32.34±58.98 µg g(-1) dw) and Se (15.16±3.66 µg g(-1) dw), which were significantly different from those found in kidneys and muscles, whereas the highest residue of MeHg (1.02±1.11 µg g(-1) dw) was found in <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> muscles. Concentrations of both THg and MeHg in the liver, kidney and muscle of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> showed a significantly positive correlation with age. The biomagnification factors (BMFs) of inorganic mercury (Hginorg) in <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> livers (350×) and MeHg in muscles (18.7×) through the prey fishes were the highest among all three <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> tissues, whereas the BMFs of Se were much lower in all <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> tissues. The lower proportion of MeHg in THg and higher Se/THg ratios in tissues were demonstrated. Our studies suggested that S. chinensis might have the potential to detoxify Hg via the demethylation of MeHg and the formation of tiemannite (HgSe) in the liver and kidney. The lower threshold of hepatic THg concentrations for the equimolar accumulation of Se and Hg in S. chinensis suggests that this species has a greater sensitivity to THg concentrations than is found in striped <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and Dall's porpoises.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/242884.pdf','NIH-MEDLINEPLUS'); return false;" href="https://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/242884.pdf"><span>Highlights of the 2011 National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Survey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://medlineplus.gov/">MedlinePlus</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>... Administrator Highlights of the 2011 National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Survey Arlen Egley, Jr., and James C. Howell This ... 2010 to 1,824 in 2011. About the Survey Since 1996, the National <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Center, through the ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA03759.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA03759.html"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma Landslide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-05-21</p> <p>This image from NASA Mars Odyssey spacecraft shows a spectacular landslide along a portion of the southern wall of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma within Valles Marineris. Landslides have very characteristic morphologies on Earth, which they also display on Mars.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23464048','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23464048"><span><span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> "packet" use during long-range echolocation tasks.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Finneran, James J</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>When echolocating, <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> typically emit a single broadband "click," then wait to receive the echo before emitting another click. However, previous studies have shown that during long-range echolocation tasks, they may instead emit a burst, or "packet," of several clicks, then wait for the packet of echoes to return before emitting another packet of clicks. The reasons for the use of packets are unknown. In this study, packet use was examined by having trained bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> perform long-range echolocation tasks. The tasks featured "phantom" echoes produced by capturing the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s outgoing echolocation clicks, convolving the clicks with an impulse response to create an echo waveform, and then broadcasting the delayed, scaled echo to the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> were trained to report the presence of phantom echoes or a change in phantom echoes. Target range varied from 25 to 800 m. At ranges below 75 m, the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> rarely used packets. As the range increased beyond 75 m, two of the three <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> increasingly produced packets, while the third <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> instead utilized very high click repetition rates. The use of click packets appeared to be governed more by echo delay (target range) than echo amplitude.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007APS..DFD.GF002F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007APS..DFD.GF002F"><span>A Study of a Mechanical Swimming <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fang, Lilly; Maass, Daniel; Leftwich, Megan; Smits, Alexander</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>A one-third scale <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> model was constructed to investigate <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> swimming hydrodynamics. Design and construction of the model were achieved using body coordinate data from the common <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Delphinus delphis) to ensure geometric similarity. The front two-thirds of the model are rigid and stationary, while an external mechanism drives the rear third. This motion mimics the kinematics of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> swimming. Planar laser induced florescence (PLIF) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) are used to study the hydrodynamics of the wake and to develop a vortex skeleton model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5495019','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5495019"><span>Convention versus deviance: moral agency in adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members’ decision making</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dickson-Gomez, Julia; Pacella, Maria; Broaddus, Michelle; Quinn, Katherine; Galletly, Carol; Rivas, Justin</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Background Adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are a source of concern due to their involvement in criminal activity, violence, substance use and high-risk sexual behaviors. Adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> theories hypothesize that social institutions, including the family and school, fail to meet the needs of adolescents who therefore feel less attachment to these institutions and find an unconventional institution (i.e. the <span class="hlt">gang</span>) to meet these needs through the <span class="hlt">gang</span>. Objectives In this paper we will examine the extent to which social disorganization and social control theories, in particular the rejection of conventional norms and aspirations, match adolescents subjective reasons for their decisions and their future aspirations. Methods Between 2012 and 2013, we conducted in-depth interviews with 58 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members between the ages of 14 to 19. Interviews were coded for key themes using the constant comparison method. Results Social disorganization and social control theories have both value and limitations in explaining reasons why adolescents join <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and engage in criminal behaviors. Participants saw many of their aspirations blocked by negative school experiences and limited economic opportunities. <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> provided a social organization in which to sell drugs. However, <span class="hlt">gang</span> members did not reject conventional norms and aspirations. Rather, they view themselves as making decisions to survive in the present while recognizing that these strategies will not continue to work in the future. Conclusions: <span class="hlt">Gang</span> members value education and aspire to obtain legal employment. Thus, interventions to help adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members with the immediate financial pressures that lead them to sell drugs may be particularly effective. PMID:28010161</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21126751','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21126751"><span>Correlation and toxicological inference of trace elements in tissues from stranded and free-ranging bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Stavros, Hui-Chen W; Stolen, Megan; Durden, Wendy Noke; McFee, Wayne; Bossart, Gregory D; Fair, Patricia A</p> <p>2011-03-01</p> <p>The significance of metal concentrations in marine mammals is not well understood and relating concentrations between stranded and free-ranging populations has been difficult. In order to predict liver concentrations in free-ranging <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, we examined concentrations of trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, total Hg (THg), V, Zn) in skin and liver of stranded bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) from the South Carolina (SC) coast and the Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon, Florida (FL) during 2000-2008. Significantly higher concentrations of Zn, Fe, Se, Al, Cu and THg were found in skin while liver exhibited significantly higher Cu, Fe, Mn and THg concentrations for both study sites. Mean skin concentrations of Cu and Mn were significantly higher in SC <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> while higher concentrations of THg and V were found in FL <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. In addition, liver tissues in SC <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> exhibited significantly higher As concentrations while higher Fe, Pb, Se, THg, and V levels were found in FL <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Two elements (Cu and THg) showed significant age-related correlations with skin concentration while five elements (Cu, Se, THg, Zn and V) showed age-related correlations with liver concentrations. Geographic location influenced age-related accumulation of several trace elements and age-related accumulation of THg in hepatic tissue was observed for both sites to have the highest correlations (r² = 0.90SC; r² = 0.69FL). Mean THg concentration in liver was about 10 times higher in FL <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (330 μg g⁻¹ dw) than those samples from SC <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (34.3 μg g⁻¹ dw). The mean molar ratio of Hg to Se was 0.93 ± 0.32 and 1.08 ± 0.38 for SC and FL <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, respectively. However, the Hg:Se ratio varied with age as much lower ratios (0.2-0.4) were found in younger animals. Of the 18 measured elements, only THg was significantly correlated in skin and liver of stranded <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and skin of free-ranging <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from both sites suggesting that skin may be</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.5394D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.5394D"><span>Megascours: the morphodynamics of large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluences</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dixon, Simon; Sambrook Smith, Greg; Nicholas, Andrew; Best, Jim; Bull, Jon; Vardy, Mark; Goodbred, Steve; Haque Sarker, Maminul</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">River</span> confluences are wildly acknowledged as crucial controlling influences upon upstream and downstream morphology and thus landscape evolution. Despite their importance very little is known about their evolution and morphodynamics, and there is a consensus in the literature that confluences represent fixed, nodal points in the fluvial network. Confluences have been shown to generate substantial bed scours around five times greater than mean depth. Previous research on the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Jamuna junction has shown large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluences can be highly mobile, potentially 'combing' bed scours across a large area, although the extent to which this is representative of large confluences in general is unknown. Understanding the migration of confluences and associated scours is important for multiple applications including: designing civil engineering infrastructure (e.g. bridges, laying cable, pipelines, etc.), sequence stratigraphic interpretation for reconstruction of past environmental and sea level change, and in the hydrocarbon industry where it is crucial to discriminate autocyclic confluence scours from widespread allocyclic surfaces. Here we present a wide-ranging global review of large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluence planforms based on analysis of Landsat imagery from 1972 through to 2014. This demonstrates there is an array of confluence morphodynamic types: from freely migrating confluences such as the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Jamuna, through confluences migrating on decadal timescales and fixed confluences. Along with data from recent geophysical field studies in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin we propose a conceptual model of large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluence types and hypothesise how these influence morphodynamics and preservation of 'megascours' in the rock record. This conceptual model has implications for sequence stratigraphic models and the correct identification of surfaces related to past sea level change. We quantify the abundance of mobile confluence types by classifying all large confluences</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3100189','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3100189"><span>MEXICAN AMERICAN YOUTH AND ADULT PRISON <span class="hlt">GANGS</span> IN A CHANGING HEROIN MARKET</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Valdez, Avelardo</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This article focuses on the interaction between the larger community’s drug markets and youth and adult prison <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, and the process that leads to specific adverse consequences both to the youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> as organizations, and to individual members. Described is the emergence of a restructured heroin market dominated by an adult prison <span class="hlt">gang</span>. A major consequence of this was the increasing use of heroin among Mexican American <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and their transformation from autonomous youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> to extensions of the adult prison <span class="hlt">gangs</span> or their demise. Data was collected from 160 members of 26 Mexican American youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and key informants in San Antonio. Findings focus on organizational rules, drug market transformations, consequences on members, and the impact of heroin on the gang’s organization. Discussed is how the dominance of prison <span class="hlt">gangs</span> is related to the increased incarceration and recidivism rates of Mexican Americans and declining economic opportunities for urban minorities. PMID:21614143</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18840658','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18840658"><span>Thermal tolerance in bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yeates, Laura C; Houser, Dorian S</p> <p>2008-10-01</p> <p>Water and air temperature are potentially limiting factors to the pole-ward distributions of coastal bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. This study assessed the lower critical temperature of captive bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to air temperature (LCT(a)) and water temperature (LCT(w)) through the use of open flow respirometry. Five <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, ranging from 14 to 33 years of age and acclimated to the waters of the southern California coast (14.2-22.5 degrees C), were subjected to water temperatures ranging from 0.2 to 18.0 degrees C. Two of the animals were additionally subjected to air temperatures ranging from -2.4 to 17.8 degrees C while maintaining water temperature approximately 3 degrees C above their individual LCT(w). The LCT(w) ranged from 5.5 to 10.6 degrees C and generally decreased with increasing animal mass; for <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in excess of 187 kg, the LCT(w) ranged from 5.5 to 5.7 degrees C. No LCT(a) could be determined across the range of air temperatures tested. Core body temperature remained within the limits of normal body temperatures reported for <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> but demonstrated a direct relationship to water temperature in three subjects and varied across a range of 1.5 degrees C. Air and water temperature had a minimal synergistic effect on <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> thermoregulation, i.e. water temperature exerted the predominant impact on thermoregulation. For <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in excess of 187 kg, water temperature alone would appear to be insufficient to limit the use of habitat north of current bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> ranges along the coastal United States. However, thermal impacts to smaller <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, in particular adolescents, neonates and accompanying females, may work in concert with other factors (e.g. prey distribution, predator avoidance, social interactions) to influence coastal residency patterns and population structure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20968391','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20968391"><span>Discriminating features of echolocation clicks of melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra), bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus), and Gray's spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Stenella longirostris longirostris).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Baumann-Pickering, Simone; Wiggins, Sean M; Hildebrand, John A; Roch, Marie A; Schnitzler, Hans-Ulrich</p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>Spectral parameters were used to discriminate between echolocation clicks produced by three <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> species at Palmyra Atoll: melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra), bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) and Gray's spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Stenella longirostris longirostris). Single species acoustic behavior during daytime observations was recorded with a towed hydrophone array sampling at 192 and 480 kHz. Additionally, an autonomous, bottom moored High-frequency Acoustic Recording Package (HARP) collected acoustic data with a sampling rate of 200 kHz. Melon-headed whale echolocation clicks had the lowest peak and center frequencies, spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> had the highest frequencies and bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were nested in between these two species. Frequency differences were significant. Temporal parameters were not well suited for classification. Feature differences were enhanced by reducing variability within a set of single clicks by calculating mean spectra for groups of clicks. Median peak frequencies of averaged clicks (group size 50) of melon-headed whales ranged between 24.4 and 29.7 kHz, of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> between 26.7 and 36.7 kHz, and of spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> between 33.8 and 36.0 kHz. Discriminant function analysis showed the ability to correctly discriminate between 93% of melon-headed whales, 75% of spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and 54% of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24527804','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24527804"><span>Cross-sectional anatomy, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the head of common <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Delphinus delphis) and striped <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Stenella coeruleoalba).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Alonso-Farré, J M; Gonzalo-Orden, M; Barreiro-Vázquez, J D; Barreiro-Lois, A; André, M; Morell, M; Llarena-Reino, M; Monreal-Pawlowsky, T; Degollada, E</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>Computed tomography (CT) and low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to scan seven by-caught <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> cadavers, belonging to two species: four common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Delphinus delphis) and three striped <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Stenella coeruleoalba). CT and MRI were obtained with the animals in ventral recumbency. After the imaging procedures, six <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were frozen at -20°C and sliced in the same position they were examined. Not only CT and MRI scans, but also cross sections of the heads were obtained in three body planes: transverse (slices of 1 cm thickness) in three <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, sagittal (5 cm thickness) in two <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and dorsal (5 cm thickness) in two <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Relevant anatomical structures were identified and labelled on each cross section, obtaining a comprehensive bi-dimensional topographical anatomy guide of the main features of the common and the striped <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> head. Furthermore, the anatomical cross sections were compared with their corresponding CT and MRI images, allowing an imaging identification of most of the anatomical features. CT scans produced an excellent definition of the bony and air-filled structures, while MRI allowed us to successfully identify most of the soft tissue structures in the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s head. This paper provides a detailed anatomical description of the head structures of common and striped <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and compares anatomical cross sections with CT and MRI scans, becoming a reference guide for the interpretation of imaging studies. © 2014 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3973695','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3973695"><span>Patterns of <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Bycatch in a North-Western Australian Trawl Fishery</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Allen, Simon J.; Tyne, Julian A.; Kobryn, Halina T.; Bejder, Lars; Pollock, Kenneth H.; Loneragan, Neil R.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The bycatch of small cetaceans in commercial fisheries is a global wildlife management problem. We used data from skippers' logbooks and independent observers to assess common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus) bycatch patterns between 2003 and 2009 in the Pilbara Trawl Fishery, Western Australia. Both datasets indicated that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were caught in all fishery areas, across all depths and throughout the year. Over the entire datasets, observer reported bycatch rates (n = 52 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in 4,124 trawls, or 12.6 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>/1,000 trawls) were ca. double those reported by skippers (n = 180 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in 27,904 trawls, or 6.5 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>/1,000 trawls). Generalised Linear Models based on observer data, which better explained the variation in <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> bycatch, indicated that the most significant predictors of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> catch were: (1) vessel - one trawl vessel caught significantly more <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> than three others assessed; (2) time of day – the lowest <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> bycatch rates were between 00:00 and 05:59; and (3) whether nets included bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) - the rate was reduced by ca. 45%, from 18.8 to 10.3 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>/1,000 trawls, after their introduction. These results indicated that differences among vessels (or skippers' trawling techniques) and <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> behavior (a diurnal pattern) influenced the rates of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> capture; and that spatial or seasonal adjustments to trawling effort would be unlikely to significantly reduce <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> bycatch. Recent skipper's logbook data show that <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> bycatch rates have not declined since those reported in 2006, when BRDs were introduced across the fishery. Modified BRDs, with top-opening escape hatches from which <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> might escape to the surface, may be a more effective means of further reducing <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> bycatch. The vulnerability of this <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> population to trawling-related mortality cannot be assessed in the absence of an ongoing observer program and without information on trawler-associated <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> community size</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29320499','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29320499"><span>Precocious development of self-awareness in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Morrison, Rachel; Reiss, Diana</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Mirror-self recognition (MSR) is a behavioral indicator of self-awareness in young children and only a few other species, including the great apes, <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, elephants and magpies. The emergence of self-awareness in children typically occurs during the second year and has been correlated with sensorimotor development and growing social and self-awareness. Comparative studies of MSR in chimpanzees report that the onset of this ability occurs between 2 years 4 months and 3 years 9 months of age. Studies of wild and captive bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) have reported precocious sensorimotor and social awareness during the first weeks of life, but no comparative MSR research has been conducted with this species. We exposed two young bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to an underwater mirror and analyzed video recordings of their behavioral responses over a 3-year period. Here we report that both <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> exhibited MSR, indicated by self-directed behavior at the mirror, at ages earlier than generally reported for children and at ages much earlier than reported for chimpanzees. The early onset of MSR in young <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> occurs in parallel with their advanced sensorimotor development, complex and reciprocal social interactions, and growing social awareness. Both <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> passed subsequent mark tests at ages comparable with children. Thus, our findings indicate that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> exhibit self-awareness at a mirror at a younger age than previously reported for children or other species tested.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24625155','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24625155"><span>Long-term consequences of adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership for adult functioning.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gilman, Amanda B; Hill, Karl G; Hawkins, J David</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>We examined the possible public health consequences of adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership for adult functioning. Data were drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project, a longitudinal study focusing on the development of positive and problem outcomes. Using propensity score matching and logistic regression analyses, we assessed the effects of adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on illegal behavior, educational and occupational attainment, and physical and mental health at the ages of 27, 30, and 33 years. In comparison with their nongang peers, who had been matched on 23 confounding risk variables known to be related to selection into <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, those who had joined a <span class="hlt">gang</span> in adolescence had poorer outcomes in multiple areas of adult functioning, including higher rates of self-reported crime, receipt of illegal income, incarceration, drug abuse or dependence, poor general health, and welfare receipt and lower rates of high school graduation. The finding that adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership has significant consequences in adulthood beyond criminal behavior indicates the public health importance of the development of effective <span class="hlt">gang</span> prevention programs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA563465','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA563465"><span>Assessment of Regenerative Capacity in the <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-06-30</p> <p>markers and stem cell related genes. Cultured cells were also cryogenically frozen for autologous and allogeneic cell therapy treatment of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> skin...Regenerative Cells, Marine Mammals, Atlantic Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>, Autologous Cell Therapy , Allogeneic Cell Therapy 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF...cultured ASCs will be used as autologous cellular therapy for <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> skin wounds. Finally, the cells will be tested for immunogenicity to develop an</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6941067-two-mooring-dolphin-concept-exposed-tanker-terminals','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6941067-two-mooring-dolphin-concept-exposed-tanker-terminals"><span>Two mooring <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> concept for exposed tanker terminals</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Khanna, J.; Birt, C.</p> <p>1978-02-01</p> <p>The conventional design of a tanker terminal provides for two or more mooring <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> on each side of the breasting <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Head and stern lines are attached to the outer mooring <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and breast lines to the inner mooring <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. In exposed locations, the expense of construction may be significantly reduced if a way can be found to reduce the number of mooring <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> required for the safe mooring of ships at a fixed berth. A study based on plans for a proposed terminal for tankers from 25,000 to 100,000 dwt in the Bay of Fundy in eastern Canada considersmore » the possibility of reducing the total number of mooring <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from four to two. Results of a static analysis of mooring loads due to wind and current and a hydraulic model test for mooring loads due to waves are presented.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28347312','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28347312"><span>Phenotyping and comparing the immune cell populations of free-ranging Atlantic bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) and <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> under human care.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nouri-Shirazi, Mahyar; Bible, Brittany F; Zeng, Menghua; Tamjidi, Saba; Bossart, Gregory D</p> <p>2017-03-27</p> <p>Studies suggest that free-ranging bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> exhibit a suppressed immune system because of exposure to contaminants or microorganisms. However, due to a lack of commercially available antibodies specific to marine mammal immune cell surface markers, the research has been indecisive. The purpose of this study was to identify cross-reactive terrestrial-specific antibodies in order to assess the changes in the immune cell populations of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> under human care and free-ranging <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. The blood and PBMC fraction of blood samples from human care and free-ranging <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were characterized by H&E staining of cytospin slides and flow cytometry using a panel of terrestrial-specific antibodies. In this study, we show that out of 65 terrestrial-specific antibodies tested, 11 were cross-reactive and identified <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> immune cell populations within their peripheral blood. Using these antibodies, we found significant differences in the absolute number of cells expressing specific markers within their lymphocyte and monocyte fractions. Interestingly, the peripheral blood mononuclear cell profile of free-ranging <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> retained an additional population of cells that divided them into two groups showing a low (<27%) or high (>56%) percentage of smaller cells resembling granulocytes. We found that the cross-reactive antibodies not only identified specific changes in the immune cells of free-ranging <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, but also opened the possibility to investigate the causal relationship between immunosuppression and mortality seen in free-ranging <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23649907','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23649907"><span>Consciousness in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>? A review of recent evidence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Harley, Heidi E</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>For millennia, <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> have intrigued humans. Scientific study has confirmed that bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are large-brained, highly social mammals with an extended developmental period, flexible cognitive capacities, and powerful acoustic abilities including a sophisticated echolocation system. These findings have led some to ask if <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> experience aspects of consciousness. Recent investigations targeting self-recognition/self-awareness and metacognition, constructs tied to consciousness on some accounts, have analyzed the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s ability to recognize itself in a mirror or on a video as well as to monitor its own knowledge in a perceptual categorization task. The current article reviews this work with <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and grapples with some of the challenges in designing, conducting, and interpreting these studies as well as with general issues related to studying consciousness in animals. The existing evidence does not provide a convincing case for consciousness in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. For productive scientific work on consciousness in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (and other animals including humans), we need clearer characterizations of consciousness, better methods for studying it, and appropriate paradigms for interpreting outcomes. A current focus on metamemory in animals offers promise for future discovery in this area.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA550347','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA550347"><span>Assessment of Regenerative Capacity in the <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-10</p> <p>surface markers. Cultured cells were also cryogenically frozen for future cell therapy treatment of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> skin wounds. Gene array analysis on the...Mammals, Atlantic Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>, Autologous Cell Therapy 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 19a...cellular therapy for <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> skin wounds. Finally, the cells will be tested for immunogenicity to develop an allogeneic (same species, universal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2972210','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2972210"><span>Hearing Loss in Stranded Odontocete <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> and Whales</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Mann, David; Hill-Cook, Mandy; Manire, Charles; Greenhow, Danielle; Montie, Eric; Powell, Jessica; Wells, Randall; Bauer, Gordon; Cunningham-Smith, Petra; Lingenfelser, Robert; DiGiovanni, Robert; Stone, Abigale; Brodsky, Micah; Stevens, Robert; Kieffer, George; Hoetjes, Paul</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The causes of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> and whale stranding can often be difficult to determine. Because toothed whales rely on echolocation for orientation and feeding, hearing deficits could lead to stranding. We report on the results of auditory evoked potential measurements from eight species of odontocete cetaceans that were found stranded or severely entangled in fishing gear during the period 2004 through 2009. Approximately 57% of the bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and 36% of the rough-toothed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> had significant hearing deficits with a reduction in sensitivity equivalent to severe (70–90 dB) or profound (>90 dB) hearing loss in humans. The only stranded short-finned pilot whale examined had profound hearing loss. No impairments were detected in seven Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from three different stranding events, two pygmy killer whales, one Atlantic spotted <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, one spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, or a juvenile Gervais' beaked whale. Hearing impairment could play a significant role in some cetacean stranding events, and the hearing of all cetaceans in rehabilitation should be tested. PMID:21072206</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21072206','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21072206"><span>Hearing loss in stranded odontocete <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and whales.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mann, David; Hill-Cook, Mandy; Manire, Charles; Greenhow, Danielle; Montie, Eric; Powell, Jessica; Wells, Randall; Bauer, Gordon; Cunningham-Smith, Petra; Lingenfelser, Robert; DiGiovanni, Robert; Stone, Abigale; Brodsky, Micah; Stevens, Robert; Kieffer, George; Hoetjes, Paul</p> <p>2010-11-03</p> <p>The causes of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> and whale stranding can often be difficult to determine. Because toothed whales rely on echolocation for orientation and feeding, hearing deficits could lead to stranding. We report on the results of auditory evoked potential measurements from eight species of odontocete cetaceans that were found stranded or severely entangled in fishing gear during the period 2004 through 2009. Approximately 57% of the bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and 36% of the rough-toothed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> had significant hearing deficits with a reduction in sensitivity equivalent to severe (70-90 dB) or profound (>90 dB) hearing loss in humans. The only stranded short-finned pilot whale examined had profound hearing loss. No impairments were detected in seven Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from three different stranding events, two pygmy killer whales, one Atlantic spotted <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, one spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, or a juvenile Gervais' beaked whale. Hearing impairment could play a significant role in some cetacean stranding events, and the hearing of all cetaceans in rehabilitation should be tested.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29887202','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29887202"><span>Detection of cyanotoxins (microcystins/nodularins) in livers from estuarine and coastal bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) from Northeast Florida.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brown, Amber; Foss, Amanda; Miller, Melissa A; Gibson, Quincy</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Microcystins/Nodularins (MCs/NODs) are potent hepatotoxic cyanotoxins produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs) that occur frequently in the upper basin of the St. Johns <span class="hlt">River</span> (SJR), Jacksonville, FL, USA. Areas downstream of bloom locations provide critical habitat for an estuarine population of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus). Since 2010, approximately 30 of these <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> have stranded and died within this impaired watershed; the cause of death was inconclusive for a majority of these individuals. For the current study, environmental exposure to MCs/NODs was investigated as a potential cause of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> mortality. Stranded <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from 2013 to 2017 were categorized into estuarine (n = 17) and coastal (n = 10) populations. Because estuarine <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> inhabit areas with frequent or recurring cyanoblooms, they were considered as a comparatively high-risk group for cyanotoxin exposure in relation to coastal animals. All available liver samples from estuarine <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were tested regardless of stranding date, and samples from coastal individuals that stranded outside of the known cyanotoxin bloom season were assessed as controls. The MMPB (2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutiric acid) technique was used to determine total (bound and free) concentrations of MCs/NODS in liver tissues. Free MCs/NODs extractions were conducted and analyzed using ELISA and LC-MS/MS on MMPB-positive samples to compare test results. MMPB testing resulted in low-level total MCs/NODs detection in some specimens. The Adda ELISA produced high test values that were not supported by concurrent LC-MS/MS analyses, indicative of false positives. Our results indicate that both estuarine and coastal <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are exposed to MCs/NODs, with potential toxic and immune health impacts. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18625031','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18625031"><span>Laminar and cytoarchitectonic features of the cerebral cortex in the Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Grampus griseus), striped <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Stenella coeruleoalba), and bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Furutani, Rui</p> <p>2008-09-01</p> <p>The present investigation carried out Nissl, Klüver-Barrera, and Golgi studies of the cerebral cortex in three distinct genera of oceanic <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, striped <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> and bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>) to identify and classify cortical laminar and cytoarchitectonic structures in four distinct functional areas, including primary motor (M1), primary sensory (S1), primary visual (V1), and primary auditory (A1) cortices. The laminar and cytoarchitectonic organization of each of these cortical areas was similar among the three <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> species. M1 was visualized as five-layer structure that included the molecular layer (layer I), external granular layer (layer II), external pyramidal layer (layer III), internal pyramidal layer (layer V), and fusiform layer (layer VI). The internal granular layer was absent. The cetacean sensory-related cortical areas S1, V1, and A1 were also found to have a five-layer organization comprising layers I, II, III, V and VI. In particular, A1 was characterized by the broadest layer I, layer II and developed band of pyramidal neurons in layers III (sublayers IIIa, IIIb and IIIc) and V. The patch organization consisting of the layer IIIb-pyramidal neurons was detected in the S1 and V1, but not in A1. The laminar patterns of V1 and S1 were similar, but the cytoarchitectonic structures of the two areas were different. V1 was characterized by a broader layer II than that of S1, and also contained the specialized pyramidal and multipolar stellate neurons in layers III and V.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2732042','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2732042"><span>Laminar and cytoarchitectonic features of the cerebral cortex in the Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Grampus griseus), striped <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Stenella coeruleoalba), and bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Furutani, Rui</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The present investigation carried out Nissl, Klüver-Barrera, and Golgi studies of the cerebral cortex in three distinct genera of oceanic <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, striped <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> and bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>) to identify and classify cortical laminar and cytoarchitectonic structures in four distinct functional areas, including primary motor (M1), primary sensory (S1), primary visual (V1), and primary auditory (A1) cortices. The laminar and cytoarchitectonic organization of each of these cortical areas was similar among the three <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> species. M1 was visualized as five-layer structure that included the molecular layer (layer I), external granular layer (layer II), external pyramidal layer (layer III), internal pyramidal layer (layer V), and fusiform layer (layer VI). The internal granular layer was absent. The cetacean sensory-related cortical areas S1, V1, and A1 were also found to have a five-layer organization comprising layers I, II, III, V and VI. In particular, A1 was characterized by the broadest layer I, layer II and developed band of pyramidal neurons in layers III (sublayers IIIa, IIIb and IIIc) and V. The patch organization consisting of the layer IIIb-pyramidal neurons was detected in the S1 and V1, but not in A1. The laminar patterns of V1 and S1 were similar, but the cytoarchitectonic structures of the two areas were different. V1 was characterized by a broader layer II than that of S1, and also contained the specialized pyramidal and multipolar stellate neurons in layers III and V. PMID:18625031</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20152292','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20152292"><span>Monoamine oxidase A genotype is associated with <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and weapon use.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Beaver, Kevin M; DeLisi, Matt; Vaughn, Michael G; Barnes, J C</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene has been found to be associated with a broad range of antisocial phenotypes, including physical violence. At the same time, it is well known that <span class="hlt">gang</span> members represent some of the most serious violent offenders. Even so, no research has ever examined the association between MAOA and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. The aim of this study is to examine the association between MAOA and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and between MAOA and weapon use. We examined the effects of MAOA by using a molecular genetic association research design. A nonclinical sample was used in this study. Participants were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1155 females, 1041 males). The outcome measures of this study are <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and weapon use. The low MAOA activity alleles conferred an increased risk of joining a <span class="hlt">gang</span> and using a weapon in a fight for males but not for females. Moreover, among male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, those who used weapons in a fight were more likely to have a low MAOA activity allele when compared with male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members who do not use weapons in a fight. Male carriers of low MAOA activity alleles are at risk for becoming a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member and, once a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member, are at risk for using weapons in a fight. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP33D..01S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP33D..01S"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta: Balance of Subsidence, Sea level and Sedimentation in a Tectonically-Active Delta (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Steckler, M. S.; Goodbred, S. L.; Akhter, S. H.; Seeber, L.; Reitz, M. D.; Paola, C.; Nooner, S. L.; DeWolf, S.; Ferguson, E. K.; Gale, J.; Hossain, S.; Howe, M.; Kim, W.; McHugh, C. M.; Mondal, D. R.; Petter, A. L.; Pickering, J.; Sincavage, R.; Williams, L. A.; Wilson, C.; Zumberge, M. A.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Bangladesh is vulnerable to a host of short and long-term natural hazards - widespread seasonal flooding, <span class="hlt">river</span> erosion and channel avulsions, permanent land loss from sea level rise, natural groundwater arsenic, recurrent cyclones, landslides and huge earthquakes. These hazards derive from active fluvial processes related to the growth of the delta and the tectonics at the India-Burma-Tibet plate junctions. The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">rivers</span> drain 3/4 of the Himalayas and carry ~1 GT/y of sediment, 6-8% of the total world flux. In Bangladesh, these two great <span class="hlt">rivers</span> combine with the Meghna <span class="hlt">River</span> to form the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta (GBMD). The seasonality of the <span class="hlt">rivers</span>' water and sediment discharge is a major influence causing widespread flooding during the summer monsoon. The mass of the water is so great that it causes 5-6 cm of seasonal elastic deformation of the delta discerned by our GPS data. Over the longer-term, the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> are also dynamic. Two centuries ago, the Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">River</span> avulsed westward up to 100 km and has since captured other <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. The primary mouth of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> has shifted 100s of km eastward from the Hooghly <span class="hlt">River</span> over the last 400y, finally joining the Brahmaputra in the 19th century. These avulsions are influenced by the tectonics of the delta. On the east side of Bangladesh, the >16 km thick GBMD is being overridden by the Burma Arc where the attempted subduction of such a thick sediment pile has created a huge accretionary prism. The foldbelt is up to 250-km wide and its front is buried beneath the delta. The main Himalayan thrust front is <100 km north, but adjacent to the GBMD is the Shillong Massif, a 300-km long, 2-km high block of uplifted Indian basement that is overthrusting and depressing GBMD sediments to the south. The overthrusting Shillong Massif may represent a forward jump of the Himalayan front to a new plate boundary. This area ruptured in a ~M8 1897 earthquake. Subsidence from the tectonics and differential</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25066456','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25066456"><span>Tissue distribution and fate of persistent organic pollutants in Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from the Pearl <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary, China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gui, Duan; Yu, Riqing; He, Xuan; Tu, Qin; Wu, Yuping</p> <p>2014-09-15</p> <p>Eleven persistent organic pollutant (POP) compounds including ∑PCBs, ∑DDTs, ∑HCHs, aldrin, mirex, endrin, ∑CHLs, dieldrin, HCB, heptachlor and pentachlorobenzene were measured in the kidney, liver, muscle, melon and other tissues of Sousa chinensis stranded on the western coast of the Pearl <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary in China during 2007-2013. For most parameters of POPs measured, melon tissues contained the highest mean concentrations with the exception of aldrin, which was higher in the kidney and liver tissues. The concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, heptachlor and endrin in the melon tissue exhibited significant correlations with body length, whereas PCBs and heptachlor also displayed significant regression with age. Our studies showed hepatic concentrations of ∑DDTs, ∑HCHs and mirex in S. chinensis were generally higher than those found in cetaceans from other geographic locations. The high levels of POP residues in the testis of one male <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> suggested an increasing risk of infertility in the species. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED509367.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED509367.pdf"><span>Combating <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: Federal Agencies Have Implemented a Central American <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Strategy, but Could Strengthen Oversight and Measurement of Efforts. Report to Congressional Requesters. GAO-10-395</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Larence, Eileen R.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Thousands of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in the United States belong to <span class="hlt">gangs</span> such as MS-13 and 18th Street that are also active in Central American countries. Federal entities with responsibilities for addressing Central American <span class="hlt">gangs</span> include the National Security Council (NSC); the Departments of Homeland Security (DHS), Justice (DOJ), and State; and the U.S.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23034277','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23034277"><span>Prion search and cellular prion protein expression in stranded <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Di Guardo, G; Cocumelli, C; Meoli, R; Barbaro, K; Terracciano, G; Di Francesco, C E; Mazzariol, S; Eleni, C</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The recent description of a prion disease (PD) case in a free-ranging bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus) prompted us to carry out an extensive search for the disease-associated isoform (PrPSc) of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the brain and in a range of lymphoid tissues from 23 striped <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Stenella coeruleoalba), 5 bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and 2 Risso s <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Grampus griseus) found stranded between 2007 and 2012 along the Italian coastline. Three striped <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and one bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> showed microscopic lesions of encephalitis, with no evidence of spongiform brain lesions being detected in any of the 30 free-ranging cetaceans investigated herein. Nevertheless, we could still observe a prominent PrPC immunoreactivity in the brain as well as in lymphoid tissues from these <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Although immunohistochemical and Western blot investigations yielded negative results for PrPSc deposition in all tissues from the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> under study, the reported occurrence of a spontaneous PD case in a wild <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> is an intriguing issue and a matter of concern for both prion biology and intra/inter-species transmissibility, as well as for cetacean conservation medicine.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.H11F0885B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.H11F0885B"><span>Application of current and future satellite missions to hydrologic prediction in transboundary <span class="hlt">rivers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Biancamaria, S.; Clark, E.; Lettenmaier, D. P.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>More than 256 major global <span class="hlt">river</span> basins, which cover about 45% of the continental land surface, are shared among two or more countries. The flow of such a large part of the global runoff across international boundaries has led to tension in many cases between upstream and downstream riparian countries. Among many examples, this is the case of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and the Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">Rivers</span>, which cross the boundary between India and Bangladesh. Hydrological data (<span class="hlt">river</span> discharge, reservoir storage) are viewed as sensitive by India (the upstream country) and are therefore not shared with Bangladesh, which can only monitor <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge and water depth at the international border crossing. These measurements only allow forecasting of floods in the interior and southern portions of the country two to three days in advance. These forecasts are not long enough either for agricultural water management purposes (for which knowledge of upstream reservoir storage is essential) or for disaster preparedness purposes. Satellite observations of <span class="hlt">river</span> spatial extent, surface slope, reservoir area and surface elevation have the potential to make tremendous changes in management of water within the basins. In this study, we examine the use of currently available satellite measurements (in India) and in-situ measurements in Bangladesh to increase forecast lead time in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">Rivers</span>. Using nadir altimeters, we find that it is possible to forecast the discharge of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> at the Bangladesh border with lead time 3 days and mean absolute error of around 25%. On the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span>, 2-day forecasts are possible with a mean absolute error of around 20%. When combined with optical/infra-red MODIS images, it is possible to map water elevations along the <span class="hlt">river</span> and its floodplain upstream of the boundary, and to compute water storage. However, the high frequency of clouds in this region results in relatively large errors in the water mask. Due to the nadir altimeter</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ASAJ..115.2614A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ASAJ..115.2614A"><span><span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> sonar detection and discrimination capabilities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Au, Whitlow W. L.</p> <p>2004-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> have a very sophisticated short range sonar that surpasses all technological sonar in its capabilities to perform complex target discrimination and recognition tasks. The system that the U.S. Navy has for detecting mines buried under ocean sediment is one that uses Atlantic bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. However, close examination of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> sonar system will reveal that the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> acoustic hardware is fairly ordinary and not very special. The transmitted signals have peak-to-peak amplitudes as high as 225-228 dB re 1 μPa which translates to an rms value of approximately 210-213 dB. The transmit beamwidth is fairly broad at about 10o in both the horizontal and vertical planes and the receiving beamwidth is slightly broader by several degrees. The auditory filters are not very narrow with Q values of about 8.4. Despite these fairly ordinary features of the acoustic system, these animals still demonstrate very unusual and astonishing capabilities. Some of the capabilities of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> sonar system will be presented and the reasons for their keen sonar capabilities will be discussed. Important features of their sonar include the broadband clicklike signals used, adaptive sonar search capabilities and large dynamic range of its auditory system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29616893','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29616893"><span>Acidovorax kalamii sp. nov., isolated from a water sample of the <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pal, Deepika; Kaur, Navjot; Sudan, Sarabjeet Kour; Bisht, Bhawana; Krishnamurthi, Srinivasan; Mayilraj, Shanmugam</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, straw yellow, motile strain, designated KNDSW-TSA6 T , belonging to the genus Acidovorax, was isolated from a water sample of the <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, downstream of the city of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Cells were aerobic, non-endospore-forming and motile with single polar flagella. It differed from its phylogenetically related strains by phenotypic characteristics such as hydrolysis of urea, gelatin, casein and DNA, and the catalase reaction. The major fatty acids were C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c, C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω6c. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes (gyrb, recA and rpoB gene sequences), confirmed its placement within the genus Acidovorax as a novel species. Strain KNDSW-TSA6 T showed highest 16S rRNA sequence similarity to Acidovorax soli BL21 T (98.9 %), Acidovorax delafieldii ATCC 17505 T (98.8 %), Acidovorax temperans CCUG 11779 T (98.2 %), Acidovorax caeni R-24608 T (97.9 %) and Acidovorax radicis N35 T (97.6 %). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values calculated from whole genome sequences between strain KNDSW-TSA6 T and the two most closely related strains A. soli BL21 T and A. delafieldii ATCC 17505 T were below the threshold values of 70 and 95 % respectively. Thus, the data from the polyphasic taxonomic analysis clearly indicates that strain KNDSW-TSA6 T represents a novel species, for which the name Acidovorax kalamii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Acidovorax kalamii (=MTCC 12652 T =KCTC 52819 T =VTCC-B-910010 T ).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED417240.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED417240.pdf"><span>Moving beyond Labels: Approaching <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement through Behavior.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Crowley, Carolyn L.; Lavery, Barbara; Siegel, Alexander W.; Cousins, Jennifer H.</p> <p></p> <p>This study examined the specific nature of the relationship between involvement in various risk-taking behaviors and levels of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement. Forty-nine high school students, 24 girls and 25 boys, ages 14 to 18, from a rural Texas community, completed a <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement questionnaire and the Risk Inventory and Perception Scale during individual…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED381330.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED381330.pdf"><span>Awareness of Deaf Sign Language and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Smith, Cynthia; Morgan, Robert L.</p> <p></p> <p>There have been increasing incidents of innocent people who use American Sign Language (ASL) or another form of sign language being victimized by <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence due to misinterpretation of ASL hand formations. ASL is familiar to learners with a variety of disabilities, particularly those in the deaf community. The problem is that <span class="hlt">gang</span> members have…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=marijuana&pg=3&id=EJ983880','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=marijuana&pg=3&id=EJ983880"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Youth, Substance Use Patterns, and Drug Normalization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Sanders, Bill</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership is an indicator of chronic illicit substance use and such patterns of use may have a normalized character. Using epidemiological and qualitative data collected between 2006 and 2007, this manuscript examines the drug normalization thesis among a small sample (n=60) of <span class="hlt">gang</span> youth aged 16-25 years from Los Angeles. Overall, while…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17148311','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17148311"><span>'Eavesdropping' in wild rough-toothed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Steno bredanensis)?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Götz, Thomas; Verfuss, Ursula Katharina; Schnitzler, Hans-Ulrich</p> <p>2006-03-22</p> <p>Several authors suggest that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> use information obtained by eavesdropping on echoes from sonar signals of conspecifics, but there is little evidence that this strategy is used by <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the wild. Travelling rough-toothed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Steno bredanensis) either exhibit asynchronous movements or an extremely synchronized swimming behaviour in tight formations, which we expect to facilitate eavesdropping. Therefore, we determined, whether either one or more <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were echolocating in subgroups that were travelling with asynchronous and synchronized movements. Since, the number of recording sequences in which more than one animal produced sonar signals was significantly lower during synchronized travel, we conclude that the other members of a subgroup might get information on targets ahead by eavesdropping. Synchronized swimming in tight formations might be an energetic adaptation for travelling in a pelagic <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> species that facilitates eavesdropping.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26897432','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26897432"><span>Sexual risk, substance use, mental health, and trauma experiences of <span class="hlt">gang</span>-involved homeless youth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Petering, Robin</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>This study examined the associations of sexual risk behaviors, substance use, mental health, and trauma with varying levels of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement in a sample of Los Angeles-based homeless youths. Data were collected from 505 homeless youths who self-reported various health information and whether they have ever identified as or been closely affiliated with a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member. Multivariable logistic regression assessed associations of lifetime <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement with risk taking behaviors and negative health outcomes. Results revealed seventeen percent of youths have ever identified as a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member and 46% as <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliated. Both <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and affiliates were at greater risk of many negative behaviors than non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> involved youths. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> members and affiliates were more likely to report recent methamphetamine use, cocaine use, chronic marijuana use, having sex while intoxicated, and symptoms of depression, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. They were also more likely to have experienced childhood sexual abuse and witnessing family violence. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> members were more likely to ever attempt suicide, experience recent partner violence, and report physical abuse during childhood. Results suggest that lifetime <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement is related to a trajectory of negative outcomes and amplified risk for youths experiencing homelessness. Additionally, being closely connected to a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member appears to have just as much as an impact on risk as personally identifying as a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member. Given the lack of knowledge regarding the intersection between youth homelessness and <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement, future research is needed to inform policies and programs that can address the specific needs of this population. Copyright © 2016 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12904791','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12904791"><span>Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> perceive object features through echolocation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Harley, Heidi E; Putman, Erika A; Roitblat, Herbert L</p> <p>2003-08-07</p> <p>How organisms (including people) recognize distant objects is a fundamental question. The correspondence between object characteristics (distal stimuli), like visual shape, and sensory characteristics (proximal stimuli), like retinal projection, is ambiguous. The view that sensory systems are 'designed' to 'pick up' ecologically useful information is vague about how such mechanisms might work. In echolocating <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, which are studied as models for object recognition sonar systems, the correspondence between echo characteristics and object characteristics is less clear. Many cognitive scientists assume that object characteristics are extracted from proximal stimuli, but evidence for this remains ambiguous. For example, a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> may store 'sound templates' in its brain and identify whole objects by listening for a particular sound. Alternatively, a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s brain may contain algorithms, derived through natural endowments or experience or both, which allow it to identify object characteristics based on sounds. The standard method used to address this question in many species is indirect and has led to equivocal results with <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Here we outline an appropriate method and test it to show that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> extract object characteristics directly from echoes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=HOW+AND+TO+AND+DEVELOP+AND+PROSOCIAL+AND+BEHAVIOR&pg=5&id=EJ592669','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=HOW+AND+TO+AND+DEVELOP+AND+PROSOCIAL+AND+BEHAVIOR&pg=5&id=EJ592669"><span>In <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> We Trust: A Close-Up of the New Induction.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Blankstein, Alan Meredith; Sandoval, Gilbert "Sandy"</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Explains how the needs children are trying to meet through <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement are the same ones that societies meet with rites of passage. Although <span class="hlt">gang</span> rituals are antisocial, the needs they meet for youth are healthy. Offers several strategies that can be used when working with youth involved in <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Urges educators to help youth develop…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28380506','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28380506"><span>Dietary cation-anion difference may explain why ammonium urate nephrolithiasis occurs more frequently in common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> () under human care than in free-ranging common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ardente, A J; Wells, R S; Smith, C R; Walsh, M T; Jensen, E D; Schmitt, T L; Colee, J; Vagt, B J; Hill, R C</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Ammonium urate nephrolithiasis frequently develops in common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> () managed under human care but is rare in free-ranging common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. In other species, the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) can affect ammonium urate urolith formation by increasing proton excretion as ammonium ions. Therefore, differences in diet between the 2 <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> populations could affect urolith formation, but the DCAD of most species consumed by free-ranging and managed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> is unknown. To compare the nutrient composition of diets consumed by free-ranging and managed bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, samples ( = 5) of the 8 species of fish commonly consumed by free-ranging bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in Sarasota Bay, FL, and the 7 species of fish and squid commonly fed to managed bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were analyzed for nutrient content. Metabolizable energy was calculated using Atwater factors; the DCAD was calculated using 4 equations commonly used in people and animals that use different absorption coefficients. The nutrient composition of individual species was used to predict the DCAD of 2 model diets typically fed to managed common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and a model diet typically consumed by common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in Sarasota Bay. To mimic differences in postmortem handling of fish for the 2 populations of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, "free-ranging" samples were immediately frozen at -80°C and minimally thawed before analysis, whereas "managed" samples were frozen for 6 to 9 mo at -18°C and completely thawed. "Free-ranging" species contained more Ca and P and less Na and Cl than "managed" fish and squid species. As a consequence, the DCAD of both model managed <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> diets obtained using 3 of the 4 equations was much more negative than the DCAD of the model free-ranging bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> diet ( < 0.05). The results imply that managed bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> must excrete more protons in urine than free-ranging bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, which will promote nephrolith formation. The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26790891','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26790891"><span>Indo-Pacific Humpback <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> in Borneo: A Review of Current Knowledge with Emphasis on Sarawak.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Minton, Gianna; Zulkifli Poh, Anna Norliza; Peter, Cindy; Porter, Lindsay; Kreb, Danielle</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sousa chinensis) are documented from various locations along Borneo's coast, including three sites in Sarawak, Malaysia, three sites in Sabah, Malaysia, three locations in Kalimantan, Indonesia and the limited coastal waters of the Sultanate of Brunei. Observations in all these areas indicate a similar external morphology, which seems to fall somewhere between that documented for Chinese populations known as S. chinensis, and that of Sousa sahulensis in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Sightings occur in shallow nearshore waters, often near estuaries and <span class="hlt">river</span> mouths, and associations with Irrawaddy <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Orcaella brevirostris) are frequently documented. Population estimates exist for only two locations and sightings information throughout Borneo indicates that frequency of occurrence is rare and group size is usually small. Threats from fisheries by-catch and coastal development are present in many locations and there are concerns over the ability of these small and fragmented populations to survive. The conservation and taxonomic status of humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in Borneo remain unclear, and there are intriguing questions as to where these populations fit in our evolving understanding of the taxonomy of the genus. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5373929','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5373929"><span>Childhood adversity and the continued exposure to trauma and violence among adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Quinn, Katherine; Pacella, Maria L.; Dickson-Gomez, Julia; Nydegger, Liesl A.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>This study examines experiences of childhood adversity, trauma, and violence among adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members prior to and during adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement to better understand the effects of violence and trauma on <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. We conducted 58 qualitative semi-structured interviews with members of six adolescent <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Data was analyzed using thematic content analysis and the constant comparative method in MAXQDA. Findings revealed that frequent and ongoing exposure to neighborhood violence and personal and familial trauma led many youth to normalize experiences of violence. Furthermore, although they believed <span class="hlt">gangs</span> would offer protection and social support, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership led to additional exposure to violence and trauma and bleak future expectations. Interventions for adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members should address the complex childhoods and cumulative traumatic experiences of these adolescents. PMID:28262961</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMED41A0782L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMED41A0782L"><span>An evaluation of marine traffic on the Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphins</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, C.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The proposed third runway reclamation project of Hong Kong airport will soon impact the surrounding population of Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the size of the reclamation will be 650 hectares of land located to the north of the current airport platform. All of the necessary works will be conducted via the surrounding marine areas. During the construction period the dredging and reclamation activities will increase the risk of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> colliding with this extra marine traffic especially since this construction site is less than one kilometre away from the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> marine park of Sha Chau & Lung Kwu Chau. Furthermore, after the construction of the third runway, there will be a re-routing of Skypier Ferries and other high speed boats through this area. The <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> will undoubtedly be disturbed. The increase in vessel traffic during the construction project will also generate sounds that may interfere with echolocation systems that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> rely on to navigate and fish. This further impact can be measured using underwater hydrophones that can record the boat noise as well as the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> clicks. The latter determines the presence or absence of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. From this the impact of noise on <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> populations can be determined by simply determining if the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> stay around during periods of high levels of underwater noise. The data presented is the result of several years of collection. A clear understanding of the conjunction of noises from the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and marine traffic patterns for different times of the day will help determine the impact and offer the chance to change marine traffic patterns thus minimizing the adverse impact on the iconic Hong Kong white <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2603106','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2603106"><span>Neurobrucellosis in Stranded <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span>, Costa Rica</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hernández-Mora, Gabriela; González-Barrientos, Rocío; Morales, Juan-Alberto; Chaves-Olarte, Esteban; Guzmán-Verri, Caterina; Baquero-Calvo, Elías; De-Miguel, María-Jesús; Marín, Clara-María; Blasco, José-María</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Ten striped <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, Stenella coeruleoalba, stranded along the Costa Rican Pacific coast, had meningoencephalitis and antibodies against Brucella spp. Brucella ceti was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of 6 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and 1 fetus. S. coeruleoalba constitutes a highly susceptible host and a potential reservoir for B. ceti transmission. PMID:18760012</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT........27H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT........27H"><span>Soundscape Ecology of Hawaiian Spinner <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Resting Bays</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Heenehan, Heather Leigh</p> <p></p> <p>Sound is a key sensory modality for Hawaiian spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Like many other marine animals, these <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> rely on sound and their acoustic environment for many aspects of their daily lives, making it is essential to understand soundscape in areas that are critical to their survival. Hawaiian spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> rest during the day in shallow coastal areas and forage offshore at night. In my dissertation I focus on the soundscape of the bays where Hawaiian spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> rest taking a soundscape ecology approach. I primarily relied on passive acoustic monitoring using four DSG-Ocean acoustic loggers in four Hawaiian spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> resting bays on the Kona Coast of Hawai'i Island. 30-second recordings were made every four minutes in each of the bays for 20 to 27 months between January 8, 2011 and March 30, 2013. I also utilized concomitant vessel-based visual surveys in the four bays to provide context for these recordings. In my first chapter I used the contributions of the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to the soundscape to monitor presence in the bays and found the degree of presence varied greatly from less than 40% to nearly 90% of days monitored with <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> present. Having established these bays as important to the animals, in my second chapter I explored the many components of their resting bay soundscape and evaluated the influence of natural and human events on the soundscape. I characterized the overall soundscape in each of the four bays, used the tsunami event of March 2011 to approximate a natural soundscape and identified all loud daytime outliers. Overall, sound levels were consistently louder at night and quieter during the daytime due to the sounds from snapping shrimp. In fact, peak Hawaiian spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> resting time co-occurs with the quietest part of the day. However, I also found that humans drastically alter this daytime soundscape with sound from offshore aquaculture, vessel sound and military mid-frequency active sonar. During one recorded mid</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA07377&hterms=landslide&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dlandslide','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA07377&hterms=landslide&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dlandslide"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Landslides</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p><p/> This Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Orbiter Camera (MOC) image shows a high resolution view of portions of the lobes of several landslide deposits in <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma. Dark material near the bottom (south) end of the image is windblown sand. <p/> <i>Location near</i>: 8.2oS, 44.3oW <i>Image width</i>: 3.0 km (1.9 mi) <i>Illumination from</i>: upper left <i>Season</i>: Southern Winter</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194666','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194666"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, clubs, and alcohol: The effect of organizational membership on adolescent drinking behavior.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Suh, Chan S; Brashears, Matthew E; Genkin, Michael</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>How does adolescent organizational membership in general, and simultaneous membership in distinct types of organizations in particular, impact drinking behavior? While past studies have focused either on the learning effect of involvement with <span class="hlt">gangs</span> or on the constraining influence of conventional organizations on adolescent problem behavior, we explore the possibility that conventional school clubs can serve as socializing opportunities for existing <span class="hlt">gang</span> members to engage in drinking behavior with non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> club members. Using the Add Health data, we show that <span class="hlt">gang</span> members drink more often, and engage in more binge drinking, than non-members. More importantly, individuals who are members of both <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and school clubs drink alcohol at greater levels than those who are solely involved in <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. In addition, non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> adolescents who are co-members with <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in the same school club are more likely to drink alcohol than non-members. This result has important implications for understanding the role of organizations in adolescent behavior and suggests that the study of delinquent behaviors would benefit from devoting more attention to individuals who bridge distinct types of organizations. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004APhy...50..343R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004APhy...50..343R"><span>Some results of studying the acoustics of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Romanenko, E. V.</p> <p>2004-05-01</p> <p>An experimental study of the echolocation ability of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> ( Tursiops truncatus) is performed in the presence of correlated and uncorrelated broadband noise acting on their organs of hearing. It is shown that, under such conditions, the echolocating pulses of a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> become noticeably modified: in the absence of noise, standard broadband pulses are produced, while in the presence of noise, the pulses acquire an oscillatory character (become narrowband). Sounds and air pressure that occur inside the respiratory tract of a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> when the animal produces whistles and pulsed signals are studied. Data testifying in favor of the pneumatic origin of sounds generated by <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are obtained.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HESS...21.2545M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HESS...21.2545M"><span>Reviving the "<span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Water Machine": where and how much?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Muthuwatta, Lal; Amarasinghe, Upali A.; Sood, Aditya; Surinaidu, Lagudu</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Runoff generated in the monsoon months in the upstream parts of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> basin (GRB) contributes substantially to downstream floods, while water shortages in the dry months affect agricultural production in the basin. This paper examines the potential for subsurface storage (SSS) in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin to mitigate floods in the downstream areas and increase the availability of water during drier months. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to estimate <q>sub-basin</q> water availability. The water availability estimated is then compared with the sub-basin-wise unmet water demand for agriculture. Hydrological analysis reveals that some of the unmet water demand in the sub-basin can be met provided it is possible to capture the runoff in sub-surface storage during the monsoon season (June to September). Some of the groundwater recharge is returned to the stream as baseflow and has the potential to increase dry season <span class="hlt">river</span> flows. To examine the impacts of groundwater recharge on flood inundation and flows in the dry season (October to May), two groundwater recharge scenarios are tested in the Ramganga sub-basin. Increasing groundwater recharge by 35 and 65 % of the current level would increase the baseflow during the dry season by 1.46 billion m3 (34.5 % of the baseline) and 3.01 billion m3 (71.3 % of the baseline), respectively. Analysis of pumping scenarios indicates that 80 000 to 112 000 ha of additional wheat area can be irrigated in the Ramganga sub-basin by additional SSS without reducing the current baseflow volumes. Augmenting SSS reduces the peak flow and flood inundated areas in Ramganga (by up to 13.0 % for the 65 % scenario compared to the baseline), indicating the effectiveness of SSS in reducing areas inundated under floods in the sub-basin. However, this may not be sufficient to effectively control the flood in the downstream areas of the GRB, such as in the state of Bihar (prone to floods), which receives a total flow of 277 billion</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ASAJ..115.2374B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ASAJ..115.2374B"><span>Echolocation click rates and behavior of foraging Hawaiian spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Benoit-Bird, Kelly J.; Au, Whitlow W. L.</p> <p>2004-05-01</p> <p>Groups of spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> work together to actively aggregate small animals in the deep-scattering layer that serve as their prey. Detailed information on <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> foraging behavior, obtained with a 200-kHz multibeam sonar (Simrad MS2000), made it possible to correlate echolocation and foraging. Fifty-six groups of spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> foraging at night within a midwater micronekton sound-scattering layer were observed with the sonar. During sonar surveys, the rates of whistles and echolocation clicks were measured using four hydrophones at 6-m depth intervals. Significant differences in click rates were found between depths and between the different stages of foraging. Groups of foraging <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> ranged in size from 16 to 28 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Click rates were not significantly affected by the number of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in a foraging group. Contrary to initial predictions, click rates were relatively low when sonar data indicated that pairs of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were actively feeding. Highest echolocation rates occurred within the scattering layer, during transitions between foraging states. Whistles were only detected when <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were not in a foraging formation and when animals were surfacing. This suggests clicks may be used directly or indirectly to cue group movement during foraging.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25224818','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25224818"><span>Brucella ceti infection in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from the Western Mediterranean sea.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Isidoro-Ayza, Marcos; Ruiz-Villalobos, Nazareth; Pérez, Lola; Guzmán-Verri, Caterina; Muñoz, Pilar M; Alegre, Fernando; Barberán, Montserrat; Chacón-Díaz, Carlos; Chaves-Olarte, Esteban; González-Barrientos, Rocio; Moreno, Edgardo; Blasco, José María; Domingo, Mariano</p> <p>2014-09-17</p> <p>Brucella ceti infections have been increasingly reported in cetaceans. Brucellosis in these animals is associated with meningoencephalitis, abortion, discospondylitis', subcutaneous abscesses, endometritis and other pathological conditions B. ceti infections have been frequently described in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from both, the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In the Mediterranean Sea, only two reports have been made: one from the Italian Tyrrhenian Sea and the other from the Adriatic Sea. We describe the clinical and pathological features of three cases of B. ceti infections in three <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> stranded in the Mediterranean Catalonian coast. One striped <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> had neurobrucellosis, showing lethargy, incoordination and lateral swimming due to meningoencephalitis, A B. ceti infected bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> had discospondylitis, and another striped <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> did not show clinical signs or lesions related to Brucella infection. A detailed characterization of the three B. ceti isolates was performed by bacteriological, molecular, protein and fatty acid analyses. All the B. ceti strains originating from Mediterranean <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> cluster together in a distinct phylogenetic clade, close to that formed by B. ceti isolates from <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> inhabiting the Atlantic Ocean. Our study confirms the severity of pathological signs in stranded <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and the relevance of B. ceti as a pathogen in the Mediterranean Sea.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28600681','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28600681"><span>Responses to familiar and unfamiliar objects by belugas (Delphinapterus leucas), bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus), and Pacific white-sided <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Guarino, Sara; Yeater, Deirdre; Lacy, Steve; Dees, Tricia; Hill, Heather M</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Previous research with bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) demonstrated their ability to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar stimuli. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> gazed longer at unfamiliar stimuli. The current study attempted to extend this original research by examining the responses of three species of cetaceans to objects that differed in familiarity. Eleven belugas from two facilities, five bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and five Pacific white-sided <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> housed at one facility were presented different objects in a free-swim scenario. The results indicated that the animals gazed the longest at unfamiliar objects, but these gaze durations did not significantly differ from gaze durations when viewing familiar objects. Rather, the animals gazed longer at unfamiliar objects when compared to the apparatus alone. Species differences emerged with longer gaze durations exhibited by belugas and bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and significantly shorter gaze durations for Pacific white-sided <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. It is likely that the animals categorized objects into familiar and unfamiliar categories, but the free-swim paradigm in naturalistic social groupings did not elicit clear responses. Rather this procedure emphasized the importance of attention and individual preferences when investigating familiar and unfamiliar objects, which has implications for cognitive research and enrichment use.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28893131','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28893131"><span>Delinquency Among Members of Hong Kong Youth Street <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: The Role of the Organizational Structures of <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Triad Affiliations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chui, Wing Hong; Khiatani, Paul Vinod</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>This study explores the importance of organizational structures and formal affiliations with the Hong Kong triads to delinquency among youth street <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in Hong Kong. More specifically, this study examines the relative importance of the number of organizational structures and triad affiliation to patterns of delinquency in a sample of active members of youth street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> ( N = 201). With the aid of outreach social workers, a convenience sampling method was used to recruit a gender-balanced sample of at-risk youths. Logistic regression analysis of the survey data that was gathered indicated that formal affiliation to Hong Kong triads and the presence of organizational structures significantly increased the odds of delinquency (independently of each other). Suggestions for future research on <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and delinquency, with particular reference to the Asian context, are provided.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17777385','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17777385"><span>Sustained Swimming Speeds of <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Johannessen, C L; Harder, J A</p> <p>1960-11-25</p> <p>Observations of fout large groups of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> suggest that they are able to swim at a sustained speed of 14 to 18 knots. The blackfish are able to maintain speeds of about 22 knots, and one killer whale seemed able to swim somewhat faster. This implies that the apparent coefficient of surface friction remains approximately constant for <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from 6 to 22 ft long, as is the case for rigid bodies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HESS...22.2867G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HESS...22.2867G"><span>Daily GRACE gravity field solutions track major flood events in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gouweleeuw, Ben T.; Kvas, Andreas; Gruber, Christian; Gain, Animesh K.; Mayer-Gürr, Thorsten; Flechtner, Frank; Güntner, Andreas</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Two daily gravity field solutions based on observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission are evaluated against daily <span class="hlt">river</span> runoff data for major flood events in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD) in 2004 and 2007. The trends over periods of a few days of the daily GRACE data reflect temporal variations in daily <span class="hlt">river</span> runoff during major flood events. This is especially true for the larger flood in 2007, which featured two distinct periods of critical flood level exceedance in the Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">River</span>. This first hydrological evaluation of daily GRACE gravity field solutions based on a Kalman filter approach confirms their potential for gravity-based large-scale flood monitoring. This particularly applies to short-lived, high-volume floods, as they occur in the GBD with a 4-5-year return period. The release of daily GRACE gravity field solutions in near-real time may enable flood monitoring for large events.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ASAJ..113..605P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ASAJ..113..605P"><span>Echolocation in the Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, Grampus griseus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Philips, Jennifer D.; Nachtigall, Paul E.; Au, Whitlow W. L.; Pawloski, Jeffrey L.; Roitblat, Herbert L.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>The Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Grampus griseus) is an exclusively cephalopod-consuming delphinid with a distinctive vertical indentation along its forehead. To investigate whether or not the species echolocates, a female Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> was trained to discriminate an aluminum cylinder from a nylon sphere (experiment 1) or an aluminum sphere (experiment 2) while wearing eyecups and free swimming in an open-water pen in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. The <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> completed the task with little difficulty despite being blindfolded. Clicks emitted by the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> were acquired at average amplitudes of 192.6 dB re 1 μPa, with estimated sources levels up to 216 dB re 1 μPa-1 m. Clicks were acquired with peak frequencies as high as 104.7 kHz (Mfp=47.9 kHz), center frequencies as high as 85.7 kHz (Mf0=56.5 kHz), 3-dB bandwidths up to 94.1 kHz (MBW=39.7 kHz), and root-mean-square bandwidths up to 32.8 kHz (MRMS=23.3 kHz). Click durations were between 40 and 70 μs. The data establish that the Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> echolocates, and that, aside from slightly lower amplitudes and frequencies, the clicks emitted by the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> were similar to those emitted by other echolocating odontocetes. The particular acoustic and behavioral findings in the study are discussed with respect to the possible direction of the sonar transmission beam of the species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12558296','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12558296"><span>Echolocation in the Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, Grampus griseus.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Philips, Jennifer D; Nachtigall, Paul E; Au, Whitlow W L; Pawloski, Jeffrey L; Roitblat, Herbert L</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>The Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Grampus griseus) is an exclusively cephalopod-consuming delphinid with a distinctive vertical indentation along its forehead. To investigate whether or not the species echolocates, a female Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> was trained to discriminate an aluminum cylinder from a nylon sphere (experiment 1) or an aluminum sphere (experiment 2) while wearing eyecups and free swimming in an open-water pen in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. The <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> completed the task with little difficulty despite being blindfolded. Clicks emitted by the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> were acquired at average amplitudes of 192.6 dB re 1 microPa, with estimated sources levels up to 216 dB re 1 microPa-1 m. Clicks were acquired with peak frequencies as high as 104.7 kHz (Mf(p) = 47.9 kHz), center frequencies as high as 85.7 kHz (Mf(0) = 56.5 kHz), 3-dB bandwidths up to 94.1 kHz (M(BW) = 39.7 kHz), and root-mean-square bandwidths up to 32.8 kHz (M(RMS) = 23.3 kHz). Click durations were between 40 and 70 micros. The data establish that the Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> echolocates, and that, aside from slightly lower amplitudes and frequencies, the clicks emitted by the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> were similar to those emitted by other echolocating odontocetes. The particular acoustic and behavioral findings in the study are discussed with respect to the possible direction of the sonar transmission beam of the species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA19031.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA19031.html"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma - False Color</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-01-27</p> <p>The THEMIS VIS camera contains 5 filters. The data from different filters can be combined in multiple ways to create a false color image. This false color image from NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft shows part of the interior of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5747487','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5747487"><span>Future changes in hydro-climatic extremes in the Upper Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">River</span> basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lutz, Arthur F.; Nepal, Santosh; Khanal, Sonu; Pradhananga, Saurav; Shrestha, Arun B.; Immerzeel, Walter W.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Future hydrological extremes, such as floods and droughts, may pose serious threats for the livelihoods in the upstream domains of the Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra. For this reason, the impacts of climate change on future hydrological extremes is investigated in these <span class="hlt">river</span> basins. We use a fully-distributed cryospheric-hydrological model to simulate current and future hydrological fluxes and force the model with an ensemble of 8 downscaled General Circulation Models (GCMs) that are selected from the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The model is calibrated on observed daily discharge and geodetic mass balances. The climate forcing and the outputs of the hydrological model are used to evaluate future changes in climatic extremes, and hydrological extremes by focusing on high and low flows. The outcomes show an increase in the magnitude of climatic means and extremes towards the end of the 21st century where climatic extremes tend to increase stronger than climatic means. Future mean discharge and high flow conditions will very likely increase. These increases might mainly be the result of increasing precipitation extremes. To some extent temperature extremes might also contribute to increasing discharge extremes, although this is highly dependent on magnitude of change in temperature extremes. Low flow conditions may occur less frequently, although the uncertainties in low flow projections can be high. The results of this study may contribute to improved understanding on the implications of climate change for the occurrence of future hydrological extremes in the Hindu Kush–Himalayan region. PMID:29287098</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15898670','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15898670"><span>Instrumenting free-swimming <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> echolocating in open water.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Martin, Stephen W; Phillips, Michael; Bauer, Eric J; Moore, Patrick W; Houser, Dorian S</p> <p>2005-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> within the Navy Marine Mammal Program use echolocation to effectively locate underwater mines. They currently outperform manmade systems at similar tasks, particularly in cluttered environments and on buried targets. In hopes of improving manmade mine-hunting sonar systems, two instrumentation packages were developed to monitor free-swimming <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> motion and echolocation during open-water target detection tasks. The biosonar measurement tool (BMT) is carried by a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> and monitors underwater position and attitude while simultaneously recording echolocation clicks and returning echoes through high-gain binaural receivers. The instrumented mine simulator (IMS) is a modified bottom target that monitors echolocation signals arriving at the target during ensonification. <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> subjects were trained to carry the BMT in open-bay bottom-object target searches in which the IMS could serve as a bottom object. The instrumentation provides detailed data that reveal hereto-unavailable information on the search strategies of free-swimming <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> conducting open-water, bottom-object search tasks with echolocation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ASAJ..117.2301M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ASAJ..117.2301M"><span>Instrumenting free-swimming <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> echolocating in open water</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Martin, Stephen W.; Phillips, Michael; Bauer, Eric J.; Moore, Patrick W.; Houser, Dorian S.</p> <p>2005-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> within the Navy Marine Mammal Program use echolocation to effectively locate underwater mines. They currently outperform manmade systems at similar tasks, particularly in cluttered environments and on buried targets. In hopes of improving manmade mine-hunting sonar systems, two instrumentation packages were developed to monitor free-swimming <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> motion and echolocation during open-water target detection tasks. The biosonar measurement tool (BMT) is carried by a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> and monitors underwater position and attitude while simultaneously recording echolocation clicks and returning echoes through high-gain binaural receivers. The instrumented mine simulator (IMS) is a modified bottom target that monitors echolocation signals arriving at the target during ensonification. <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> subjects were trained to carry the BMT in open-bay bottom-object target searches in which the IMS could serve as a bottom object. The instrumentation provides detailed data that reveal hereto-unavailable information on the search strategies of free-swimming <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> conducting open-water, bottom-object search tasks with echolocation. .</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA570118','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA570118"><span>Can the Jamaican Security Forces Successfully Reduce the Violent Impact of <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-12-14</p> <p>movements in the form of local <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and juvenile delinquents . In between these two extremes are other <span class="hlt">gangs</span> of varied forms, composition and......others that are based on youth delinquency . Certainly, an operational unit by itself would not have the time during an ongoing operation to begin the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H13S..06M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H13S..06M"><span>Scarcity of Fresh Water Resources in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Delta of Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Murshed, S. B.; Kaluarachchi, J. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Delta in Bangladesh is a classical example of water insecurity in a transboundary <span class="hlt">river</span> basin where limitations in quantity, quality and timing of available water is producing disastrous conditions. Two opposite extreme water conditions, i.e., fresh water scarcity and floods are common in this region during dry and wet seasons, respectively. The purpose of this study is to manage fresh water requirement of people and environment considering the seasonal availability of surface water (SW) and ground water (GW). SW availability was analyzed by incoming stream flow including the effects of upstream water diversion, rainfall, temperature, evapotranspiration (ET). Flow duration curves (FDC), and rainfall and temperature elasticity are used to assess the change of incoming upstream flow. Groundwater data were collected from 285 piezometers and monitoring wells established by Bangladesh water development board. Variation of groundwater depth shows major withdrawals of GW are mostly concentrated in the north part of the study area. Irrigation is the largest sector of off-stream (irrigation, industrial and domestic) water use which occupies 82% SW and 17% GW of total water consumption. Although domestic water use is entirely depend on GW but arsenic pollution is limiting the GW use. FDC depicts a substantial difference between high flow threshold (20%) and low flow threshold (70%) in the Bangladesh part of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span>. A large variation of around 83% is observed for instream water volume between wet and dry seasons. The reduction of upstream fresh water flow increased the extent and intensity of salinity intrusion. Presently GW is also contaminated by saline water. This fresh water scarcity is reducing the livelihood options considerably and indirectly forcing population migration from the delta region. This study provides insight to the changes in hydrology and limitations to freshwater availability enabling better formulation of water resources management in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=sales+AND+lead&id=EJ866175','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=sales+AND+lead&id=EJ866175"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Drug Involvement: Untangling the Complex Relationship</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Bjerregaard, Beth</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Previous research has consistently demonstrated a relationship between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and involvement in illegal substances. In addition, researchers have noted that <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are frequently more heavily involved in drug sales, which often lead to increases in violent behaviors. Most of this research, however, is either cross-sectional or…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B21K..01T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B21K..01T"><span>Suspended sediment chemistry from large Himalayan <span class="hlt">Rivers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tipper, E.; Bickle, M.; Bohlin, M.; Andermann, C.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Recent work has demonstrated that weathering in areas with the highest physical erosion rates are the most sensitive to climatic feedback parameters (both rainfall and temperature) because they are not limited by a supply of material. The Himalayan region is central to this work because of 1) the high erosion rates, 2) high monsoonal rainfall, and 3) high temperatures in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> plain in front of the main range, where much of the weathering takes place. The material that is weathered in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> plain is delivered as sediment from the mountain front. Therefore, detailed understanding of the chemistry of the sediment leaving the high mountains is essential. Interest has been renewed not least because of the magnitude 7.8 (25/4/15) and 7.3 (12/5/2015) earthquakes in Nepal in 2015 which triggered thousands of landslides, likely causing major perturbations to sediment and chemical loads carried by the local Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. We collected both sediment and water samples in 2015 and 2016 in a transect across Nepal, including depth profiles of suspended sediment in the Narayani, Kosi and Karnali <span class="hlt">Rivers</span>. The Narayani and Kosi <span class="hlt">rivers</span> which drain the earthquake-hit area carry > 40% of the total bicarbonate flux input to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> from the Himalayan mountains. Here we present our initial findings on the chemistry of the sediment from the 2015 and 2016 field seasons and compare it to published data sets.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16583925','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16583925"><span>Acoustic features of objects matched by an echolocating bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Delong, Caroline M; Au, Whitlow W L; Lemonds, David W; Harley, Heidi E; Roitblat, Herbert L</p> <p>2006-03-01</p> <p>The focus of this study was to investigate how <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> use acoustic features in returning echolocation signals to discriminate among objects. An echolocating <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> performed a match-to-sample task with objects that varied in size, shape, material, and texture. After the task was completed, the features of the object echoes were measured (e.g., target strength, peak frequency). The <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s error patterns were examined in conjunction with the between-object variation in acoustic features to identify the acoustic features that the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> used to discriminate among the objects. The present study explored two hypotheses regarding the way <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> use acoustic information in echoes: (1) use of a single feature, or (2) use of a linear combination of multiple features. The results suggested that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> do not use a single feature across all object sets or a linear combination of six echo features. Five features appeared to be important to the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> on four or more sets: the echo spectrum shape, the pattern of changes in target strength and number of highlights as a function of object orientation, and peak and center frequency. These data suggest that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> use multiple features and integrate information across echoes from a range of object orientations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH41C..06W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH41C..06W"><span>Remote Sensing and <span class="hlt">River</span> Discharge Forecasting for Major <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> in South Asia (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Webster, P. J.; Hopson, T. M.; Hirpa, F. A.; Brakenridge, G. R.; De-Groeve, T.; Shrestha, K.; Gebremichael, M.; Restrepo, P. J.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The South Asia is a flashpoint for natural disasters particularly flooding of the Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and Brahmaputra has profound societal impacts for the region and globally. The 2007 Brahmaputra floods affecting India and Bangladesh, the 2008 avulsion of the Kosi <span class="hlt">River</span> in India, the 2010 flooding of the Indus <span class="hlt">River</span> in Pakistan and the 2013 Uttarakhand exemplify disasters on scales almost inconceivable elsewhere. Their frequent occurrence of floods combined with large and rapidly growing populations, high levels of poverty and low resilience, exacerbate the impact of the hazards. Mitigation of these devastating hazards are compounded by limited flood forecast capability, lack of rain/gauge measuring stations and forecast use within and outside the country, and transboundary data sharing on natural hazards. Here, we demonstrate the utility of remotely-derived hydrologic and weather products in producing skillful flood forecasting information without reliance on vulnerable in situ data sources. Over the last decade a forecast system has been providing operational probabilistic forecasts of severe flooding of the Brahmaputra and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> in Bangldesh was developed (Hopson and Webster 2010). The system utilizes ECMWF weather forecast uncertainty information and ensemble weather forecasts, rain gauge and satellite-derived precipitation estimates, together with the limited near-real-time <span class="hlt">river</span> stage observations from Bangladesh. This system has been expanded to Pakistan and has successfully forecast the 2010-2012 flooding (Shrestha and Webster 2013). To overcome the in situ hydrological data problem, recent efforts in parallel with the numerical modeling have utilized microwave satellite remote sensing of <span class="hlt">river</span> widths to generate operational discharge advective-based forecasts for the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra. More than twenty remotely locations upstream of Bangldesh were used to produce stand-alone <span class="hlt">river</span> flow nowcasts and forecasts at 1-15 days lead time. showing that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AIPC..728..247A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AIPC..728..247A"><span>The <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Sonar: Excellent Capabilities In Spite of Some Mediocre Properties</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Au, Whitlow W. L.</p> <p>2004-11-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> sonar research has been conducted for several decades and much has been learned about the capabilities of echolocating <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to detect, discriminate and recognize underwater targets. The results of these research projects suggest that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> possess the most sophisticated of all sonar for short ranges and shallow water where reverberation and clutter echoes are high. The critical feature of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> sonar is the capability of discriminating and recognizing complex targets in a highly reverberant and noisy environment. The <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s detection threshold in reverberation occurs at a echo-to reverberation ratio of approximately 4 dB. Echolocating <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> also have the capability to make fine discriminate of target properties such as wall thickness difference of water-filled cylinders and material differences in metallic plates. The high-resolution property of the animal's echolocation signals and the high dynamic range of its auditory system are important factors in their outstanding discrimination capabilities. In the wall thickness discrimination of cylinder experiment, time differences between echo highlights at small as 500-600 ns can be resolved by echolocating <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Measurements of the targets used in the metallic plate composition experiment suggest that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> attended to echo components that were 20-30 dB below the maximum level for a specific target. It is interesting to realize that some of the properties of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> sonar system are fairly mediocre, yet the total performance of the system is often outstanding. When compared to some technological sonar, the energy content of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> sonar signal is not very high, the transmission and receiving beamwidths are fairly large, and the auditory filters are not very narrow. Yet the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> sonar has demonstrated excellent capabilities in spite the mediocre features of its "hardware." Reasons why <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> can perform complex sonar task will be discussed in light of the "equipment" they</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA03285&hterms=2e&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3D2e','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA03285&hterms=2e&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3D2e"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Features</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p><p/> [figure removed for brevity, see original site] Context image for PIA03285 <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Features <p/> This image shows part of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma. Several landslides occur at the top of the image, while dunes and canyon floor deposits are visible at the bottom of the image. <p/> Image information: VIS instrument. Latitude -6.8N, Longitude 312.2E. 17 meter/pixel resolution. <p/> Note: this THEMIS visual image has not been radiometrically nor geometrically calibrated for this preliminary release. An empirical correction has been performed to remove instrumental effects. A linear shift has been applied in the cross-track and down-track direction to approximate spacecraft and planetary motion. Fully calibrated and geometrically projected images will be released through the Planetary Data System in accordance with Project policies at a later time. <p/> NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) was developed by Arizona State University, Tempe, in collaboration with Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote Sensing. The THEMIS investigation is led by Dr. Philip Christensen at Arizona State University. Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, is the prime contractor for the Odyssey project, and developed and built the orbiter. Mission operations are conducted jointly from Lockheed Martin and from JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA03681&hterms=landslide&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dlandslide','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA03681&hterms=landslide&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dlandslide"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Landslide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p><p/> [figure removed for brevity, see original site] Context image for PIA03681 <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Landslide <p/> Two large landslides dominate this image of part of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma. The eroded surface of an old landslide covers the north half of the image, while a more recent landslide occurs to the south. <p/> Image information: VIS instrument. Latitude -6.7N, Longitude 310.4E. 17 meter/pixel resolution. <p/> Note: this THEMIS visual image has not been radiometrically nor geometrically calibrated for this preliminary release. An empirical correction has been performed to remove instrumental effects. A linear shift has been applied in the cross-track and down-track direction to approximate spacecraft and planetary motion. Fully calibrated and geometrically projected images will be released through the Planetary Data System in accordance with Project policies at a later time. <p/> NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) was developed by Arizona State University, Tempe, in collaboration with Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote Sensing. The THEMIS investigation is led by Dr. Philip Christensen at Arizona State University. Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, is the prime contractor for the Odyssey project, and developed and built the orbiter. Mission operations are conducted jointly from Lockheed Martin and from JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28177289','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28177289"><span>Hepatitis E virus in bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> Tursiops truncatus.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Montalvo Villalba, María Caridad; Cruz Martínez, Danilo; Ahmad, Imran; Rodriguez Lay, Licel A; Bello Corredor, Marite; Guevara March, Celia; Martínez, Liena Sánchez; Martínez-Campo, Laima Sánchez; Jameel, Shahid</p> <p>2017-02-08</p> <p>Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infects several animal species that act as zoonotic reservoirs for viral transmission. Solid and liquid residues from infected animals could lead to HEV contamination of food and surface waters. Evidence of human HEV infection through ingestion of seafood (shellfish, mussels) has been reported. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> generally feed on fish and squid but are able to adapt to an environment and consume whatever prey is available. Clinical signs of infected <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> include lethargy, inappetence, behavioral aberrations and increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> examined in this study were maintained at the National Aquarium, Havana, Cuba. A total of 31 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were evaluated for HEV markers. Sera were collected and screened for total immunoglobin (Ig) anti-HEV. Sera and liver homogenate were tested for HEV RNA by nested RT-PCR using primers targeting the open reading frame 1. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using partial nucleotide sequences at the amplified RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene. Total anti-HEV Ig was detected in 32.2% (10 of 31), and 16.1% (5 of 31) of these <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were positive by both serology and HEV RNA testing. Nucleotide sequence analyses revealed that HEV strains identified in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were genotype 3. This virus may represent an environmental contamination of food or wastewater as a source of HEV exposure and infection. Our findings provide evidence that HEV is associated with liver disorders in cetaceans and that it is advisable to screen for exposure of this virus in captive <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, particularly animals with elevated serum ALT or compromised liver function test results of undetermined cause.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17706293','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17706293"><span>A DNA vaccine against <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> morbillivirus is immunogenic in bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vaughan, Kerrie; Del Crew, Jason; Hermanson, Gary; Wloch, Mary K; Riffenburgh, Robert H; Smith, Cynthia R; Van Bonn, William G</p> <p>2007-12-15</p> <p>The immunization of exotic species presents considerable challenges. Nevertheless, for facilities like zoos, animal parks, government facilities and non-profit conservation groups, the protection of valuable and endangered species from infectious disease is a growing concern. The rationale for immunization in these species parallels that for human and companion animals; to decrease the incidence of disease. The U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program, in collaboration with industry and academic partners, has developed and evaluated a DNA vaccine targeting a marine viral pathogen - <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> morbillivirus (DMV). The DMV vaccine consists of the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (H) genes of DMV. Vaccine constructs (pVR-DMV-F and pVR-DMV-H) were evaluated for expression in vitro and then for immunogenicity in mice. Injection protocols were designed for application in Atlantic bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) to balance vaccine effectiveness with clinical utility. Six <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were inoculated, four animals received both pDMV-F and pDMV-H and two animals received a mock vaccine (vector alone). All animals received an inoculation week 0, followed by two booster injections weeks 8 and 14. Vaccine-specific immune responses were documented in all four vaccinated animals. To our knowledge, this is the first report of pathogen-specific immunogenicity to a DNA vaccine in an aquatic mammal species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25409921','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25409921"><span>Can bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) cooperate when solving a novel task?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kuczaj, Stan A; Winship, Kelley A; Eskelinen, Holli C</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>Cooperative behavior has been observed in cetacean species in a variety of situations, including foraging, mate acquisition, play, and epimeletic behavior. However, it has proven difficult to demonstrate cooperative behavior among <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in more controlled settings. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) in this study were exposed to a task that could most easily be solved if <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> cooperated. Six <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were provided opportunities to solve the task and had to learn to do so without human intervention or training. Two adult males consistently and spontaneously jointly interacted in order to most efficiently open a container that contained fish by pulling on ropes at the ends of the container. Their interaction was viewed as cooperative because each <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> pulled on their respective ropes in the opposite direction, which resulted in one end of the container opening. The <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> did not show aggression toward one another while solving the task, and both <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> consumed the food after the container was opened. They also engaged in synchronous non-aggressive behaviors with the container after the food had been consumed. It is possible that some of the remaining four <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> would have cooperated, but the two successful <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were dominant males and their interest in the apparatus appeared to preclude other animals from participating.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21759','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21759"><span>Comparison of glue-line quality between <span class="hlt">gang</span> edging and straight-line ripping</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Charles J. Gatchell; James R. Olson; James R. Olson</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> edging with a dip-chain fed <span class="hlt">gang</span> ripsaw produces gluing surfaces equal to those from a straight-line ripsaw in yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and red oak (Quercus rubra). Special care in gluing red oak was needed to get shear strengths equal to solid wood values. However, the strength comparisons between sawing methods showed no differences between <span class="hlt">gang</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70129229','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70129229"><span>Water resources management in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin: a comparison of three strategies for conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Khan, Mahfuzur R.; Voss, Clifford I.; Yu, Winston; Michael, Holly A.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The most difficult water resources management challenge in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin is the imbalance between water demand and seasonal availability. More than 80 % of the annual flow in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> occurs during the 4-month monsoon, resulting in widespread flooding. During the rest of the year, irrigation, navigation, and ecosystems suffer because of water scarcity. Storage of monsoonal flow for utilization during the dry season is one approach to mitigating these problems. Three conjunctive use management strategies involving subsurface water storage are evaluated in this study: <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Water Machine (GWM), Pumping Along Canals (PAC), and Distributed Pumping and Recharge (DPR). Numerical models are used to determine the efficacy of these strategies. Results for the Indian State of Uttar Pradesh (UP) indicate that these strategies create seasonal subsurface storage from 6 to 37 % of the yearly average monsoonal flow in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> exiting UP over the considered range of conditions. This has clear implications for flood reduction, and each strategy has the potential to provide irrigation water and to reduce soil waterlogging. However, GWM and PAC require significant public investment in infrastructure and management, as well as major shifts in existing water use practices; these also involve spatially-concentrated pumping, which may induce land subsidence. DPR also requires investment and management, but the distributed pumping is less costly and can be more easily implemented via adaptation of existing water use practices in the basin.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1617177','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1617177"><span>‘Eavesdropping’ in wild rough-toothed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Steno bredanensis)?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Götz, Thomas; Verfuß, Ursula Katharina; Schnitzler, Hans-Ulrich</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Several authors suggest that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> use information obtained by eavesdropping on echoes from sonar signals of conspecifics, but there is little evidence that this strategy is used by <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the wild. Travelling rough-toothed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Steno bredanensis) either exhibit asynchronous movements or an extremely synchronized swimming behaviour in tight formations, which we expect to facilitate eavesdropping. Therefore, we determined, whether either one or more <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were echolocating in subgroups that were travelling with asynchronous and synchronized movements. Since, the number of recording sequences in which more than one animal produced sonar signals was significantly lower during synchronized travel, we conclude that the other members of a subgroup might get information on targets ahead by eavesdropping. Synchronized swimming in tight formations might be an energetic adaptation for travelling in a pelagic <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> species that facilitates eavesdropping. PMID:17148311</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70179737','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70179737"><span>Stable isotopes differentiate bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> off west-central Florida</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Barros, Nélio B.; Ostrom, P. H.; Stricker, Craig A.; Wells, R.S.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Distinguishing discrete population units among continuously distributed coastal small cetaceans is challenging and crucial to conservation. We evaluated the utility of stable isotopes in assessing group membership in bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) off west-central Florida by analyzing carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope values (δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S) of tooth collagen from stranded <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Individuals derived from three putative general population units: Sarasota Bay (SB), nearshore Gulf of Mexico (GULF), and offshore waters (OFF). Animals of known history (SB) served to ground truth the approach against animals of unknown history from the Gulf of Mexico (GULF, OFF). <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> groups differed significantly for each isotope. Average δ13C values from SB <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (−10.6‰) utilizing sea grass ecosystems differed from those of GULF (−11.9‰) and OFF (−11.9‰). Average δ15N values of GULF (12.7‰) and OFF (13.2‰) were higher than those of SB <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (11.9‰), consistent with differences in prey trophic levels. δ34S values showed definitive differences among SB (7.1‰), GULF (11.3‰), and OFF (16.5‰) <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. This is the first application of isotopes to population assignment of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the Gulf of Mexico and results suggest that isotopes may provide a powerful tool in the conservation of small cetaceans.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=416558','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=416558"><span>The hydrodynamics of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> drafting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Weihs, Daniel</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Background Drafting in cetaceans is defined as the transfer of forces between individuals without actual physical contact between them. This behavior has long been surmised to explain how young <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> calves keep up with their rapidly moving mothers. It has recently been observed that a significant number of calves become permanently separated from their mothers during chases by tuna vessels. A study of the hydrodynamics of drafting, initiated in the hope of understanding the mechanisms causing the separation of mothers and calves during fishing-related activities, is reported here. Results Quantitative results are shown for the forces and moments around a pair of unequally sized <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-like slender bodies. These include two major effects. First, the so-called Bernoulli suction, which stems from the fact that the local pressure drops in areas of high speed, results in an attractive force between mother and calf. Second is the displacement effect, in which the motion of the mother causes the water in front to move forwards and radially outwards, and water behind the body to move forwards to replace the animal's mass. Thus, the calf can gain a 'free ride' in the forward-moving areas. Utilizing these effects, the neonate can gain up to 90% of the thrust needed to move alongside the mother at speeds of up to 2.4 m/sec. A comparison with observations of eastern spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Stenella longirostris) is presented, showing savings of up to 60% in the thrust that calves require if they are to keep up with their mothers. Conclusions A theoretical analysis, backed by observations of free-swimming <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> schools, indicates that hydrodynamic interactions with mothers play an important role in enabling <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> calves to keep up with rapidly moving adult school members. PMID:15132740</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5189160','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5189160"><span>Cutaneous Granulomas in <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> Caused by Novel Uncultivated Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Vilela, Raquel; Bossart, Gregory D.; St. Leger, Judy A.; Dalton, Leslie M.; Reif, John S.; Schaefer, Adam M.; McCarthy, Peter J.; Fair, Patricia A.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Cutaneous granulomas in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were believed to be caused by Lacazia loboi, which also causes a similar disease in humans. This hypothesis was recently challenged by reports that fungal DNA sequences from <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> grouped this pathogen with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. We conducted phylogenetic analysis of fungi from 6 bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) with cutaneous granulomas and chains of yeast cells in infected tissues. Kex gene sequences of P. brasiliensis from <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> showed 100% homology with sequences from cultivated P. brasiliensis, 73% with those of L. loboi, and 93% with those of P. lutzii. Parsimony analysis placed DNA sequences from <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> within a cluster with human P. brasiliensis strains. This cluster was the sister taxon to P. lutzii and L. loboi. Our molecular data support previous findings and suggest that a novel uncultivated strain of P. brasiliensis restricted to cutaneous lesions in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> is probably the cause of lacaziosis/lobomycosis, herein referred to as paracoccidioidomycosis ceti. PMID:27869614</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27869614','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27869614"><span>Cutaneous Granulomas in <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> Caused by Novel Uncultivated Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vilela, Raquel; Bossart, Gregory D; St Leger, Judy A; Dalton, Leslie M; Reif, John S; Schaefer, Adam M; McCarthy, Peter J; Fair, Patricia A; Mendoza, Leonel</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Cutaneous granulomas in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were believed to be caused by Lacazia loboi, which also causes a similar disease in humans. This hypothesis was recently challenged by reports that fungal DNA sequences from <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> grouped this pathogen with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. We conducted phylogenetic analysis of fungi from 6 bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) with cutaneous granulomas and chains of yeast cells in infected tissues. Kex gene sequences of P. brasiliensis from <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> showed 100% homology with sequences from cultivated P. brasiliensis, 73% with those of L. loboi, and 93% with those of P. lutzii. Parsimony analysis placed DNA sequences from <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> within a cluster with human P. brasiliensis strains. This cluster was the sister taxon to P. lutzii and L. loboi. Our molecular data support previous findings and suggest that a novel uncultivated strain of P. brasiliensis restricted to cutaneous lesions in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> is probably the cause of lacaziosis/lobomycosis, herein referred to as paracoccidioidomycosis ceti.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24431145','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24431145"><span>Measurement of hydrodynamic force generation by swimming <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> using bubble DPIV.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fish, Frank E; Legac, Paul; Williams, Terrie M; Wei, Timothy</p> <p>2014-01-15</p> <p>Attempts to measure the propulsive forces produced by swimming <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> have been limited. Previous uses of computational hydrodynamic models and gliding experiments have provided estimates of thrust production by <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, but these were indirect tests that relied on various assumptions. The thrust produced by two actively swimming bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) was directly measured using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). For <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> swimming in a large outdoor pool, the DPIV method used illuminated microbubbles that were generated in a narrow sheet from a finely porous hose and a compressed air source. The movement of the bubbles was tracked with a high-speed video camera. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> swam at speeds of 0.7 to 3.4 m s(-1) within the bubble sheet oriented along the midsagittal plane of the animal. The wake of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> was visualized as the microbubbles were displaced because of the action of the propulsive flukes and jet flow. The oscillations of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> flukes were shown to generate strong vortices in the wake. Thrust production was measured from the vortex strength through the Kutta-Joukowski theorem of aerodynamics. The <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> generated up to 700 N during small amplitude swimming and up to 1468 N during large amplitude starts. The results of this study demonstrated that bubble DPIV can be used effectively to measure the thrust produced by large-bodied <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=risk+AND+factors+AND+burns&pg=2&id=EJ660340','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=risk+AND+factors+AND+burns&pg=2&id=EJ660340"><span>Risk and Protective Factors Associated with <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement among Urban African American Adolescents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Li, Xiaoming; Stanton, Bonita; Pack, Robert; Harris, Carole; Cottrell, Lesley; Burns, James</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Analyzed data about urban African American youth to explore whether differences in exposure to violence, resilience, and distress symptoms between <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and nonmembers resulted from risk behaviors in which youths participated or from <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership itself. Results indicated that <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership itself related to increased risk and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17181814','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17181814"><span>Decline in relative abundance of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> exposed to long-term disturbance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bejder, Lars; Samuels, Amy; Whitehead, Hal; Gales, Nick; Mann, Janet; Connor, Richard; Heithaus, Mike; Watson-Capps, Jana; Flaherty, Cindy; Krützen, Michael</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>Studies evaluating effects of human activity on wildlife typically emphasize short-term behavioral responses from which it is difficult to infer biological significance or formulate plans to mitigate harmful impacts. Based on decades of detailed behavioral records, we evaluated long-term impacts of vessel activity on bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay, Australia. We compared <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> abundance within adjacent 36-km2 tourism and control sites, over three consecutive 4.5-year periods wherein research activity was relatively constant but tourism levels increased from zero, to one, to two <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-watching operators. A nonlinear logistic model demonstrated that there was no difference in <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> abundance between periods with no tourism and periods in which one operator offered tours. As the number of tour operators increased to two, there was a significant average decline in <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> abundance (14.9%; 95% CI=-20.8 to -8.23), approximating a decline of one per seven individuals. Concurrently, within the control site, the average increase in <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> abundance was not significant (8.5%; 95% CI=-4.0 to +16.7). Given the substantially greater presence and proximity of tour vessels to <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> relative to research vessels, tour-vessel activity contributed more to declining <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> numbers within the tourism site than research vessels. Although this trend may not jeopardize the large, genetically diverse <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> population of Shark Bay, the decline is unlikely to be sustainable for local <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> tourism. A similar decline would be devastating for small, closed, resident, or endangered cetacean populations. The substantial effect of tour vessels on <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> abundance in a region of low-level tourism calls into question the presumption that <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-watching tourism is benign.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED553642.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED553642.pdf"><span>Highlights of the 2012 National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Survey. Juvenile Justice Fact Sheet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Egley, Arlen, Jr.; Howell, James C.; Harris, Meena</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>This fact sheet provides an overview of the nation's <span class="hlt">gang</span> problem and summarizes findings from the 2012 survey. Of the 2,538 survey recipients, 2,199 (87 percent) responded to the survey. In 2012, there were an estimated 30,700 <span class="hlt">gangs</span> (an increase from 29,900 in 2011) and 850,000 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members (an increase from 782,500 in 2011) throughout 3,100…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23505832','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23505832"><span>A critical analysis of the environment impact assessment report of the 2000 MW lower subansiri hydroelectric project with special reference to the down stream ecology and people's livelihood.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Baruah, Debojit; Dutta, Ranjit; Hazarika, Lakhi Prasad; Sarmah, Sarada Kanta</p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>The Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) report of the 2000 MW Lower Subansiri Hydroelectric Project prepared by the WAPCOS (Water and Power Consultancy Service, 2003) indicates that downstream survey was done only up to 7 km from the dam site without giving much importance to the actual scenario and avoiding some most crucial ecological aspects. In the report, insufficient records of terrestrial flora, phytoplanktons and fish diversity are given. No records of aquatic macrophytes, riparian flora, zooplanktons, avian fauna, floodplain crops, besides peoples' livelihood and diverse habitat provided by the <span class="hlt">river</span> in its downstream are presented in the report. Especially the wetlands, associated and influenced by the unregulated Subansiri <span class="hlt">River</span> did not find any place in the EIA report. Interestingly, no mention of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>--Platanista gangetica gangetica Roxb. could be found in the report, whereas the <span class="hlt">river</span> provides a healthy habitat for a good number of this critically endangered fresh water <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>. From our pre-impact study, it is clear that rich downstream ecology of the <span class="hlt">river</span> with its present and existing environmental scenario will be adversely affected due to the construction and operation of the proposed project, and there will be distinct possibilities of elimination of other native species. In addition, people's livelihood will be affected largely through alteration of the flow regime of the <span class="hlt">river</span>. In-depth study with comprehensive documentation of all biotic and abiotic parameters is obligatory before taking any decision about the operation of the 2000 MW Lower Subansiri Hydroelectric Project.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22998539','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22998539"><span>Adolescents, <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, and perceptions of safety, parental engagement, and peer pressure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kelly, Sarah E; Anderson, Debra G</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>Adolescents are exposed to various forms of <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence, and such exposure has led them to feel unsafe in their neighborhood and have differing interactions with their parents and peers. This qualitative study explored adolescents', parents', and community center employees' perceptions of adolescents' interaction with their neighborhood, family, and peers. Three themes emerged from the data: Most adolescents reported that the community center provided a safe environment for them; parental engagement influenced adolescents' experiences with <span class="hlt">gangs</span>; and adolescents were subjected to peer pressure in order to belong. Exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence can leave an impression on adolescents and affect their mental health, but neighborhood safety and relationships with parents and peers can influence adolescents' exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence. Recommendations regarding the use of health care professionals at community centers are proposed. Copyright 2012, SLACK Incorporated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhTea..55....8D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhTea..55....8D"><span>The <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> in the Mirror - A Familiar Face?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dibble, Dianna Samuelson; Van Alstyne, Kaitlin Katie; Rohr, Jim; Ridgway, Sam</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>We suggest how a basic physics problem becomes much richer when researchers of various disciplines converse. Our discussion explores Snell's window from the perspective of what a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> might see. An aperture, Snell's window, allows light to travel through the air-water interface. Outside this window, there is total reflection from under the water-air interface. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> see through the aperture to follow our movements above the water's surface. When <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> look outside the window, can they see their own reflections from under the water-air interface?</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26555621','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26555621"><span>Humpback <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> (Genus Sousa) Behavioural Responses to Human Activities.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Piwetz, Sarah; Lundquist, David; Würsig, Bernd</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (genus Sousa) use shallow, near-shore waters throughout their range. This coastal distribution makes them vulnerable to recreational and commercial disturbances, especially near heavily populated and industrialized areas. Most research focusing on Sousa and human activities has emphasized direct impacts and threats, involving injury and death, with relatively little focus on indirect effects on <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, such as changes in behaviour that may lead to deleterious effects. Understanding behaviour is important in resolving human-wildlife conflict and is an important component of conservation. This chapter gives an overview of animal behavioural responses to human activity with examples from diverse taxa; reviews the scientific literature on behavioural responses of humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to human activity throughout their range, including marine vessel traffic, <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> tourism, cetacean-fishery interactions, noise pollution, and habitat alteration; and highlights information and data gaps for future humpback <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> research to better inform behaviour-based management decisions that contribute to conservation efforts. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=acculturation&pg=5&id=EJ921707','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=acculturation&pg=5&id=EJ921707"><span>Reconsidering Hispanic <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Acculturation in a Multivariate Context</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Miller, Holly Ventura; Barnes, J. C.; Hartley, Richard D.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Previous qualitative research has suggested that Hispanic <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership is linked to the process of acculturation. Specifically, studies have indicated that those who are less assimilated into mainstream American or "Anglo" society are at greater risk for joining <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Building on these observations, this study examines the relationship between…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21364748','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21364748"><span>Resolving the trophic relations of cryptic species: an example using stable isotope analysis of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> teeth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Owen, Kylie; Charlton-Robb, Kate; Thompson, Ross</p> <p>2011-02-18</p> <p>Understanding the foraging ecology and diet of animals can play a crucial role in conservation of a species. This is particularly true where species are cryptic and coexist in environments where observing feeding behaviour directly is difficult. Here we present the first information on the foraging ecology of a recently identified species of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Southern Australian bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (SABD)) and comparisons to the common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (CBD) in Victoria, Australia, using stable isotope analysis of teeth. Stable isotope signatures differed significantly between SABD and CBD for both δ(13)C (-14.4‰ vs. -15.5‰ respectively) and δ(15)N (15.9‰ vs. 15.0‰ respectively), suggesting that the two species forage in different areas and consume different prey. This finding supports genetic and morphological data indicating that SABD are distinct from CBD. In Victoria, the SABD is divided into two distinct populations, one in the large drowned <span class="hlt">river</span> system of Port Phillip Bay and the other in a series of coastal lakes and lagoons called the Gippsland Lakes. Within the SABD species, population differences were apparent. The Port Phillip Bay population displayed a significantly higher δ(15)N than the Gippsland Lakes population (17.0‰ vs. 15.5‰), suggesting that the Port Phillip Bay population may feed at a higher trophic level--a result which is supported by analysis of local food chains. Important future work is required to further understand the foraging ecology and diet of this newly described, endemic, and potentially endangered species of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3041760','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3041760"><span>Resolving the Trophic Relations of Cryptic Species: An Example Using Stable Isotope Analysis of <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Teeth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Owen, Kylie; Charlton-Robb, Kate; Thompson, Ross</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Understanding the foraging ecology and diet of animals can play a crucial role in conservation of a species. This is particularly true where species are cryptic and coexist in environments where observing feeding behaviour directly is difficult. Here we present the first information on the foraging ecology of a recently identified species of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Southern Australian bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (SABD)) and comparisons to the common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (CBD) in Victoria, Australia, using stable isotope analysis of teeth. Stable isotope signatures differed significantly between SABD and CBD for both δ13C (−14.4‰ vs. −15.5‰ respectively) and δ15N (15.9‰ vs. 15.0‰ respectively), suggesting that the two species forage in different areas and consume different prey. This finding supports genetic and morphological data indicating that SABD are distinct from CBD. In Victoria, the SABD is divided into two distinct populations, one in the large drowned <span class="hlt">river</span> system of Port Phillip Bay and the other in a series of coastal lakes and lagoons called the Gippsland Lakes. Within the SABD species, population differences were apparent. The Port Phillip Bay population displayed a significantly higher δ15N than the Gippsland Lakes population (17.0‰ vs. 15.5‰), suggesting that the Port Phillip Bay population may feed at a higher trophic level - a result which is supported by analysis of local food chains. Important future work is required to further understand the foraging ecology and diet of this newly described, endemic, and potentially endangered species of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>. PMID:21364748</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26871105','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26871105"><span>Inducing rostrum interfacial waves by fluid-solid coupling in a Chinese <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Lipotesvexillifer).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Song, Zhongchang; Zhang, Yu; Wei, Chong; Wang, Xianyan</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Through numerically solving the appropriate wave equations, propagation of biosonar signals in a Chinese <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (baiji) was studied. The interfacial waves along the rostrum-tissue interfaces, including both compressional (longitudinal) and shear (transverse) waves in the solid rostrum through fluid-solid coupling were examined. The baiji's rostrum was found to effect acoustic beam formation not only as an interfacial wave generator but also as a sound reflector. The wave propagation patterns in the solid rostrum were found to significantly change the wave movement through the bone. Vibrations in the rostrum, expressed in solid displacement, initially increased but eventually decreased from posterior to anterior sides, indicating a complex physical process. Furthermore, the comparisons among seven cases, including the combination of (1) the rostrum, melon, and air sacs; (2) rostrum-air sacs; (3) rostrum-melon; (4) only rostrum; (5) air sacs-melon; (6) only air sacs; and (7) only melon revealed that the cases including the rostrum were better able to approach the complete system by inducing rostrum-tissue interfacial waves and reducing the differences in main beam angle and -3 dB beam width. The interfacial waves in the rostrum were considered complementary with reflection to determine the obbligato role of the rostrum in the baiji's biosonar emission. The far-field beams formed from complete fluid-solid models and non-fluid-solid models were compared to reveal the effects brought by the consideration of shear waves of the solid structures of the baiji. The results may provide useful information for further understanding the role of the rostrum in this odontocete species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28080913','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28080913"><span>LIVER ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN <span class="hlt">DOLPHINS</span>: USE OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY TO ESTABLISH A TECHNIQUE FOR HEPATOBILIARY IMAGING AND TO EVALUATE METABOLIC DISEASE-ASSOCIATED LIVER CHANGES IN BOTTLENOSE <span class="hlt">DOLPHINS</span> (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Seitz, Kelsey E; Smith, Cynthia R; Marks, Stanley L; Venn-Watson, Stephanie K; Ivančić, Marina</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The objective of this study was to establish a comprehensive technique for ultrasound examination of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> hepatobiliary system and apply this technique to 30 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to determine what, if any, sonographic changes are associated with blood-based indicators of metabolic syndrome (insulin greater than 14 μIU/ml or glucose greater than 112 mg/dl) and iron overload (transferrin saturation greater than 65%). A prospective study of individuals in a cross-sectional population with and without elevated postprandial insulin levels was performed. Twenty-nine bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> ( Tursiops truncatus ) in a managed collection were included in the final data analysis. An in-water ultrasound technique was developed that included detailed analysis of the liver and pancreas. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> with hyperinsulinemia concentrations had larger livers compared with <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> with nonelevated concentrations. Using stepwise, multivariate regression including blood-based indicators of metabolic syndrome in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, glucose was the best predictor of and had a positive linear association with liver size (P = 0.007, R 2 = 0.24). Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are susceptible to metabolic syndrome and associated complications that affect the liver, including fatty liver disease and iron overload. This study facilitated the establishment of a technique for a rapid, diagnostic, and noninvasive ultrasonographic evaluation of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> liver. In addition, the study identified ultrasound-detectable hepatic changes associated primarily with elevated glucose concentration in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Future investigations will strive to detail the pathophysiological mechanisms for these changes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7608403','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7608403"><span>Neural network modeling of a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s sonar discrimination capabilities.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Au, W W; Andersen, L N; Rasmussen, A R; Roitblat, H L; Nachtigall, P E</p> <p>1995-07-01</p> <p>The capability of an echolocating <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> to discriminate differences in the wall thickness of cylinders was previously modeled by a counterpropagation neural network using only spectral information from the echoes. In this study, both time and frequency information were used to model the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> discrimination capabilities. Echoes from the same cylinders were digitized using a broadband simulated <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> sonar signal with the transducer mounted on the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s pen. The echoes were filtered by a bank of continuous constant-Q digital filters and the energy from each filter was computed in time increments of 1/bandwidth. Echo features of the standard and each comparison target were analyzed in pairs by a counterpropagation neural network, a backpropagation neural network, and a model using Euclidean distance measures. The backpropagation network performed better than both the counterpropagation network, and the Euclidean model, using either spectral-only features or combined temporal and spectral features. All models performed better using features containing both temporal and spectral information. The backpropagation network was able to perform better than the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> for noise-free echoes with Q values as low as 2 and 3. For a Q of 2, only temporal information was available. However, with noisy data, the network required a Q of 8 in order to perform as well as the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70177987','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70177987"><span>Differential heating in the Indian Ocean differentially modulates precipitation in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Pervez, Md Shahriar; Henebry, Geoffrey M.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature dynamics play a prominent role in Asian summer monsoon variability. Two interactive climate modes of the Indo-Pacific—the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean dipole mode—modulate the amount of precipitation over India, in addition to precipitation over Africa, Indonesia, and Australia. However, this modulation is not spatially uniform. The precipitation in southern India is strongly forced by the Indian Ocean dipole mode and ENSO. In contrast, across northern India, encompassing the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra basins, the climate mode influence on precipitation is much less. Understanding the forcing of precipitation in these <span class="hlt">river</span> basins is vital for food security and ecosystem services for over half a billion people. Using 28 years of remote sensing observations, we demonstrate that (i) the tropical west-east differential heating in the Indian Ocean influences the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> precipitation and (ii) the north-south differential heating in the Indian Ocean influences the Brahmaputra precipitation. The El Niño phase induces warming in the warm pool of the Indian Ocean and exerts more influence on <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> precipitation than Brahmaputra precipitation. The analyses indicate that both the magnitude and position of the sea surface temperature anomalies in the Indian Ocean are important drivers for precipitation dynamics that can be effectively summarized using two new indices, one tuned for each basin. These new indices have the potential to aid forecasting of drought and flooding, to contextualize land cover and land use change, and to assess the regional impacts of climate change.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA02065.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA02065.html"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma in 3-D</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>1999-06-25</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma is part of the Valles Marineris trough system that stretches nearly 5,000 kilometers 3,000 miles across the western equatorial region of Mars. This stereo anaglyph is from NASA Mars Global Surveyor. 3D glasses are necessary.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/2012/03/gulf-dolphins-slideshow','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="http://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/2012/03/gulf-dolphins-slideshow"><span>Gulf <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> Slideshow | NOAA Gulf Spill Restoration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Skip to main content <em>Home</em> <em>Home</em> Toggle navigation Search form Search Search the web Search NOAA Gulf Spill Restoration Search <em>Home</em> About Us Trustees Contact Us How We Restore Planning Damage Assessment Archive <em>Home</em> Gulf <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> Slideshow Gulf <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> Slideshow share Posted on March 23, 2012 | Assessment</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20718001','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20718001"><span>Estimating the effect of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on nonviolent and violent delinquency: a counterfactual analysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Barnes, J C; Beaver, Kevin M; Miller, J Mitchell</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This study reconsiders the well-known link between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and criminal involvement. Recently developed analytical techniques enabled the approximation of an experimental design to determine whether <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, after being matched with similarly situated nongang members, exhibited greater involvement in nonviolent and violent delinquency. Findings indicated that while <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership is a function of self-selection, selection effects alone do not account for the greater involvement in delinquency exhibited by <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. After propensity score matching was employed, <span class="hlt">gang</span> members maintained a greater involvement in both nonviolent and violent delinquency when measured cross-sectionally, but only violent delinquency when measured longitudinally. Additional analyses using inverse probability of treatment weights reaffirmed these conclusions. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=free+AND+time+AND+kids&pg=2&id=EJ762235','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=free+AND+time+AND+kids&pg=2&id=EJ762235"><span>Victory Junction <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Camp</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Shell, Ryan</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>This article describes the Victory Junction <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Camp, a not-for-profit, NASCAR-themed camp for children with chronic medical conditions that serves 24 different disease groups. The mission of the camp is to give children life-changing camping experiences that are exciting, fun, and empowering in a safe and medically sound environment. While doing…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhDT.......250S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhDT.......250S"><span>Learning in human-<span class="hlt">dolphin</span> interactions at zoological facilities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sweeney, Diane L.</p> <p></p> <p>This research aimed to better understand learning in zoological settings, particularly learning about marine mammals, by investigating the research question, what do people learn through interacting with <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in zoological facilities? Sociocultural situated learning theory, specifically a Community of Practice (CoP) model of learning (Lave & Wenger, 1991), was the theoretical framework. The CoP model allowed for diversity of knowledge, interest, motivations, and goals that existed among the community of animal enthusiasts at three commercial zoological facilities, and also for peripheral to more central types of participation. I collected data through interviews of spectators, visitors, and trainers (n=51), observations (n=16), and an online questionnaire of past-visitors (n=933). Data were coded, categorized, and analyzed based on the National Science Foundation's (Friedman, 2008) and the National Research Council's (2009) frameworks for informal science education. Five principal findings answered the research question. First, all participants gained new knowledge within three broad categories: (a) <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> physiology and natural history, (b) care and training of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, and (c) conservation. Second, all participants constructed personal meanings by connecting the activity to experiences, beliefs, and practices outside the interaction context. Almost all participants made associations with conservation. Third, most participants shifted their attitudes and gained a sense of personal agency about beginning or increasing stewardship actions. Fourth, visitors learned interspecies etiquette skills; trainers learned skills in <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> training and management, people management, and teaching. Fifth, visitors had long-lasting memories of the experience that occurred eight months to 18 years in the past. Popular cultural ideas about <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and the ways the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were represented influenced visitors' expectations and the types of learning. Potential physical</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2603009','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2603009"><span>Sequence analysis of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> ferritin H and L subunits and possible iron-dependent translational control of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> ferritin gene</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Takaesu, Azusa; Watanabe, Kiyotaka; Takai, Shinji; Sasaki, Yukako; Orino, Koichi</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Background Iron-storage protein, ferritin plays a central role in iron metabolism. Ferritin has dual function to store iron and segregate iron for protection of iron-catalyzed reactive oxygen species. Tissue ferritin is composed of two kinds of subunits (H: heavy chain or heart-type subunit; L: light chain or liver-type subunit). Ferritin gene expression is controlled at translational level in iron-dependent manner or at transcriptional level in iron-independent manner. However, sequencing analysis of marine mammalian ferritin subunits has not yet been performed fully. The purpose of this study is to reveal cDNA-derived amino acid sequences of cetacean ferritin H and L subunits, and demonstrate the possibility of expression of these subunits, especially H subunit, by iron. Methods Sequence analyses of cetacean ferritin H and L subunits were performed by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments from cDNAs generated via reverse transcription-PCR of leukocyte total RNA prepared from blood samples of six different <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> species (Pseudorca crassidens, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, Grampus griseus, Globicephala macrorhynchus, Tursiops truncatus, and Delphinapterus leucas). The putative iron-responsive element sequence in the 5'-untranslated region of the six different <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> species was revealed by direct sequencing of PCR fragments obtained using leukocyte genomic DNA. Results <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> H and L subunits consist of 182 and 174 amino acids, respectively, and amino acid sequence identities of ferritin subunits among these <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are highly conserved (H: 99–100%, (99→98) ; L: 98–100%). The conserved 28 bp IRE sequence was located -144 bp upstream from the initiation codon in the six different <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> species. Conclusion These results indicate that six different <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> species have conserved ferritin sequences, and suggest that these genes are iron-dependently expressed. PMID:18954429</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4756734','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4756734"><span>Apparent source levels and active communication space of whistles of free-ranging Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sousa chinensis) in the Pearl <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary and Beibu Gulf, China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wang, Zhi-Tao; W.L. Au, Whitlow; Rendell, Luke; Wu, Hai-Ping; Wu, Yu-Ping; Liu, Jian-Chang; Duan, Guo-Qin; Cao, Han-Jiang</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Background. Knowledge of species-specific vocalization characteristics and their associated active communication space, the effective range over which a communication signal can be detected by a conspecific, is critical for understanding the impacts of underwater acoustic pollution, as well as other threats. Methods. We used a two-dimensional cross-shaped hydrophone array system to record the whistles of free-ranging Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sousa chinensis) in shallow-water environments of the Pearl <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary (PRE) and Beibu Gulf (BG), China. Using hyperbolic position fixing, which exploits time differences of arrival of a signal between pairs of hydrophone receivers, we obtained source location estimates for whistles with good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR ≥10 dB) and not polluted by other sounds and back-calculated their apparent source levels (ASL). Combining with the masking levels (including simultaneous noise levels, masking tonal threshold, and the Sousa auditory threshold) and the custom made site-specific sound propagation models, we further estimated their active communication space (ACS). Results. Humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> produced whistles with average root-mean-square ASL of 138.5 ± 6.8 (mean ± standard deviation) and 137.2 ± 7.0 dB re 1 µPa in PRE (N = 33) and BG (N = 209), respectively. We found statistically significant differences in ASLs among different whistle contour types. The mean and maximum ACS of whistles were estimated to be 14.7 ± 2.6 (median ± quartile deviation) and 17.1± 3.5 m in PRE, and 34.2 ± 9.5 and 43.5 ± 12.2 m in BG. Using just the auditory threshold as the masking level produced the mean and maximum ACSat of 24.3 ± 4.8 and 35.7 ± 4.6 m for PRE, and 60.7 ± 18.1 and 74.3 ± 25.3 m for BG. The small ACSs were due to the high ambient noise level. Significant differences in ACSs were also observed among different whistle contour types. Discussion. Besides shedding some light for evaluating appropriate noise exposure</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26893973','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26893973"><span>Apparent source levels and active communication space of whistles of free-ranging Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sousa chinensis) in the Pearl <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary and Beibu Gulf, China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Zhi-Tao; W L Au, Whitlow; Rendell, Luke; Wang, Ke-Xiong; Wu, Hai-Ping; Wu, Yu-Ping; Liu, Jian-Chang; Duan, Guo-Qin; Cao, Han-Jiang; Wang, Ding</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Background. Knowledge of species-specific vocalization characteristics and their associated active communication space, the effective range over which a communication signal can be detected by a conspecific, is critical for understanding the impacts of underwater acoustic pollution, as well as other threats. Methods. We used a two-dimensional cross-shaped hydrophone array system to record the whistles of free-ranging Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sousa chinensis) in shallow-water environments of the Pearl <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary (PRE) and Beibu Gulf (BG), China. Using hyperbolic position fixing, which exploits time differences of arrival of a signal between pairs of hydrophone receivers, we obtained source location estimates for whistles with good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR ≥10 dB) and not polluted by other sounds and back-calculated their apparent source levels (ASL). Combining with the masking levels (including simultaneous noise levels, masking tonal threshold, and the Sousa auditory threshold) and the custom made site-specific sound propagation models, we further estimated their active communication space (ACS). Results. Humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> produced whistles with average root-mean-square ASL of 138.5 ± 6.8 (mean ± standard deviation) and 137.2 ± 7.0 dB re 1 µPa in PRE (N = 33) and BG (N = 209), respectively. We found statistically significant differences in ASLs among different whistle contour types. The mean and maximum ACS of whistles were estimated to be 14.7 ± 2.6 (median ± quartile deviation) and 17.1± 3.5 m in PRE, and 34.2 ± 9.5 and 43.5 ± 12.2 m in BG. Using just the auditory threshold as the masking level produced the mean and maximum ACSat of 24.3 ± 4.8 and 35.7 ± 4.6 m for PRE, and 60.7 ± 18.1 and 74.3 ± 25.3 m for BG. The small ACSs were due to the high ambient noise level. Significant differences in ACSs were also observed among different whistle contour types. Discussion. Besides shedding some light for evaluating appropriate noise exposure</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=logistics+AND+area&pg=2&id=EJ1115965','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=logistics+AND+area&pg=2&id=EJ1115965"><span>A Statewide Study of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership in California Secondary Schools</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Estrada, Joey Nuñez, Jr.; Gilreath, Tamika D.; Astor, Ron Avi; Benbenishty, Rami</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>To date, there is a paucity of empirical evidence that examines <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership in schools. Using statewide data of 7th-, 9th-, and 11th-grade students from California, this study focuses on the prevalence of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership by county, region, ethnicity, and grade level. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed with…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=place+AND+strategy&pg=5&id=ED580591','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=place+AND+strategy&pg=5&id=ED580591"><span>Educators' Perspectives Regarding Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Activity and Prevention Efforts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Fussy, Brooklyne</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Decreasing <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity in inner city neighborhoods is an essential component to reducing violence and improving our society as a whole. This study was conducted to help generate awareness and a better understanding as to how schools can be best utilized as a protective factor against youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity. The participants consisted of 6 educators…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.423..861A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.423..861A"><span>Automatic gain control in the echolocation system of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Au, Whitlow W. L.; Benoit-Bird, Kelly J.</p> <p>2003-06-01</p> <p>In bats and technological sonars, the gain of the receiver is progressively increased with time after the transmission of a signal to compensate for acoustic propagation loss. The current understanding of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> echolocation indicates that automatic gain control is not a part of their sonar system. In order to test this understanding, we have performed field measurements of free-ranging echolocating <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Here we show that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> do possess an automatic gain control mechanism, but that it is implemented in the transmission phase rather than the receiving phase of a sonar cycle. We find that the amplitude of the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>' echolocation signals are highly range dependent; this amplitude increases with increasing target range, R, in a 20log(R) fashion to compensate for propagation loss. If the echolocation target is a fish school with many sound scatterers, the echoes from the school will remain nearly constant with range as the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> closes in on it. This characteristic has the same effect as time-varying gain in bats and technological sonar when considered from a sonar system perspective.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4060635','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4060635"><span>Serious Delinquency and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Participation: Combining and Specializing in Drug Selling, Theft and Violence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gordon, Rachel A.; Rowe, Hillary L.; Pardini, Dustin; Loeber, Rolf; White, Helene Raskin; Farrington, David P.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Using Pittsburgh Youth Study data, we examined the extent to which over 600 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> involved young men specialized in drug selling, serious theft, or serious violence or engaged simultaneously in these serious delinquent behaviors, throughout the 1990s. We found that the increase in delinquency associated with <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership was concentrated in two combinations: serious violence and drug selling; serious violence, drug selling, and serious theft. Several covariates were similarly associated with multi-type serious delinquency and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership (age, historical time, Black race, and residential mobility), suggesting that these behaviors may share common developmental, familial, and contextual risks. We encourage future research to further examine the association of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership with engagement in particular configurations of serious delinquency. PMID:24954999</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24954999','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24954999"><span>Serious Delinquency and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Participation: Combining and Specializing in Drug Selling, Theft and Violence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gordon, Rachel A; Rowe, Hillary L; Pardini, Dustin; Loeber, Rolf; White, Helene Raskin; Farrington, David P</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>Using Pittsburgh Youth Study data, we examined the extent to which over 600 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> involved young men specialized in drug selling, serious theft, or serious violence or engaged simultaneously in these serious delinquent behaviors, throughout the 1990s. We found that the increase in delinquency associated with <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership was concentrated in two combinations: serious violence and drug selling; serious violence, drug selling, and serious theft. Several covariates were similarly associated with multi-type serious delinquency and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership (age, historical time, Black race, and residential mobility), suggesting that these behaviors may share common developmental, familial, and contextual risks. We encourage future research to further examine the association of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership with engagement in particular configurations of serious delinquency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27414056','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27414056"><span>Associations between school violence, military connection, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership in California secondary schools.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Estrada, Joey Nuñez; Gilreath, Tamika D; Sanchez, Cathia Y; Astor, Ron Avi</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Recent studies have found that military-connected students confront many challenges-such as secondary traumatization-that may stem from a parent's deployment and frequent relocations. It is possible that multiple moves and deployments of family service members are associated with military-connected students' <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and involvement with school violence behaviors. In this study, a total of 13,484 students completed the core and military modules of the California Healthy Kids Survey. Logistic regressions examined the odds of a student being a member of a <span class="hlt">gang</span> given their grade, gender, race/ethnicity, school violence behaviors, military-connectedness, changes in schools, and familial deployments. Results indicated that of the nearly 8% of students sampled who reported being in a <span class="hlt">gang</span>, those with a parent or sibling currently serving in the military reported a higher prevalence rate of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership than students with no military connection. Students who reported being in fights or carrying weapons to school were at least twice more likely to be a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member than students who reported not having been in fights or carrying weapons. Changing schools 4 or more times in a 5-year period and experiencing at least 1 familial deployment were also associated with an increased likelihood of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. The findings of this study offer incentive to further explicate the <span class="hlt">gang</span> and school violence experiences of military-connected students. This study supports schools in understanding the characteristics of the military-connected students and families they serve so they can implement appropriate interventions to curb <span class="hlt">gang</span> and school violence behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19852186','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19852186"><span>Murder by structure: dominance relations and the social structure of <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicide.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Papachristos, Andrew V</p> <p>2009-07-01</p> <p>Most sociological theories consider murder an outcome of the differential distribution of individual, neighborhood, or social characteristics. And while such studies explain variation in aggregate homicide rates, they do not explain the social order of murder, that is, who kills whom, when, where, and for what reason. This article argues that <span class="hlt">gang</span> murder is best understood not by searching for its individual determinants but by examining the social networks of action and reaction that create it. In short, the social structure of <span class="hlt">gang</span> murder is defined by the manner in which social networks are constructed and by people's placement in them. The author uses a network approach and incident-level homicide records to recreate and analyze the structure of <span class="hlt">gang</span> murders in Chicago. Findings demonstrate that individual murders between <span class="hlt">gangs</span> create an institutionalized network of group conflict, net of any individual's participation or motive. Within this network, murders spread through an epidemic-like process of social contagion as <span class="hlt">gangs</span> evaluate the highly visible actions of others in their local networks and negotiate dominance considerations that arise during violent incidents.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ASAJ..111.2342R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ASAJ..111.2342R"><span>Perception time and movement time in <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> pulsing and whistling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ridgway, Sam; Carder, Donald</p> <p>2002-05-01</p> <p>Auditory/vocal response time was separated into perception time (PT) and movement time (MT) in trials with bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus)-two males and one female. Pressure catheters accepted into the nasal cavity by each <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> recorded the pressure increase that preceded sound production. Time from acoustic stimulus onset to onset of pressure rise was recorded as PT (range 57 to 314 ms) and pressure rise onset to <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> sound onset was recorded as MT (range 63 to 363 ms). Blindfolded <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> trained to report a target by whistling often responded before completion of their 200- to 800-ms echolocation click trains. Detection of the target, indicated by whistling, before termination of the animal's own click train, suggests that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> do not voluntarily respond to each successive click but rather set a rhythm such that each click is emitted about 20 ms after the target echo arrives.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA549516','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA549516"><span>Population Structure of Island-Associated <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span>: Evidence from Photo-Identification of Common Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) in the Main Hawaiian Islands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p>primarily deep-water species ap- pear to exhibit high levels of fidelity to the islands, including rough-toothed dol- phins ( Steno bredanensis), and...and association patterns in a deep-water <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>: Rough- toothed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> ( Steno bredanensis) in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Marine Mammal Science 24:535</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Self+AND+esteem+AND+communication+AND+skills&pg=3&id=EJ396511','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Self+AND+esteem+AND+communication+AND+skills&pg=3&id=EJ396511"><span>LA's <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Busters--Lessons Learned.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Harper, Suzanne</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>Regarded as the nation's <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence capital, Los Angeles' politicians and law enforcement and school administrators are using knowledge from lost battles to win the war. Solutions include targeting younger children, teaching self-esteem and communication skills, as well as organizing group graffiti cleanups. (SI)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016854','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016854"><span>“GETTING HIGH AND GETTING BY”: DIMENSIONS OF DRUG SELLING BEHAVIORS AMONG AMERICAN MEXICAN <span class="hlt">GANG</span> MEMBERS IN SOUTH TEXAS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Valdez, Avelardo; Sifaneck, Stephen J.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This article discerns the role that Mexican American <span class="hlt">gang</span> members play in drug markets, and the relationship between <span class="hlt">gang</span> members’drug use and drug selling in South Texas. A four-part typology based on the two dimensions of <span class="hlt">gang</span> type and <span class="hlt">gang</span> member emerged from this qualitative analysis of 160 male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members: Homeboys, Hustlers, Slangers, and Ballers. Major findings include the following: (1) many <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are user/sellers and are not profit-oriented dealers, (2) <span class="hlt">gangs</span> commonly do extend “protection” to drug-selling members, and (3) proximity to Mexican drug markets, adult prison <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, and criminal family members may play important roles in whether these <span class="hlt">gang</span> members have access and the profit potential to actually deal drugs. This research contributes to our complex intersections between <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, drug using, and drug selling. PMID:21218191</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5796535','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5796535"><span>Developmental Pathways of Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership: A Structural Test of the Social Development Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hill, Karl G.; Gilman, Amanda B.; Howell, James C.; Catalano, Richard F.; Hawkins, J. David</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>As a result of nearly 40 years of research using a risk and protective factor approach, much is known about the predictors of <span class="hlt">gang</span> onset. Little theoretical work, however, has been done to situate this approach to studying <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership within a more comprehensive developmental model. Using structural equation modeling techniques, the current study is the first to test the capacity of the social development model (SDM) to predict the developmental pathways that increase and decrease the likelihood of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Results suggest that the SDM provides a good accounting of the social developmental processes at age 13 that are predictive of later <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. These findings support the promotion of a theoretical understanding of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership that specifies both pro- and antisocial developmental pathways. Additionally, as the SDM is intended as a model that can guide preventive intervention, results also hold practical utility for designing strategies that can be implemented in early adolescence to address the likelihood of later <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement. Three key preventive intervention points to address <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership are discussed, including promoting efforts to enhance social skills, increasing the availability of prosocial opportunities and rewarding engagement in these opportunities, and reducing antisocial socialization experiences throughout the middle- and high school years. PMID:29403146</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1364271','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1364271"><span>Conservation genetics of whales and <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hoelzel, A R</p> <p>1992-08-01</p> <p>Whales and <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (cetaceans) are found in all the world's oceans and in some of the major <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, yet little is known about the distribution and behaviour of many species. At the same time, cetaceans are under threat from a variety of pressures including direct and indirect takes, pollution, and competition for habitat and prey. To ensure their long-term survival it will be necessary to preserve genetic diversity through the identification and protection of differentiated populations, the assessment of variation within local populations, and through a better understanding of reproductive and dispersal behaviour. The application of molecular genetic techniques is helping to provide answers to some of these previously intractable questions. Early results suggest few consistent patterns. Obvious geographic boundaries correlate to genetic distance in some species, and not in others. Furthermore, morphological variation within species can be fairly extensive without correlating to genetic distance, or relatively minor between morphotypes that are as genetically distinct as some species. These examples emphasize the need for further study.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22624561','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22624561"><span>Effects of tour boats on <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> activity examined with sensitivity analysis of Markov chains.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dans, Silvana Laura; Degrati, Mariana; Pedraza, Susana Noemí; Crespo, Enrique Alberto</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>In Patagonia, Argentina, watching <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, especially dusky <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Lagenorhynchus obscurus), is a new tourist activity. Feeding time decreases and time to return to feeding after feeding is abandoned and time it takes a group of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to feed increase in the presence of boats. Such effects on feeding behavior may exert energetic costs on <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and thus reduce an individual's survival and reproductive capacity or maybe associated with shifts in distribution. We sought to predict which behavioral changes modify the activity pattern of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> the most. We modeled behavioral sequences of dusky <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> with Markov chains. We calculated transition probabilities from one activity to another and arranged them in a stochastic matrix model. The proportion of time <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> dedicated to a given activity (activity budget) and the time it took a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> to resume that activity after it had been abandoned (recurrence time) were calculated. We used a sensitivity analysis of Markov chains to calculate the sensitivity of the time budget and the activity-resumption time to changes in behavioral transition probabilities. Feeding-time budget was most sensitive to changes in the probability of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> switching from traveling to feeding behavior and of maintaining feeding behavior. Thus, an increase in these probabilities would be associated with the largest reduction in the time dedicated to feeding. A reduction in the probability of changing from traveling to feeding would also be associated with the largest increases in the time it takes <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to resume feeding. To approach <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> when they are traveling would not affect behavior less because presence of the boat may keep <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from returning to feeding. Our results may help operators of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-watching vessels minimize negative effects on <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. ©2012 Society for Conservation Biology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DFDM19009W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DFDM19009W"><span>Experimental measurement of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> thrust generated during a tail stand using DPIV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wei, Timothy; Fish, Frank; Williams, Terrie; Wu, Vicki; Sherman, Erica; Misfeldt, Mitchel; Ringenberg, Hunter; Rogers, Dylan</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>The thrust generated by <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> doing tail stands was measured using DPIV. The technique entailed measuring vortex strength associated with the tail motion and correlating it to above water video sequences showing the amount of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s body that was being lifted out of the water. The underlying drivers for this research included: i) understanding the physiology, hydrodynamics and efficiency of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> locomotion, ii) developing non-invasive measurement techniques for studying marine swimming and iii) quantifying the actual propulsive capabilities of these animals. Two different bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> at the Long Marine Lab at UC-Santa Cruz were used as test subjects. Application of the Kutta-Joukowski Theorem on measured vortex circulations yielded thrust values that were well correlated with estimates of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> body weight being supported above water. This demonstrates that the tail motion can be interpreted as a flapping hydrofoil that can generate a sustained thrust roughly equal to the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s weight. Videos of DPIV measurements overlaid with the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> will be presented along with thrust/weight data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=crisis+AND+management+AND+pre+AND+crisi&pg=3&id=ED414402','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=crisis+AND+management+AND+pre+AND+crisi&pg=3&id=ED414402"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: Straight Talk, Straight Up. A Practical Guide for Teachers, Parents, and the Community.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Jensen, Mary M.; Yerington, Philip C.</p> <p></p> <p>This book is written about youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> with the aim of educating teachers and administrators, parents, and others who work with youth. The main emphasis is on <span class="hlt">gang</span> identifiers and positive behavior management strategies and crisis intervention techniques that can be used in schools and the home. Section 1, "Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> Past and Present," provides…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25880890','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25880890"><span>The role of delinquency, proactive aggression, psychopathy and behavioral school engagement in reported youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ang, Rebecca P; Huan, Vivien S; Chan, Wei Teng; Cheong, Siew Ann; Leaw, Jia Ning</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>Given the robust positive association between <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and crime, a better understanding of factors related to reported youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership is critical and especially since youth in <span class="hlt">gangs</span> are a universal concern. The present study investigated the role of delinquency, proactive aggression, psychopathy and behavioral school engagement in reported youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership using a large sample of 1027 Singapore adolescents. Results from logistic regression showed that delinquency, proactive aggression, and behavioral school engagement were statistically significant risk factors for reported youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, and that psychopathy was not related to reported <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Implications for prevention and intervention work with respect to youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership were discussed. In particular, strengthening students' engagement with school and meaningful school-related activities and developing supportive teacher-student relationships are particularly important in working with young people with respect to prevention work. Additionally, the present study's theoretical and empirical contributions were also discussed. Copyright © 2015 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23082170','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23082170"><span><span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> can maintain vigilant behavior through echolocation for 15 days without interruption or cognitive impairment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Branstetter, Brian K; Finneran, James J; Fletcher, Elizabeth A; Weisman, Brian C; Ridgway, Sam H</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>In <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, natural selection has developed unihemispheric sleep where alternating hemispheres of their brain stay awake. This allows <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to maintain consciousness in response to respiratory demands of the ocean. Unihemispheric sleep may also allow <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to maintain vigilant states over long periods of time. Because of the relatively poor visibility in the ocean, <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> use echolocation to interrogate their environment. During echolocation, <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> produce clicks and listen to returning echoes to determine the location and identity of objects. The extent to which individual <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are able to maintain continuous vigilance through this active sense is unknown. Here we show that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> may continuously echolocate and accurately report the presence of targets for at least 15 days without interruption. During a total of three sessions, each lasting five days, two <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> maintained echolocation behaviors while successfully detecting and reporting targets. Overall performance was between 75 to 86% correct for one <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> and 97 to 99% correct for a second <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>. Both animals demonstrated diel patterns in echolocation behavior. A 15-day testing session with one <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> resulted in near perfect performance with no significant decrement over time. Our results demonstrate that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> can continuously monitor their environment and maintain long-term vigilant behavior through echolocation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26064656','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26064656"><span>Resumption of traditional drive hunting of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the Solomon Islands in 2013.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Oremus, Marc; Leqata, John; Baker, C Scott</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>The 'drive hunting' of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> has a long history in the Solomon Islands, specifically at the island of Malaita. In 2010, the most active village, Fanalei, suspended hunting in exchange for financial compensation from an international non-governmental organization but resumed hunting again in early 2013. Here, we report on a visit to Fanalei in March 2013 to document the species and number of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> killed in the renewed hunting. Detailed records for the 2013 hunting, up to the time of our visit, included at least 1500 pantropical spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Stenella attenuata), 159 spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Stenella longirostris) and 15 'bottlenose' <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, probably Tursiops truncatus. Molecular identification confirmed two of the species, pantropical spotted and spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. A summary of all available records from 1976 to 2013 documented a minimum total of 15 454 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> killed by the Fanalei villagers alone. We also found the local price of a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> tooth had increased from about US$0.14 (SBD$1) in 2004 to about US$0.70 (SBD$5) in 2013. The large number of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> killed and the apparent incentive for future hunting offered by the increasing commercial value of teeth, highlight an urgent need to monitor hunts and assess the abundance and trends in local populations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11051520','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11051520"><span>Sounds produced by Australian Irrawaddy <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, Orcaella brevirostris.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Van Parijs, S M; Parra, G J; Corkeron, P J</p> <p>2000-10-01</p> <p>Sounds produced by Irrawaddy <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, Orcaella brevirostris, were recorded in coastal waters off northern Australia. They exhibit a varied repertoire, consisting of broadband clicks, pulsed sounds and whistles. Broad-band clicks, "creaks" and "buzz" sounds were recorded during foraging, while "squeaks" were recorded only during socializing. Both whistle types were recorded during foraging and socializing. The sounds produced by Irrawaddy <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> do not resemble those of their nearest taxonomic relative, the killer whale, Orcinus orca. Pulsed sounds appear to resemble those produced by Sotalia and nonwhistling delphinids (e.g., Cephalorhynchus spp.). Irrawaddy <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> exhibit a vocal repertoire that could reflect the acoustic specialization of this species to its environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED366706.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED366706.pdf"><span>Youth Violence: <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> on Main Street, USA. Issues in Brief.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hamner, Carole J.</p> <p></p> <p>This report profiles the issue of youth violence: the history of its appearance in U.S. culture, the recent escalation of <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity in U.S. communities, and the strategies put forth in smaller cities to meet this challenge. The report notes that there has been an explosion of <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence in the United States that has been fostered by a…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=TC&pg=7&id=EJ939442','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=TC&pg=7&id=EJ939442"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Subsequent Engagement into a Drug Free Therapeutic Community</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Widlitz, Michelle; Dermatis, Helen; Galanter, Marc; Bunt, Gregory</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship of history of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement to engagement in Therapeutic Community (TC) treatment. Residents (N = 222) at two Daytop facilities completed a survey assessing sociodemographic characteristics, prior <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement and multiple aspects of TC functioning. Residents with prior gang…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ASAJ..114.2447A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ASAJ..114.2447A"><span>Detection and classification of underwater targets by echolocating <span class="hlt">dolphins</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Au, Whitlow</p> <p>2003-10-01</p> <p>Many experiments have been performed with echolocating <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to determine their target detection and discrimination capabilities. Target detection experiments have been performed in a naturally noisy environment, with masking noise and with both phantom echoes and masking noise, and in reverberation. The echo energy to rms noise spectral density for the Atlantic bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus) at the 75% correct response threshold is approximately 7.5 dB whereas for the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) the threshold is approximately 1 dB. The <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s detection threshold in reverberation is approximately 2.5 dB vs 2 dB for the beluga. The difference in performance between species can probably be ascribed to differences in how both species perceived the task. The bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> may be performing a combination detection/discrimination task whereas the beluga may be performing a simple detection task. Echolocating <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> also have the capability to make fine discriminate of target properties such as wall thickness difference of water-filled cylinders and material differences in metallic plates. The high resolution property of the animal's echolocation signals and the high dynamic range of its auditory system are important factors in their outstanding discrimination capabilities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC44C..06H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC44C..06H"><span>Impacts of the Indian <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> Inter-link Project on Sediment Transport to <span class="hlt">River</span> Deltas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Higgins, S.; Overeem, I.; Syvitski, J. P.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The Indian <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> Inter-link project is a proposal by the Indian government to link several of India's major <span class="hlt">rivers</span> via a network of reservoirs and canals. Variations of the IRI have been discussed since 1980, but the current plan has recently received increased support from the Indian government. Construction on three canals has controversially begun. If the Inter-link project moves forward, fourteen canals will divert water from tributaries of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">rivers</span> to areas in the west, where fresh water is needed for irrigation. Additional canals would transport Himalayan sediments 500 km south to the Mahanadi delta and more than 1000 km south to the Godavari and Krishna deltas. We investigate the impacts of the proposed diversions on sediment transport to the Mahanadi/Brahmani, Godavari, and Krishna deltas in India and the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta in Bangladesh. We map the entire <span class="hlt">river</span> network and the proposed new nodes and connections. Changing watersheds are delineated using the Terrain Analysis Using Digital Elevation Models (TauDEM) Suite. Climate data comes from interpolation between observed precipitation stations located in China, Nepal, India, Bhutan and Bangladesh. Changes in water discharge due to the proposed canals are simulated using HydroTrend, a climate-driven hydrological water balance and transport model that incorporates drainage area, discharge, relief, temperature, basin-average lithology, and anthropogenic influences. Simulated <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge is validated against observations from gauging stations archived by the Global Runoff Data Center (GRDC). HydroTrend is then used to investigate sediment transport changes that may result from the proposed canals. We also quantify changes in contributing areas for the outlets of nine major Indian <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, showing that more than 50% of the land in India will contribute a portion of its runoff to a new outlet should the entire canal system be constructed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=positive+AND+interventions+AND+kids&pg=5&id=EJ432683','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=positive+AND+interventions+AND+kids&pg=5&id=EJ432683"><span>Teenagers, Clothes, and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Violence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Burke, Jim</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>A California English teacher explores the school safety issue for both innercity and suburban high schools students. Wearing certain sports team jackets can place kids in danger; girls degrade themselves by keeping <span class="hlt">gang</span> members' drugs and guns in their lockers. Schools can help reclaim the "Great Disconnected" by developing…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26555627','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26555627"><span>A Review of the Status of the Indian Ocean Humpback <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> (Sousa plumbea) in Pakistan.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kiani, Muhammad Shoaib; Van Waerebeek, Koen</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Limited historical and new information on Indian Ocean humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, Sousa plumbea, in Pakistan are reviewed. Although present along most of the coast, S. plumbea concentrates in the mangrove-lined creek system of the Indus Delta (Sindh), Miani Hor (Sonmiani Bay), Kalmat Lagoon, Gwadar and the Dasht <span class="hlt">River</span> estuary (Gwater Bay, Jiwani). Other areas of distribution comprise the Karachi coast, Kund Malir, Ormara and Pasni. In the Indus Delta, 46 small-boat surveys conducted monthly (minus July and October) in 2005-2009, documented 112 sightings (439 individuals) in major creeks, smaller channels and nearshore waters. Group sizes ranged from 1-35 animals (mean=3.92±4.60). Groups of 1-10 animals composed 91% of total (27.9% single animals). An encounter rate of 0.07-0.17 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> km(-1) lacked a significant trend across survey years. A discovery curve remained steep after 87 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were photo-identified, suggesting the population is vastly larger. In Sonmiani Bay, Balochistan, during 9 survey days in 2011-2012, group sizes ranged from 1-68 animals (mean=11.9±13.59; n=36), totalling 428 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Incidental entanglements, primarily in gillnets, pollution (especially around Karachi), overfishing and the ship breaking industry in Gaddani, pose major threats. Incidental catches occur along the entire Pakistani coast. Of 106 stranded cetaceans, 24.5% were S. plumbea. Directed takes in Balochistan, driven by demand for bait in shark fisheries, have reportedly declined following dwindling shark stocks. Habitat degradation threats include depletion of prey and increased maritime traffic. Domestic sewage and solid waste pollution are predominant on the Balochistan coast, especially at Miani Hor, Kund Malir, Ormara, Kalmat Lagoon, Pasni, Gwadar and Jiwani. An exhaustive habitat assessment combined with appropriate fishery management is the only way to safeguard the future of S. plumbea in Pakistan. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=aquatic+AND+therapy&id=EJ795353','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=aquatic+AND+therapy&id=EJ795353"><span><span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Therapy: The Playful Way to Work toward the Next Step</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Wermer, Maaike</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>More than 400 children with a physical and/or mental challenge visit the Curacao <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Therapy and Research Center (CDTC) for <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-assisted therapy every year. <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> therapy appears to be the right approach for many children. With the help of these special and very social animals, it is easier to make contact with the children. It motivates…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26091542','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26091542"><span>Environmental Niche Overlap between Common and Dusky <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> in North Patagonia, Argentina.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Svendsen, Guillermo Martín; Romero, María Alejandra; Williams, Gabriela Noemí; Gagliardini, Domingo Antonio; Crespo, Enrique Alberto; Dans, Silvana Laura; González, Raúl Alberto</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Research on the ecology of sympatric <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> has increased worldwide in recent decades. However, many <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> associations such as that between common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Delphinus delphis) and dusky <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) are poorly understood. The present study was conducted in the San Matías Gulf (SMG) ecosystem (North Patagonia, Argentina) where a high diet overlap among both species was found. The main objective of the present work was to explore the niche overlap of common and dusky <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the habitat and temporal dimensions. The specific aims were (a) to evaluate the habitat use strategies of both species through a comparison of their group attributes (social composition, size and activity), and (b) to evaluate their habitat preferences and habitat overlap through Environmental Niche modeling considering two oceanographic seasons. To accomplish these aims, we used a historic database of opportunistic and systematic records collected from 1983 to 2011. Common and dusky <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> exhibited similar patterns of group size (from less than 10 to more than 100 individuals), activity (both species use the area to feed, nurse, and copulate), and composition (adults, juveniles, and mothers with calves were observed for both species). Also, both species were observed travelling and feeding in mixed-species groups. Specific overlap indices were higher for common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> than for dusky <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, but all indices were low, suggesting that they are mainly segregated in the habitat dimension. In the case of common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, the best habitats were located in the northwest of the gulf far from the coast. In the warm season they prefer areas with temperate sea surface and in the cold season they prefer areas with relatively high variability of sea surface temperature. Meanwhile, dusky <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> prefer areas with steep slopes close to the coast in the southwestern sector of the gulf in both seasons.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4474694','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4474694"><span>Environmental Niche Overlap between Common and Dusky <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> in North Patagonia, Argentina</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Svendsen, Guillermo Martín; Romero, María Alejandra; Williams, Gabriela Noemí; Gagliardini, Domingo Antonio; Crespo, Enrique Alberto; Dans, Silvana Laura; González, Raúl Alberto</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Research on the ecology of sympatric <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> has increased worldwide in recent decades. However, many <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> associations such as that between common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Delphinus delphis) and dusky <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) are poorly understood. The present study was conducted in the San Matías Gulf (SMG) ecosystem (North Patagonia, Argentina) where a high diet overlap among both species was found. The main objective of the present work was to explore the niche overlap of common and dusky <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the habitat and temporal dimensions. The specific aims were (a) to evaluate the habitat use strategies of both species through a comparison of their group attributes (social composition, size and activity), and (b) to evaluate their habitat preferences and habitat overlap through Environmental Niche modeling considering two oceanographic seasons. To accomplish these aims, we used a historic database of opportunistic and systematic records collected from 1983 to 2011. Common and dusky <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> exhibited similar patterns of group size (from less than 10 to more than 100 individuals), activity (both species use the area to feed, nurse, and copulate), and composition (adults, juveniles, and mothers with calves were observed for both species). Also, both species were observed travelling and feeding in mixed-species groups. Specific overlap indices were higher for common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> than for dusky <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, but all indices were low, suggesting that they are mainly segregated in the habitat dimension. In the case of common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, the best habitats were located in the northwest of the gulf far from the coast. In the warm season they prefer areas with temperate sea surface and in the cold season they prefer areas with relatively high variability of sea surface temperature. Meanwhile, dusky <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> prefer areas with steep slopes close to the coast in the southwestern sector of the gulf in both seasons. PMID:26091542</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8998S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8998S"><span>The Planform Mobility of Large <span class="hlt">River</span> Channel Confluences</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sambrook Smith, Greg; Dixon, Simon; Nicholas, Andrew; Bull, Jon; Vardy, Mark; Best, James; Goodbred, Steven; Sarker, Maminul</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluences are widely acknowledged as exerting a controlling influence upon both upstream and downstream morphology and thus channel planform evolution. Despite their importance, little is known concerning their longer-term evolution and planform morphodynamics, with much of the literature focusing on confluences as representing fixed, nodal points in the fluvial network. In contrast, some studies of large sand bed <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in India and Bangladesh have shown large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluences can be highly mobile, although the extent to which this is representative of large confluences around the world is unknown. Confluences have also been shown to generate substantial bed scours, and if the confluence location is mobile these scours could 'comb' across wide areas. This paper presents field data of large confluences morphologies in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna <span class="hlt">river</span> basin, illustrating the spatial extent of large <span class="hlt">river</span> bed scours and showing scour depth can extend below base level, enhancing long term preservation potential. Based on a global review of the planform of large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluences using Landsat imagery from 1972 to 2014 this study demonstrates such scour features can be highly mobile and there is an array of confluence morphodynamic types: from freely migrating confluences, through confluences migrating on decadal timescales to fixed confluences. Based on this analysis, a conceptual model of large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluence types is proposed, which shows large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluences can be sites of extensive bank erosion and avulsion, creating substantial management challenges. We quantify the abundance of mobile confluence types by classifying all large confluences in both the Amazon and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins, showing these two large <span class="hlt">rivers</span> have contrasting confluence morphodynamics. We show large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluences have multiple scales of planform adjustment with important implications for <span class="hlt">river</span> management, infrastructure and interpretation of the rock</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4503338','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4503338"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership and substance use: guilt as a gendered causal pathway</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Coffman, Donna L.; Melde, Chris; Esbensen, Finn-Aage</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Objectives We examine whether anticipated guilt for substance use is a gendered mechanism underlying the noted enhancement effect of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on illegal drug use. We also demonstrate a method for making stronger causal inferences when assessing mediation in the presence of moderation and time-varying confounding. Methods We estimate a series of inverse propensity weighted models to obtain unbiased estimates of mediation in the presence of confounding of the exposure (i.e., <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership) and mediator (i.e., anticipated guilt) using three waves of data from a multi-site panel study of a law-related education program for youth (N=1,113). Results The onset of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership significantly decreased anticipated substance use guilt among both male and female respondents. This reduction was significantly associated with increased frequency of substance use only for female respondents, however, suggesting that gender moderates the mechanism through which <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership influences substance use. Conclusions Criminologists are often concerned with identifying causal pathways for antisocial and/or delinquent behavior, but confounders of the exposure, mediator, and outcome often interfere with efforts to assess mediation. Many new approaches have been proposed for strengthening causal inference for mediation effects. After controlling for confounding using inverse propensity weighting, our results suggest that interventions aimed at reducing substance use by current and former female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members should focus on the normative aspects of these behaviors. PMID:26190954</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26190954','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26190954"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership and substance use: guilt as a gendered causal pathway.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Coffman, Donna L; Melde, Chris; Esbensen, Finn-Aage</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>We examine whether anticipated guilt for substance use is a gendered mechanism underlying the noted enhancement effect of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on illegal drug use. We also demonstrate a method for making stronger causal inferences when assessing mediation in the presence of moderation and time-varying confounding. We estimate a series of inverse propensity weighted models to obtain unbiased estimates of mediation in the presence of confounding of the exposure (i.e., <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership) and mediator (i.e., anticipated guilt) using three waves of data from a multi-site panel study of a law-related education program for youth ( N =1,113). The onset of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership significantly decreased anticipated substance use guilt among both male and female respondents. This reduction was significantly associated with increased frequency of substance use only for female respondents, however, suggesting that gender moderates the mechanism through which <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership influences substance use. Criminologists are often concerned with identifying causal pathways for antisocial and/or delinquent behavior, but confounders of the exposure, mediator, and outcome often interfere with efforts to assess mediation. Many new approaches have been proposed for strengthening causal inference for mediation effects. After controlling for confounding using inverse propensity weighting, our results suggest that interventions aimed at reducing substance use by current and former female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members should focus on the normative aspects of these behaviors.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvE..93a2411S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvE..93a2411S"><span>Inducing rostrum interfacial waves by fluid-solid coupling in a Chinese <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Lipotes vexillifer )</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Song, Zhongchang; Zhang, Yu; Wei, Chong; Wang, Xianyan</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Through numerically solving the appropriate wave equations, propagation of biosonar signals in a Chinese <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (baiji) was studied. The interfacial waves along the rostrum-tissue interfaces, including both compressional (longitudinal) and shear (transverse) waves in the solid rostrum through fluid-solid coupling were examined. The baiji's rostrum was found to effect acoustic beam formation not only as an interfacial wave generator but also as a sound reflector. The wave propagation patterns in the solid rostrum were found to significantly change the wave movement through the bone. Vibrations in the rostrum, expressed in solid displacement, initially increased but eventually decreased from posterior to anterior sides, indicating a complex physical process. Furthermore, the comparisons among seven cases, including the combination of (1) the rostrum, melon, and air sacs; (2) rostrum-air sacs; (3) rostrum-melon; (4) only rostrum; (5) air sacs-melon; (6) only air sacs; and (7) only melon revealed that the cases including the rostrum were better able to approach the complete system by inducing rostrum-tissue interfacial waves and reducing the differences in main beam angle and -3 dB beam width. The interfacial waves in the rostrum were considered complementary with reflection to determine the obbligato role of the rostrum in the baiji's biosonar emission. The far-field beams formed from complete fluid-solid models and non-fluid-solid models were compared to reveal the effects brought by the consideration of shear waves of the solid structures of the baiji. The results may provide useful information for further understanding the role of the rostrum in this odontocete species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ASAJ..115.2406D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ASAJ..115.2406D"><span>Human listening studies reveal insights into object features extracted by echolocating <span class="hlt">dolphins</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Delong, Caroline M.; Au, Whitlow W. L.; Roitblat, Herbert L.</p> <p>2004-05-01</p> <p>Echolocating <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> extract object feature information from the acoustic parameters of object echoes. However, little is known about which object features are salient to <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> or how they extract those features. To gain insight into how <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> might be extracting feature information, human listeners were presented with echoes from objects used in a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> echoic-visual cross-modal matching task. Human participants performed a task similar to the one the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> had performed; however, echoic samples consisting of 23-echo trains were presented via headphones. The participants listened to the echoic sample and then visually selected the correct object from among three alternatives. The participants performed as well as or better than the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (M=88.0% correct), and reported using a combination of acoustic cues to extract object features (e.g., loudness, pitch, timbre). Participants frequently reported using the pattern of aural changes in the echoes across the echo train to identify the shape and structure of the objects (e.g., peaks in loudness or pitch). It is likely that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> also attend to the pattern of changes across echoes as objects are echolocated from different angles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28667850','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28667850"><span>Correlation of trace element concentrations between epidermis and internal organ tissues in Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sousa chinensis).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sun, Xian; Yu, Ri-Qing; Zhang, Mei; Zhang, Xiyang; Chen, Xi; Xiao, Yousheng; Ding, Yulong; Wu, Yuping</p> <p>2017-12-15</p> <p>Trace element accumulation in the epidermis of cetaceans has been less studied. This study explored the feasibility of using epidermis as a surrogate tissue to evaluate internal contaminant burdens in Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Sousa chinensis). Eleven trace elements were analyzed in the epidermis, muscle and liver tissues from 46 individuals of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> stranded along the Pearl <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary (PRE) coast between 2007 and 2013. Trace elemental concentrations varied among the three tissues, generally with the highest concentrations found in liver tissues and lowest in the epidermis (except Zn, As, and Pb). Zn concentration in the epidermis was the highest among all tissues, indicating that Zn could be an important element for the epidermis physiology. High concentrations of Hg and Cr in liver were likely due to an excessive intake by <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> which consumed high Hg and Cr contaminated fishes in the PRE. Hg concentrations in epidermis and muscle tissues were significantly higher in the females than in males. Concentrations of V and Pb in liver, Se and Cd in both muscle and liver, and As and Hg in all tissue samples showed significantly positive relationships with body length. Hepatic Cu concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with the body length. Hg and As concentrations in epidermis showed significantly positive correlations with those in liver tissues. Thus this study proposed that epidermis could be used as a non-invasive monitoring tissue to evaluate Hg and As bioaccumulation in internal tissues of Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> populations. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5179705-epidermal-growth-bottlenose-dolphin-tursiops-truncatus','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5179705-epidermal-growth-bottlenose-dolphin-tursiops-truncatus"><span>Epidermal growth in the bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, Tursiops truncatus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hicks, B.D.; St. Aubin, D.J.; Geraci, J.R.</p> <p>1985-07-01</p> <p>Epidermal growth in two mature female bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, Tursiops truncatus, was investigated by following the movement of a cohort of tritiated thymidine-labeled epidermal cells for 59 days. The majority of the cells migrated in a cluster which was estimated to reach the skin surface in 73 days. The authors calculate that the outermost cell layer is sloughed 12 times per day. Turnover time and sloughing rate are estimated to be 1.7 times longer and 8.5 times faster than the respective values for epidermal cell kinetics in humans. This apparent inconsistency of slow transit time and rapid sloughing rate is reconciledmore » by the convoluted structure of the stratum germinativum in the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> which results in a ratio of germinatival to superficial cells of 876:1. The stratum germinativum of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> epidermis appears to lack morphologically distinct, spatially segregated subpopulations of anchoring and stem cells. <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> epidermis has a large capacity for cell population, relatively long turnover time, and rapid sloughing rate. The adaptive advantages of these characteristics are discussed.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24116543','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24116543"><span>Guyana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sotalia guianensis) from Costa Rica emit whistles that vary with surface behaviors.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>May-Collado, Laura J</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>Guyana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> show remarkable intraspecific whistle variation. This variation has been largely explained in terms of distance among populations; however, other factors such as behavior may also be important. A broadband recording system recorded the whistles of Guyana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> under three behavioral states. A discriminant analysis found that during social and travel events, <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> emit whistles with high delta and minimum frequency, respectively. Whistle duration was also important in discriminating behaviors. This study indicates that behavior is an important factor contributing to whistle variation of Guyana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Understanding how <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> whistles vary with behavioral context will advance our understanding of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> communication and enable appropriate comparative studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Crime&pg=4&id=EJ1015341','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Crime&pg=4&id=EJ1015341"><span>Understanding <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Crime Victimization among Jail Inmates: Testing the Effects of Self-Control</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Fox, Kathleen A.; Lane, Jodi; Akers, Ronald L.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Although previous research has examined factors related to <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and offending, research on the relationship between <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and victimization is limited. The present study builds on previous research and examines <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, victimization, and self-control among 2,414 jail inmates. Results from self-report surveys indicate that gang…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26827004','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26827004"><span>Transmission beam characteristics of a Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Grampus griseus).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Smith, Adam B; Kloepper, Laura N; Yang, Wei-Cheng; Huang, Wan-Hsiu; Jen, I-Fan; Rideout, Brendan P; Nachtigall, Paul E</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The echolocation system of the Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Grampus griseus) remains poorly studied compared to other odontocete species. In this study, echolocation signals were recorded from a stationary Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> with an array of 16 hydrophones and the two-dimensional beam shape was explored using frequency-dependent amplitude plots. Click source parameters were similar to those already described for this species. Centroid frequency of click signals increased with increasing sound pressure level, while the beamwidth decreased with increasing center frequency. Analysis revealed primarily single-lobed, and occasionally vertically dual-lobed, beam shapes. Overall beam directivity was found to be greater than that of the harbor porpoise, bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, and a false killer whale. The relationship between frequency content, beam directivity, and head size for this Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> deviated from the trend described for other species. These are the first reported measurements of echolocation beam shape and directivity in G. griseus.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2303796','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2303796"><span>Matching-to-sample by an echolocating <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Roitblat, H L; Penner, R H; Nachtigall, P E</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>An adult male <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> was trained to perform a three-alternative delayed matching-to-sample task while wearing eyecups to occlude its vision. Sample and comparison stimuli consisted of a small and a large PVC plastic tube, a water-filled stainless steel sphere, and a solid aluminum cone. Stimuli were presented under water and the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> was allowed to identify the stimuli through echolocation. The echolocation clicks emitted by the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> to each sample and each comparison stimulus were recorded and analyzed. Over 48 sessions of testing, choice accuracy averaged 94.5% correct. This high level of accuracy was apparently achieved by varying the number of echolocation clicks emitted to various stimuli. Performance appeared to reflect a preexperimental stereotyped search pattern that dictated the order in which comparison items were examined and a complex sequential-sampling decision process. A model for the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s decision-making processes is described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title50-vol10/pdf/CFR-2013-title50-vol10-sec216-91.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title50-vol10/pdf/CFR-2013-title50-vol10-sec216-91.pdf"><span>50 CFR 216.91 - <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe labeling standards.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... MAMMALS <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Safe Tuna Labeling § 216.91 <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe labeling standards. (a) It is a violation of..., distributor, or seller of any tuna products that are exported from or offered for sale in the United States to... suggests that the tuna contained in the products were harvested using a method of fishing that is not...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title50-vol7/pdf/CFR-2010-title50-vol7-sec216-91.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title50-vol7/pdf/CFR-2010-title50-vol7-sec216-91.pdf"><span>50 CFR 216.91 - <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe labeling standards.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... MAMMALS <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Safe Tuna Labeling § 216.91 <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe labeling standards. (a) It is a violation of..., distributor, or seller of any tuna products that are exported from or offered for sale in the United States to... suggests that the tuna contained in the products were harvested using a method of fishing that is not...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title50-vol10/pdf/CFR-2012-title50-vol10-sec216-91.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title50-vol10/pdf/CFR-2012-title50-vol10-sec216-91.pdf"><span>50 CFR 216.91 - <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe labeling standards.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... MAMMALS <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Safe Tuna Labeling § 216.91 <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe labeling standards. (a) It is a violation of..., distributor, or seller of any tuna products that are exported from or offered for sale in the United States to... suggests that the tuna contained in the products were harvested using a method of fishing that is not...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title50-vol10/pdf/CFR-2014-title50-vol10-sec216-91.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title50-vol10/pdf/CFR-2014-title50-vol10-sec216-91.pdf"><span>50 CFR 216.91 - <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe labeling standards.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... MAMMALS <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Safe Tuna Labeling § 216.91 <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe labeling standards. (a) It is a violation of..., distributor, or seller of any tuna products that are exported from or offered for sale in the United States to... suggests that the tuna contained in the products were harvested using a method of fishing that is not...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title50-vol9/pdf/CFR-2011-title50-vol9-sec216-91.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title50-vol9/pdf/CFR-2011-title50-vol9-sec216-91.pdf"><span>50 CFR 216.91 - <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe labeling standards.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... MAMMALS <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Safe Tuna Labeling § 216.91 <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe labeling standards. (a) It is a violation of..., distributor, or seller of any tuna products that are exported from or offered for sale in the United States to... suggests that the tuna contained in the products were harvested using a method of fishing that is not...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23525778','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23525778"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership of California middle school students: behaviors and attitudes as mediators of school violence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Estrada, Joey Nuñez; Gilreath, Tamika D; Astor, Ron Avi; Benbenishty, Rami</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>Empirical evidence examining how risk and protective behaviors may possibly mediate the association between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and school violence is limited. This study utilizes a statewide representative sample of 152 023 Latino, Black and White seventh graders from California to examine a theoretical model of how school risk (e.g. truancy, school substance use and risky peer approval) and protective (e.g. connectedness, support and safety) behaviors and attitudes mediate the effects of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on school violence behaviors. The dataset was collected in the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 academic school years using the ongoing large-scale California Healthy Kids Survey conducted by WestEd for the State of California. Approximately 9.5% of the sample considered themselves to be a member of a <span class="hlt">gang</span>. The findings indicate that school risk behaviors and attitudes mediate the association between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and school violence behaviors. Although the direct negative association between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and school violence perpetration is weak, the positive indirect effect mediated by school risks behaviors and attitudes is strong. This indicates that when <span class="hlt">gang</span> members engage in school risk behaviors, they are much more likely to be school violence perpetrators. Implications for further research, theory and practice for both <span class="hlt">gang</span> and school violence researchers are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70193659','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70193659"><span>Pectoral fin contact as a mechanism for social bonding among <span class="hlt">dolphins</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Dudzinski, Kathleen; Ribic, Christine</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are large-brained social mammals residing in a fission-fusion society with relationships that are established and maintained over decades. We examined a decade-long data set of inter-individual pectoral fin contact exchanges to better understand how <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> share information via tactile contact. Sex and age are significant factors in pectoral fin contact within non-kin <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> dyads. Adult females shared more pectoral fin contacts with other adult females, while younger females showed no pattern of contact. Males shared more pectoral fin contacts with other males as juveniles and as adults, but showed no difference in the number of touches versus rubs as pectoral fin contacts with other males. Whether in the role of initiator as rubber or initiator as rubbee, male <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> again preferred other males. These results support the notion that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, especially male <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, might use pectoral fin contact as one tool in their repertoire for social bonding to establish, maintain and manage their inter-individual relationships. Additionally, it is also likely that the exchange of pectoral fin contact is developed and refined as individuals age, mature socially, and establish their place within a fission-fusion society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ChJOL..33..869W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ChJOL..33..869W"><span>First record of Pantropical spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> Stenella attenuata in the Yellow Sea, China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Fuxing; Wang, Xianyan; Zhang, Qiuxia; Miao, Xing; Zhang, Ting; Zhu, Qian</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>On October 1, 2009, sixteen <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were obtained from fishermen by incidental catching in the Yellow Sea, China. As the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>' skin color was ambiguous, morphological parameters were measured, and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene sequence was studied to identify the species. Morphological characteristics were consistent with Pantropical spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, Stenella attenuata. Furthermore, a partial mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene sequence as long as 328-bp was studied by extracting genomic DNA from the skins, and six haplotypes were detected in the sixteen <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. By comparing homologous sequences available in GenBank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), all the six haplotypes had maximal genetic similarity with Pantropical spotted <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>. Eight species of cetacean (whales and <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>) are now recognised in the Yellow Sea. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of Pantropical spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from this region. Despite this species being listed as a Grade II National Key Protected Animal since 1988, little is known of its biology in Chinese waters. We recommend remedial research be undertaken to ensure appropriate management.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/nj0181.photos.579339p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/nj0181.photos.579339p/"><span>View of an unknown industrial building in the <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Jute ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>View of an unknown industrial building in the <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Jute Mill Complex, looking southwest. Note Garret Mountain at upper left and historic Dexter-Lambert smokestack. - <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Manufacturing Company, Spruce & Barbour Streets, Paterson, Passaic County, NJ</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27770988','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27770988"><span><span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> in a Scaled-Down Mediterranean: The Gulf of Corinth's Odontocetes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bearzi, G; Bonizzoni, S; Santostasi, N L; Furey, N B; Eddy, L; Valavanis, V D; Gimenez, O</p> <p></p> <p>The Gulf of Corinth is a 2400-km 2 semi-enclosed inland system (a mediterraneus) in central Greece. Its continental shelf areas, steep bottom relief, and waters up to 500-900m deep offer suitable habitat to neritic and pelagic species. We used photographic capture-recapture, distribution modelling, and direct observations to investigate the abundance, status, habitat preferences, movements, and group size of four odontocete species regularly observed in the Gulf, based on five years (2011-2015) of survey effort from small boats. Striped <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Stenella coeruleoalba) are more abundant (1324 individuals, 95%CI 1158-1515) than was determined from previous estimates. Striped <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> appear to be confined to the Gulf, where they favour deep and oligotrophic waters, and were encountered in single-species and mixed-species groups. Short-beaked common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Delphinus delphis) (22 individuals, 95%CI 16-31), individuals with intermediate pigmentation (possibly striped/common <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> hybrids) (55, 95%CI 36-83), and a single Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Grampus griseus) were only encountered in mixed-species groups with striped <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Short-beaked common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> constitute a discrete conservation unit (subpopulation), and based on the current estimate, would qualify as Critically Endangered according to International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. Common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) (39 animals, 95%CI 33-47) occur in single-species groups; they prefer continental shelf waters and areas near fish farms in the northern sector, and several animals appear to move into and out of the Gulf. Additionally, we contribute records of marine fauna and an assessment of the fishing fleet operating in the Gulf. Our study shows that the importance of this vulnerable marine environment has been underestimated, and management action must be taken to mitigate human impact and ensure long-term protection. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title50-vol10/pdf/CFR-2013-title50-vol10-sec216-95.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title50-vol10/pdf/CFR-2013-title50-vol10-sec216-95.pdf"><span>50 CFR 216.95 - Official mark for “<span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe” tuna products.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 10 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Official mark for â<span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safeâ tuna... AND IMPORTING OF MARINE MAMMALS <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Safe Tuna Labeling § 216.95 Official mark for “<span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe” tuna products. (a) This is the “official mark” (see figure 1) designated by the United States...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title50-vol10/pdf/CFR-2014-title50-vol10-sec216-95.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title50-vol10/pdf/CFR-2014-title50-vol10-sec216-95.pdf"><span>50 CFR 216.95 - Official mark for “<span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe” tuna products.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 10 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Official mark for â<span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safeâ tuna... AND IMPORTING OF MARINE MAMMALS <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Safe Tuna Labeling § 216.95 Official mark for “<span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe” tuna products. (a) This is the “official mark” (see figure 1) designated by the United States...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title50-vol10/pdf/CFR-2012-title50-vol10-sec216-95.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title50-vol10/pdf/CFR-2012-title50-vol10-sec216-95.pdf"><span>50 CFR 216.95 - Official mark for “<span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe” tuna products.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 10 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Official mark for â<span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safeâ tuna... AND IMPORTING OF MARINE MAMMALS <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Safe Tuna Labeling § 216.95 Official mark for “<span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe” tuna products. (a) This is the “official mark” (see figure 1) designated by the United States...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title50-vol9/pdf/CFR-2011-title50-vol9-sec216-95.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title50-vol9/pdf/CFR-2011-title50-vol9-sec216-95.pdf"><span>50 CFR 216.95 - Official mark for “<span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe” tuna products.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Official mark for â<span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safeâ tuna... AND IMPORTING OF MARINE MAMMALS <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Safe Tuna Labeling § 216.95 Official mark for “<span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-safe” tuna products. (a) This is the “official mark” (see figure 1) designated by the United States...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/2012/03/study-shows-some-gulf-dolphins-severely-ill','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="http://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/2012/03/study-shows-some-gulf-dolphins-severely-ill"><span>Study by NOAA and Partners Shows Some Gulf <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> Severely Ill | NOAA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Publications Press Releases Story Archive Home <em>Study</em> by NOAA and Partners Shows Some Gulf <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> Severely Ill <em>Study</em> by NOAA and Partners Shows Some Gulf <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> Severely Ill Aug 2011: Veterinarians collect samples of 2011, preliminary results show that many of the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the <em>study</em> are underweight, anemic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25075539','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25075539"><span>Preliminary investigation of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) for hfe gene-related hemochromatosis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Phillips, Brianne E; Venn-Watson, Stephanie; Archer, Linda L; Nollens, Hendrik H; Wellehan, James F X</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>Hemochromatosis (iron storage disease) has been reported in diverse mammals including bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus). The primary cause of excessive iron storage in humans is hereditary hemochromatosis. Most human hereditary hemochromatosis cases (up to 90%) are caused by a point mutation in the hfe gene, resulting in a C282Y substitution leading to iron accumulation. To evaluate the possibility of a hereditary hemochromatosis-like genetic predisposition in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, we sequenced the bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> hfe gene, using reverse transcriptase-PCR and hfe primers designed from the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> genome, from liver of affected and healthy control <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Sample size included two case animals and five control animals. Although isotype diversity was evident, no coding differences were identified in the hfe gene between any of the animals examined. Because our sample size was small, we cannot exclude the possibility that hemochromatosis in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> is due to a coding mutation in the hfe gene. Other potential causes of hemochromatosis, including mutations in different genes, diet, primary liver disease, and insulin resistance, should be evaluated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016046','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016046"><span>Risk Behaviors Among Young Mexican American <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Associated Females: Sexual Relations, Partying, Substance Use, and Crime</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cepeda, Alice; Valdez, Avelardo</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This research focuses on young Mexican American girls who are not formal <span class="hlt">gang</span> members yet participate in street-based activities of male <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and engage in risk behaviors. These females comprise a larger proportion associated with male <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in inner-city neighborhoods than actual female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Using a qualitative design, the article presents a typology of Mexican American females that reveals a hierarchy based on exposure to four risk-related activities: sexual relations, partying, substance use, and crime. Findings illustrate how outcomes associated with these activities vary according to the girl’s relationship to the male <span class="hlt">gang</span> and status within the community. Also, regardless of their relationship to the <span class="hlt">gang</span>, participation in these activities resulted in different degrees of negative outcomes. The study concludes that problems associated with these females must go beyond being viewed as individual problems but rather seen within the social, cultural, and economic conditions of their environment. PMID:21218177</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=young+AND+adults+AND+parenting+AND+style&pg=5&id=EJ1144262','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=young+AND+adults+AND+parenting+AND+style&pg=5&id=EJ1144262"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement among Immigrant and Refugee Youth: A Developmental Ecological Systems Approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Goodrum, Nada M.; Chan, Wing Yi; Latzman, Robert D.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Immigrant and refugee youth are at elevated risk for joining <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, which, in turn, is associated with a host of maladaptive outcomes. Previous literature on risk and protective factors for immigrant and refugee youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement has been inconclusive. Applying a developmental ecological systems approach, this study investigated contextual…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014HESSD..11.5747M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014HESSD..11.5747M"><span>Model study of the impacts of future climate change on the hydrology of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Masood, M.; Yeh, P. J.-F.; Hanasaki, N.; Takeuchi, K.</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>The intensity, duration, and geographic extent of floods in Bangladesh mostly depend on the combined influences of three <span class="hlt">river</span> systems, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra and Meghna (GBM). In addition, climate change is likely to have significant effects on the hydrology and water resources of the GBM basins and might ultimately lead to more serious floods in Bangladesh. However, the assessment of climate change impacts on basin-scale hydrology by using well-constrained hydrologic modelling has rarely been conducted for GBM basins due to the lack of data for model calibration and validation. In this study, a macro-scale hydrologic model H08 has been applied regionally over the basin at a relatively fine grid resolution (10 km) by integrating the fine-resolution (~0.5 km) DEM data for accurate <span class="hlt">river</span> networks delineation. The model has been calibrated via analyzing model parameter sensitivity and validated based on a long-term observed daily streamflow data. The impact of climate change on not only the runoff, but also the basin-scale hydrology including evapotranspiration, soil moisture and net radiation have been assessed in this study through three time-slice experiments; present-day (1979-2003), near-future (2015-2039) and far-future (2075-2099) periods. Results shows that, by the end of 21st century (a) the entire GBM basin is projected to be warmed by ~3°C (b) the changes of mean precipitation are projected to be +14.0, +10.4, and +15.2%, and the changes of mean runoff to be +14, +15, and +18% in the Brahmaputra, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Meghna basin respectively (c) evapotranspiration is predicted to increase significantly for the entire GBM basins (Brahmaputra: +14.4%, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>: +9.4%, Meghna: +8.8%) due to increased net radiation (Brahmaputra: +6%, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>: +5.9%, Meghna: +3.3%) as well as warmer air temperature. Changes of hydrologic variables will be larger in dry season (November-April) than that in wet season (May-October). Amongst three basins, Meghna shows the largest hydrological</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013DSRII..88...97R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013DSRII..88...97R"><span>Biosonar, diving and movements of two tagged white-beaked <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> in Icelandic waters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rasmussen, M. H.; Akamatsu, T.; Teilmann, J.; Vikingsson, G.; Miller, L. A.</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>For the first time bio-logging tags were attached to free-ranging white-beaked <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, Lagenorhynchus albirostris. A satellite tag was attached to one animal while an acoustic A-tag, a time-depth recorder and a VHF transmitter complex was attached to a second <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> with a suction cup. The satellite tag transmitted for 201 day, during which time the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> stayed in the coastal waters of western Iceland. The acoustic tag complex was on the second animal for 13 h and 40 min and provided the first insight into the echolocation behaviour of a free-ranging white-beaked <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>. The tag registered 162 dives. The <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> dove to a maximum depth of 45 m, which is about the depth of the bay in which the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> was swimming. Two basic types of dives were identified; U-shaped and V-shaped dives. The <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> used more time in U-shaped dives, more clicks and sonar signals with shorter click intervals compared to those it used in V-shaped dives. The <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> was in acoustic contact with other <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> about five hours after it was released and stayed with these for the rest of the tagging time. Possible foraging attempts were found based on the reduction of click intervals from about 100 ms to 2-3 ms, which suggests a prey capture attempt. We found 19 punitive prey capture attempts and of these 53% occurred at the maximum dive depth. This suggests that more than half of the possible prey capture events occurred at or near the sea bed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26555628','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26555628"><span>Humpback <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> (Genus Sousa) in India: An Overview of Status and Conservation Issues.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sutaria, Dipani; Panicker, Divya; Jog, Ketki; Sule, Mihir; Muralidharan, Rahul; Bopardikar, Isha</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This chapter aims to collate recent work done by different research teams along the Indian coast and presents research plans for the conservation and management of the genus Sousa in Indian waters. Humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are the most common nearshore cetaceans found along the Indian coast. The taxonomy is confused, but two or more species of humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> may be present in India. Dedicated research on humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and other cetaceans has been initiated only in the past few years and vast gaps in the ecology and conservation of the genus from the region remain. Dedicated and opportunistic research indicates that humpback <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> presence is continuous along the west coast of India, owing to the contiguous favourable habitat of shallow nearshore waters, while along the east coast humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are apparently found in pockets. Humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are also the most numerous in incidental catch records from the coast, owing to the large overlap in space use with nearshore fisheries like small gillnets, trawls, shore seines and purse seines. Along many coastal sites, humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are known to cause damage and depredation of fish catch of certain fishing gears, making them unpopular. At the same time, many fishers along the west coast have developed local <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-watching programmes as an alternate source of livelihood, providing positive impetus for conservation. However, research on the long-term effects of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> watching and its management is required. Some recommendations for more effective management of this species are made. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3184408','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3184408"><span>Risk Factors for Colonization of E. coli in Atlantic Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) in the Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon, Florida</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Schaefer, Adam M.; Bossart, Gregory D.; Mazzoil, Marilyn; Fair, Patricia A.; Reif, John S.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Opportunistic pathogens related to degradation in water quality are of concern to both wildlife and public health. The objective of this study was to identify spatial, temporal, and environmental risk factors for E. coli colonization among Atlantic bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting the Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon (IRL), FL between 2003 and 2007. Age, gender, capture location, coastal human population density, proximity of sewage treatment plants, number of septic tanks, cumulative precipitation 48 hrs and 30 days prior to capture, salinity, and water temperature were analyzed as potential risk factors. Highest E. coli colonization rates occurred in the northern segments of the IRL. The risk of E. coli colonization was the highest among the youngest individuals, in counties with the highest cumulative rainfall 48 hrs and in counties with the highest number of septic systems during the year of capture. The prevalence of colonization was the highest during 2004, a year during which multiple hurricanes hit the coast of Florida. Septic tanks, in combination with weather-related events suggest a possible pathway for introduction of fecal coliforms into estuarine ecosystems. The ability of E. coli and related bacteria to act as primary pathogens or cause opportunistic infections adds importance of these findings. PMID:21977048</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21977048','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21977048"><span>Risk factors for colonization of E. coli in Atlantic Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) in the Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon, Florida.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schaefer, Adam M; Bossart, Gregory D; Mazzoil, Marilyn; Fair, Patricia A; Reif, John S</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Opportunistic pathogens related to degradation in water quality are of concern to both wildlife and public health. The objective of this study was to identify spatial, temporal, and environmental risk factors for E. coli colonization among Atlantic bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting the Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Lagoon (IRL), FL between 2003 and 2007. Age, gender, capture location, coastal human population density, proximity of sewage treatment plants, number of septic tanks, cumulative precipitation 48 hrs and 30 days prior to capture, salinity, and water temperature were analyzed as potential risk factors. Highest E. coli colonization rates occurred in the northern segments of the IRL. The risk of E. coli colonization was the highest among the youngest individuals, in counties with the highest cumulative rainfall 48 hrs and in counties with the highest number of septic systems during the year of capture. The prevalence of colonization was the highest during 2004, a year during which multiple hurricanes hit the coast of Florida. Septic tanks, in combination with weather-related events suggest a possible pathway for introduction of fecal coliforms into estuarine ecosystems. The ability of E. coli and related bacteria to act as primary pathogens or cause opportunistic infections adds importance of these findings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27769556','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27769556"><span>Bioaccumulation of trace element concentrations in common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Delphinus delphis) from Portugal.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Monteiro, Sílvia S; Pereira, Andreia T; Costa, Élia; Torres, Jordi; Oliveira, Isabel; Bastos-Santos, Jorge; Araújo, Helder; Ferreira, Marisa; Vingada, José; Eira, Catarina</p> <p>2016-12-15</p> <p>The common <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Delphinus delphis) is one of the most abundant species in Atlantic Iberia, representing a potentially important tool to assess the bioaccumulation of trace elements in the Iberian marine ecosystem. Nine elements (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn) were evaluated in 36 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> stranded in continental Portugal. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> had increasing Hg concentrations (16.72μg·g -1 ww, liver) compared with previous studies in Atlantic Iberia, whereas Cd concentrations (2.26μg·g -1 ww, kidney) fell within reported ranges. The concentrations of some trace elements (including Cd and Hg) presented positive relationships with <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> length, presence of parasites and gross pathologies. Common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> may help biomonitoring more offshore Atlantic Iberian areas in future studies, which would otherwise be difficult to assess. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4635206','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4635206"><span>Forebrain neuroanatomy of the neonatal and juvenile <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (T. truncatus and S. coeruloalba)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Parolisi, Roberta; Peruffo, Antonella; Messina, Silvia; Panin, Mattia; Montelli, Stefano; Giurisato, Maristella; Cozzi, Bruno; Bonfanti, Luca</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Knowledge of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> functional neuroanatomy mostly derives from post-mortem studies and non-invasive approaches (i.e., magnetic resonance imaging), due to limitations in experimentation on cetaceans. As a consequence the availability of well-preserved tissues for histology is scarce, and detailed histological analyses are referred mainly to adults. Here we studied the neonatal/juvenile brain in two species of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, the bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus) and the striped <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Stenella coeruleoalba), with special reference to forebrain regions. We analyzed cell density in subcortical nuclei, white/gray matter ratio, and myelination in selected regions at different anterior–posterior levels of the whole <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> brain at different ages, to better define forebrain neuroanatomy and the developmental stage of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> brain around birth. The analyses were extended to the periventricular germinal layer and the cerebellum, whose delayed genesis of the granule cell layer is a hallmark of postnatal development in the mammalian nervous system. Our results establish an atlas of the young <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> forebrain and, on the basis of occurrence/absence of delayed neurogenic layers, confirm the stage of advanced brain maturation in these animals with respect to most terrestrial mammals. PMID:26594155</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H41G1419T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H41G1419T"><span>Paradigm for Distributive & Procedural Justice in Equitable Apportionment of Transboundary <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Waters Under Changing Climate & Landuse</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tyagi, H.; Gosain, A. K.; Khosa, R.; Anand, J.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Rivers</span> have no regard for human demarcated boundaries. Besides, ever increasing demand-supply gap & vested riparian interests, fuel transboundary water conflicts. For resolving such disputes, appropriation doctrines advocating equity & fairness have received endorsement in the Helsinki Rules-1966 & UN Convention-1997. Thus, current study proposes the principle of equitable apportionment for sharing <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> waters as it balances the interests & deservedness of all stakeholders, namely, India & its 11 states, Bangladesh, Nepal, & China. The study endeavors to derive a reasonable share of each co-basin state by operationalizing the vague concepts of fairness & equity through an objective & quantitative framework encompassing proportionality & egalitarianism for distributive & procedural justice. Equal weightage factors reflecting hydrology, geography & water use potential are chosen for fair share computation, wherein each contender ranks these factors to maximize his entitlement. If cumulative claims exceed the water availability, each claimant puts forth next ranked factor & this process continues till the claims match availability. Due to inter-annual variability in few factors, scenarios for Rabi & Kharif seasons are considered apart from cases for maximum, upper quartile, median, lower quartile & minimum. Possibility of spatial homogeneity & heterogeneity in factors is also recognized. Sometimes lack of technical information hinders transboundary dispute resolution via legal mechanisms. Hence, the study also attempts to bridge this gap between law & technology through GIS-based SWAT hydrologic model by estimating the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> water yield, & consequent share of each riparian for range of flows incorporating e-flows as well, under present & future climate & landuse scenarios. 82% of India's territory lies within interstate <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, & therefore this research is very pertinent as it can facilitate the decision makers in effective interstate water conflict resolution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27503913','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27503913"><span>Vertebral column anomalies in Indo-Pacific and Atlantic humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> Sousa spp.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Weir, Caroline R; Wang, John Y</p> <p>2016-08-09</p> <p>Conspicuous vertebral column abnormalities in humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (genus Sousa) were documented for the first time during 3 photo-identification field studies of small populations in Taiwan, Senegal and Angola. Seven Taiwanese humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> S. chinensis taiwanensis with vertebral column anomalies (lordosis, kyphosis or scoliosis) were identified, along with 2 possible cases of vertebral osteomyelitis. There was evidence from several individuals photographed over consecutive years that the anomalies became more pronounced with age. Three Atlantic humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> S. teuszii were observed with axial deviations of the vertebral column (lordosis and kyphosis). Another possible case was identified in a calf, and 2 further animals were photographed with dorsal indents potentially indicative of anomalies. Vertebral column anomalies of humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were predominantly evident in the lumbo-caudal region, but one Atlantic humpback <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> had an anomaly in the cervico-thoracic region. Lordosis and kyphosis occurred simultaneously in several individuals. Apart from the described anomalies, all <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> appeared in good health and were not obviously underweight or noticeably compromised in swim speed. This study presents the first descriptions of vertebral column anomalies in the genus Sousa. The causative factors for the anomalies were unknown in every case and are potentially diverse. Whether these anomalies result in reduced fitness of individuals or populations merits attention, as both the Taiwanese and Atlantic humpback <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> are species of high conservation concern.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008DSRII..55..243D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008DSRII..55..243D"><span>Distribution and feeding ecology of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between Iceland and the Azores</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Doksæter, L.; Olsen, E.; Nøttestad, L.; Fernö, A.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>During Leg 1 of the MAR-ECO expedition on the R.V. G.O. Sars in June 2004 four main species of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were observed along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge from Iceland to the Azores: pilot whale ( Globicephala melas) ( n=326), short-beaked common <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> ( Delphinus delphis) ( n=273), white-sided <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> ( Lagenorhynchus acutus) ( n=103), and striped <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> ( Stenella coeruleoalba) ( n=86). Pilot whales and white-sided <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were found in cold (5-16 °C) and less-saline (34.6-35.8‰) water masses in the northern part of the study area, whereas common and striped <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> inhabited warmer (12-22 °C) and more-saline (34.8-36.7‰) waters in the south. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> tended to aggregate in areas of steep slopes, but actual bottom depth appeared to be less important. Based on spatial correlations between <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> occurrence and candidate prey organisms recorded acoustically and by midwater trawling, mesopelagic fishes and squids were assumed to be important prey items, with Benthosema glaciale probably being the most important prey for pilot whales and white-sided <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, while Lampanyctus macdonaldi, Stomias boa ferox and Chauliodus sloani were probably of particular importance for common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Cephalopods, especially Gonatus sp. and Teuthowenia megalops were the most likely prey species of pilot whales and striped <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, respectively. The difference in physical habitat north and south of the Sub-polar Frontal Zone seemed to have important effects on prey distribution, in turn influencing <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> distribution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title9-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title9-vol1-sec3-111.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title9-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title9-vol1-sec3-111.pdf"><span>9 CFR 3.111 - Swim-with-the-<span class="hlt">dolphin</span> programs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>... Transportation of Marine Mammals Animal Health and Husbandry Standards § 3.111 Swim-with-the-<span class="hlt">dolphin</span> programs... 9 Animals and Animal Products 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Swim-with-the-<span class="hlt">dolphin</span> programs. 3.111 Section 3.111 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title9-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title9-vol1-sec3-111.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title9-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title9-vol1-sec3-111.pdf"><span>9 CFR 3.111 - Swim-with-the-<span class="hlt">dolphin</span> programs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... Transportation of Marine Mammals Animal Health and Husbandry Standards § 3.111 Swim-with-the-<span class="hlt">dolphin</span> programs... 9 Animals and Animal Products 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Swim-with-the-<span class="hlt">dolphin</span> programs. 3.111 Section 3.111 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title9-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title9-vol1-sec3-111.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title9-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title9-vol1-sec3-111.pdf"><span>9 CFR 3.111 - Swim-with-the-<span class="hlt">dolphin</span> programs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... Transportation of Marine Mammals Animal Health and Husbandry Standards § 3.111 Swim-with-the-<span class="hlt">dolphin</span> programs... 9 Animals and Animal Products 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Swim-with-the-<span class="hlt">dolphin</span> programs. 3.111 Section 3.111 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title9-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title9-vol1-sec3-111.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title9-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title9-vol1-sec3-111.pdf"><span>9 CFR 3.111 - Swim-with-the-<span class="hlt">dolphin</span> programs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... Transportation of Marine Mammals Animal Health and Husbandry Standards § 3.111 Swim-with-the-<span class="hlt">dolphin</span> programs... 9 Animals and Animal Products 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Swim-with-the-<span class="hlt">dolphin</span> programs. 3.111 Section 3.111 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27541602','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27541602"><span>Any of them will do: In-group identification, out-group entitativity, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership as predictors of group-based retribution.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vasquez, Eduardo A; Wenborne, Lisa; Peers, Madeline; Alleyne, Emma; Ellis, Kirsty</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>In non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> populations, the degree of identification with an in-group and perceptions of out-group entitativity, the perception of an out-group as bonded or unified, are important contributors to group-based aggression or vicarious retribution. The link between these factors and group-based aggression, however, has not been examined in the context of street <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. The current study assessed the relationship among in-group identification, perceptions of out-group entitativity, and the willingness to retaliate against members of rival groups who did not themselves attack the in-group among juvenile <span class="hlt">gang</span> and non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members in London. Our results showed the predicted membership (<span class="hlt">gang/non-gang</span>) × in-group identification × entitativity interaction. Decomposition of the three-way interaction by membership revealed a significant identification × entitativity interaction for <span class="hlt">gang</span>, but not for non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members. More specifically, <span class="hlt">gang</span> members who identify more strongly with their <span class="hlt">gang</span> and perceived a rival group as high on entitativity were more willing to retaliate against any of them. In addition, entitativity was a significant predictor of group-based aggression after controlling for gender, in-group identification, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Our results are consistent with socio-psychological theories of group-based aggression and support the proposal that such theories are applicable for understanding <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related violence. Aggr. Behav. 41:242-252, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4175997','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4175997"><span>Captive Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) Spontaneously Using Water Flow to Manipulate Objects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Yamamoto, Chisato; Furuta, Keisuke; Taki, Michihiro; Morisaka, Tadamichi</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Several terrestrial animals and delphinids manipulate objects in a tactile manner, using parts of their bodies, such as their mouths or hands. In this paper, we report that bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) manipulate objects not by direct bodily contact, but by spontaneous water flow. Three of four <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> at Suma Aqualife Park performed object manipulation with food. The typical sequence of object manipulation consisted of a three step procedure. First, the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> released the object from the sides of their mouths while assuming a head-down posture near the floor. They then manipulated the object around their mouths and caught it. Finally, they ceased to engage in their head-down posture and started to swim. When the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> moved the object, they used the water current in the pool or moved their head. These results showed that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> manipulate objects using movements that do not directly involve contact between a body part and the object. In the event the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> dropped the object on the floor, they lifted it by making water flow in one of three methods: opening and closing their mouths repeatedly, moving their heads lengthwise, or making circular head motions. This result suggests that bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> spontaneously change their environment to manipulate objects. The reason why aquatic animals like <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> do object manipulation by changing their environment but terrestrial animals do not may be that the viscosity of the aquatic environment is much higher than it is in terrestrial environments. This is the first report thus far of any non-human mammal engaging in object manipulation using several methods to change their environment. PMID:25250625</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AcAau.105..534H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AcAau.105..534H"><span>Clicks, whistles and pulses: Passive and active signal use in <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> communication</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Herzing, Denise L.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The search for signals out of noise is a problem not only with radio signals from the sky but in the study of animal communication. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> use multiple modalities to communicate including body postures, touch, vision, and most elaborately sound. Like SETI radio signal searches, <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> sound analysis includes the detection, recognition, analysis, and interpretation of signals. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> use both passive listening and active production to communicate. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> use three main types of acoustic signals: frequency modulated whistles (narrowband with harmonics), echolocation (broadband clicks) and burst pulsed sounds (packets of closely spaced broadband clicks). <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> sound analysis has focused on frequency-modulated whistles, yet the most commonly used signals are burst-pulsed sounds which, due to their graded and overlapping nature and bimodal inter-click interval (ICI) rates are hard to categorize. We will look at: 1) the mechanism of sound production and categories of sound types, 2) sound analysis techniques and information content, and 3) examples of lessons learned in the study of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> acoustics. The goal of this paper is to provide perspective on how animal communication studies might provide insight to both passive and active SETI in the larger context of searching for life signatures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15686828','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15686828"><span>Left hemispheric advantage for numerical abilities in the bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kilian, Annette; von Fersen, Lorenzo; Güntürkün, Onur</p> <p>2005-02-28</p> <p>In a two-choice discrimination paradigm, a bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> discriminated relational dimensions between visual numerosity stimuli under monocular viewing conditions. After prior binocular acquisition of the task, two monocular test series with different number stimuli were conducted. In accordance with recent studies on visual lateralization in the bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, our results revealed an overall advantage of the right visual field. Due to the complete decussation of the optic nerve fibers, this suggests a specialization of the left hemisphere for analysing relational features between stimuli as required in tests for numerical abilities. These processes are typically right hemisphere-based in other mammals (including humans) and birds. The present data provide further evidence for a general right visual field advantage in bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> for visual information processing. It is thus assumed that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> possess a unique functional architecture of their cerebral asymmetries. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Canadian+AND+law&pg=7&id=EJ949470','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Canadian+AND+law&pg=7&id=EJ949470"><span>Canadian Female <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Inmates: Risk, Needs, and the Potential for Prison Rehabilitation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Scott, Terri-Lynne; Ruddell, Rick</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>A comparison of the characteristics of 337 Canadian adult female <span class="hlt">gang</span> offenders with a matched sample of women offenders showed that they were more likely to have been sentenced for violent offenses, had a greater number of prior youth and criminal convictions, and served prior terms of incarceration. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> members were also assessed as having…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED223388.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED223388.pdf"><span>The Impact of Location Alteration on School Attendance of Chicano <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hunsaker, Alan C.</p> <p></p> <p>The study examined whether a change in school site affected the school attendance of 13 male Chicano <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, 13 to 18 years of age, admitted to a community-based delinquency and <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence prevention project. Since an active Alternative Studies Program, designed for students with special learning problems or for working students, already…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70131491','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70131491"><span>Spatial and seasonal responses of precipitation in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">river</span> basins to ENSO and Indian Ocean dipole modes: implications for flooding and drought</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Pervez, Md Shahriar; Henebry, Geoffry M.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>We evaluated the spatial and seasonal responses of precipitation in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra basins as modulated by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) modes using Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) full data reanalysis of monthly global land-surface precipitation data from 1901 to 2010 with a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5°. The GPCC monthly total precipitation climatology targeting the period 1951–2000 was used to compute gridded monthly anomalies for the entire time period. The gridded monthly anomalies were averaged for the years influenced by combinations of climate modes. Occurrences of El Niño alone significantly reduce (88% of the long-term average (LTA)) precipitation during the monsoon months in the western and southeastern <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin. In contrast, occurrences of La Niña and co-occurrences of La Niña and negative IOD events significantly enhance (110 and 109% of LTA in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra Basin, respectively) precipitation across both basins. When El Niño co-occurs with positive IOD events, the impacts of El Niño on the basins' precipitation diminishes. When there is no active ENSO or IOD events (occurring in 41 out of 110 years), precipitation remains below average (95% of LTA) in the agriculturally intensive areas of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Western Nepal in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin, whereas precipitation remains average to above average (104% of LTA) across the Brahmaputra Basin. This pattern implies that a regular water deficit is likely, especially in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin, with implications for the agriculture sector due to its reliance on consistent rainfall for successful production. Historically, major droughts occurred during El Niño and co-occurrences of El Niño and positive IOD events, while major flooding occurred during La Niña and co-occurrences of La Niña and negative IOD events in the basins. This observational analysis will facilitate well</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22713020','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22713020"><span>Echolocation behavior of franciscana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Pontoporia blainvillei) in the wild.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Melcón, Mariana L; Failla, Mauricio; Iñíguez, Miguel A</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>Franciscana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are small odontocetes hard to study in the field. In particular, little is known on their echolocation behavior in the wild. In this study we recorded 357 min and analyzed 1019 echolocation signals in the Rio Negro Estuary, Argentina. The clicks had a peak frequency at 139 kHz, and a bandwidth of 19 kHz, ranging from 130 to 149 kHz. This is the first study describing echolocation signals of franciscana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the wild, showing the presence of narrow-band high frequency signals in these <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Whether they use other vocalizations to communicate or not remains uncertain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19814892','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19814892"><span>[Violent youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in Madrid: socialization and culturalization].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Martín, María Jesús; Martínez, José Manuel; Rosa, Alberto</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>This study explores the subject of youth involved in violent groups or <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, with the goal of further understanding the indoctrination, socialization, and culturalization processes undergone by youth involved in group violence or <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Furthermore, to examine the dynamics between peer pressure and other social factors (dating relationships, work, family, etc.) within the theoretical framework of the theories of primary socialization and differential socialization. A qualitative analysis of 40 interviews of youth belonging to violent <span class="hlt">gangs</span>/groups. According to the theories of primary socialization and differential socialization, over socialization by the violent group and under socialization by all other social entities can be assumed. Regarding parental supervision and support, three family types were clearly associated with the problem of youth violence. The distinct or unified social identity of the violent youth, as well as their individual self esteem and self image, formed a combination of processes whose relevance was highly predictive. Lastly, an accurate indicator of how these youth mature is their support network-perceived, absolute, and relative (distributed among the various influencing forces). The study clearly outlines the need for re-imposing fundamental philosophical epistemology and methodologies on social forces of this kind, incorporating elements key to the postmodern, constructionist, and opposing perspectives.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JSMTE..06..002F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JSMTE..06..002F"><span>The span of correlations in <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> whistle sequences</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ferrer-i-Cancho, Ramon; McCowan, Brenda</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>Long-range correlations are found in symbolic sequences from human language, music and DNA. Determining the span of correlations in <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> whistle sequences is crucial for shedding light on their communicative complexity. <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> whistles share various statistical properties with human words, i.e. Zipf's law for word frequencies (namely that the probability of the ith most frequent word of a text is about i-α) and a parallel of the tendency of more frequent words to have more meanings. The finding of Zipf's law for word frequencies in <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> whistles has been the topic of an intense debate on its implications. One of the major arguments against the relevance of Zipf's law in <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> whistles is that it is not possible to distinguish the outcome of a die-rolling experiment from that of a linguistic or communicative source producing Zipf's law for word frequencies. Here we show that statistically significant whistle-whistle correlations extend back to the second previous whistle in the sequence, using a global randomization test, and to the fourth previous whistle, using a local randomization test. None of these correlations are expected by a die-rolling experiment and other simple explanations of Zipf's law for word frequencies, such as Simon's model, that produce sequences of unpredictable elements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15234160','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15234160"><span>A preliminary risk assessment of trace elements accumulated in fish to the Indo-Pacific Humpback <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Sousa chinensis) in the northwestern waters of Hong Kong.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hung, C L H; So, M K; Connell, D W; Fung, C N; Lam, M H W; Nicholson, S; Richardson, B J; Lam, P K S</p> <p>2004-08-01</p> <p>In order to assess the potential risks associated with consumption of contaminated prey items to the Indo-Pacific Humpback <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Sousa chinensis), fish species (Collichthys lucida, Pseudosciaena crocea, Johnius sp., Thryssa sp., Mugil sp. and Trichiurus sp.) representing the main food items of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> were collected from the northwestern waters of Hong Kong, including the Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau Marine Park, which form the main habitat of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> in Hong Kong. Within these waters, there are several potential sources of pollution including significant inputs from the Pearl <span class="hlt">River</span> catchment, several major sewage outfalls and a series of mud pits that receive contaminated dredged sediments. Concentrations of thirteen trace elements (Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Se, V, and Zn) in the fish tissue were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). An assessment of the risks of adverse effects on the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> due to consumption of tainted fish was undertaken using two toxic reference benchmarks, namely the reference dose (RfD) and toxicity reference value (TRV). The risk quotient (RQ) calculated for each element showed that the risks from consumption of fish were generally low and within safe limits. The risks associated with arsenic, cadmium and mercury were, however, elevated. The highest calculated RQ was associated with total arsenic; however, the majority of arsenic in marine organisms tends to be in the non-toxic organic form, and the actual risk to the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> due to this metalloid is likely to be lower.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16266854','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16266854"><span>Helicobacter spp. from captive bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops spp.) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Oxley, Andrew P A; Argo, Jeffrey A; McKay, David B</p> <p>2005-11-01</p> <p>The gastric fluid of six bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and the faeces of four polar bears from the same oceanarium were examined for the presence of Helicobacter. As detected by PCR, all <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and 8/12 samples collected from polar bears were positive for Helicobacter. Novel sequence types were identified in samples collected from these animals of which several were unique to either the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> or the polar bears. At least one sequence type was, however, detected in both animal taxa. In addition, a sequence type from a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> shared a 98.2-100% identity to sequences from other Helicobacter species from harp seals, sea otters and sea lions. This study reports on the occurrence of novel Helicobacter sequence types in polar bears and <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and demonstrates the broad-host range of some species within these animals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22102670','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22102670"><span>Congenital scoliosis of a bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>DeLynn, Ruth; Lovewell, Gretchen; Wells, Randall S; Early, Greg</p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>There are many reports of cetaceans with deformed and twisted bodies. Skeletal pathology descriptions have shown changes to axial skeletons because of injury, trauma, or disease. We present a bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus) that shows characteristic patterns of congenital skeletal deformity, including malformed vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. These malformations were consistent with segmentation and formation defects arising during early embryonic development, with a resulting cascade of deformity and compensatory pathology. In spite of severe deformities, the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> lived 18 yr, raised two calves, and likely would have lived longer had she not succumbed to sepsis and the piercing of the aorta caused by a stingray barb.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=inner+AND+space&pg=5&id=EJ865804','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=inner+AND+space&pg=5&id=EJ865804"><span>Who Needs Enemies with Friends like These? The Importance of Place for Young People Living in Known <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Areas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Ralphs, Robert; Medina, Juanjo; Aldridge, Judith</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Despite a growing concern about <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in Britain, academic research that focuses on <span class="hlt">gangs</span> remains scarce. Drawing on data from the ESRC-funded ethnographic research YOGEC (Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in an English City) project, this paper explores the negotiation of space and place by young people living in inner-city areas affected by <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Using a combination…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Honda&pg=3&id=EJ555216','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Honda&pg=3&id=EJ555216"><span>A Phenomenological Study with Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members: Results and Implications for School Counselors.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Omizo, Michael M.; Omizo, Sharon A.; Honda, Marianne R.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Using a phenomenological model, examines eight male adolescents' perceptions of their <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Interviews revealed such themes as self-esteem, a sense of belonging, and protection. Outlines implications for school counselors when working with <span class="hlt">gang</span> members individually, in groups, with families, or during school interventions. (RJM)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21613519','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21613519"><span><span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> hearing during echolocation: evoked potential responses in an Atlantic bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Songhai; Nachtigall, Paul E; Breese, Marlee</p> <p>2011-06-15</p> <p>Auditory evoked potential (AEP) responses were recorded during echolocation in an Atlantic bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus) trained to accept suction-cup EEG electrodes and detect targets by echolocation. AEP recording was triggered by the echolocation clicks of the animal. Three targets with target strengths of -34, -28 and -22 dB were used at a target distance of 2 to 6.5 m for each target. The results demonstrated that the AEP appeared to both outgoing echolocation clicks and echoes during echolocation, with AEP complexes consisting of alternative positive and negative waves. The echo-related AEP amplitudes were obviously lower than the outgoing click-related AEP amplitudes for all the targets at the investigated target distances. However, for targets with target strengths of -22 and -28 dB, the peak-to-peak amplitudes of the echo-related AEPs were dependent on the target distances. The echo-related AEP response amplitudes increased at further target distances, demonstrating an overcompensation of echo attenuation with target distance in the echo-perception system of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> biosonar. Measurement and analysis of outgoing click intensities showed that the click levels increased with target distance (R) by a factor of approximately 10 to 17.5 logR depending on target strength. The results demonstrated that a dual-component biosonar control system formed by intensity compensation behavior in both the transmission and receiving phases of a biosonar cycle exists synchronously in the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> biosonar system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25479946','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25479946"><span>Microarray applications to understand the impact of exposure to environmental contaminants in wild <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mancia, Annalaura; Abelli, Luigi; Kucklick, John R; Rowles, Teresa K; Wells, Randall S; Balmer, Brian C; Hohn, Aleta A; Baatz, John E; Ryan, James C</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>It is increasingly common to monitor the marine environment and establish geographic trends of environmental contamination by measuring contaminant levels in animals from higher trophic levels. The health of an ecosystem is largely reflected in the health of its inhabitants. As an apex predator, the common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus) can reflect the health of near shore marine ecosystems, and reflect coastal threats that pose risk to human health, such as legacy contaminants or marine toxins, e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and brevetoxins. Major advances in the understanding of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> biology and the unique adaptations of these animals in response to the marine environment are being made as a result of the development of cell-lines for use in in vitro experiments, the production of monoclonal antibodies to recognize <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> proteins, the development of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> DNA microarrays to measure global gene expression and the sequencing of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> genome. These advances may play a central role in understanding the complex and specialized biology of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> with regard to how this species responds to an array of environmental insults. This work presents the creation, characterization and application of a new molecular tool to better understand the complex and unique biology of the common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> and its response to environmental stress and infection. A <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> oligo microarray representing 24,418 unigene sequences was developed and used to analyze blood samples collected from 69 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> during capture-release health assessments at five geographic locations (Beaufort, NC, Sarasota Bay, FL, Saint Joseph Bay, FL, Sapelo Island, GA and Brunswick, GA). The microarray was validated and tested for its ability to: 1) distinguish male from female <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>; 2) differentiate <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> inhabiting different geographic locations (Atlantic coasts vs the Gulf of Mexico); and 3) study in detail <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> resident in one site, the Georgia coast, known to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2992318','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2992318"><span>Young Mother (in the) Hood: <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Girls’ Negotiation of New Identities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Moloney, Molly; Joe-Laidler, Karen; McKenzie, Kathleen</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This article examines the experiences of young women in street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> who become mothers. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 65 young women in the San Francisco, CA, Bay Area, we examine their narratives about the transition to motherhood. In particular, we focus on the ways these young women negotiate femininities and attempt to reconcile their identities as young mothers and <span class="hlt">gang</span> girls—both stigmatized identities. For many of the young women, motherhood entails a retreat from the street and a renewed emphasis on time spent in the home. While many receive (financial and childcare) support from their families, this also often means a diminution of the autonomy they experienced while more heavily involved in the <span class="hlt">gang</span>. Issues of respect and respectability remain important for the young women, but the dimensions on which these are based change. PMID:21116461</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5549894','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5549894"><span>Exodus! Large-scale displacement and social adjustments of resident Atlantic spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Stenella frontalis) in the Bahamas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Herzing, Denise L.; Augliere, Bethany N.; Elliser, Cindy R.; Green, Michelle L.; Pack, Adam A.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Over the last 20 years, significant habitat shifts have been documented in some populations of cetaceans. On Little Bahama Bank (LBB) there are sympatric communities of resident Atlantic spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Stenella frontalis) and bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus), monitored since 1985. The size and social structure (three clusters: Northern, Central, Southern) have been stable among the spotted <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> community with little immigration/emigration, even after large demographic losses (36%) following two major hurricanes in 2004. In 2013 an unprecedented exodus of over 50% (52 individuals) of the spotted <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> community was documented. The entire Central cluster and a few Northern and Southern individuals relocated 161 km south to Great Bahama Bank (GBB), also home to two sympatric resident communities of spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. During the late summer of 2013 and the summers of 2014 and 2015 both sites were regularly monitored but no former LBB <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> returned to LBB. Uncharacteristic matriline splits were observed. Social analyses revealed random associations for those spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and very little integration between spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> that moved to GBB (MGBB) and those <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> resident to GBB (RGBB). Male alliances among spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were present, with some altered patterns. On LBB, the operational sex ratio (OSR) was reduced (.40 to .25). OSR for MGBB and RGBB <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were similar (.45 and .43). A significant steady decrease in sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a (a proxy for plankton production) occurred on LBB leading up to this exodus. Similar trends were not present over the same period on GBB. The sudden large-scale shift of spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from LBB to GBB in association with the gradual decline in certain environmental factors suggests that a possible “tipping point” was reached in prey availability. This study provides a unique view into social and genetic implications of large-scale displacement of stable</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28792947','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28792947"><span>Exodus! Large-scale displacement and social adjustments of resident Atlantic spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Stenella frontalis) in the Bahamas.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Herzing, Denise L; Augliere, Bethany N; Elliser, Cindy R; Green, Michelle L; Pack, Adam A</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Over the last 20 years, significant habitat shifts have been documented in some populations of cetaceans. On Little Bahama Bank (LBB) there are sympatric communities of resident Atlantic spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Stenella frontalis) and bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus), monitored since 1985. The size and social structure (three clusters: Northern, Central, Southern) have been stable among the spotted <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> community with little immigration/emigration, even after large demographic losses (36%) following two major hurricanes in 2004. In 2013 an unprecedented exodus of over 50% (52 individuals) of the spotted <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> community was documented. The entire Central cluster and a few Northern and Southern individuals relocated 161 km south to Great Bahama Bank (GBB), also home to two sympatric resident communities of spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. During the late summer of 2013 and the summers of 2014 and 2015 both sites were regularly monitored but no former LBB <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> returned to LBB. Uncharacteristic matriline splits were observed. Social analyses revealed random associations for those spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and very little integration between spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> that moved to GBB (MGBB) and those <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> resident to GBB (RGBB). Male alliances among spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were present, with some altered patterns. On LBB, the operational sex ratio (OSR) was reduced (.40 to .25). OSR for MGBB and RGBB <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were similar (.45 and .43). A significant steady decrease in sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a (a proxy for plankton production) occurred on LBB leading up to this exodus. Similar trends were not present over the same period on GBB. The sudden large-scale shift of spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from LBB to GBB in association with the gradual decline in certain environmental factors suggests that a possible "tipping point" was reached in prey availability. This study provides a unique view into social and genetic implications of large-scale displacement of stable <span class="hlt">dolphin</span></p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=parenting+AND+style+AND+self-esteem+AND+relationship&pg=3&id=EJ672690','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=parenting+AND+style+AND+self-esteem+AND+relationship&pg=3&id=EJ672690"><span>Individual and Familial Characteristics of Youths Involved in Street Corner <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Singapore.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kee, C.; Sim, K.; Teoh, J.; Tian, C. S.; Ng, K. H.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Study compares 36 youths involved in street corner <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in Singapore with 91 age-matched controls on measures of self-esteem, aggression, dysfunctional parenting and parent-adolescent communication. Results revealed that <span class="hlt">gang</span> youths had lower self-esteem and higher levels of aggression than controls. Findings diverge from anticipated familial…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ASAJ..114.1629L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ASAJ..114.1629L"><span>The broadband social acoustic signaling behavior of spinner and spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lammers, Marc O.; Au, Whitlow W. L.; Herzing, Denise L.</p> <p>2003-09-01</p> <p>Efforts to study the social acoustic signaling behavior of delphinids have traditionally been restricted to audio-range (<20 kHz) analyses. To explore the occurrence of communication signals at ultrasonic frequencies, broadband recordings of whistles and burst pulses were obtained from two commonly studied species of delphinids, the Hawaiian spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Stenella longirostris) and the Atlantic spotted <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Stenella frontalis). Signals were quantitatively analyzed to establish their full bandwidth, to identify distinguishing characteristics between each species, and to determine how often they occur beyond the range of human hearing. Fundamental whistle contours were found to extend beyond 20 kHz only rarely among spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, but with some regularity in spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Harmonics were present in the majority of whistles and varied considerably in their number, occurrence, and amplitude. Many whistles had harmonics that extended past 50 kHz and some reached as high as 100 kHz. The relative amplitude of harmonics and the high hearing sensitivity of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to equivalent frequencies suggest that harmonics are biologically relevant spectral features. The burst pulses of both species were found to be predominantly ultrasonic, often with little or no energy below 20 kHz. The findings presented reveal that the social signals produced by spinner and spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> span the full range of their hearing sensitivity, are spectrally quite varied, and in the case of burst pulses are probably produced more frequently than reported by audio-range analyses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14514216','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14514216"><span>The broadband social acoustic signaling behavior of spinner and spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lammers, Marc O; Au, Whitlow W L; Herzing, Denise L</p> <p>2003-09-01</p> <p>Efforts to study the social acoustic signaling behavior of delphinids have traditionally been restricted to audio-range (<20 kHz) analyses. To explore the occurrence of communication signals at ultrasonic frequencies, broadband recordings of whistles and burst pulses were obtained from two commonly studied species of delphinids, the Hawaiian spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Stenella longirostris) and the Atlantic spotted <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Stenella frontalis). Signals were quantitatively analyzed to establish their full bandwidth, to identify distinguishing characteristics between each species, and to determine how often they occur beyond the range of human hearing. Fundamental whistle contours were found to extend beyond 20 kHz only rarely among spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, but with some regularity in spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Harmonics were present in the majority of whistles and varied considerably in their number, occurrence, and amplitude. Many whistles had harmonics that extended past 50 kHz and some reached as high as 100 kHz. The relative amplitude of harmonics and the high hearing sensitivity of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to equivalent frequencies suggest that harmonics are biologically relevant spectral features. The burst pulses of both species were found to be predominantly ultrasonic, often with little or no energy below 20 kHz. The findings presented reveal that the social signals produced by spinner and spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> span the full range of their hearing sensitivity, are spectrally quite varied, and in the case of burst pulses are probably produced more frequently than reported by audio-range analyses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2242852','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2242852"><span>Genetic Diversity of Coastal Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> Revealed by Structurally and Functionally Diverse Hemoglobins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Remington, Nicole; Stevens, Robert D.; Wells, Randall S.; Hohn, Aleta; Dhungana, Suraj; Taboy, Celine H.; Crumbliss, Alvin L.; Henkens, Robert; Bonaventura, Celia</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Studies of structure-function relationships in the respiratory proteins of marine mammals revealed unexpected variations in the number and types of hemoglobins (Hbs) present in coastal bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, Tursiops truncatus. We obtained blood samples from free-ranging coastal bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> as a component of capture-release studies. We found that the oxygen-binding functions of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> blood are poised between effector-saturated and unsaturated levels, enabling exercise-dependent shifts in oxygen transfer functions. Isolated bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> Hbs showed elevated pH sensitivities (Bohr effects) and appreciably lower oxygen affinities than adult human Hb in the absence of allosteric effectors. These properties may be an adaptive modification that enhance oxygen delivery during diving episodes when oxygen tensions and effector levels are low. The Hbs of individual <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> showed similar oxygen affinities, responses to effectors, and expression of heme-heme interaction in oxygen binding, but differed in their redox potentials and rates of autoxidation. The heterogeneity suggested by these functional variations in Hbs of individual <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> was born out by variations in the molecular weights and numbers of their α and β globin chains. Although coastal bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were expected to have a single type of Hb, the mass differences observed revealed considerable genetic diversity. There were multiple Hb forms in some individuals and differences in Hb patterns among individuals within the same community. PMID:17604574</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17604574','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17604574"><span>Genetic diversity of coastal bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> revealed by structurally and functionally diverse hemoglobins.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Remington, Nicole; Stevens, Robert D; Wells, Randall S; Holn, Aleta; Dhungana, Suraj; Taboy, Celine H; Crumbliss, Alvin L; Henkens, Robert; Bonaventura, Celia</p> <p>2007-08-15</p> <p>Studies of structure-function relationships in the respiratory proteins of marine mammals revealed unexpected variations in the number and types of hemoglobins (Hbs) present in coastal bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, Tursiops truncatus. We obtained blood samples from free-ranging coastal bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> as a component of capture-release studies. We found that the oxygen-binding functions of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> blood are poised between effector-saturated and unsaturated levels, enabling exercise-dependent shifts in oxygen transfer functions. Isolated bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> Hbs showed elevated pH sensitivities (Bohr effects) and appreciably lower oxygen affinities than adult human Hb in the absence of allosteric effectors. These properties may be an adaptive modification that enhances oxygen delivery during diving episodes when oxygen tensions and effector levels are low. The Hbs of individual <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> showed similar oxygen affinities, responses to effectors, and expression of heme-heme interaction in oxygen binding, but differed in their redox potentials and rates of autoxidation. The heterogeneity suggested by these functional variations in Hbs of individual <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> was born out by variations in the molecular weights and numbers of their alpha and beta globin chains. Although coastal bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were expected to have a single type of Hb, the mass differences observed revealed considerable genetic diversity. There were multiple Hb forms in some individuals and differences in Hb patterns among individuals within the same community.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3893789','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3893789"><span>How <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> see the world: A comparison with chimpanzees and humans</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tomonaga, Masaki; Uwano, Yuka; Saito, Toyoshi</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> use auditory (or echoic) information to recognise their environments, and many studies have described their echolocation perception abilities. However, relatively few systematic studies have examined their visual perception. We tested <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> on a visual-matching task using two-dimensional geometric forms including various features. Based on error patterns, we used multidimensional scaling to analyse perceptual similarities among stimuli. In addition to <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, we conducted comparable tests with terrestrial species: chimpanzees were tested on a computer-controlled matching task and humans were tested on a rating task. The overall perceptual similarities among stimuli in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were similar to those in the two species of primates. These results clearly indicate that the visual world is perceived similarly by the three species of mammals, even though each has adapted to a different environment and has differing degrees of dependence on vision. PMID:24435017</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24435017','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24435017"><span>How <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> see the world: a comparison with chimpanzees and humans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tomonaga, Masaki; Uwano, Yuka; Saito, Toyoshi</p> <p>2014-01-16</p> <p>Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> use auditory (or echoic) information to recognise their environments, and many studies have described their echolocation perception abilities. However, relatively few systematic studies have examined their visual perception. We tested <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> on a visual-matching task using two-dimensional geometric forms including various features. Based on error patterns, we used multidimensional scaling to analyse perceptual similarities among stimuli. In addition to <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, we conducted comparable tests with terrestrial species: chimpanzees were tested on a computer-controlled matching task and humans were tested on a rating task. The overall perceptual similarities among stimuli in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were similar to those in the two species of primates. These results clearly indicate that the visual world is perceived similarly by the three species of mammals, even though each has adapted to a different environment and has differing degrees of dependence on vision.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED362603.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED362603.pdf"><span>Reasons and Remedies for <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Delinquency among School Age Children. Literature Review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Sloan, David L.</p> <p></p> <p>Some of the common characteristics associated with juveniles who become involved in <span class="hlt">gang</span> activities are identified. Programs that attempt to alleviate the situations that lead to <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement and programs that deal with juvenile delinquents are discussed. The history of the juvenile justice system is also traced. Characteristics that can…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=attachment+AND+city&pg=3&id=EJ778442','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=attachment+AND+city&pg=3&id=EJ778442"><span>Cognitive and Social Influences on <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement among Delinquents in Three Chinese Cities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Ngai, Ngan-pun; Cheung, Chau-kiu; Ngai, Steven Sek-Yum</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Inasmuch as research has held the increase in youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> activities responsible for the escalating level of crime and delinquency in Chinese societies, ascertaining risk or protective factors of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement among Chinese youths is crucial. The factors include those associated with social control, social learning, and cognitive development. To…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NHESD...2.1671P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NHESD...2.1671P"><span>Spatial and seasonal responses of precipitation in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">river</span> basins to ENSO and Indian Ocean dipole modes: implications for flooding and drought</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pervez, M. S.; Henebry, G. M.</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>We evaluated the spatial and temporal responses of precipitation in the basins as modulated by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean (IO) dipole modes using observed precipitation records at 43 stations across the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra basins from 1982 to 2010. Daily observed precipitation records were extracted from Global Surface Summary of the Day dataset and spatial and monthly anomalies were computed. The anomalies were averaged for the years influenced by climate modes combinations. Occurrences of El Niño alone significantly reduced (60% and 88% of baseline in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra basins, respectively) precipitation during the monsoon months in the northwestern and central <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin and across the Brahmaputra basin. In contrast, co-occurrence of La Niña and a positive IO dipole mode significantly enhanced (135% and 160% of baseline, respectively) precipitation across both basins. During the co-occurrence of neutral phases in both climate modes (occurring 13 out of 28 yr), precipitation remained below average to average in the agriculturally extensive areas of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, eastern Nepal, and the Rajshahi district in Bangladesh in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin and northern Bangladesh, Meghalaya, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh in the Brahmaputra basin. This pattern implies that a regular water deficit is likely in these areas with implications for the agriculture sector due to its reliance on consistent rainfall for successful production. Major flooding and drought occurred as a consequence of the interactive effects of the ENSO and IO dipole modes, with the sole exception of extreme precipitation and flooding during El Niño events. This observational analysis will facilitate well informed decision making in minimizing natural hazard risks and climate impacts on agriculture, and supports development of strategies ensuring optimized use of water resources in best management practice under changing climate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17696657','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17696657"><span>Human listeners provide insights into echo features used by <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) to discriminate among objects.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Delong, Caroline M; Au, Whitlow W L; Harley, Heidi E; Roitblat, Herbert L; Pytka, Lisa</p> <p>2007-08-01</p> <p>Echolocating bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) discriminate between objects on the basis of the echoes reflected by the objects. However, it is not clear which echo features are important for object discrimination. To gain insight into the salient features, the authors had a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> perform a match-to-sample task and then presented human listeners with echoes from the same objects used in the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s task. In 2 experiments, human listeners performed as well or better than the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> at discriminating objects, and they reported the salient acoustic cues. The error patterns of the humans and the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> were compared to determine which acoustic features were likely to have been used by the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>. The results indicate that the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> did not appear to use overall echo amplitude, but that it attended to the pattern of changes in the echoes across different object orientations. Human listeners can quickly identify salient combinations of echo features that permit object discrimination, which can be used to generate hypotheses that can be tested using <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> as subjects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29222726','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29222726"><span>Non-auditory, electrophysiological potentials preceding <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> biosonar click production.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Finneran, James J; Mulsow, Jason; Jones, Ryan; Houser, Dorian S; Accomando, Alyssa W; Ridgway, Sam H</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The auditory brainstem response to a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s own emitted biosonar click can be measured by averaging epochs of the instantaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) that are time-locked to the emitted click. In this study, averaged EEGs were measured using surface electrodes placed on the head in six different configurations while <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> performed an echolocation task. Simultaneously, biosonar click emissions were measured using contact hydrophones on the melon and a hydrophone in the farfield. The averaged EEGs revealed an electrophysiological potential (the pre-auditory wave, PAW) that preceded the production of each biosonar click. The largest PAW amplitudes occurred with the non-inverting electrode just right of the midline-the apparent side of biosonar click generation-and posterior of the blowhole. Although the source of the PAW is unknown, the temporal and spatial properties rule out an auditory source. The PAW may be a neural or myogenic potential associated with click production; however, it is not known if muscles within the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> nasal system can be actuated at the high rates reported for <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> click production, or if sufficiently coordinated and fast motor endplates of nasal muscles exist to produce a PAW detectable with surface electrodes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6003615','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6003615"><span>“Get Off Me”: Perceptions of Disrespectful Police Behavior among Ethnic Minority Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Novich, Madeleine; Hunt, Geoffrey</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Recent media accounts have highlighted issues of use and abuse of police force and policing practices targeted at ethnic minorities within inner city areas. To date, little research has focused specifically on the experiences and perceptions of youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in dealing with police. Using data from 253 in-depth interviews with ethnic minority San Francisco-based youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, we examine perceptions of respectful and disrespectful police behavior. Premised on a procedural justice model (Tyler, 2006), we explore how frequently disrespectful police behavior is reported and how these negative experiences shape <span class="hlt">gang</span> members’ attitudes towards the police more generally. We refine our investigation by comparing adverse encounters to examples in which <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are treated respectfully. Using a data-driven inductive and qualitative theory testing deductive approach, our data revealed that male and female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members regularly experience disrespectful police behavior in terms of physical and verbal abuse. Our findings indicate that these exchanges contribute to negative attitudes, fear, and distrust of police, while respectful interactions are meaningful and can contribute to positive attitudes towards officers. PMID:29910539</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671302','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671302"><span>The myth and reality of Gray's paradox: implication of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> drag reduction for technology.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fish, Frank E</p> <p>2006-06-01</p> <p>The inconsistency for the calculated high drag on an actively swimming <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> and underestimated muscle power available resulted in what has been termed Gray's paradox. Although Gray's paradox was flawed, it has been the inspiration for a variety of drag reduction mechanisms. This review examines the present state of knowledge of drag reduction specific to <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Streamlining and special behaviors provide the greatest drag reduction for <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Mechanisms to control flow by maintaining a completely laminar boundary layer over the body have not been demonstrated for <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ASAJ..116.3757B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ASAJ..116.3757B"><span>Geographic variations in the whistles of spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Stenella longirostris) of the Main Hawai‵ian Islands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bazúa-Durán, Carmen; Au, Whitlow W. L.</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p>Geographic variations in the whistles of Hawai‵ian spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are discussed by comparing 27 spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> pods recorded in waters off the Islands of Kaua‵i, O‵ahu, Lana‵i, and Hawai‵i. Three different behavioral states, the number of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> observed in each pod, and ten parameters extracted from each whistle contour were considered by using clustering and discriminant function analyses. The results suggest that spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> pods in the Main Hawai‵ian Islands share characteristics in approximately 48% of their whistles. Spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> pods had similar whistle parameters regardless of the island, location, and date when they were sampled and the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>' behavioral state and pod size. The term ‵‵whistle-specific subgroup'' (WSS) was used to designate whistle groups with similar whistles parameters (which could have been produced in part by the same <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>). The emission rate of whistles was higher when spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were socializing than when they were traveling or resting, suggesting that whistles are mainly used during close-range interactions. Spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> also seem to vary whistle duration according to their general behavioral state. Whistle duration and the number of turns and steps of a whistle may be more important in delivering information at the individual level than whistle frequency parameters. .</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=delinquency+AND+history&pg=4&id=EJ906640','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=delinquency+AND+history&pg=4&id=EJ906640"><span>Gangkill: An Exploratory Empirical Assessment of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership, Homicide Offending, and Prison Misconduct</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Drury, Alan J.; DeLisi, Matt</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Extant research indicates that inmates with street <span class="hlt">gang</span> history are prone for prison misconduct but that inmates convicted of homicide offenses are less likely to be noncompliant. No research has explored the interaction between street <span class="hlt">gang</span> history and homicide offending. Based on official infraction data from 1,005 inmates selected from the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=statistic+AND+stress&pg=6&id=EJ1027406','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=statistic+AND+stress&pg=6&id=EJ1027406"><span>Acculturative Stress and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement among Latinos: U.S.-Born versus Immigrant Youth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Barrett, Alice N.; Kuperminc, Gabriel P.; Lewis, Kelly M.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> involvement is an increasing issue among Latino youth, yet nuanced research on its potential causes is scarce. Quantitative and qualitative data were used to explore links between acculturative stress and <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement among immigrant and U.S.-born Latino middle school students (N = 199). Regression analyses showed that U.S.-born youths…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ910053.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ910053.pdf"><span>The <span class="hlt">Gang</span>'s All Here: Grammar Goes Global for Purdue, Unisa and Adelaide University</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Duff, Andrea; Spangenberg, Brady; Carter, Susanna; Miller, Julia</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The University of South Australia and Purdue University (Indiana) launched the "Grammar <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Blog" in June 2008, as a collaborative forum for talking about language. The blog reaches a far-flung community of learners from Australia to the United States, Brisbane to Bangalore and Ghana to Germany. The Grammar <span class="hlt">Gang</span>--where Owls meet…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26812485','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26812485"><span>Mediterranean Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus) Threatened by <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> MorbilliVirus.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mazzariol, Sandro; Centelleghe, Cinzia; Beffagna, Giorgia; Povinelli, Michele; Terracciano, Giuliana; Cocumelli, Cristiano; Pintore, Antonio; Denurra, Daniele; Casalone, Cristina; Pautasso, Alessandra; Di Francesco, Cristina Esmeralda; Di Guardo, Giovanni</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>During 2011-2013, <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> morbillivirus was molecularly identified in 4 stranded fin whales from the Mediterranean Sea. Nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, and hemagglutinin gene sequences of the identified strain were highly homologous with those of a morbillivirus that caused a 2006-2007 epidemic in the Mediterranean. <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> morbillivirus represents a serious threat for fin whales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22937022','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22937022"><span>Predictive modeling of spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Stenella longirostris) resting habitat in the main Hawaiian Islands.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Thorne, Lesley H; Johnston, David W; Urban, Dean L; Tyne, Julian; Bejder, Lars; Baird, Robin W; Yin, Suzanne; Rickards, Susan H; Deakos, Mark H; Mobley, Joseph R; Pack, Adam A; Chapla Hill, Marie</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Predictive habitat models can provide critical information that is necessary in many conservation applications. Using Maximum Entropy modeling, we characterized habitat relationships and generated spatial predictions of spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Stenella longirostris) resting habitat in the main Hawaiian Islands. Spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in Hawai'i exhibit predictable daily movements, using inshore bays as resting habitat during daylight hours and foraging in offshore waters at night. There are growing concerns regarding the effects of human activities on spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> resting in coastal areas. However, the environmental factors that define suitable resting habitat remain unclear and must be assessed and quantified in order to properly address interactions between humans and spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. We used a series of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> sightings from recent surveys in the main Hawaiian Islands and a suite of environmental variables hypothesized as being important to resting habitat to model spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> resting habitat. The model performed well in predicting resting habitat and indicated that proximity to deep water foraging areas, depth, the proportion of bays with shallow depths, and rugosity were important predictors of spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> habitat. Predicted locations of suitable spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> resting habitat provided in this study indicate areas where future survey efforts should be focused and highlight potential areas of conflict with human activities. This study provides an example of a presence-only habitat model used to inform the management of a species for which patterns of habitat availability are poorly understood.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3427338','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3427338"><span>Predictive Modeling of Spinner <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> (Stenella longirostris) Resting Habitat in the Main Hawaiian Islands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Thorne, Lesley H.; Johnston, David W.; Urban, Dean L.; Tyne, Julian; Bejder, Lars; Baird, Robin W.; Yin, Suzanne; Rickards, Susan H.; Deakos, Mark H.; Mobley, Joseph R.; Pack, Adam A.; Chapla Hill, Marie</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Predictive habitat models can provide critical information that is necessary in many conservation applications. Using Maximum Entropy modeling, we characterized habitat relationships and generated spatial predictions of spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Stenella longirostris) resting habitat in the main Hawaiian Islands. Spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in Hawai'i exhibit predictable daily movements, using inshore bays as resting habitat during daylight hours and foraging in offshore waters at night. There are growing concerns regarding the effects of human activities on spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> resting in coastal areas. However, the environmental factors that define suitable resting habitat remain unclear and must be assessed and quantified in order to properly address interactions between humans and spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. We used a series of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> sightings from recent surveys in the main Hawaiian Islands and a suite of environmental variables hypothesized as being important to resting habitat to model spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> resting habitat. The model performed well in predicting resting habitat and indicated that proximity to deep water foraging areas, depth, the proportion of bays with shallow depths, and rugosity were important predictors of spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> habitat. Predicted locations of suitable spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> resting habitat provided in this study indicate areas where future survey efforts should be focused and highlight potential areas of conflict with human activities. This study provides an example of a presence-only habitat model used to inform the management of a species for which patterns of habitat availability are poorly understood. PMID:22937022</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=influence+AND+sale&pg=3&id=EJ793516','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=influence+AND+sale&pg=3&id=EJ793516"><span>Understanding the Black Box of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Organization: Implications for Involvement in Violent Crime, Drug Sales, and Violent Victimization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Decker, Scott H.; Katz, Charles M.; Webb, Vincent J.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>This article examines the influence of <span class="hlt">gang</span> organization on several behavioral measures. Using interview data from juvenile detention facilities in three Arizona sites, this article examines the relationship between <span class="hlt">gang</span> organizational structure and involvement in violent crime, drug sales, victimization, and arrest. The <span class="hlt">gang</span> literature suggests…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70032940','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70032940"><span>A comparison of pectoral fin contact between two different wild <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> populations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Dudzinski, K.M.; Gregg, J.D.; Ribic, C.A.; Kuczaj, S.A.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Contact behaviour involving the pectoral fin has been documented in a number of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> species, and various explanations about its function have been offered. Pectoral fin contact can take a variety of forms, and involves a number of body parts and movements, likely differing depending upon social or ecological context. For this study, we compare the pectoral fin contact behaviour of two species of wild <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>: Indo-Pacific bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops aduncus) from around Mikura Island, Japan, and Atlantic spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Stenella frontalis) from The Bahamas. The two study populations exhibit surprising similarity in the ways in which pectoral fin contacts are used, despite differences in species and environmental conditions at the two sites. Differences in contact rates for calves between the two sites suggest that calf-focused aggression from adult <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> is more prevalent at Mikura than in The Bahamas. Our results suggest that pectoral fin contact behaviour seems to be driven primarily by social pressures, and may be similar in function to allogrooming described in primates. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ASAJ..117.2441C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ASAJ..117.2441C"><span>Auditory evoked potential (AEP) measurements in stranded rough-toothed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Steno bredanensis)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cook, Mandy L. H.; Manire, Charles A.; Mann, David A.</p> <p>2005-04-01</p> <p>Thirty-six rough-toothed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Steno bredanensis) live-stranded on Hutchinson Island, FL on August 6, 2004. Seven animals were transported to Mote Marine Laboratory for rehabilitation. Two auditory evoked potential (AEP) measurements were performed on each of five of these <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in air using a jawphone to present acoustic stimuli. Modulation rate transfer functions (MRTFs) were measured to establish how well the auditory system follows the temporal envelope of acoustic stimuli. A 40 kHz stimulus carrier was amplitude modulated (AM) with varying rates ranging from 200 Hz to 1800 Hz, in 200 Hz steps. The best AM-rate from the first <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> tested was 1500 Hz. This AM rate was used in subsequent AEP measurements to determine evoked-potential hearing thresholds between 5000 and 80<th>000 Hz. These findings show that rough-toothed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> can detect sounds between 5 and 80 kHz, and are most likely capable of detecting frequencies much higher than 80 kHz. MRTF data suggest that rough-toothed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> have a high temporal resolution, similar to that of other cetaceans.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18761281','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18761281"><span><span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> natures, human virtues: MacIntyre and ethical naturalism.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Glackin, Shane Nicholas</p> <p>2008-09-01</p> <p>Can biological facts explain human morality? Aristotelian 'virtue' ethics has traditionally assumed so. In recent years Alasdair MacIntyre has reintroduced a form of Aristotle's 'metaphysical biology' into his ethics. He argues that the ethological study of dependence and rationality in other species--<span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in particular--sheds light on how those same traits in the typical lives of humans give rise to the moral virtues. However, some goal-oriented <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> behaviour appears both dependent and rational in the precise manner which impresses MacIntyre, yet anything but ethically 'virtuous'. More damningly, <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> ethologists consistently refuse to evaluate such behaviour in the manner MacIntyre claims is appropriate to moral judgement. In light of this, I argue that virtues--insofar as they name a biological or ethological category--do not name a morally significant one.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=city+AND+logistics&pg=6&id=EJ887628','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=city+AND+logistics&pg=6&id=EJ887628"><span>Alcohol and Drug Use among <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members: Experiences of Adolescents Who Attend School</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Swahn, Monica H.; Bossarte, Robert M.; West, Bethany; Topalli, Volkan</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Background: Problems related to <span class="hlt">gangs</span> have been noted in large cities and in many schools across the United States. This study examined the patterns of alcohol, drug use, and related exposures among male and female high school students who were <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Methods: Analyses were based on the Youth Violence Survey, conducted in 2004, and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3793200','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3793200"><span>Blood-Based Indicators of Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome in Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Venn-Watson, Stephanie; Smith, Cynthia Rowe; Stevenson, Sacha; Parry, Celeste; Daniels, Risa; Jensen, Eric; Cendejas, Veronica; Balmer, Brian; Janech, Michael; Neely, Benjamin A.; Wells, Randall</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Similar to people with metabolic syndrome, bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) can have a sustained postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and fatty liver disease. A panel of potential postprandial blood-based indicators of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome were compared among 34 managed collection <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in San Diego Bay, CA, USA (Group A) and 16 wild, free-ranging <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in Sarasota Bay, FL, USA (Group B). Compared to Group B, Group A had higher insulin (2.1 ± 2.5 and 13 ± 13 μIU/ml), glucose (87 ± 19 and 108 ± 12 mg/dl), and triglycerides (75 ± 28 and 128 ± 45 mg/dl) as well as higher cholesterol (total, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol), iron, transferrin saturation, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alanine transaminase, and uric acid. Group A had higher percent unmodified adiponectin. While Group A <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were older, the same blood-based differences remained when controlling for age. There were no differences in body mass index (BMI) between the groups, and comparisons between Group B and Group A <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> have consistently demonstrated lower stress hormones levels in Group A. Group A <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> with high insulin (greater than 14 μIU/ml) had higher glucose, iron, GGT, and BMI compared to Group A <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> with lower insulin. These findings support that some <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> groups may be more susceptible to insulin resistance compared to others, and primary risk factors are not likely age, BMI, or stress. Lower high-molecular weight adiponectin has been identified as an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes in humans and may be a target for preventing insulin resistance in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Future investigations with these two <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> populations, including dietary and feeding differences, may provide valuable insight for preventing and treating insulin resistance in humans. PMID:24130551</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3277460','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3277460"><span>Visual laterality in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>: importance of the familiarity of stimuli</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Background Many studies of cerebral asymmetries in different species lead, on the one hand, to a better understanding of the functions of each cerebral hemisphere and, on the other hand, to develop an evolutionary history of hemispheric laterality. Our animal model is particularly interesting because of its original evolutionary path, i.e. return to aquatic life after a terrestrial phase. The rare reports concerning visual laterality of marine mammals investigated mainly discrimination processes. As <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are migrant species they are confronted to a changing environment. Being able to categorize new versus familiar objects would allow <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> a rapid adaptation to novel environments. Visual laterality could be a prerequisite to this adaptability. To date, no study, to our knowledge, has analyzed the environmental factors that could influence their visual laterality. Results We investigated visual laterality expressed spontaneously at the water surface by a group of five common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) in response to various stimuli. The stimuli presented ranged from very familiar objects (known and manipulated previously) to familiar objects (known but never manipulated) to unfamiliar objects (unknown, never seen previously). At the group level, <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> used their left eye to observe very familiar objects and their right eye to observe unfamiliar objects. However, eyes are used indifferently to observe familiar objects with intermediate valence. Conclusion Our results suggest different visual cerebral processes based either on the global shape of well-known objects or on local details of unknown objects. Moreover, the manipulation of an object appears necessary for these <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to construct a global representation of an object enabling its immediate categorization for subsequent use. Our experimental results pointed out some cognitive capacities of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> which might be crucial for their wild life given their fission-fusion social system</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22239860','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22239860"><span>Visual laterality in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>: importance of the familiarity of stimuli.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Blois-Heulin, Catherine; Crével, Mélodie; Böye, Martin; Lemasson, Alban</p> <p>2012-01-12</p> <p>Many studies of cerebral asymmetries in different species lead, on the one hand, to a better understanding of the functions of each cerebral hemisphere and, on the other hand, to develop an evolutionary history of hemispheric laterality. Our animal model is particularly interesting because of its original evolutionary path, i.e. return to aquatic life after a terrestrial phase. The rare reports concerning visual laterality of marine mammals investigated mainly discrimination processes. As <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are migrant species they are confronted to a changing environment. Being able to categorize new versus familiar objects would allow <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> a rapid adaptation to novel environments. Visual laterality could be a prerequisite to this adaptability. To date, no study, to our knowledge, has analyzed the environmental factors that could influence their visual laterality. We investigated visual laterality expressed spontaneously at the water surface by a group of five common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) in response to various stimuli. The stimuli presented ranged from very familiar objects (known and manipulated previously) to familiar objects (known but never manipulated) to unfamiliar objects (unknown, never seen previously). At the group level, <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> used their left eye to observe very familiar objects and their right eye to observe unfamiliar objects. However, eyes are used indifferently to observe familiar objects with intermediate valence. Our results suggest different visual cerebral processes based either on the global shape of well-known objects or on local details of unknown objects. Moreover, the manipulation of an object appears necessary for these <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to construct a global representation of an object enabling its immediate categorization for subsequent use. Our experimental results pointed out some cognitive capacities of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> which might be crucial for their wild life given their fission-fusion social system and migratory behaviour.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23D1262E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23D1262E"><span>Sediment Compaction Estimates in The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta Using Changes in Ground Water Velocity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eisenrich, R.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The combination of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra, and Meghna <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> has created the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD), which comprises most of Bangladesh. These <span class="hlt">rivers</span> drain into the Bay of Bengal and carry two thousand tons of alluvial sediment each year, which are responsible for the accumulation of land in Bangladesh. As new layers of sediment are deposited the underlying layers begin to compress under the overlaying weight resulting in land subsidence, which can cause salt-water intrusion, structural destabilization, and an increased vulnerability to flooding. Subsidence is an important concern for much of Bangladesh because 6,000 km² of the GBD is positioned 2 m above sea level and 2,000 km² of the delta is located completely below sea level. During the monsoon season much of the countries ground water is within one meter of the surface. Therefore in this study we use changes in ground water velocity as a proxy for sediment compaction. We utilize a 10-year record of ground and surface water levels from >1200 gages and wells in Bangladesh to calculate the change in ground water velocities in Khulna and the Sylhet basin. Changes in ground water velocity are related to the relative sediment compaction of the study areas using the equation for ground water velocity, v=k/n (dh/dl) where v is velocity, k is hydraulic conductivity, n is porosity and dh/dl is the change in hydraulic head. We use the difference in hydraulic conductivity, which has a large variation with grain size and pore space of the rock/sediment, to calculate changes in sediment compaction over the ten-year period. We validate this approach using laboratory measurements of hydraulic conductivity in a Darcy tube in which compaction of the subject material is varied. Results from this experiment are also compared to in situ measurements of sediment compaction from optical fiber strain meters emplaced in the study areas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23290354','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23290354"><span>Mechanical properties of dental tissues in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Cetacea: Delphinoidea and Inioidea).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Loch, Carolina; Swain, Michael V; van Vuuren, Ludwig Jansen; Kieser, Jules A; Fordyce, R Ewan</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>(1) Mammalian teeth play a major role in food acquisition and processing. While most mammals are heterodont and masticate their food, <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are homodont with simplified tooth morphology and negligible mastication. Understanding mechanical properties of dental tissues in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> is fundamental to elucidate the functional morphology and biomechanics of their feeding apparatus. This paper aims to study the hardness and elastic modulus of enamel and dentine in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. (2) Teeth of 10 extant species (Inioidea and Delphinoidea) were longitudinally sectioned, polished and mounted in a UMIS nanoindenter. Indentations were performed from dentine to outer enamel. Hardness and elastic modulus were calculated using the Oliver-Pharr method. (3) Mean values of hardness and elastic modulus were similar on buccal and lingual surfaces. While dentine hardness was statistically similar among species, enamel hardness varied from 3.86GPa (±0.4) in Steno bredanensis (rough-toothed <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>) to 2.36GPa (±0.38) in Pontoporia blainvillei (franciscana). For most species, there was a gradational increase in hardness values from inner to outer enamel. Enamel and dentine elastic modulus values clearly differed among species. In enamel, it ranged from 69.32GPa (±4.08) in the rough-toothed <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> to 13.51GPa (±2.80) in Stenella coeruleoalba (striped <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>). For most species, elastic modulus values were highest at inner and outer enamel. (4) Differences in mechanical properties between species, and within the enamel of each species, suggest functional implications and influence of ultrastructural arrangement and chemical composition. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860000278&hterms=pump+control+pump&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dpump%2Bcontrol%2Bpump','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860000278&hterms=pump+control+pump&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dpump%2Bcontrol%2Bpump"><span>Hydraulic Actuator for <span class="hlt">Ganged</span> Control Rods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thompson, D. C.; Robey, R. M.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Hydraulic actuator moves several nuclear-reactor control rods in unison. Electromagnetic pump pushes liquid lithium against ends of control rods, forcing them out of or into nuclear reactor. Color arrows show lithium flow for reactor startup and operation. Flow reversed for shutdown. Conceived for use aboard spacecraft, actuator principle applied to terrestrial hydraulic machinery involving motion of <span class="hlt">ganged</span> rods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Will+ross&pg=2&id=ED523407','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Will+ross&pg=2&id=ED523407"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, Marginalised Youth and Social Capital</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Deuchar, Ross</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Adolescents are routinely demonised by politicians and the media.Ross Deuchar's compelling research into the views of some of the toughest--youths who are growing up in socially deprived urban areas of Glasgow in Scotland--reveals the true facts. They talked to him about their lives, <span class="hlt">gang</span> culture and territorialiity and he passes on their words…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552635','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552635"><span>The structure of a bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> society is coupled to a unique foraging cooperation with artisanal fishermen.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Daura-Jorge, F G; Cantor, M; Ingram, S N; Lusseau, D; Simões-Lopes, P C</p> <p>2012-10-23</p> <p>Diverse and localized foraging behaviours have been reported in isolated populations of many animal species around the world. In Laguna, southern Brazil, a subset of resident bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) uses a foraging tactic involving cooperative interactions with local, beach-casting fishermen. We used individual photo-identification data to assess whether cooperative and non-cooperative <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were socially segregated. The social structure of the population was found to be a fission-fusion system with few non-random associations, typical for this species. However, association values were greater among cooperative <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> than among non-cooperative <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> or between <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from different foraging classes. Furthermore, the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> social network was divided into three modules, clustering individuals that shared or lacked the cooperative foraging tactic. Space-use patterns were not sufficient to explain this partitioning, indicating a behavioural factor. The segregation of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> using different foraging tactics could result from foraging behaviour driving social structure, while the closer association between <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> engaged in the cooperation could facilitate the transmission and learning of this behavioural trait from conspecifics. This unique case of a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-human interaction represents a valuable opportunity to explore hypotheses on the role of social learning in wild cetaceans.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20688641','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20688641"><span>Eighteen-year study of South Australian <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> shows variation in lung nematodes by season, year, age class, and location.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tomo, Ikuko; Kemper, Catherine M; Lavery, Trish J</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>Between 1990 and 2007, carcasses of opportunistically collected short-beaked common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Delphinus delphis; n=238), Indo-Pacific bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops aduncus; n=167), and common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus; n=15) were examined for parasites and life history data. Three species of lung nematodes (Halocercus lagenorhynchi, Stenurus ovatus, Pharurus alatus) were identified in surface nodules, subsurface lesions, or airways. Nematode burdens were light to heavy and, in many cases, would have compromised the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>' health. The number of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> infected was related to species, year, season, age class, and geographic region. Nematodes were found in all three species but were more prevalent in short-beaked common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (mean annual prevalence=26%) than in bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (12%). There was a significant increase in prevalence of nematodes in short-beaked common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in 2005-06 (63%) compared to 1990-2004 (14%), with a peak in April-June. More young short-beaked common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were infected than subadults and adults and, during the unusual infection event, there were more dependent calves (<130 cm) than juveniles. There were also more infections in dependent bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops spp.) calves but no increase in overall prevalence was detected during 2005-06. Because neonates of both short-beaked common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were infected, mother-to-calf transmission is suspected for these species in South Australia. Numbers of infections in short-beaked common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were higher in Gulf St Vincent than elsewhere in South Australia, particularly in 2005-06. The cause of the unusual infection event in short-beaked common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> is unknown. We discuss the influence of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> diet, life history, and external factors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ASAJ..114.2433R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ASAJ..114.2433R"><span>Functional brain imaging and bioacoustics in the Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, Tursiops truncatus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ridgway, Sam; Finneran, James; Carder, Donald; van Bonn, William; Smith, Cynthia; Houser, Dorian; Mattrey, Robert; Hoh, Carl</p> <p>2003-10-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> brain is the central processing computer for a complex and effective underwater echolocation and communication system. Until now, it has not been possible to study or diagnose disorders of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> brain employing modern functional imaging methods like those used in human medicine. Our most recent studies employ established methods such as behavioral tasks, physiological observations, and computed tomography (CT) and, for the first time, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET). Trained <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> slide out of their enclosure on to a mat and are transported by trainers and veterinarians to the laboratory for injection of a ligand. Following ligand injection, brief experiments include trained vocal responses to acoustic, visual, or tactile stimuli. We have used the ligand technetium (Tc-99m) biscisate (Neurolite) to image circulatory flow by SPECT. Fluro-deoxy-d-glucose (18-F-FDG) has been employed to image brain metabolism with PET. Veterinarians carefully monitored <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> during and after the procedure. Through these methods, we have demonstrated that functional imaging can be employed safely and productively with <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to obtain valuable information on brain structure and function for medical and research purposes. Hemispheric differences and variations in flow and metabolism in different brain areas will be shown.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4734534','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4734534"><span>Mediterranean Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus) Threatened by <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> MorbilliVirus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Centelleghe, Cinzia; Beffagna, Giorgia; Povinelli, Michele; Terracciano, Giuliana; Cocumelli, Cristiano; Pintore, Antonio; Denurra, Daniele; Casalone, Cristina; Pautasso, Alessandra; Di Francesco, Cristina Esmeralda; Di Guardo, Giovanni</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>During 2011–2013, <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> morbillivirus was molecularly identified in 4 stranded fin whales from the Mediterranean Sea. Nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, and hemagglutinin gene sequences of the identified strain were highly homologous with those of a morbillivirus that caused a 2006–2007 epidemic in the Mediterranean. <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> morbillivirus represents a serious threat for fin whales. PMID:26812485</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29744717','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29744717"><span>Closer to Guns: the Role of Street <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Facilitating Access to Illegal Firearms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Roberto, Elizabeth; Braga, Anthony A; Papachristos, Andrew V</p> <p>2018-05-09</p> <p>Criminal offenders often turn to social networks to gain access to firearms, yet we know little about how networks facilitate access to firearms. This study conducts a network analysis of a co-offending network for the City of Chicago to determine how close any offender may be to a firearm. We use arrest data to recreate the co-offending network of all individuals who were arrested with at least one other person over an eight-year period. We then use data on guns recovered by the police to measure potential network pathways of any individual to known firearms. We test the hypothesis that <span class="hlt">gangs</span> facilitate access to firearms and the extent to which such access relates to gunshot injury among <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Findings reveal that <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership reduces the potential network distance (how close someone is) to known firearms by 20% or more, and regression results indicate that the closer <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are to guns, the greater their risk of gunshot victimization.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-04-12/pdf/2012-8770.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-04-12/pdf/2012-8770.pdf"><span>77 FR 21946 - Taking of Marine Mammals Incidental to Commercial Fishing Operations; Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Take...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-04-12</p> <p>...; see section on Revisions to the Western North Atlantic Coastal Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Stock) in Category I... Western North Atlantic Coastal Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Stock), medium mesh gillnets targeting spiny dogfish... recommended using genetic samples or matching dorsal fin images to the Mid-Atlantic Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Photo...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8730087','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8730087"><span>Acoustic basis for recognition of aspect-dependent three-dimensional targets by an echolocating bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Helweg, D A; Au, W W; Roitblat, H L; Nachtigall, P E</p> <p>1996-04-01</p> <p>The relationships between acoustic features of target echoes and the cognitive representations of the target formed by an echolocating <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> will influence the ease with which the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> can recognize a target. A blindfolded Atlantic bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus) learned to match aspect-dependent three-dimensional targets (such as a cube) at haphazard orientations, although with some difficulty. This task may have been difficult because aspect-dependent targets produce different echoes at different orientations, which required the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> to have some capability for object constancy across changes in echo characteristics. Significant target-related differences in echo amplitude, rms bandwidth, and distributions of interhighlight intervals were observed among echoes collected when the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> was performing the task. Targets could be classified using a combination of energy flux density and rms bandwidth by a linear discriminant analysis and a nearest centroid classifier. Neither statistical model could classify targets without amplitude information, but the highest accuracy required spectral information as well. This suggests that the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> recognized the targets using a multidimensional representation containing amplitude and spectral information and that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> can form stable representations of targets regardless of orientation based on varying sensory properties.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26960390','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26960390"><span>The bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus) faecal microbiota.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Soverini, Matteo; Quercia, Sara; Biancani, Barbara; Furlati, Stefano; Turroni, Silvia; Biagi, Elena; Consolandi, Clarissa; Peano, Clelia; Severgnini, Marco; Rampelli, Simone; Brigidi, Patrizia; Candela, Marco</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Cetaceans have evolved from herbivorous terrestrial artiodactyls closely related to ruminants and hippopotamuses. Delphinidae, a family included in this order, represent an extreme and successful re-adaptation of mammalian physiology to the marine habitat and piscivorous diet. The anatomical aspects of Delphinidae success are well understood, whereas some physiological aspects of their environmental fitness are less defined, such as the gut microbiota composition and its adaptation to their dietary niche. Here, we explored the faecal microbiota structure of nine adult bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) and one breast-fed calf living in a controlled environment. According to our findings, <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> possess a unique microbiota profile within the Mammalia class, highly resembling that of carnivorous marine fishes. The breast-fed calf showed a distinctive compositional structure of the gut microbial ecosystem, which partially overlaps with the mother's milk microbiota. Taken together, our data indicate that in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> the adaptation to the marine niche and piscivorous diet involved the convergence of their gut microbiota structure with that of marine fishes, overcoming the gut microbiota phylogenetic inertia previously described in terrestrial mammalians. © FEMS 2016. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED426175.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED426175.pdf"><span>Comparing the Criminal Behavior of Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and At-Risk Youths. Research in Brief.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Huff, C. Ronald</p> <p></p> <p>A study was conducted to compare the criminal behavior of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and nongang at-risk youths in four urban and suburban communities, Denver (Colorado), Aurora (Colorado), Broward County (Florida), and Cleveland (Ohio). The first three communities were emergent, rather than chronic, <span class="hlt">gang</span> environments, but in Cleveland, information on gangs…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4422622','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4422622"><span>Initial Evidence for Adaptive Selection on the NADH Subunit Two of Freshwater <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> by Analyses of Mitochondrial Genomes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Caballero, Susana; Duchêne, Sebastian; Garavito, Manuel F.; Slikas, Beth; Baker, C. Scott</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>A small number of cetaceans have adapted to an entirely freshwater environment, having colonized <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in Asia and South America from an ancestral origin in the marine environment. This includes the ‘<span class="hlt">river</span> dolphins’, early divergence from the odontocete lineage, and two species of true <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Family Delphinidae). Successful adaptation to the freshwater environment may have required increased demands in energy involved in processes such as the mitochondrial osmotic balance. For this reason, riverine odontocetes provide a compelling natural experiment in adaptation of mammals from marine to freshwater habitats. Here we present initial evidence of positive selection in the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 of riverine odontocetes by analyses of full mitochondrial genomes, using tests of selection and protein structure modeling. The codon model with highest statistical support corresponds to three discrete categories for amino acid sites, those under positive, neutral, and purifying selection. With this model we found positive selection at site 297 of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (dN/dS>1.0,) leading to a substitution of an Ala or Val from the ancestral state of Thr. A phylogenetic reconstruction of 27 cetacean mitogenomes showed that an Ala substitution has evolved at least four times in cetaceans, once or more in the three ‘<span class="hlt">river</span> dolphins’ (Families Pontoporidae, Lipotidae and Inidae), once in the riverine Sotalia fluviatilis (but not in its marine sister taxa), once in the riverine Orcaella brevirostris from the Mekong <span class="hlt">River</span> (but not in its marine sister taxa) and once in two other related marine <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. We located the position of this amino acid substitution in an alpha-helix channel in the trans-membrane domain in both the E. coli structure and Sotalia fluviatilis model. In E. coli this position is located in a helix implicated in a proton translocation channel of respiratory complex 1 and may have a similar role in the NADH dehydrogenases of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED471717.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED471717.pdf"><span>Can Education Play a Role in the Prevention of Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Indian Country? One Tribe's Approach. ERIC Digest.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hernandez, Arturo</p> <p></p> <p>Traditionally an urban problem, <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement is growing on Native American reservations. This digest examines common factors in <span class="hlt">gang</span> development and one tribe's response through a Native-centric education and juvenile justice system. The sum of handicaps associated with <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement has been termed "multiple marginality," and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29062865','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29062865"><span>Dataset on Investigating the role of onsite learning in the optimisation of craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity in the construction industry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ugulu, Rex Asibuodu; Allen, Stephen</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The data presented in this article is an original data on "Investigating the role of onsite learning in the optimisation of craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity in the construction industry". This article describes the constraints influencing craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity and the influence of onsite learning on the blockwork craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity. It also presented the method of data collection, using a semi-structured interview and an observation method to collect data from construction organisations. We provided statistics on the top most important constraints affecting the craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity using 3-D Bar charts. In addition, we computed the correlation coefficients and the regression model on the influence of onsite learning on craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity using the man-hour as the dependent variable. The relationship between blockwork inputs and cycle numbers was determined at 5% significance level. Finally, we presented data information on the application of the learning curve theory using the unit straight-line model equations and computed the learning rate of the observed craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s blockwork repetitive work.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999HMR....53..122B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999HMR....53..122B"><span>A combined stereo-photogrammetry and underwater-video system to study group composition of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bräger, S.; Chong, A.; Dawson, S.; Slooten, E.; Würsig, B.</p> <p>1999-11-01</p> <p>One reason for the paucity of knowledge of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> social structure is the difficulty of measuring individual <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. In Hector's <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, Cephalorhynchus hectori, total body length is a function of age, and sex can be determined by individual colouration pattern. We developed a novel system combining stereo-photogrammetry and underwater-video to record <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> group composition. The system consists of two downward-looking single-lens-reflex (SLR) cameras and a Hi8 video camera in an underwater housing mounted on a small boat. Bow-riding Hector's <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were photographed and video-taped at close range in coastal waters around the South Island of New Zealand. Three-dimensional, stereoscopic measurements of the distance between the blowhole and the anterior margin of the dorsal fin (BH-DF) were calibrated by a suspended frame with reference points. Growth functions derived from measurements of 53 dead Hector's <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (29 female : 24 male) provided the necessary reference data. For the analysis, the measurements were synchronised with corresponding underwater-video of the genital area. A total of 27 successful measurements (8 with corresponding sex) were obtained, showing how this new system promises to be potentially useful for cetacean studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.......166S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.......166S"><span>By the Light of the Moon: North Pacific <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> Optimize Foraging with the Lunar Cycle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Simonis, Anne Elizabeth</p> <p></p> <p>The influence of the lunar cycle on <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> foraging behavior was investigated in the productive, southern California Current Ecosystem and the oligotrophic Hawaiian Archipelago. Passive acoustic recordings from 2009 to 2015 were analyzed to document the presence of echolocation from four <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> species that demonstrate distinct foraging preferences and diving abilities. Visual observations of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, cloud coverage, commercial landings of market squid (Doryteuthis opalescens) and acoustic backscatter of fish were also considered in the Southern California Bight. The temporal variability of echolocation is described from daily to annual timescales, with emphasis on the lunar cycle as an established behavioral driver for potential <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> prey. For <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> that foraged at night, the presence of echolocation was reduced during nights of the full moon and during times of night that the moon was present in the night sky. In the Southern California Bight, echolocation activity was reduced for both shallow- diving common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Delphinus delphis) and deeper-diving Risso's <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Grampus griseus) during times of increased illumination. Seasonal differences in acoustic behavior for both species suggest a geographic shift in <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> populations, shoaling scattering layers or prey switching behavior during warm months, whereby <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> target prey that do not vertically migrate. In the Hawaiian Archipelago, deep-diving short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) and shallow-diving false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) also showed reduced echolocation behavior during periods of increased lunar illumination. In contrast to nocturnal foraging in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands, false killer whales in the main Hawaiian Islands mainly foraged during the day and the lunar cycle showed little influence on their nocturnal acoustic behavior. Different temporal patterns in false killer whale acoustic behavior between the main and northwestern Hawaiian</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26555620','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26555620"><span>Humpback <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span>: A Brief Introduction to the Genus Sousa.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jefferson, Thomas A; Curry, Barbara E</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The delphinid genus Sousa has recently undergone a major revision, and currently contains four species, the Atlantic humpback (Sousa teuszii), Indian Ocean humpback (Sousa plumbea), Indo-Pacific humpback (Sousa chinensis), and Australian humpback (Sousa sahulensis) <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Recent molecular evidence suggests that humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the Bay of Bengal may comprise a fifth species. These moderate-sized <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> species are found in shallow (<30m), coastal waters of the eastern Atlantic, Indian, and western Pacific oceans. Abundance and trends have only been studied in a few areas, mostly in eastern Africa, China, and northern Australia. No global, empirically derived abundance estimates exist for any of the four species, but none appear to number more than about 20,000 individuals. Humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> feed mostly on small fishes, and sometimes shrimps; occur for the most part in small groups (mostly 12 or less); have limited nearshore movements; and in most parts of their range exhibit a fission/fusion type of social organization. Major threats that affect all the species are entanglement in fishing gear, and habitat degradation/destruction from various forms of coastal development. Impacts from vessel traffic (including behavioural disturbance and displacement, as well as mortality and morbidity from collisions with vessels) appear to be significant in most areas. Several other threats are apparently significant only in particular parts of the range of some species (e.g. high levels of organochlorine contaminants affecting Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in Hong Kong). Direct hunting only occurs in limited areas and primarily on a small scale. Conservation actions so far have been limited, with most populations receiving little study and almost no management attention. Much more work is needed on humpback <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> population status, threats, and how the major threats can be reduced or eliminated. Extinction risks for the four species and some populations are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4177220','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4177220"><span>Platelet-Rich Plasma and Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine-Associated Treatments in Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Griffeth, Richard J.; García-Párraga, Daniel; Mellado-López, Maravillas; Crespo-Picazo, Jose Luis; Soriano-Navarro, Mario; Martinez-Romero, Alicia; Moreno-Manzano, Victoria</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> exhibit an extraordinary capacity to heal deep soft tissue injuries. Nevertheless, accelerated wound healing in wild or captive <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> would minimize infection and other side effects associated with open wounds in marine animals. Here, we propose the use of a biological-based therapy for wound healing in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> by the application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Blood samples were collected from 9 different <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and a specific and simple protocol which concentrates platelets greater than two times that of whole blood was developed. As opposed to a commonly employed human protocol for PRP preparation, a single centrifugation for 3 minutes at 900 rpm resulted in the best condition for the concentration of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> platelets. By FACS analysis, <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> platelets showed reactivity to platelet cell-surface marker CD41. Analysis by electron microscopy revealed that <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> platelets were larger in size than human platelets. These findings may explain the need to reduce the duration and speed of centrifugation of whole blood from <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to obtain a 2-fold increase and maintain proper morphology of the platelets. For the first time, levels of several growth factors from activated <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> platelets were quantified. Compared to humans, concentrations of PDGF-BB were not different, while TGFβ and VEGF-A were significantly lower in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Additionally, adipose tissue was obtained from cadaveric <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> found along the Spanish Mediterranean coast, and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) were successfully isolated, amplified, and characterized. When <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> ASCs were treated with 2.5 or 5% <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> PRP they exhibited significant increased proliferation and improved phagocytotic activity, indicating that in culture, PRP may improve the regenerative capacity of ASCs. Taken together, we show an effective and well-defined protocol for efficient PRP isolation. This protocol alone or in combination with ASCs, may constitute the basis of a biological</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25251412','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25251412"><span>Platelet-rich plasma and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative medicine-associated treatments in bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Griffeth, Richard J; García-Párraga, Daniel; Mellado-López, Maravillas; Crespo-Picazo, Jose Luis; Soriano-Navarro, Mario; Martinez-Romero, Alicia; Moreno-Manzano, Victoria</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> exhibit an extraordinary capacity to heal deep soft tissue injuries. Nevertheless, accelerated wound healing in wild or captive <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> would minimize infection and other side effects associated with open wounds in marine animals. Here, we propose the use of a biological-based therapy for wound healing in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> by the application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Blood samples were collected from 9 different <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and a specific and simple protocol which concentrates platelets greater than two times that of whole blood was developed. As opposed to a commonly employed human protocol for PRP preparation, a single centrifugation for 3 minutes at 900 rpm resulted in the best condition for the concentration of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> platelets. By FACS analysis, <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> platelets showed reactivity to platelet cell-surface marker CD41. Analysis by electron microscopy revealed that <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> platelets were larger in size than human platelets. These findings may explain the need to reduce the duration and speed of centrifugation of whole blood from <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to obtain a 2-fold increase and maintain proper morphology of the platelets. For the first time, levels of several growth factors from activated <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> platelets were quantified. Compared to humans, concentrations of PDGF-BB were not different, while TGFβ and VEGF-A were significantly lower in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Additionally, adipose tissue was obtained from cadaveric <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> found along the Spanish Mediterranean coast, and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) were successfully isolated, amplified, and characterized. When <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> ASCs were treated with 2.5 or 5% <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> PRP they exhibited significant increased proliferation and improved phagocytotic activity, indicating that in culture, PRP may improve the regenerative capacity of ASCs. Taken together, we show an effective and well-defined protocol for efficient PRP isolation. This protocol alone or in combination with ASCs, may constitute the basis of a biological</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=theft&pg=4&id=EJ927612','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=theft&pg=4&id=EJ927612"><span>"Deterrability" among <span class="hlt">Gang</span> and Nongang Juvenile Offenders: Are <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members More (or Less) Deterrable than Other Juvenile Offenders?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Maxson, Cheryl L.; Matsuda, Kristy N.; Hennigan, Karen</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>This study investigates the effect of the threat of legal sanctions on intentions to commit three types of offenses with a representative sample of 744 officially adjudicated youth with varying histories of offenses and <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement. In a departure from previous research, the authors find small severity effects for property crimes that are not…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H23A1534Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H23A1534Z"><span>The Mighty <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and its Journey Through the Silk City: A Case Study of Water Quality and its Impact on Health in Bhagalpur, Bihar, India, using Machine Learning, GIS & Remote Sensing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zaman, B.; Kumar, N.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">River</span> <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> with an approximate stretch of 2525 km serves about 40% of India's population across 11 states, one of which is Bihar. The district Bhagalpur is located in the eastern part of Bihar and extends between the north latitudes of 25°03'40" and 25°30'00" and east longitudes of 86°30'00" and 87°29'45" encompassing approximately 66 km stretch of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>. It forms a part of the mid- Gangetic alluvium plain covering an area of 2570 km2. The total population of the district stands at 3.03 million with a population density of 743 per km2. <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> is a life line of millions of people with utmost religious significance but its banks have become a dumping ground for untreated urban sewage, industrial waste, disposal of solid corpses etc. which has led to severe environmental issues and as reported by the Central Ground water Board, the southern part of the city is affected by arsenic contamination in ground water (> 50 mg/L as per WHO norm). The municipal corporation is trying to cope up. This study aims at a comprehensive analysis of water quality along the entire 66 km stretch of the <span class="hlt">river</span>. The methodology would involve dividing the stretch into 1 km sub-study areas and collection of 10 water samples from each stretch. Samples will also be collected at disposal points from industries especially the silk manufacturing units, sewage disposal points, cremation grounds, pesticide disposal points. A high resolution remotely sensed imagery of the city would be used and the multi-class relevance vector machine (MCRVM) would be used to broadly classify the landuse/landcover and this synoptic view of the city would facilitate the understanding of the urban environment. In conjunction, a standard questionnaire on health along with GPS locations would be collected from sample population inhabiting the demarcated stretches. Analysis would include physical, chemical and bacteriological tests on water samples. The results would bring forth the water quality and check for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=aquatic+AND+therapy&pg=2&id=EJ918080','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=aquatic+AND+therapy&pg=2&id=EJ918080"><span><span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-Assisted Therapy for Children with Special Needs: A Pilot Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Dilts, Rachel; Trompisch, Norbert; Bergquist, Timothy M.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-assisted therapy (DAT), as a part of animal-assisted therapy and complementary and alternative medicine, yields several positive results. This study intended to add to DAT effectiveness research while using a standardized assessment. In the Ukraine, a DAT program called <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>Swim agreed to take part in research with 37 voluntary…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1008921','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1008921"><span>Stemming the Growth: Exploring the Risk Factors in Group Membership in Domestic Street <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Foreign Terrorist Organizations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>attempt to explain <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and offending and delinquent behavior. New CVE program developers may be able to use these same theories to help...outcome in question—in this case, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> research scholars have discovered a multitude of risk factors that are statistically linked...and offending and delinquent behavior, including cultural diffusion, differential association, social disorganization and strain theory. CVE program</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3549003','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3549003"><span>Drug-scene familiarity and exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence among residents in a rural farming community in Baja California, Mexico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Volkmann, Tyson; Fraga, Miguel A.; Brodine, Stephanie K.; Iñiguez-Stevens, Esmeralda; Cepeda, Alice; Elder, John P.; Garfein, Richard S.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>We examined drug-scene familiarity and exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence among residents of a migrant farming community in rural Baja California, Mexico. In October 2010, 164 members of a single colonia (community) underwent an interviewer-administered survey to assess ‘exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence’ and ‘drug-scene familiarity’, as well as other health indicators. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence. Overall, 20% of participants were male, the median age was 27 years, 24% spoke an indigenous language, 42% reported exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence, and 39% reported drug-scene familiarity. Factors independently associated with exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence included being younger (AOR=0.80 per 5-year increase, 95% CI=0.67–0.96), living in the community longer (AOR=1.47 per 5-year increase, 95% CI=1.11–1.72), higher educational attainment (AOR=1.70 per 5-year increase, 95% CI=1.07–1.12), and drug-scene familiarity (AOR=5.10, 95%CI=2.39–10.89). Exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence was very common in this community and was associated with drug-scene familiarity, suggesting a close relationship between drugs and <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence in this rural community. In a region characterised by mass migration from poorer parts of Mexico, where drugs and <span class="hlt">gangs</span> have not been previously reported, emerging social harms may affect these communities unless interventions are implemented. PMID:23072623</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19247837','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19247837"><span>The effect of urban street <span class="hlt">gang</span> densities on small area homicide incidence in a large metropolitan county, 1994-2002.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Robinson, Paul L; Boscardin, W John; George, Sheba M; Teklehaimanot, Senait; Heslin, Kevin C; Bluthenthal, Ricky N</p> <p>2009-07-01</p> <p>The presence of street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> has been hypothesized as influencing overall levels of violence in urban communities through a process of gun-drug diffusion and cross-type homicide. This effect is said to act independently of other known correlates of violence, i.e., neighborhood poverty. To test this hypothesis, we independently assessed the impact of population exposure to local street <span class="hlt">gang</span> densities on 8-year homicide rates in small areas of Los Angeles County, California. Homicide data from the Los Angeles County Coroners Office were analyzed with original field survey data on street <span class="hlt">gang</span> locations, while controlling for the established covariates of community homicide rates. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses explicated strong relationships between homicide rates, <span class="hlt">gang</span> density, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic structure. Street <span class="hlt">gang</span> densities alone had cumulative effects on small area homicide rates. Local <span class="hlt">gang</span> densities, along with high school dropout rates, high unemployment rates, racial and ethnic concentration, and higher population densities, together explained 90% of the variation in local 8-year homicide rates. Several other commonly considered covariates were insignificant in the model. Urban environments with higher densities of street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> exhibited higher overall homicide rates, independent of other community covariates of homicide. The unique nature of street <span class="hlt">gang</span> killings and their greater potential to influence future local rates of violence suggests that more direct public health interventions are needed alongside traditional criminal justice mechanisms to combat urban violence and homicides.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Childbirth&pg=5&id=EJ957858','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Childbirth&pg=5&id=EJ957858"><span>Life-Course Events, Social Networks, and the Emergence of Violence among Female <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Fleisher, Mark S.; Krienert, Jessie L.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Using data gathered from a multi-year field study, this article identifies specific life-course events shared by <span class="hlt">gang</span>-affiliated women. <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> emerge as a cultural adaptation or pro-social community response to poverty and racial isolation. Through the use of a social-network approach, data show that violence dramatically increases in the period…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27703682','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27703682"><span>A modified predator-prey model for the interaction of police and <span class="hlt">gangs</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sooknanan, J; Bhatt, B; Comissiong, D M G</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>A modified predator-prey model with transmissible disease in both the predator and prey species is proposed and analysed, with infected prey being more vulnerable to predation and infected predators hunting at a reduced rate. Here, the predators are the police and the prey the <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. In this system, we examine whether police control of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> is possible. The system is analysed with the help of stability analyses and numerical simulations. The system has five steady states-four of which involve no core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and one in which all the populations coexist. Thresholds are identified which determine when the predator and prey populations survive and when the disease remains endemic. For parameter values where the spread of disease among the police officers is greater than the death of the police officers, the diseased predator population survives, when it would otherwise become extinct.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5043299','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5043299"><span>A modified predator–prey model for the interaction of police and <span class="hlt">gangs</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Sooknanan, J.; Bhatt, B.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>A modified predator–prey model with transmissible disease in both the predator and prey species is proposed and analysed, with infected prey being more vulnerable to predation and infected predators hunting at a reduced rate. Here, the predators are the police and the prey the <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. In this system, we examine whether police control of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> is possible. The system is analysed with the help of stability analyses and numerical simulations. The system has five steady states—four of which involve no core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and one in which all the populations coexist. Thresholds are identified which determine when the predator and prey populations survive and when the disease remains endemic. For parameter values where the spread of disease among the police officers is greater than the death of the police officers, the diseased predator population survives, when it would otherwise become extinct. PMID:27703682</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004APhy...50..305D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004APhy...50..305D"><span>Echolocation system of the bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dubrovsky, N. A.</p> <p>2004-05-01</p> <p>The hypothesis put forward by Vel’min and Dubrovsky [1] is discussed. The hypothesis suggests that bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> possess two functionally separate auditory subsystems: one of them serves for analyzing extraneous sounds, as in nonecholocating terrestrial animals, and the other performs the analysis of echoes caused by the echolocation clicks of the animal itself. The first subsystem is called passive hearing, and the second, active hearing. The results of experimental studies of dolphin’s echolocation system are discussed to confirm the proposed hypothesis. For the active hearing of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, the notion of a critical interval is considered as the interval of time within which the formation of a merged auditory image of the echolocation object is formed when all echo highlights of the echo from this object fall within the critical interval.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324098','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324098"><span>Differences in acoustic features of vocalizations produced by killer whales cross-socialized with bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Musser, Whitney B; Bowles, Ann E; Grebner, Dawn M; Crance, Jessica L</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>Limited previous evidence suggests that killer whales (Orcinus orca) are capable of vocal production learning. However, vocal contextual learning has not been studied, nor the factors promoting learning. Vocalizations were collected from three killer whales with a history of exposure to bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) and compared with data from seven killer whales held with conspecifics and nine bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. The three whales' repertoires were distinguishable by a higher proportion of click trains and whistles. Time-domain features of click trains were intermediate between those of whales held with conspecifics and <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. These differences provided evidence for contextual learning. One killer whale spontaneously learned to produce artificial chirps taught to <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>; acoustic features fell within the range of inter-individual differences among the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. This whale also produced whistles similar to a stereotyped whistle produced by one <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>. Thus, results provide further support for vocal production learning and show that killer whales are capable of contextual learning. That killer whales produce similar repertoires when associated with another species suggests substantial vocal plasticity and motivation for vocal conformity with social associates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24162090','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24162090"><span>Guiana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sotalia guianensis) as marine ecosystem sentinels: ecotoxicology and emerging diseases.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>de Moura, Jailson Fulgencio; Hauser-Davis, Rachel Ann; Lemos, Leila; Emin-Lima, Renata; Siciliano, Salvatore</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Guiana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sotalia guianensis) are small cetaceans that inhabit coastal regions down to a 50 m depth. As a coastally distributed species, they are exposed to a variety of human-induced risks that include passive fishing nets, persistent environmental pollution, and emerging diseases. As a top predatorS. guianensis occupies an important ecological niche in marine ecosystems. However, this niche also exposes this <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> to extensive biomagnification of marine contaminants that may accumulate and be stored throughout their life of about 30 years.In this paper, we have compiled available data on the Guiana <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> as regards its exposure to chemical pollutants, pathogenic microbes, infectious diseases, and injuries caused by interactions with passive fishing gears. Our analysis of the data shows that Guiana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are particularly sensitive to environmental changes.Although the major mortal threat to <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> results from contact with fishing other human-related activities in coastal zones also pose risks and need more attention.Such human-related risks include the presence of persistent toxicants in the marine environment, such as PCBs and PBDEs. Residues of these chemicals have been detected in Guiana <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s tissues at similar or higher levels that exist in cetaceans from other known polluted areas. Another risk encountered by this species is the non lethal injuries caused by fishing gear. Several incidents of this sort have occurred along the Brazilian coast with this species. When injuries are produced by interaction with fishing gear, the dorsal fin is the part of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> anatomy that is more affected, commonly causing severe laceration or even total loss.The Guiana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> also face risks from infectious diseases. The major ones thus far identified include giardiasis, lobomycosis, toxoplasmosis, skin and skeletal lesions. Many bacterial pathogens from the family Aeromonadaceae and Vibrionaceae have been isolated from Guiana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Several</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSD...470126M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSD...470126M"><span>Underwater recordings of the whistles of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in Fremantle Inner Harbour, Western Australia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marley, Sarah A.; Erbe, Christine; Kent, Chandra P. Salgado</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> use frequency-modulated whistles for a variety of social functions. Whistles vary in their characteristics according to context, such as activity state, group size, group composition, geographic location, and ambient noise levels. Therefore, comparison of whistle characteristics can be used to address numerous research questions regarding <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> populations and behaviour. However, logistical and economic constraints on <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> research have resulted in data collection biases, inconsistent analytical approaches, and knowledge gaps. This Data Descriptor presents an acoustic dataset of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops aduncus) whistles recorded in the Fremantle Inner Harbour, Western Australia. Data were collected using an autonomous recorder and analysed using a range of acoustic measurements. Acoustic data review identified 336 whistles, which were subsequently measured for six key characteristics using Raven Pro software. Of these, 164 'high-quality' whistles were manually measured to provide an additional five acoustic characteristics. Digital files of individual whistles and corresponding measurements make this dataset available to researchers to address future questions regarding variations within and between <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> communities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28065551','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28065551"><span>Unsustainable human-induced injuries to the Critically Endangered Taiwanese humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sousa chinensis taiwanensis).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, John Y; Riehl, Kimberly N; Yang, Shih Chu; Araújo-Wang, Claryana</p> <p>2017-03-15</p> <p>The Critically Endangered Taiwanese humpback <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Sousa chinensis taiwanensis) is endemic to inshore and estuarine waters of central western Taiwan. It numbers fewer than 75 individuals, is declining and faces a myriad of human threats. Data from a long-term photo-identification program on these <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> allowed major injuries to be examined quantitatively. A large proportion (57.7%) of individuals had suffered major human-induced injuries that likely compromised their health, survivorship or reproductive potential and thus, the future of this subspecies. Considering major injuries as "takes", the injury rate (1.13 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>/year) for the population was 8-8.5 times higher than its Potential Biological Removal rate. Observations of new injuries and fishing gear entanglements on several <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> showed that fisheries continue to be the predominant cause of these major injuries. Unless immediate action is taken to reduce harmful fisheries, extinction is imminent for Taiwan's only endemic <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21616509','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21616509"><span>Plastic ingestion in Franciscana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, Pontoporia blainvillei (Gervais and d'Orbigny, 1844), from Argentina.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Denuncio, Pablo; Bastida, Ricardo; Dassis, Mariela; Giardino, Gisela; Gerpe, Marcela; Rodríguez, Diego</p> <p>2011-08-01</p> <p>Plastic debris (PD) ingestion was examined in 106 Franciscana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Pontoporia blainvillei) incidentally captured in artisanal fisheries of the northern coast of Argentina. Twenty-eight percent of the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> presented PD in their stomach, but no ulcerations or obstructions were recorded in the digestive tracts. PD ingestion was more frequent in estuarine (34.6%) than in marine (19.2%) environments, but the type of debris was similar. Packaging debris (cellophane, bags, and bands) was found in 64.3% of the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, with a lesser proportion (35.7%) ingesting fishery gear fragments (monofilament lines, ropes, and nets) or of unknown sources (25.0%). PD ingestion correlated with ontogenetic changes in feeding regimes, reaching maximum values in recently weaned <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Because a simultaneous increase in gillnet entanglement and the bioaccumulation of heavy metals take place at this stage, the first months after trophic independence should be considered as a key phase for the conservation of Franciscana <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> stocks in northern Argentina. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17004488','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17004488"><span>Estimated communication range of social sounds used by bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Quintana-Rizzo, Ester; Mann, David A; Wells, Randall S</p> <p>2006-09-01</p> <p>Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, Tursiops truncatus, exhibit flexible associations in which the compositions of groups change frequently. We investigated the potential distances over which female <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and their dependent calves could remain in acoustic contact. We quantified the propagation of sounds in the frequency range of typical <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> whistles in shallow water areas and channels of Sarasota Bay, Florida. Our results indicated that detection range was noise limited as opposed to being limited by hearing sensitivity. Sounds were attenuated to a greater extent in areas with seagrass than any other habitat. Estimates of active space of whistles showed that in seagrass shallow water areas, low-frequency whistles (7-13 kHz) with a 165 dB source level could be heard by <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> at 487 m. In shallow areas with a mud bottom, all whistle frequency components of the same whistle could be heard by <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> travel up to 2 km. In channels, high-frequency whistles (13-19 kHz) could be detectable potentially over a much longer distance (> 20 km). Our findings indicate that the communication range of social sounds likely exceeds the mean separation distances between females and their calves. Ecological pressures might play an important role in determining the separation distances within communication range.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24993190','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24993190"><span><span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> biosonar target detection in noise: wrap up of a past experiment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Au, Whitlow W L</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>The target detection capability of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the presence of artificial masking noise was first studied by Au and Penner [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70, 687-693 (1981)] in which the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>' target detection threshold was determined as a function of the ratio of the echo energy flux density and the estimated received noise spectral density. Such a metric was commonly used in human psychoacoustics despite the fact that the echo energy flux density is not compatible with noise spectral density which is averaged intensity per Hz. Since the earlier detection in noise studies, two important parameters, the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> integration time applicable to broadband clicks and the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s auditory filter shape, were determined. The inclusion of these two parameters allows for the estimation of the received energy flux density of the masking noise so that the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> target detection can now be determined as a function of the ratio of the received energy of the echo over the received noise energy. Using an integration time of 264 μs and an auditory bandwidth of 16.7 kHz, the ratio of the echo energy to noise energy at the target detection threshold is approximately 1 dB.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280621','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280621"><span>Vocal reporting of echolocation targets: <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> often report before click trains end.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ridgway, S H; Elsberry, W R; Blackwood, D J; Kamolnick, T; Todd, M; Carder, D A; Chaplin, Monica; Cranford, T W</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) wore opaque suction cups over their eyes while stationing behind an acoustically opaque door. This put the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in a known position and orientation. When the door opened, the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> clicked to detect targets. Trainers specified that <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> S emit a whistle if the target was a 7.5 cm water filled sphere, or a pulse burst if the target was a rock. S remained quiet if there was no target. <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> B whistled for the sphere. She remained quiet for rock and for no target. Thus, S had to choose between three different responses, whistle, pulse burst, or remain quiet. B had to choose between two different responses, whistle or remain quiet. S gave correct vocal responses averaging 114 ms after her last echolocation click (range 182 ms before and 219 ms after the last click). Average response for B was 21 ms before her last echolocation click (range 250 ms before and 95 ms after the last click in the train). More often than not, B began her whistle response before her echolocation train ended. The findings suggest separate neural pathways for generation of response vocalizations as opposed to echolocation clicks. © 2012 Acoustical Society of America.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26917094','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26917094"><span>Changes in whistle structure of resident bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in relation to underwater noise and boat traffic.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gospić, Nikolina Rako; Picciulin, Marta</p> <p>2016-04-15</p> <p>The habitat of the resident bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) of the Cres-Lošinj archipelago overlaps with routes of intense boat traffic. Within these waters, Sea Ambient Noise (SAN) was sampled across ten acoustic stations between 2007 and 2009. Data on boat presence was concurrently collected and when <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were sighted group behaviour was also recorded. Acoustic recordings were analysed for 1/3 octave bands. Samples containing <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> whistles were analysed and compared with boat presence and SAN levels. Results indicate that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> whistle at higher frequencies in conditions of elevated low frequency noise. Conversely, they reduce maximum, delta and start frequencies and frequency modulations when noise levels increase significantly across higher frequencies. The study shows that high levels of SAN causes significant changes in the acoustic structure of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> whistles. Additionally, changes in whistle parameters, in the presence of boats, appear to be related to the behavioural state of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> group. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5043329','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5043329"><span>Atypical residency of short-beaked common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Delphinus delphis) to a shallow, urbanized embayment in south-eastern Australia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Salgado Kent, Chandra; Donnelly, David; Weir, Jeffrey; Bilgmann, Kerstin</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Short-beaked common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Delphinus delphis) are typically considered highly mobile, offshore delphinids. This study assessed the residency of a small community of short-beaked common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the shallow, urbanized Port Phillip Bay, south-eastern Australia. The ability to identify common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> by their dorsal fin markings and coloration using photo-identification was also investigated. Systematic and non-systematic boat surveys were undertaken between 2007 and 2014. Results showed that 13 adult common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and their offspring inhabit Port Phillip Bay, of which 10 adults exhibit residency to the bay. The majority of these adults are reproductively active females, suggesting that female philopatry may occur in the community. Systematic surveys conducted between 2012 and 2014 revealed that the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were found in a median water depth of 16 m and median distance of 2.2 km from the coast. The shallow, urbanized habitat of this resident common <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> community is atypical for this species. As a result, these common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> face threats usually associated with inshore bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> communities. We suggest that the Port Phillip Bay common <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> community is considered and managed separate to those outside the embayment and offshore to ensure the community's long-term viability and residency in the bay. PMID:27703709</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6509422','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6509422"><span>[Rape by 2 assaillants and <span class="hlt">gang</span> rape in Montreal].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lamontagne, Y; Boyer, R; Lamontagne, C; Giroux, J</p> <p>1984-11-01</p> <p>A survey was conducted in 230 cases of rape and rape attempts heard in the Judicial District of Montreal between January 1975 and May 1978. Data were compiled from the 30 assaults including two or more assaillants. Results show that in cases of rape committed by two men the aggressors are older than <span class="hlt">gang</span> rapists, meet the victim mainly in her flat or in a bar, and rape her in her own home, in a car or a hotel. In these cases, voyeurism seems to be an important factor since, most of the time, rape is committed by only one of the two aggressors. On the other hand, <span class="hlt">gang</span> rapists are younger, meet the victim in public places, on the street or when she is hitch-hiking and attack her in one of the aggressors' house, in public places or on the street. Exhibitionism seems more present in this group of rapists. For both groups the victims are mainly single, younger than the aggressors and have diverse occupations. Finally, regarding the legal outcome half of the subjects were liberated or acquitted in both groups. Rape committed by two men had never been studied or compared with <span class="hlt">gang</span> rape up until now. Results of this survey show dynamic and demographic differences between these two groups of sexual delinquents.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5082685','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5082685"><span>Spatial Models of Abundance and Habitat Preferences of Commerson’s and Peale’s <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> in Southern Patagonian Waters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dellabianca, Natalia A.; Pierce, Graham J.; Raya Rey, Andrea; Scioscia, Gabriela; Miller, David L.; Torres, Mónica A.; Paso Viola, M. Natalia; Schiavini, Adrián C. M.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Commerson’s <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Cephalorhynchus c. commersonii) and Peale’s <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Lagenorhynchus australis) are two of the most common species of cetaceans in the coastal waters of southwest South Atlantic Ocean. Both species are listed as Data Deficient by the IUCN, mainly due to the lack of information about population sizes and trends. The goal of this study was to build spatially explicit models for the abundance of both species in relation to environmental variables using data collected during eight scientific cruises along the Patagonian shelf. Spatial models were constructed using generalized additive models. In total, 88 schools (212 individuals) of Commerson’s <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> and 134 schools (465 individuals) of Peale’s <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> were recorded in 8,535 km surveyed. Commerson’s <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> was found less than 60 km from shore; whereas Peale’s <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> occurred over a wider range of distances from the coast, the number of animals sighted usually being larger near or far from the coast. Fitted models indicate overall abundances of approximately 22,000 Commerson’s <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and 20,000 Peale’s <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the total area studied. This work provides the first large-scale abundance estimate for Peale’s <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> in the Atlantic Ocean and an update of population size for Commerson’s <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>. Additionally, our results contribute to baseline data on suitable habitat conditions for both species in southern Patagonia, which is essential for the implementation of adequate conservation measures. PMID:27783627</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA265712','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA265712"><span>Conditioning Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> (Tursiops Truncatus Gilli) for Voluntary Diving Studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1992-12-31</p> <p>biology. ’Discovery’ Rep. 37:1-324. <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>, W.F. (1987) Dive behavior and estimated energy expenditure of foraging humpback whales in southeast...case with sperm whales feeding on deep sea squid (Clarke, 1980). Other cetaceans are important constituents of multi-species communities sharing common...diving behavior of these animals remains very sketchy (Kooyman, 1989). Much of what is known about the ecology of pelagic whales and <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> has been</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29756043','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29756043"><span>Surgical Management of Nephrolithiasis in the Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>: Collaborations Between the Urologist and Veterinarian.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sur, Roger L; Meegan, Jenny M; Smith, Cynthia R; Schmitt, Todd; L'Esperance, James; Hendrikson, Dean; Woo, Jason R</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Background: Cohorts of bottlenose ( Tursiops truncatus ) <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are at significant risk for nephrolithiasis development. However, effective surgical treatment has been limited due to absence of literature and also familiarity by both veterinarians and urologists. Recently a joint veterinarian and urology team were called to treat local bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in San Diego, CA, and they performed several cases. The fund of knowledge from these cases is presented for future providers who may be asked to surgically treat these animals. Case Presentation: Two surgical kidney stone cases were performed by a joint veterinarian and physician team. An effective ureteroscopic stone removal was performed on a 39-year-old female bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> with 9.7 mm distal ureteral calculus. The second case involved laparoscopic ureterolithotomy on a 31-year-old male bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> with a 6-mm right distal ureteral calculus that previously failed retrograde ureteroscopic removal. The stone was not effectively removed laparoscopically as well due to failure to progress associated with operative machinery malfunction. The <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> was ultimately euthanized. Conclusion: Despite suboptimal outcome in one case, extremely valuable lessons were learned during both cases. We present our surgical experiences, as well as pertinent anatomical differences, in these animals with the hope that this discussion will facilitate future surgical kidney stone treatment of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29077544','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29077544"><span>BLOOD CHEMISTRY AND HEMATOLOGY VALUES IN HEALTHY AND REHABILITATED ROUGH-TOOTHED <span class="hlt">DOLPHINS</span> ( STENO BREDANENSIS).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Manire, Charles A; Reiber, C Melanie; Gaspar, Cécile; Rhinehart, Howard L; Byrd, Lynne; Sweeney, Jay; West, Kristi L</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Rehabilitation efforts for live stranded marine mammals are guided by diagnostic measures of blood chemistry and hematology parameters obtained from each individual undergoing treatment. Despite the widespread use of blood parameters, reference values are not available in the literature from healthy rough-toothed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> ( Steno bredanensis) with which to infer the health status of an animal. We examined serum or plasma chemistry and hematology data from 17 rough-toothed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> either housed at <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> Quest French Polynesia or during their rehabilitation at the <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> and Whale Hospital in Sarasota, Florida, US between 1994 and 2005. Blood parameters were compared among healthy animals, rehabilitation animals that were eventually released, and rehabilitation animals that died. This study indicated significant differences in many blood parameters for the poorly known rough-toothed <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> that are likely to vary between healthy and sick animals. These included aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, bicarbonate, and globulins, which were greater in sick <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, and alkaline phosphatase and total protein which were greater in healthy individuals. Total white blood cell counts were lower in healthy animals as were the absolute numbers of neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils. Analysis of first blood sample levels for glucose, sodium, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate may have value for triage and prognostic evaluation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4898134','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4898134"><span>Plasma Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase Activity in Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> Contributes to Avoiding Accumulation of Non-recyclable Purines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>López-Cruz, Roberto I.; Crocker, Daniel E.; Gaxiola-Robles, Ramón; Bernal, Jaime A.; Real-Valle, Roberto A.; Lugo-Lugo, Orlando; Zenteno-Savín, Tania</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Marine mammals are exposed to ischemia/reperfusion and hypoxia/reoxygenation during diving. During oxygen deprivation, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) breakdown implies purine metabolite accumulation, which in humans is associated with pathological conditions. Purine recycling in seals increases in response to prolonged fasting and ischemia. Concentrations of metabolites and activities of key enzymes in purine metabolism were examined in plasma and red blood cells from bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) and humans. Hypoxanthine and inosine monophosphate concentrations were higher in plasma from <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> than humans. Plasma hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) activity in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> suggests an elevated purine recycling rate, and a mechanism for avoiding accumulation of non-recyclable purines (xanthine and uric acid). Red blood cell concentrations of hypoxanthine, adenosine diphosphate, ATP and guanosine triphosphate were lower in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> than in humans; adenosine monophosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide concentrations were higher in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. HGPRT activity in red blood cells was higher in humans than in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. The lower concentrations of purine catabolism and recycling by-products in plasma from <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> could be beneficial in providing substrates for recovery of ATP depleted during diving or vigorous swimming. These results suggest that purine salvage in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> could be a mechanism for delivering nucleotide precursors to tissues with high ATP and guanosine triphosphate requirements. PMID:27375492</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27375492','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27375492"><span>Plasma Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase Activity in Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> Contributes to Avoiding Accumulation of Non-recyclable Purines.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>López-Cruz, Roberto I; Crocker, Daniel E; Gaxiola-Robles, Ramón; Bernal, Jaime A; Real-Valle, Roberto A; Lugo-Lugo, Orlando; Zenteno-Savín, Tania</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Marine mammals are exposed to ischemia/reperfusion and hypoxia/reoxygenation during diving. During oxygen deprivation, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) breakdown implies purine metabolite accumulation, which in humans is associated with pathological conditions. Purine recycling in seals increases in response to prolonged fasting and ischemia. Concentrations of metabolites and activities of key enzymes in purine metabolism were examined in plasma and red blood cells from bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) and humans. Hypoxanthine and inosine monophosphate concentrations were higher in plasma from <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> than humans. Plasma hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) activity in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> suggests an elevated purine recycling rate, and a mechanism for avoiding accumulation of non-recyclable purines (xanthine and uric acid). Red blood cell concentrations of hypoxanthine, adenosine diphosphate, ATP and guanosine triphosphate were lower in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> than in humans; adenosine monophosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide concentrations were higher in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. HGPRT activity in red blood cells was higher in humans than in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. The lower concentrations of purine catabolism and recycling by-products in plasma from <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> could be beneficial in providing substrates for recovery of ATP depleted during diving or vigorous swimming. These results suggest that purine salvage in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> could be a mechanism for delivering nucleotide precursors to tissues with high ATP and guanosine triphosphate requirements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5210697','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5210697"><span>Morbillivirus-associated unusual mortality event in South Australian bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> is largest reported for the Southern Hemisphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tomo, I.; Bingham, J.; Bastianello, S. S.; Wang, J.; Gibbs, S. E.; Woolford, L.; Dickason, C.; Kelly, D.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Cases of morbillivirus have been recorded in the Southern Hemisphere but have not been linked to significant marine mammal mortality. Post-mortems were conducted on 58 carcasses (44 Indo-Pacific bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, two common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, 12 short-beaked common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>) from South Australia during 2005–2013, including an unusual mortality event (UME) in St Vincent Gulf Bioregion (SVG) during 2013. Diagnostic pathology, circumstance of death, body condition, age and stomach contents were documented for Indo-Pacific bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. At least 50 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> died during the UME, 41 were Indo-Pacific bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and most were young. The UME lasted about seven months and had two peaks, the first being the largest. Effect on the population is unknown. Diagnostic testing for morbillivirus was conducted on 57 carcasses, with evidence for infection in all species during 2011–2013. All tested UME bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were positive for cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV), and the pathology included interstitial pneumonia, lymphoid depletion and syncytia. Concurrent pathologies, including lung parasite and fungal infections, and severe cutaneous bruising were observed in many <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. The event coincided with elevated water temperatures, a diatom bloom and significant fish die-offs. We conclude that the cause for the UME was multifactorial and that CeMV was a major contributor. PMID:28083115</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=violence+AND+marketing&pg=2&id=EJ411652','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=violence+AND+marketing&pg=2&id=EJ411652"><span>Street <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> Are Big Business--And Growing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Harrington-Lueker, Donna</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Highlights findings from a study by Irving Spergel of <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity in 45 cities. Ronald Stephen, executive director of the National School Safety Center, cites an increase in drug-marketing and violence and advises educators to be aware of what is going on, establish rapport with community groups, and enlist the support of students. (MLF)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED445470.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED445470.pdf"><span>Interagency Collaboration with High-Risk <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Youth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Okamoto, Scott K.</p> <p></p> <p>This article describes the results of a study on interagency collaboration required to make major systemic changes in order to address the needs of emotionally and behaviorally disturbed youth. Interviews were conducted with practitioners from a cross-section of agencies that worked with high-risk <span class="hlt">gang</span> youth. The intent was to examine both the…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/40253','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/40253"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> of Chicago: Perceptions of crime and its effect on the recreation behavior of Latino residents in urban communities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Monika Stodolska; Juan Carlos Acevedo; Kimberly J. Shinew</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Perception of safety is an important factor affecting the leisure behavior of Latinos residing in urban neighborhoods. Yet research on how fear of crime and fear of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in particular affect leisure of ethnic and racial minorities is underdeveloped. The objectives of this study are to examine how <span class="hlt">gangs</span> operate in recreation spaces in Latino neighborhoods, how <span class="hlt">gangs</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24450043','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24450043"><span>Solubility of ammonium acid urate nephroliths from bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Argade, Sulabha; Smith, Cynthia R; Shaw, Timothy; Zupkas, Paul; Schmitt, Todd L; Venn-Watson, Stephanie; Sur, Roger L</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Nephrolithiasis has been identified in managed populations of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus); most of these nephroliths are composed of 100% ammonium acid urate (AAU). Several therapies are being investigated to treat and prevent nephrolithiasis in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> including the alkalization of urine for dissolution of nephroliths. This study evaluates the solubility of AAU nephroliths in a phosphate buffer, pH range 6.0-8.0, and in a carbonate-bicarbonate buffer, pH range 9.0-10.8. AAU nephroliths were obtained from six <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and solubility studies were conducted using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 290 nm. AAU nephroliths were much more soluble in a carbonate-bicarbonate buffer, pH range 9.0-10.8 compared to phosphate buffer pH range 6.0-8.0. In the pH range 6.0-8.0, the solubility was 45% lower in potassium phosphate buffer compared to sodium phosphate buffer. When citrate was used along with phosphate in the same pH range, the solubility was improved by 13%. At pH 7 and pH 8, 150 mM ionic strength buffer was optimum for dissolution. In summary, adjustment of urinary pH alone does not appear to be a useful way to treat AAU stones in bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Better understanding of the pathophysiology of AAU nephrolithiasis in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> is needed to optimize kidney stone prevention and treatment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.U21A..05S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.U21A..05S"><span>Between Sunda subduction and Himalayan collision: fertility, people and earthquakes on the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Seeber, L.; Steckler, M. S.; Akhter, S. H.; Goodbred, S. L., Jr.; Gale, J.; McHugh, C. M.; Ferguson, E. K.; Mondal, D. R.; Paola, C.; Reitz, M. D.; Wilson, C.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>A foreland (<span class="hlt">Ganges</span>) and a suture (Brahmaputra) <span class="hlt">river</span>, which both drain the Himalaya, have coalesced to form <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD), the world's largest. The GBD progrades along the continental margin, coupled with an advancing subduction to collision transition, deforming the delta as it grows. A better understanding of this time-transgressive system is urgent now that humans are increasing their forcing of the system and exposure to environmental hazards. Among these, earthquake risk is rapidly growing as people move from rural settings into expanding cities, creating unprecedented exposure. The megathrust 1950 M8.7 earthquake in Assam occurred during the monsoon and released 10x the annual sediment load, causing progradation at the coast and a pulse of <span class="hlt">river</span> widening that propagated downstream. The 1762 M8.8(?) along the Arakan coast extended into the shelf of the delta where coastal tsunami deposits have been identified recently. These events bracket a segment with no credible historic megathrust earthquakes, but could affect far more people. Geodetic and geologic data along this 300 km boundary facing the GBD show oblique contraction. The subaerial accretionary prism (Burma Ranges) is up to 250 km wide with a blind thrust front that reaches ½ way across the delta. The GPS convergence rate of 14 mm/y is consistent with large displacements and long interseismic times, which can account for lack of historic ruptures, but also the potential for catastrophic events. Active folds and shallow thrust earthquakes point to an additional threat from upper-plate seismicity. Much of the current seismicity is in the lower-plate and reaches as far west as Dhaka; it may pose an immediate threat. The folds, and the uplift and subsidence patterns also influence the courses of the <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. North of the delta, the Shillong plateau is a huge basement cored anticline bounded by the north-dipping Dauki thrust fault. 7 mm/y of N-S shortening and 5 km of structural relief here</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED319149.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED319149.pdf"><span>Substance Abuse among Juvenile Delinquents and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members. Prevention Research Update Number Six, Spring 1990.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Pollard, John A.; Austin, Gregory A.</p> <p></p> <p>There is a strong statistical correlation between delinquency activity level and the level of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use in adolescents. A strong association between drug use, drug trafficking, and youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> has also emerged. However, several important questions concerning the relationship of delinquency, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, and AOD use…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4063339','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4063339"><span>Identification of Lactobacillus strains with probiotic features from the bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Diaz, MA; Bik, EM; Carlin, KP; Venn-Watson, SK; Jensen, ED; Jones, SE; Gaston, EP; Relman, DA; Versalovic, J</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Aims In order to develop complementary health management strategies for marine mammals, we used culture-based and culture-independent approaches to identify gastrointestinal lactobacilli of the common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, Tursiops truncatus. Methods and Results We screened 307 bacterial isolates from oral and rectal swabs, milk and gastric fluid, collected from 38 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program, for potentially beneficial features. We focused our search on lactobacilli and evaluated their ability to modulate TNF secretion by host cells and inhibit growth of pathogens. We recovered Lactobacillus salivarius strains which secreted factors that stimulated TNF production by human monocytoid cells. These Lact. salivarius isolates inhibited growth of selected marine mammal and human bacterial pathogens. In addition, we identified a novel Lactobacillus species by culture and direct sequencing with 96·3% 16S rDNA sequence similarity to Lactobacillus ceti. Conclusions <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-derived Lact. salivarius isolates possess features making them candidate probiotics for clinical studies in marine mammals. Significance and Impact of the Study This is the first study to isolate lactobacilli from <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, including a novel Lactobacillus species and a new strain of Lact. salivarius, with potential for veterinary probiotic applications. The isolation and identification of novel Lactobacillus spp. and other indigenous microbes from bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> will enable the study of the biology of symbiotic members of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> microbiota and facilitate the understanding of the microbiomes of these unique animals. PMID:23855505</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2683018','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2683018"><span>THE PATH AND PROMISE OF FATHERHOOD FOR <span class="hlt">GANG</span> MEMBERS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Moloney, Molly; MacKenzie, Kathleen; Hunt, Geoffrey; Joe-Laidler, Karen</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>While an increase in research on criminal desistance has occurred in recent years, little research has been applied to the <span class="hlt">gang</span> field. Using qualitative interview data, this article examines fatherhood as a potential turning point in the lives of 91 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in the San Francisco Bay Area. Fatherhood initiated important subjective and affective transformations that led to changes in outlook, priorities and future orientation. However, these subjective changes were not sufficient unless accompanied by two additional features: first, changes in the amount of time spent on the streets and, second, an ability to support oneself or one’s family with legal income. Though fatherhood is no panacea, becoming a father did act as an important turning point toward desistance and motivator for change for some. PMID:20046970</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28372148','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28372148"><span>Social sounds produced by franciscana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, Pontoporia blainvillei (Cetartiodactyla, Pontoporiidae).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cremer, Marta Jussara; Holz, Annelise Colin; Bordino, Pablo; Wells, Randall S; Simões-Lopes, Paulo César</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Franciscana <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Pontoporia blainvillei) whistles were documented for the first time during 2003-2013 in Babitonga Bay estuary, South Brazil, together with burst pulses. Recordings were made from small boats under good sea conditions, and recording equipment that allowed analysis of sounds up to 96 kHz. The recordings were made in the presence of 2-31 franciscana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. During 23 h and 53 min, 90 whistles and 51 burst pulse series were recorded. Although Guiana <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sotalia guianensis) inhabit nearby waters, none were observed in the area during the recordings. The authors recorded ten types of whistles. The initial frequency varied between 1.6 and 94.6 kHz, and the final frequency varied between 0.7 and 94.5 kHz; the authors were not able to determine if <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> whistles exceeded the 96 kHz recording limit of the authors' equipment, although that is likely, especially because some whistles showed harmonics. Whistle duration varied between 0.008 and 0.361 s. Burst pulses had initial frequencies between 69 and 82.1 kHz (77 ± 3.81). These results showed that P. blainvillei produces whistles and burst pulses, although they seem to be produced infrequently.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3670876','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3670876"><span>Monitoring <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> in an Urban Marine System: Total and Effective Population Size Estimates of Indo-Pacific Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> in Moreton Bay, Australia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ansmann, Ina C.; Lanyon, Janet M.; Seddon, Jennifer M.; Parra, Guido J.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia is an area of high biodiversity and conservation value and home to two sympatric sub-populations of Indo-Pacific bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops aduncus). These <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> live in close proximity to major urban developments. Successful management requires information regarding their abundance. Here, we estimate total and effective population sizes of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in Moreton Bay using photo-identification and genetic data collected during boat-based surveys in 2008–2010. Abundance (N) was estimated using open population mark-recapture models based on sighting histories of distinctive individuals. Effective population size (Ne) was estimated using the linkage disequilibrium method based on nuclear genetic data at 20 microsatellite markers in skin samples, and corrected for bias caused by overlapping generations (Nec). A total of 174 sightings of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> groups were recorded and 365 different individuals identified. Over the whole of Moreton Bay, a population size N of 554±22.2 (SE) (95% CI: 510–598) was estimated. The southern bay sub-population was small at an estimated N = 193±6.4 (SE) (95% CI: 181–207), while the North sub-population was more numerous, with 446±56 (SE) (95% CI: 336–556) individuals. The small estimated effective population size of the southern sub-population (Nec = 56, 95% CI: 33–128) raises conservation concerns. A power analysis suggested that to reliably detect small (5%) declines in size of this population would require substantial survey effort (>4 years of annual mark-recapture surveys) at the precision levels achieved here. To ensure that ecological as well as genetic diversity within this population of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> is preserved, we consider that North and South sub-populations should be treated as separate management units. Systematic surveys over smaller areas holding locally-adapted sub-populations are suggested as an alternative method for increasing ability to detect</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=dolphins&pg=3&id=EJ476564','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=dolphins&pg=3&id=EJ476564"><span>An Interview with a <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Brook, Kathy; Keilty, Jennifer</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>A fabricated conversation between two humans and a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> at Marineland illustrates man's relationship to nature and the impact that human actions have on living creatures and the environment, and stresses developing a deeper understanding and value for the natural world and consideration of the universality of continued human error and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5936904','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5936904"><span>Structure and phylogeography of two tropical predators, spinner (Stenella longirostris) and pantropical spotted (S. attenuata) <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, from SNP data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Morin, Phillip A.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Little is known about global patterns of genetic connectivity in pelagic <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, including how circumtropical pelagic <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> spread globally following the rapid and recent radiation of the subfamily delphininae. In this study, we tested phylogeographic hypotheses for two circumtropical species, the spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Stenella longirostris) and the pantropical spotted <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Stenella attenuata), using more than 3000 nuclear DNA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in each species. Analyses for population structure indicated significant genetic differentiation between almost all subspecies and populations in both species. Bayesian phylogeographic analyses of spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> showed deep divergence between Indo-Pacific, Atlantic and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP) lineages. Despite high morphological variation, our results show very close relationships between endemic ETP spinner subspecies in relation to global diversity. The dwarf spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> is a monophyletic subspecies nested within a major clade of pantropical spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from the Indian and western Pacific Ocean populations. Population-level division among the dwarf spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> was detected—with the northern Australia population being very different from that in Indonesia. In contrast to spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, the major boundary for spotted <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> is between offshore and coastal habitats in the ETP, supporting the current subspecies-level taxonomy. Comparing these species underscores the different scale at which population structure can arise, even in species that are similar in habitat (i.e. pelagic) and distribution. PMID:29765639</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA21600.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA21600.html"><span>Windblown Sand in <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-04-25</p> <p>Dark, windblown sand covers intricate sedimentary rock layers in this image captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) from <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma, a canyon in the Valles Marineris system. These features are at once familiar and unusual to those familiar with Earth's beaches and deserts. Most sand dunes on Earth are made of silica-rich sand, giving them a light color; these Martian dunes owe their dark color to the iron and magnesium-rich sand found in the region. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21600</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27770987','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27770987"><span>The Gulf of Ambracia's Common Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span>, Tursiops truncatus: A Highly Dense and yet Threatened Population.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gonzalvo, J; Lauriano, G; Hammond, P S; Viaud-Martinez, K A; Fossi, M C; Natoli, A; Marsili, L</p> <p></p> <p>The common bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus) is the only cetacean present in the semiclosed waters of the Gulf of Ambracia, Western Greece. This increasingly degraded coastal ecosystem hosts one of the highest observed densities in the Mediterranean Sea for this species. Photo-identification data and tissue samples collected through skin-swabbing and remote biopsy sampling techniques during boat-based surveys conducted between 2006 and 2015 in the Gulf, were used to examine bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> abundance, population trends, site fidelity, genetic differentiation and toxicological status. Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> showed high levels of year-round site fidelity throughout the 10-year study period. <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> population estimates mostly fell between 130 and 170 with CVs averaging about 10%; a trend in population size over the 10 years was a decline of 1.6% per year (but this was not significant). Genetic differentiation between the bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> of the Gulf and their conspecifics from neighbouring populations was detected, and low genetic diversity was found among individuals sampled. In addition, pesticides where identified as factors posing a real toxicological problem for local bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Therefore, in the Gulf of Ambracia, high <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> density does not seem to be indicative of favourable conservation status or pristine habitat. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26790894','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26790894"><span>Observations on Australian Humpback <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> (Sousa sahulensis) in Waters of the Pacific Islands and New Guinea.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Beasley, Isabel; Jedensjö, Maria; Wijaya, Gede Mahendra; Anamiato, Jim; Kahn, Benjamin; Kreb, Danielle</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The Australian humpback <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, Sousa sahulensis, has recently been described to occur in northern Australian coastal waters. However, its distribution in adjacent waters of the Pacific Islands and New Guinea remains largely unknown. Although there have been few studies conducted on inshore <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in these regions, the available information records humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> primarily from the Kikori Delta in Papua New Guinea, and Bird's Head Seascape in West Papua. Research in southern Papua New Guinea indicates that humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are indeed S. sahulensis, based on cranial and external morphometrics, external colouration and the preliminary genetic analysis presented here. A similar situation exists for the Australian snubfin <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>, Orcaella heinsohni, where it is assumed that the species also occurs along the Sahul Shelf coastal waters of northern Australia and New Guinea. There are anecdotal reports of direct catch of Australian humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> for use as shark bait, coastal development is increasing, and anthropogenic impacts will continue to escalate as human populations expand into previously uninhabited regions. Future research and management priorities for the Governments of the Pacific Islands and Indonesia will need to focus on inshore <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in known regional hotspots, as current bycatch levels appear unsustainable. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=347857','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=347857"><span>Longitudinal monitoring of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> leukocyte cytokine mRNA responsiveness by qPCR</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Both veterinarians caring for bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) in managed populations and researchers monitoring wild populations use blood-based diagnostics to monitor bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> health. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) can be used to assess cytokine expression patterns of peripheral blood m...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=345888','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=345888"><span>Longitudinal monitoring of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> leukocyte cytokine mRNA responsiveness by qPCR</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Both veterinarians caring for bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) in managed populations and researchers monitoring wild populations use blood-based diagnostics to monitor bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> health. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) can be used to assess cytokine expression patterns of peripheral blood m...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28193458','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28193458"><span>Inactivation of the olfactory marker protein (OMP) gene in <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and other odontocete cetaceans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Springer, Mark S; Gatesy, John</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Various toothed whales (Odontoceti) are unique among mammals in lacking olfactory bulbs as adults and are thought to be anosmic (lacking the olfactory sense). At the molecular level, toothed whales have high percentages of pseudogenic olfactory receptor genes, but species that have been investigated to date retain an intact copy of the olfactory marker protein gene (OMP), which is highly expressed in olfactory receptor neurons and may regulate the temporal resolution of olfactory responses. One hypothesis for the retention of intact OMP in diverse odontocete lineages is that this gene is pleiotropic with additional functions that are unrelated to olfaction. Recent expression studies provide some support for this hypothesis. Here, we report OMP sequences for representatives of all extant cetacean families and provide the first molecular evidence for inactivation of this gene in vertebrates. Specifically, OMP exhibits independent inactivating mutations in six different odontocete lineages: four <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> genera (Platanista, Lipotes, Pontoporia, Inia), sperm whale (Physeter), and harbor porpoise (Phocoena). These results suggest that the only essential role of OMP that is maintained by natural selection is in olfaction, although a non-olfactory role for OMP cannot be ruled out for lineages that retain an intact copy of this gene. Available genome sequences from cetaceans and close outgroups provide evidence of inactivating mutations in two additional genes (CNGA2, CNGA4), which imply further pseudogenization events in the olfactory cascade of odontocetes. Selection analyses demonstrate that evolutionary constraints on all three genes (OMP, CNGA2, CNGA4) have been greatly reduced in Odontoceti, but retain a signature of purifying selection on the stem Cetacea branch and in Mysticeti (baleen whales). This pattern is compatible with the 'echolocation-priority' hypothesis for the evolution of OMP, which posits that negative selection was maintained in the common</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ASAJ..117.2469B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ASAJ..117.2469B"><span>The acoustic repertoire of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) from the southern Gulf of Mexico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bazua-Duran, Carmen</p> <p>2005-04-01</p> <p>Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> live in a variety of habitats of the world's oceans using their acoustic repertoire to communicate and inspect their environment. This work investigates the acoustic repertoire of bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> that inhabit a coastal lagoon of the southern Gulf of Mexico, the Laguna de Terminos and how it may relate to the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>' general behavioral state and herd size, and to the general characteristics of the habitat, such as visibility, depth, and sea state. Preliminary results show that bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> produce by far more clicks than whistles in all behavioral states (feeding, resting, social, and travel) and herd sizes, which may correlate with the decreased visibility and shallow depth of the Laguna de Terminos. Additionally, silence was found during all behavioral states, but very seldom in herds of large size. These preliminary results suggest that bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are choosing when and where to produce their phonations. Therefore, more detailed studies are needed to understand how these animals are using their acoustic sense to communicate and inspect their environment. [Work supported by CONACyT-Gobierno Edo. de Campeche and PAPIIT, UNAM.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29445350','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29445350"><span>Captive Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> Do Discriminate Human-Made Sounds Both Underwater and in the Air.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lima, Alice; Sébilleau, Mélissa; Boye, Martin; Durand, Candice; Hausberger, Martine; Lemasson, Alban</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> ( Tursiops truncatus ) spontaneously emit individual acoustic signals that identify them to group members. We tested whether these cetaceans could learn artificial individual sound cues played underwater and whether they would generalize this learning to airborne sounds. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> are thought to perceive only underwater sounds and their training depends largely on visual signals. We investigated the behavioral responses of seven <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in a group to learned human-made individual sound cues, played underwater and in the air. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> recognized their own sound cue after hearing it underwater as they immediately moved toward the source, whereas when it was airborne they gazed more at the source of their own sound cue but did not approach it. We hypothesize that they perhaps detected modifications of the sound induced by air or were confused by the novelty of the situation, but nevertheless recognized they were being "targeted." They did not respond when hearing another group member's cue in either situation. This study provides further evidence that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> respond to individual-specific sounds and that these marine mammals possess some capacity for processing airborne acoustic signals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18729659','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18729659"><span>Whistle rates of wild bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus): influences of group size and behavior.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Quick, Nicola J; Janik, Vincent M</p> <p>2008-08-01</p> <p>In large social groups acoustic communication signals are prone to signal masking by conspecific sounds. Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) use highly distinctive signature whistles that counter masking effects. However, they can be found in very large groups where masking by conspecific sounds may become unavoidable. In this study we used passive acoustic localization to investigate how whistle rates of wild bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> change in relation to group size and behavioral context. We found that individual whistle rates decreased when group sizes got larger. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> displayed higher whistle rates in contexts when group members were more dispersed as in socializing and in nonpolarized movement than during coordinated surface travel. Using acoustic localization showed that many whistles were produced by groups nearby and not by our focal group. Thus, previous studies based on single hydrophone recordings may have been overestimating whistle rates. Our results show that although bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> whistle more in social situations they also decrease vocal output in large groups where the potential for signal masking by other <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> whistles increases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26790893','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26790893"><span>Humpback <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> of Western Australia: A Review of Current Knowledge and Recommendations for Future Management.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hanf, Daniella M; Hunt, Tim; Parra, Guido J</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Among the many cetacean species that occupy Australian coastal waters, Australian humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, Sousa sahulensis, are one of the most vulnerable to extirpation due to human activities. This review summarises the existing knowledge, presently occurring and planned research projects, and current conservation measures for humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in Western Australia (WA). Rapid and wide-scale coastal development along the northern WA coastline has occurred despite a lack of baseline data for inshore <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and, therefore, without a precautionary approach to their conservation. The distribution, abundance, habitat use, and population structure of humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> remain poorly understood. Less than 1% of their inferred distribution has so far been studied to understand local population demography. The sparse data available suggest that WA humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> occur as localised populations in low numbers within a range of inshore habitats, including both clear and turbid coastal waters. Marine protected areas cover a third of their inferred distribution in WA, but the efficacy of these reserves in protecting local cetacean populations is unknown. There is a pressing need for coordination and collaboration among scientists, government agencies, industry bodies, Traditional Owners, and local community groups to fill in the gaps of information on humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in WA. The recently developed strategies and sampling guidelines developed by state and federal governments should serve as a best practise standard for collection of data aimed at assessing the conservation status of humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in WA and Australia. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5944394','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5944394"><span>Surgical Management of Nephrolithiasis in the Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>: Collaborations Between the Urologist and Veterinarian</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Meegan, Jenny M.; Smith, Cynthia R.; Schmitt, Todd; L'Esperance, James; Hendrikson, Dean; Woo, Jason R.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Abstract Background: Cohorts of bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus) <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are at significant risk for nephrolithiasis development. However, effective surgical treatment has been limited due to absence of literature and also familiarity by both veterinarians and urologists. Recently a joint veterinarian and urology team were called to treat local bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in San Diego, CA, and they performed several cases. The fund of knowledge from these cases is presented for future providers who may be asked to surgically treat these animals. Case Presentation: Two surgical kidney stone cases were performed by a joint veterinarian and physician team. An effective ureteroscopic stone removal was performed on a 39-year-old female bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> with 9.7 mm distal ureteral calculus. The second case involved laparoscopic ureterolithotomy on a 31-year-old male bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> with a 6-mm right distal ureteral calculus that previously failed retrograde ureteroscopic removal. The stone was not effectively removed laparoscopically as well due to failure to progress associated with operative machinery malfunction. The <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> was ultimately euthanized. Conclusion: Despite suboptimal outcome in one case, extremely valuable lessons were learned during both cases. We present our surgical experiences, as well as pertinent anatomical differences, in these animals with the hope that this discussion will facilitate future surgical kidney stone treatment of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. PMID:29756043</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28230056','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28230056"><span>Threshold of long-term survival of a coastal delphinid in anthropogenically degraded environment: Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in Pearl <span class="hlt">River</span> Delta.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Karczmarski, Leszek; Huang, Shiang-Lin; Chan, Stephen C Y</p> <p>2017-02-23</p> <p>Defining demographic and ecological threshold of population persistence can assist in informing conservation management. We undertook such analyses for the Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Sousa chinensis) in the Pearl <span class="hlt">River</span> Delta (PRD) region, southeast China. We use adult survival estimates for assessments of population status and annual rate of change. Our estimates indicate that, given a stationary population structure and minimal risk scenario, ~2000 individuals (minimum viable population in carrying capacity, MVP k ) can maintain the population persistence across 40 generations. However, under the current population trend (~2.5% decline/annum), the population is fast approaching its viability threshold and may soon face effects of demographic stochasticity. The population demographic trajectory and the minimum area of critical habitat (MACH) that could prevent stochastic extinction are both highly sensitive to fluctuations in adult survival. For a hypothetical stationary population, MACH should approximate 3000-km 2 . However, this estimate increases four-fold with a 5% increase of adult mortality and exceeds the size of PRD when calculated for the current population status. On the other hand, cumulatively all current MPAs within PRD fail to secure the minimum habitat requirement to accommodate sufficiently viable population size. Our findings indicate that the PRD population is deemed to become extinct unless effective conservation measures can rapidly reverse the current population trend.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=familia&pg=4&id=ED493792','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=familia&pg=4&id=ED493792"><span>Literacy and Advocacy in Adolescent Family, <span class="hlt">Gang</span>, School, and Juvenile Court Communities: "Crip 4 Life"</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Smith, Debra; Whitmore, Kathryn F.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The goal of this book is to encourage educators and researchers to understand the complexities of adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members' lives in order to rethink their assumptions about these students in school. The particular objective is to situate four <span class="hlt">gang</span> members as literate, caring students from loving families whose identities and literacy keep them on…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED368813.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED368813.pdf"><span>Multiculturalism as a Policy for Disarming <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Violence in Communities at Large and in Schools.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Clark, Christine; Jenkins, Morris</p> <p></p> <p>Those who try to deal with violence in U.S. communities and schools have tended to concentrate on suppression of violence, rather than real prevention, particularly as violence is associated with youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. This discussion focuses on multiculturalism as a policy for reducing <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence, rather than strategies that have been used to deal with…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=dolphins&id=ED546933','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=dolphins&id=ED546933"><span><span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-Assisted Therapy as a Verbal Operant Condition for Children with Autism</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Terrasi, Renee Marie</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>This study examined the effects of <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span>-Assisted Therapy (DAT) as a reinforcer for verbal operant production in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Three children who attended a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> therapy program participated in this single subject research study. Baseline data was collected for each child via a video tape provided by parents and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT.......270S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT.......270S"><span>The importance of bioacoustics for <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> welfare: Soundscape characterization with implications for management</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Spence, Heather Ruth</p> <p></p> <p>Sound is the primary sensory modality for <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, yet policies mitigating anthropogenic sound exposure are limited in wild populations and even fewer noise policies or guidelines have been developed for governing <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> welfare under human care. Concerns have been raised that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> under human care live in facilities that are too noisy, or are too acoustically sterile. However, these claims have not been evaluated to characterize facility soundscapes, and further, how they compare to wild soundscapes. The soundscape of a wild <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> habitat off the coast of Quintana, Roo, Mexico was characterized based on Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) recordings over one year. Snapping shrimp were persistent and broadband, following a diel pattern. Fish sound production was pulsed and prominent in low frequencies (100 -- 1000 Hz), and abiotic surface wave action contributed to noise in higher frequencies (15 -- 28 kHz). Boat motors were the main anthropogenic sound source. While sporadic, boat motors were responsible for large spikes in the noise, sometimes exceeding the ambient noise (in the absence of a boat) by 20 dB root-mean-squared sound pressure level, and potentially higher at closer distances. Boat motor sounds can potentially mask cues and communication sounds of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. The soundscapes of four acoustically distinct outdoor <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> facilities in Quintana Roo, Mexico were also characterized based on PAM, and findings compared with one another and with the measurements from the wild <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> habitat. Recordings were made for at least 24 hours to encompass the range of daily activities. The four facilities differed in non-<span class="hlt">dolphin</span> species present (biological sounds), bathymetry complexity, and method of water circulation. It was hypothesized that the greater the biological and physical differences of a pool from the ocean habitat, the greater the acoustic differences would be from the natural environment. Spectral analysis and audio playback revealed that the site</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20006268-himalayan-uplift-osmium-isotopes-oceans-rivers','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20006268-himalayan-uplift-osmium-isotopes-oceans-rivers"><span>Himalayan uplift and osmium isotopes in oceans and <span class="hlt">rivers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sharma, M.; Wasserburg, G.J.; Hofmann, A.W.</p> <p>1999-12-01</p> <p>Previous studies have shown that {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os in seawater has become increasingly radiogenic over the last 409 Ma in a manner analogous to strontium. This rapid rise in the marine {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os over the last 17 Ma has been attributed to an increase in the bulk silicate weathering rates resulting from the rise of the Himalayas and/or selective weathering and erosion of highly radiogenic organic rich ancient sediments. The key test of this hypothesis is the {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os and the total osmium concentration of the Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. The authors report the concentration and isotopic composition of osmiummore » in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, the Brahmaputra, and the Indus <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. The {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> close to its source (at Kaudiyal) is 2.65 and [Os] = 45 fM/kg. A second sample of the lower reaches of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> at Patna gives {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os = 1.59 and [Os] = 171 fM/kg. The {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os of the Brahmaputra at Guwahati is 1.07 and [Os] = 52 fM/kg. A sample of the Indus (Besham) has a {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os of 1.2 and [Os] = 59 fM/kg. The authors infer that the Himalayas do not provide either a high flow of osmium of a highly radiogenic osmium component to the oceans. The overall trend for osmium and strontium could be explained by a regularly increasing input of global continental weathering sources but the Himalayas themselves appear not to be the dominant source.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2988814','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2988814"><span>How Can <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> Recognize Fish According to Their Echoes? A Statistical Analysis of Fish Echoes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Yovel, Yossi; Au, Whitlow W. L.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Echo-based object classification is a fundamental task of animals that use a biosonar system. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> and porpoises should be able to rely on echoes to discriminate a predator from a prey or to select a desired prey from an undesired object. Many studies have shown that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and porpoises can discriminate between objects according to their echoes. All of these studies however, used unnatural objects that can be easily characterized in human terminologies (e.g., metallic spheres, disks, cylinders). In this work, we collected real fish echoes from many angles of acquisition using a sonar system that mimics the emission properties of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and porpoises. We then tested two alternative statistical approaches in classifying these echoes. Our results suggest that fish species can be classified according to echoes returning from porpoise- and <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-like signals. These results suggest how <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and porpoises can classify fish based on their echoes and provide some insight as to which features might enable the classification. PMID:21124908</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21124908','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21124908"><span>How can <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> recognize fish according to their echoes? A statistical analysis of fish echoes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yovel, Yossi; Au, Whitlow W L</p> <p>2010-11-19</p> <p>Echo-based object classification is a fundamental task of animals that use a biosonar system. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> and porpoises should be able to rely on echoes to discriminate a predator from a prey or to select a desired prey from an undesired object. Many studies have shown that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and porpoises can discriminate between objects according to their echoes. All of these studies however, used unnatural objects that can be easily characterized in human terminologies (e.g., metallic spheres, disks, cylinders). In this work, we collected real fish echoes from many angles of acquisition using a sonar system that mimics the emission properties of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and porpoises. We then tested two alternative statistical approaches in classifying these echoes. Our results suggest that fish species can be classified according to echoes returning from porpoise- and <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>-like signals. These results suggest how <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and porpoises can classify fish based on their echoes and provide some insight as to which features might enable the classification.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22844536','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22844536"><span>Behavioural responses of dusky <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> groups (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) to tour vessels off Kaikoura, New Zealand.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lundquist, David; Gemmell, Neil J; Würsig, Bernd</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Commercial viewing and swimming with dusky <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) near Kaikoura, New Zealand began in the late 1980s and researchers have previously described changes in vocalisation, aerial behaviour, and group spacing in the presence of vessels. This study was conducted to assess the current effects that tourism has on the activity budget of dusky <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to provide wildlife managers with information for current decision-making and facilitate development of quantitative criteria for management of this industry in the future. First-order time discrete Markov chain models were used to assess changes in the behavioural state of dusky <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> pods targeted by tour vessels. Log-linear analysis was conducted on behavioural state transitions to determine whether the likelihood of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> moving from one behavioural state to another changed based on natural and anthropogenic factors. The best-fitting model determined by Akaike Information Criteria values included season, time of day, and vessel presence within 300 m. Interactions with vessels reduced the proportion of time <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> spent resting in spring and summer and increased time spent milling in all seasons except autumn. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> spent more time socialising in spring and summer, when conception occurs and calves are born, and the proportion of time spent resting was highest in summer. Resting decreased and traveling increased in the afternoon. Responses to tour vessel traffic are similar to those described for dusky <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> elsewhere. Disturbance linked to vessels may interrupt social interactions, carry energetic costs, or otherwise affect individual fitness. Research is needed to determine if increased milling is a result of acoustic masking of communication due to vessel noise, and to establish levels at which changes to behavioural budgets of dusky <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are likely to cause long-term harm. Threshold values from these studies would allow managers to set appropriate operational conditions based</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=delinquency&pg=5&id=EJ937780','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=delinquency&pg=5&id=EJ937780"><span>Brief Report: Do Delinquency and Community Violence Exposure Explain Internalizing Problems in Early Adolescent <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Madan, Anjana; Mrug, Sylvie; Windle, Michael</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are at higher risk for internalizing problems as well as exposure to community violence and delinquency. This study examined whether <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership in early adolescence is associated with internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, and suicidal behavior) and whether these associations are mediated by delinquency and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19700205','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19700205"><span>Immunology of whales and <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Beineke, Andreas; Siebert, Ursula; Wohlsein, Peter; Baumgärtner, Wolfgang</p> <p>2010-02-15</p> <p>The increasing disease susceptibility in different whale and <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> populations has led to speculation about a possible negative influence of environmental contaminants on the immune system and therefore on the health status of marine mammals. Despite current efforts in the immunology of marine mammals several aspects of immune functions in aquatic mammals remain unknown. However, assays for evaluating cellular immune responses, such as lymphocyte proliferation, respiratory burst as well as phagocytic and cytotoxic activity of leukocytes and humoral immune responses have been established for different cetacean species. Additionally, immunological and molecular techniques enable the detection and quantification of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in lymphoid cells during inflammation or immune responses, respectively. Different T and B cell subsets as well as antigen-presenting cells can be detected by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Despite great homologies between marine and terrestrial mammal lymphoid organs, some unique anatomical structures, particularly the complex lymphoepithelial laryngeal glands in cetaceans represent an adaptation to the marine environment. Additionally, physiological changes, such as age-related thymic atrophy and cystic degeneration of the "anal tonsil" of whales have to be taken into account when investigating these lymphoid structures. Systemic morbillivirus infections lead to fatalities in cetaceans associated with generalized lymphoid depletion. Similarly, chronic diseases and starvation are associated with a loss of functional lymphoid cells and decreased resistance against opportunistic infections. There is growing evidence for an immunotoxic effect of different environmental contaminants in whales and <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, as demonstrated in field studies. Furthermore, immunomodulatory properties of different persistent xenobiotics have been confirmed in cetacean lymphoid cells in vitro as well as in animal models in vivo</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28671496','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28671496"><span>Effects of oral megestrol acetate administration on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of male bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Houser, Dorian S; Champagne, Cory D; Jensen, Eric D; Smith, Cynthia R; Cotte, Lara S; Meegan, Jenny M; Booth, Rebecca K; Wasser, Samuel K</p> <p>2017-07-15</p> <p>OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of oral megestrol acetate (MA) administration on adrenal function in male bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus). DESIGN Serial cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 8 adult male <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, all of which were receiving MA at various daily doses (range, 0 to 60 mg, PO) for the control of reproductive behavior. PROCEDURES Blood samples were collected every 2 weeks for 1 year from <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> trained to voluntarily provide them. Cortisol, ACTH, and other hormone concentrations were measured in serum or plasma via radioimmunoassay or ELISA. Fecal samples, also provided by <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> voluntarily, were assayed for glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations. Effects of daily MA dose on hormone concentrations were evaluated. RESULTS Daily MA doses as low as 10 mg strongly suppressed cortisol secretion in nearly all <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, and except for a single measurement, no <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> had measurable serum concentrations at doses ≥ 20 mg. Variations in serum cortisol concentration were unrelated to season but were directly related to ACTH concentrations, suggesting primary effects upstream of the adrenal gland. Cessation of MA administration resulted in almost immediate restoration of measurable serum cortisol concentrations, although concentrations continued to rise in a few <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> over the following weeks to months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Caution should be exercised when administering MA to control reproductive behavior in male <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis appeared to be sensitive to even small doses of MA in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, duration of treatment may be the most critical consideration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4311443','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4311443"><span>The world's second largest population of humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the waters of Zhanjiang deserves the highest conservation priority</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Xu, Xinrong; Song, Jinyuan; Zhang, Zhenhua; Li, Peng; Yang, Guang; Zhou, Kaiya</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sousa chinensis) inhabiting shallow coastal waters are vulnerable to impacts from human activities in the near shore waters. This study examined the population of Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> occurring off the coast of Zhanjiang in the northern South China Sea. A total of 492 Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were identified, 176 of which were photographed on more than one occasion. The Zhanjiang Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> population is isolated from populations of conspecifics along the Guangdong coast. It is composed of approximately 1485 individuals (95% CI = 1371–1629; SE = 63.8), with estimates of mean representative range and core area of 168.51 and 44.26 km2, respectively. The high site fidelity and long-term residence of Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the study area are well established. A review of all available data indicates that based on what is currently known, the Zhanjiang Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> population is the second largest of the species and genus in the world. However, the recent industrial boom along the Zhanjiang coast has increased concerns regarding the conservation of the Zhanjiang Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> population. We recommend the designation of a national nature reserve as a most urgent measure for protecting Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in Zhanjiang waters. PMID:25634769</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25634769','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25634769"><span>The world's second largest population of humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the waters of Zhanjiang deserves the highest conservation priority.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, Xinrong; Song, Jinyuan; Zhang, Zhenhua; Li, Peng; Yang, Guang; Zhou, Kaiya</p> <p>2015-01-30</p> <p>Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sousa chinensis) inhabiting shallow coastal waters are vulnerable to impacts from human activities in the near shore waters. This study examined the population of Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> occurring off the coast of Zhanjiang in the northern South China Sea. A total of 492 Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were identified, 176 of which were photographed on more than one occasion. The Zhanjiang Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> population is isolated from populations of conspecifics along the Guangdong coast. It is composed of approximately 1485 individuals (95% CI = 1371-1629; SE = 63.8), with estimates of mean representative range and core area of 168.51 and 44.26 km(2), respectively. The high site fidelity and long-term residence of Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the study area are well established. A review of all available data indicates that based on what is currently known, the Zhanjiang Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> population is the second largest of the species and genus in the world. However, the recent industrial boom along the Zhanjiang coast has increased concerns regarding the conservation of the Zhanjiang Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> population. We recommend the designation of a national nature reserve as a most urgent measure for protecting Chinese white <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in Zhanjiang waters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5749987','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5749987"><span>Acoustic monitoring of coastal <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and their response to naval mine neutralization exercises</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Howe, Marian; Zang, Eden; McElligott, Megan; Engelhaupt, Amy; Munger, Lisa</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>To investigate the potential impacts of naval mine neutralization exercises (MINEX) on odontocete cetaceans, a long-term passive acoustic monitoring study was conducted at a US Navy training range near Virginia Beach, USA. Bottom-moored acoustic recorders were deployed in 2012–2016 near the epicentre of MINEX training activity and were refurbished every 2–4 months. Recordings were analysed for the daily presence/absence of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, and <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> acoustic activity was quantified in detail for the hours and days before and after 31 MINEX training events. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> occurred in the area year-round, but there was clear seasonal variability, with lower presence during winter months. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> exhibited a behavioural response to underwater detonations. <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> acoustic activity near the training location was lower during the hours and days following detonations, suggesting that animals left the area and/or reduced their signalling. Concurrent acoustic monitoring farther away from the training area suggested that the radius of response was between 3 and 6 km. A generalized additive model indicated that the predictors that explained the greatest amount of deviance in the data were the day relative to the training event, the hour of the day and circumstances specific to each training event. PMID:29308219</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29308219','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29308219"><span>Acoustic monitoring of coastal <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and their response to naval mine neutralization exercises.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lammers, Marc O; Howe, Marian; Zang, Eden; McElligott, Megan; Engelhaupt, Amy; Munger, Lisa</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>To investigate the potential impacts of naval mine neutralization exercises (MINEX) on odontocete cetaceans, a long-term passive acoustic monitoring study was conducted at a US Navy training range near Virginia Beach, USA. Bottom-moored acoustic recorders were deployed in 2012-2016 near the epicentre of MINEX training activity and were refurbished every 2-4 months. Recordings were analysed for the daily presence/absence of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, and <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> acoustic activity was quantified in detail for the hours and days before and after 31 MINEX training events. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> occurred in the area year-round, but there was clear seasonal variability, with lower presence during winter months. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> exhibited a behavioural response to underwater detonations. <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> acoustic activity near the training location was lower during the hours and days following detonations, suggesting that animals left the area and/or reduced their signalling. Concurrent acoustic monitoring farther away from the training area suggested that the radius of response was between 3 and 6 km. A generalized additive model indicated that the predictors that explained the greatest amount of deviance in the data were the day relative to the training event, the hour of the day and circumstances specific to each training event.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7163E..21R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7163E..21R"><span>Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> iris asymmetries enhance aerial and underwater vision</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rivamonte, Andre</p> <p>2009-02-01</p> <p>When the iris of the Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus) contracts it constrains the path of light that can focus onto the two areas of the retina having a finer retinal mosaic. Under high ambient light conditions the operculum of the iris shields the lens and forms in the process two asymmetrically shaped, sized and positioned slit pupils. Tracing rays of light in the reverse direction through the pupils from the retinal regions associated with higher resolution confirm behaviorally observed preferred aerial and underwater viewing directions. In the forward and downward viewing direction, the larger temporal pupil admits light that is focused by the weakly refractive margin of a bifocal lens onto the temporal area centralis compensating for the addition of the optically strong front surface of the cornea in air. A schematic <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> eye model incorporating a bifocal lens offers an explanation for a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>'s comparable visual acuities in air and water for both high and low ambient light conditions. Comparison of methods for curve fitting psychometric ogive functions to behavioral visual acuity and spectral sensitivity data are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27871889','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27871889"><span>Spontaneous prosocial choice by captive bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, Tursiops truncatus.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nakahara, Fumio; Komaba, Masayuki; Sato, Ryoichi; Ikeda, Hisako; Komaba, Kumiko; Kawakubo, Akihiro</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> exhibit prosocial behavior across several different contexts. However, only a few experimental studies have investigated the psychological mechanisms underlying this behavior. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying prosociality in bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus). In the experiments, water shower devices, developed as environmental enrichment items, were used. Two paradigms were used to measure prosociality. The first was the prosocial choice task, involving the subject typically being offered one choice between two options. The first option provided a reward (take a shower) to both the subject and partner (prosocial choice). The second option provided a reward only to the subject (selfish choice). The second paradigm was the giving assistance task, involving the subject being provided a choice between providing instrumental help to the partner (prosocial choice) or doing nothing. It was observed that the subjects chose the prosocial choices in both paradigms. In these experiments, prosocial choices were spontaneously taken without requests from the partners. These results indicated that the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> show preference for other-regarding behavior. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3014685','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3014685"><span>Candida albicans and C. tropicalis Isolates from the Expired Breathes of Captive <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> and Their Environments in an Aquarium</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Takahashi, Hideo; Ueda, Keiichi; Itano, Eiko Nakagawa; Yanagisawa, Makio; Murata, Yoshiteru; Murata, Michiko; Yaguchi, Takashi; Murakami, Masaru; Kamei, Katsuhiko; Inomata, Tomo; Miyahara, Hirokazu; Sano, Ayako; Uchida, Senzo</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Genotypes of Candida spp. isolated from exhalation of 20 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, 11 water samples from captive pools, and 24 oral cavities of staff members in an aquarium using a combination of multiple drug resistance 1 gene (MDR1) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 5.8s-ITS 2 regions of ribosomal RNA gene (ITS rDNA) sequences were studied. The holding ratios of the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, captive pools, and staff members were 70, 90, and 29%, respectively. Isolated pathogenic yeast species common to the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and environments were Candida albicans and C. tropicalis. Identical genotypes in both Candida spp. based on the combination of MDR1 and ITSrDNA were found in some <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, between a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> and a staff, among <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and environments, and among environments. The results indicated the diffusion and exchange of pathogenic yeasts at the aquarium among <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and environments. The isolates at the aquarium showed higher rates of resistance to azole antifungals compared to reference isolates. PMID:21234394</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5112990','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5112990"><span>Predicting Interactions between Common <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> and the Pole-and-Line Tuna Fishery in the Azores</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cruz, Maria João; Menezes, Gui; Machete, Miguel; Silva, Mónica A.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Delphinus delphis) are responsible for the large majority of interactions with the pole-and-line tuna fishery in the Azores but the underlying drivers remain poorly understood. In this study we investigate the influence of various environmental and fisheries-related factors in promoting the interaction of common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> with this fishery and estimate the resultant catch losses. We analysed 15 years of fishery and cetacean interaction data (1998–2012) collected by observers placed aboard tuna fishing vessels. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> interacted in less than 3% of the fishing events observed during the study period. The probability of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> interaction varied significantly between years with no evident trend over time. Generalized additive modeling results suggest that fishing duration, sea surface temperature and prey abundance in the region were the most important factors explaining common <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> interaction. <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> interaction had no impact on the catches of albacore, skipjack and yellowfin tuna but resulted in significantly lower catches of bigeye tuna, with a predicted median annual loss of 13.5% in the number of fish captured. However, impact on bigeye catches varied considerably both by year and fishing area. Our work shows that rates of common <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> interaction with the pole-and-line tuna fishery in the Azores are low and showed no signs of increase over the study period. Although overall economic impact was low, the interaction may lead to significant losses in some years. These findings emphasize the need for continued monitoring and for further research into the consequences and economic viability of potential mitigation measures. PMID:27851763</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27851763','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27851763"><span>Predicting Interactions between Common <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> and the Pole-and-Line Tuna Fishery in the Azores.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cruz, Maria João; Menezes, Gui; Machete, Miguel; Silva, Mónica A</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Delphinus delphis) are responsible for the large majority of interactions with the pole-and-line tuna fishery in the Azores but the underlying drivers remain poorly understood. In this study we investigate the influence of various environmental and fisheries-related factors in promoting the interaction of common <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> with this fishery and estimate the resultant catch losses. We analysed 15 years of fishery and cetacean interaction data (1998-2012) collected by observers placed aboard tuna fishing vessels. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> interacted in less than 3% of the fishing events observed during the study period. The probability of <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> interaction varied significantly between years with no evident trend over time. Generalized additive modeling results suggest that fishing duration, sea surface temperature and prey abundance in the region were the most important factors explaining common <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> interaction. <span class="hlt">Dolphin</span> interaction had no impact on the catches of albacore, skipjack and yellowfin tuna but resulted in significantly lower catches of bigeye tuna, with a predicted median annual loss of 13.5% in the number of fish captured. However, impact on bigeye catches varied considerably both by year and fishing area. Our work shows that rates of common <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> interaction with the pole-and-line tuna fishery in the Azores are low and showed no signs of increase over the study period. Although overall economic impact was low, the interaction may lead to significant losses in some years. These findings emphasize the need for continued monitoring and for further research into the consequences and economic viability of potential mitigation measures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596136','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596136"><span>Vitamin blood concentration and vitamin supplementation in bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) in European facilities.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gimmel, Angela Emilia Ricarda; Baumgartner, Katrin; Liesegang, Annette</p> <p>2016-09-05</p> <p>As fish eaters bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) in human care need to receive daily vitamin supplementation, because whole thawed fish lacks certain vitamins. However, the exact concentration of supplementation has not been established and is a matter of discussion. To ensure adequate vitamin supplementation in pets, vitamin blood concentrations are measured. This is not a common practice in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. The objective of the present study was to collect information about vitamin supplementation in bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> and on vitamin blood concentrations of healthy animals in European facilities. In addition, these results were compared with blood levels of wild animals. Conclusions on how to provide bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in human care with an effective vitamin supplementation will then be drawn. Initially, fish-handling techniques and vitamin supplementation were evaluated by questionnaire, which was sent to 25 European facilities that house bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Secondly, blood samples from 57 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> living in 10 facilities were taken and sent by mail to a reference laboratory. They were analysed for retinol, thiamine pyrophosphate, cobalamin, calcidiol and tocopherol. The blood concentrations were then correlated with vitamin supplementation, fish handling techniques and pre-existing blood concentrations of free-ranging <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Finally, the data was subjected to a standard analysis of variance techniques (ANOVA) and a linear model analysis. Fish was mainly thawed in a refrigerator. Further, the 95 % confidence interval for retinol blood concentrations was 0.048 to 0.059 mg/l and for tocopherol 17.95 to 20.76 mg/l. These concentrations were 27 and 53 %, respectively, higher than those found in free-ranging animals. In contrast, calcidiol concentrations (143.9-174.7 ng/ml) of the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in human care were lower than in blood found for free-ranging animals. Regarding thiamine pyrophosphate and cobalamin, concentrations ranged between 0.42 and 0.55</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5319327','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5319327"><span>Temporally and spatially partitioned behaviours of spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>: implications for resilience to human disturbance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Johnston, David W.; Christiansen, Fredrik</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Selective forces shape the evolution of wildlife behavioural strategies and influence the spatial and temporal partitioning of behavioural activities to maximize individual fitness. Globally, wildlife is increasingly exposed to human activities which may affect their behavioural activities. The ability of wildlife to compensate for the effects of human activities may have implications for their resilience to disturbance. Resilience theory suggests that behavioural systems which are constrained in their repertoires are less resilient to disturbance than flexible systems. Using behavioural time-series data, we show that spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Stenella longirostris) spatially and temporally partition their behavioural activities on a daily basis. Specifically, spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were never observed foraging during daytime, where resting was the predominant activity. Travelling and socializing probabilities were higher in early mornings and late afternoons when <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were returning from or preparing for nocturnal feeding trips, respectively. The constrained nature of spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> behaviours suggests they are less resilient to human disturbance than other cetaceans. These <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> experience the highest exposure rates to human activities ever reported for any cetaceans. Over the last 30 years human activities have increased significantly in Hawaii, but the spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> still inhabit these bays. Recent abundance estimates (2011 and 2012) however, are lower than all previous estimates (1979–1981, 1989–1992 and 2003), indicating a possible long-term impact. Quantification of the spatial and temporal partitioning of wildlife behavioural schedules provides critical insight for conservation measures that aim to mitigate the effects of human disturbance. PMID:28280561</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280561','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280561"><span>Temporally and spatially partitioned behaviours of spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>: implications for resilience to human disturbance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tyne, Julian A; Johnston, David W; Christiansen, Fredrik; Bejder, Lars</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Selective forces shape the evolution of wildlife behavioural strategies and influence the spatial and temporal partitioning of behavioural activities to maximize individual fitness. Globally, wildlife is increasingly exposed to human activities which may affect their behavioural activities. The ability of wildlife to compensate for the effects of human activities may have implications for their resilience to disturbance. Resilience theory suggests that behavioural systems which are constrained in their repertoires are less resilient to disturbance than flexible systems. Using behavioural time-series data, we show that spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> ( Stenella longirostris ) spatially and temporally partition their behavioural activities on a daily basis. Specifically, spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were never observed foraging during daytime, where resting was the predominant activity. Travelling and socializing probabilities were higher in early mornings and late afternoons when <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were returning from or preparing for nocturnal feeding trips, respectively. The constrained nature of spinner <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> behaviours suggests they are less resilient to human disturbance than other cetaceans. These <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> experience the highest exposure rates to human activities ever reported for any cetaceans. Over the last 30 years human activities have increased significantly in Hawaii, but the spinner <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> still inhabit these bays. Recent abundance estimates (2011 and 2012) however, are lower than all previous estimates (1979-1981, 1989-1992 and 2003), indicating a possible long-term impact. Quantification of the spatial and temporal partitioning of wildlife behavioural schedules provides critical insight for conservation measures that aim to mitigate the effects of human disturbance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5797741','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5797741"><span>Captive Bottlenose <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> Do Discriminate Human-Made Sounds Both Underwater and in the Air</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lima, Alice; Sébilleau, Mélissa; Boye, Martin; Durand, Candice; Hausberger, Martine; Lemasson, Alban</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Tursiops truncatus) spontaneously emit individual acoustic signals that identify them to group members. We tested whether these cetaceans could learn artificial individual sound cues played underwater and whether they would generalize this learning to airborne sounds. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> are thought to perceive only underwater sounds and their training depends largely on visual signals. We investigated the behavioral responses of seven <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in a group to learned human-made individual sound cues, played underwater and in the air. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> recognized their own sound cue after hearing it underwater as they immediately moved toward the source, whereas when it was airborne they gazed more at the source of their own sound cue but did not approach it. We hypothesize that they perhaps detected modifications of the sound induced by air or were confused by the novelty of the situation, but nevertheless recognized they were being “targeted.” They did not respond when hearing another group member’s cue in either situation. This study provides further evidence that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> respond to individual-specific sounds and that these marine mammals possess some capacity for processing airborne acoustic signals. PMID:29445350</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27036275','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27036275"><span>Dynamics of biosonar signals in free-swimming and stationary <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>: The role of source levels on the characteristics of the signals.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Au, Whitlow W L; Martin, Stephen W; Moore, Patrick W; Branstetter, Brian; Copeland, Adrienne M</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>The biosonar signals of two free-swimming Atlantic bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> performing a complex sonar search for a bottom target in San Diego Bay were compared with the biosonar signals of a <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> performing a target discrimination task in a net pen in the same bay. A bite-plate device carried by the free-swimming <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> supported a hydrophone that extended directly in front of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>. A biosonar measuring tool attached to the bite plate measured the outgoing biosonar signals while the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> conducted sonar searches. Each of the free-swimming <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> used different biosonar search strategy in solving the problem and the <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>' biosonar signals reflect the difference in strategy. The <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> in the pen stationed in a hoop while echolocating on a target 6 m away and reported if the indentation on a spherical target was directed toward it. The signals were parameterized by determining the peak-to-peak source levels, source energy flux density, peak frequency, center frequency, root-mean-square (rms) bandwidth, rms duration, and the Q of the signals. Some parameters were similar for the free-swimming and stationary <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> while some were significantly different, suggesting biosonar signals used by free-swimming animals may be different than signals used by <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in a pen.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3645016','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3645016"><span>Stranded <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> stomach contents represent the free-ranging population's diet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dunshea, Glenn; Barros, Nélio B.; Berens McCabe, Elizabeth J.; Gales, Nicholas J.; Hindell, Mark A.; Jarman, Simon N.; Wells, Randall S.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Diet is a fundamental aspect of animal ecology. Cetacean prey species are generally identified by examining stomach contents of stranded individuals. Critical uncertainty in these studies is whether samples from stranded animals are representative of the diet of free-ranging animals. Over two summers, we collected faecal and gastric samples from healthy free-ranging individuals of an extensively studied bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> population. These samples were analysed by molecular prey detection and these data compared with stomach contents data derived from stranded <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> from the same population collected over 22 years. There was a remarkable consistency in the prey species composition and relative amounts between the two datasets. The conclusions of past stomach contents studies regarding <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> habitat associations, prey selection and proposed foraging mechanisms are supported by molecular data from live animals and the combined dataset. This is the first explicit test of the validity of stomach contents analysis for accurate population-scale diet determination of an inshore cetacean. PMID:23637389</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3803997','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3803997"><span>MYCOBACTERIUM ABSCESSUS PNEUMONIA IN AN ATLANTIC BOTTLENOSE <span class="hlt">DOLPHIN</span> (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Clayton, Leigh Ann; Stamper, M. Andrew; Whitaker, Brent R.; Hadfield, Catherine A.; Simons, Brian; Mankowski, Joseph L.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Mycobacterium abscessus pneumonia was diagnosed antemortem in a 23-yr-old male Atlantic bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus). Clinical signs included lethargy, hyporexia, coughing, and bloody respiratory discharge. Diagnostic findings included neutrophilic leukocytosis, anemia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and repeated forceful exhaled breath (sputum) cytology, with acute inflammatory cells and acid-fast positive beaded rods. The bacteria were initially identified free in the sputum sample and subsequently were seen within neutrophils. A culture was positive for a rapidly growing, white, colony-forming organism confirmed as M. abscessus by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. Clinical signs initially resolved with multidrug therapy. Concurrent Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection complicated clinical management and contributed to terminal decline. The <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> was euthanized 5 mo after initial diagnosis. Necropsy results demonstrated acid-fast positive bacteria in lung tissue and supported the diagnosis of M. abscessus pneumonia. Acid-fast stains and mycobacteria cultures should be considered when evaluating ill <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. PMID:23272373</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=application+AND+theory+AND+reasoned+AND+action&id=EJ505933','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=application+AND+theory+AND+reasoned+AND+action&id=EJ505933"><span>Understanding Violence in Contemporary and Earlier <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: An Exploratory Application of the Theory of Reasoned Action.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Evans, Judy P.; Taylor, Jerome</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Reviews the theory of reasoned action to demonstrate how it can be applied to understanding <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence, and illustrates its potential applicability to a pilot sample of 30 contemporary and 18 earlier <span class="hlt">gangs</span> living in a large metropolitan community. Results indicate this theory has been helpful in explaining higher levels of violence in…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28425113','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28425113"><span>Environmental perfluorooctane sulfonate exposure drives T cell activation in bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Soloff, Adam C; Wolf, Bethany Jacobs; White, Natasha D; Muir, Derek; Courtney, Sean; Hardiman, Gary; Bossart, Gregory D; Fair, Patricia A</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are highly stable compounds that have been associated with immunotoxicity in epidemiologic studies and experimental rodent models. Lengthy half-lives and resistance to environmental degradation result in bioaccumulation of PFAAs in humans and wildlife. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), the most prevalent PFAA detected within the environment, is found at high levels in occupationally exposed humans. We have monitored the environmental exposure of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the Charleston, SC region for over 10 years and levels of PFAAs, and PFOS in particular, were significantly elevated. As <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> may serve as large mammal sentinels to identify the impact of environmental chemical exposure on human disease, we sought to assess the effect of environmental PFAAs on the cellular immune system in highly exposed <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>. Herein, we utilized a novel flow cytometry-based assay to examine T cell-specific responses to environmental PFAA exposure ex vivo and to exogenous PFOS exposure in vitro. Baseline PFOS concentrations were associated with significantly increased CD4 + and CD8 + T cell proliferation from a heterogeneous resident <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> population. Further analysis demonstrated that in vitro exposure to environmentally relevant levels of PFOS promoted proinflammatory cytokine production and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, these findings indicate that PFOS is capable of inducing proinflammatory interferon-gamma, but not immunoregulatory interleukin-4 production in T cells, which may establish a state of chronic immune activation known to be associated with susceptibility to disease. These findings suggest that PFOS directly dysregulates the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> cellular immune system and has implications for health hazards. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23207018','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23207018"><span>An atypical genotype of Toxoplasma gondii as a cause of mortality in Hector's <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Cephalorhynchus hectori).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Roe, W D; Howe, L; Baker, E J; Burrows, L; Hunter, S A</p> <p>2013-02-18</p> <p>Hector's <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Cephalorhynchus hectori) are a small endangered coastal species that are endemic to New Zealand. Anthropogenic factors, particularly accidental capture in fishing nets, are believed to be the biggest threat to survival of this species. The role of infectious disease as a cause of mortality has not previously been well investigated. This study investigates Toxoplasma gondii infection in Hector's <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, finding that 7 of 28 (25%) <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> examined died due to disseminated toxoplasmosis, including 2 of 3 Maui's <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, a critically endangered sub-species. A further 10 <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> had one or more tissues that were positive for the presence of T. gondii DNA using PCR. Genotyping revealed that 7 of 8 successfully amplified isolates were an atypical Type II genotype. Fatal cases had necrotising and haemorrhagic lesions in the lung (n=7), lymph nodes (n=6), liver (n=4) and adrenals (n=3). Tachyzoites and tissue cysts were present in other organs including the brain (n=5), heart (n=1), stomach (n=1) and uterus (n=1) with minimal associated inflammatory response. One <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> had a marked suppurative metritis in the presence of numerous intra-epithelial tachyzoites. No <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> had underlying morbillivirus infection. This study provides the first evidence that infectious agents could be important in the population decline of this species, and highlights the need for further research into the route of entry of T. gondii organisms into the marine environment worldwide. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NW....101..907K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NW....101..907K"><span>Behavioural evidence of magnetoreception in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>: detection of experimental magnetic fields</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kremers, Dorothee; López Marulanda, Juliana; Hausberger, Martine; Lemasson, Alban</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>Magnetoreception, meaning the perception of magnetic fields, is supposed to play an important role for orientation/navigation in some terrestrial and aquatic species. Although some spatial observations of free-ranging cetaceans' migration routes and stranding sites led to the assumption that cetaceans may be sensitive to the geomagnetic field, experimental evidence is lacking. Here, we tested the spontaneous response of six captive bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to the presentation of two magnetized and demagnetized controlled devices while they were swimming freely. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> approached the device with shorter latency when it contained a strongly magnetized neodymium block compared to a control demagnetized block that was identical in form and density and therefore undistinguishable with echolocation. We conclude that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are able to discriminate the two stimuli on the basis of their magnetic properties, a prerequisite for magnetoreception-based navigation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25267469','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25267469"><span>Behavioural evidence of magnetoreception in <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>: detection of experimental magnetic fields.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kremers, Dorothee; López Marulanda, Juliana; Hausberger, Martine; Lemasson, Alban</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>Magnetoreception, meaning the perception of magnetic fields, is supposed to play an important role for orientation/navigation in some terrestrial and aquatic species. Although some spatial observations of free-ranging cetaceans' migration routes and stranding sites led to the assumption that cetaceans may be sensitive to the geomagnetic field, experimental evidence is lacking. Here, we tested the spontaneous response of six captive bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> to the presentation of two magnetized and demagnetized controlled devices while they were swimming freely. <span class="hlt">Dolphins</span> approached the device with shorter latency when it contained a strongly magnetized neodymium block compared to a control demagnetized block that was identical in form and density and therefore undistinguishable with echolocation. We conclude that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> are able to discriminate the two stimuli on the basis of their magnetic properties, a prerequisite for magnetoreception-based navigation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12083609','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12083609"><span>Atlantic bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus) hearing threshold for brief broadband signals.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Au, Whitlow W L; Lemonds, David W; Vlachos, Stephanie; Nachtigall, Paul E; Roitblat, Herbert L</p> <p>2002-06-01</p> <p>The hearing sensitivity of an Atlantic bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus) to both pure tones and broadband signals simulating echoes from a 7.62-cm water-filled sphere was measured. Pure tones with frequencies between 40 and 140 kHz in increments of 20 kHz were measured along with broadband thresholds using a stimulus with a center frequency of 97.3 kHz and 88.2 kHz. The pure-tone thresholds were compared with the broadband thresholds by converting the pure-tone threshold intensity to energy flux density. The results indicated that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> can detect broadband signals slightly better than a pure-tone signal. The broadband results suggest that an echolocating bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> should be able to detect a 7.62-cm diameter water-filled sphere out to a range of 178 m in a quiet environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8568493','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8568493"><span>Recognition of aspect-dependent three-dimensional objects by an echolocating Atlantic bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Helweg, D A; Roitblat, H L; Nachtigall, P E; Hautus, M J</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>We examined the ability of a bottlenose <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Tursiops truncatus) to recognize aspect-dependent objects using echolocation. An aspect-dependent object such as a cube produces acoustically different echoes at different angles relative to the echolocation signal. The <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> recognized the objects even though the objects were free to rotate and sway. A linear discriminant analysis and nearest centroid classifier could classify the objects using average amplitude, center frequency, and bandwidth of object echoes. The results show that <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> can use varying acoustic properties to recognize constant objects and suggest that aspect-independent representations may be formed by combining information gleaned from multiple echoes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26428773','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26428773"><span>Echolocation signals of free-ranging Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sousa chinensis) in Sanniang Bay, China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fang, Liang; Li, Songhai; Wang, Kexiong; Wang, Zhitao; Shi, Wenjing; Wang, Ding</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>While the low-frequency communication sounds of Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> (Sousa chinensis) have been reported in a number of papers, the high-frequency echolocation signals of Sousa chinensis, especially those living in the wild, have been less studied. In the current study, echolocation signals of humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were recorded in Sanniang Bay, Guangxi Province, China, using a cross-type hydrophone array with five elements. In total, 77 candidate on-axis clicks from 77 scans were selected for analysis. The results showed that the varied peak-to-peak source levels ranged from 177.1 to 207.3 dB, with an average of 187.7 dB re: 1 μPa. The mean peak frequency was 109.0 kHz with a -3-dB bandwidth of 50.3 kHz and 95% energy duration of 22 μs. The -3-dB bandwidth was much broader than the root mean square bandwidth and exhibited a bimodal distribution. The center frequency exhibited a positive relationship with the peak-to-peak source level. The clicks of the wild Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were short-duration, broadband, ultrasonic pulses, similar to those produced by other whistling <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> of similar body size. However, the click source levels of the Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> appear to be lower than those of other whistling <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17626370','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17626370"><span>Isolation and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from striped <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Stenella coeruleoalba) from Costa Rica.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dubey, J P; Morales, J A; Sundar, N; Velmurugan, G V; González-Barrientos, C R; Hernández-Mora, G; Su, C</p> <p>2007-06-01</p> <p>Toxoplasma gondii infection in marine mammals is of interest because of mortality and mode of transmission. It has been suggested that marine mammals become infected with T. gondii oocysts washed from land to the sea. We report the isolation and genetic characterization of viable T. gondii from a striped <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> (Stenella coeruleoalba), the first time from this host. An adult female <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> was found stranded on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica, and the animal died the next day. The <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> had a high (1:6400) antibody titer to T. gondii in the modified agglutination test. Severe nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis was found in its brain and spinal cord, but T. gondii was not found in histological sections of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>. Portions of its brain and the heart were bioassayed in mice for the isolation of T. gondii. Viable T. gondii was isolated from the brain, but not from the heart, of the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span>. A cat fed mice infected with the <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> isolate (designated TgSdCol) shed oocysts. Genomic DNA from tachyzoites of this isolate was used for genotyping at 10 genetic loci, including SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico, and this TgSdCo1 isolate was found to be Type II.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=taylor+t+b&id=EJ910284','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=taylor+t+b&id=EJ910284"><span>Evaluation and Evolution of the <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Esbensen, Finn-Aage; Peterson, Dana; Taylor, Terrance J.; Freng, Adrienne; Osgood, D. Wayne; Carson, Dena C.; Matsuda, Kristy N.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program is a <span class="hlt">gang</span>- and delinquency-prevention program delivered by law enforcement officers within a school setting. Originally designed in 1991 by Phoenix-area law enforcement agencies to address local needs, the program quickly spread across the United States. In this article, we describe…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29195470','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29195470"><span>Acoustic occurrence detection of a newly recorded Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphin</span> population in waters southwest of Hainan Island, China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dong, Lijun; Liu, Mingming; Dong, Jianchen; Li, Songhai</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>In 2014, Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were recorded for the first time in waters southwest of Hainan Island, China. In this paper, the temporal occurrence of Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in this region was detected by stationary passive acoustic monitoring. During the 130-day observation period (from January to July 2016), 1969 click trains produced by Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> were identified, and 262 ten-minute recording bins contained echolocation click trains of <span class="hlt">dolphins</span>, of which 70.9% were at night and 29.1% were during the day. A diurnal rhythm with a nighttime peak in acoustic detections was found. Passive acoustic detections indicated that the Indo-Pacific humpback <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> frequently occurred in this area and were detected mainly at night. This information may be relevant to conservation efforts for these <span class="hlt">dolphins</span> in the near future.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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